May 4 - Northwestern University Library

AN END - AND BEGINNINGIn blaze of cam eramen's floodlights and surrounded by e crowd oflong.waite..r black spokesmen Kathryn Ogletree and Jam.s Turnerannounced Saturday night an agreement with the university. (Photoby Mike Sing)DailyNU blacks-'here to stay' ~celebrate successful sit-inBy KATHY VVATERSCampus Editor"Northwestern blacks are here to stay. All hip,hip, all hip. But we won't live in the same old way.All hip, hip, all hip. We made the university to see.All bip, hip, all hip."In the moment of victory Saturday night, Northwestern'sblack students spilled out of the universitybursar's office, paraded down an aisle formed bywhite bystanders and chanted their way north onChicago avenue to Univers ity place, where theygathered for a brief moment of happiness and thendispersed.AS THE MOMENT OF triumph approached, thewhites who had been camped out on the front stepsof the bursar's office rose and clustered around therevolving doors, squeezing between newsmen and onlookers.Two or three times during the hour before theblacks emerged, members of the crowd raised victorysigns in Winston Churchill fashion and cheered.NorthwesternVol. 88, No. 101 EVANSTON, ILL. 60201 Monday, May 6, 1968The thrust of the crowd was always forward .They pressed close to the door, partly to keepwarm , partly to see what was happening.No one noticed a group of men approaching therear of the mass from the west."EXCUSE ME, PLEASE," a man said. No onepaid very much attention until he realized that theman and those with him represented the universityadministration, on their way to inspect their bursar'soffice and to present the final universityposition.Moments later, the blacks came out. The door revolved16 times.THEY GATHERED on the steps of the bursar'soffice. J ames Turner, spokesman for the Afro-AmericanStudent Union and FMO, read the statementacknowledging the satisfactory settleme nt.The scene and the victory behind it created an atmosphereof fratern ity - a new sort for Nort h­western -before.that probably has not been seen hereSPECIALISSUEBlack students win manydemandsafter 38-hour bursar'soffice sit-inBlack students who seizedthe university bursar's officein a sudden early morningaction Friday marched outof the building Saturdaynight at 9:30 to end their 38­hour demonstration.About 100 black s tu d e n t semerged from the building tocheers from about 300 white personswho were waiting outside thebuilding at 619 Clark sl.James Turner , the 26-year-oldsociology graduate student whospoke for the group and led thenegotiating team. read a briefstatement."THE SITUATION at NorthwesternUnivers ity has been positivelyresolved," he sa id. "To this extentit is to the benefit of all concernedand to the general community."Turner expressed "so lidarity"with black students at ColumbiaUniversity who seized a buildingthere earlier this week and whonow are conducting a studentstrike."THE DIFFERENCE betweenthis situation and the one at Clumbiawas due to the enlightenedmanner in which the administrationconducted its response,"Turner said. "They displayedthem selves as men not only of responsibilitybut with a willingnessto listen and learn.After Turner finished speaking,the black students sang " Lift EveryVoice and Sing," an old songthat has become the Afro-Amerlcannational anthem."Sing a song full of the faiththat the dark past has taught us,sing a song full of the hope thatthe present has brought us," theysang.THEN TilEY SANG " Let YourLittle Light Shine," a familiar folksong. But some of the verses werenew."All up and down Sheridanroad, I'm going to let my littlelight shine," they sang.Following the songs, the blackCONFRONTATION -ADMINISTRATION VS. BLACKSThe confrontation between representatives of on a statement satisfying many of the students'Northwestern black students and university lS demands and ending the bursar's oHice sit-in.official. in Seo" 217 ye.terday led to agreement (Photo by Barry Frank)students ma rched to a rally inUniversi ty place." We wanted this to be a modelfor change for tile whole country,"a black student said at the r ally." We're going to make it a perfectmodel."WHAT NEXT?Sunday afternoon and demon·strators were back at the bunar'soHice. Their request? An Irish·Catholic dormitory. (Photo byBarry Frank)Senate to help implementblack student prog ramsBy RICHARD BOUDREAUXStaH WriterStudent Senate, bypassed last week by black students as a linkto the university administra tion, will help iroplement university programsgra nted to black students, sena te officials said yeste rday.Fran Shanahan, senate presiden t,said he thinks the body also will turned over. . .to university adm m­" work to increase