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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY PRACTICES IN BATAM,
INDONESIA
( A CASE STUDY )
INDA EKA PERMANA
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DEDICATION
Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim
I dedicated to my Mom, Pa, Uwik, Dedek, Uut, and
for my beloved one...Icha
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. Firstly, I would like to thanks to God Almighty Allah SWT
for all kindnes, blessings, happiness and prosperous lives. Then I would like to
express highly appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid who
gives me support and guidence during my study. I also would like to express highly
appreciation to Mr. Ismeth Abdullah ( Chairman of Batam Authority ) and Mr. Saleh
Jasit who give me support and opinion during my study. Mr. Wendy, Mr. Robert,
Mr. Joki and Mr. Horman for helping and supporting me. Then, to my friends Iman,
Wahyu, Ali, Wing, and Andri, for kind attention, thanks Guys. To my Icha, thank
you for prays, supports, and everything. Many thanks also to all staff in
Construction Technology and Management Center, Dept.of Statistic Indonesia,
Perpustakaan Sultanah Zanariah, and University Teknology Malaysia.
iii

ABSTRACT
The rate of accidents in Indonesian construction industry is considered very high
compared to the neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. Thus, this study
focused on the safety practices in Indonesian construction industry and improvement
programs which can be potentially implemented in Indonesia. The main methodologies
adopted in this study were the case study and industry questionnaire survey. The case study
involved three construction companies in Batam, Indonesia in order to determine the safety
practices and the management system adopted by each company. The industry questionnaire
survey was carried out to determine the respondents’ perception towards safety practices and
its implementation in construction projects. Based on the case study conducted it was found
that in general all the companies have developed their own system in managing safety
practices. A comparison that was done between the companies to determine the different
safety elements adopted by each company also revealed that despite the existence of
elements of the safety practices planned, the actual implementation was quite limited
compared to the standard adopted by each company. In addition to this, the survey results
showed that the level of awareness among the stakeholders in the construction industry in
Batam is quite high. However, although they have good perception of the importance of
implementing safety elements for construction projects, in reality, the implementation of
these safety elements in construction projects was quite limited. In conclusion, the study also
identified various critical elements in safety practices such as providing safety support, work
construction and planning, emergency support safety measuring devices that can be adopted
to improves the current safety performances in Indonesia, specifically in Batam.
iii

ABSTRAK
Kadar kemalangan dalam industri pembinaan di Indonesia sangat tinggi berbanding
dengan negara jiran seperti Malaysia dan Singapura. Oleh itu satu kajian menyeluruh
berkenaan dengan amalan keselamatan dalam bidang pembinaan di Indonesia adalah
sangat diperlukan. Kajian ini memfokuskan pada amalan keselamatan dalam industri
pembinaan di Indonesia dan mengenalpasti program-program peningkatan yang
dijangka boleh untuk dilaksanakan di industri pembinaan di Indonesia. Kajian ini
dijalankan dengan menggunakan dua kaeadah utama iaitu kajian kes dan borang soal
selidik di Batam, Indonesia. Kajian kes dilaksanakan terhadap tiga syarikat
kontraktor utama di Batam untuk mengenalpasti amalan keselamatan dan sistem
pengurusan yang digunakan oleh setiap syarikat kontraktor tersebut. Pada hakikatnya
tidak terdapat peraturan ataupun peruntukan perundangan yang khusus yang boleh
dirujuk dalam perlaksanaan amalan keselamatan di Indonesia, seperti yang terdapat
di Singapura ataupun Malaysia. Oleh kerana itu, kajian kes ini sangat penting
dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti sistem peraturan keselamatan dan juga panduan
keselamatan yang dilaksanakan oleh setiap syarikat kontraktor yang dikaji. Selain
dari itu kajian menggunakan borang soal selidik juga telah dijalankan keatas
responden yang terdiri daripada mereka yang terlibat dalam industri pembinaan di
Batam. Ini bertujuan untuk untuk menyelidiki pemahaman dan persepsi mereka
terhadap elemen penting yang berkaitan dengan peraturan dan amalan keselamatan
untuk projek pembinaan. Kajian juga dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti perlaksanaan
sistem pengurusan sistem keselamatan projek pembinaan. Hasil dari kajian kes yang
dijalankan didapati bahawa secara umumnya kesemua syarikat pembinaan yang
terlibat sememangnya mempunyai sistem yang diwujudkan sendiri untuk
menguruskan aspek keselamatan dalam perlaksanaan projek pembinaan. Kajian ini
juga telah membuat perbandingan antara sistem pengurusan keselamatan untuk
projek antara syarikat yang dikaji. Juga didapati bahawa walaupun terdapat sistem
peraturan keselamatan yang diwujudkan oleh syarikat pembinaan tersebut tetapi
tahap perlaksanaannya yang sebenar adalah tidak begitu memuaskan. Hasil daripada
analisa yang dibuat daripada kajian menggunakan borang soal selidik didapati
responden mempunyai persepsi yang baik disamping mempunyai tahap kesedaran
yang tinggi terhadap kepentingan melaksanakan elemen yang berkaitan dengan
keselamatan untuk pembinaan. Walaubagaimana pun pada realitinya perlaksanaan
elemen keselamatan projek pembinaan ini juga didapati sangat terhad. Bebarapa
faktor telah dikenalpasti dalam kajian ini sebagai punca terhadap phenomena ini
termaksuklah ketiadaan satu satu peraturan perundangan khusus untuk perlaksanaan
sistem keselamatan dalam pembinaan di Indonesia. Kesimpulan kajian ini juga telah
mengenalpasti beberapa elemen yang kritikal dalam aspek keselamatan dalam
pembinaan seperti : penyediaan sokongan keselamatan, panduan dan perancangan
kerja, sokongan kecemasan dan kawalan keselamatan, yang boleh dilaksanakan
untuk memperbaiki sistem keselamatan pembinaan di Batam malahan untuk
keseluruhan Indonesia.
iii

