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Plenty more fish in the sea? RFMOs that manage fish stocks by region:3.22 > RFMOs that manage highly migratory fish species, mainly tuna:• North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)• Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)• North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO)• South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)• South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)• South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation(SPRFMO)• Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine LivingResources (CCAMLR)• General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)• Convention on the Conservation and Management of PollockResources in the Central Bering Sea (CCBSP)• International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas(ICCAT)• Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)• Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)• Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)• Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program(AIDCP)• Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna(CCSBT)
68> Chapter 033.23 > Rockall, offIreland. At its baseis a marine areaconsidered to be oneof the most speciesrichand deservingof protection in thenortheast Atlantic.lem is that corals grow very slowly, usually only a fewmillimetres each year. So it can take decades for the habitatsto recover. Studies at several neighbouring seamountsoff Tasmania have shown that 43 per cent of the specieswere previously unknown and thus could be unique. Inareas where demersal trawls were used, the total numberof species was diminished to 59 per cent of the originalnumber. 95 per cent of the surface was reduced to bare,stony bedrock. It is thus highly conceivable that endemicspecies that only exist at a single seamount could be completelyexterminated.Is it possible to protect the deep sea?species that are vulnerable to overfishing. They relate tomethods by which the fishing gear comes into contactwith the sea floor. These guidelines, by definition, shouldregulate protection in international waters outside theExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), where freedom of theseas and fishing is recognized. The FAO refers to areasdeserving protection as vulnerable marine ecosystems(VMEs). In addition to banks, seamounts and cold-watercoral areas, these include large species-rich sponge communitiesas well as densely populated undersea hydrothermalvents and cold seeps. The following criteria areused to determine whether a marine area is given the statusof a VME:In 2008, in response to the growing knowledge that deepseahabitats are especially threatened by fisheries, theFAO established the International Guidelines for the Managementof Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas. Theseguidelines are not legally binding. They do, however,contain clear recommendations for the protection of fish1. UNIQUENESS OR RARITY:Ecosystems that are unique or contain rare species. Theloss of the ecosystem cannot be compensated for bysimilar ecosystems. These include: habitats with endemicspecies, habitats with endangered species, breeding orspawning areas.
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