comm unication I s tra ~or~ and black s !ud en~s whobetween white and black students sat inside the bursar s office,to prevent further confrontations." MISS CAULFfELD and Cl~ss ofHe said senate might meet some- '71 Senator C~ren Levy, cha lrm~ntime this week before it's regular of the committee on communityThursda y session.relations , will work with black stu-Senat e last Thursday adopted a dents and university adrninistraresolutionthat at leas t three black tors to Implement programsstudent demands-so n housing, ad. growing out. o,f the agreement bemissionsand curr iculum _ be tween administrators and blackaccepted iromediately by the leade rs , Shanahan said.administration. Shanahan said he doesn't pre-BUT AFTER black students elude the possibility of white counearlyFriday took negotiations in- ter-dema nds in the form of senateto their own hands, senate met and legislation. A stat ement by Menadopted a statement supporting the Off Campus Senator John Heermanmotives of the demonstrators but tha t "bl ack students should not reaskingexception to their tactics. quest favors and privileges whichBarb Caulfield, chairman of exceed those of other individuals"the subcommittee on human rela- was tabled at Friday's special sestions,said senate legislation was sion.By BILL HARSHSenior EditorAdministra tion officialsand faculty members andblack students signed anagreemen t Saturday nightthat ended the black students'occupation of the universitybursar's office at 619Clark st.The agreement was first revealedby Vice-President and Deanof Students Roland J . Hinz at an 8p.m. press conference in the admissionsoffice. .U As distressing as the events ofthese past two days have been.the entire Northwestern Universitycommunity is heartened by thepeaceful conclusion of the occupationat 619 Clark st.,' Hinz said.A statement of faculty support forthe settlement of the occupation byblack students of university bursar'soffice Friday and Saturdayhas been drawn up by RichardEllmann, professor of English.Copies of the sta temen t are availablein the English departmentollice today.AT 9:30, J ames Turner, a sociologygraduate student and spokes.man for st udents occupying thebursa r's office, announced that theagreement had been accep ted bythe black students and that thebuilding's occupation was over."The situation at Northwester nUniversity has been positively resolved,"Turner said. "To this extentit is to the benefit of all concernedand beneficial to the.~·general community."Hinz led a group of eight administration officials on an inspectionof the bursar 's office at 8:45. Hinzlater reported that , with the exceptionof one small stain ona carpet, the building wasunharmed.(Continued on page 2)

...~inz gets the final answerBy BOB GREENEAssociate EditorThe crowd outside the bursar's office shuffled itsfeet and walked around , trying to fight off the coldSaturday night, and waited for an answer to the twoday-oldblack student sit-in. Three hundred yardsaway . inside a warm, bright office, five men sat andwaited too.The gray door, marked simply 1-564, opened everyfew minutes to let one of them rush out, make aphone call, look outside at the students ,or summona secretary. The office belongs to Sam Saran, Northwestern'sdirector of public relations. Inside, the menwaited for a call from Jim Turner.With Saran were Roland J . Hinz, who had engineeredthe negotiations with the blacks; Lou Gregg, aNegro professor who had joined in the bargaining;Bob Lefley, Saran's aide, and Jim Biery, public relationsman who constanUy relayed back and forthbetween Saran's Crown Center office and the bursar'soffice.AT 6:45 Hinz had quickly walked to a constructionfence between the two buildings and handed a cardboardbox to Turner, leader of the blacks. Inside thebox were copies of the newly reached agreement.Now the men waited for a call from Turner, acall that would tell them if the blacks would acceptthe agreement.At 7:30 Hinz, wearing a dark gray herringbonejacket with patches on the elbows, emerged from theoffice. Two Daily Northwestern editors, the onlynewsmen inside the inner office, sat on chairs." Have you been over to 6197" Hinz asked . " Hasthere been any change in the mood there?"HE WAS TOLD that the crowd was anxiousto hear an answer. but not unruly."We're waiting for a call too," Hinz said. Hewalked back into the office.Several times a phone rang out. Saran's voice, ordering"somebody pick that up," could be heard outsidethe door.One of the Daily representatives left the buildingand walked over to the bursar's office. He learnedthat a Negro reporter from the Chicago Tribune,wbo had been inside the building all day, had filedstory staling that the agreement