Editorial: What to Expect with New Releases from the Geneva Apple ...

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EditorialWhat to Expect with New Releases from theGeneva Apple Rootstock Breeding ProgramNEW YORKFruit Quarterly FALL 2009Thanks to your support, USDA ARSlast year increased the funds that theNational Apple Rootstock BreedingProgram has available to fulfill its missionto deliver superior apple rootstocks to theindustry. We are putting those funds to gooduse and increasing the efforts in propagationand distribution of superior rootstocks to theindustry.We are reminded of how importantrootstocks are to the health and productivityof the apple industry when we hear abouttragic stories of Gala or Pink Lady/M.9orchards being pulled out due to fire blightpressure, or entire fields not being replantedbecause of Apple Replant Disease. TheGeneva breeding program is the only one inthe world that has focused on developing highlevels of disease resistance in apple rootstockswhile maintaining a high level of precocity,productivity and yield efficiency. A recentrelease (G.41) is an example of a rootstockthat incorporates immunity to fire blight,tolerance to apple replant disease, resistanceto phytophthora crown rot, resistance topowdery mildew, apple scab and wooly appleaphid while exceeding the yield of M.9. Oneof its negative aspects though is the somewhatreduced propagation ability by layering orstooling. This is directly related to the factthat unlike M.9, G.41 does not produce asmany suckers in the orchard and has no burrknots (aerial root initiations), characters thatare good for the orchard but not so good forthe nurseries.Thanks to the support of the New Yorkindustry through a grant from the AppleResearch and Development Program, weare overcoming this problem by adaptingnew propagation techniques to this newrootstock. Rootstock nurseries are rampingup the production of G.41 as well as threeadditional recent releases from the Genevabreeding program (G.202, G.11 and G.935) bymicropropagation (tissue culture) and otherinventive methods like softwood cuttings.Progress may seem slow but, in apple rootstocktime, they are going pretty quickly—we haveto consider that like any other business,the nurseries cannot change their portfolioall at once, and much like orchards therenewal (replacement rate) to new plantingsis anywhere from 3-10% a year (dependingon capital and how aggressive the nurseriesare in making the material available). So, fora little while we’ll have to accept the shortageof Geneva material (has been sold out for thepast five years) and try to plan ahead for whenit becomes available.I often reflect and ask myself “QuoVadis?” (Latin for “where are you going?”)when considering the next releases and howare we going to incorporate the lessonslearned from the last batch of apple rootstockreleases? How is the program going to adaptto the faster pace needed for modern orcharddevelopment?One of the big lessons we learned is thatonce a rootstock is slated to be released, theprogram needs to try to ramp up productionby means of micropropagation of that materialinto the thousands of plants that are readyto be transferred to licensed nurseries. Thisincrease to a critical mass of plants prior torelease was not possible a few years ago butthanks to the effort and support of the AppleIndustry (US Apple, NY and WA Growers andAssociations) the program has acquired theability to do more with micropropagation ofnew apple rootstocks. The micropropagationis accompanied by strict DNA testing toensure that the material is true to type. ThisDNA testing has been a critical component ofthis “ramping up process” as it has identifiedon several occasions material that was mixed,wrongly labeled or not true to type—somethingvery easy to do with apple rootstocks.The next batch of releases from theprogram