NERICA Compendium - Kenya Rice Researchers Forum

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)®NERICA : the New Rice forAfrica – a CompendiumEditorsEA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya2008 edition

About Africa Rice Center (WARDA)Africa Rice Center (WARDA) is an autonomous intergovernmental researchassociation of African member states and also one of the 15 internationalagricultural research Centers supported by the Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research (CGIAR).WARDA’s mission is to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) through research, development and partnership activitiesthat ensure the sustainability of the farming environment.WARDA hosts the African Rice Initiative (ARI), the Rice Research andWARDA has its headquarters in Cotonou, Benin and regional research stationsmost scientists and researchers are temporarily located in Cotonou.Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Headquarters01 BP 2031Cotonou, BeninWARDA Nigeria StationWARDAc/o International Institute ofIbadanNigeria WARDA Sahel StationSenegal Tanzania StationResearch InstituteDar es Salaam

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)®NERICA : the New Rice forAfrica – a CompendiumEditorsEA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya2008i

© Copyright Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 2008WARDA encourages fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested.CitationAfrica Rice Center (WARDA)/FAO/SAA. 2008. NERICA ® : the New Rice forAfrica – a Compendium. EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya (eds.). Cotonou,Benin: Africa Rice Center (WARDA); Rome, Italy: FAO; Tokyo, Japan:Sasakawa Africa Association. 210 pp.ISBN92 9113 3167 English print92 9113 3175 English PDFPrintingPragati Offset Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, IndiaPhoto CreditsPhotographs are by staff of the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) and networksand consortia convened by the Center.DisclaimerThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this informationproduct do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theAfrica Rice (WARDA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations (FAO) or the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) concerning the legalor development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention ofbeen patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommendedby the Africa Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or SAA in preference to others of asimilar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this informationAfrica Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or the Sasakawa Africa Association.ii

PREFACEThis publication builds on the work of many individuals within andoutside the Africa Rice Center (WARDA). Our main partners in thiseffort are the chapter authors who participated in the research reportedhere. This document was made possible by the contributors only becauseof their willingness to provide, sometimes at short notice, the requiredinformation. We express our grateful thanks and appreciation to them all,as well as to the many unnamed technical assistants and support staff.Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the SasakawaAfrica Association (SAA), which jointly agreed to sponsor the preparationof this compendium. To them, and in particular to Dr Shellemiah O. Keya(WARDA), Dr Nguu Nguyen (FAO) and Dr Tareke Berhe, (SasakawaAfrica Association (SAA) we pay our special tribute for their foresight,interest and support throughout the preparation of this publication.Their interest and enthusiasm, and their inputs were always a source ofstimulation and satisfaction. They deserve our special thanks.WARDA’s Editorial and Publication Review panel led by Dr ShellemiahO. Keya as well as by FAO’s experts, including Dr Martinez Arturo(AGPS) and Dr Larinde Michael (AGPS). We also received invaluablefeedback from Dr Tareke Berhe of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA).These various inputs helped rewrite part of the Compendium. We wishto acknowledge the helpful review comments received from them.Finally, we wish to thank Dr Inoussa Akintayo, Coordinator of the AfricanRice Initiative (ARI), for his assistance in collating the material.The editorsEklou A. Somado (Africa Rice Center)Robert G. Guei (FAO)Shellemiah O. Keya (Africa Rice Center)iii

FOREWORDThe New Rice for Africa (NERICA) has been spreading rapidly inrice varieties was introduced in 1996. In 2006, a conservativeestimate of area grown to NERICA varieties in SSA was about200,000 hectares. Further spread is hampered by a lack of readily well as the recommended production practices. Even the publishedmaterial that exists has been rather scattered and sometimesanecdotal, thereby reducing its value to researchers, extension staff,farmers and consumers.the NERICA varieties, ranging from the choice of land to planting,integrated crop and pest management, harvest and post-harvestoperations, agro-processing technologies and NERICA nutritionalquality, and adoption impact on rice farmers’ livelihoods.Further contributions to the knowledge base on NERICA arewelcomed and their channeling encouraged through the AfricanRice Initiative (ARI), which is hosted by WARDA.On behalf of WARDA’s Board and Management, I wish to expressour appreciation to the United Nations Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO), the African Development Bank (ADB) andthe compilation of this compendium.Dr Papa A. SeckDirector GeneralAfrica Rice Center (WARDA)iv

PrefaceForewordTABLE OF CONTENTSiiiivModule 1 – OVERVIEW: RICE IN AFRICA 1Unit 1 – The importance of rice in Africa 1Unit 2 – Major rice production systems in SSA and theirenvironments 5Unit 3 – Addressing the challenge of low productivityin African rice ecologies: NERICA ® varieties 9Module 2 – NERICA ® :ORIGINS,NOMENCLATUREAND IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS 10Unit 1 – What is the NERICA ® rice ? 10Unit 2 – Where, when and how was NERICA ® ricedeveloped? 12Unit 3 – NERICA ® variety key characteristics 27Module 3 – NERICA ® DISSEMINATION IN SSA 31Modus operandi: Partnership 31The role of ROCARIZ 34The role of INGER-Africa 35The role of the African Rice Initiative (ARI) 41The role of PVS 44Module 4 – MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONOF NERICA ® LINES 49 ® lines 49Unit 2 – Microsatellites and agronomic traits for assessinggenetic relationships among 18 NERICA ® varieties 50 ® lines 52Module 5 – DROUGHT SCREENING UPLANDNERICA ® VARIETIES 62v

Module 6 – NERICA ® RICE MANAGEMENT 65Unit 1 – Land selection and preparation 65Unit 2 – Land selection: Where to grow NERICA ® rice? 65Unit 3 – Cropping calendar 67Unit 4 – Planting of NERICA ® varieties 67Unit 5 – Plant diversity 69Unit 6 – Weed management in NERICA ® rice-based croppingsystems 70Module 7 – SOIL FERTILIZATION AND NERICA ®RICE NUTRITION 75Unit 1 – Rates and timing 76Module 8 – INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)STRATEGIES FOR NERICA ® VARIETIES 83Unit 1 – Major insect pests of rice 83Unit 2 – Major Components in Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies 87Module 9 – RICE MAJOR DISEASES AND CONTROL 95Unit 1 – Integrated Management of NERICA diseases 96Module 10 – IMPROVING SEED DELIVERY SYSTEMSIN SSA 98Module 11 – IMPROVING NERICA ® SEEDAVAILABILITY TO END-USER FARMERS 106Unit 1 – Conventional seed production scheme vs. CBSS 106Unit 2 – Pathway for NERICA ® seed production 108Module 12 – HARVEST AND POST-HARVESTOPERATIONS 111Unit 1 – Harvesting, threshing and cleaning NERICA ®paddy rice 111Unit 2 – Drying, storing and milling NERICA ® rice 114vi

Module 13 – NERICA ® GRAIN AND NUTRITIONALQUALITY 116Unit 1– NERICA ® grain quality characteristics 116Unit 2– NERICA ® nutritional quality: protein and aminoacid content 118Module 14 – NERICA ® IMPACT AND ADOPTIONIN SSA 121Unit 1 – NERICA ® diffusion and adoption 121Unit 2 – Determinants of NERICA ® adoption 122Unit 3 – Impact of NERICA ® adoption 123Module 15 – POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS FORPROMOTING NERICA ® COMPETITIVENESS IN SSA 127Module 16– NERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONSMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 135Module 17 – NERICA ® PREPARATION: FROM PLANTTO PLATE 138References 143Annexes – NERICA ® Passport data 160vii

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Evolution of paddy rice yields in sub-SaharanAfrica (1961–2006) 4Figure 2. Rice production constraints across ecosystems inWest Africa 7Figure 3. NERICA ® Figure 4.Figure 5. How the development team arrived at the newlowland NERICA ® varieties 22Figure 6. Countries in SSA where irrigated lowlandNERICA ® varieties were released or are being tested 27Figure 7. Number of participating countries in INGER-Africa from 1994 to 2006 36Figure 8. Rainfed upland and lowland/irrigated riceO. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA ®seed samples distributed in SSA by INGER-Africa 37Figure 9. Area cultivated under NERICA ® rice in 2005 42Figure 10. NERICA ® rice distribution in SSA (2006) 43Figure 11. Diagrammatic representation of relative timescales for conventional variety development and PVS todeliver new varieties to farmers 47Figure 12. Cluster and principal component (PC) analysesperformed using 104 SSR markers: UPGMA 51Figure 13. Pie charts for 12 rice chromosomes depicting thepopulation derived from CG14 (donor) and WAB 56-104(recurrent) parent 57viii

LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Rice production trends by each rice productionecology in West Africa during 1984 and 1999/2003 3Table 2. Total area (ha) under rice cultivation in variousecologies across countries in West Africa 6Table 3. Grain yield of NERICA ® rice grown by farmerswithout fertilizer application in selected countries 15Table 4. Grain yield of NERICA ® rice grown on-farm withfertilizer application in selected countries 16Table 5. Upland NERICA ® varieties with their pedigree 17Table 6. NERICA ® varieties released and adopted in SSAby December 2006 18Table 7. Irrigated-lowland NERICA ® varieties (NERICA-L)in West African countries by May 2007 23Table 8. The 60 lowland NERICA ® varieties and theirpedigree 25Table 9.O. glaberrima × O. sativa),including NERICA lines, evaluated each year per country inWest Africa by INGER-Africa, 1997–2006 39Table 10.O. glaberrima × O. sativa),including NERICA ® , evaluated each year per country in East,Central and Southern Africa by INGER–Africa, 1997–2006 40Table 11. Production and distribution of foundation seed ofNERICA ® varieties by ARI Coordination Unit 41Table 12. Farmers’ selection criteria applied in PVS-R incountries in SSA 48x

Table 13. Proportion of genome for 70 NERICA ® lines using130 SSRs 50Table 14. Pedigree and donor genome coverage (introgression)of 70 lines developed from WAB56-104 as recurrent parentand CG14 as donor parent 53Table 15. Effect of 12 days drought stress on morphophysiologicaltraits of upland NERICA lines with theirparents WAB56-104 and CG14 64Table 16. Selected herbicides recommended for NERICArice production 73Table 17. Difference in dry matter production of ricein various Al-treated solutions 81Table 18. Distribution and host range of economicallyimportantstem borers of rice in West Africa 83Table 19. Rice varieties combining both high Fe and Znconcentration (mg.kg -1 ) in brown rice samples 119Table 20. Protein and selected amino acid values (%) ofNERICA ® rice from Guinea (2003) and from Benin (2005) 120Table 21. Results of adoption studies in Benin,Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea 125xi

Module 1Overview: Rice in AfricaOVERVIEW: RICE IN AFRICAContributors: Eklou A. Somado, Robert G. Guei and N. NguyenUnit 1 – The importance of rice in AfricaAfrica has become a big player in international rice markets,accounting for 32% of global imports in 2006, at a record level of9 million tonnes that year. Africa’s emergence as a big rice importeris explained by the fact that during the last decade rice has becomethe most rapidly growing food source in sub-Saharan Africa (Sohl,2005). Indeed, due to population growth (4% per annum), risingincomes and a shift in consumer preferences in favor of rice,especially in urban areas (Balasubramanian et al., 2007), the relativegrowth in demand for rice is faster in this region than anywhere inthe world (WARDA, 2005). This is occurring throughout the subregionsof sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).In recent years (2001–2005), rice production has been expandingat the rate of 6% per annum, with 70% of the production increasedue mainly to land expansion and only 30% being attributed toan increase in productivity (Fagade, 2000; Falusi, 1997; AfricaRice Center, 2007). Much of the expansion has been in the rainfedsystems, particularly the two major ecosystems that make up 78% ofrice land in West and Central Africa (WCA): the upland and rainfedlowland systems (Dingkuhn et al., 1997). Nonetheless, demand forrice in WCA has far outstripped the local production (Africa RiceCenter, 2007).According to OSIRIZ ( 1 CIRAD’s Observatory of International RiceStatistics), Africa cultivated about 9 million hectares of rice in 2006is expected to increase by 7% per year in future. In West Africa,where the rice sector is by far the most important in SSA, the situationis particularly critical. Despite the upward trends in international and1CIRAD: Centre de coopérationInternationaleenRechercheAgronomiquepourleDeveloppement(FRANCE)en 1

Module 1Overview: Rice in Africadomestic rice prices, domestic rice consumption is increasing at a rateof 8% per annum, surpassing domestic rice production growth ratesof 6% per annum. The production-consumption gap in this region isThe share of imports in consumption rose from an average of 43%from 1991 to 2000, to an average 57% by 2002–2004 2004 (WARDA,Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Edition, Cotonou, 2005,p. 31 and FAOStat; IRRI, Rice Almanac, 3rd Edition, Los Banos,2002, p. 79).estimated in 2006 that current rice imports into the West and CentralAfrica sub-regions had grown to more than 6 million tonnes costingimporting rice therefore remains a heavy burden on trade balancesin the region.Rice production and productivity, quality and localinstitutionsWhile rice is very much a cash crop for small-to medium-scalefarmers in the East and Southern Africa (ESA) region, it is more ofa subsistence crop in West Africa where most of the continent’s riceis produced. In West Africa, 75% of the total production of rice in1999/2003 is from upland, hydromorphic and lowland ecosystems, Research on the mangrove ecology is coordinated by the Rokuprrice research station in Sierra Leone.Low yield constitutes one of the main challenges of rice productionin SSA. In recent years (2001–2005) average rice yields in SSAexhibited a highly variable trend, positive or negative across subregionsand countries (Africa Rice Trends, WARDA, 2007). Theoverall rice production increase during the same period was mainly2

Module 1Overview: Rice in Africadue to the expansion of rice production into marginal areas in WestAfrica where most production occurs (Table 1).Table 1. Estimation of rice production trend by each rice productionecology in West Africa during 1984 and 1999/2003Area Production Yield (t/ha)(million ha) (million tonnes/year)1984 1999/2003 1984 1999/2003 1984 1999/2003Rainfedlowland 1.5 1.8 0.75 3.4 1.4 2.0Irrigatedlowland 0.23 0.56 0.64 1.9 2.8 3.4Total 2.6 4.7 3.4 7.7 1.3 1.6Source: CCER on Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management, Gurdev Kush,Toshiyuki Wakatsuki and Glitho Isabelle Adole, 22 January – 10 February 2006. Cotonou, Benin:WARDA.Another challenge is the inferior quality of domestic rice vis à visimported rice. Domestic rice is of uneven quality, has impurities,and is usually sold in bulk in unbranded 5kg bags at a discount of30% to 50% compared to imported rice. There are exceptionsto this, as in Guinea (Conakry) and in Mali, where local rice (forcertain varieties) receives a price premium. In order to improvequality of local rice, institutional innovations are needed that makeproducers more responsive to end-user requirements and attachmuch more importance to milling and cleaning, and to identitypreservation (no mixing of different rice varieties).3

Module 1Overview: Rice in Africa3.002.50Paddy yield, tonne/ha2.001.501.000.500.001961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006West Africa Central Africa East Africa Southern Africa SSASource: WARDA (2007) Africa Rice Trends.Figure 1. Evolution of paddy rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa (1961–2006)The institutional environment for the development of rice productionin SSA represents a third challenge. It is gradually improving as aresult of NEPAD’s (New Partnership for Africa Development) focuson agriculture with the CAADP (Comprehensive Africa AgriculturalDevelopment Programme), the African Rice Initiative (ARI), andefforts by WARDA and its many partners, particularly its Council ofMinisters (COM). How to create and support effective institutionsis a major challenge.The truth of the matter is that in SSA growth in rice demand as productivity gains are likely to come in small increments due to thediverse nature of Africa’s cropping systems (Balasubramanian etal., 2007). Yet the potential for growth in the African rice sector is4

Module 1Overview: Rice in Africaenormous. A rapid increase in the area under rice, irrigated as well asrainfed, is necessary. In particular, the development of new irrigatedrice schemes is vital. Only about 17% of the rice area in Africa isirrigated. Asia, in contrast, has about 57% of the rice area underirrigation, but has little or no room for further expansion. Indeed,Ram C. Chaudhary and Dat Van Tran (1999) seriously considerwhether Africa can be the future rice bowl for Asia. By 2010, Asiamay no longer have net rice exports because of increasing populationand consumption, and decreasing land, labor, water and otherresources. Instead, by 2020, it is expected that Asia may become arice-importing continent. Chandhary and Dat Van Tran highlight thatmillions of hectares of land appropriate for rice growing lie idle inAfrica. Water and other resources are available and plentiful. Theyadd that there are other comparative advantages of Africa, which cancomplement Asian strengths. In addition, they argue that Asia-Africacooperation in rice production can convert many African countriesfrom net rice importers to net rice exporters, as well as provide hopeUnit 2 –Majorriceproductionsystemsinsub-Saharanrice in sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA) and their environments irrigated, rainfed-lowland, rainfed-upland, mangrove swamp anddeep-water systems. The total area under rice cultivation is currentlyabout 4.4 million hectares (ha), with the rainfed upland and rainfedlowland ecosystems each accounting for about 1.7m ha and irrigatedrice for another 0.5m ha, making these the high-impact ecologies(see Table 2).5

