Issue Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory ... - Words in Space

Issue Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory Constructivism ParticipatoryOntology: dealingwith the nature ofbeingNaive realism -"real" reality butapprehendibleREALIST: Realityexists independent ofobserver'sperceptions andoperates accordingto immutable naturallaws that often takecause/effect form.TRUTH is defined asthat set ofstatements thataccurately describereality.Critical realism -"real" reality but onlyimperfectly andprobabilisticallyapprehensibleHistorical realism -virtual reality shapedby social, political,cultural, economic,ethnic, and gendervalues; crystallizedover timeRelativism - localand specific coconstructedrealitiesRELATIVIST: Thereexists multiple,socially constructedrealities ungovernedby natural laws --causal or otherwise.TRUTH is defined asconsensusconstruction of thecombined quantityand quality of infothat provided themost powerfulunderstanding thatleads to action.Participative reality -subjective-objectivereality, co-created bymind and givencosmosEpistemology:dealing with thenature of knowledge,its presuppositions,foundations, extentand validityDualist/objectivist(Knowledge is aphenomenon thatexists external to theobserver; theobserver maintains adistance and studiesthe phenomenon(sometimes referredto as empiricism));findings trueModifieddualist/objectivist;criticaltradition/community;findings probablytrueTransactional/subjectivist(Knowledge iscreated by inquirythrough a dynamicinteraction with theenvironment;knowing and beingare the same thing);value-mediatedfindingsTransactional/subjectivist; cocreatedfindingsCritical subjectivityin participatorytransaction withcosmos; extendedepistemology ofexperiential,propositional, andpractical knowing;co-created findingsMethodologyExperimental/manipulative;verification ofhypotheses; chieflyquantitative methodsModifiedexperimental/manipulative; criticalmultiplism;falsification ofhypotheses; mayDialogic/ dialecticalHermeneutical/dialecticalHERMENEUTIC(interpretation):seeks a dialectic (aPolitical participationin collaborativeaction inquiry;primacy of thepractical; use oflanguage grounded