Project 1A - Cohen Commission

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drum filter prior to release to a settling swamp (sic).” The guidelines do not state what occurswith the remaining 5%, nor does it state what occurs with the sludge from the settling swamp.“Sediments from channel and river cleaning operations are passed down the river system” at theBig Qualicum site. Operating procedures do allow for the discharge of water delivered drugs andchemicals used for fish disease treatment (such as formalin) into surface waters assumingdilution before discharge. The public health and environmental impact of these actions has notbeen documented for a salmonid enhancement hatchery context.When examining the risk of fish diseases moving with water from a lake into a river in NorthDakota, the US Geological Services concluded that the risks of biota transfers were relativelyhigh if implemented via open conveyance (e.g., open canal) or contained conveyance serving todivert “raw” water (e.g., piped, but untreated water) (Linder et al., 2005). In her talk provided tothe State of the Salmon meeting, Bartholomew (2010) noted better outflow management anddisinfection as a missing component of hatchery risk reduction actions. This included improvedmonitoring of outflow and settling ponds for pathogens as well as outflow treatment. There is avariety of federal and provincial legislation that deals with waste discharges into fish bearingwater. The review of these regulations was outside the scope of work for this report (Appendix1). We found no impact assessments of waste discharge or reports of the presence of pathogensin water and discharged wastes from salmonid enhancement hatcheries in British Columbia.Exposure Assessment SummaryFraser River sockeye salmon reared in enhancement facilities have the most likely route ofexposure to diseases present in hatcheries or spawning channels. Exposure of other Fraser Riversockeye to infected enhanced fish, sockeye salmon or otherwise, has not been proven ordisproven. Biologically plausible routes of exposure exist, but none have been measured.Generally, there are three variables that affect the probability of exposure; the geographicdistribution of the escaped pathogen, the abundance of the pathogen in the receiving environmentand the frequency with which the fish are involved in an exposure that results in transmission ofthe pathogen. As we lack data for these 3 variables, exposure assessment is not possible.Consequence assessmentThis risk analysis was unable to find information that added to the literature review to clarify theconsequence of a pathogen of enhancement facility origin for Fraser River sockeye salmonproductivity. The risk assessment did establish that known fish pathogens do occur in salmonidhatcheries and spawning channels and that biologically plausible routes of exposure exist, butthere was no monitoring or follow-up to establish that pathogens were transferred to sockeyesalmon outside of sockeye salmon enhancement facilities and that the transfer impacted the83
population. We were left to rely on Kent’s (2011) ranking to identify high and medium riskpathogens. There was inadequate time to establish an independent ranking system, however werefer the reader to elsewhere in the report wherein we comment on the limitations of Kent’sranking for assessing the potential for a pathogen to cause population impacts on Fraser Riversockeye salmon.Risk ManagementFish health management plansFish health is one of the major management concerns for salmonid enhancement facilitiesbecause disease outbreaks can have devastating effects on the fish held in a culture facility.Many management decisions on water quality, nutrition and husbandry are intended to providethe foundation for healthy fish. Historically, these practices were not well standardized ordocumented across federal and provincial (FFSBC) facilities. Fish Health Management Plans(FHMP) are now an accepted means to develop explicit operating procedures to prevent andcontrol disease.The intent of FHMP is to set expectations for basic components of a fish health managementprogram for public and private fish culture. FHMP templates and manuals are available throughthe BC Ministry of Agriculture (BCMA) website (BCMA, 2004). A generic template isprovided to help facility operators develop site specific documents that work toward bestmanagement practices. The FHMP recognizes the challenge of defining “best management”because of the variation in species and conditions under which fish are reared and due to a lackof evidence-based management programs. However, they do describe the components and goalsneeded for basic fish health management program as defined by consensus of a working groupthat involved private and public sector professionals responsible for fish health. The FHMPs areexpected to be reviewed and updated regularly.We obtained FHMP plans from the following federal hatcheries (note – most do not producesockeye salmon): Big Qualicum, Capilano, Chehalis, Conuma, Cultus Sockeye, Inch SockeyeSatellite, Inch, Kitimat, Little Qualicum, Nitinat, Puntledge, Quinsam, Robertson, Rosewall,Shuswap, Snootli, Spius and Tenderfoot. We also obtained FHMPs from FFSBC hatcheries(Clearwater Trout Hatchery, Vancouver Island Trout Hatchery, and Fraser Valley TroutHatchery) (see Introduction for names of DFO facilities rearing sockeye salmon). Some of thefederal FHMPs were for facilities outside of our study area and therefore were not reviewed. Wedid not receive FHMP’s for the Gates, Horsefly, Nadina and Weaver Creek spawning channels,or for CEDP and PIP facilities. We could not confirm whether these FHMPS do not exist orwere not provided. We found 14 files in the documents provided to us by the <strong>Cohen</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>84
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The Cohen Commission of Inquiryinto
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Executive SummaryThe objectives of
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Columbia; none of which were unexpe