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACK v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES xix
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background and Justification of Study 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study 6
1.4 Scope of Study 6
1.5 Brief Research Methodology 7
1.6 Organization of the Thesis 9
2 ELEMENTS OF SAFETY PRACTICES
2.1 Introduction 10
vii

2.2 Definitions 10
2.3 Aspect Toward Safety Practice In Construction 12
2.4 Dynamic Nature of Construction 14
2.5 Primary Cause of Accident 15
2.4.1 Unsafe Practices 16
2.4.2 Unsafe Condition 17
2.6 Secondary Cause of Accident 17
2.7 Cause of Symptoms 18
2.8 How Accident Occur 20
2.9 Identifying Factors Influencing Unsafe Practices 20
2.10 Safety Practices 21
2.10.1 Avoiding risk by eliminating the hazard 22
2.10.2 Tackle risk at the source
2.10.3 Adapt work to the individual when designing
22
work areas and selecting methods of work 23
2.10.4 Use technology to improve conditions
2.10.5 Give priority to protection for the whole
23
workplace rather than to individuals
2.10.6 Ensure that everyone understands what they
23
have to do to be safe and healthy at work
2.10.7 Make sure health and safety management is
accepted by everyone, and that it applies to all
24
aspects of the organization’s activities 24
2.9.7.1 Plan and Do 25
2.9.7.2 Measure 25
2.9.7.3 Improvement 27
2.10 Critical Safety Practices 28
2.10.1 Safety practices 28
2.10.2 Safety conditions 29
2.11 Summary 30
3 APPLICATION OF SAFETY PRACTICES IN INDONESIA
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Model of Safety Practice in Indonesia 31
viii

3.3 Construction Safety in Developing and Developed
Country 32
3.4 Safety Management in Construction 34
3.5 Safety Policy in Indonesia 36
3.6 Safety Improvement 38
3.6.1 Permits to Work 39
3.6.2 Competent Person 40
3.7 Application of Safety Practices in Indonesia 59
3.8 Summary 60
4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Literature Review 64
4.3 Case Study 64
4.3.1 Collecting Data for Qualitative Method 66
4.3.2 Method of Data Analysis 67
4.4 Quantitative Method 67
4.4.1 Population of Questionnaire Survey 68
4.4.2 Pilot Study 69
4.4.3 Type of Data and Collecting Procedure 70
4.4.4 Design of Questionnaire 71
4.4.5 Data Analysis 75
4.4.5.1 Average Index 75
4.4.5.2 Spearman Rho 78
4.5 Summary 80
5 CASE STUDY
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Case Study as Qualitative Analysis 81
5.3 Case Study On PT. Jaya Konstruksi 82
5.3.1 Company Profile 82
5.3.2 Safety Management in Construction 84
5.3.3 Company Safety Policy 85
5.3.4 Safety Practices 86
ix

5.3.4.1 Safety Organisation 86
5.3.4.2 Safety Priority 86
5.3.4.3 Safety Support 87
5.3.4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
5.3.4.5 Emergency Support and Safety
88
Measuring Devices 88
5.3.4.6 Site Plan and Layout
5.3.4.7 Working Position, Tools and
90
Equipment 91
5.3.4.8 Working Environment 91
5.3.4.9 Welfare Facilities 92
5.3.4.10 Work Instruction and Planning 95
5.3.4.11 Safety Awareness to Sub Contractors 98
5.3.4.12 Safety Meeting 99
5.3.4.13 Reports and Archives 99
5.3.5 Safety Improvements
5.3.5.1 Performing K3 Procedure and Its
101
Improvement
5.3.5.2 Work Accident Investigating and
101
Reporting
5.3.5.3 Quality Record of Safety and Health
102
Management 103
5.3.5.4 Safety and Health Organization
5.3.5.5 Organisation of Safety and Health
103
and Working Condition 105
5.4 Case Study On PT. Adhi Karya 105
5.4.1 Company Profile 105
5.4.2 Company Safety Policy 106
5.4.3 Safety Program 107
5.4.4 Safety Support 109
5.4.5 Execution of Work Guidance
5.4.6 Emergency Support and Safety
110
Measuring Devices 111
5.4.7 Accident Report 112
x