had been acpted,and that the black students were cleaning upthe office in preparation to leaving.THE DAILY MAN walked back to the public relationsoffice, knocked on Saran's door, and asked forHinz. Hinz came out immediately."This may be old to you," the Daily newsmansaid, "but I've just been informed that the agreementhas been accepted, and that they're cleaningthe place up now. I'd appreciate it if you didn't callanyone on it, though.""Thank you," Hinz said. He looked relieved."That's not old to me; we're still waiting to hear.And I'm not going to call anyone."Saran immediately walked out and went to thepublic relations waiting room, where representativesof the downtown press were sitting."Do any of you have black reporters out here?"he asked.HE THEN WALKED to another room, closed thedoor and made a telephone call.Biery, who had trotted over to the bursar's office,ran back in. " NBC and CBS are there, " he said.Lefley talked briefly with Hinz about where anystatement should be made. Hinz had planned to goto the step of the bursar's office, Lefley wanted aclosed press conference inside Crown Center."There will be stud ents milling around out there,and you won't be able to make yourself heard," Lefleysaid. "It might be better to have it inside."THE MEN RETURNED to Saran's office. Severalminutes later, Hinz came out alone."They've accepted," he said quietly. " Please stayoff the phone with it for 10minutes."The others then came out of the office. Saran saidthe press conference would be held in the admissionsoffice." The students are not to be admitted," he said .HINZ ASKED a secretary to run off copies of theagreement to be distributed to faculty members. Hewanted them taken to the Scott Hall activities office." I don't want to take a chance of anyone takingall of them before the faculty gets them," he said."Somebody call Bill Kerr and tell him to get a securityman to watch it...Hinz walked outside. Biery went off to arrange forthe press to get into the admissions office, and fortelevision crews to set up."What we've done in the last three weeks at thisuniversity, I would have thought would have taken10 years," Hinz told a friend. "And it's probably taken10 years off my life."Biery came back and said the press was waiting.Hinz walked across Crown Plaza to announce thatthe sit-in had ended.Agreement ends black sit-in(Continued from page 1)White students, who ended theiroccupation of Hinz' office at 8:15p.m. Saturday, also left their "liberatedzone" in good condition.THE AGREEMENT was hammeredout by ten administratorsand faculty members and tenblack students in a seven-hour negotiatingsession in Scott 217.University President Dr. J . RoscoeMiller and William S. Kerr,vice-president and business manager,who participated in draftingthe administration's proposal, didnot attend the Saturday negotiationsbecause they felt Hinz shouldhandle the final negotiations, Kerrsaid .Page 2Monday, May 6, 1968The highlights of the agreementwere as follows:.The administration acknowledgedthat it has been a "white institution"and that its members havehad "in greater or lesser degree,the racist attitudes that have prevailedhistorically in this societyand which continue to constitutethe most important social problemof our times ."• The administration agreed thatthe university "must share responsibilityfor the continuance overmany past years of these racistattitudes."eThe administration stated thatcivil rights legislation and personalcommitment to integration"does not come fully to grips withWHAT COLOR POWER,BLACK/WHITE?These menhave some answersCHARLES HAMILTON -- Co-author of the bookBlack Power----REV. CALVIN MORRIS-· Director of OperationBreadbasketJACK KORSHAK·· Urban LeagueJAMES TURNER--VERNON FORD __ Opinion leadersPROFESSOR SCHULZE -- Sociology Dept.PROFESSOR GUDE·- Political Science Dept.LACK /WHITE TALK-INWed. May 8Parkes 122 alhission8:00 p,m. IreeTalk-in s ponsored by :St ude nts for a Br u er Soc ietythe problems of the present turbulentperiod of transition."eThe agreement sets up a NorthwesternUniversity Advisory Councilwhich is to work at all administrativelevels to deal with"problems of the black communityrelated to the university. "eThe administration committeditself " to increase the number ofblack students at Northwestern asrapidly as possible, and to seek atleast 50 percent of these studentsfrom the inner-city school systems.".The university established salariedpositions for black studentsin the adm issions department.These students are to aid in therecruitment of black students.eThe administration set up a commilteeof black students selectedby the black student communityto advise the Committee on FinancialAid to Students "on policymatters regarding financial aid toblack students."eThe administration agreed to reserveseparate sections of existingliving units for black students beginningnext fan and to report bynext spring on progress towardproviding black living units.e'Fhe administration agreed to theprinciple of Afro-American curriculumand referred the matter tothe faculty..The administration agreed toprovide room for activities forblack students.