Recovery Plan - Herbarium - North Carolina State University

ROUGH-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE(Lysimachia asperulaefolia)Recovery PlanU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service~ Southeast RegionAtlanta, Georgia

RECOVERY PLANforRough- leaved loosestri fe (Lysimachia asperulaefolia)Prepared byVonda FrantzNorth Carolina Natural Heritage ProgramRaleigh, North CarolinaU.S.forSoutheast RegionFish and Wildlife ServiceAtlanta. GeorgiaApproved:Date:Noreen K. Clough Regiona orRegional Director U S Fish and Wildlife Service4W

Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to berequired to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans arepublished by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes preparedwith the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies.and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds madeavailable subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting theparties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities.Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor theofficial positions or approval of any individuals or agenciesinvolved in the plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. They represent the official position of theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed bythe Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recoveryplans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings,changes in species status, and completion of the recovery tasks.Literature citations should read as follows:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Rough-leaved LoosestrifeRecovery Plan. Atlanta, GA. 32 pp.Additionalcopies may be purchased from:Fish and Wildlife Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda, Maryland 20814Telephone: 301/492-6403 or1-800/582-3421Fees for recovery plans vary, depending upon the number of pages.

:EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCurrent Status: Lysimachia asperulaefolia is federally listed as anendangered species. It is currently known from nine populationcenters (eight in North Carolina and one in South Carolina).Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: This rare herb istypically found growing in the ecotone between longleaf pine or oaksavannas and wetter, shrubby plant communities growing on moist sandor peat. The open character of the habitat is maintained by periodicfires. It is threatened by fire suppression, residentialdevelopment, road construction, herbicide use, hydrologicalalterations, conversion of habitat for agriculture, and intensivesi lviculture.Recovery Obiective:Delisting.Recovery Criteria: Rough-leaved loosestrife will be considered fordownlisting to threatened status when colonies within the ninepopulation centers have been stable for 5 years and management plansare being implemented at all The Nature Conservancy or publicly ownedsites. Delisting will be considered when, in addition to the aboveconditions having been met, a binding management agreement is inplace for each population center.Actions Needed1. Survey suitable habitat for additional populations.2. Monitor and protect existing populations.3. Conduct research on the biology of the species.4. Establish new populations or rehabilitate marginal populations tothe point where they are self-sustaining.5. Investigate and conduct necessary management activities at allkey sites.Total Estimated Cost of Recovery (in $000’s): It is not possible todetermine costs beyond estimates for the first few years: futurecosts will depend on the results of research conducted early in therecovery process.[Year INeedi j_Need2lNeed3lNeed4_I Need5I Need6FY 1 6.0 34.5 20.0 10.5 21.0 92.0FY 2 6.0 24.0 20.0 10.0 21.0 81.0FY 3—TOTAL6.0 23.0 20.0 10.5 20.0 79.5——————18.0 81.5 60.0 31.0 62.0 252.5Date of Recovery: Impossible to determine at this time.

PART I:INTRODUCTIONDescriptionDistribution . .HabitatLife History . .Reasons for ListingConservation MeasuresPractices .Recovery SummaryTABLE OF CONTENTSandCurrent ManagementPage113688912PART II:RECOVERYA. Recovery ObjectiveB. Recovery CriteriaB. Narrative OutlineD. Literature Cited1313131721VARYIjTTMP’~MFNTATrflN SCKDULE22PAF(IV:LIST OF REVIEWERS 25

PART IINTRODUCTIONLysimachia aspera/aefolia Poiret (rough-leaved loosestrife) is a rareperennial herb, endemic to the coastal plain and sandhills of NorthCarolina and South Carolina. It is associated with sandy or peatysoils and moist open habitat that was more abundant prior to thedevelopment of the coastal region of the Carolinas. Urbandevelopment, conversion of land to intensive agricultural andsilvicultural uses, and associated drainage and fire suppression havegreatly reduced this habitat.Jean Louis Marie Poiret first described L. asperulaefolia in 1814,describing material from North Carolina. However, this wasmistakenly attributed to an Egyptian collection. In 1817, StephenElliott described conspecific material- co-liected by Herbemont inSouth Carolina, naming it Lysirnachia herbemonti. Trydiniaherbernonti, used by E. G. Steudel in his 1841 edition of Nomenclatorbotanicus. is the only other synonym for this species (Ray 1956). Of17 historical sites documented at the time the species was federallylisted, eight have been extirpated.Lysimachia asperulaefolia was federally listed as endangered in 1987(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Service] 1987) due to the threatenedcondition of its habitat and the existence of only nine knownpopulations. lt is also listed as endangeredby the State of NorthCarolina and as being endangered and of national concern by the Stateof South Carolina.DESCRI PTIONLysimachia asperulaefolia (Primulacae) is a perennial rhizomatousherb, with erect stems 30 to 60 centimeters (cm) tall. Leaves aresessile in whorls of 3 to 4, are broadest at the base (0.8 to 2 cmwide), and have three prominent veins. The upper surface is deepyellow-green or blue-green and lustrous; the leaf margins are entireand slightly revolute (Figure 1).The yellow bisexual flowers are borne in a loose, cylindrical,terminal raceme, 3 to 10 cm long. The corolla is 1.5 cm across.There are usually five petals that have ragged margins near the apexand that have dots or streaks. The anthers are yellow-orange, andthe style tapers to the simple stigma. The fruit is a capsule.Stipitate glands are usually present on most parts of the plant.Flowering is from late May to early June. Seeds are formed byAugust, but capsules do not dehisce until October. Although theplants are dormant in the winter, they are easy to find in the fallbecause of the distinctive leaf pattern and the reddish color of theleaves.

FiGURE 1. ILLUSTRATION OF Lysimachia asperu7aefolia.Plant and Inflorescence -Fkiw-SKFruit (and Sepaw Er -Seed - 14xAxB.D.