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary
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Table 7: Attributes to evaluate whe
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Table 1: Description of salmon enha
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Table 2: Summary of the locations o
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British Columbia enhancement facili
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measure and monitor fish for all ma
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government or non-government agenci
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Holdings, online at . FFSBC hatcher
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or lower in wild fish exposed to ha
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Table 3: Causal criteria used to ex
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1999). Disease dynamics can be chan
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First, there are publications conce
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Evidence of exposure of wild fish t
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Impacting the susceptibility of Fra
Page 36 and 37: Marcogliese, 2002; Ostfeld and Holt
Page 38 and 39: Experimental evidenceExperimental s
Page 40 and 41: arcticus infections in the brains o
Page 42 and 43: ut we can conclude that study desig
Page 44 and 45: about how different field sampling
Page 46 and 47: allowed for measurements of exposur
Page 48 and 49: statistically strong and makebiolog
Page 50 and 51: ecords, hatchery husbandry records
Page 52 and 53: was made for FFSBC facilities but w
Page 54 and 55: Table 8: Completeness of salmonid d
Page 56 and 57: cannot conclude it was free of a vi
Page 58 and 59: udgets for professional continuing
Page 60 and 61: Table 10: Categories of submissions
Page 62 and 63: Table 12: Average number of salmoni
Page 64 and 65: We can conclude that the diagnostic
Page 66 and 67: isk applies in BC because (1) G. sa
Page 68 and 69: Renibacterium 97 *^Bacterial kidney
Page 70 and 71: Of the data used to generate Table
Page 72 and 73: Hazard assessment summaryThe data c
Page 74 and 75: PBS fish health staff interviewed f
Page 76 and 77: salmon were in proximity to the inf
Page 78 and 79: Introductions and Transfers Committ
Page 80 and 81: The movement of eggs or fish that a
Page 82 and 83: sub-yearling smolts and yearling sm
Page 84 and 85: for migration does exist (Burgner,
Page 88 and 89: with standard operating procedures
Page 90 and 91: Pre-release risk assessment informa
Page 92 and 93: If there are early stages of diseas
Page 94 and 95: 11. Samples will be collected and f
Page 96 and 97: Table 16: Treatments recorded in av
Page 98 and 99: survival post-release and their int
Page 100 and 101: and develop ongoing disease prevent
Page 102 and 103: RecommendationsThe information defi
Page 104 and 105: Recommendation 3: Re-organize exist
Page 106 and 107: Rationale: Refinement and monitorin
Page 108 and 109: are systematically different than f
Page 110 and 111: Sub-recommendation 10b: Support a w
Page 112 and 113: Apanius V and Schad GA. 1994. Host
Page 114 and 115: Committee on the Status of Endanger
Page 116 and 117: Glover KA, Hamre LA, Skaala Ø and
Page 118 and 119: Kelso JRM, Steedman RJ and Stoddart
Page 120 and 121: McMicheal GA and Pearson TN. 1998.
Page 122 and 123: conference on early migration and p
Page 124 and 125: Thorburn MA. 1992. The randomness o
Page 126 and 127: Appendix 1: Statement of WorkScope
Page 128 and 129: Appendix 2: Report Peer Reviews and
Page 130 and 131: in health management. Sub-recommend
Page 132 and 133: Traxler’s studies are discussed i
Page 134 and 135: how prevalence is estimated. Provid
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Recommendation 7 and sub-recommenda
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11 - Carcass in stream placement fo
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treatment and our data were not rec
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4. Are the recommendations provided
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facilities from which we received p
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salmonids. We did include some exam
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pathogen or group of pathogens at t
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The review of the health records of
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unequal across facilities. The like
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available data?The researchers clai
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data and the months it took to re-a
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spawning channels that had disease
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years of fish disease data that DFO
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Appendix 3: Overview of salmonid en
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DFO Horsefly Spawning Channel Socke
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number of returning salmon “loade
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truck are used to transport fish di
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Appendix 4: Literature search key t
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Appendix 5: Averaged release data f
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Appendix 6: Annual patterns of fish
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April and November); releases in th
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Total with Spiusremoved 96 2243Sout
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2003 1 15 381 - - -2004 1 12 259 -
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2008 4 4 - 1 1 -2009 5 12 - 1 1 -20
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Project 1A - Cohen Commission

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