Silverleaf nightshade Strategic Plan - Weeds Australia

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3.1 GOAL 1: New infestations are prevented from establishingPrevention and early intervention are the most cost-effective methods to control weeds. Newinfestations must be found quickly and where possible, eradicated. To do this it is critical tounderstand silverleaf nightshade biology, key invasion pathways, and key vectors of spread. Themajority of surveillance will be done by farmers, on their own land. It is very important that theyhave a high level of awareness and easy access to informed identification and technical support,and are assisted with eradication activities. Awareness programs will be driven by targetedextension activities, underpinned by good maps and an understanding and management of keyinvasion pathways. Management of core infestations is also critical for prevention, because itminimises the sources of propagules. The major vector and invasion pathway in Australia appearsto be sheep that have eaten mature berries during late summer and autumn, and then aresubsequently transported to other paddocks, farms, regions and states. This pathway will receiveparticular attention, and represents the best opportunity to significantly reduce spread.Objectives Strategic Actions Priority ResponsiblePartners1.1 Propagulesources andvectors areindentified,evaluated andprioritised at aregional level.1.2 Propagulemovement isminimised byeffectivemanagement ofinvasionpathways.1.3Surveillanceefforts areinformed andsupported toensure timelydetection ofnewinfestations.1.1.1 . Encourage research and collate informationon seed biology, seedling recruitment, and viabilityof root and stem fragments under field conditions.1.1.2. List and prioritise key vectors and seasonalinvasion pathways at a regional level. Address:• Distribution of propagule sources• Importance of various vectors• Seasonality of invasive pathways1.1.3. Investigate the use of the National LivestockIdentification System (NLIS) to identify high-riskinvasion pathways involving sheep and otherlivestock, and initiate a dialog with livestocktraders/carriers.1.2.1. Produce reliable distribution maps to identifypropagule sources (see 3.1).1.2.2. Engage and educate seed/fragmentproducers, likely seed/fragment recipients, andlivestock traders/carriers on invasion pathways (see3.2).1.2.3. Include a hygiene protocol in the bestpractice management guide that aims to minimisespread of seed and vegetative propagules.1.3.1. Publicise key invasion pathways and theimportance of prevention and early detection ofspread using a range of methods, including:• Printed and web-based information• Print and electronic media• Stakeholder meetings and conversations1.3.2. Ensure definitive identification information isreadily available at the regional and land managerlevel.1.3.3. Encourage and facilitate inclusion of newinfestation details into a central mapping database,including attempts to estimate ages of infestationsbased on size/extent.1.3.4. Investigate the use of detailed analysis ofsummer rainfall events to identify high risk periodsfor seedling recruitment and transplantedstem/shoot fragment establishment.141 SLNNMC, research1 SLNNMC, research,NRM/CMA, LGA,local action groups,landholders1 SLNNMC, research,NLIS1 SLNNMC, research,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T.2 SLNNMC,NRM/CMA, LGA,local action groups1 SLNNMC, research1 SLNNMC, research,NRM/CMA, LGA,local action groups1 SLNNMC, research2 SLNNMC, research,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups, landholders2 SLNNMC, research
Objectives (cont.) Strategic Actions Priority ResponsiblePartners1.4 Priority outlierinfestations aredelimited, destroyedor managed, andmonitored.1.5 Large, establishedinfestations aremanaged to minimisepropagule productionand spread alongidentified pathways.1.4.1. Assist regional NRM/CMA and LGAstaff to be knowledgeable and responsive toreports of new SLN infestations.1.4.2. Encourage research and collateinformation on best practice for destroyingsmall infestations.1.4.3. Investigate establishment ofregional/state management zones to identifypriority outlier infestations.1.4.4. Define attributes and response plansfor highly significant outlier infestations thatmay require special attention.1.4.5. Develop and disseminate protocols foreffective long-term monitoring of newincursions under management.1.5.1. Educate managers of large, establishedSLN infestations on the importance ofreducing propagule production and spread sothat clean areas on their own and other’sproperties are protected.1.5.2. Ensure that adequate information isavailable on minimising seed set, reducingspread from fragments, and livestock asvectors (See 2.2).1 SLNNMC,researchers, S&T1 SLNNMC,researchers,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups, landholders1 SLNNMC,researchers,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups, landholders1 SLNNMC,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T2 SLNNMC,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups1 SLNNMC,researchers,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups1 SLNNMC,researchers,NRM/CMA, LGA,S&T, local actiongroups3.2 GOAL 2: Established large infestations under strategic managementLarge, established core infestations are common throughout SA, Vic and NSW. There is nopractical method for eradication of these infestations, and so strategic management is currently theonly option. The table for Goal 2 describes the plan for managing core infestations. Many farmersconsider core infestations to be intractable, and are often unwilling to manage them. It is clear thatlegislated obligation alone is insufficient motivation in most cases, and that economic imperativesmust be documented and publicised to raise awareness and willingness. There is good evidencethat treatment of core infestations with herbicides during summer has economic benefits forfollowing winter crops and pastures through increased yield. The cost of control of flowering andseed-set must be justified in terms of minimising seed spread to clean areas via livestock. If thereare clean areas on the same farm, then the benefits do, at least partially, accrue to the manager. If,however, the whole farm is already infested, then the benefits accrue to the buyer of the livestock.Raised awareness amongst potential livestock purchasers might help to build a premium into themarket for clean stock, thus restoring the economic imperative in the later case. Effective biologicalcontrol is the most satisfactory solution to management of core infestations, and this option will bereviewed and investigated further.15
Page 1 and 2: WEEDS OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCESilve
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYVISION /AS
Page 5 and 6: Vision /Aspirational GoalThe vision
Page 7 and 8: The implementation of this plan inc
Page 9 and 10: Figure 3. Australian silverleaf nig
Page 11 and 12: Local government/shire/council auth
Page 13: Collaborative decision making by re
Page 18 and 19: Objectives (cont.) Strategic Action
Page 20 and 21: 4. STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND RESPONSIBI
Page 25: ensure collaboration on WoNS?• Nu
Page 28 and 29: and Leys 1976). There were 4000 see
Page 30 and 31: Silverleaf nightshade has a deep, r
Page 32 and 33: 6.5.2. Chemical controlSilverleaf n
Page 34 and 35: Cultivation is reported to be ineff
Page 36 and 37: 7.2 The WoNS initiative and its pha
Page 38 and 39: Bekkouche, K. Markouk, M. Larhsini,
Page 40 and 41: McKenzie, D.N. (1976a). Silverleaf

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