There is only one other Southeastern Lysimachia with whichL. asperulaefolia might be confused. L. loornisil also has whorledleaves and a terminal inflorescence. but it has narrower leaves(rarely 8 millimeters wide), is less rounded at the base, has smallerflowers, and glands are usually absent on leaves, bracts, flowers.and sepals (Kral 1983).A much more detailed description is provided in A Report on SomeRare, Threatened, or Endangered Forest-related Vascular Plants of theSouth (Kral 1983). A good description is also found in Aquatic andWetland Plants of the Southeastern United States (Godfrey and Wooten1981).DISTRIBUTIONThe entire range of L. asperulaefolia includes only the southerncoastal plain and sandhills of North Carolina and the sandhills ofSouth Carolina (Figure 2).Lysimachia asperulaefolia has been collected from 13 counties inNorth Carolina. It is believed to be extirpated from Richmond andColumbus counties. There are four records of populations inCumberland County, one in Pamlico County. one in Onslow County, onein Brunswick County, one in Beaufort County. and two in Pender Countythat are either extirpated or can no longer be located.Lysirnachia asperulaefolia has been collected from Richland andDarlington Counties in South Carolina and is presently known to occuronly in Richland County. Extensive searches have been conducted inthe sandhills region of Chesterfield, Darlington. Kershaw, andMarlboro Counties, but no other populations were found (Smith 1992).Current RancieIn the early 1980s. the only known thriving populations were in theGreen Swamp Nature Preserve. Croatan National Forest, and Sunny PointMilitary Ocean Terminal. A few stems were found in Bushy Lake at theBushy Lake State Natural Area. Prior to 1985. extensive surveys (byknowledgeable biologists) in the Sandhills Gamelands and on militarybases (other than Sunny Point) did not locate L. asperulaefoliasites.In 1985, two sites were found on Fort Bragg and one in the SandhillsGamelands by biologists who were conducting surveys for rare plantspecies and the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Pico idesborealis). Since that time, several factors have changed that affectthis species, its distribution, and our knowledge of it. Partly dueto efforts to preserve and expand habitat for the red-cockadedwoodpecker, military bases in the Carolinas have instituted orexpanded prescribed burning programs. Burning is believed to haverestored vast areas of L. asperulaefolia habitat; as a result, morerecent searches have located additional colonies of this species.3

FIGURE 2. DISTRIBUTION C ±~n~h.iAasperulifoliao Extirpated• Extant

In 1991, for example, more than 38,000 acres were burned at FortBragg (R. M. Danielson, U.S. Army, Fort Bragg, personalcommunication. 1993). Prior to the mid-1980’s, fire suppression hadbeen practiced for perhaps 30 to 50 years; the only areas burned werethose where training activities caused fires that were confined andextinguished.Federal legislation protecting wetlands and restricting the drainingof wetlands is another factor affecting L. asperulaefolia habitat.Both fire and appropriate hydrologic conditions are critical for thisspecies.In 1988, The Nature Conservancy and the Department of Defense enteredinto an agreement, described in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU),which provided that The Nature Conservancy and the natural heritageprograms would assist the Department of Defense in planning for,monitoring, and managing significant natural resources on militarybases. Partly as a result of this MOU, the North Carolina NaturalHeritage Program conducted a pilot survey of portions of Fort Bragg.This project was continued by a more extensive survey of Fort Bragg,conducted by The Nature Conservancy. A rare plant survey of25,000 acres on the Sandhills Gamelands, which the Army uses fortraining activities, will be completed by December 1994. Inaddition. Federal environmental funding is allocated to Fort Braggfor environmental purposes. including the management of listedspecies.The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program has also conducted rareplant surveys on Camp Lejeune (where the species was found in 1988)and Cherry Point. The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program andThe Nature Conservancy have also conducted surveys of the CroatanNational Forest.Since 1985, thorough searches for L. asperulaefolia have beenundertaken, funded by the Department of Defense, on the followingmilitary bases located on the coast and in the sandhills: CampLeje 1.ine, Fort Bragg, Camp MacKall, and Sunny Point Military OceanTerminal in North Carolina, and Fort Jackson in South Carolina.Numerous additional L. asperulaefolia sites have been found on thesebases. In 1991. a very large population was found on Fort Jackson,in Richland County, South Carolina: this was the first population tobe found in South Carolina in this century (J. Nelson, University ofSouth Carolina, personal communication, 1993).Current Sites and OwnershivAt the present time, there are 58 L. asperulaefolia sites in NorthCarolina and one site in South Carolina. Nearly all sites are onpuDlicly owned land, with the majority on federally owned land. Thefollowing list indicates the number of sites in each ownershipcategory.5

OWNERSHIP CATEGORY I NUMBER OF SITESMilitary Bases 33U.S. Forest Service 9State of North Carolina 5Private:The Nature ConservancyRegistered Natural AreasOther666TOTAL 59The term “site” in this plan corresponds to an element occurrence inthe North Carolina Natural Heritage Program data base. Elementoccurrences indicate that plants occur in one or more locationswithin one-half mile or less, not separated by inappropriate habitat.Therefore, an element occurrence or site may indicate more than onecluster or colony of plants. The Heritage Program data base is usedin order to have a standard for counting occurrences.HAB ITATThe habitat for L. asperulaefolia is generally in the ecotone betweenlongleaf pine or oak savannas and wetter, shrubby areas, where moist,sandy or peaty soils occur and where low vegetation allows abundantsunlight in the herb layer. Fire is the principal factor thatnaturally maintains the low vegetation. Lysimachia asperulaefolia isassociated with six natural community types: low pocosin, highpocosin. wet pine flatwoods, pine savanna, streamhead pocosin, andsandhill seep (Schafale and Weakley 1990). Lysimachia asperulaefoliahas also been found in peaty pond margins and in disturbed sites.such as roadside depressions, power line rights-of-way, andfi rebreaks.Low PocosinLow pocosins are nutrient-poor, seasonally saturated, and dominatedby a dense shrub layer of Lyonia lucida, Zenobia pulverulenta, orCyrilla racemiflora. They occur in the center of domed peatlands,where the deep peat is underlain by wet sands, and also in someCarolina bays. Because of the low-nutrient environment and periodicsevere fires, shrubs remain small. Lysimachia asperulaefolia mayoccur in openings where sufficient light is available.Hicih Pocosin. Wet Pine Flatwoods. and Pine SavannaLysimachia asperulaefolia typically grows in the ecotone between highpocosin and wet pine flatwoods or pine savanna. Subtle elevation6

