Matter and Its Properties

Physical Scienceby Timothy SandowGenre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science ContentNonfiction Cause and Effect • Captions• Labels• GlossaryMatterScott Foresman Science 3.10ì

Vocabularyatombuoyancydensityelementmassmatterperiodic tablepressurepropertyvolumeMatter and Its PropertiesWhat did you learn?1. How can you show that air has volume and takesup space? by Timothy Sandow2. How are the particles of a solid different thanparticles of a liquid or a gas?3. Where would you look to find out if something isan element?4. In this book you readabout measuring volume. Write to explainhow you would measure the volume of a trunk.Include details from the book.5. Cause and Effect What propertycauses an object to float? Describe the effect ofthis property.Illustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh StudiosPhotographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit forphotographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to itsattention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of ScottForesman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit;4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK ImagesISBN: 0-328-13835-5Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication isprotected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher priorto any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyform by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Forinformation regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

How can we describe matter?A World of MatterAll of the things you see around you are made ofmatter. Matter is anything that takes up space andhas mass. You can sense the mass of an object by howheavy it feels. You can see that air takes up spacewhen you blow up a balloon.A property is something about matter that youcan see, hear, touch, or smell. A ball looks round. Itfeels smooth or bumpy. It can be hard or soft. It makesa sound when you bounce it. You can smell a flower tolearn about its properties.2 3

States of MatterNearly all matter is a solid, aliquid, or a gas. Each kind of matteris made of very tiny particles. Theparticles are so small that wecannot see them. The particles arealways moving. In some kinds ofmatter, they move a little. In otherkinds of matter, they move a lot.SolidsA bowling ball is a solid. Like other solids, it keepsits shape. It stays round. In a solid, all the tinyparticles are packed tightly together. They jiggle veryfast, but they stay in place.Solid particles thatjiggle in place45

Liquid particles that slidepast each otherGasesGases do not have a shape. Air is a gas. Tiny gasparticles are not connected to each other. They bounceoff each other as they move freely in space. Unlikesolids and liquids, the amount of space that air takesup can change.When air is pumped into a ball, it expands. Itpushes against the inside of the ball. This pushingis called pressure. The air particles get more tightlypressed together as you pump more air in.LiquidsOrange juice is a liquid. It takes the shape of theglass it is in. It will take a new shape if poured intoa different glass. The particles of liquids are looselyconnected. The particles can flow past one another.What if you poured the juice into a new container? Itwill still take up the same amount of space.6Gas particlesthat bounce offeach other7

Parts of MatterWhat happens if you break a chunk of gold intosmaller pieces? Each particle of gold is still the mattergold. Gold is an element. An element is matter madeof a single type of particle too small to see.Most matter is made out of many types of particles.The smallest particle of an element that has all theproperties of that element is an atom. Gold is madeup only of atoms of gold. Clayis an example of matter made Periodic Table of Elementsup of different kinds of atoms.1Atoms act together to giveHHydrogenmatter its properties.3LiLithium4BeBerylliumScientists have done experiments to find out howmany different elements there are in matter. Theirexperiments show that there are more than onehundred different elements. Scientists list all theseelements in a table. It is called the periodic table ofelements. The elements are placed on the table nearother elements with the same properties.5BState at Room Temperature= Solid = Liquid = Gas6C7NBoron Carbon Nitrogen2HeHelium8 910O F NeOxygen Fluorine NeonClay is made of manydifferent kinds of atoms.11NaSodium19KPotassium12MgMagnesium20CaCalcium21ScScandium22TiTitanium23VVanadium24CrChromium25MnManganese26FeIron27CoCobalt28NiNickel29CuCopper30ZnZinc13AIAluminum31GaGallium1432SiSiliconGeGermanium15PPhosphorus33AsArsenic1634SSulfurSeSelenium1735CIChlorineBrBromine1836ArArgonKrKrypton37RbRubidium38SrStrontium39YYttrium40ZrZirconium41NbNiobium42MoMolybdenum43TcTechnetium44RuRuthenium45RhRhodium46PdPalladium47AgSilver48CdCadmium49InIndium50SnTin51SbAntimony52TeTellurium53IIodine54XeXenon55CsCesium56BaBarium71LuLutetium72HfHafnium73TaTantalum74WTungsten75ReRhenium76OsOsmium77IrIridium78PtPlatinum79AuGold80HgMercury81TIThallium82PbLead83BiBismuth84PoPolonium85AtAstatine86RnRadon87FrFrancium88RaRadium103LrLawrencium104RfRutherfordium105DbDubnium106SgSeaborgium107BhBohrium108HsHassium109MtMeitnerium110DsDarmstadtium111RgRoentgenium112UubUnunbium11311411511611711857LaLanthanum89AcActinium58CeCerium90ThThorium59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy HoPraseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf EsProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumErErbiumFmFermiumTmThuliumMdMendeleviumYbYtterbiumNoNobelium89

