Interview with Psychiatristare drinking: when you first taste alcohol, at whatever age that is, your first drink makes you feel giddy.But if someone becomes dependent on alcohol, they can drink a bottle of whisky and appear sober.That’s because over time, they have increased and increased and increased the amount that they’redrinking and they have become tolerant to the alcohol – and it’s the same with heroin, cocaine and alldrugs of abuse, you see this process of tolerance developing.However, it is not just nature but it’s nurture as well: as well as any biological determinant orpredilection, there’s what happens in your life. There is very clear evidence that some life events canlead people into problems with substances. So that could be anything from the break up of arelationship, to losing your job, or exposure to trauma – those can be ‘trigger events’ for people to endup using substances. One common mechanism for why people use substances is as an emotionalanaesthetic – they use it to block out feelings that are too difficult. To summarise, there are probablybiological reasons, some ways in which the person is made that make them vulnerable; but also thereare a range of environmental factors – stress, trauma – which can lead people into substance use. It’sa combination of the two that leads people down the path of addiction.AP: Does socio-economic background play a part in whether people become drug addicts?Dr OBJ: It’s a difficult question because the key features are not necessarily which socio-economicpath you’re from, but rather how much trauma you are exposed to, and how available substances areas a way of dealing with that trauma. In some socio-economic groups you’re more exposed to drugsand trauma than others; although that’s just a generalisation of course. There is also a cultural issuein that the acceptability of drug use is different in different parts of society. Whether it’s people using aline of cocaine and thinking that’s fine but heroin is absolutely unacceptable; or whether it’s peoplegoing to clubs and saying ketamin is an acceptable drug to use but they would never drink – there areall these different expectations around drug use. I think that’s crucial in terms of how people weigh upthe risk. The understanding of the dangerousness of drugs is quite a complicated issue and it’saffected by socio-economic class, culture and where you get your information from.AP: So let’s think about Lucy in The Knot of the Heart. How typical is her case, as a middle class,successful young woman in television, who develops a heroin addiction?Dr OBJ: It’s interesting, because the play suggests that there might be some sort of pre-disposingvulnerability from her genetic make-up, in that it’s alluded to that both her parents have an alcoholdependence. So, firstly, you wonder whether Lucy is carrying a genetic vulnerability to addiction. Whatis particularly difficult for Lucy is that in a way she’s got a double stigma – the stigma of addiction, butalso the stigma of addiction to heroin in a socio-economic group that typically doesn’t use heroin. Ifshe was addicted to alcohol, the stigma would be less than it being heroin. Having said that, it’s verydifficult to generalise drugs to different socio-economic groups. What you do tend to see is that whenpeople start getting into real trouble around their substances, they tend to start un-tethering fromsociety, and falling through the cracks in society. So the moment you start losing your job, and yourrelationships with your family and friends, suddenly things go downhill pretty quickly and it doesn’tmatter which socio-economic group you’re drawn from – once you get into that process of addiction,things go wrong often quite quickly.AP: Which is what we see with the development of Lucy’s addiction?Dr OBJ: Absolutely. Lucy begins as someone highly successful, but the moment her addiction takeshold, things fall to pieces really very quickly for her.AP: How might Lucy have developed her drug addiction? Is there any evidence for so-called ‘gateway’drugs?Dr OBJ: There is some evidence around gateway substances; although probably the only robustevidence for gateway substances is tobacco – so, if you don’t smoke tobacco, your risk of being39Resource Pack: The Knot of the Heart
Dr Owen Bowden-Jones talking to Michael Attenborough and Lisa Dillon in rehearsalPhoto: Matt Humphreyaddicted to any other drugs is pretty low. Now of course loads of people smoke nicotine but don’t useany other substances, so I’m not saying it’s causal – that if you smoke you will automatically useother drugs – but the only actual evidence we have around gateway drugs is for nicotine. I think theimportant thing to think about with drugs is that people talk about ‘drugs’ as one thing, but actuallydrugs are all very different and create very different effects. So people who use cocaine use it to havea good time, to party, to get high; but heroin is a depressant, like alcohol. So when Lucy’s usingheroin, she’s using it to dampen herself, dampen her feelings and emotions, and sedate herself,emotionally.AP: Do you think the relationship with her mother has anything to do with her substance abuse?Dr OBJ: I think one of the really interesting aspects of this play is the relationship between Lucy andher mother. Although we talked about addiction and the effects of that on Lucy, in a way her addictionis the vehicle through which we see in Lucy and, to some extent, her mother, trying to understandtheir relationship. And the relationship begins as a pretty corrosive process for both of them, anddestructive and dependent. That’s illustrated very well in some of the scenes where Lucy’s mothercomes to pick her up from the rehab and there’s this incredible tension between Lucy trying to decidebetween staying in treatment and going back to this relationship with her mother, which then leads towhat she chooses and then leads to her relapse. However, the optimistic thing about the play is thatthrough this process of understanding her addiction, Lucy begins to understand the relationship withher mother and understand just how destructive and co-dependent that relationship is. I think thatgives a real richness to the play. And whilst the play is of course around addiction, it is as much abouthow mother and daughter find new ways to understand each other and relate to each other.AP: Do you think the play addresses the stereotypes around drug use?Dr OBJ: One of the ways in which the play is very successful is that it challenges our stereotypesaround drug use. The sort of stereotype of heroin addiction is injecting at a bus shelter – it’sTrainspotting, and it’s social deprivation associated with injecting drug use. I think one of the ways theplay is successful is that it challenges that stereotype, it shows us that addiction to substances issomething that is pervasive across society, it’s not just a particular group that suffer with it. Lucy is agood example of someone who has fallen into her addiction, despite having a pretty good start in life,Interview with PsychiatristResource Pack: The Knot of the Heart 40