Module 1Overview: Rice in AfricaTable 2. Total area (hectares) under rice cultivation in various ecologiesacross countries in West AfricaCountryTotal area(ha)MangroveswampDeepwaterIrrigatedlowlandRainfedlowlandRainfeduplandMauritania 23,000 0 0 23,000 0 0Senegal 75,000 6,000 0 33,750 35,250 0Mali 252,000 0 161,280 52,920 30,240 7,560Burkina Faso 25,000 0 0 6,750 16,250 2,000Niger 28,000 0 14,000 14,000 0 0Chad 31,000 0 28,520 620 1,860 0Cameroon 15,000 0 0 14,700 300 0Gambia 19,000 2,660 0 1,330 12,160 3,040Guinea-Bissau65,000 31,850 0 0 14,300 18,850Guinea 650,000 84,500 65,000 32,500 162,500 305,500Sierra Leone 356,000 10,680 0 0 103,240 245,640Liberia 135,000 0 0 0 8,100 126,900Côte d’Ivoire 575,000 0 17,250 34,500 69,000 454,250Ghana 81,000 0 0 12,150 12,150 56,700Togo 30,000 0 0 600 5,400 24,000Benin 9,000 0 0 360 360 8,190Nigeria 1,642,000 16,420 82,100 262,720 788,160 492,600Total WestAfrica4,011,000 160,440 360,990 481,320 1,243,410 1,764,840Source: Lançon F. and O. Erenstein (2002)Rainfed uplandRice yields in upland systems average about 1 t ha -1 . Weedcompetition is the most important yield-reducing factor (Johnsonet al., 1997) followed by drought, blast, soil acidity and general soilinfertility. Farmers traditionally manage these stresses through longperiods of bush fallow. More recently, population growth has led toa dramatic reduction in fallow periods and to extended periods ofcropping in many areas, with resulting increases in weed pressure6

Module 1Overview: Rice in Africaand in soil infertility. Additional weed competition further reduceslabor productivity in upland rice-based production systems, whichare already generally limited by labor availability during the maincropping season. Farmers also face increased risks of crop failureand generally lower productivity levels. Very early maturingvarieties with tolerance to drought and blast are required in thedry zones where the growing season is short, while medium to latematuring and acid-tolerant varieties are needed for higher rainfallareas. Desirable agronomic traits include good vigor at seedlingand vegetative stages for weed suppression, intermediate to tallstature, lodging resistance and moderate tillering ability. Of great inputs of organic or inorganic fertilizer or soil amendments, suchas rock phosphate, or the use of fallow legumes may counter soilfertility decline in the upland environments and improve yields.Fallow legumes may also reduce weed infestation levels in thefollowing rice crop.Major problems by rice - ecosystemUPLAND HYDROMORPHIC LOWLANDSAHELIRRIGATEDDroughtWeeds BlastN and P deficiencyErosionAcidity/AcidityStemborersTermitesWeedsWater ControlN DeficiencyDroughtIron ToxicityStemborersAfrica Rice Gall MidgeRice Yellow Mottle VirusBacterial leaf blightPoor Water ControlExtreme temperatureN DeficiencySalinityAlkalinity/AcidityBacterial leaf blightSource: Africa Rice Center (WARDA)Figure 2. Rice production constraints across ecosystems in West Africa7

Module 1Overview: Rice in AfricaRainfed lowlandon the degree of water control and vary from 1 to 3 t ha -1 . These systemspressures and pulled by urban market demand. With improved watercontrol, use of external inputs may become attractive and rice yieldsmay be increased rapidly in these systems that are inherently muchmore stable than the upland areas. Biophysical factors affecting ricenutrient supply, iron toxicity, blast, rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV)and African rice gall midge (AfRGM). High yield potential is thepriority objective in breeding for rainfed lowlands, combined withweed competitiveness, short duration, resistances to blast, RYMV andAfRGM, and tolerance to iron toxicity. The major socio-economicconstraints include resource availability, production risk, knowledge onbest-bet crop management practices, and human health problems.Irrigated riceIrrigated rice-growing areas are divided into three subcategories basedon temperature. Two are found in West and Central Africa: favorabletemperatureand low-temperature, tropical irrigated zones. The latteris restricted to the mid-altitude areas of Cameroon. The former isrepresented by the dry-season irrigated rice that is found in all agroecologicalzones from the rainforest to the Sahel. While nearly all therice grown in Mauritania (Sahel) is irrigated, only 12–14% (0.5 millionha) of the total rice area in West and Central Africa is irrigated. Thisincludes substantial areas in Cameroon (80%), Niger (55%), Mali(30%) and Burkina Faso (20%). Irrigated rice in these countries (exceptCameroon) is mainly in the Sudan Savanna and Sahel, which accountfor nearly 60% of the irrigated rice area in West and Central Africa.In Côte d’Ivoire, about 24,500 ha (7% of total area) is irrigated. Yieldpotential (10 t/ha) is higher in these drier zones than in others, becauseof high solar radiation and low disease stress.8

Module 1Overview: Rice in AfricaUnit 3 –AddressingthechallengeoflowproductivityinAfricanlow Africanrice ecologies: NERICA ® varietiesNearly half of sub-Saharan Africa’s 700 million people live below thepoverty line (World Development Indicators, 2004). With populationgrowth rate exceeding the growth rate in regional food production,and with only limited foreign resources to sustain increased levelsof imports, the future for Africa’s poor appears grim.WARDA’s breakthrough in producing the ‘New Rice for Africa’(NERICA), based on crossings between African rice (Oryzaglaberrima Steud.) and Asian rice (O. sativa L.), offers welcomerelief to Africa’s rice farmers. It is a new and unique opportunityfor sustainable agricultural development in the rainfed environmentswhere most of Africa’s rice farmers earn a living.NERICA varieties have high yield potential and short growth cycle.Several of them possess early vigor during the vegetative growthphase and this is a potentially useful trait for weed competitiveness.Likewise, a number of them are resistant to African pests anddiseases, such as the devastating blast, to rice stemborers andtermites. They also have higher protein content and amino acidbalance than most of the imported rice varieties. Participatoryvarietal selection (PVS) trials in rainfed environments across WCAhave met with an enthusiastic response from farmers.9

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureNERICA: ORIGINS, NOMENCLATURE ANDIDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICSUnit 1 – What is NERICA?Figure 3. 10

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature and (O. glaberrima O. sativa 11

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureO. sativaas female parentO. glaberrimaas male parentFigure 4.Unit 2 – Where, When and How was NERICA ® ricedeveloped? O. sativa O.glaberrimaet al.et al. O. glaberrima O. sativa 12

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature andO. glaberrimaO. sativa 13

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature O. glaberrima et al.et al.,O. glaberrima O. glaberrimaet al.,et al., far?14

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature and2000 2005NERICA 1-7 NERICA 8-18NamedProgress in naming the NERICA varieties Source: WARDA Database, PVS Research15

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature (intermittent Source: JICA Seminar on Promotion of Rice Production and Dissemination in Africa, Accra,Ghana, 6–8 December 2006; SG2000 presentation at the WARDA Research Evaluation andPlanning Meeting, Cotonou, Benin, 2006; WARDA Annual Report, 2003–200416

Ratooning performance of NERICA varietiesModule 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature and et alet al. sativa17

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureNERICA perBenin A A A R R A R A ABrazzaA A A Côte R R A A A A A R R A A A A A A A R A R R R R R R R A A A A A A Mali R A A A A Nigeria R R Sierra A A A A A A A A A A A A R Total 11 9 10 10 4 3 4 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2Source: WARDA, 2006R – Frequency of release of NERICA varieties (19); frequency of NERICA adoption (44) and grown18

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature andWorld-class awards for Upland NERICA development NERICA for the high-potential irrigated and rainfedlowlandsContributor: Moussa Sié19

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureDevelopment process and potential of irrigated and lowlandNERICAsO. glaberrima O. sativa 20

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature andMajor differences in the process of upland and lowland NERICAvarieties developmentO. sativaO. sativa21

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureOryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa × O. sativaBC × O. sativaBC BC NERICAvarieties 22

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature and 23

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature(Oryzaglaberrima)Award for the development of NERICA lowland varieties in farmers’ 24

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature andV 25

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature Important Note 26

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature and varietiesUnit 3 – NERICA ® at the NERICA ® advantages 27

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature NERICA advantages 150–170 daysTolerance to BlastFarmers’ variety80–100 daysNERICATolerantSusceptiblethe second crop.28

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclature andTolerance to Drought Soil toleranceDrought tolerance et al.29

Module 2NERICA: origin, nomenclatureResponsive to fertilizationHigher protein content30

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaNERICA DISSEMINATION IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICA (SSA)Modus operandi: PartnershipThe Africa Rice Center (WARDA) modus operandi is partnershipat all levels. WARDA is recognized as a partnership center withprivileged relations with its constituency of NARS.For accelerated dissemination of improved technologies, includingNERICA varieties, WARDA has explored a range of partnershipmodels and adapted several participatory approaches, such asParticipatory Variety Selection (PVS), Community-based SeedProduction Systems (CBSS) and Participatory Learning and ActionResearch (PLAR).A Center-commissioned Evaluation Review (CCER) on partnershipsWARDA’s partnership model as being unique and exemplary, but alsohighlighted the Center’s contribution to reinforcing Africa’s capacityfor agricultural research. This recognition culminated in December2006 in WARDA receiving the prestigious United Nations Awardfor South-South Triangular Partnership for its pioneering efforts inbrokering North-South partnerships in order to create hybridizedvarieties of rice applicable to conditions in the South.For upstream research and development, the InterspecificHybridization Project (IHP) model – a triangular South-Southpartnership – was developed to bring together the pool of expertisefrom advanced research institutes with that of national programs.IHP was the key to the advancement of upland NERICA varietiesin SSA.31

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaIt was supported by Japan, the United Nations DevelopmentThe research on NERICA varieties has also been sponsored rightpartners in the IHP include the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); JapanInternational Cooperation Agency (JICA); Japan InternationalResearch Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS); Institut derecherche pour le développement (IRD); Cornell, Tokyo and YunnanUniversities; and the national programs of African countries.• Mechanisms of partnership: The achievements of WARDA’spartnerships in germplasm dissemination, including NERICAvarieties, are captured through a variety of mechanisms,and collaborative projects such PVS, CBSS, IHP and PLAR.The Center hosts these networks developed and created in closeconsultation with stakeholders. Activities of these networksand projects have resulted in tangible outputs which havebeen summarized throughout this document. The followingparagraphs provide additional information.• Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS): Introduced for theinteraction across SSA and unleashed a wave of NERICAadoption. This is being further advanced through the AfricanRice Initiative (ARI) coordinated by the Center to disseminateNERICA varieties and complementary technologies across SSA.Participatory Varietal Selection for Research and for Extension(PVS-R and PVS-E) is a means of involving farmers at all levelsof the development process. PVS enhances capacity buildingand ownership of products, and reduces the time involved inthe variety release process by up to 10 years. PVS has beenquite instrumental in the release of varieties in several African32

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaMali, Nigeria and Togo. Participatory variety selection is themajor vehicle enabling the speedy introduction of improvedvarieties that meet the requirements of resource-poor farmers.Instead of taking 12 years to introduce a new variety underconventional breeding, PVS new lines reach the farmer – forselection of lines released. Progress was made in the supply of• Community-based Seed multiplication Scheme (CBSS): CBSSensures that seed multiplication is devolved to farmers andproducers thereby bringing farmers closer to researchers andextension agents. CBSS has been instrumental in the productionof seed used in the PVS trials.• Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of technologies for ricebasedSystems (PADS): implementation of the PADS projecthas brought thousands of farmers into contact with WARDA’sNERICA varieties for use in low-input rainfed systems through varieties have been especiallyappreciated by farmers because of their short growing cycle (80to 100 days), which allows the crop to be harvested during thehungry season and reduces labor demand compared to the localrice varieties.• PADS used the CBSS-approach to stimulate farmers in takingthe lead in seed supply: PVS and CBSS involved more than20,000 farmers and more than 20 tonnes of NERICA seed wereproduced and distributed. Local networks and communication have been usedto promote the new seed. PADS also developed extensionrice varieties, weeds and fertilizer management, the use of biopesticides,improved parboiling technology, etc.33

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaThe implementation of PADS led to the use of a methodologicalprocess-approach for Participatory Learning and Action Researchimproved observation skills of farmers to allow improved analysisand decision-making; discovery of agro-ecological principles in asocial learning setting; sharing basic knowledge of technologiespractices by farmers themselves. PLAR has enabled the possibilityof a Rural Knowledge Center where the interested farmers canbe trained as facilitators and can (partly) take over the role of theneighboring lowland sites through farmer-to-farmer learning ondemand.The role of ROCARIZContributor: Lawrence NartehThe partnership model that has been most acclaimed by WARDA’snational partners is the task force mechanism of the ROCARIZ(Réseau ouest et centre africain du rizResearch Network) rice network, which has played a central rolein the development of the lowland NERICA varieties. It facilitatedthe shuttle-breeding approach to accelerate the selection processand achieve wide adaptability of the lowland NERICA varieties.Thanks to the task force model, the Center has reinforced SSA’scapacity for rice research. The roots of ROCARIZ can be traced to1991 under a different name and structure known as the WARDATask Forces.WARDA recognizes that there are too many rice productionconstraints to enable either it or the National Agricultural Research34

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africaand Extension Systems (NARES) as individual entities to handlesingle-handedly the research agenda for developing, evaluatingand transferring technologies for rice-based cropping systems.impact. As an association of West African states it has privilegedaccess to NARES, and a particular responsibility to serve theirrespective countries. To this end, WARDA and NARES scientiststhe most important research issues through network and partnershiparrangements. ROCARIZ was instrumental in the developmentof the NERICA rice varieties for Africa when its members tookan active part in the crossing of Oryza glaberrima × O sativa andalso participated in the on-farm testing and release of the newvarieties.collaboration between WARDA and NARS scientists and amongthe NARS. In addition, it has boosted capacity building throughthe devolution of responsibility for research activities to NARS andhelped increase the capacity of NARS to generate project proposalsThe role of INGER-AfricaContributors: Eklou A. Somado and Robert G. GueiOperated by the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) since 1994, it has themission to ensure wide and rapid dissemination of rice germplasm insub-Saharan Africa. This network was created to meet the needs ofmost national rice research programmes in SSA, which have limitedaccess to diverse genetic materials and rely on international centersto broaden their crop genetic bases.35

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africaresearch,resulting in the release of about 200 improved rice varietiesover the past 25 years in West Africa alone. An impact study foundthat the producers’ surplus gains from these improved varietieswere worth about USD 360 million in 1998 alone and that, withoutimports in 1998 would have been 40% higher. Additional 650,000hectares of farmland would have to be under rice cultivation tomaintain consumption levels at their current standard (Dalton andWARDA has strengthened its germplasm distribution, regionalevaluation and utilization activities across sub-Saharan Africain recent years. Improved rice germplasm have been multiplied,processed and distributed – free of charge – nurseries for further evaluation under local conditions and utilizationby national rice improvement programs in SSA.Participating countriesFigure 7.1994 to 200636

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaO. glaberrima × O. sativa) from 29countries in SSA, including 14 in West Africa (WA) and 15 in East,Central and Southern Africa (ECSA) (Figure 7) by multiplying,purifying and dispatching seeds of these improved materials initiallyreceived from WARDA’s breeders.O. glaberrima × O. sativa) distributedby INGER-Africa in SSA, 1997–2006lowland systems (Figure 8).320O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA seed280240200160120804001997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006NERICA 0 0 46 49 10 16 2 51 11 40Intersp. 5 29 221 269 55 82 6 84 21 60200180(O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA seed1601401201008060402001997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006NERICA 0 0 9 10 17 34 15 28 4 38Intersp. 0 0 61 62 167 125 25 185 6 39Figure 8. (O.glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA seed samples distributed by37

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africaof NERICA varieties, were dispatched as upland nurseries forevaluation by scientists in WA, while 670 samples, of which 155were upland NERICA varieties, were sent to ECSA for the samepurpose (Tables 8–9). Between 2003 and 2006, Japan, Belgium,NERICA varieties.It was only in 2005–2006, 2006, subsequent to the development and distribution of the lowland-irrigated NERICA varieties took off.During that period a total of 17 seed samples were dispatched torequest to Ethiopia, Tanzania and the Central African Republic inECSA. Also, upon request, Japan was supplied with 62 samples ofthe lowland-irrigated NERICA–L 32 variety.during the period under review included 14 countries in WA (Benin,Togo) and 15 in ECSA (Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Central AfricanRepublic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo-Brazzaville,Rwanda, Madagascar, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan,Zimbabwe and Mozambique). See Tables 9 and 10.38

