Pest risk assessment of the Cucumber green mottle

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07/207-4 FinalGreenhouse cucumber(square meters)1400 - 28542854 - 72007200 - 1590015900 - 2303023030 - 66791Nord-TrøndelagMøre og RomsdalOpplandHordalandBuskerudAkershusTelemarkVestfoldØstfoldRogalandAust-AgderVest-AgderFigure 7. Geographical distribution of the area of greenhouse cucumber production in Norwegiancounties (source: the Norwegian Horticultural Growers Association).4.1.9.2 Potential for economic consequencesIf CGMMV becomes established permanently in the Norwegian cucumber production, thereis a potential for economic losses both directly by crop losses and replanting, but alsoindirectly by forcing a less intensive production with less collaboration between growers andincreased use of labour and consumables for washing and disinfection. Attacks of CGMMVseem to give even bigger reductions in cultures grown more intensively using additionalartificial light compared to traditional cultures. Intensive production requires high capitalinvestments and even small reductions in the crop yield (~10-15%) could have considerableNorwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 18
07/207-4 Finaleconomic impact. Besides this, establishment of CGMMV could give a less stable supply ofNorwegian cucumbers, which would influence the market situation.4.1.10 Conclusion of pest categorizationCGMMV is a highly contagious virus, which is able to spread rapidly in cucumber crops iffirst introduced. It clearly has the potential to become established in protected environmentsin the PRA area. Moreover, CGMMV will have a substantial impact for those growersaffected, even before becoming widespread and permanently established. This is partly due tochanges in cucumber production. An increasing proportion of production occurs usingintensified artificial lighting, which also seems to increase the potential of CGMMV as a plantpest.Field grown cucumbers are less handled, plant density is lower, the temperature is lower(slower plant growth and virus multiplication), the crop is only grown for about 4 months ayear, and the fields are used in a crop rotation. All this makes the probability forestablishment and damage low in comparison to greenhouse grown cucumbers.4.2. Assessment of the probability of introduction and spread4.2.1 Probability of entry of the pest4.2.1.1 Identification of pathwaysThe following are possible pathways of entry for CGMMV:SeedsThe seeds can have infective virus particles in the seed coat. In the germination phase thismay lead to infection of the seedling. This is a well known pathway (Fletcher et al. 1969,Hollings 1975). To avoid this way of dissemination, the seed companies use heat treatment ofthe seeds. Failure to do so, or failure in the heat treatment, may therefore lead to transmissionof CGMMV virus particles from seeds to seedlings. Theoretically, it is also a possibility thatmore heat tolerant strains of the virus could evolve.Seed transmission in Lagenaria has been found in Greece (Bourbourakas et al. 2004).Infected seeds of Lagenaria or more exotic plants within the family Cucurbitaceae is apossible pathway for CGMMV in to Norway.Infected cucumber, melon or watermelonFruits of cucumber are imported into the PRA region during parts of the year, and melons andwatermelons are imported the whole year. Such fruits, if infected, could introduce CGMMVto Norway.Regarding another virus, Pepino mosaic virus, there have been indications that the virus hasentered the tomato crop via people handling infected tomato fruits as a part of their meal andafterwards going to work in the tomato crop.Reuse of transport trays.Transport trays used in cucumber production are normally reused. If these trays have beenused for infected fruits of cucumber, melon or watermelons and are used again without beingproperly washed and disinfected, they might introduce infective virus particles to newcucumber crops.Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 19
Page 1 and 2: 07/207-4 FinalOpinion of the Panel
Page 3 and 4: 07/207-4 FinalCONTENTS1. Background
Page 7 and 8: 07/207-4 Final4.1.1.2 SynonymsCucum
Page 9 and 10: 07/207-4 FinalFigure 1. Symptoms of
Page 11 and 12: 07/207-4 FinalThe situation in othe
Page 14 and 15: 07/207-4 FinalA new cucumber cultur
Page 16 and 17: 07/207-4 Final4.1.7.3 Dissemination
Page 20 and 21: 07/207-4 FinalPeopleThe grower, con
Page 22 and 23: 07/207-4 Final• Use of milk (dipp
Page 24 and 25: 07/207-4 Final- Outbreaks are manag
Page 26 and 27: 07/207-4 Finaland periods with no p
Page 28: 07/207-4 FinalNilsson B. 1977. Unde

Pest risk assessment of the Cucumber green mottle

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