(The complete text of the agreementappears on page 4)P B0 'O LL L IAAN RDO 530 Regulation Bruru..,.dc k T a.D l e~Howanl'Paulina BilliardS7629 N. Paulina10 Minutes F ro ...., C ampusEDITORIALThe AgreementWe welcome the weekend agreement between the blackstudents of Northwestern and the Northwestern administration.We hope black and white students will realize itsimplementation will take a lot of hard work on the part ofeveryone.As we indicated last week, we cannot condone the blacktactics. One of the things those tactics brings on was demonstratedin the white student takeover of Dean Hinz' office.The students involved - though probably sincere in theirsupport of the blacks - have become campus anti-administrationleaders: say anything bad about the administrationand they will show up. Their very presence tends to turnwhatever is being argued into another anti-administrationcry.But the blacks were not simply an anti-administrationmovement. As we said in Friday's paper, the black grievanceswere directed at all of Northwestern - "the waysin which this place runs."The administration, we think , recognized this in thefinal draft of Saturday'S statement; this has been a "whiteman's establishment." The weekend agreement signifieswe will all work to change the tone of that. Many of NU'sblack students have been drawn suddenly from a ghetto ofblack people and forced to live in predominantly whitedorms, room with a white person as a freshman, get advicefrom white counselors and go to white-oriented courseswith white professors. This makes the transition from ghettoto college more difficult.Now the university formally is recognizing that fact.When it began admitting more black students two years ago,it took on the responsibility of helping them become amember of the university community. Events over the pastfew years have indicated we did not quite know how togo about it.Under the new agreement the blacks get an advisoryvoice in bringing new students here, a place to meet hereand older Negroes to help them assimilate.In that, the new agreement is excellent. It again places"old, conservative Northwestern" among the leading institutionsin attempting to understand Negro needs. We commendeveryone involved for that, and for the calm theykept under considerable tension.But on one point of the agreement we must dissent. Itis a point we specifically argued against last week.We did not believe then and we do not believe nowthat - even as a temporary measure - black studentsshould be given a black corridor to live in.A fraternity house is a different matter: if the blackfraternities do get houses on campus they will operate inthe same, formal, Interfraternity Council-style structure aswhite houses do presently. Any rivalries will be betweenhouses within that structure.But to separate on a color-line only is wrong. A blackcorridor in a university living unit will always be "theblack corridor," and any incident of any sort pitting thatcorridor against another will be "the blacks versus thewhites," not just men against men.It will solidify resentment. It will mean not only ineating and recreation will black students tend to stay together-ascurrently happens-but also in sleeping, studyingand living. It will not promote understanding of anysort. Indeed, we fear it will promote conflict.And we are not sure it is legal- to deny a white studenta room in a university living unit on the basis of colorsounds very much like reverse discrimination.We will be fighting, in the months to come, for a successfulimplementation for most of the plans drawn up thisweekend. We will be fighting to prevent the establishmentof a black corridor or university living unit.Trw Dally NOl1I'l.-.stem Is publilMd four times a __ durin, the ,...ular K ..... yearby the Stuct.nts Publlsttlng Co.. tec., of Nortl'lwntwn University, EYaIlS.... 1III-.tI 61211.Company and Dally busineu offial A~ in tba Music Building Annex .. 1M E" QMopus; pl'l_ S2I-ft2f or m-7206. DAily editorial offices a,.. In ., Fisk HAn .. 1M E"......umpus; ptloM 475-64SS or ..,t·noo. TI'le opinions exprnMd In the DAily N.tt...1 A.,.not ftKfturil y those of tfte lIfli....rslty.Second clan post~ pillcl at Evanston. Illinois. Milil subscriIlt*'tS $1.. ClNrtet't¥'Dr " for ttle fuil year.

