INTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What Determines Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> <strong>Nasal</strong> <strong>Carriage</strong>? I - 11<strong>Carriage</strong> as a Source of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> Bacteremia. N Engl J Med 344,11-16 (2001).20. Boelaert, J.R. et al. <strong>Nasal</strong> mupirocin ointment decreases theincidence of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> bacteraemias in haemodialysis patients.Nephrol Dial Transplant 8, 235-9 (1993).21. Perez-Fontan, M. et al. Treatment of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> nasalcarriers in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with mupirocin: longtermresults. Am J Kidney Dis 22, 708-12 (1993).22. Kluytmans, J. Reduction of surgical site infections in major surgeryby elimination of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>. J Hosp Infect 40Suppl B, S25-9 (1998).23. Archer, G.L. & Climo, M.W. Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> Bacteremia --Consider the Source. N Engl J Med 344, 55-56 (2001).24. Day, N.P.J. et al. A Link Between Virulence and EcologicalAbundance in Natural Populations of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>. Science 292,114-116 (2001).25. Lipsitch, M. Bacterial Population Genetics and Disease. Science292, 59-60 (2001).26. Kuroda, M. et al. Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistantStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>. Lancet 357, 1225-1240 (2001).27. Ala'Aldeen, D.A.A. & Grundmann, H. Unveiling of genetic basis ofresistance of S <strong>aureus</strong> to antibiotics. Lancet 357, 1218-1219 (2001).28. Moss, B., Squire, J.R. & Topley, E. Nose and skin carriage ofStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> in patients receiving penicillin. Lancet 1, 320-325(1948).29. Williams, R.E.O. Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>: it'sprevalence and importance. Bacteriol Rev 26, 56-71 (1963).30. Casewell, M.W. & Hill, R.L.R. The carrier state: methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>. J Antimicrob Chemother 18 Suppl A, 1-12 (1986).31. Noble, W.C., Valkenburg, H.A. & Wolters, C.H. <strong>Carriage</strong> ofStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> in random samples of a normal population. J Hyg(Lond) 65, 567-73 (1967).32. Doebbeling, B.N. <strong>Nasal</strong> and hand carriage of Staphylococcus<strong>aureus</strong> in healthcare workers. J Chemother 6 Suppl 2, 11-7 (1994).33. Casewell, M.W. & Hill, R.L. Elimination of nasal carriage ofStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> with mupirocin ('pseudomonic acid')--a controlledtrial. J Antimicrob Chemother 17, 365-72 (1986).34. Reagan, D.R. et al. Elimination of coincident Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>nasal and hand carriage with intranasal application of mupirocin calciumointment [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 114, 101-6 (1991).35. Chow, J.W. & Yu, V.L. Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> nasal carriage inhemodialysis patients. Its role in infection and approaches to prophylaxis.Arch Intern Med 149, 1258-62 (1989).36. Corbella, X. et al. Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> nasal carriage as amarker for subsequent staphylococcal infections in intensive care unitpatients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16, 351-357 (1997).37. Gould, J.C. & McKillop, E.J. The carriage of Staphylococcuspyogenes var. <strong>aureus</strong> in the human nose. J Hyg.(Lond) 52, 304-310 (1954).38. Hu, L., Umeda, A., Kondo, S. & Amako, K. Typing of Staphylococcus<strong>aureus</strong> colonising human nasal carriers by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. JMed Microbiol 42, 127-32 (1995).39. Leedom, J.M., Kennedy, R.P., Lepper, M.H., Jackson, G.G. &Dowling, H.F. Observations of the staphylococcal nasal carrier state. Ann N YAcade Sci 128, 381-403 (1965).40. Millian, S.J., Baldwin, J.N., Rheins, M.S. & Weiser, H.H. Studies onthe incidence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in a normal unconfinedpopulation. Am J Public Health 50, 791-798 (1960).41. Paul, M.O., Lamikanra, A. & Aderibigbe, D.A. <strong>Nasal</strong> carriers ofcoagulase-positive staphylococci in a Nigerian hospital community. Trans RSoc Trop Med Hyg 76, 319-23 (1982).2004 © J.L. Nouwen \ December 8 th 2004 \ Thesis: Determinants, Risks & Dynamics of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> <strong>Nasal</strong> <strong>Carriage</strong>