gradients result in a system of savannas or flatwoods on sand ridgesand pocosins in the depressions. Typical flatwoods and savanna soilsare acidic, nutrient-poor, wet sands, and the diverse herb layer maybe dominated by grasses (such as Aristida stricta, Sporobolusteretifolius, and Andropogon glomeratus), with shrubs characteristicof pocosins scattered throughout. Savannas and 7~twoods aremaintained by frequent fire, so shrubs are present as low sprouts.Pocosin soils usually consist of deep peat over said. Shrubs such asIlex glabra, Lyonia lucida, and Cyrilla racerniflora dominate. Whilepocosins are very wet during part of the year, fires during the dryseason or during a dry year may carry into the pocosin. Most naturalpocosin fires occur during the growing season.Lysimachia asperulaefolia is found at the savanna-pocosin orflatwoods-pocosin ecotone where the water table is near the surfaceduring winter and early spring and where dry-season fires burn intothe edge of the pocosin-. Savanna grasses and pocosin shrubs arepresent, as well as associated herb species such as Dionaeamuscipula, Rhexia alifanus, and Rhexia lutea. Results from samplingin the ecotone in the Green Swamp Nature Preserve indicate that themicrohabitat occupied by L. asperulaefolia is dominated by shrubs,not savanna grasses (Frantz 1983). As long as fires are notsuppressed, the ecotone remains open, with the characteristicgrasses, herbs, and low shrub sprouts. If~fire is suppressed, theshrubs already present in the ecotone will attain their full height.In a natural cycle of fire, L. asperulaefolia will be suppressed inflowering and vigor during years without fire and will increase afterfire. Complete fire suppression may result in extirpation from asite, though current evidence suggests that it may persist for yearsor decades under a fairly dense shrub layer.StreamheadPocosi nStreamhead pocosins occur at the headwaters of small streams in thesandhills. Typical pocosin shrubs occur in the lower part of thestream basin. Where a pocosin borders an upland community, adistinct ecotonal-zone often occurs where the ~morefrequent fires ofthe drier uplands interact with the wetter soils of the pocosin.This ecotonal zone often resembles a pine savanna, with a highdiversity of herbaceous plants. It is in this ecotone thatL. asperulaefolia may occur (Schafale and Weakley 1990).SandhillSeeDSandhill seeps occur on slopes in the sandhills, where wet sands areunderlain by clay, allowing water to seep to the surface along theslope. Dense pocosin shrubs will dominate if fire is suppressed, butit is in the more frequently burned seeps, which contain a richherbaceous layer, that L. asperulaefolia is most likely to occur.7

LIFE HISTORYThe first spring shoots of L. asperulaefolia appear in late March orearly April. Flowering begins in late May and extends through mid tolate June. L. asperulaefolia is an obligate out-crossing species,pollinated by solitary bees: most of the pollinators are in the genusDialictus. Pollinators were found to be scarce and inefficient,perhaps contributing to low natural fruit and seed set. Fruit andseed set were much higher when flowers were artificially pollinated(Frantz 1984). Another possible explanation for low fruit and seedset is that populations are highly clonal, with several shootsarising from one rhizome. Since self-fertilization does not occur,pollinator activity among ramets would not result in seed set.Fruits are visible within 3 weeks of fertilization, but capsules donot dehisce until October. An average of 3.2 capsules are producedby flowering stems,, with an average of less than two seeds percapsule. In one germination trial, 85 percent of the seedsgerminated (Frantz 1984). While fruit and seed set are low, this isnot unusual for a perennial species that apparently has a lifestrategy based largely on rhizomatous growth and therefore does notdepend upon sexual reproduction and seedlings for short-termsurvival.REASONS FOR LISTINGDrainage and conversion of habitat to agricultural uses and pineplantations, residential and industrial development, and firesuppression have all contributed to the decline in habitat forL. asperulaefolia. At the time of listing, 8 of 17 documentedpopulations had been. extirpated due to these factors.Since listing, many additional sites have been discovered on the fourmilitary bases--Camp Lejeune, Fort Bragg, and Sunny Point MilitaryOcean Terminal in North Carolina, and Fort Jackson in South Carolina.Prescribed burning and training activities resulting in fire on thebases seem to be key factors in maintaining habitat conditions andthriving populations of L. asperulaefolia. However, military usescan also jeopardize its survival. Activities such astimber-harvesting, use of heavy equipment, and military trainingcould be deleterious if not carefully conducted. It is suspectedthat erosion from such activities has negatively impacted at leastone site.Fire suppression poses two threats to populations ofL. asperulaefolia. First, with the absence of fire, the shrubs thatare always present in L. asperulaefolia habitat will increase insize, shading out Lysimachia. Second, the activities involved incontrolling fire may include plowing fire breaks. Plow lines havetraditionally been placed at pocosin-savanna and pocosin-sandhillecotones, the primary habitat of Lysimachia.8

Both the outer coastal plain and the sandhills region of theCarolinas are experiencing rapid population growth. Urbanization andsuburbanization impact the habitat of L. asperulaefolia in bothdirect and indirect ways. Habitat is directly destroyed, and theproximity of developed areas to habitat makes it difficult orimpossible to maintain the fire regime needed for the persistence ofL. asperulaefolia.CONSERVATION MEASURES AND CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICESSince most of the L. asperulaefolia sites are under management by aFederal or State agency or private conservation organization, themanagement practices of each agency are discussed below. Thepotential role of the North Carolina Botanical Garden in theconservation of this species is also discussed.The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Chapter - For many years muchof the best L. asperulaefolia habitat and most of the thrivingpopulations known were in the 15,000-acre Green Swamp NaturePreserve, which is owned and managed by the North Carolina chapter ofThe Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy intentionally managedthe preserve to benefit Lysimachia and has conducted research andmonitoring activities for many years.The Nature Conservancy did experimental work from 1987 through 1992,comparing the effects of different fire frequencies onL. asperulaefolia. In this preliminary study, the species increasedin flowering and vigor each year following a burn until a peak duringthe fourth year, after which a decline began (unpublished report,North Carolina Chapter, The Nature Conservancy). While it is knownthat fire is an important part of the Lysimachia habitat, the effectof fire frequency requires more research. L. asperulaefolia alsooccurs on another Nature Conservancy preserve, Southwest Ridge.Locations of plants are mapped and monitored, but no research hasbeen done. Monitoring and prescribed burning began in 1990(M. Bucher, North Carolina Nature Conservancy, personalcommunication, 1994).It is expected that The Nature Conservancy’s stewardship program willcontinue to manage the preserves for the benefit ofL. asperulaefolia, other rare species. and the natural communitywhich is their habitat. Also, The Nature Conservancy will continueresearch and monitoring as long as funding is available.U.S. Forest Service, Croatan National Forest - Funds are availablefor managing endangered species habitat. While managementspecifically for L. asperulaefolia has not occurred at the Croatan inthe past, Lysimachia habitat will be under stricter management in thefuture. The Forest Service is planning a 3-year fire cycle andtypically will allow fire to burn to a natural moisture boundary.Currently. ditches are not used as fire breaks. The North CarolinaNatural Heritage Program has conducted surveys of some of the9

