The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System

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xiiContents10 Smaller planets and irregular satellites 29410.1 Introduction 29410.2 Mars 29510.2.1 Mars according to accretion theories 29610.2.2 Mars according to the planet-collision hypothesis 29610.2.3 The Martian crust 29810.2.4 The COM–COF offset 30010.2.5 Polar wander on Mars 30210.3 A general description of Mercury 30310.3.1 Mercury and accretion theories 30510.3.2 Mercury and the Capture Theory 30610.4 Neptune, Pluto and Triton 30710.4.1 Encounter scenarios for the Neptune–Triton–Pluto system 30810.4.2 Comments on the Neptune–Triton–Pluto system 31110.5 Irregular satellites 31310.6 Summary 31411 Asteroids, meteorites and comets 31611.1 Asteroid formation 31611.2 Meteorites 31711.2.1 Stony meteorites 31811.3 Stony irons 32211.4 Iron meteorites 32411.5 Information from meteorites 32511.6 Isotopic anomalies in meteorites 32611.6.1 Oxygen isotopic anomalies 32711.6.2 Magnesium in meteorites 32811.6.3 Neon in meteorites 33011.6.4 Anomalies in silicon carbide grains 33111.6.5 The deuterium anomaly 33211.7 Explanations of isotopic anomalies in meteorites 33211.7.1 A planetary collision origin for isotopic anomalies 33411.8 Comets—a general survey 35411.8.1 New comets and the Oort cloud 35711.9 The inner-cloud scenario 36411.10 Kuiper-belt objects 36611.11 Comets from the planetary collision 36711.12 Ideas about the origin and features of small bodies 368
ContentsxiiiPART 4The current state of theories 37112 Comparisons of the main theories 37312.1 The basis of making comparisons 37312.2 The Proto-planet Theory reviewed 37412.3 The Modern Laplacian Theory reviewed 37612.4 The Solar Nebula Theory reviewed 37712.5 The Capture Theory reviewed 37912.6 General conclusion 383APPENDICESI The Chandrasekhar limit, neutron stars and black holes 386II The Virial Theorem 391III Smoothed particle hydrodynamics 393IV The Bondi and Hoyle accretion mechanism 398V The Poynting–Robertson effect 401References 402Index 408
Page 1 and 2: The Origin and Evolution of the Sol
Page 5 and 6: ContentsIntroductionxvPART 1The gen
Page 7 and 8: ContentsixPART 2Setting the theoret
Page 9: Contentsxi7.3 Angular momentum 2257
Page 14 and 15: xviIntroductionwhich they provide a
Page 16 and 17: 4 The structure of the Solar System
Page 23 and 24: Planetary structure 11Figure 1.4. T
Page 25 and 26: Planetary structure 13Figure 1.5. S
Page 27 and 28: Satellite systems, rings and planet
Page 43 and 44: Asteroids 31a precise estimate of t
Page 45 and 46: Asteroids 33Figure 1.17. A schemati
Page 47 and 48: Meteorites 35for in this way. Other
Page 49 and 50: Meteorites 37types of meteorites th
Page 51 and 52: Meteorites 39Figure 1.21. An etched
Page 53 and 54: Comets 41these anomalies contain a
Page 55 and 56: Comets 43Figure 1.23. The structure
Page 57 and 58: Comets 45of the Solar System indica
Page 59 and 60: Stars and stellar evolution 47Figur
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Stars and stellar evolution 49Figur
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The formation of dense interstellar
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The evolution of proto-stars 73Figu
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Observations of star formation 75Be
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Observation of young stars 77Figure
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Theories of star formation 79Figure
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Theories of star formation 81small
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Theories of star formation 83and su
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Planets around other stars 95(a)(b)
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Planets around other stars 97Figure
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Circumstellar discs 99e.g. Vega, ha
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The nature of scientific theories 1
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3.2 Required features of theoriesRe
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Required features of theories 105to
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Required features of theories 107Th
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Chapter 4Theories up to 19604.1 The
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The historical background 113Figure
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The historical background 115Figure
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Buffon’s comet theory 117writing
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The Laplace nebula theory 119Figure
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The Roche model 1214.4 The Roche mo
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The Roche model 123Figure 4.7. A sa
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The Chamberlin and Moulton planetes
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The Jeans tidal theory 127(i) stell
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The Jeans tidal theory 129Figure 4.