I - 12INTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What Determines Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> <strong>Nasal</strong> <strong>Carriage</strong>?42. Rountree, P.M. Staphylococci harboured by people in westernhighlands of New Guinea. Lancet 1, 719-720 (1956).43. Armstrong-Esther, C.A. <strong>Carriage</strong> patterns of Staphylococcus<strong>aureus</strong> in a healthy non-hospital population of adults and children. Ann HumBiol 3, 221-7 (1976).44. Goslings, W.R.O. & Buchli, K. <strong>Nasal</strong> carriage rate of antibioticresistantstaphylococci. Arch Int Med 102, 691-715 (1958).45. Hoffler, U., Bulanda, M., Heczko, P.B. & Pulverer, G. A comparisonof staphylococcal nasal carrier rates in Germany and Poland. Med MicrobiolImmunol 164, 285-290 (1978).46. Maxwell, J.G., Ford, C.R., Peterson, D.E. & Mitchell, C.R. Long-termstudy of nasal staphylococci among hospital personnel. American Journal ofSurgery 118, 849-854 (1969).47. Riewerts Eriksen, N.H., Espersen, F., Thamdrup Rosdahl, V. &Jensen, K. <strong>Carriage</strong> of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> among 104 healthy personsduring a 19 month period. Epidemiol Infect 115, 51-60 (1995).48. White, A. Quantitative studies of nasal carriers of staphylococciamong hospitalized patients. J Clin Invest 40, 23-30 (1961).49. Bruun, J.N. Post-operative wound infection: predisposing factorsand the effect of a reduction in dissemination of staphylococci. Acta MedScand 514, 1-89 (1970).50. Calia, F.M., Wolinsky, E., Mortimer, E.A., Jr., Abrams, J.S. &Rammelkamp, C.H., Jr. Importance of the carrier state as a source ofStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> in wound sepsis. J Hyg.(Lond) 67, 49-57 (1969).51. White, A. Increased infection rates in heavy nasal carriers ofcoagulase- positive staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 30, 667-670(1963).52. Van Belkum, A. et al. Coagulase and protein A polymorphisms donot contribute to persistence of nasal colonisation by Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>.J Med Microbiol 46, 222-32 (1997).53. VandenBergh, M.F. et al. Follow-up of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> nasalcarriage after 8 years: redefining the persistent carrier state. J Clin Microbiol37, 3133-40 (1999).54. Noble, W.C., Williams, R.E.O., Jevons, M.P. & Shooter, R.A. Someaspects of nasal carriage of staphylococci. J Clin Path 17, 79-83 (1964).55. Aly, R., Shinefield, H.R., Litz, C. & Maibach, H.I. Role of teichoicacid in the binding of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> to nasal epithelial cells. J InfectDis 141, 463-5 (1980).56. Carruthers, M.M. & Kabat, W.J. Mediation of staphylococcaladherence to mucosal cells by lipoteichoic acid. Infect Immun 40, 444-446(1983).57. Patti, J.M., Allen, B.L., McGavin, M.J. & Hook, M. MSCRAMMmediatedadherence of microorganisms to host tissues. Annu Rev Microbiol48, 585-617 (1994).58. Foster, T.J. & McDevitt, D. Surface-associated proteins ofStaphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>: their possible roles in virulence. FEMS Microbiol.Lett.118, 199-205 (1994).59. Espersen, F. & Clemmensen, I. Isolation of a fibronectin-bindingprotein from Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>. Infect Immun 37, 526-531 (1982).60. Shuter, J., Hatcher, V.B. & Lowy, F.D. Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong>binding to human nasal mucin. Infect Immun 64, 310-318 (1996).61. Thomas, V.L., Sanford, B.A. & Ramsay, M.A. Calcium- and mucinbindingproteins of staphylococci. J Gen Microbiol 139, 623-629 (1993).62. Sanford, B.A. & Ramsay, M.A. In vivo localization of Staphylococcus<strong>aureus</strong> in nasal tissues of healthy and influenza A virus-infected ferrets.Proc.Soc Exp.Biol.Med. 191, 163-169 (1989).63. Sanford, B.A., Thomas, V.L. & Ramsay, M.A. Binding ofstaphylococci to mucus in vivo and in vitro. Infect.Immun. 57, 3735-3742(1989).64. Biesbrock, A.R., Reddy, M.S. & Levine, M.J. Interaction of a salivary2004 © J.L. Nouwen \ December 8 th 2004 \ Thesis: Determinants, Risks & Dynamics of Staphylococcus <strong>aureus</strong> <strong>Nasal</strong> <strong>Carriage</strong>
- Page 3: Determinants, Risks & Dynamics of S
- Page 6: Natural Science:“When the ebbing
- Page 9 and 10: Introduction Chapter 1What Determin
- Page 12 and 13: What DeterminesStaphylococcus aureu
- Page 14 and 15: PPPPPPPPPPINTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/
- Page 16 and 17: PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPINTRODUCTION/ Chapte
- Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What Deter
- Page 20 and 21: PPPINTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What De
- Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What Deter
- Page 26: INTRODUCTION/ Chapter 1/ What Deter
- Page 29 and 30: II - 2DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Predi
- Page 31 and 32: PPII - 4DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Pre
- Page 33 and 34: PPPII - 6DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Pr
- Page 35 and 36: II - 8DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Predi
- Page 37 and 38: II - 10DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Pred
- Page 39 and 40: PII - 12DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Pre
- Page 41 and 42: PPPII - 14DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ P
- Page 43 and 44: II - 16DEFINITIONS/ Chapter 2/ Pred
- Page 46 and 47: The Human Factor inStaphylococcus a
- Page 48 and 49: PPPDETERMINANTS/ Chapter 3/ The Hum
- Page 50 and 51: DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 3/ The Human
- Page 52 and 53: PPDETERMINANTS/ Chapter 3/ The Huma
- Page 54 and 55: DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 3/ The Human
- Page 56 and 57: DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 3/ The Human
- Page 62 and 63: P PP PSmoking Pattern &Fasting Gluc
- Page 64 and 65: PPPOurPPPPPPPPPDETERMINANTS/ Chapte
- Page 66 and 67: PPPDETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking
- Page 68 and 69: DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking Pa
- Page 70 and 71: DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking Pa
- Page 72 and 73:
DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking Pa
- Page 74 and 75:
PPPPPPDETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smok
- Page 76 and 77:
DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking Pa
- Page 78 and 79:
PPDETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking
- Page 80 and 81:
DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 4/ Smoking Pa
- Page 86 and 87:
P PP PStaphylococcus aureus Nasal C
- Page 88 and 89:
PS.PPHowever,PPPPDETERMINANTS/ Chap
- Page 90 and 91:
DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 5/ Staphyloco
- Page 92:
DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 5/ Staphyloco
- Page 95 and 96:
PPPIII - 50DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 6/
- Page 97 and 98:
PPPPPPIII - 52DETERMINANTS/ Chapter
- Page 99 and 100:
PPPPPIII - 54DETERMINANTS/ Chapter
- Page 101:
III - 56DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 6/ St
- Page 105 and 106:
PPPPPPPPIII - 60DETERMINANTS/ Chapt
- Page 107 and 108:
PPPP1999III - 62DETERMINANTS/ Chapt
- Page 109 and 110:
III - 64DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 7/ Fu
- Page 111 and 112:
III - 66DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 7/ Fu
- Page 113 and 114:
PPPPPPIII - 68DETERMINANTS/ Chapter
- Page 115 and 116:
III - 70DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 7/ Fu
- Page 117 and 118:
III - 72DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 7/ Fu
- Page 119 and 120:
III - 74DETERMINANTS/ Chapter 7/ Fu
- Page 122 and 123:
PPPPPEffect ofStaphylococcus aureus
- Page 124 and 125:
RISKS/ Chapter 8/ Effect of Staphyl
- Page 126 and 127:
RISKS/ Chapter 8/ Effect of Staphyl
- Page 128 and 129:
RISKS/ Chapter 8/ Effect of Staphyl
- Page 130 and 131:
Table 2 Antibiotic Use Incidence Ra
- Page 132 and 133:
RISKS/ Chapter 8/ Effect of Staphyl
- Page 134:
RISKS/ Chapter 8/ Effect of Staphyl
- Page 137 and 138:
IV - 16RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persistent
- Page 139 and 140:
PPPPPIV - 18RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persi
- Page 141 and 142:
IV - 20RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persistent
- Page 143 and 144:
PIV - 22RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persisten
- Page 145 and 146:
IV - 24RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persistent
- Page 147 and 148:
IV - 26RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persistent
- Page 149 and 150:
PPPIV - 28RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persist
- Page 151 and 152:
PPPPPIV - 30RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persi
- Page 153 and 154:
PPPPTable 5 Infection incidence rat
- Page 155 and 156:
IV - 34RISKS/ Chapter 9/ Persistent
- Page 158 and 159:
P PP PP PStaphylococcus aureus Carr
- Page 160 and 161:
PPPPRISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphylococc
- Page 162 and 163:
PPPRISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphylococcu
- Page 164 and 165:
PPPIntermittent,PHUS1P2P4PP60P1P14P
- Page 166 and 167:
RISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphylococcus a
- Page 168 and 169:
PPPPPPPRISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphyloc
- Page 170 and 171:
IV - 49 RISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphylo
- Page 172:
RISKS/ Chapter 10/ Staphylococcus a
- Page 176 and 177:
PV - 2DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacteria
- Page 178 and 179:
PV - 4DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacteria
- Page 180 and 181:
PPPV - 6DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacter
- Page 182 and 183:
V - 8DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacterial
- Page 184 and 185:
PPPPV - 10DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bact
- Page 186 and 187:
V - 12DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacteria
- Page 188 and 189:
Table 3 Artificial inoculation with
- Page 190:
V - 16DYNAMICS/ Chapter 11/Bacteria
- Page 193 and 194:
PPPPVI - 2GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapt
- Page 195 and 196:
PPPPPVI - 4GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chap
- Page 197 and 198:
PVI - 6GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter
- Page 199 and 200:
PPPPPPPInPVI - 8GENERAL DISCUSSION/
- Page 201 and 202:
VI - 10GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter
- Page 203 and 204:
VI - 12GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter
- Page 206 and 207:
Algehele Discussie,Samenvatting&Toe
- Page 208 and 209:
PPGENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter 13/Al
- Page 210 and 211:
PPPGENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter 13/A
- Page 212 and 213:
PPGENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter 13/Al
- Page 214 and 215:
GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter 13/Alge
- Page 216 and 217:
GENERAL DISCUSSION/ Chapter 13/Alge
- Page 220 and 221:
DankwoordAuteura a a a a a a a a a
- Page 222 and 223:
TG & CV/ Chapter 14/Dankwoord. VI -
- Page 224:
TG & CV/ Chapter 14/Dankwoord. VI -
- Page 227 and 228:
VI - 36TG & CV/ Chapter 15/Curricul
- Page 230 and 231:
Bibliographya a a a a a a a a a a a
- Page 232 and 233:
TG & CV/ Chapter 16/Bibliography. V
- Page 234:
SMOKING KILLS!ALSOSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AU