61 management compartments on the forest, and surveys have been doneas part of the biological evaluation for timber sales and otherprojects. However, much habitat remains to be surveyed, andLysimachia sites are not marked (P. Robinson, Croatan NationalForest, personal communication, 1993).U.S. Army, Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal - The Army conductedextensive surveys for L. asperulaefolia in 1988, mapped potentialhabitat, and set forth several actions to be taken, such as mappingand field marking sites, annual assessment of populations, etc(L. asperulaefolia Survey, unpublished results, Sunny Point MilitaryOcean Terminal, 1988). While not all actions have been completed,military activities and pine straw harvesting are not permitted inL. asperulaefolia populations. The actions recommended in the 1988survey report are expected to be completed within 3 years (T. Gaw,Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal, personal communication, 1993).Sunny Point is currently developing a registry agreement with theNorth Carolina Natural Heritage Program that will cover most knownsites on the base.U.S. Army, Fort Bragg - A management plan is being prepared for thefederally listed species that occur on Fort Bragg. L. asperulaefoliasites outside the impact areas are being marked, including a200-foot-wide buffer area around each site. Biologists at Fort Braggare managing endangered species using guidelines provided by theService in past biological opinions. Guidance issued by the Army inJanuary 1993 is consistent with those opinions. The NatureConservancy is completing a contract with the Department of Defensefor an extensive survey for listed species (B. Mihlbachler,U.S. Army, Fort Bragg, personal communication, 1993).U.S. Army, Fort Jackson - John Nelson (University of South Carolina)completed a rare and endangered species survey of Fort Jackson in1992. He located a large population (perhaps over 2 to 3 acres) ofL. asperulaefolia, the only population found in South Carolina inthis century. Fort Jackson has funds for the preparation of amanagement plan for this site and will also be funding a long-termmonitoring program that will be used to update the management plan.While the site is not marked, it is in an impact area and istherefore off limits for training activities. Periodic munitionsfires and management for fuel reduction result in burning of theLysimachia site on nearly an annual basis. Detailed records are notavailable, but fuel management fires usually occur in winter andearly spring (M. Dutton, U.S. Army, Fort Jackson, personalcommunication, 1993).U.S. Marine Corps, Camp Lejeune - Endangered species biologists atCamp Lejeune are operating under a biological opinion issued by theService in September 1988. This opinion contained fiverecommendations--burn sites every 2 to 3 years, protect sites fromalteration of hydrologic conditions, protect sites from vehicularimpacts, mark all sites with a 100-meter buffer, and monitor10

populations. In 1992, the base was expanded by the acquisition of38,000 to 40,000 acres. On this land, several Lysimachia sites werefound under a power line where regular mowing had occurred for years.On the older part of the base, land outside the impact area(58,000 acres) is now being managed on a 3-year fire cycle. Thenatural resources staff has designed burn plans to specifically favorL. asperulaefolia. All L. asperulaefolia sites have been marked andare regularly inspected (J. Hammond, U.S. Marine Corps, Camp Lejeune,personal communication, 1993).North Carolina State Parks - Bushy Lake Bay is in a State NaturalArea and is not being managed specifically for L. asperulaefolia.The bay had been impacted by nearby ditching for agricultural use.However, the agricultural land has been acquired by the State, andthe ditch has been filled in order to restore the original hydrologicconditions. It is not specifically known how this will affect theLysimachia present there (C. Tingley, North Carolina Department ofEnvironment, Health, and Natural Resources. personal communication,1993). Additional land in and adjacent to the bay is being acquired,which will aid future management and protection of the site.Sandhills Gamelands - The Sandhills Gamelands are owned and managedby the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. No managementis conducted specifically for the preservation of L. asperulaefolia,and the sites are not marked. The U.S. Army will be marking thesesites in the near future as part of a contract to mark all endangeredspecies sites on Fort Bragg. The Army uses the Sandhills Gamelandsfor training maneuvers. Burning is scheduled on a 3-year cycle, butmost areas are actually burned less often. While plow lines at theedge of the savanna in the L. asperulaefolia habitat were used in thepast to control fire, plow lines are no longer generally used, andL. asperulaefolia sites are avoided if plowing is done (H. Hall,North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, personal communication,1993).North Carolina Botanical Garden - The North Carolina Botanical Gardenhas undertaken limited seed germination and cultivation ofLysimachia. They have been successful in germinating seeds and havethree pots of plants that have survived for 10 years. They arelimited in their propagation efforts by the lack of available seeds.The garden is an affiliate of the Center for Plant Conservation, anorganization dedicated to preserving rare plants. Participatingbotanical institutions engage in seed preservation, germination, andpropagation to serve as a germ plasm bank for specific species. TheNorth Carolina Botanical Garden has accepted this responsibility forL. asperulaefolia. While unable to carry out extensive field work,they are interested in growing plants for other agencies toreestablish and monitor in the field (R. Gardner, North CarolinaBotanical Garden, personal communication. 1993).11

Carolina Power and Light Company (CP&L) - CP&L currently managesthree areas of rough-leaved 1 oosestrife along power lines--one onFort Bragg, one on Camp Lejeune. and one on private property inBrunswick County. These power line corridors are mowed on a 3-yearcycle during fall or winter. While mowing provides certain favorableconditions for the survival of L. asperulaefolia. there is also somerisk due to the need for maintenance and emergency repairs. CP&L hasa management agreement with the North Carolina Department ofEnvironment, Health, and Natural Resources for managing rare plantson power line rights-of-way.RECOVERYSUMMARYRecovery will require the preservation of sites in nine populationcenters. Management plans will be prepared for each populationcenter. Reclassification as threatened will be considered when allpopulation centers have been under management plans for 5 years andwhen all populations appear to be stable. Delisting will beconsidered when nine population centers are under binding managementagreements that will provide for the preservation of sites withineach population center in perpetuity.Initial recovery activities will require sites to be mapped andmarked in the field. As management plans are prepared, monitoringcan be implemented. Long-term efforts will include research intohabitat conditions and effects. The Service will negotiate permanentmanagement agreements with the landowners, North Carolina NaturalHeritage Program, North Carolina Plant Conservation Program, andSouth Carolina Department of Natural Resources.12

