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3.3.4 Combination of question types in a query.Table 3.3. Definition of Classes of Question Types.Yes-No Yes-NoFactoid Name, Location, TimeMixed Description, ConsultationNon-Factoid How-to, Evaluation, ReasonFigure 3.2 shows a ratio of frequencies in the combinations of question typeswithin a query. The labels in this bar chart, that are Yes-No, Factoid, non-factoidand Mixed, are defined in Table 3.3.4, which indicate classes of annotated questiontypes. Mixed types are defined for Description and Consultation questiontypes, because these two types can be classified to both factoid and non-factoidquestions depending on the contents of question. These classes of question typesare assigned to horizontal and vertical axes in the graph, each bar indicates aratio of co-occurrence frequency corresponding to question types in both axes tothe frequency of the question types in vertical axis.As shown in Figure 3.2, the cases that the same question types co-occur in aquery appear the most frequently in all classes of question types. The chart alsoindicates that Yes-No type frequently occurs compared with other classes, i.e.,Factoid, Non-factoid and Mixed. Especially, Yes-No type occurs more frequentlyin Mixed than in Factoid and Non-factoid. Contrarily, in the case of queries comprisingYes-No type questions, other three types occur in about similar frequenciesof co-occurrence. Besides Yes-No types, there is no salient difference of ratio ofco-occurrence between two different question types of Factoid, Non-factoid andMixed.3.3.5 Inter-annotator agreement for question type annotationThe agreement for question type annotation was calculated sentence-by-sentence.Question type was annotated for passages, consequently, the question type for asentence is not confirmed in this state. The question type of a passage is assigned24
Figure 3.2. Combinations of Question Types in a Query.to the sentence that contains the passage. A sentence containing more than onequestion item was handled as having more than one question type. In this case,the agreement for question type annotation was assumed to agree when all thequestion types of the sentence matched. The F-measure 4 as used in the evaluationof MUC was used for the inter-annotator agreement for question type annotation.The F-measure can be defined by equation 3.1.P (t) and R(t) are calculated according to the equations 3.2 and 3.3 wherethe numbers of questions, which annotator A and annotator B classified intoquestion type t, are represented by C(A, t) and C(B, t), respectively, and thenumber of questions, which both rater A and rater B classified into question typet, is represented by C(A, B, t).4 http://www–nlpir.nist.gov/related projects/muc/proceedings/muc 7 proceedings/muc7 score intro.pdf25
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[10] Regina Barzilay. Information F
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[29] Yoav Freund and Robert E. Scha
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[47] Chiori Hori, Takaaki Hori, Hid
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[63] Mingzhe Jin. Authorship attrib
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[84] Christopher D. Manning and Hin
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[122] Akihiro Shinmori, Manabu Okum
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[161] Yudong Yang and HongJiang Zha
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