PREGLED KABARDINSKE GRAMATIKE - Cryptm.org

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Matasović: A Short Grammar of KabardianThe origin of the involuntative prefix is an incorporated syntagm which includes thenoun ?a "hand" and the participle ś'a "doing" (to do something unintentionally is ''todo something using the hand, and not the mind''). A similar, but etymologicallyunrelated, "involuntative" prefix exists in Abkhaz (-amχa-).FACTITIVEAdding the prefix wə- to a nominal stem forms verbs the meaning of which is ''tomake something become or have the quality of what the nominal stem expresses", e.g.wəf'ayən "to pollute, to make dirty" from f'ay "dirty", or wəq'abzən "to clean", fromq'ābza "clean":sābyəy-m džāna-r yə-wə-f'ay-ā-śkid-ERG shirt-NOM 3sg.-fact.-dirty-pret.-aff."The kid made the shirt dirty"The factitive prefix immediately precedes the verbal root. It can be freely combinedwith the causative prefix, which it follows, cf. e.g. śābə "soft", wəśabən "to make soft,soften", yaġawəśabən "make someone soften (something).ACTIVE (DYNAMIC) AND STATIVE VERBSThe division into dynamic and stative verbs does not coincide with the division intotransitive and intransitive verbs. Both transitive and intransitive verbs can be eitherdynamic or static. Dynamic intransitive verbs express action, activity; they aremorphologically marked by the prefix -aw- in the present tense. Intransitive dynamicverbs have the prefix ma-(mā-) in the 3rd person singular present. Here are someexamples of dynamic verbs:s-aw-šxəda-r "I mock", wə-z-aw-h "I carry you", d-aw-p'āś'a-r "we hurry", f-aw-lāźar"you work", mā-k' w a-r "he goes"Stative verbs express a state, or the result of an action. They are often derived fromnouns. They do not have the facultative suffix –r in the present, but the affirmativesuffix -ś is compulsory; in the present they do not have the prefix -aw- like dynamicverbs:sa sə-śəł-ś "I am lying"I 1sg.-lie-aff.ār śət-ś "he is standing"he stand-aff.šəsə-ś "(he) is sitting (on a horse)", "he is riding", cf. šə- "horse", śəsən "to sit"All stative verbs are intransitive, except for the verb ?əġən "to hold".46
Matasović: A Short Grammar of KabardianIt seems that every noun can be used as a stative verb, i.e. it can be turned into anintransitive verb by adding the suffix -ś (for affirmative forms):sa sə-prawfayssawr-ś "I am a professor"I 1sg.-professor-aff.Moreover, even adpositions can be turned into (stative) verbs by adding theaffirmative suffix -ś:zāwa nawəź-śwar after-aff."It was (the time) after the war"APPLICATIVESKabardian has two sets of applicative prefixes. Applicatives are usually defined asconstructions in which the number of object arguments selected by the predicate isincreased by one with respect to the basic construction. The object of the originalconstruction is usually demoted to the status of the oblique argument, and the appliedargument takes at least some of the properties of the object, cf. the English oppositionbetween Jane baked a cake and Jane baked John a cake, where John is put in the firstpost-verbal position otherwise reserved for direct objects 52 . However, incontradistinction to the applicative construction in most other languages, bothKabardian applicatives do not affect the choice of the object/undergoer.According to Peterson (2007) the benefactive and the comitative functions of theapplicative construction are the most common ones cross-linguistically. We have bothof them in Kabardian.I. VERSION (BENEFACTIVE/MALEFACTIVE)The prefix x w a-/-x w - indicates version, i.e. for whose benefit the action is performed; it53could also be called a benefactive :p-x w a-s-tx-ā-ś "I wrote for you"2sg.-ver.-1sg.-to write-pret.-aff.The prefix -x w - is placed immediately after the prefix for the person for whose benefitthe action is performed:52 Note that English does not have any applicative morphology, and that the applied argument does nottake all of the object properties, e.g. it cannot be passivized.53 Applicatives (version prefixes) exist in the other NW Caucasian languages. Hewitt (2004: 134f.)calls the prefixes expressing version in NW Caucasian "relational particles" (cp. Abkhaz -z(ə)- whichcorresponds to Kab. -x w ə-) to distinguish them from version prefixes in Kartvelian, where a somewhatmore complex system exists.47
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w(ə)-/b- 2nd person sg. verbal pre
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TABLE OF CONTENTSList of abbreviati
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PRAGMATICS AND THE ETHNOGRAPHY OFCO
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