A. Recovery ObiectivePARTIIRECOVERYThe recovery goal for L. asperulaefolia is delisting. Becausethis species can prosper under proper management,reclassification from endangered to threatened is recommended asa possible interim step.B. Recovery CriteriaLysimachia asperulaefolia may be considered for reclassificationfrom endangered to threatened when: (1) management plans havebeen prepared and are being implemented for all publicly ownedpopulation centers and those owned by The Nature Conservancy, and(2) populations at these centers have been monitored for at least5 years and are determined to be stable. The estimated year ofreclassification is 2003.Lysimachia asperulaefolia will be considered for delisting whenthe above conditions are met and a binding management agreementfor each population center is in place.For the purpose of recovery planning, sites are grouped accordingto geographic population centers (Figure 3). Population centersare geographically dispersed and many are isolated. Thisisolation may have led to the evolution of genetic differencesbetween populations. Thus, to maintain the maximum potentialgenetic variation within the species. it is important that eachpopulation center be preserved.The currently known sites at the following population centers areto be managed. monitored. and preserved. Sites discovered in thefuture should be added, and all aspects of tfle recovery planshould be applied to the new sites.1. Pamlico/Beaufort CountiesPamlico Community CollegePrescott Ridge2. Croatan National ForestCompartment #24, SR 1124/Camp Sam Hatcher Road: NC 24/NineFoot RoadCompartment #29 and #30, 1 mile north of Ocean; Pringle RoadCompartment #23, Hibbs RoadCompartment #25, Hibbs RoadCompartment #22 and #23, Hibbs RoadCompartment #27 and #29, Pringle Road13

FIGURE 3. POPULATION CENTERS FOR LYSIMACHIA ASPERULAFFOLIAI—.1 Pamlico/Beaufort Counties2 Croatan National Forest3 Camp Lejeun.4 Holly Shelter Area5 Brunavick County6 Bladen Lakes Area7 Fort Bragg8 Sandhillg Game Land Area9 South Carolina Sandhills

3. Came Le.ieuneTraining Area GDTraining Area HETraining Area IATraining Area SRETraining Area SRMTraining Area SRPTraining Area SRVTraining Area GEG-10 Impact Area (this colony contains only six to sevenplants)Training Area HBGreat Sandy Run Area4. Holly Shelter AreaSouthwest Ridge Savanna5. Brunswick CountySunny Point Military Ocean TerminalGreen Swamp Nature PreserveWaccamaw Island SavannaOrton PlantationBoiling Springs LakeNC 133 sites6. Bladen Lakes AreaTwo locations withinMill Pond BayBushy Lake7. Fort BraciciMacRidge Impact Area 2MacRidge Danger Area - Bones Creek Tributary Natural AreaMacRidge Danger/Impact Area - Little Rockfish Creek NaturalAreaMcPherson Impact AreaMcPherson Danger/Impact Area 2. Training Area CC - PineyBottom Creek Natural AreaNorthern Training Area IINanchester Danger Area 2Coleman Impact AreaTraining Area DD3 - Little Rockfish Creek Natural Area 3Training Area DD2Training Area QQTraining Area CCTraining Area HH4Training Area EE3Training Area XlTraining Area W2Northern Training Area IINorthern Training Area IIINEA Bog Complex Natural Area15

.8. Sandhills Gamelands and CamD MacKallCamp MacKall - Training Area LLSandhills Gamelands - Kinney Cameron Lake, Crawford Lake9. South Carolina SandhillsFort Jackson10. Other sites or population centers discovered in the futureAlthough in the last few years many new sites have been found forthis species, outside of military bases and nature preserves,only seven sites remain. This indicates that only with habitatpreservation and management can the species survive. As long asfavorable management continues on military bases and naturepreserves, Lysimachia will thrive. When management is ensuredand in practice, reclassification can proceed. However, sincedelisting would remove the Endangered Species Act’s mandate formanagement on Federal lands and since most sites for this speciesoccur on Federal land, delisting can only occur when otherprovisions for management have been made.Binding management agreements should be negotiated between theService and the landowner at each population center. For themilitary bases and the Croatan National Forest, an agreement canbe negotiated with the appropriate Federal agency. On federallyowned or managed land, management will be in accordance withexisting biological opinions for the respective site, subject toperiodic review. Management for rare species is part of TheNature Conservancy’s mission, but to implement protectionguaranteeing survival of the species, binding agreements shouldbe made between the Service and The Nature Conservancy formanagement of the Green Swamp and Southwest Ridge populations.The Pamlico County population center should be managed byagreement with the Service. The single two sites in this centerare significant because they are the northernmost locations andshould be preserved in order to retain possible geneticvariation. Two sites have been extirpated north of PamlicoCommunity College. There is an opportunity for reestablishmentinto appropriate habitat where the species formerly occurred.Management of the privately owned sites should also be providedfor by agreements with the landowners. Responsibility formonitoring the agreements and assuring proper management shouldbe assigned to the North Carolina Plant Conservation Programand/or the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. in additionto the Service. This responsibility could include providingconsultation and advice to landowners, organizing the annualreview of recovery progress, and determining the need foradditional research or new strategies.16

.C. Narrative Outline1. Protect significant sites and ad.iacent habitat1.1 Man all sites and mark sites in the field (exceot wherethere is ready oublic access and where signs wouldincrease the threat of collecting): include in themarked area the ad.iacent habitat and buffer. Mapsshould indicate the present boundary of the site, anadditional amount of appropriate adjacent habitat, and abuffer area around the protected habitat. The bufferwill protect the site from adjacent activities thatmight impact the site, such as upslope disturbanceresulting in sedimentation. A minimum buffer of100 feet should be provided: a 200-foot-wide buffer ispreferred. The outer buffer boundary should be markedin the field.For sites that are being managed as nature preserves,with no anticipated disturbance, field-marking may beomitted.1.2 Map and search appropriate habitat for new sites withineach nopulation center. Although extensive searcheshave already been carried out, there may still be someundiscovered populations. In unburned habitat, plantscan survive for a time in a suppressed state, but theyare extremely difficult to see. County soil survey mapsand Service wetland inventory maps can be used to locateappropriate habitat. The Sunny Point L. asperulaefoliasurvey describes how search maps were created byoverlaying Leon, Murville, and Torhunta soils andwetland ecotones to locate “high probability areas.Search maps should be created and thorough searchesshould be conducted if this has not already been done.New sites should be evaluated to determine whether theyshould be assigned to one of the population centerslisted above or designated as new population centers.New sites should be mapped and marked as indicated inTask 1.1.1.3 Prepare a manaciement plan for each population center. Amanagement plan should be prepared for each of the ninepopulation centers listed in the recovery objectivesection.Each management plan should consist of at least thefollowing:1.3.1 Prenare mans of sites and ad.iacent habitat thatis to be oreserved. as indicated in Task 1.117