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaTable 9.(O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA (indicated inWest Africa 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 TOTAL Upland NERICA varietyBenin 0 3 0 8 (4) 0 0 0 3(3) 0 5(3) 19(10) NERICA2, NERICA 4, NERICA5, NERICA6,NERICA7, NERICA8, NERICA11Burkina Faso 0 0 42 (8) 5 (2) 4(1) 0 0 0 0 0 51(11) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA6,NERICA7Côte d’Ivoire 0 0 0 21(1) 0 0 0 7 0 13(11) 41(12) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4,NERICA5, NERICA6,NERICA7 0 0 21 (4) 4(3) 4(2) 0 0 0 0 0 29(9) NERICA1, NERICA4, NERICA6, NERICA 7 0 9 46 (8) 34 (2) 4(2) 11(6) 2 23(23) 0 0 129(41) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 3, NERICA4,NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7 0 1 24 (6) 2(2) 0 0 0 1(1) 11(9) 11(9) 50(27) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA7,NERICA8, NERICA9, NERICA12, NERICA13,NERICA14, NERICA15, NERICA16,NERICA17, NERICA 18 0 0 0 47(7) 0 8(1) 0 0 10(2) 0 65(10) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5,NERICA6Liberia 0 0 10 (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5(4) 15(7) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5,NERICA7Mali 0 0 0 45(10) 12 0 4(2) 32(13) 0 0 93(25) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4,NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7Niger 0 0 0 0 6(1) 2(1) 0 0 0 2(1) 10(3) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA 6Nigeria 0 3 48 (8) 47 (8) 0 0 0 4(4) 0 10(8) 112(28) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA5, NERICA6,NERICA7, NERICA8, NERICA9, NERICA10Sierra Leone 5 13 12 (3) 55(9) 24(4) 61(8) 0 7(7) 0 12(4) 189(35) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4,NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 WAB 450-I-B-P-153-HB, WAB 450-I-B-P-33-HB(NERICA)Togo 0 0 20 (6) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 20(6) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5,NERICA6, NERICA7Total 5 29 221(46) 269(49) 55(10) 82(16) 6(2) 84(51) 21(11) 60(40) 832(225)39

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaTable 10.(O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA lines (indicated in parentheses) Burundi 7 7(0) NERICA1 to NERICA 7Cameroon 18(18) 18(18) NERICA1 to NERICA 18CongoRepublic 42(9) 13(7) 23(7) 101(23) NERICA1 to NERICA 7Congo DR 11(1) 13(3) 30(7) 9(2) 20(14) 3(2) 115(29) NERICA1 to NERICA 7Ethiopia 54 50 NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4,NERICA 6, NERICA 7Kenya 4 40(9) 1(1) 4(1) 4(1) 53(12) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4,NERICA6Madagascar 2 2 WAB 450-11-1-P41-3-HBWAB 450-I-B-P-23-HB NERICA)Central AfricanRepublic 6(4) 6(4) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4,NERICA 6, NERICA 7Mozambique 34 34 NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4,NERICA5, NERICA 6, NERICA 7Rwanda 13(1) 13(1) NERICA 6Sudan 11 4(1) 29(7) 44(8) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 3,NERICA4, NERICA 5 , NERICA 6,NERICA7Chad 20(6) 9(1) 30(9) 66(21) 125(31) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3,NERICA4, NERICA 5, NERICA 6,NERICA7Tanzania 8(7) 77(14) 18(18) 103(39) NERICA1 to NERICA 18Uganda 11(1) 29(7) 40(8) NERICA1 to NERICA 7Zimbabwe 7(7) 7(7) NERICA1, NERICA 2 ,NERICA 3,NERICA5 , NERICA 6, NERICA 7Total 61(9) 62(13) 167(17) 125(34) 25(15) 185(28) 6(4) 39(38) 670 (158)40

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaThe role of the African Rice Initiative (ARI)Contributor: Inoussa AkintayoWhile ROCARIZ is mainly a research network, ARI was createdto deal with one of the major bottlenecks of rice production—theavailability of quality seed. ARI covers the whole of SSA andmaintains a presence in each participating country through astakeholder platform. ARI has contributed to strengtheningrelationships between extension services and research institutions. Itis a vehicle of dissemination for WARDA products from productionand development to processing and marketing. Since ARI’s inceptionin 2002, the following main achievements have been recorded:• Seed availability is constantly addressed by the CoordinationUnit. Table 11 provides a summary of foundation seed producedand distributed to several countries through ARI.Table 11. Production and distribution of NERICA foundation seed byARI Coordination Unit countries(kg)(kg)BS1 FS1 Total BS FS Total2003 75 350 425 65 350 415 Mali, Togo2004 151 1 063 1 214 100 1 000 1 100 Burkina Faso,Mali, Togo, Nigeria2005-06 1 474 14 102 15 576 1 400 13 900 15 300 Benin, Burkina Faso,DR Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria,Mozambique,Philippines,Sierra Leone,Tanzania, Togo, Uganda.Total 1 700 15 515 17 215 1 565 15 250 16 8151BS: Breeder Seed; FS: Foundation Seed41

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africa• In order to increase adoption rate and boost production, ARIincluding NERICAs, to farmers through PVS. By the end of2005, 11 new NERICA varieties (NERICA8–NERICA18)were named, from which three were released. The newlynamedmaterials are mainly extra-early (e.g. NERICA8 andNERICA9) at 80 days to maturity. ARI also contributed tothe introduction and release of lowland NERICA lines; up released.• ARI activities were initially restricted to pilot countries, buthave been extended progressively to further countries. By 2005,NERICA lines had been tested in many countries in SSA (Figure9). Forty six NERICA lines were adopted and 19 released in 17countries, the number of varieties per country ranging from oneto seven.Area in SSA producing NERICA varietiesFigure 9. Area cultivated under NERICA varieties in 200542

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaNERICA rice varieties have been making headway in SSA. In2006 it was estimated that NERICA varieties were planted onmore than 200,000 hectares across Africa, including about 70,000grown to NERICA varieties in Africa in 2006. Figure 10 showsNERICA distribution in 2006The NERICA dissemination effort is not intended to replace localvarieties totally but to integrate NERICA varieties into the existingvarietal portfolio of rice farmers, with complementary technologies,sound natural resource management practices and improved ricemarketing and distribution systems.Figure 10. NERICA distribution in SSA (2006)43

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaThe role of PVSContributors: Howard Gridley and Moussa SiéFarmers in the driving seatThe goal of PVS (participatory variety selection) is to transfer • determine the varieties that farmers want to grow• learn the traits that farmers value in varieties to assist breedingand selection• determine if there are gender differences in varietal selectioncriteriaResearch on PVS has revealed a gender-based varietal selectionprocess whereby men and women farmers use different criteria toevaluate varieties. For instance, men gave importance to short growthduration and plant height, whereas women preferred traits such asgood emergence, seedling vigor and droopy leaves that indicate weedcompetitiveness, since they are mostly involved in the sowing andweeding operations.Research methodologyThe NERICA varieties were introduced to rice farmers in Côte Participatory Variety Trials (PVS), (WARDA, 1999). Farmers thenstarted disseminating them through their informal channels. SevenNERICA varieties (NERICA1–NERICA7) intended for upland ricefarming were being used by farmers in 2000.PVS was chosen because it:• shortens the time lag between varietal development and release• accelerates the rate of adoption of promising rice varieties fromWARDA44

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africa technology farmersgardens’ with up to 60 upland varieties. The varieties range fromtraditional and popular O. sativa cultivars to NERICA developments,African O. glaberrima cultivars and local varieties as checks. Menbut farmers are brought in groups for formal evaluation of the testentries at three key stages (maximum tillering, maturity and post-including weed competitiveness, growth rate, height, panicle typeand growth cycle, while the third visit focuses on grain qualityattributes such as size, shape, shattering, ease of threshing andhusking and palatability. Each farmer’s varietal selection and thecriteria for selection are recorded and later analyzed.In the second year, each farmer receives as many as six of thegrow on his or her own farm. Thus, new genetic diversity enters the of the selected varieties. At the end of the year, farmers evaluatethreshability and palatability to provide a full view of the strengthsand weaknesses of the selected varieties.For the third year, farmers are asked to pay for seeds of the varietiesthey select as evidence of the value they place on them. Thus, inthree years, PVS-Research (PVS-R) allows the farmers to select45

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africaquality characters. These, in turn, can be integrated into the breedingprogrammes to tailor new varieties for farmers.Participatory varietal selectionYear 1: Rice garden: Farmers areexposed to a range of promisingcultivars and make selections.Year 2: Farmers plant selectionsalongside local varieties.NERICAYear 3: Farmers verify for a furtheryear variety preferences–selectioncriteria.Advantages of PVS methodology over the conventional schemeConventionally, it takes at least 12 years to put varieties in farmers’hands and, even then, farmers and consumers may not appreciate thevarieties selected. A PVS extension (PVS-E) phase has recently beenintroduced to complement PVS-R and accelerate dissemination andin the second year of PVS-R in an ecoregion are disseminated widelyto farmers within the region for evaluation in the third year. After twoyears of PVS-E, the more-preferred of these varieties are enrolled inSimultaneously, these varieties enter community-based seed systems(CBSS) for multiplication to ensure adequate seed supplies for rapidfor release. PVS research is a novel applied and adaptive researchmechanism that favors farmers playing an active role in product46

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan Africadevelopment and spread. It has assisted in the early and broaddissemination and adoption of promising lines, including NERICAvarieties, by NARES, development agencies and farmers in WCA.WARDA introduced PVS into Côte d’Ivoire in 1996 and farmersliked the concept of sharing responsibilities for rice research becausethey were able to select varieties that met their needs. Encouragedby the results, WARDA extended it to all 17 WARDA membercountries by 1999. Regionally, more than 3500 farmers in WCAparticipated in the PVS and about 5000 farmers were exposed toimproved upland rice varieties through PVS in 2000.1PVS-R and -E: PVS Research and Extension, respectively.2CBSS: Community-based SeedSystem.Figure 11. Representation of relative time scales for conventionalvariety development and PVS to deliver new varieties to farmersWARDA has been providing varieties for participatory varietalselection over the last 10 years. Table 12 summarizes farmers’selection criteria for adoption of NERICA rice varieties in differentcountries in SSA.47

Module 3NERICA dissemination insub-Saharan AfricaTable 12. Farmers’ selection criteria applied in PVS-R in 17 countries in SSACountry Selection criteriaYieldHeightShort growth cycleHigh tilleringWeed competitivenessLodging resistancePanicle sizeTasteNon-sticky grainDrought toleranceMedium growth cycleBird damage resistanceAdaptabilityEmergence rateAromaDisease resistanceTogo Chad Sierra Leone Senegal Niger Nigeria Mauritania Mali Liberia Bissau Côte d’Ivoire Cameroon Burkina Faso Benin Total 12 12 13 13 10 7 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 148

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICAMOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OFNERICA LINESContributors: M-N Ndjiondjop, K Semagn, M Cissoko,MP Jones and S McCouchAs mentioned throughout this compendium, NERICA rices areOryza sativa× O. glaberrima.BC 2O. glaberrima 2 O.sativaO. glaberrima 249

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICANERICA1NERICA2NERICA5NERICA6NERICA11NERICA12NERICA15NERICA16 86PC2Scores18161542054 123-26 7 8 9111417-4131012-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 s 51

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA et al. O. glaberrima O. glaberrima O. sativaO. glaberrima 2F 1et al.52

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICAet al. 2F et al.,Table 14.WAB450-4-A9WAB450-16A1.6WAB450-B-16A1.4WAB450-B-1A1.1WAB450-4-1A14NERICA156NERICA6NERICA212NERICA5151621222526(%)WAB450-B-16A2.5WAB450-B-16A2.10WAB450-B-19A2.5WAB450-B-3A1.2WAB450-4-1-A22WAB450-B-19A3.1WAB450-4-1-A16WAB450-4-1-A26WAB450-B-16A2.7WAB450-B-16A1.2WAB450-4-1-A6WAB450-B-19A1.2WAB450-B-19A1.9WAB450-B-16A2.45152555661626566(%) 2F 1, 2F 53

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA O. sativa-O. glaberrima 2O. sativa O. glaberrima54

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA O. glaberrima O. sativaO. glaberrimaO. sativaO. glaberrima introgressions in the pedigreeO. sativaO. glaberrimaO. glaberrimaO.glaberrimaO. glaberrima55

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICAparent (O. sativa 56

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICAO. glaberrimaglaberrima introgressions is associatedO. glaberrima genome are associated 57

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA 58

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA 59

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA mpatching CocientNERICNERIC22NERICA1NERIC11NERICA2NERICA561225226216526165151521212NERICA655152221666662665661562556655555 60

Module 4Molecular characterisation ofNERICA1665PC2161 62 66 NERICA6 56 NERICA5 5515625NERICANERICA 2151 26NERICA1 22 NERICA2NERICA5 1216525 PC1 61

Module 5Drought screening of uplandNERICA varietiesDROUGHT SCREENING OF UPLANDNERICA VARIETIESContributors: Baboucarr Manneh and MN NdjiondjopEleven NERICA varieties (N1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12) aswell as WAB56-104 and CG 14, the parents of NERICA1–7, werescreened for drought tolerance together with 87 other rice genotypesthat included O. sativa spp. indica, O. sativa spp. japonica, O.glaberrima (O. sativa × O. glaberrima), whichwere sourced from WARDA, CIAT and IRRI. The trial was conductedat Togoudo research station (Benin) in the dry season (December2005–March 2006). In this trial, the drought screening protocol usedinvolved imposing 21 days drought stress at 45 days after sowing(DAS), which coincides with the vegetative/reproductive phaseof crop development. The trial was laid out as a split-plot designwith irrigation regime as the main plot factor and genotype as thesub-plot factor. Two irrigation levels were used – full irrigation upto maturity and imposing 21 days drought stress starting 45 DAS.Recommended agronomic practices such as thinning, fertilizerapplication, weeding and spraying against pests and diseases werecarried out. Soil water status at the trial site was measured in three20 cm layers of soil from the surface to 60 cm depth.from 0–50cm depth and hence has a low water-holding capacity.Soil moisture content in the top 20cm towards the end of droughttrial since the effective rooting depth of most rice varieties is thetop 20cm of soil.62

Module 5Drought screening of uplandNERICA varietiesseverity of leaf rolling as well as leaf drying increased with duration of fertile panicles and grain yield but increased leaf temperaturedays in the stress treatment compared to the non-stressed treatment.Consequently, grain yield per plant was significantly reducedout of the 11 NERICAs screened gave higher than the average yield17). NERICA2, NERICA6 and NERICA10 performed poorlyunder drought stress in this trial. However, further trials are being63

Module 5Drought screening of uplandNERICA varietiesTable 15. Effect of 21 days drought stress on morpho-physiological traits of upland NERICAlines with their parents WAB56-104 and CG14 at Togoudo research station, Benin.VarietyTemp* 59Tiller no.9292 Roll67Burn67Roll80Burn80Irrig Dry Irrig Dry Irrig Dry Irrig Dry Irrig Dry Irrig Dry Dry Dry Dry DryNERICA1 31 33 15 9 48 44 73 91 27 9 6.39 4.29 4 2 2 2NERICA2 31 32 14 16 48 46 78 93 10 8 15.14 7.5 4 1 2 2NERICA3 31 33 15 12 46 48 70 79 4 13 2.67 9.6 7 2 2 1NERICA4 32 32 20 12 48 48 69 81 13 5 19.73 4.7 6 3 2 2NERICA5 31 34 14 15 47 44 63 64 6 24 5.54 17.88 6 3 2 2NERICA6 31 33 13 11 48 45 80 96 9 8 8.78 8.3 7 5 1 4NERICA7 31 33 14 7 45 44 63 74 5 7 6.39 8.25 5 3 4 2NERICA8 32 33 18 12 44 43 69 81 10 5 11.78 3.89 8 5 2 3NERICA9 32 33 26 14 46 43 72 87 6 11 3.96 15.66 8 4 3 3NERICA10 31 32 17 10 46 46 76 87 7 6 6.92 6.67 4 2 3 2NERICA12 31 34 16 13 48 47 73 80 8 9 7.24 13.43 6 3 2 1CG 14 31 33 43 39 39 38 59 64 20 3 7.96 2.19 9 4 4 3WAB56-104 30 32 10 12 46 46 71 78 11 9 16.88 9.78 6 1 1 2Mean 31 33 22 19 43.25 43.06 74 84 13 8 14.55 6.12 7 3 2 2S.E.M. 0.1 0.1 0.36 0.35 0.13 0.13 1 1 1 1 0.35 0.33 1 1 1 1a - Numbers following trait names indicate the DAS on which the trait was measured.Note: Irrig – continuously irrigated; Dry – drought stressed; S.E.M.–standard error of the mean; Temp. – leaf temperaturemeasured with infrared thermometer; SPAD – leaf chlorophyll content; 50% Flowering – no. of days from sowing to 50%– leaf drying score under drought stress.64