TODAY AT NU-Bi-racial teach-inA bi-racial teach-in next Wednesday sponsored by NorthwesternStudents for a Better Society will examin e the causes of whiteracism and recent black riots in urban ghettos.The program begins at 8 p.m. in Parkes Hall.Eight persons will speak and answer questions on how thera cial situation on ca mpus and nationally can be alleviated, DianaMays, SBS steering committee member, said yesterday.SPEAKERS INCLUDE: James Turner, spokesman for the NUAfro-American Student Union; Vernon Ford, a senior in education ;Rolf Schulze, assistant' sociology professor, and political scienceinstru ctor Edward Gude.Other teach-in participants will be: Thomas Picou, who writesfor the Chicago Daily Defender ; a representative from the EvanstonUrban League , and a Chicago spokesman for the SouthernChristian Leadership Conference.-SBS, COMPRISED of ISO NU students, is trying "to re-educatewhite people to the Negro situation and to the poverty situationin the U.S.," Miss Mays said , " and make them want to do something."She added that another SBS project will be to pass out leafletsabout the Poor People's March on Washington to Nllrlh Shorechurches on May 12. SBS has aiso been coordinating tutoringprojects, Miss Mays said.NU athletic teams stumbleI Northwestern's sports teams suffered through a rough Sat­I urday.The baseball team fared hest of the NU teams in action,splitting a doubleheader with Iowa. Iowa won the first game 6to I, with Stan Kmet taking the loss. But the Cats tallied twice illthe second inning of the finale , and Greg Croft and Dick Noffkecombined to hold the Hawkeyes to one run in a 2 to 1 victory.Michigan State clobbered the tennis squad 7 to 2. NU's victorswere Tom Lutz, 6-4, 7-5, and the doubles team of John Brennanand Torn Rice, &-3, 4-6, &-3.In track the Cats finished a distant third in a meet at Wisconsin..The Badgers won the meet with 109 points, Minnesota had71 and Northwestern 31. .And the golf team placed 12th of 13 teams in the NorthernIntercollegiate Invitational in East Lansing, Mich. Michigan wonthe meet.Water balloon thrown at blacksA water balloon was thrown at seven black students as theywalked along fraternity row at about 3 a.m, Sunday. '!'be studentstold Hinman House residents that they thought the water ballooncame from there.Former Hinman President Bill Burdette said the water ballooncould have been thrown from archways hetween buildings or fromnearby.living units .Vice-President and Dean of Students Roland J : Hinz spoke toI1inman and zeta Psi residents yesterday afternoon and cautionedthem- to refrain from further incidents, Burdette said .. . Dailypetitioners Northwestern400'deplore means' ~:'torA petition "deploring the means"- used by black students in their sitinat the bursar's office was signedby more than 400 Northwesternstudents over the weekend. Tworesidents of the North Sbore Hotelcirculated the petition to livingunits Friday night.Juniors Herb Smith and FrankHytken drew up the petition , whichin part read, "Disruption and coercionby any group has no placein our university communlty." Itcalled upon the university to apply" just disciplinary measures" to theprotesting black students who" turned their back upon the democraticprocess."Smith said they thought the sitinwould not end until today. " Sowe originally intended to presentthe signatures to the news mediaand the univer sity administrationMonday," Smith said yesterday.THE PURPOSE of the petitionwas to prove that not all NU studentsbelieve in 'using a sit-in toget things changed, Smith said .-.tagmg EditorAssociate EditorsJohn WalterSteve SinkBob Greene,Tom DaviesAssistant ManagingEditor Kathy KellyThe long h.lI leading to the bursa"s office, 619Clark st., was quiet Sunday afternoon, 8S werethe offices there. The place was seized by blackBy JOHN WALTEREditorIt is not likely that Northwesternwill ever again tolerate a groupof students taking control of a universitybuilding.NU received resounding criticismfor treating its slt-inners withtalk instead of immediate action.The take-over incident did not sitwell with university adrninistratorsbut they proceeded carefullybecause they did not want anotherColumbia University.The Chicago Tribune this morningran an editorial titled: "A SadDay for Northwestern."University President Dr. J . R0scoeMiller and Vice-Presiden t,Planning and Development, FranklinM. Kreml talked yesterdaymorning about efforts to combata Tribune-inspired image that " theadministration gave the universityaway."BUT