.1.3.2 Prenare survey mans and documentation of searchesthat have been conducted1.3.3 Identify threats at each site and include them inthe monitoring plan (deciree of threat. chancies inthreats. imnacts of threats. and methods ofavoiding or removing threats). Threats known tooccur due to the type of habitat and use of theland on which L. asperulaefolia occurs are asfollows: fire suppression: ditching anddrainage; fire plow lines in ecotones: use ofheavy equipment: agriculture: timber operations:erosion upslope, with sedimentation in Lysimachiahabitat: use of explosives: construction: androad-building. Other threats may be identifiedat a specific site.1.3.4 Develon a monitoring olan. Monitoring at eachsite should include both the monitoring of theplants and certain habitat conditions.Monitoring of the plants should consist of atleast periodic stem and flowering counts andmeasurement of the area over which plants aredistributed. Monitoring of the habitat shouldinclude at least the recording of fireoccurrences and dates.Criteria should be established for determiningwhen more detailed monitoring is necessary: forexample, generally a certain level of populationdecline would indicate the need for additional ormore detailed monitoring in order to identify thecause. Using the criteria, an assessment shouldbe made each year as to whether more extensivemonitoring is necessary. Additional monitoringactivities might include seedling searches, plantsize categories, water table depth. associatedspecies, and cover.Monitoring should be carefully planned to limitthe number of field visits and to minimizetrampling of sites.1.3.5 Imnlement habitat manaciement plans. These plansshould include prescribed burning programs, theprotection of hydrologic conditions, and theremoval of any other threats to essential habitatconditions.1.3.6 Develon criteria for determining when a sitecould be removed from protection. Whilepreservation of sites within each population18

.center is critical to recovery of the species,occasionally the value of a site might bequestioned. Criteria need to be developed toallow only extremely marginal sites to beexcluded from protection. For example, someconsiderations for exclusion might include thefollowing: there are less than five plants. thesite is extremely disturbed, the site isthreatened by more than one detrimental impact,there is a low potential for restoration of thesite, low genetic diversity, etc. A test shouldbe devised which requires that several of thesefactors be involved before a site can be excludedfrom protection.From time to time there may be efforts to removesites on military bases from protection under theEndangered Species Act due to the complexity ofprotection. However, not enough is knownregarding the species’ habitat and populationdynamics, future habitat disturbance, and otherevents that may affect the species or its habitatto guarantee the survival of any particular site.Therefore, all sites must be assumed to besignificant, with the exception of extremelymarginal sites that meet the criteria mentionedabove.1.3.7 Develop a methodolociv for determining whenpopulations could be considered stable. Sincethe recovery criteria indicate thatreclassification will be considered whenpopulations are “stable,” managers and agenciesinvolved will need to agree upon whatcharacterizes a stable population.2. Conduct research to more fully understand habitat conditionsfire frequency effects, seedling recruitment. geneticdiversity amonci and within sites and nopulation centerspopulation dynamics, and reestablishment techniques. Noresearch has been reported on seedling establishment or theestablishment Of new populations in suitable habitat.Insufficient information exists with regard to water tableand hydroperiod effects. Genetic variation within sitesshould be determined: higher priority could be given to siteswith more genotypes. The Nature Conservancy’s study of firefrequency effects should be continued and expanded.3. Enforce laws protecting the snecies and its habitatProvisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended,will be enforced. North Carolina regulations prohibit takinga protected species from private property without the19

landowner’s written permission and a State permit. However.at this time the collection of U asperulaefolia plants ~not the major threat to the species’ continued survival.In meeting their responsibilities under the EndangeredSpecies Act, the military services involved have developedguidance directing certain actions with respect to listedspecies occurring on their bases. Implementation of thesepolicies and directives should continue.4. Reintroduce the snecies into historic habitat. Incooperation with the North Carolina Botanical Garden and theCenter for Plant Conservation, plants should be propagatedand a program of reintroduction should be initiated.Historic sites, such as the proposed Minnesott Ridge-PrescottRidge Natural Area in Pamlico County, would be ideal sitesfor this program. Plants introduced into such an area shouldderive from the same population center, when possible, orfrom a nearby population source, unless genetic analysesindicate that inbreeding is a problem within populations.The genetic analysis will assist in determining appropriatereintroduction source material.5. Negotiate binding manaciement agreements. In order to ensurethe survival of this species and proceed with delisting.permanent binding management agreements should be negotiatedbetween the Service and landowners. The North Carolina PlantConservation Program or North Carolina Natural HeritageProgram should assist the Service in monitoring theseagreements.6. Conduct nublic information and education activities. Newsreleases concerning the status and significance of thespecies and recovery efforts should be prepared anddistributed to newspapers on the coastal plain and in thesandhills area. Cooperation with military bases should besought: this would be a positive public relations opportunityfor them. State agencies managing lands whereL. asperulaefolia occurs should prepare/distribute brochuresand offer educational hikes to sites where this would beappropriate.7. Annually review the recovery efforts. The Service, NorthCarolina Plant Conservation Program. North Carolina NaturalHeritage Program, and South Carolina Heritage Trust shouldmeet annually with the managers of L. asperulaefolia sites toassess progress toward the recovery goals, review newinformation, assign any new sites to a new or existingpopulation center, evaluate and coordinate programs plannedfor the coming year, and, if necessary, redirect monitoringor management actions.20