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementNERICA RICE CROP MANAGEMENTContributors: Sylvester O. Oikeh, Sitapha Diatta,Tatsushi Tsuboi and Tareke BerheBackground informationThe timeliness and quality of land preparation are critical to riceproduction. NERICA varieties are no exception. Good soil tillagein addition to weed control.Unit 1 – Land selection and preparationLand preparation for NERICA varieties can take the form ofconventional tillage operations of ploughing and harrowing usingminimum tillage operation consisting of opening up of the spot todibble in the NERICA seeds using a hand hoe.Unit 2 – Land selection: where to grow NERICA varieties?The NERICA varieties are developed for the upland production conditions so long as there is enough moisture to sustain the crop varieties(NERICA6 for example) can be grown in the hydromorphic fringes.NERICA varieties can grow on a variety of soils ranging frommoderately drained to well drained soils. In West Africa most of the65

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementsandy clays with pH ranging from 5.0 and 6.0. In the humid forestNERICA varieties can grow at both low and relatively high altitudes.Figure 17. Grain yield (kg ha ) of NERICA lines and sativa along the66

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementUnit 3 – Cropping calendaron optimum sowing date.Unit 4 – Planting of NERICA varietiesgermination test to establish the actual seed rates to use based onthe viability of the seeds.seed treatments may be used according to availability and per theIn an environment where termites and nematodes pose serious threat67

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementto incorporate carbofuran (Furadan) at the rate of 2.5 kg a.i. per Furadan should be mixed with sand at a ratio of 1 part of Furadan Figure 18.emergence ofUganda.unpublisheddata).dry seed68

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementthe seedlings to emerge and the plants are uniformly established in (failure of mature seeds to germinate under favourable environmentalconditions) inherited from their parent (Guei et alseed dormancy would need to be broken to enhance uniform seedlingemergence and establishment. This can be done by soaking the seeds ) perUnit 5 – Plant densityUniform crop establishment and optimum plant densities are essentialestablishment. is recommended for dibble sowing and for sowing by drilling. Five to seven seeds can be sownin water.69

Module 6NERICA rice crop management 6 plants ha ) for sowing by dibbling is recommended forNERICA cultivation.Unit 6 – Weed management in NERICA rice-based croppingsystemsregardless of ecology.70

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementThe commonest weed species found in the rainfed upland ecologyin West Africa include EuphorbiaheterophyllaChromolena odorataOldenlandia herbaceaTridaxprocumbens Tridax procumbens Cyperusesculentus and Cyperus rotundus Clotalaria incana and Rottboellia cochinensisare cited among the principal weed species encountered in the uplandrice ecology.Though has been shown to be competitive againstet al.71

Module 6NERICA rice crop managementHand-weeding regimesif necessary.controlling many of the perennial weeds (e.g. Cyperus spp.) that haveof herbicides combined with hand weeding will be the most sustainableapproach to managing weeds for NERICA production.Chemical controlAny herbicide suitable for upland rice production can be used forNERICA varieties.72

Module 6NERICA rice crop management they provide an extended period of weed control as they are usedduring land preparation before NERICA rice planting. Table 16indicates general guidelines to some herbicides used in NERICArice production. of a combination of herbicides that kill different types of weeds isadvised.Table 16 productionHerbicideformulationpropanil +propanil + thiobencarbRate a.i.(kg ha -1 ) 1Time ofapplication1.25 RemarksFormulated21days aftertransplanting 21 days afterseeding ortransplanting 21 days afterseeding ortransplantingdays after sowing)butachlorthree days of sowing173

Module 6NERICA rice crop management including and Mucuna prurensis havebeen shown to control weeds when grown in sequence with upland74

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionSOIL FERTILITY AND NERICA RICENUTRITIONContributors: Sylvester Oikeh, Sitapha Diatta andTatsushi TsuboiBackground informationStudies on soil characterization of rice ecologies in West Africacarried out by Africa Rice Center showed that in the uplandincreases from the humid forest to the semi-arid zone, whereasin the semi-arid (Oikeh et al., 2006a). On soils developed fromsandstones, all three macronutrients N, P and potassium (K) arewill require the application of chemical fertilizers.to the use of inputs such as fertilizers.Agronomy and Integrated Soil Fertility Managementvarieties in the humid forest and savanna agroecosystems?Oryza sativa) that are75

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionMethodology • Different combinations of NPKUnit 1 – Rate and time of fertilizer application and NERICAresponse to nutrientsunder various input cropping systems? to ca.application.• Doubling the levels of of N and P at at the same Klevel increases fertilizer application.76

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionFigure 19.zone of West Africa. weed competitiveness, and may enable the farmers to diversifytheir cropping systems through intercropping or rotations.• Oikeh et al.,tionof P and Kat sowing and top dressing with one-third urea atthe beginning of tillering, and the remaining two-thirds at aboutpanicle initiation.77

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutrition• Phosphorus is the second most important nutrient after N for riceproduction, because chemical fertilizers are not readily availablenor affordable to smallholder farmers. On the Ultisols (Ferralsols) of the humid forest agro-ecosystem et al. (unpublished data)Fertilizer requirements for other agro-ecosystems and thedevelopment of integrated soil fertility management packages forthe different agro-ecosystems in West Africa are in progress.kg ha di-ammonium phosphate [DAP, 2O K 2 ha 78

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionOryza glaberrima × O. sativa)under aluminium-toxicity growing conditionsBackground informationAbout two thirds of the West African upland rice is produced in thesoil and causes other abiotic stresses, resulting in reduction of ricelines. a sand nursery bed in a greenhouse and the seedlings were grownchloride (AlCl . 6H 2initiation of the treatment and served for the determination of thedry weight and Al content in the shoots and roots.79

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionHighlightsweight than Al-intolerant groups in such high Al concentrations asof Al in the shoots and roots showed the accumulated Al in the the aboveground biomass, irrespective of the groups (Figure 20).groups in the Al accumulation in the roots. However, in the shoots, tolerant and intolerant groups. When the plants were grown in low Alwas higher in glaberrima (2 lines) than in all the other lines. WhenAl contents in the shoots were lower in the three tolerant groups thantolerant group showed the lowest Al accumulation in the shoot,sativa intolerant group. resource for Al tolerance in rice.80

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionTable 17.Shoot Absolute basis Normalized basis*Dry weight of shoot (mg plant-1) (%)Low pH 0.15mM Al 0.3mM Al 0.6mM Al 1.2mM Al Low pH 0.15mM Al 0.3mM Al 0.6mM Al 1.2mM Alglaberrima 165±26 118±10 98±16 98±16 93±16 100 71 59 59 56**S.T 203±7 133±16 118±10 115±12 105±12 100 65 58 57 52S.Int 115±10 70±7 45±4 43±4 38±4 100 61 39 37 33WAB450. T 192±8 157±8 138±6 133±6 112±7 100 82 72 69 58WAB450. Int 137±5 92±3 75±3 65±2 60±2 100 67 55 47 44WAB1159. T 105±6 105±3 98±7 98±7 88±13 100 100 93 93 83WAB1159. Int 113±9 84±6 61±6 56±5 47±5 100 75 54 50 42Rootglaberrima 43±10 33±4 30±6 30±6 26±5 100 76 71 71 62S.T 45±3 33±4 30±3 28±4 25±3 100 72 67 61 56S.Int 34±3 21±2 13±2 11±1 8±1 100 61 39 31 24WAB450. T 47±2 41±2 39±2 39±1 37±1 100 87 83 82 78WAB450. Int 40±1 30±2 26±1 21±1 20±1 100 76 66 54 51WAB1159. T 35±0 35±0 30±3 30±3 23±1 100 100 86 86 64WAB1159. Int 29±1 23±2 18±1 16±2 12±1 100 79 62 53 41Figure 20.81

Module 7Soil fertility and NERICA ricenutritionFigure 21. patterns showing differential Al accumulation in the roots.82

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)STRATEGIES FOR NERICA VARIETIESContributors: FE Nwilene, MP Jones, DS Brar, O Youm,A Togola, Adebayo Kehinde, MN Ukwungwu, SI Kamara andA HamadounUnit 1 – Major insect pests of riceTable 18 summarizes the major insect pests of rice, which causecountries (Nacro et al., 1996;Ukwungwu et al.help rice farmers reduce the damage caused by these pests is a majorTable 18. Distribution and host range of economically-important stemCommonname Species Order: Family Distribution Host rangePink stalkborerSesamiacalamistisHampsonLepidoptera:NoctuidaeCameroon,The Gambia,Ghana, Côted’Ivoire, Niger,NigeriaRice, maize,sorghum,wheat, millet,sugar cane, wildgrassesPink stalkborerSesamianonagrioidesbotanephagaTams &BowdenLepidoptera:NoctuidaeGhana, Côted’Ivoire,NigeriaRice, maize,sorghum,wheat, millet,sugar cane, wildgrassesPink stalkborerSesamiapennisetiTams andBowdenLepidoptera:NoctuidaeGhana, Côted’Ivoire,NigeriaRice, maize,sorghum,wheat, millet,sugar cane, wildgrasses83

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAPink stalkborerSesamiapoephagaTams andBowdenLepidoptera:NoctuidaeNigeriaRice, maize,sorghum,wheat, millet,sugar cane, wildgrassesStripedstem borerChilozacconiusLepidoptera:Benin,Burkina Faso,Rice, sorghum,EchinochloaBleszynskiCrambidaeCameroon,crus-galli,Côte d’Ivoire,Pennisetum spp.Mali, Niger,Nigeria,Senegal, SierraLeoneYellowstem borerScirpophagamelanoclistaMeyrickLepidoptera:CrambidaeCameroon,Côte d’Ivoire,Mali, Nigeria,SenegalRiceYellowstem borerScirpophagasubumbrosaMeyrickLepidoptera:CrambidaeGhana, MaliRicewhiteborerMaliarphaseparatellaRagonotLepidoptera:PyralidaeCôte d’Ivoire,Mali, NigeriaCultivatedand wildrices (Oryzabarthii, O.longistaminata,O. punctata)84

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAStalk-eyedDiopsislongicornisMacquart,DiopsisapicalisDalman,DiopsiscollarisDiptera:DiopsidaeBenin,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Chad, Côted’Ivoire,Gambia,Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Liberia, Mali,Mauritania,Niger, Nigeria,Senegal, SierraLeone, TogoRice, sorghum,millet, Cynodondactylon,Cyperusdifformis,Paspalumorbiculairerice gallmidgeOrseoliaoryzivoraHarris &GagnéDiptera:CecidomyiidaeBenin,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Chad, Côted’Ivoire, TheGambia,Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Mali, Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone,Togo, Malawi,Tanzania,Uganda andZambiaOryza sativa,O. glaberrima,progenies, wildspecies (O.longistaminata,O. barthii, O.punctata, O.)85

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAwhite borerMaliarphaseparatellaRagonotLepidoptera:PyralidaeCôte d’Ivoire,Mali, NigeriaCultivatedand wildrices (Oryzabarthii, O.longistaminata,O. punctata)Stalk-eyedDiopsislongicornisMacquart,DiopsisapicalisDalman,DiopsiscollarisDiptera:DiopsidaeBenin, BurkinaFaso, Cameroon,Chad, Côted’Ivoire, Gambia,Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Liberia, Mali,Mauritania, Niger,Nigeria, Senegal,Sierra Leone,TogoRice, sorghum,millet, Cynodondactylon,Cyperusdifformis,Paspalumorbiculairerice gallmidgeOrseoliaoryzivoraHarris &GagnéDiptera:CecidomyiidaeBenin, BurkinaFaso, Cameroon,Chad, Côted’Ivoire, TheGambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,Niger, Nigeria,Senegal, SierraLeone, Togo,Malawi, Tanzania,Uganda andZambiaOryza sativa,O. glaberrima,progenies, wildspecies (O.longistaminata,O. barthii, O.punctata, O.)86

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAUnit 2 – Major Components in Integrated Pest Management(IPM) StrategiesBackground informationIntegrated pest management (IPM) is particularly relevant tosubsistence agriculture. It is environmentally safe, sociallyacceptable, economically feasible, and compatible with othernon-disruptive pest control methods. IPM options include varietalresistance/tolerance, biological control and cultural practices.Figure 22. Symptoms of rice stem borer damage and components of IPMstrategies1. Varietal resistance/toleranceKey Issues: stem borers/termites• Rice mixed with maize is a common feature of traditional uplandrice cultivation87

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICA• Can maize be used as a trap crop to protect rice against stemborers?• Can traditional management practices for termites be integratedwith botanicalsObjective Methodology ResultsTo evaluatemanagementcomponentsfor rice stemborers in ricebasedsystemsTo evaluatemanagementcomponent fortermites in riceStrip-cropping maizevarieties in alternaterows, direct seeded,RCB design with 3replicationsOS 6, Furadan mixedwith gari, neem oil,powder, ripe pawpawmixed with red palmoil;split plot designwith 3 replicationsThere was less stem borer damageIHP Report 2000 )Furadan and gari, and neem seed oil,was the least attacked (Nwilene et al.,1.1 Stem borersBackground informationResistant varieties are an important component of integrated pestmanagement. Most of the traditional Oryza sativa varieties grownHighlights to stem borer damage?88

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAStem borer pressure may greatly vary across locations and years,attributable to differences in agroclimatic conditions or cropresistance to stem borers across locations as summarized below.Objective Methodology ResultsTo identify uplandresistance / tolerancein a RCB design with 3replications in Côte d’Ivoirebetween 2001–2002OS 6;direct seeded;RCBdesign with 3 replicationsstem borers in Côte d’Ivoire(Rodenburg et al., 2006)to stem borers in Nigeria(Rodenburg et al., 2006)In Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa, NERICA4 was found to beresistant to rice stem borersDuring the 2001 wet season and under natural infestation at M’bé(Bouaké) in the derived savanna and at Boundiali in the Guineato be the least attacked at both locations. it was rated moderately susceptible.89

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICA-infestation levels of less than 10 percent.stems) and were rated as the most resistant varieties at Ikenne duringThree lepidopterous borers, Sesamia botanephaga, Chilo zacconiusand Maliarpha separatella, were the predominant species on Diopsislongicornis and D. apicalisrice crop was at the early vegetative stage of growth.1.2 Termitesof tolerance to termite.During the course of the experiments Microtermes was theand Odontotermes.90

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAFigure 23. Symptoms of termite attack on rice1.3 African rice gall midge (AfRGM)Background informationsystems. Nevertheless, in view of their desirable qualities, theywhich is rather a serious pest of rainfed and irrigated lowland rice species because the larvae attack the growing points of rice tillersat the vegetative stage (seedling to panicle initiation). Infestation ofa tiller prevents panicle production and results in the developmentof a tubular gall—also known as ‘onion leaf’or ‘silver shoot’.91

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAIn spite of the hundreds of screenings of O. sativa accessions, verylittle progress has been made in identifying good donor material withO. sativas –Cisadane (fromFaso. One disadvantage of Cisadane is that it is rather sensitive toO. sativaOrseolia oryzaeHighlights infestation at two hot-spot locations in Nigeria (Ikwo, southeast andBida, central Nigeria). Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria and Sierra Leone identified an et al., 2001).accessions of O. glaberrima(Nwilene et al.92

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICABiological control is an important component of IPM for control of2. Cultural practicessensitive to rice stem borers?Background informationRice mixed with maize (Zea mays L.) is a common feature ofMaize and rice share some common stem borer species. To whatactivity (infestation, crop damage, species composition)?Can themanagement of stem borers under upland conditions?Can maize beused as a trap crop to protect rice against stem borers?Highlights• Intercropping has high potential as a cultural method of controllingthe major stem borers on rice• Maize (Zea mays than on rice or maize monocultures at M’béand Boundiali in• Strip cropping of four rows of maize alternating with an equal93

Module 8Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Strategies for NERICAThe added advantages of strip cropping are improved yields andDuring the course of the experiments Eldana saccharina was thepredominant stem borer on maize (90%), followed by Maliarphaseparatella Sesamia calamistis (3%), Chilo zacconius(1%), and Busseola fusca (1%). Stem borers on rice were EldanasaccharinaMaliarpha separatella (26%), Sesamia calamistis(6%), Chilo zacconiusDiopsis longicornisBusseolafusca (1%).3. Biological control of AfGRMBackground informationTwo common parasitoid species, including Platygaster diplosisaeand Aprostocetus procerae,These parasitoids also attack a related gall midge species, whichthrives on Paspalum scrobiculatum but does not attack rice.Highlightsmidge, which harbors parasitoids. These parasitoids then attackand Cisadane may reduce the damage caused this pest.94

Module 9Major rice diseases and controlMAJOR RICE DISEASES AND CONTROL BackgroundThree major diseases of key economic importance are common inWest and Central Africa and seriously constrain rice productionin most rice ecologies. They include the rice yellow mottle virus(RYMV), bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and rice blast.upland ecology for which the NERICA varieties were developed.DiseasesRice ecosystemsUplandLowlandForest &savannaIrrigatedSahelBlastRYMVBLBBlast is rice fungal disease caused by (Cke.) Sacc.[Teleomorphe: (Hebert) Barr] and is particularlydangerous in upland rice, but also causes serious damage in rainfedlowland and irrigated systems. Blast is one of the major constraints95

