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4.5 Location of tree roosts .....................................................................................414.6 How many tree holes do bats need?.................................................................415. Foraging in woodlands.................................................................................................425.1 Foraging strategies...........................................................................................425.2 Foraging habitats..............................................................................................435.3 Prey variety and home range............................................................................445.4 Nutritional requirements ..................................................................................456. Methods for woodland managers to identify elements of woodland important to bats466.1 1st step: Recognising potential habitats...........................................................466.2 2nd step: Active search for roosts, flight paths and foraging habitats.............476.2.1 Mapping of tree holes ..........................................................................476.2.2 Finding occupied trees by indirect features .........................................476.2.3 Listening for social calls from occupied tree roosts ............................486.2.4 Control of existing bat boxes ...............................................................486.3 When to employ a bat specialist?.....................................................................487. How does woodland management impinge on woodland bats? ..................................497.1 Density of roosts ..............................................................................................507.2 Foraging areas..................................................................................................517.3 Protected areas .................................................................................................517.4 Artificial roosts ................................................................................................527.4.1 Bat boxes..............................................................................................527.4.2 High seats.............................................................................................577.4.3 Artificial hibernacula ...........................................................................577.4.4 Personal conclusions............................................................................588. Examples of good woodland management practice.....................................................589. References....................................................................................................................5910. Authors.........................................................................................................................89
1. Legal aspectsThere are three international treaties requiring the legal protection of bats and their habitats inEurope: The EU Habitats Directive, the Berne Convention and the EUROBATS Agreement.EU Member States must implement the regulations of the Habitats Directive, which coverobligations and recommendations from the Berne Convention and the EUROBATSAgreement at the same time. Non-EU Member States that have joined the Berne Conventionor the EUROBATS Agreement (Table 1) should also implement the legal obligations listedby those treaties, as they accepted them through their accession.The implementation of the relevant international obligations must be transposed into nationallaw in all three cases. There is very little information currently available about specificlegislation concerning bat conservation in European countries and even less about cases ofprosecution. For this reason, we concentrate on a summary of the relevant regulations,highlight the current dispute within the EU about the interpretation of Article 12 of theHabitats Directive, and report about the situation in Germany as an example of nationalimplementation.1.1 The Berne ConventionArticle 6 of the ‘Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats’(Berne Convention) reads:“Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative andadministrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild fauna speciesspecified in Appendix II. The following will in particular be prohibited for thesespecies:a. all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing;b. the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites;c. the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period ofbreeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significantin relation to the objectives of this Convention; ...”Appendix II lists strictly protected fauna species, including “Microchiroptera, all speciesexcept Pipistrellus pipistrellus”.1.2 The EUROBATS AgreementThe ‘Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats’ (EUROBATS) wasnegotiated under the ‘Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Wild Species’ (BonnConvention) and came into force in January 1994. The legal protection of bats and theirhabitats are given in Article III as fundamental obligations:“1. Each Party shall prohibit the deliberate capture, keeping or killing of batsexcept under permit from its competent authority.9
Page 3: English Nature Research ReportsNumb
Page 7: ContentsPreamble1. Legal aspects...
Page 11 and 12: to the Agreement decided that the c
Page 13 and 14: Country European Community EUROBATS
Page 15 and 16: types in Europe where many of the e
Page 17 and 18: • the European Commission initiat
Page 19 and 20: Foraging areas: Central European sp
Page 21 and 22: Other roosts: In foraging areas and
Page 23 and 24: Brandt’s bat travels up to 250 ki
Page 25 and 26: others 2004). Maternity colonies al
Page 27 and 28: 1995, The Netherlands: Limpens and
Page 29 and 30: from a maternity colony covered a t
Page 31 and 32: hibernaculum is the Levensau Bridge
Page 33 and 34: female (Fuhrmann and others 2002).
Page 35 and 36: Foraging areas: In Central Europe f
Page 37 and 38: Table 2 Importance of tree holes fo
Page 39 and 40: sites it was found that the possibi
Page 41 and 42: advancing age of a tree its potenti
Page 43 and 44: floor up to the canopy and beyond c
Page 45 and 46: Table 6 Overview of the most freque
Page 47 and 48: 6.2 2nd step: Active search for roo
Page 49 and 50: This first approach to a woodland b
Page 51 and 52: number of tree-dwelling birds in pr
Page 53 and 54: Types of boxes used by batsThere ar
Page 55 and 56: oxes exposed to the sun. As an exam
Page 57 and 58: Con: Bats use bat boxes selectively
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9. ReferencesABULADZE, A., BUXNIKAS
Page 61 and 62:
BEKKER, J.P. 1990. Ervaringen met v
Page 63 and 64:
BRAUN, M., & HÄUSSLER, U. 2003c. K
Page 65 and 66:
Ökologie und Verbreitung von Arten
Page 67 and 68:
(Germany). In: PRIEDE, I. G. & SWIF
Page 69 and 70:
(Nyctalus leisleri) sowie zur Besie
Page 71 and 72:
HEISE, G. 1985. Zu Vorkommen, Phän
Page 73 and 74:
JONES, G. 1990. Prey selection by t
Page 75 and 76:
(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). - P
Page 77 and 78:
Ökologie und Verbreitung von Arten
Page 79 and 80:
PÉREZ, J. L. & IBÁÑEZ, C. 1991.
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ROTTMANN, R., BOYE, P. & MEINIG, H.
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SCHORCHT, W., and others. 2002. Zur
Page 85 and 86:
STUTZ, H.-P. B. & HAFFNER, M. 1989.
Page 87 and 88:
WAGNER, M., KERTH, G. & KÖNIG, B.
Page 89:
10. AuthorsDr. Peter Boye became fa
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working today for nature tomorrow - Justus-Liebig-UniversitÃ¤t GieÃen