D. Literature CitedFrantz, V. L. 1983. Analysis of the Habitat ofL. asperulaefolia. Unpublished paper.. 1984. Reproduction Biology of the Atlantic CoastalPlain Endemic, Lysimachia asperulaefolia (Primulaceae).Report to the North Carolina Plant Conservation Program,Raleigh, NC.Godfrey, R. K. , and J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and WetlandPlants of the Southeastern United States: Dicotyledons.University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA. P. 501.Kral. R. 1983. A Report on Some Rare, Threatened, or EndangeredForest-related Vascular Plants of the South. U.S. ForestService Technical Publication R8-TP2, pp. 869-872.Ray. J. D. 1956. The Genus Lysimachia in the New World.Illustrated Biological Monographs 24, pp. 1-68.Schafale, M. . and A. Weakley. 1990. Classification of theNatural Communities of North Carolina (Third Approximation).North Carolina Nat. Heritage Prog., Raleigh, NC. 325 pp.Smith, Inge. 1992. Element Stewardship Abstract. North CarolinaChapter, The Nature Conservancy.Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal. 1988. Lysimachiaasperulaefolia Survey, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,Wilmington District.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Endangered and ThreatenedWildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status forLysmachia asperulaefolia. Federal Register 52:22585-22589.21

PARTIIIIMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULEPriorities in column one of the following Implementation Schedule areassigned as follows:1. Priority 1 - An action that must be taken to preventextinction or to prevent the species from decliningirreversibly in the foreseeable future.2. Priority 2 - An action that must be taken to prevent asignificant decline in the species’ population and/orhabitat quality or some other significant negativeimpact short of extinction.3. Priority 3 - All other actions necessary to meet therecovery objective.Key to Acronyms Usedin This Implementation ScheduleCPC - Center for Plant ConservationFWS - U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceR4 - Region 4 (Southeast Region), U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceSCA - State Conservation Agencies - State plant conservation agenciesof participating States. In North Carolina, these are thePlant Conservation Program (North Carolina Department ofAgriculture) and the Natural Heritage Program (North CarolinaDepartment of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources): inSouth Carolina, the Heritage Trust Program (South CarolinaDepartment of Natural Resources).TE - Endangered Species Division, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service22

ROUGH-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULETaskTaskResponsible AgencyCostEstimates (SODO’s)Nui~er Task DescriptionDurationFWSOtherFYI FY2 FY3 Comnents1 1.1 Map, mark, and protect all sites. 5 years R4ITE SCA 10.0 10.0 10.01 1.3.1 Prepare a management plan foreach popula~ion center, mappingeach site and the habitat to bepreserved.1 1.3.3 Identify threats at each site andmonitor.1 1.3.5 Implement habitat managementplans.2 years R4/TE SCA 1.0 1.0Ongoing R4/TE SCA 2.0 2.0 2.0Ongoing R4/TE SCA 20.0 20.0 20.0N)c~)1 3 Enforce laws protecting thespecies and its habitat.1 5 Negotiate binding managementagreements.Ongoing R4/TE SCA 5.0 5.0 5.03-5 years R4/TE SCA 2.0 2.0 1.02 1.3.4 Develop a monitoring plan. 1 year R4/TE SCA 0.52 2 Conduct research on habitat,frequency effects, seedlingfire 3-5 years R4/TE SCA 20.0 20.0 20.0recruitment, genotype diversity,population dynamics, andreestablishment techniques.3 1.2 Search for new populations. 3 years R4/TE SCA 5.0 5.0 5.03 1.3.2 Prepare survey maps and docwaent 3 years R4/TE SCA 1.0 1.0 1.0searches that have beenconducted.3 1.3.6 Develop criteria for determiningwhen a site could be removed fromprotect ion.3 1.3.7 Develop a methodology fordetermining when populationscould be considered stable.1 year R4/TE SCA --- --- 0.51 year R4/TE SCA 0.5

ROUGH-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFEIMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE (continued)Prior -‘ M....L.. Task3 4 Reintroduce the species intohistoric habitat.3 6 Conduct public information andeducation activities.Task Responsible Agency Cost Estimates (SOQO’s)Duration ELI~ OthertVI •1• ~ tVU r. [ C osinents5 years R4/TE SCA 10.0 10.0 10.0Ongoing R4/TE SCA, CPC 5.0 3.0 3.03 7 Annually review recovery efforts. Ongoing R4/TE SCA .....h2. 0.5 0.5N)

PARTIVLIST OF REVIEWERSThe following agencies, organizations, and individuals were mailedcopies of this recovery plan. This does not imply that they providedcomments or endorsed the contents of this plan.*D Janis AntonovicsDuke UniversityBotany DepartmentDurham, North Carolina 27706*Mr. Rob GardnerCurator of Rare PlantsNorth Carolina Botanical GardenUniversity of North Carolina - Chapel HillCB# 3375, Totten CenterChapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3375Dr. Sam Pearsall and Ms. Margit BucherThe Nature ConservancyCarr Mill Suite D12Carrboro, North Carolina 27510Ms. Julie MooreRed Hills Conservation AssociationTall Timbers Research StationRoute 1, Box 678Tallahassee, Florida 32312Dr. Bert PittmanHeritage Trust ProgramSouth Carolina Department ofNatural ResourcesP.O. Box 167Columbia, South Carolina 292024.Dr. Doug RaynerBiology DepartmentWofford CollegeSpartanburg, South Carolina 29303Mr. Rob SutterThe Nature ConservancyP.O. Box 2267Chapel Hill, North Carolina 2751425

*Dr. Jim HamrickUniversity of GeorgiaDepartment of Botany2502 Plant SciencesAthens, Georgia 30602Mr. Alan WeakleyNatural Heritage ProgramDivision of Parks and RecreationNorth Carolina Department of EnvironmentHealth, and Natural ResourcesP.O. Box 27687Raleigh, North Carolina 27611*Dr. Bob CookArnold Arboretum125 ArborwayJamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130Fish and Wildlife Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda. Maryland 20814Mr. Robert AbernethyHalliburton Nus Environmental Corporation900 Trail Ridge RoadAiken, South Carolina 29803Dr. Harriet GillettWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre219 Huntingdon RoadCambridge CB3 ODLUnited KingdomCenter for Plant ConservationMissouri Botanical GardenP.O. Box 299St.. Louis, Missouri 63166Ms. Debra OwenNorth Carolina Department of Environment,Health, and Natural ResourcesWater Quality Section4401 Reedy Creek RoadRaleigh, North Carolina 27607Ms. Pat StrakaWestvaco Corporati onP.O. Box 1950Summerville, South Carolina 2948426