Module 9Major rice diseases and controlNeck blast Node blast Leaf blastFigure 24. Symptoms of leaf, neck and node blast on upland riceUnit 1 – Integrated management of diseaseBackground informationIn the low-input farming systems of SSA where resource-limitedfarmers can hardly ever afford external inputs, the control of the abovediseases is mainly through the use of resistant/tolerant varieties incombination with sound management practices, such as good weedcontrol. One of the principal components of an integrated managementsystem for diseases is varietal resistance though this can be unstablein space and in time depending to the structure of the pathogenpopulation.This constraint should be taken into consideration either when diffusingmaterial to farmers or when breeders are selecting donor lines.96

Module 9Major rice diseases and controlObjective Methodology ResultsTo identify rice lineswith durable resistanceto blast in West Africa67 entries wereevaluated for horizontalresistance to blast inBurkina Faso, Nigeria,Mali and Guinea1. WAB 56-1042. WAB 56-503. NERICA94. NERICA185. WAB 881-1-10-37-18-25-P3-HB6. WAB 880-1-38-18-8-P3-HB7. WAB 881-10-37-18-15-P1-HB8. WAB 881-10-37-18-24-P1-HB9. WAB 881-10-37-18-14-P1-HB10. WAB 880-1-38-20-23-P1-HB11. WAB 880-1-38-18-20-P1-HBVarietal resistance/tolerance to blastNine interspecifics, including NERICA9 and NERICA18,consistently show resistance to blast at various hotspots across fourcountries, namely Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea and Nigeria.NERICA12, NERICA15 and NERICA16 show resistance to blastin at least three countries, including Nigeria, Mali and BurkinaFaso.stable and durable as that of WAB 56-50 and WAB 56-104, whichare well known for possessing horizontal resistance to the blastpathogen in West Africa.97

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAIMPROVING THE SEED DELIVERY SYSTEM INSUB-SAHARAN AFRICAContributors: Robert G. Guei, Eklou A. Somado andMichael LarindeBackground informationThere is wide consensus that seed, especially of improved varieties,is one of the most important elements for increasing agriculturalproductivity and improved livelihoods. However, in Africa, onlyone-third of seed comes from seed companies while two-thirdsderive from the informal sector. For example, in Western Africa lessnot use improved seed, mainly because very often it is not availableto them or they are not aware of the advantages of using improvedvarieties. Good quality seed is also not accessible to them as there isoften a weak linkage between farmers, extension systems, researchinstitutions and market.Challenges facing the African seed sectorSeed and plant genetic resources hold many challenges for therange of stakeholders involved in the seed sector such as farmers,seed companies and producers, national seed services, research andextension systems and policymakers.FarmersMost farmers in Africa are subsistence farmers who, althoughcustodians of local cultivars, often suffer from non-availability ofadequate quantity and quality of seeds to sustain the crop diversitysuitable for their agro-ecological and socio-economic needs as wellas the demands of consumers. Overall, farmers in remote areasare often cut off from any agricultural development initiatives and98

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAinjection of new crops and varieties into their seed systems as ruralinfrastructure conditions in Africa are the major and most commonconstraint to the development of agriculture in the region. To improvefood security, farmers should have on-going access to quality seed innormal and crisis situations. Viable seed supply systems to multiplyand disseminate the seed or plant material are critical for the successof food security and livelihood programs in Africa.Seed companies and producersThere is a crucial lack of sustainable systems for seed productiondue in part to the dominance of the public sector in seed productionwith limited private sector participation in seed production. Thereis often a lack of a clear national policy where the private sector’scontribution to the development of the seed system is recognized andenhanced. Emphasis is sometimes put on large-scale seed companieswhich concentrate more on countries with big commercial farmers inthe eastern and southern African regions. Their share of the Africanseed market as a whole is small and limited to hybrid maize seed andseeds of a few other high-value crops. They do not commercializecultivars or varieties of other important food security crops such assave the seed or planting material for the following season’s crops.But these cultivars are the germplasm used by most small and poorfarmers, the majority of whom are women. These farmers need toaccess quality seed, the demand for which could be met by small tomedium-scale seed enterprises of varying size and capacities.These are often made up of individual seed growers, farmer groupsor associations, and small seed companies with limited equipment,limited capital investment and very weak market strategies. Theyhave little managerial capacity to undertake seed production andsupply as a proper business. Basic accounting, marketing, bankingand credit management expertise is often lacking. Also, linkage toresearch – even where possible – for necessary infusion of good99

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAgermplasm is limited. Backup support from the national extensionservices is often weak, necessary market intelligence is usually absentand necessary investment policy support expected from nationalauthorities is minimal or totally lacking. Seed quality control systemsare frequently inadequate, there is only a limited market for economicseed trade within individual countries, and regular hindrance ofcross-border trade in seed caused by application of phytosanitary,regulatory and varietal release protocols.To sum up, the lack of adequate participation by the private sectorin seed trade and distribution, the lack of organization in the seedmarket, and the lack of economically-worthwhile seed demand fromgrowers create a serious bottleneck in seed sector development into link it with a national seed system remains a major impedimentto the production of quality seed and to functional distributionchannels to ensure access by farmers either within the country or atthe regional markets.Plant breeding/varietal improvementLack of national capacity in plant breeding has been a chroniclimitation to crop improvement in many African countries. Thisis so partly because investment in plant breeding must be constantand adequate to ensure that trained scientists have resources to runeffective breeding nurseries and trial plots in multiple locations foreach major crop where improvement is a priority. There are fewwell-trained scientists and only a handful of these continue with theactivity. Such common breaks in continuity of the breeding processsupport to national plant breeding, linked to extension and to farmersto test new varieties, is essential in nearly all countries in Africa.Sustaining plant breeding activities is crucial for the continuedsupport and injection of new technologies into the seed systems.100

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAExtension servicesMost extension services are characterized by a lack of information,technical capacity and logistics for timely delivery of advice tofarmers. They have inadequate capacity in terms of personnel andare unable to formulate and implement good and sound technologytransfer approaches. Reports from 39 countries in Africa showthat 77% of these countries have operational extension services;69% of these countries have reported that extension services areprovided by the government; and 31% are provided by developmentagencies. Many NGOs are deeply involved in agricultural extension,especially in Chad, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, The Gambia, Guineaand Sierra Leone. The remaining countries either do not have anextension service or the service that exists is ineffective. Lack of orpoor transportation systems, lack of incentives to motivate extensionagents, and poor or inappropriate training of extension agents. Acommon complaint regarding seed is that extension services do conditions. Extension services remain fundamental to the success ofagricultural development, including seed production and distributionlocally.PolicymakersMany African governments have recognized the fundamentalimportance of sustainable seed production systems in contributingto increased agricultural production. Presently, the seed policies ofmost of the African governments are created to ensure that farmersshow that only 25% of sub-Saharan African countries have passed aThe remaining 75% of countries in sub-Saharan Africa do not havelegislation governing the sale and distribution of seeds. However, inmost of those countries where a Seed Act has been passed, putting101

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAthe various laws and policies into practice has been impeded byand human resources.Questions relating to the balance between the formal and informalsectors, role of the private sector, subsidies, farmers’ and plantbreeders’ rights, seed legislation, biotechnology, and many morethe technical domain but from carefully formulated seed policies.Harmonized regional seed rules will facilitate cross-bordermovement of seed consignments to alleviate periodic seed shortages.In this regard, several initiatives are now underway on the Africancontinent (UEMOA/CILSS/ECOWAS and SADC countries) withsupport from regional organizations, donors and FAO that furtherneed to be supported by national governments.In the light of the above, the development of rice in Africa andparticularly of NERICA rice is clearly faced with many challenges,including the performance of the seed delivery systems. Seed systemsin Africa, where NERICA varieties originated, are very complex andusually not well understood.It is worth noting that over the 10 years since the introductionof NERICA varieties with the potential to revolutionalize ricethe activities of smalholder farmers in SSA.A study in Nigeria funded by the Gatsby Foundation showed that,although farmers who have access to and have adopted NERICAvarieties are deriving higher yields and income, those who do nothave regular access to seeds have abandoned NERICA lines infavour of low yielding local varieties (Spencer et al., 2006). Newapproaches are therefore needed but should aim at direct supportto farmer organizations and small businesses to strengthen theircapacity to manage a seed enterprise. These should take into102

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAaccount development objectives such as equity, gender, sustainabledevelopment and poverty reduction.A basket of strategies for sustainable seed production anddistribution in SSAsystems in most SSA countries, it is necessary to recognize theinformal sector as an important low-cost source of quality seed,and to use it as a vehicle for providing resource-poor farmers withimproved seed of modern varieties at affordable prices. The formalsector can continue producing other high value seed along with theinformal sector. The creation of small indigenous enterprises, withlow-cost structures and close trustworthy relationships with thefarming communities they serve, are believed to be better suitedto the task.The proposed approach to the strengthening of the informal seedsector, especially in West Africa where large scale seed enterprisesare rather uncommon, consists of:• Enhanced access of the informal sector to NARS/IARC-bredfoundation (and/or breeder seed);• Effectively-trained and equipped extension services to adviseon seed production, processing, treatment and storage.The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) ExperienceThe Africa Rice Center (WARDA) has been active in SSA in mattersconcerning seed and food security. The Center has explored andadapted a range of partnership models that has reinforced SSA’scapacity for rice seed production and distribution. These includeseveral participatory models, such as Participatory Varietal Selection(PVS), Community-based Seed Production Systems (CBSS) andParticipatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR). Introduced103

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAinteraction across SSA and unleashed the NERICA adoption wave.The implementation of the project on Participatory Adaptation andDiffusion of technologies for rice-based systems (PADS) used theCBSS-approach to stimulate farmers in taking the lead in seed supply.PVS and CBSS involved more than 20,000 farmers and many tonnesof NERICA seed were produced and distributed across SSA. Localnetworks and communication channels have been used to promotethe new NERICA seed in which NGOs played a crucial role. PADSalso developed extension materials such as technical fact sheets andthe use of bio-pesticides, improved parboiling technology, etc.Scientists from NARS partners and farmers’ groups have been trainedin seed production and varietal release procedures during workshopsregularly organized by WARDA since 2000 with hundreds ofparticipants from 30 countries in SSA. In these gatherings, policyreforms required to strengthen the seed sector have been discussed,including intellectual property rights, biotechnology and biosafetyregulations.The Africa Rice Center has also contributed to several initiativesto facilitate the harmonization of regional seed rules with theaim of easing cross-border movement of seed consignments andconsequently alleviating seed shortages. As a result of WARDA’sactive involvement, several initiatives are being undertaken withsupport from regional organizations (UEMOA/CILSS/ECOWASin West Africa and SADC in Southern Africa) and multilateraldonors that need to be supported by national governments. Thesegovernments have realized the need for a basket of strategies toaddress the complex issue of quality seed production and distributionin their respective countries. Many countries in SSA have becomeaware that increased food production depends critically uponneeds of a range of farmers, particularly smallholders.104

Module 10Improving seed delivery in SSAThey have committed to paying increased attention to:• implementing a legal framework that permits the marketing ofto the prescribed standards regarding the genetic purity,germination and moisture content laid down for the variety,• the production of breeder seed and, in some cases, foundationseed• quality control and maintenance of reserve stocks of seed• implementation of the national seed policy.Through its partnerships and network activities, as well as its policyresearch, the Africa Rice Center is encouraging the private andpublic sectors towards sustainable impact on constraints such asseed availability, support to farmers and small businesses withinfarming communities, access to inputs, product quality and markets.The aim is to substantially minimize the impact of these constraintspartnerships for sustainable seed production and distribution insub-Saharan Africa.105

Module 11Improving NERICA seedavailability to end-user farmersIMPROVING NERICA SEED AVAILABILITY TOEND-USER FARMERSContributors: Robert G. Guei, Eklou A. Somado andInoussa AkintayoUnit 1 – Conventional Seed Production Scheme vs. CommunitybasedSeed Production SystemBackground informationThe ever-pressing demand to make NERICA seed available toend-user farmers remains a challenge many years after the initialintroduction of these varieties in SSA in 1996. Weakness in theassessment and planning of seed needs as well as weakness in SSA’snational seed systems are the main constraints to NERICA rice seedavailability.In fact, how long does it take a newly-released improved rice varietyto get into the hands of an innovative farmer for cultivation?Conventional Seed Production Scheme: The conventional seedmultiplication system currently in operation in most countries in WCAis typical of most developing countries. Once a variety is released, thebreeder provides parental materials (G0) from which three classes ofseeds are obtained: 1) breeder seeds (G1, G2 and G3); 2) Foundationnot grow the new variety until the seventh year after its release. Ingeneral, the seed multiplication and delivery systems of the formaland distribution of high value crops, especially hybrids, which havefailed to meet the seed needs of the majority of smallholder farmers.In most countries, little attention has been paid to rice varieties.106

Module 11Improving NERICA seedavailability to end-user farmersIn the absence of a formal seed sector in most SSA countries, farmersremain dominant as seed sources.Community-based Seed Production System: As reported inModule 3, WARDA introduced a new seed multiplication scheme,dubbed the Community-based Seed Production System (CBSS),that uses farmers’ practices and indigenous knowledge, and actsas an alternative seed supply mechanism for smallholder farmers.rice seed through the involvement of individual farmers or farmers’groups in such schemes.In this system, the national seed service may certify only G2, G3 orthese seeds available to various informal seed growers, e.g. farmers’cooperatives, private seed producers and NGOs. These may producenormal production practices. In this way, seed can be provided formany farmers within four years of the release of a variety, threeyears earlier than in the conventional system. Seed productionand distribution are done according to the farmers’ practices andcapabilities, with some simple guidance given to help farmersmaintain the purity of seeds for a period of 3–5 years. Rice is a selfpollinatingcrop and seed stocks do not need to be replaced everyseason. However, extension agents monitor germination ability andpurity of seed at the farm level.CBSS has been adopted by many countries in West Africa, butparticularly Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire. The experience in thesecountries has been successfully transferred to several West Africancountries and is at the heart of the success of NERICA varieties inthis region.107

Module 11Improving NERICA seedavailability to end-user farmersUnit 2 – Pathway for NERICA seed productionThe African Rice Initiative (ARI), under the aegis of the AfricaRice Center (WARDA), has been put in place to help produce high-in SSA.Where and how to get high quality NERICA seed?The national agricultural research systems (NARES) are theprivileged partners of ARI for NERICA seed dissemination inSSA. However, NGOs as well as farmers’ associations can also besupplied through ARI. Write to the ARI Coordinator for furtherinformation (Please visit www.warda.org).advised by their respective NARES as to the relevant NERICAvarieties to grow in their locations.Besides, rice farmers can and should produce and secure their ownHow to produce high quality NERICA seed?What is quality NERICA rice seed?Good NERICA seed should not be infested or damagedGood NERICA rice seed should not be a mixture (long grain withshort grain or fat with thin grain or grain with awns and withoutawns, black grains with colored grains, etc.).108

Module 11Improving NERICA seedavailability to end-user farmersVariety purity – how to recognize that a rice plant is not aNERICA plant (‘off-type’)?Based on the NERICA rice variety planted (NERICA1 – NERICA18),and using the characteristics of the passport data of NERICAprovided in the Annex to this Compendium, NERICA rice growersCheck the height (short, tall)Check the cycle (short, intermediate, long)Check the leaves (droopy, upright, large, thick, and thin)Check the grain color (yellow, red, black)be removed before harvesting and used for consumption.Harvesting – Threshing – Drying – StorageSelect healthy NERICA plants for harvest;Carefully harvest each NERICA variety separately;Avoid mixing other farmers’ varieties with NERICA lines duringtransportation, threshing and drying and storage;Before storage, ensure that seeds are properly dried (sun-dryingto about 13%) before placing them in bags. Winnow carefully.Dress the seeds with an appropriate fumigant, e.g. Phostoxin(aluminium phosphide) and dress them with insecticide, e.g. Actellic50 (pirimiphos-methyl) or as recommended by local agriculturalservices. Properly label and safely pack bags containing seeds inareas with good air circulation while preparing for the next croppingseason.At the onset of the cropping season, a germination test should becarried out before sowing to ensure good seedling establishment.109

Module 11Improving NERICA seedavailability to end-user farmersGermination testingRandomly select three sets of 100 seeds of the NERICA rice varietyto be sown – Take a shallow basin, which you have previouslycovered with a wet cloth, or clean jute sacks soaked in water – Placeeach set of 100 seeds on a cloth then cover them with it – Placethe basin in the shade – Slightly moisten as necessary – Avoidthe seeds drying out. After 7 days, count the number of seedsthat have germinated in each set. If more than 80 of the 100 seedshave germinated, the NERICA seed is good. If less than 80 of theincreased at planting (i.e. more than 60 kg per hectare).110