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y ×The Jeans tidal theory 131(4.
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The Schmidt-Lyttleton accretion the
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The Schmidt-Lyttleton accretion the
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The major problems revealed 137were
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The major problems revealed 139suma
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Chapter 5A brief survey of modern t
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The Proto-planet Theory 145their ra
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The Capture Theory 147Figure 5.3. T
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The Solar Nebula Theory 1495.4 The
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The Modern Laplacian Theory 151(iii
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The Modern Laplacian Theory 153Figu
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5.6 Analysing the modern theoriesAn
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Formation of the Sun: dualistic the
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Formation of the Sun: monistic theo
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Formation of the Sun: monistic theo
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andFormation of the Sun: monistic t
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Formation of planets 169but, of cou
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Formation of planets 171been brough
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Formation of planets 173Figure 6.5.
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Formation of planets 175Figure 6.8.
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Formation of planets 177Figure 6.10
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Formation of planets 179Table 6.3.
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Formation of planets 185within whic
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Formation of planets 187Table 6.4.
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and the time-scale for the formatio
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Formation of planets 193the main ne
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Formation of satellites 1956.5 Form
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Formation of satellites 197Figure 6
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Formation of satellites 203field pe
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Successes and remaining problems of
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Successes and remaining problems of
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Chapter 7Planetary orbits and angul
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The evolution of planetary orbits 2
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Initial planetary orbits 221Figure
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Initial planetary orbits 223Table 7
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Angular momentum 225Figure 7.9. Var
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Angular momentum 227it is not possi
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The spin axes of the Sun and the pl
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Chapter 8A planetary collision8.1 I
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Interactions between proto-planets
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The Earth and Venus 245being subjec
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The Earth and Venus 247Figure 8.6.
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The Earth and Venus 249Table 8.3. P
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Chapter 9The Moon9.1 The origin of
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The origin of the Earth-Moon system
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The chemistry of the Earth and the
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The chemistry of the Earth and the
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The physical structure of the Moon
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Lunar magnetism 283Figure 9.19. The
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Lunar magnetism 285isted. Another i
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Lunar magnetism 289much smaller tha
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Summary 293The maximum magnetizing
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Mars 295of regular satellites since
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Mars 297Figure 10.1. The densities
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Mars 299Figure 10.2. The structure
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Mars 301Figure 10.4. A model for Ma
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A general description of Mercury 30
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A general description of Mercury 30
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Neptune, Pluto and Triton 307Table
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Neptune, Pluto and Triton 309Table
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Neptune, Pluto and Triton 311where
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Irregular satellites 313It could be
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Summary 315sumed to be close in to
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Meteorites 317and Dodd 1973). This
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Meteorites 319Table 11.1. Percentag
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Meteorites 32111.2.1.2 AchondritesA
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Stony irons 323(a)(b)Figure 11.1. (
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Information from meteorites 325Figu
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Isotopic anomalies in meteorites 32
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Explanations of isotopic anomalies
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Comets—a general survey 355Figure
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Comets—a general survey 357popula
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Comets—a general survey 361the ra
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The inner-cloud scenario 365to have
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Comets from the planetary collision
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Ideas about the origin and features
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374 Comparisons of the main theorie
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Appendix IThe Chandrasekhar limit,
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388 The Chandrasekhar limit, neutro
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390 The Chandrasekhar limit, neutro
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392 The Virial TheoremCombining the
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394 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics
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396 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics
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Appendix IVThe Bondi and Hoyle accr
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400 The Bondi and Hoyle accretion m
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ReferencesAarseth S J 1968 Bull. As
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404 ReferencesFreeman J W 1978 The
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406 ReferencesMullis A M 1991 Geoph
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IndexAannestad P A, 61Aarseth S J,
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410 Indexcirculation, 132circumstel
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412 Indexgrain formation, 347-349Gr
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414 Indexlunarbasalt, , 286highland
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416 Indexdiscovery, 7Great Dark Spo
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418 Indexformation, 145, 148, 195-2
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420 IndexVan Flandern T C, 308, 310
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The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System

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