How are properties ofmatter measured?Tools for Measuring MassOne property of matter that you can measureis mass. Mass is the amount of matter an objecthas. A balance measures mass. The metric units formeasuring mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg).One kilogram has 1,000 grams.An object’s mass is the same no matter where itis. But the weight of an object can be different indifferent places. Things have different weights onEarth than they do on the Moon. A scale is usedto measure weight.Tools for Measuring VolumeAnother property of matter you can measure isvolume. The volume of an object is the amount ofspace that the object takes up. You use a measuringcup or graduated cylinder to measure the volume ofliquids.The metric unit for measuring the volume of aliquid is the liter (L). We can also measure smallamounts of liquid in milliliters (mL). One liter has1,000 milliliters.The volume of the milkin this jug is about 2L.A balance measures mass. The wholetoy has the same mass as its parts.The volume of orangejuice in this bottle isabout 1L.1011

Tools for Measuring Other PropertiesSize is another property that can be measured. Thedistance from one end of something to the other isits length. The basic unit for measuring length is themeter (m). We use millimeters (mm) and centimeters(cm) to measure small things. One meter is 100 cm or1,000 mm. We use kilometers (km) to measure longdistances. One kilometer is 1,000 meters.14A cubic unit is a cube used to measure volume of asolid. A cube that is 1 centimeter on all sides has thevolume of 1 cubic centimeter. To find the volume of abox, put cubes of the same size into the box, and fill it.The volume of the box is a measurement of how manycubic units it takes to fill the box.Some objects are too small to see easily. Use amagnifying glass to make things look larger. Thenyou can see their properties better.15

Glossary Vocabularyatombuoyancydensitybuoyancyelementdensity massmatterelement periodic tablepressuremasspropertymatter volumethe smallest particle of a substancethat has the properties ofthat substancehow well an object floats in a liquidor rises in air or a gashow much matter is in a certainamount of spacea substance made up of a singletype of particlethe amount of matter anyobject containsanything that takes up space andhas weightWhat did you learn?1. How can you show that air has volume and takesup space?2. How are the particles of a solid different thanparticles of a liquid or a gas?3. Where would you look to find out if something isan element?4. In this book you readabout measuring volume. Write to explainhow you would measure the volume of a trunk.Include details from the book.5. Cause and Effect What propertycauses an object to float? Describe the effect ofthis property.periodic table a table that arranges the elementsIllustrations: 5, 6, 7 Big Sesh StudiosPhotographs: Every effort has been of made matter to secure according permission and provide to appropriate their credit forpropertiesphotographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to itsattention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of ScottForesman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)Opener: ©Taxi/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 2 ©Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit;4 (BC) Corbis, (BR) Brand X Pictures, (BL) Alamy; 5 (BL) ©DK Imagespressure how hard something presses onISBN: 0-328-13835-5something elseCopyright © Pearson Education, Inc.property something about an object that canAll Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication isprotected by Copyright andbepermissionobservedshould be obtained from the publisher priorto any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyform by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Forvolumeinformation regarding permissions, the amount write to: Permissions of space Department, an object Scott Foresman,1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.takes up3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 0516