NOW that it bas happenedonce, NU is likely to put somefirm laws on the books to preventa takeover from happening again.University officials would notcomment yesterday on any disci-plinary action it might takeagainst those involved in the weekenddemonstration. Kathryn Ogletree,a student spokesman, saidstudents and administration under ­stood there would be no disciplinaryaction ,Vice President and BusinessManager William S. Kerr told theDaily Northwestern, however, thatin the future NU will follow a policystatement outlined in the nowin-processStudent Bill of Rightsaclause that recognized the rightsof university private property."Members of the faculty havesupported that principle ," Kerrsaid. "They have indicated comleteand total support of thatMonday, May 6, 1968studenll FrIday moming and abandoned Saturdayafter they reilched an agreement with uni.vnrsity officials. (Photo by Barry Frank)Student seizure of building - never again?Projects Director Wally JuddSenior EditorBill HarshPhotography Edltor . .Barry FraukSports Editor Audy UppmauCampus Editors Judy KUlstad,Joann Lublin, Donna Rosene,BUI Smith, Kathy Waters.Business Manager . .Dave LaustsenCirculatiou Maoager .. O>uck Allenprinciple, and Northwestern willhold to it." The Daily learned thata university policy statement onthe subject may he forthcoming- possibly outlining exactlywhat disciplinary measures theuniversity will take against studentswho attempt such action inthe future.Kerr said any future occurencewould he under different termsthan this weekend's. " This was aone-day occupancy of an unusualnature." Kerr said. " It had nationalissues involved. Certa inly youhave to look at that. In that context, it gives you a lillie differentview of the way to react."OUR UNIVERSITY SHOPSummer suits and spartwearmade en our exclusive modelsSUITS oj Dacron polyester-ond-cotton poplinintan, lighl olrce or slate blue,$52.50;inDocron-and-scorsted tropicals,[rom$80O DD J ACKETS oj cotton seerSt/eker, $35 ;washable V)'eron polyester-and-couon, $47. 50;Docron-and-jla«, $52O DD T ROUSERS oj colorful-polyester-and-cotton, from $ 16;D acron-and-icorsted, $23 .50;Dacron-and-cotton poplin, $11And Bermudashorts, sportshirts,etc,OUIIYING ou. 150 " " ANN' Yl n ...,~~&!iJk:-f/~w~Iij'~lIms ~"ollslurnisoings,Hals:r",OOtS74 E. MADISON ST., NR. MICIII GAN AVE., CflICAGO, ILL. 60602NE W YORK. BOSTON . P ITTSIIURCII ....T..... NTA,S4 N FAAl'ICI SCO ' LOS " NCELESPage 3

• a l ~ text of agreementDRAFT AG REEMENT BETWEEN AF RO­AMERICAN STUDENT UNION AND FORMEMBERS ONLY AND A COMMITTEEREPRESENTING THE NORTHWESTERNUNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIONPO LICY STATEMENTNOf'"ttl wesl ern University recognizes thattt1rou g nout Its history it has been • universityof the white ",.bUshmenl. Th is Is notto gainsay thllt many members of its administra tion. Its faculty, a nd Its stude'nf bodyhave e1'lilaged IhemwlvM In acnviues d i­rected 10 the r lghtlt'g of racial wrongs. It isalso trve that f04" many years II few blackshave been members of Its .clmln lstTatlon.faevlty, and s tvd~1 body . But t~ fac t remains that the University In Its ov_helminQCharacter ha s been a wh ite lnstitutiotl.Th is It has had In common w lttl virtually"II Instltu1lons of highe r learning In theUnited Stat". Its members have al so hadIn common wllh 1M wh ite community in"' mer lca. In greater 04" Ifls.er clegree. theracist attitudes that have prevail ed I'IistOf'lcallyIn this society and which C04"Itinue toconstitute the most Im por tant socia l pr~!em of our times. This Un iversity w ith otherInsti tutions must shar e responsibility fOf' tt1econ tinuance over many p,!Isl years of theseracist attitudes.A few yea rs ago. the Northwestern admi"..ISlr at ion became Incr easi ng ly concernedw ith the problem of doing something to improve race relations and to provide educationalopportunities in grea ter mea sure thanever befOf'e for the black people In its com ­munity. Within a rel ati vely shor t period th enumber of b lack stude nts . thoUgh stUi sm all.has grown to the poin t at wh ic h It can nowbe said th at ther e is a def init e. sig nificant .and Importa nt black com munity wi thi n thelarger community of the university. p escttethe di fficulties 01 Under sta nding thll t haveattended th is process . we mea n to and sha llapp ro.sch our problem s constructively In th isarea. We w ish to tece these new challengesand to enhance. both quanl1tat lvely and qua l­Ita tively , the role CJI black m en