Cimino&Ghiselin-tmpZXYZ:Template Proceedings_1.qxd.qxd

More documents

Recommendations

Info

178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Series 4, Volume 60, No. 10 Dedication To the memory of D. John Faulkner 10 June 1942 – 23 November 2002
CIMINO & GHISELIN: CHEMICAL DEFENSE AND EVOLUTION OF GASTROPODS 179 Chemical Defense and the Evolution of Opisthobranch Gastropods PREFACE This volume presents the results of many years of collaborative work. A great deal of the planning and writing was done during visits to the Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Pozzuoli (Napoli). Much of the original research herein discussed was done there and at its predecessor the Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico in nearby Arco Felice (Trincone, 2002). We wish to express our deepest gratitude to our many colleagues, collaborators and employees, too numerous to enumerate here, though many of them are cited in the references. We would like, however, to give special thanks to those who have been particularly helpful in the preparation of the manuscript. Margherita Gavagnin, Angelo Fontana, and Ernesto Mollo read drafts of the manuscript and provided advice and assistance in the course of its preparation. Raffaele Turco did an outstanding job preparing illustrations and the atlas of metabolites. Ernesto Mollo and Guido Villani provided many of the illustrations. At the California Academy of Sciences we have had the assistance and support of other colleagues, especially Terrence M. Gosliner and his students. He read drafts of the manuscript and provided expert advice on all aspects of the biology of opisthobranchs, especially their taxonomy. He also provided many of the photographs that we have used. Rebecca Johnson read a draft of the manuscript and made unpublished results available. William J. Bennetta’s meticulous reading of the manuscript provided numerous improvements, Alan E. Leviton encouraged this project, advised us on the manuscript, and did most of the work of getting it set up in print and published. We are particularly grateful to the Academy, which has a long history of research and publication on opisthobranchs as well as the best collections of them in the world, for publishing the work. It is our pleasant duty to acknowledge an International Short-Term Mobility Grant from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in support of a visit to Pozzuoli. INTRODUCTION A slug, by definition, is a modified snail — one in which a shell is lacking or at least inconspicuous. The change from snail to slug can be seen in the animal’s embryological development. The young slug can generally withdraw into a shell, but as the animal gets older the soft parts of the body become relatively larger and the shell relatively smaller. Often the shell is cast off when the animal is still quite young, but sometimes it remains as a kind of vestigial organ, no longer providing protection but perhaps providing some skeletal support. It tends to be grown over by tissue and may become completely internal. The reduction of the shell can be followed through geological time. Intermediate stages in the transition between snail and slug are also preserved in extant representatives of several distinct lineages. Therefore it has happened repeatedly, in separate lines of descent. But why should something like that happen? After all, gastropods, whether they are snails or slugs, are slow-moving creatures that cannot easily outrun predators. Shells help to keep them from getting eaten. But that is not the only advantage to having a shell. It is a kind of skeleton, supporting the snail’s body and providing sites for the attachment of muscles. It also helps to keep terrestrial snails from drying out. On the other hand, it gets in the way, slowing the animal down and hin-
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADE
Page 3: CIMINO & GHISELIN: CHEMICAL DEFENSE
Page 7 and 8: CIMINO & GHISELIN: CHEMICAL DEFENSE
Page 55 and 56:
CIMINO & GHISELIN: CHEMICAL DEFENSE
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
show all

Cimino&Ghiselin-tmpZXYZ:Template Proceedings_1.qxd.qxd

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?