here - Gibbon Research Lab

Abstracts, Symposium “Gibbon Diversity and Conservation”, Beijing, August 2002 7Biogeography of gibbons: Congruence testingwith other South-east Asian primatesHelen J. ChatterjeeGrant Museum of Zoology, Department of Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, GowerStreet, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K., e-mail: h.chatterjee@ucl.ac.ukKey Words: biogeography, component analysis, congruence testingPhylogenetic and biogeographic relationships among gibbons are investigated, andcompared with macaques. Congruence between the two analyses is tested to reconstruct amodel of the pattern of radiation of gibbons in South East Asia.Multiple gene data for eleven gibbon species representing the four gibbon genera(Nomascus, Symphalangus, Bunopithecus and Hylobates) are used to reconstructphylogenetic interrelationships. Published data, derived from the European BioinformaticInstitute’s EMBL database, are analysed using maximum likelihood, parsimony andbootstrapping methods. The following genes are employed: cytochrome b, 12S and 16SRNA and D4. For comparison, multiple gene data (cytochrome b, NADH, SRY,NRAMP1, and TSPY) for sixteen species of macaque are analysed using the samemethods. For each phylogenetic analysis the multiple gene data are combined to derive twoconsensus phylogenetic trees; one for gibbons, and one for macaques. A molecular clock isemployed to provide an estimate of the date of the gibbon and macaque radiations.The consensus phylogenetic trees for gibbons and macaques are used inbiogeographic analyses to reconstruct the pattern of radiation leading to the present daydistributions. Taxon area cladograms are created using distribution data in association withthe consensus trees derived from the molecular analyses. Four methods of biogeographicreconstruction are employed: ancestral area analysis using irreversible parsimony, ancestralarea analysis using reversible parsimony, dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) andcomponent analysis. AA and DIVA analyses are used to reconstruct patterns of radiationfor gibbons and macaques. Results of the analyses are compared. Component analysis isimplemented to test the congruence between the gibbon and macaque taxon areacladograms. Results of the biogeographic analyses are compared and combined with theestimates of the timing of radiations to reconstruct a model of the pattern of radiation ofgibbons and macaques. The various forms of cladistic biogeography are also appraised.