will include material that has beentested with Honeycrisp and many of the latestvarieties. We are releasing some semi-dwarfingrootstocks for the processing industry as well(Continued on p.2)3 9 13 17 21Contents3 Fungicides, Biocides, and Sanitizers forManaging Postharvest Pathogens in ApplesDavid A. Rosenberger17 Postharvest Physiological Disorders and MineralNutrientsChris WatkinsCOVER: A young tall spindle Gala orchard inthe fourth leaf.9 Making Sense of New Apple Varieties,Trademarks and Clubs: Current StatusS.K. Brown and K. E. Maloney21 Nutritional Effects on Fruit Quality for Apple TreesDenise Neilsen and Gerry Neilsen13 High Tunnel Raspberries and BlackberriesMarvin PrittsNEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 3 . FALL 2009 1
NEW YORKFruit Quarterly FALL 2009 • VOLUME 17 • NUMBER 32008 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETYPresident Walt Blackler, Apple Acres4633 Cherry Valley Tpk. Lafayette, NY 13084PH: 315-677-5144 (W); FAX: 315-677-5143wblackler@gmail.comVice President Peter Barton55 Apple Tree Lane, Paughquag, NY 12570PH: 845-227-2306 (W); 845-227-7149 (H)FX: 845-227-1466; CELL: 845-656-5217pbarton@bestweb.netTreasurer/Secretary Bruce Kirby, Little Lake Farm3120 Densmore Road Albion , NY 14411PH: 585-589-1922; FAX: 585-589-7872bruce.kirby@hughes.netExecutive Director Paul Baker90 Lake St., Apt 24D, Youngstown, NY 14174FAX: (716) 219-4089CELL: 716-807-6827; pbaker.hort@roadrunner.comAdmin Assistant Karen Wilson630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456PH: 315-787-2404; FX: 315) 787-2216CELL: 315-521-0852; wilsonk36@hotmail.comCornell Director Dr. Terence Robinson, NYSAES630 W. North StreetHedrick Hall, Room 125, Geneva, NY 14456PH: 315-787-2227; FX: 315-787-2216CELL: 315-521-0435; tlr1@cornell.eduDirector Dan SievertLakeview Orchards, Inc.4941 Lake Road, Burt, NY 14028PH: 716-778-7491 (W)FX: 716-778-7466; CELL: 716-870-8968lvorchards@hotmail.comDirector Roderick Dressel, Jr., Dressel Farms271 Rt 208, New Paltz, NY 12561PH: 845-255-0693 (W); 845-255-7717 (H)FX: 845-255-1596; CELL: 845-399-6767rdresseljr@aol.comDirector Robert DeBadts, Lake Breeze Fruit Farm6272 Lake Road, Sodus, NY 14551PH: 315-483-0910 (W), 315-483-9904 (H)FX: 315-483-8863; CELL: 585-739-1590bobdebadts@aol.com; (Summer – use FAX only)Director Tom DeMarree, DeMarree Fruit Farm7654 Townline Rd.Williamson, NY 14589PH: 315-589-9698; FX: 315-589-4965CELL: 315-576-1244; demarreeff@aol.comDirectorDirectorDirectorDirectorDoug Fox, D&L Ventures LLC4959 Fish Farm Rd., Sodus, NY 14551PH: 315-483-4556; FX: 315-483-4342dfox12@hughes.netWilliam R. GunnisonGunnison Lakeshore Orchards3196 NYS Rt. 9W & 22, Crown Point, NY 12928PH: 518-597-3363 (W); 518-597-3817(H)FAX: 518-597-3134; CELL: 518-572-4642crownmac@yahoo.comJohn Ivison, Helena Chemical Co.165 S. Platt St, Suite 100Albion, NY 14411; PH: 585-589-4195 (W)FX: 585-589-0257; CELL: 585-509-2262ivisonj@helenachemical.comChuck Mead, Mead Orchards LLC15 Scism Rd., Tivoli, NY 12583PH: 845-756-5641 (W); CELL: 845-389-0731FAX: 845-756-4008meadorchards@yahoo.comNYS BERRY GROWERS BOARD MEMBERSChair Dale Riggs, Stonewall Hill Farm15370 NY Rt 22, Stephentown, NY 12168PH: 518-733-6772; stonewallhill@taconic.netTreasurer Tony Emmi, Emmi Farms1572 S. Ivy Trail, Baldwinsville, NY 13027PH: 315-638-7679; emmifarms@aol.comExecutive Secretary Paul Baker90 Lake St., Apt 24D, Youngstown, NY 14174FAX: (716) 219-4089CELL: 716-807-6827; pbaker.hort@roadrunner.comJim Bauman, Bauman Farms1340 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster, NY 14580PH: 585-671-5857Bob Brown III, Brown’s Berry Patch14264 Rooseveldt Highway, Waterport, NY 14571PH: 585-682-5569Bruce Carson, Carson’s Bloomin’ Berries2328 Reed Rd.Bergen, NY 14416PH: 585-494-1187; bcarson1@frontiernet.netJim Coulter, Coulter Farms3871 N. Ridge Road, Lockport, NY 14094PH: 