U.S. Forest ServiceWildlife, Fisheries, and Range1720 Peachtree Road, NW.Atlanta, Georgia 30367Department of BotanyNational Museum of Natura 1 HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC 20560Traffic U.S.A.World Wildlife Fund1250 24th Street, NW.Washington, DC 20037The Garden Club of America598 Madison AvenueNew York, New York 10022Suite 500Dr. Susan H. Lathrop, Executive DirectorAmerican Association of BotanicalGardens and Arboreta, Inc.786 Church RoadWayne, Pennsylvania 19087New England Wildflower Society, Inc.Garden in the WoodsHemenway RoadFramington, Massachusetts 017014.Dr. Janice Coffey SwabConservation CommitteeAmerican Society of Plant Taxonomi stsMeredith CollegeHunter Hall3800 Hillsborough StreetRaleigh, North Carolina 27607-5298Mr. Bob McCartneyWood 1 anders1128 Colleton AvenueAiken, South Carolina29801Natural Resources Defense Council,40 West 20th StreetNew York, New York 10011Mr. Larry RobinsonU.S. Soil Conservation Service1835 Assembly Street. Room 950Columbia, South Carolina 2920127Inc.

*Dr. Lynn WikeSavannah River Technology CenterBuilding 773-42AAiken, South Carolina 29802Mr. Bill AdamsU.S. Army Corps of EngineersP.O. Box 1890Wilmington, North Carolina 28402Dr. Brian MihlbachlerDIRWEDepartment of the ArmyHQ XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort BraggFort Bragg, North Carolina 28307-5000Mr. Julian WootenAC/S Environmental ManagementMarine Corps BaseCamp Lejeune, North Carolina 28542Mr. Tony GawSunny Point Military Ocean TerminalSouthport. North Carolina 28461Ms. Carol TingleyDivision of Parks and RecreationNorth Carolina Department of Environment,Health, and Natural ResourcesDivision of State ParksP.O. Box 27687Raleigh, North Carolina 27611Ms. Mary RussoThe Nature ConservancySandhills Field Office1880 Old Morganton RoadSouthern Pines, North Carolina 28387Mr. Richard LeBlond132 Norris RoadSwansboro. North Carolina 285844.Dr. John NelsonDepartment of Biological ScienceUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina 29208*Dr. Jay Carter, IIIP.O. Box 891Southern Pines, North Carolina 2838728

Mr. John HammondEndangered Species SpecialistAC/S EMD (John Hammond)Marine Corps BasePSC Box 20004Camp Lejeune, North CarolinaMr. John Maitland, BiologistCommand HeadquartersUSACT and Fort JacksonATTN: ATZJ-PWNFort Jackson, South CarolinaMs. Pam RobinsonCroatan National Forest141 East Fisher AvenueNew Bern, North Carolina2856028542-000429207 -5670Fish and Wildlife Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda, Maryland 20814Environmental Protection AgencyHazard Evaluation Division - EEB (T5769C)401 M Street, SW.Washington, DC 20460Project Manager (7507C)Environmental Protection AgencyEndangered Species Protection ProgramEnvironmental Fate and Effects DivisionOffice of Pesticide Programs401 M Street, SWWashington, DC 20460 5th FloorThe Nature ConservancyEastern Regional Office201 Devonshire Street,Boston, Massachusetts 02110Mr. Rich OwingsNorth Carolina ArboretumP.O. Box 6617Asheville, North Carolina 28816*Dr. Peter White, DirectorNorth Carolina Botanical GardenUniversity of North Carolina - Chapel HillCB# 3375, Totten CenterChapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-337529

Mr. Jim Burnette, Jr.North Carolina Department of AgriculturePesticide SectionP.O. Box 27647Raleigh, North Carolina 27611Mr. Cecil FrostNorth Carolina Department of AgriculturePlant Conservation ProgramP.O. Box 27647Raleigh. North Carolina 27611Mr. Randy C. Wilson. Section ManagerNongame and Endangered Wildlife andPermits SectionNorth Carolina Wildlife Resources CommissionArchdale Building512 N. Salisbury StreetRaleigh, North CarolinaProgram ManagerDivision of Boating andNorth Carolina WildlifeArchdale Building512 N. Salisbury StreetRaleigh, North Carolina27604-1188Inland FisheriesResources Commission27604-1188Ms. Linda Pearsall, DirectorNorth Carolina Department of Environment,Health, and Natural ResourcesDivision of Parks and RecreationNatural Heritage ProgramP.O. Box 27687Raleigh, North Carolina 27611*Dr. Gary B. BlankNorth Carolina State UniversityBox 8002Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8002Mr. Glen GainesSavannah River Forest StationP.O. Box 710New Ellenton, South Carolina 29841Mr. Alan SmithP.O. Box 887Mars Hill. North Carolina2875430

Mr. Jeff FurnessTexas Gulf, Inc.P.O. Box 48Aurora, North Carolina 27806Ms. Melissa StanleyCZR Incorporated4709 College Acres Drive, Suite 2Wilmington, North Carolina 28403Mr. Joe D. MillsForest Management Section ChiefSouth Carolina Forestry CommissionP.O. Box 21707Columbia, South Carolina 29221Mr. Andrew HainesSenior Project ScientistRoy F. Weston, Inc.Life Systems DepartmentBuilding 5-11 Weston WayWest Chester, Pennsylvania 19380Mr. Vernon OsteenWestinghouse - Savannah River CompanyBuilding 742-AP.O. Box 616Aiken, South Carolina 29801Mr. Fred C. SchmidtHead, Documents Department - KSThe LibrariesColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019Mr. Chris J. IngramVice-PresidentGeo-Marine, Inc.6554 Florida Boulevard, Suite 215Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806Mr. David H. AllenNorth Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission550 Tenmile Fork RoadPollocksville, North Carolina 28573Ms. Brenda BrickhouseCarolina Power and Light Company6C3 Central PlazaBox 1551Raleigh, North Carolina 27602-155131

Ms. Alice L. GustinPublisher/EditorLand Use ChronicleP.O. Box 468Riverton, Wyoming 82501Mr. Joe JacobThe Nature ConservancyP.O. Box 2267Chapel Hill. North Carolina 27514The Nature Conservancy1815 N. Lynn StreetArlington, Virginia 22209*Independent peerreviewers32