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PAGE 10 THE BULLETIN / JANUARY / 2010 2005when the plants being produced need to be clones of eachother but can be of great use in the search for improvedvarieties of plants.There are also resistant hybrids that have been developedin banana breeding programs around the world.Even though Panama disease-resistant hybrids have beenproduced in breeding programs, these new hybrids are notvery well received in all regions because their flavor isdifferent from that of the Cavendish group (Figs. 9-12).Several Panama disease Tropical Race 4-resistantEmbryowithinseedtetraploid hybrid bananas have been produced by FHIA(Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola) a bananabreeding program located in Honduras (Bakry etal., 2009; Rowe, 1990).The production of new banana hybrids throughtraditional breeding can be a time consuming and difficultprocess. As mentioned previously, edible bananavarieties do not produce many seeds when pollinated andsome never produce any seeds. The few seeds that areobtained through the application of pollen to the femaleflowers of an edible banana do not germinate with greatsuccess when planted normally in the soil. To facilitateincreased survival rates, matured seeds are subjected to“embryo rescue”, whereby the embryo in the seed isaseptically extracted and grown on a nutrient rich mediain the laboratory (Bakry et al., 2009), (Figs. 13, 14 &15). This allows the embryos to germinate in much largernumbers than would occur if the seeds were planted913 1410111215in soil. After the embryo has germinated, the seedlingmust be grown for several weeks in sterile conditions inthe laboratory until it is strong enough to make the transitioninto soil (Fig. 15). After the plant has been transitionedinto growing in soil, it can take several years tofully evaluate the disease resistance and fruit productionof the new hybrid banana. In addition to traditionalbreeding techniques, Fusarium resistant plants are alsobeing developed through the use of mutation breedingand other methods (Bakry et al., 2009).Although much progress has been made, thesearch for new bananas with Fusarium wilt and otherdisease/pest resistance will continue to occupy the timeof those involved in banana breeding for years to come.
PAGE THE BULLETIN 12 / JANUARY 2010 THE BULLETIN / JANUARY PAGE 2005 11ReferencesBakry, F., Carreel, F., Jenny, C. and Horry, J.P. 2009.Breeding Plantation Tree Crops. p. 3–50. In: MohanJain, S. and Priyadarshan, P.M. (ed.), Tropical Species.Springer Publishers, New York, NY.Bioversity International. 2000. Bananas. Website (online):http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/brochure_bananas.dfCanine, G. 2005. Building a better banana. Smithsonian 36(7): 96–104.Champion, J. 1967. Les bananiers et leur culture. IFAC,Editions SETCO, Paris.Colla, L.A. 1820. Memoria sul Genere Musa. Mem. RealeAccad. Sci. Torino 25: 394.Denham, T.P., Haberle, S.G., Lentfer, C., Fullagar, R.,Field, J., Therin, M., Porch, N. and Winsborough, B.2003. Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in theHighlands of New Guinea. Science 301: 189–193.Fawcett, W. 1913. The banana. Its cultivation, distributionand commercial uses. Duckworth & Co., London.Grimm, D. 2008. A Bunch of Trouble. Science 322: 1046–1047.Heslop-Harrison, J.S. and Schwarzacher, T. 2007.Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana.Ann. Bot. 100(5): 1073-1084.Hwang, S.C. and Ko, W.H. 2004. Cavendish Banana CultivarsResistant to Fusarium Wilt Acquired throughSomaclonal Variation in Taiwan Plant Disease 88:580–588.Jacob, K.C. 1952. Madras bananas - A monograph. GovernmentPress, Madras.Karamura, D.A. 1998. Numerical taxonomic studies of theEast African highland banana (Musa AAA–East Africa).A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy, Department of Agricultural Botany, TheUniversity of Reading. International Plant Genetic ResourcesInstitute, Rome.Kervégant, D. 1935. Le Bananier et son exploitation. Sociétéd'Editions Gographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales,Paris.Koeppel, D. 2005. Can this fruit be saved. Popular Science267(2): 60–67 and 104–105.Koeppel, D. 2008. Banana – The Fate of the Fruit ThatChanged the World. Hudson Street Press, New York,NY, U.S.A.Nelson, P.E. 1990. Fusarium Wilt of Banana. p.27–35. In:Ploetz, R.C. (ed.), APS Press, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.Pearse, F. 2003. Going Bananas. New Scientist 2378: 26–29.Ploetz, R.C. 2005a. Plant Health Progress. Website(online): http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/panama/Ploetz, R.C. 2005b. Plant Health Progress. Website(online) http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/panama2/Ploetz, R.C. 2000. Plant Health Progress. Website(online). http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/management/bananapanama/Reynolds, P.K. and Fang, C.Y. 1940. The banana in Chineseliterature [Cambridge] Harvard Yenching Institute5, 165: 165–181.Rowe, P.R. 1990. Fusarium Wilt of Banana. p.115–120.In: Ploetz, R.C. (ed.), APS Press, St. Paul, MN,U.S.A.Shanmugavelu, K.G., Aravindaksha, K. and Sathiamoorthy,S. 1992. Banana - Taxonomy, Breeding andProduction Technology. Metropolitan Book Co.,New Delhi.Simmonds, N.W. 1962. The evolution of the bananas.Longmans, London.Simmonds, N.W. 1960. Bananas. 2ed. Longmans, London.Stover, R.H. 1990. Fusarium Wilt of Banana. p.1–8 . In:Ploetz, R.C. (ed.), APS Press, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.Valmayor, R.V. Espino, R.R.C. and Pascua, O.C. 2002.The wild and cultivated bananas of the Philippines.Philippine Agriculture and Resources ResearchFoundation, Inc. Los Baños, Laguna.Hamilton Manley, 1945-2009We are sad to announce that one of our early HSI members,Hamilton Manley of Kurtistown on the Big Island of Hawaiì,passed away on 1 July, 2009 while snorkeling at the Wai Opaetide pools near Kapoho, something he and his family loved todo. Hamilton was 64, born in Greensboro, North Carolina.Hamilton was HSI Vice-President for Executive Affairs from1987-1991, and would lead panel discussions on cut flowers atour early conferences. He was conference chairman for the1990 meeting in Hilo, Hawaiì. An active sportsman, Hamiltoncoached various youth basketball teams, and for 5 years wasassistant coach for the men’s basketball team at the Universityof Hawaiì - Hilo. He was formerly co-owner of SunshineFarms, which specialized in cut tropical flowers, particularlyanthuriums. The business closed and he retired in 2004. He issurvived by hiswife Marisa;sons Harlan,Stewart andIsaac; daughtersHarlina and Suliana;and twograndchildren.Above all, Hamiltonwas a greatguy and a pleasureto know.
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