716-433-5335; coulterfarms@aol.comJohn Hand, Hand Melon Farm533 Wilber Ave., Greenwich, NY 12834PH: 518-692-2376; handfarm@yahoo.comCraig Michaloski, Green Acres Farm3480 Latta Road, Rochester, NY 14612PH: 585-225-6147; ckmich83@rochester.rr.comTerry Mosher, Mosher FarmsRD #1 Box 69, Bouckville, NY 13310PH: 315-893-7173; tmosher@direcway.comGreg Spoth, Greg’s U-Pick9270 Lapp Rd., Clarence Center, NY 14032PH: 716-742-4239; gregsupickfarm@aol.comAlan Tomion, Tomion Farms3024 Ferguson Corners Rd., Penn Yan, NY 14527PH: 585-526-5852; atomion@frontiernet.netTony Weis, Weiss Farms7828 East Eden Road, Eden, NY 14057PH: 716-992-9619; tonyweiss@msn.comNEW YORKFruit QuarterlyFALL 2009 • VOLUME 17 • NUMBER 3This publication is a joint effort of the New York State Horticultural Society,Cornell University’s New York State Agricultural Experiment Station atGeneva, the New York State Apple Research and Development Program,and the NYSBGA.Editors Terence Robinson and Steve HoyingDept. of Horticultural SciencesNew York State Agricultural Experiment StationGeneva, New York 14456-0462PH: 315-787-2227; FX: 315-787-2216tlr1@cornell.edusah19@cornell.eduSubscriptions Karen Wilson& Advertising NYSHS, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456PH: 315-787-2404; wilsonk36@hotmail.comDesign Elaine L. Gotham, Gotham City Design, Naples, NYPH: 585-374-9585; elg2@cornell.eduProduction Communications Services, NYSAES, Geneva, NYPH: 315-787-2248; gro2@cornell.edu(Editorial, cont.)as some dwarfing rootstocks for high-densitysystems. All of these rootstocks have beentransferred to licensed micropropagationfacilities and are in the process of beingbulked up in semi-commercial numbers priorto release so that the lag between release andcommercial availability will be much less thanwhat has been experienced with G.41 andG.935.We realize that many of you are waiting forthe availability of the material to start planting.We are doing our best to cooperate with licensedGeneva® rootstock nurseries to deliver in a timelymanner this series of superior rootstocks.The pipeline of the breeding programholds dozens of superior rootstocks, some ofwhich will make it to the final stage of releaseand implementation. Some of these rootstockswill be capable of avoiding the biennial natureof some scion varieties, impart better structureand productivity to the scion, be better anchoredin the soil, be able to take up nutrients moreefficiently (less fertilizer needed) or use watermore efficiently. With these new releases wewill have only scratched the surface of thetremendous potential that is available in theprogram, we thank you for your support inhelping us deliver these new rootstocks to theindustry.Gennaro FazioBreeder and GeneticistPlant Genetics Resources Unit, USDA-ARSGeneva, NYAPPLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ADVISORY BOARD 20082 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETYChairmanWalt Blackler, Apple Acres4633 Cherry Valley Tpk. Lafayette, NY 13084PH: 315-677-5144 (W); FAX: 315-677-5143wblackler@gmail.comAlan Burr7577 Slayton Settlement Road, Gasport, NY 14067PH: 585-772-2469; greenapple47@juno.comSteve Clarke40 Clarkes Lane, Milton, NY 12547PH: 845-795-2383; apelsteve@hvi.netRod Farrow12786 Kendrick Road, Waterport, NY 14571PH: 585-589-7022Mason Forrence2740 Route 22, Peru, NY 12972PH: 518-643-9527; forrencej@westelcom.comTed Furber, Cherry Lawn Farms8099 GLover Rd., Sodus, NY 14551PH: 315-483-8529Dan McCarthyNY State Dept. of Agriculture & Markets10B Airline Drive, Albany, NY 12235PH: 518-457-8857; dan.mccarthy@agmkt.state.ny.usPeter Ten Eyck, Indian Ladder Farms342 Altamont RoadAltamont, NY 12009PH: 518-765-2956; pgteII@aol.comRobert Deemer, Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group4363 Rte.104Williamson, NY 14589PH: 315-589-9695 ext. 713
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