Module 12Harvest and post-harvestoperationsHARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OPERATIONSContributors: EklouA.SomadoandTarekeBerheand Background informationHarvest and post-harvest operations constitute principal constraintsto rice production, especially in irrigated systems, because of thelarger yield that has to be handled. Post-harvest crop losses of upthreshing of rice by small-scale farmers. This leads to poor grainquality and rejection of locally produced rice. The Africa RiceCenter has spearheaded partnership in Senegal between privatelocal companies (SAED) and the Senegalese Institute of AgriculturalResearch (ISRA) which led to the development of an improved ricethresher cleaner (ASI), in turn leading to a commercial release of thehas been widely adopted in Senegal because it enables farmers toproduce high value rice with better competitiveness at the marketlevel. The experience in Senegal has been successfully transferredto several West African countries.The locally-made ASI-thresher can lessen the drudgery associatedwith hand threshing and improve the usable yield and marketabilityof rice. Labor is a serious issue in SSA agriculture, and machineryUnit 1 – Harvesting, threshing and cleaning NERICA paddyriceHarvesting – when to harvest NERICA varieties?Rice including NERICA varieties is ready for harvesting when thegrains are hard and are turning yellow/brown. NERICA rice shouldbe harvested when at least 80% of the upper portion of the main111

Module 12Harvest and post-harvestoperationspanicles is straw-colored. The rest of the rice grains should be inthe hard dough stage. NERICA varieties should be harvested whengrain moisture content is not higher than 20–22%. This shouldNERICA rice plants.Timeliness of harvestinglosses and grain quality and then marketability. If harvesting istoo early, the volume of immature paddy increases, leading to anincrease in broken rice during milling and, consequently, lower headrice yield and quality.When harvesting is late, the grains are vulnerable to excessiveshattering, or can crack during threshing, resulting in grain breakagesduring milling. In addition, the crop becomes more exposed to attackby rodents, birds and insects; it will also be less resistant to lodging,How to harvest NERICA rice varieties?Manual harvestingLocal harvesting methods commonly involve cutting the NERICAthe panicles. The harvested crop is placed in an upright position fordrying before threshing.ThreshingThis operation should be started immediately after harvestingto avoid the harvested stalks turning yellow and associateddiscoloring.112

Module 12Harvest and post-harvestoperationsMechanical threshing in West Africa is on the increase thanks to theASI-Thresher developed by WARDA and its partners. ASI is the mostsuccessful product of the partnership-owned R4D system, which islessening the load of drudgery previously associated with threshingand improving the usable yield and marketability of rice. The successof the low-cost threshers can be seen as the beginning of the path tocommercialization for smallholders. Labor is the number one issueHow to thresh NERICA varieties?ManualThe most frequent threshing method in West Africa is to beat theharvested stalks on a drum or with a stick. However, threshing isbest done on a clean tarpaulin and never on the bare ground. Thisavoids stones mixing with rice, which reduces the quality and thesubsequent marketability of the NERICA rice.Figure 25. Mechanical threshing of NERICA varieties113

Module 12Harvest and post-harvestoperationsCleaning of grainClean threshed grain to remove impurities such as bulky straws, chaff,weed seeds, leaves, pods, sticks, stones and other foreign matter. Cleangrain has improved storability, better milling output and quality resultingin a higher marketable value.WinnowingWinnowing helps remove light and chaffy material and can be donemanually without delay after threshing to avoid contamination and poorquality black rice. Modern rice mills reduce the burden of winnowingmainly carried out by farmers.Unit 2 – Drying, storing and milling NERICA varietiesGrain dryingBecause of their short cycle the NERICA varieties may be ready fordrying.level of 20–22%, attempting to store it in this condition will cause grainquality deterioration. To maintain seed quality during storage, paddy riceWhen and how should NERICA varieties be dried?Drying of grain should immediately follow threshing. Drying should befew days to reduce breakage during milling. To reduce the introductionof sand pebbles and other foreign matter into the paddy, it is importantSun drying is the traditional method used by most farmers in WestAfrica, because it is freely available and may give better than or114

Module 12Harvest and post-harvestoperationscomparable results to conventional but costly methods (Somado etal., 2006). However, the viability of the grain as seed can be adverselyaffected by untimely sun drying. Rice grain can be sun-dried 4 to 6 hoursday (5–6 times) for even moisture distribution and rapid drying. Whenit breaks easily into two when bitten between teeth. However, the useof a moisture meter can indicate the moisture level of the dried grainmore accurately.StorageTo ensure long and safe storage of NERICA paddy rice a few precautionsare needed. NERICA is no exception. The paddy rice must not containabsorption either from rainfall or the moist air. Paddy should be protectedfrom insects and rodents.MillingThe most critical factors that control optimum milling recovery (ratioof milled rice output to paddy input) include: • purity: the presence of impurities reduces the milling recovery andquality• cracked grain: this breaks easily during milling and whitening, thusreducing milling quality• varietal characteristics: varieties differ in their milling abilities.immature grain – the husk content of immature grain can be as highas 40%Milling equipment – the use of mortar and pestle (hand pounding)is still common in West Africa even if more modern equipment isprogressively being used.115

Module 13Grain and nutritional quality ofNERICA varietiesGRAIN AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OFNERICA VARIETIESContributors: Koichi Futakuchi, Tareke Berhe andInoussa AkintayoBackground informationGrain quality, including taste, is one of the key selection criteriahighly prioritized by farmers and consumers of the NERICA varietiesas highlighted in the farmers’ participatory varietal selection (PVS)trials across West Africa. Desirable NERICA varieties should havenot only excellent agronomic performance but also grain qualityacceptable to both farmers and consumers.The pink color of milled rice of O. glaberrima (a parent of theNERICA varieties) as a result of its red pericarp is usually notappreciated at the market level. Frequent grain breakage is alsoan unfavorable trait of O. glaberrima. Therefore, for the NERICAvarieties to have a high marketable value, these improved varietiesshould not inherit the unfavorable grain quality of O. glaberrima.Unit 1 – NERICA grain quality characteristicsBackgroundNERICA is mainly consumed as milled rice in WCA. Millingcharacteristics of the NERICA varieties determine their grainquality.In this manual, milling characteristics include i) the husking yield(i.e. the percentage ratio of brown rice/paddy on a weight basis), ii)the milling yield (the percentage ratio of milled rice/ brown rice ona weight basis), and iii) the head rice ratio (the percentage ratio ofhead rice/milled rice on a weight basis).116

Module 13Grain and nutritional quality ofNERICA varietiesHigh husking and milling yields are indicative of small yield losses.A high head rice ratio corresponds to less grain breakage in milledrice, and this is a desirable trait at market, especially in urban areas.NERICA lines have showed better milling characteristics than O.glaberrima for all these parameters.Many of the NERICA varieties have shown a similar level of goodmilling characteristics to a leading high-quality improved varietysuch as Bouaké 189, a popular improved rice variety in Côte d’Ivoire(Watanabe et al., 2002b).HighlightsThe dimensions of a milled grain of a NERICA variety vary in therange of length (L), 5.6–7.7 mm; width (W), 2.3–3.3 mm; thickness(T), 1.7–2.1 mm; L/W ratio, 2.1–3.0. Rice with slender grains (grainswith high L/W values) is generally preferred in WCA.The average L/W ratio in NERICA varieties is 2.6, which is similarto the 2.7 measured in Bouaké 189, but lower than the L/W ratio of4.0 measured in IDSA 85, another promising variety in Côte d’Ivoire(Watanabe et al., 2002a and 2002b).Aromatic rice is highly preferred in WCA. Several aromatic lines weremost dominant factor to affect rice taste. Higher amylose contentcorresponds to harder texture in general. Amylose content of WAB56-104, the O. sativa parent, and CG 14, the O. glaberrima parent, is21.7% and 26.0%, respectively. NERICA lines show a wide rangeof amylose content from 15.4% to 28.5%, with an average of 25.0%.Rice consumption preferences differ from one country to another.For example, consumers in Nigeria seem to prefer varieties about25% amylose content while in Côte d’Ivoire the preferred value variesbetween 20 and 25%.117

Module 13Grain and nutritional quality ofNERICA varietiesViscosity of rice at high (during cooking) and low temperatures(after cooling) also affect rice texture. The NERICA varieties havequite large variation for this trait.Unit 2 – NERICA nutritional quality: protein and amino acidcontentBackgroundRice is already an important staple food crop for millions ofhouseholds or is rapidly becoming so in SSA. Increasing riceproduction and improving its nutritional quality is expected to makea tremendous contribution to improving the livelihoods of millionsof households.Both the high yield of NERICA varieties and their good nutritionalelimination of hunger and malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa.Highlights• NERICA varieties’ consistent nutritional quality over years andacross countries in West Africa.• Parboiling has no effect on NERICA amino acid values.• NERICA2 and NERICA7 (milled) have the highest proteincontents (11.8%).• NERICA4 (milled) has the lowest protein content (9%) – stillgreater than in imported rice.• NERICA1 to NERICA6 (milled) have higher protein (9–11%)than imported (7.7%) and USDA standard rice (8.1%). Thisrepresents 26–32% higher protein.• NERICA rice prepared by the parboiling method has higheraverage protein (10.7%) and amino acid balance than directlymilled NERICA rice (10.2%).118

Module 13Grain and nutritional quality ofNERICA varieties• The milled NERICA varieties have higher protein contentsand show a better balance of amino acids as compared to bothimported varieties and the international rice standard.• The high protein content and good balance of essential aminomalnutrition in many sub-Saharan African countries where riceis the main staple food. from many angles: health, substitution for costlier proteinsources, mental development in youths, etc.• High micronutrient (iron and zinc) concentration in someTable 19. Rice varieties combining both high Fe and Zn concentration(mg.kg -1 ) in brown rice samplesEcology Rice variety Iron ZincUplandWAB 891-SG-25WAB 709-73-3-2WAB 488-161-221.1 53.223.1 57.325.3 48.7Lowland WAS 63-22-1-1-3-3WAS 127-B-5-118.5 38.915.8 42.9119

Module 13Grain and nutritional quality ofNERICA varietiesTable 20. Protein and selected amino acid values (%) of NERICA ricefrom Guinea, analyzed* in 2003, and from Benin analyzed in 2005VarietySeedcomponentPolished2003Polished2005Parboiled2003Parboiled2005NERICA1 Protein 10.68 10.04 10.70 11.02Lysine 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.42Tryptophan 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.13Methionine 0.36 0.31 0.33 0.33NERICA2 Protein 13.25 10.48 13.64 11.81Lysine 0.34 0.39 0.35 0.44Tryptophan 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.13Methionine 0.38 0.27 0.41 0.37NERICA3 Protein 9.95 10.20 10.1 11.14Lysine 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.40Tryptophan 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.09Methionine 0.34 0.27 0.36 0.28NERICA4 Protein 8.33 8.87 9.41 9.51Lysine 0.26 0.36 0.31 0.35Tryptophan 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.12Methionine 0.29 0.23 0.34 0.17NERICA6 Protein 8.7 10.34 9.6 10.76Lysine 0.33 0.43 0.36 0.43Tryptophan 0.09 0.14 0.10 0.13Methionine 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.37NERICA7 Protein ----- 10.43 ----- 11.69Lysine ----- 0.40 ----- 0.43Tryptophan ----- 0.12 ----- 0.12Methionine ----- 0.34 ----- 0.37Taiwanese Protein 7.58 -----Lysine 0.34 -----Tryptophan 0.08 -----Methionine 0.38 -----Chinese Protein 7.94 9.49** ----- 10.14**Lysine 0.33 0.37 ----- 0.37Tryptophan 0.07 0.11 ----- 0.10Methionine 0.37 0.31 ----- 0.31* Analysis of NERICA9-NERICA18 is being done and result will be reversed to an updated versionof this Compendium** Values are for NERICA8120

Module 14NERICA impact and adoption insub-Saharan AfricaNERICA IMPACT AND ADOPTION INSUB-SAHARAN AFRICABackground informationContributor: Aliou DiagneSince 1996 rice farmers in many countries in West, Central, East andSouthern Africa have been exposed to NERICA varieties. Have theymade any difference in the lives of these farmers?The Africa Rice Center (WARDA), in collaboration with its NARSpartners, initiated studies on the impact of NERICA rice adoptionin nine countries of West Africa, comprising Benin, Côte d’Ivoire,The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo.By 2006 the studies were completed in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire andGuinea.studies are summarized below.Unit 1 – NERICA diffusion and adoptionIn Côte d’Ivoire, a low diffusion rate (9%) limited the adoption of theNERICA varieties to only 4% in the year 2000. But the adoption ratein the population could have been up to 27% had the whole populationbeen exposed to the NERICA technology (Diagne, 2006a).The rate of NERICA diffusion was 39% in Guinea, a diffusion ratemuch higher than that in Côte d’Ivoire. The NERICA populationpotential adoption rate (were all the farmers in Guinea exposed to theNERICA) is 58%, double the actual adoption rate of 23% observedin the sample (Diagne et al., 2006a). Up to 53% of farmers who wereexposed to NERICA lines had adopted them in 2001. The total areaunder NERICA varieties in Guinea has been estimated to be 28,000121

Module 14NERICA impact and adoptionin sub-Saharan Africahectares in 2002 and 51,000 hectares in 2003 (Diagne et al., 2006b).The total area planted to NERICA varieties is growing fast and hasquickly surpassed that covered by the modern varieties of the Institutde RecherchesAgricoles de Guinée – IRAG. The total estimated areain 2006 was, however, but a third of the potential area had all farmersknown about NERICA varieties and had access to seed.In Benin, the NERICA diffusion rate in 2004 was 26%. NERICAvarieties were adopted by 18% of the sample of 304 rice farmerssurveyed in 24 villages in 2004; this adoption rate was three timeslower than estimated potential adoption rate of 57%. Up to 68% offarmers who were exposed to NERICA varieties in Benin in 2004adopted them. About 2000 hectares were estimated to be underNERICA lines in Benin in 2003. The potential area under NERICAvarieties in 2003 (had all farmers known about the NERICAbreakthrough) was estimated to be 5500 hectares (Adegbola et al.,2006).Unit 2 – Determinants of NERICA adoptionThe results of the econometric analysis of the socioeconomicdeterminants of NERICA adoption in Côte d’Ivoire show that themain factors which affected the adoption of NERICA varieties (i.e.growing rice partially for sale (positive impact), household size(positive), age (negative impact), having a secondary occupation(negative impact), growing upland rice (positive impact), and pastparticipation in PVS trials (positive impact) and living in a PVShostingvillage (positive impact) (Diagne, 2006b). In Guinea, themain socioeconomic determinants of NERICAadoption with positiveeffects were participation in a training program and living in a villagewhere the NGO SG2000 has previously had activities (Diagne etal., 2006b). In Benin, the main socio-economic determinants withpositive effects were land availability and living in a PVS-hostingvillage. In addition to the analysis of the socioeconomic determinants122

Module 14NERICA impact and adoption insub-Saharan Africaof NERICAadoption, it was also found in Benin that varietal attributessuch as swelling capacity and short growing cycle were importantdeterminants of NERICA adoption (Adegbola et al., 2006). important role played by PVS both in the diffusion and adoption ofthe NERICAs and both within and outside the populations involvedin the trials goes beyond the endorsement and promotion of PVSas an effective tool for technology development and dissemination.Indeed, the finding that the mere conduct of PVS trials in acommunity promotes the adoption of NERICA varieties beyond thesubpopulation participating in the trials points to a possible strategyfor scaling up PVS: focus on covering more villages with relativelyfew PVS participants per village (i.e. inter-village scaling up) andlet the naturally-occurring phenomenon of “social learning” aboutthe characteristics of a technology do its work within the villagecommunity (i.e. the intra-village scaling up).Unit 3 – Impact of NERICA adoptionIn Côte d’Ivoire, the NERICA impact assessment results showthe impact of NERICA adoption on the average yield of rice to beimpact found for male farmers (Diagne 2006b). The results alsosuggest that a large number of farmers, especially those in the forestecology, adopt the NERICA not because of its yield potential butbecause of its non-yield varietal attributes such as its short growthcycle, height, and consumption and grain qualities.In Guinea, the results of the analysis of the impact of the introductionof NERICAtechnology on rice biodiversity shows that the relativelyhigh level of NERICAadoption has not led to a concomitant reductionin the number of pre-existing cultivated rice varieties (Barry et al.,2006). It appears that because of their short duration, the NERICA123

Module 14NERICA impact and adoptionin sub-Saharan Africavarieties are used by farmers as a complement to traditional varietiesand thus enhance the varietal diversity of rice.In Benin, the results of the analysis of data for the 2003 season showpositive for the yield, production and incomes of producers. Indeed,an additional rice yield gain of 1587 kg per hectare was achieved byNERICA-adopting farmers, giving them a per capita rice productionrespectively. However, the impact at the national level was verylimited because of the present limited diffusion of the NERICAvarieties in Benin (Adegbola et al., 2006). Results from anotheranalysis based on data from the 2004 season show that the impactsof NERICA adoption are higher for women than for men. Womenpotential adopters have a surplus of production of 850 kg of paddyper hectare compared to 517 kg per paddy for men, and an additionalet al., 2006).Yet another study on the impact of NERICA technology on childschooling in Benin found NERICAadoption to result in a 6% increasein school attendance rate, a 14% increase in the gender parity indexchild (Adekambi et al., 2006).The impact of adoption of NERICA rice on consumption spending,calorie intake and poverty was also assessed by Adekambi et al.,(2006). This study found that NERICAadoption had a positive impacton household spending per equivalent adult (+147.51 FCFA/day19%, proving that NERICA adoption has led to an improvement in124

Module 14NERICA impact and adoption insub-Saharan Africathe living conditions of poor households, reducing the gap betweentheir expenditure and the poverty line by 19%. The NERICAvarietiesalso led to an improvement in daily calorie intake of 35.82 kcal perIn the East African country of Uganda, rice was little grown untilrecently. The country became an early adopter of NERICAtechnology,and today rice is a cash crop for Ugandan growers. A NERICApromotingprogram has been undertaken as one of the major povertyeradication measures. An empirical analysis of NERICA impact onthe income of rural households in the country attempted to compareactual crop income with the hypothetical income without NERICAvarieties. This study revealed that on average a shift from maize toNERICA varieties with proper crop rotation increased income bybetween USD 273 and USD 481 per hectare. The introduction ofNERICA rice varieties in Uganda tends to improve the incomes offor poverty reduction (Lodin, 2005; Kijima et al., 2006).Table 21. Summary results of the adoption and impact studies in Benin,Côte d’Ivoire, and Guinea.Category Benin Côted’IvoireAverage adoption rate of NERICA byfarmers in sample (year)18%(2004)4%(2000)Guinea23%(2001)Average adoption rate, had all farmersbeen exposed to NERICA (year)50%(2004)27%(2000)58%Percentage of farmers adopting afterbeing exposed to NERICA varieties(year)68%(2004)38%(2000)53%(2001)NERICA diffusion rate – % exposed toNERICA rice (year)26%(2004)9%(2000)39%(2001)125

Module 14NERICA impact and adoptionin sub-Saharan AfricaEstimated area under NERICA rice(year)Average NERICA impact on riceyield (year)Average NERICA impact on percapita rice production per yearAverage NERICA impact on percapita rice income per yearAverage NERICA impact on yieldfor female farmers (year)Average NERICA impact on yieldfor male farmers (year)Average NERICA impact on incomefor female farmers (year)Average NERICA impact onincome for male farmers (year)Average NERICA impact on childschool attendance rateAverage NERICA impact on thechild school gender parity indexAverage NERICA impact on schoolexpenditure per childAverage NERICA impact on totaldaily consumption expenditure peradult equivalentImpact on daily calories intake peradult equivalentImpact on the consumption ex-the poverty line)1995 ha(2003)1,587 kg/ha(2003)109 kg/capita (2003)14,100 CFA850 kg/ha(2004)517 kg/ha(2004)171,978CFA/ha141,568CFA/ha6%(2004)14%(2004)(2004)(2004)36 kilocalories(2004)-19%(2004)- 51,000 ha(2003)276* kg/ha(2000)741 kg/ha(2000)-134* g/ha(2000)- -.085* kg/ha(2003)* Not statistically different from zero at the 5% level126

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricaPOLICIES AND INSTITUTIONSFOR PROMOTING NERICA RICECOMPETITIVENESS IN SUB-SAHARANAFRICABackgroundContributor: Patrick KormawaWARDA member countries together account for nearly 17% oftotal world rice imports, amounting to an annual USD 1.4 billion inscarce foreign exchange that could instead be used to import strategicindustrial and capital goods.Rice – a major staple in AfricaThe trend in per capita rice consumption in West Africa is steadilyupwards. It increased from 14 kg in the 1970s to 22 kg per personper year in the 1980s and is in 2005 almost 32 kg per person peryear. However, the magnitude of increase during each period is alsorelated to supply. As supply has increased over the years, so hasper capita consumption which is expected to continue increasingas more rice becomes available and as population increases. Thisprovides governments with both an opportunity and a challenge.The growing demand provides an opportunity as developments alongof people both in rural and urban areas.Share of total rice imports in AfricaThe leading African rice-importing countries are Nigeria (16%),South Africa (11%), Senegal (9%), Côte d’Ivoire (8%), Sierra Leone(4%), Ghana (4%) and Burkina Faso (3%).127

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricaIt is projected that imports to these countries will continue to increasein the short and medium term. Among West African countries, thebulk of the projected increase in rice imports and consumptionis expected from Nigeria, Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone,agro-ecologies for increasing their domestic rice production. Thesecountries and other West African countries will continue to rely onimports unless new policies and programs to adequately promotedomestic rice production and development of regional markets areput in place.African countries need to wake up and invest in rice production,otherwise they will remain heavily dependent on Asia and the USA tosupply rice to feed their growing populations, despite having suitableecologies and water bodies to support for rice production.What can policy do to improve the competitiveness of domesticrice?For rice production in SSA to be competitive, production costs haveto reduce, quality has to improve and prices of outputs have to beright. But how can this be done?1. Develop rural input marketsUnless farmers get access to seeds, chemical fertilizers and othercomplementary inputs to improve their yields, African rice farmersGovernments should be encouraged to establish national InputCredit Guarantee Funds (ICGF) to accelerate the access of farmersto agricultural inputs. The private sector in most of West and CentralAfrica is not yet developed to the extent it can meet the task ofprivate sector input dealers face high risks in supplying rural markets.For example, there is no guarantee that farmers will repay loansif there is a crop failure – a scenario that is mostly due to natural128

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricafactors beyond the control of farmers. Governments can set up orbe encouraged to use National Input Credit Guarantee Funds to helpcover the risk faced by farmers and private input suppliers.As extension services in most countries are being rationalized,capacity of the agro-input dealers should be enhanced to provideextension messages to rice farmers, particularly about newtechnologies.2. Organize the domestic rice marketFollowing rice market liberalization, farmers themselves now haveunable to negotiate higher prices for their produce with traders.There is power in organization. When farmers are organized, theycan overcome the disadvantage of their atomistic sizes and achieveeconomies of scale in product bulking, storage, transport andmarketing. Most rice farmers do not have access to an organizedmarket for their harvest. They are often left to the mercy ofexploitative traders.As more than 90% of rice farmers in West Africa are smallholders,economies of scale and size. Thus, policymakers must be encouragedto support programs that organize the rice market so that farmersand rice millers can get better returns on their investments.3. Set up effective Market Information ServicesMarket information is needed for farmers to know what to sell– whether paddy or milled rice, where to sell, when to sell, andat what terms to sell to other market participants. The lack ofmiddlemen and farmers. This negatively affects the terms of tradefor smallholder farmers and raises market transaction costs. It alsoleads to poor integration of markets across space and time.129

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricaBecause traders do not have access to reliable market information, it4. Improve policy and rural infrastructureThe general policy and rural infrastructure environment needsto be improved to help farmers become competitive in accessingmarkets and raising their incomes. For this to happen, they needthe following:Credit guarantee facilityPrivate companies need to be linked up with rural agro dealers;to be part of an innovative private-public-community partnershipsRice processing technology and qualityRice processing is constrained by inadequate and inappropriateprocessing equipment, especially for post-harvest operations at thefarm or village level, such as threshing, parboiling, milling, destoningand polishing. The inability to provide and use improvedtechnologies in rice processing has led to the production of poorquality and substandard domestic rice that is not competitivelymarketable. The unavailability of these accessories and farmer andprocessor practices account for the poor quality of domestic riceprocessing.In some countries, there are few existing large mills and most ofthese are owned by government or quasi-government parastatals. Forexample in Nigeria, the Pateggi, Uzo-Uwani, and the Agbede ricemills are typical examples of large mills. These mills combine ricemilling with rice polishing, and in most cases they possess separateparboiling equipment. In other major rice producing countries likeSierra Leone, large mills are not popular with the farmers. It is alsoimportant to note that the existing large mills have broken down asa result of poor management, under utilization of capacity (leading130

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricapoor maintenance. Although there are private sector investors thatmight normally otherwise be willing to acquire and manage suchlarge-scale rice mills, their concerns about policy inconsistencyand infrastructure deficiencies are overriding factors for nonacquisition.The major opportunities in the rice commodity chain lie post-harvestin private and public sector intervention to improve processingstandards, quality and grades of domestic rice through investmentin rice mills and capacity building for farmers and rice millers.Improved post-harvest technologies to help in the production ofuniform rice for seeds or consumption, in drying, destoning andparboiling are necessary. Capacity building will also be enhanced bystrengthening processor groups and facilitating linkages not only toimproved post-harvest technologies but also to credit. The rice millingindustry has considerable potential to increase rural employment butrequires initial investment in organization, management and capacitybuilding of the major players in the rice value chain.Bold government policies needed to help local rice producersImport tariffs: With the exception of Nigeria, the import tax regimeof about 30% for rice in West African Economic and Monetary Union(UEMOA) countries and non-UEMOA countries encourages riceimports against the use of local production.The Nigerian government’s bold step towards improving thecompetitiveness of domestic rice production in Nigeria is a goodexample of what can be done. In Nigeria, the tariff on importedrice is about 120%. This policy provides an opportunity for ricefarmers as well as millers to invest. The effect is already evidentfrom a declining volume of imported rice with an attendant increasein the domestic price of rice. The volume of rice imported in 2003was 2.5 million tonnes at the price of NGN 29.85 billion. In 2004the volume imported was less than 1 million tonnes (0.84 milliontonnes) but the price was higher (NGN 30.31 billion). This policy131

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricais also encouraging rice millers to invest in new equipment and toset up growers’ schemes with farmers. These initiatives will boostdomestic output.Support science and capacity buildingAfrica will need to have solid science if it is to address most of theproblems facing its farmers such as drought, soil fertility depletion,diseases and pests. The comparatively new science of biotechnologyhas much to offer. However, human capacity is still limited in thisarea.Take advantage of regional initiativesSub-Saharan Africa regions should take advantage of theopportunities offered by the subregional organizations – ECOWASand UEMOA (in West Africa), SADDC (in Southern Africa) – as wellas the continent-wide initiative NEPAD to promote rice production.NEPAD has placed emphasis on agricultural development throughits Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme(CAADP), which has a goal of lifting the agricultural growth rate byto rice sector development:• Harmonizing regional policies (ECOWAAP)• Scaling up transfer of selected technologiesWest African countries should use a subregional approach to promoterice production through common policies and scaling up of ricetechnologies, within the CAADP framework.132

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricaConclusionsFirst, there is a need to invest in setting up rural input markets tosupply agricultural inputs such as seeds and chemical fertilizers tofarmers. Unless farmers get access to seeds, chemical fertilizers andother complementary inputs to improve their yields, West AfricanSecondly, post-harvest handling and rice milling has to be improvedto ensure improved quality.Thirdly, the market for domestic rice needs to be organized andimproved so they can get better returns for rice produced inAfrica.Fourthly, the general policy and rural infrastructure environmentneeds to be improved, to help farmers become competitive inaccessing markets and raising their incomes.However, developing competitiveness will need to have solid scienceif it is to address some of the emerging problems facing farmers suchas drought, soil fertility depletion, diseases and pests. Thus supportto rice research institutes or programs cannot be overstated. Makingmarkets work for rice farmers must be seen as part of a long-termagenda, for which the development of human capacity is critical.Knowledge drives product innovation. It provides the ‘searchlight’It enhances the ability to compete effectively in markets. Also, policies, as well as sound market institutions. Rice market ‘knowledgechains’ need to be developed at several levels:• at the level of farmers associations and civil society• researchers and policy analysts• at the level of the private and public sectors.133

Module 15Policies and institutions for promotingNERICA competitiveness in sub-SaharanAfricaAfrica Rice Center (WARDA), a knowledge-driven research anddevelopment organization, has dedicated its programs to helpand regional rice development programs to make markets work forfarmers.134

Module 16NERICA rice and the United NationsMillenium Development GoalsNERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONSMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSBackground informationThe development of NERICA through the partnership-ownedResearch for Development system has helped WARDA in addressingthe United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) priorities.Here are a few illustrations.MDG1 – Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerNERICA whose large-scale diffusion was driven by enthusiasticon poverty alleviation. In Benin, for example, increased yields as aresult of NERICA adoption have increased women farmers’ incomeby USD 337 per hectare of NERICA cultivated (Agboh-Noameshieet al., 2007).MDG2 – Achieve universal primary educationIn 2003–2004 a survey conducted by WARDA in Benin (Module 14)in partnership with the national research program (INRAB) showedthat in farming families adopting NERICA there was:• a 6% increase in children’s school attendance rate• a 3% increase in youngsters continuing primary education• about USD 20 increase per child in school expenditure.A study of NERICA rice growers in Uganda also highlightedschooling as a priority (Kijima et al., 2006a and 2006b).135

Module 16NERICA rice and the United NationsMillenium Development GoalsMDG3 – Promote gender equality and empower womenThe majority of upland rice farmers in SSA are women, who supply52% labor in land preparation, 80% in sowing, 88% in weeding and80% in harvesting. The short duration of the NERICA varieties areone of their major attractions for farmers. This can be a useful traitto escape drought and compete with weeds. Women rice farmers areMDG4 – Reduce child mortalityThe same survey referred to above (MDG2) revealed:• a 2% reduction in the frequency of child sickness in thesefamilies• a 5% increase in attendance at hospital when children fell sick• about USD 12 increase in family spending on child healthcareBetter harvests with more yield put extra cash in NERICA farmers’pockets to fund schooling, medical care and better diet.MDG5 – Improve maternal healthThe protein content of some of the NERICA varieties has been foundto be 25% higher (average of 10% protein for these NERICA linesvs. 8% for Asian rice in the world market). As the NERICA varietieshave higher protein content than other rice varieties and are morenutritious than many of the traditional staples, farmers growingNERICAs have improved their diets. An improved diet leads to betterhealth and there is a greater chance that a healthy mother will givebirth to a healthy child than a weakened mother.MDG6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesAs the largest employer in SSA, agriculture is particularly affectedby HIV/AIDS. This places a greater burden on the surviving farmerswhich can be eased by the introduction of improved crop varieties.136

Module 16NERICA rice and the United NationsMillenium Development GoalsFor example, the high yielding NERICA varieties are also earlymaturing and thereby lessen the labor burden.The CGIAR Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture(SWIHA) is promoting NERICA technology as part of its programto mitigate the effects of the pandemic on farmers.MDG7 – Ensure environmental sustainability security, better diets and higher incomes for resource-limited farmersbut also through less pressure on the environment. Since some ofthe NERICA varieties seem to cope well with less water in droughtproneenvironments, farmers may no longer have to practice slashand-burnagriculture.MDG8 – Develop a global partnership for developmentRice imports are draining more than USD 1 billion from preciousforeign exchange reserves in SSA. Projections by WARDA show thata 20% increase in NERICA planting in SSA countries could result ina 5% reduction in the rice import bill. A range of partnership modelsincluding work with advanced universities, NARES and donors isbeing explored to accelerate NERICA dissemination. In 2006 it wasestimated that about 200,000 hectares were under upland NERICAproduction in SSA.137

Module 17NERICA food preparation: fromplant to plateNERICA FOOD PREPARATION: FROM PLANTTO PLATEContributors: Modesta Brym Akintayo and Inoussa AkintayoBackgroundThe performance of NERICA-based processed products suggests138

Module 17NERICA food preparation: fromplant to plate139

Module 17NERICA food preparation: fromplant to platePreparation of selected NERICA-based productsButter cookiesIngredients:125 g of sugar3 or 4 eggsPreparation: Cocoa biscuitsIngredients:100 g of butter150 g of sugar140

Preparation:Module 17NERICA food preparation: fromplant to plate Ginger biscuitsIngredients:125 g of sugar125 g of butter3 to 4 eggsPreparation: 141

Module 17NERICA food preparation: fromplant to platePancakesIngredients:100g of sugar6 eggsPreparation: Baking: 142

ReferencesReferences cited(WARDA staff and associate authors’ names in bold)Adegbola PY, Aminou A, Diagne A and SA Adekambi. 2006.Evaluation de l’impact économique des nouvelles variétés de rizNERICA au Benin : Evidence avec les modèles basés sur l’approchecontre factuel. es Salaam, Tanzania. 31 July–4 August, 2006.Adekambi SA, Diagne A and G Biaou. 2006. Impact de l’adoption desvariétés NERICAs sur la scolarisation des enfants au Bénin. Miméo,Centre du riz pour l’Afrique (ADRAO), Cotonou, Bénin. 28 pp.d’Ivoire.d’Ivoire.Benin.Agboh-Noameshie A, Kinkingninhoun FMM and A. Diagne. 2007.20–22 August, 2007.of recent developments in the Sub-Saharan Africa rice sector. AfricaAudebert A, Dingkuhn M, Jones MP and DE JohnsonJapanese Journal ofCrop Science 143

ReferencesBalasubramanian V, Siéopportunities. Advances in AgronomyBarry MB, Diagne A, SogbossiAhmadi. 2006. Recent changes in varietal diversity of rice inGuinea (in press).Becker L and R DialloBecker M and DE Johnsonin upland rice-based systems of West Africa. Biology andFertility of SoilsBeye AM, Nwanze Manners. 2000. Successful on-farmIn: Proceedings of the 4 th Asian InternationalDalton TJ and RG Guei. 2003. Productivity gains from rice geneticenhancement in West Africa countries and ecologies. WorldDiagne The Developing Economies Vol. 44Diagne Mimeo. AfricaDiagneL’ étenduedu succès de la dissémination des variétés NERICA en Guinée :Centre du riz pour l’Afrique (ADRAO).144

ReferencesDiagneGuei. 2006b. Lescontraintes à la diffusion et à l’adoption des variétés amélioréesde riz en Côte d’Ivoire. Mimeo. Cotonou, Bénin : Centre du rizpour l’Afrique (ADRAO).Diatta S, Sié M, SahrawatAudebert st Technical WorkingUSA.Dingkuhn M, Jones M, Johnson D, Fofana B and A SowOryza sativa and O. glaberrima genepools for high-yielding,In:Dingkuhn M, Jones MP, Johnson DE and A Sowand yield potential of Oryza sativa. glaberrima upland riceField Crops ResearchIn:Guei GR, AdamTraoredormancy characteristics of OryzaOryza sativa L.).Euphytica145

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ReferencesSeminar on Sustainable Rice Farming in Africa. 6–8 December2006. Accra, Ghana.LançonErenstein. 2002. Potential and prospects for riceproduction in West Africa. Paper presented at the Sub-Regional MannehBruce-Oliver2007. QTL-base analysis of genotype by environment interactionfor grain yield of rice in stress and non stress environments.Euphyticaactivities and organic matter according to particle size in aNwileneOkhidievbieAbamu FJ and AAdam. 2002. Reactions of differential rice genotypes to Africanrice gall midge in West Africa. International Journal of PestManagement.OikehNwilene F, Diatta S, OsinameTouré Agrophysiological responses of upland forest agroecolology of West Africa. Paper presented at the ASA-12–16 November 2006.OikehSahrawatSomado EA, Touré A, Diatta S and LNarteh. 2006b. Differential phosphorus responses of cover cropson Ultisols in West Africa. Book of Abstracts for the Africa Rice147

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ReferencesFurther readingNdjiondjop MN,Bangratz-Reyser M, Pinel A, Séré‘Advances in sources, mechanisms and durability of resistanceagainst plant viruses and vectors’. ResistVir Workshop. Alicante,Spain. 2 February 2006.Sy AA, FargetteTheoreticaland Applied Genetics Asch F, Dingkuhn M, Sow A and A Audebert.induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioningField Crops ResearchAsch F, Dingkuhnand potassium uptake of rice panicles as affected by salinity andseason in relation to yield and yield components. Plant and SoilAsch F, Sow A and M Dingkuhnrice cultivars differing in early vigor. Field Crops ResearchWopereis. 2002. Processes driving soil solutionmonitoring data. Geoderma Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical andApplied Genetics 149

References 2000. Mapping and genome organization of microsatellite sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L.).Theoretical and Applied Genetics and application of microsatellite marker panels for semiautomatedgenotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Crop ScienceCoyne DL, Sahrawatof mineral fertilizer application and plant nutrition on plant-and its implications in long term agricultural research trials.Experimental AgricultureDalton TJ and RG Guei. 2003. Productivity gains from rice geneticDe Dorlodot S, Lutts S and P Bertin. Effects of ferrous ironrice. Journal of Plant NutritionDefoer T, WopereisJones MP, LançonErenstein.In: Proceedings ofDefoer T, WopereisJones MP, Lançon F, ErensteinRG Guei. 2004. Rice-based production systems for food securityand poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. International RiceSiéGestion de l’eau et del’azote en riziculture irriguée dans la Vallée du Kou (BurkinaFaso). Cahiers Agriculture 14(6).DiagneAverage Treatment Effect estimation of Adoption rate and itsDeterminants. (In press, Agricultural Economics Vol. 37.150

ReferencesDiagne A. 2006. Le NERICA, mythe et réalité. Grain de Sel NumeroDiagne A and MJ Sogbossi. 2006. L’impact de l’introduction desNERICAs sur la demande actuelle et potentielle de semences deNERICA et autres variétés de riz en Guinée. Miméo. Cotonou,Bénin : Centre du riz pour l’Afrique (ADRAO).Diagne A, Sogbossi Evaluation de la diffusion et de l’adoption des variétés de rizNERICA en Guinée. Miméo. Cotonou, Bénin : Centre du riz pourl’Afrique (ADRAO).Dingkuhn M and F AschOryzasativa, O. glaberrima uencein West Africa. EuphyticaDingkuhnof dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in rice. Agricultural SystemsDingkuhn M, Audebert A, Jones MP, EtienneSowO. sativa and O.glaberrima upland rice. Field Crops Research Dingkuhnduration, canopy photosynthesis and senescence in transplanted andField Crops ResearchTsunematsuresistance genes in elite indica-type varieties of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Journal of Breeding and Genetics 37(1).Erenstein E, Oswald A, Sumberg J, LevasseurKore. 2006.What future for rice-vegetable production systems in West AfricanAgricultural SystemsErensteinOswald A and M Moussa use close to urban markets along an agro-ecological gradient in WestAfrica. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment–217.151

ReferencesErenstein.ecological gradient in West Africa Agricultural SystemsFofana B and R Rauber. 2000. Weed suppression ability of uplandWeed Research40, 271–280.FutakuchiAgriculture and HorticultureFutakuchiAudebert A, Jones MP and M Dingkuhn Oryzasativa and O. glaberrima FutakuchiDiatta and A Audebert. 2003. WARDA’sOryzasativa L. × O. glaberrima Steud. Progenies. Japanese Journal of Heuer S, MiezanSié M and S Gaye. 2003. Increasingof O. glaberrima ×O. sativa. EuphyticaGuei RG, SanniAbamu. . Geneticdiversity of rice (Oryza sativaAgronomie AfricaineHaefeleWopereis 2004. Un riz miracle africain: Des variétés de NERICAà haut rendement, contre la faim et la pauvreté rurale. AfriqueRelance 152

ReferencesIkedaAfrican rice cultivation (in Japanese). Sekai no Norin-Suisanin Francophone Africa. In: IW Buddenhagen and GJ PersleyJohnson DE, Dingkuhn M, JonesMahamaneon O. sativa and O. glaberrima. Weed Research 38, 207–216.Johnson DE, Jones MP, Dalton TJ and M DingkuhnIn:Jones Jones Science Jones MP, Johnsoncompetitiveness in upland rice. International Rice Research NotesFutakuchiFutakuchi153

ReferencesKebbeh M, MiézanPerformancesd’une gestion intégrée des nutriments pour la production de rizirrigué dans la plaine de Bagre au Burkina Faso. Performanceof integrated nutrient management in rice production in theBagre plain in Burkina Faso. Agronomie Africaine ialKebbehin the Senegal River Valley. technique d’élevage du riz Africain : le cas de la riziculture Agronomie Africaine revolutionary isThe DevelopingEconomies 44 (2).Kormawa P, ShellemiahTouréand Future prospects for rice research and production in Africa.Agronomie Africaine Ndjiondjop Oryza sativa × O. glaberrima microsatellite-basedgenetic linkage map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics Siéhybrids (O. sativa × O. glaberrimaTheoretical Applied Genetics154

ReferencesNarteh, LT, Winslow M, YoumKeya. 2006. Partner-Narteh, LT, Moussa M, 2007. Evaluating inland valley agro-ecosystems in Ghana usinga multi-scale characterization approach. Ghana Journal ofAgricultural Science, Vol. 42.SemagnNdjiondjopCissoko M, Jones M(Oryza sativaOryza glaberrima). African Journalof BiotechnologyNdjiondjop MN, SemagnCissoko M, Tsunematsu Jones. 2006. Genetic relationships among rice varieties based onNdjiondjop Plant Disease Nguyen VN and A Ferrero. 2006. Meeting the challenges of globalNwanzeMohapatra S, Kormawa P, Keya S and S Bruce-Oliver. 2006. Perspective. Rice Development in sub-SaharanNwilene FE, Onasanya A, OkhidievbieSéré Y, Ndjiondjop three Nigerian Orseolia species by RAPD markers. Asian Journal.Nwilene FE, Togola MA, Youm 155

ReferencesOgunbayo SA, , Guei RG, Sanni.Phylogenetic diversity and relationships among 40 rice accessionsusing morphological and RAPDs techniques. African Journal ofBiotechnology 4 (11), 1234–1244. 1sterility in rice by theuse of isogenic lines. Geneticscultivar variation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using microsatellites andRFLP markers. Genome Singh. 2002.Tolerance indicators and responses of rice cultivars to infestationby the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora. Journal ofAgricultural ScienceOnasanya A, Séré Y, Nwilene FE, AboAkator. 2004.Reactions and Resistance Status of Differential Rice Genotypes toSobemovirus Onasanya A, Séré Y, Sié M, Akatorvirus, Genus Sobemovirus, in Mali. Plant Pathology JournalOryza sativa and O. glaberrima. Rice GeneticsHeredityCoyne DL, Nash P and MP Jonesthe rice nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicolaand M. incognita in Oryza glaberrima and O. glaberrima × O.sativa , Diallo Y, and A Sow. Increase in rice productivity in the Senegal River valley due to improved collectivemanagement of irrigation schemes. Agronomie156

ReferencesRodenburg J, Diagne A, Oikeh S, FutakuchiKormawa PM,Semon M, Akintayo I, Cissé B, Sié M, Narteh LT, NwileneFN, Diatta S, Séré Y, Ndjiondjop MN, YoumKeya.Rodenburg Effects of host plant genotype and seed bank density on Striga reproduction.Weed ResearchSahrawatJones MP and S Diattain an Ultisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems SahrawatJones MP and S Diattaand rice yield in an Ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa. SahrawatJones MP and S Diattarice yield in an ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa.SahrawatJones MP and S Diattaand magnesium fertilization effects on upland rice in an Ultisol.1201–1208.Saito rice cultivars to N and P fertilizer in northern Laos. Field CropsResearchSaitoyields in northern Laos. Plant and Soil SaitoStylosanthes guianensiscrop for improving upland rice productivity in northern Laos. FieldCrops Research157

ReferencesThe Developing Economies Oryza glaberrimaA source for the improvement of Oryza sativaWopereisrecommendations for irrigated rice in Burkina Faso. AgronomySemon M, Nielsen R, Jones MP and SR population structure of African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrimaO. sativa and ecological adaptation.GeneticsSéré Y, Onasanya A, Verdier V, Akatore BacterialSéré Y, Onasanya A, Afolabi AS and EM Aboand potential of double immunodiffusion Gel Assay for serologicalSharma G, , Buresh RJ, Mishra VN, , Haefele SM andShrivastava.use and crop production of rice-legume systems in drought-proneeastern India. Field Crops ResearchSiéhybrids (O. sativa × O. glaberrima158

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AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA11. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – I - B – P – 38 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CH ARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.2 Days to 50% heading: 70–75 days2.3 Maturity: 95-100 days2.4 Potential yield: 4500 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 100 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: PurpleLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good161

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 6.9 mmWidth: 2.6 mmSize: MediumLemma color: Light fawn with black apexAwning: AbsentApex color: Black/purpleCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 26.6 %4.2 Milling rate: 63 %4.3 Cooking quality: Good4.4 Aroma: Perfume5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services162

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA21. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-11-1-P31-1-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.2 Days to 50% heading: 65–70 days2.3 Maturity: 90–95 days2.4 Potential yield: 4000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 26.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Resistant2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 100 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: GreenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good163

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 6.9 mmWidth: 2.3 mmSize: MediumLemma color: Light fawnAwning: AwnedApex color: Black/purpleCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 26.4%4.2 Milling rate: 62%4.3 Cooking qualities: Good4.4 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services164

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA31. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-28-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 4500 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 110 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: A bit openExsertion: Good165

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.2 mmWidth: 2.2 mmSize: LongLemma color: Dark fawnAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 23.8%4.2 Milling rate: 63%4.3 Cooking qualities: Good4.4 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services166

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA41. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-91-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 142. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 120 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good167

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.2 mmWidth: 2.5 mmSize: LongLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: White4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 23%4.2 Milling rate: 63%4.3 Cooking qualities: Good4.4 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services168

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA61. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-160-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Resistant2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 130 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good169

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 6.2 mmWidth: 2.8 mmSize: MediumLemma color: StrawAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: White4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 24.5%4.2 Milling rate: 63%4.3 Cooking qualities: Good4.4 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services170

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA71. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-20-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 33.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 130 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good171

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.3 mmWidth: 2.6 mmSize: LongLemma color: StrawAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 27.8%4.2 Milling rate: 63%4.3 Cooking qualities: Good4.4 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services172

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA81. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – 1 – BL1 – 136 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 100 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good173

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.0 mmWidth: 2.6 mmSize: MediumLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: light brownCaryopsis color: White4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Amylose content: 26.5%4.2 Milling rate: 70%4.3 Cooking quality: Good5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services174

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA91. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – B – 136 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 5 6 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.4 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 105 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good175

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 6.8 mmWidth: 2.3 mmSize: MediumLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: light brownCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 62%4.2 Cooking quality: Good5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services176

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA101. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – 11-1- 1 – P41 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 28.7 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 110 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: GreenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good177

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 6.6 mmWidth: 2.3 mmSize: MediumLemma color: Light fawnAwning: AwnedApex color: Black/purpleCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services178

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA111. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – 16- 2 – BL2 – DV11.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 7000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 28.4 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 105 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good179

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLenght: 7.0 mmWidth: 2.4 mmSize: MediumLemma color: Light fawnAwning: AwnedApex Color: Black/purpleCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 65 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services180

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA121. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 – 1 –38- 20-17–P1- HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 50 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5500 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 36.8 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 115 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good181

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.2 mmWidth: 2.5 mm4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services182

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA131. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 – 1 – 38-20-28-P1 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 50 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.2 Days to 50% heading: 65 days2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 32.9 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 120 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good183

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.2 mmWidth: 2.4 mmSize: LongLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services184

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA141. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 – 1 – 32-1-2-P1-HB1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 50 / CG 141.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 33.6 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 110 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good185

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.3 mmWidth: 2.4 mmSize: LongLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: BrownCaryopsis color: Reddish4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services186

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA151. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-3-P1 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: CG 14/WAB 181-181.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 130 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good187

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.2 mmWidth: 2.4 mmSize: LongLemma color: StrawAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: Red4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services188

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA161. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-9-P1 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: CG 14 / WAB 181-181.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.2 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 130 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect189

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good3.3 GrainLength: 7.1 mmWidth: 2.4 mmSize: LongLemma color: StrawAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: Red4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 64 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services190

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA171. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-13-P1 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: CG 14/WAB 181-181.5 Genetic nature: Pure line1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké1.7 Development: 19942. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 6500 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 35.1 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 115 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good191

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.4 mmWidth: 2.6 mSize: MediumLemma color: FawnAwning: AbsentApex color: BrownCaryopsis color: White4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services192

AnnexesNERICA Passport DataNERICA181. IDENTIFICATION1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-12 – P3 – HB1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa1.3 Varietal type: NERICA ®1.4 Parents: CG 14 / WB 181-182. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS2.1 Ecology: Upland rice2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha2.5 1000 grains weight: 32.3 g2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good2.7 Resistance to insects: Good2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS3.1 PlantAverage height: 130 cmTillering: GoodBasal leaf sheath color: Light greenLeaf angle: ErectFlag leaf angle: Erect3.2 PanicleType: CompactExsertion: Good193

AnnexesNERICA Passport Data3.3 GrainLength: 7.4 mmWidth: 2.3 mmSize: LongLemma color: StrawAwning: AbsentApex color: NoneCaryopsis color: Red4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS4.1 Milling rate: 63 %4.2 Cooking quality: Good4.3 Aroma: None5. CULTURAL PRACTICESContact your Country Extension Services194

Reader response AnnexesNERICA Passport DataDo you have any comments on this book that you wish to sharewith the authors?Have you conducted research relevant to NERICA ® that mightusefully be included in future editions of this compendium?and send it to the following address:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Coordinator, African Rice InitiativeAfrica Rice Centre (WARDA)01 BP 2031CotonouBenin, West AfricaEmail: warda@cgiar.orgFax: (229) 21.35.05.56195

About the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) national agricultural research systems, civil society and the private sector, the CGIARpoor through stronger food security, better human nutrition and health, higher incomes andimproved management of natural resources.CGIAR Centers ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (Aleppo,Syria) ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (Nairobi, Kenya) (Patencheru, India)IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, D.C., USA) IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Rome, Italy)IRRI International Rice Research Institute (Los Baños, Philippines) WARDA Africa Rice Center (Cotonou, Benin)

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Beninwww.warda.org