5.4.8 Inspection Planning
5.4.10 Identification of Danger Source Potency
113
and Its Controlling 114
5.5 Case Study On PT. Hutama Karya 115
5.5.1 Company Profile 115
5.5.2 Company Safety Policy 115
5.5.3 Providing of Work Safety Equipment 115
5.5.4 Company’s Attitude on K3 Program 116
5.5.5 Training Concerning Work Safety 117
5.5.6 Labor Force Education and Training 118
5.6 Summary 119
6 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Respondent’s Profile (Contractor and Developer) 121
6.2.1 Educational Background 121
6.2.2 Respondent’s Working Experience 123
6.3 Analysis of Safety Practices Factors 125
6.3.1 Providing Safety Supports 128
6.3.2 Work Instruction and Planning 132
6.3.3 Emergency Support and
Safety Measuring Devices 135
6.4 Analysis of Safety Improvement Factors 137
6.5 Summary 145
7 DISCUSSION
7.1 Introduction 146
7.2 Comparative Analysis on Safety Practices 147
7.2.1 Providing Safety Support 147
7.2.2 Work Instruction and Planning
7.2.3 Emergency Support and Safety
148
Measuring Devices 148
7.2.4 Maintenance of Project Equipments 149
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7.2.5 Workers Education and Training Program 149
7.2.6 Workplace Security Systems 149
7.2.7 Inspection
7.2.8 Implementation of High Standard
150
Safety Program
7.2.9 Protection by Preventing the Cause
150
of Risk 150
7.2.10 Disciplinary and Workers Attitude 151
7.2.11 Strict Management
7.2.12 Offering Job to Professional
151
Contractors and Sub-Contractors 151
7.3 Comparative Analysis on Safety Improvement
7.3.1 Work Accident Investigating and
155
Reporting
7.3.2 Quality Record of Safety and Health
155
Management 156
7.3.3 Supervisors Capability Improvement 156
7.3.4 Recruitment and Certification 156
7.3.5 Communication and Appreciation 157
7.4 Summary 163
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
8.1 Introduction 164
8.2 Conclusions 165
8.3 Recommendations 172
8.4 Suggestion of Future Works 175
REFERENCES 176
BIBLIOGRAPHY 183
Appendices A – L 186
xii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Research Methodology 8
3.1 Accident Severity Rate in Construction, Indonesia 33
3.2 Accident Severity Rate in Construction, Singapore 33
3.3 Key Factors of Safety in Construction 61
5.1 PT. Jaya Konstruksi Organisation 83
5.2 Project Organization at Batam Polytechnic Building 84
5.3 Flow Process of K3L (continue up to page 109) 108
5.4 Project Organisation Sumatera Promotion Center Building 106
6.1 Contractor’s Educational Background Group (N=27) 121
6.2 Developer’s Educational Background Group (N=26) 122
6.3 Contractor’s Work Experience (N=27) 123
6.4 Developer’s Work Experience (N=26) 124
8.1 The Flow Chart of Government Involvement Supervising 174
xiii

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Number of Construction by Cases of Accident in
Indonesia
2.2 Site Hazards Identified and Addressed
(continue up to page 27)
3.1 Safety Best Practices and Safety Best Improvements
(continue up to page 52)
3.2 The Common of Safety Practices
(continue up to page 55)
3.3 The Common of Safety Improvements
(continue up to page 58)
5.1 Record of Work Accidents at Construction Project of
Batam Polytechnic Building
5.2 Formation of Executive Board on Safety and Health
(P2K3) PT. Jaya Konstruksi
6.1 Contractors Educational Background 121
15
26
47
53
56
100
104
xiv

6.2
6.3
Developers Educational Background
Contractor’s Work Experience (N=27)
6.4 Developer’s Work Experience (N=26) 124
6.5 Degree of Agreement between two parties (Safety
Practices)
6.6 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Safety Support
(Contractors)
6.7 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Safety Support
(Developers)
6.8 Type of Accident 130
6.9 The Rank of Work Instruction and Planning
(Contractors)
6.10 The Rank of Work Instruction and Planning
(Developers)
6.11 The Rank of Emergency Support and Safety
Measuring Devices (Contractors)
6.12 The Rank of Emergency Support and Safety
Measuring Devices (Developers)
6.13 Degree of Agreement between the Two Parties
(Safety Improvements)
6.14 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Work Accident
Investigating and Reporting (Contractors)
6.15 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Work Accident
Investigating and Reporting (Developers)
6.16 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Quality Record of
Safety and Health Management (Contractors)
122
123
126
128
128
132
133
135
135
137
138
138
140
xv

6.17 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Quality Record of
Safety and Health Management (Developers)
6.18 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Supervisors Capability
Improvement (Contractors)
6.19 The Rank of Sub-Factors for Communication and
Appreciation (Developers)
6.20 The Rank of Safety Best Practices 142
6.21 The Rank of Safety Improvements 143
140
141
141
xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS
ai - Constant expressing the weight given to ’ i ’
D - Difference between the contractor’s ranking and the developer’s
ranking of each factor
i - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
I
N
-
-
� - Sigma
Average Index
Number of ranked variables
Xi - Variable expressing the frequency of the responses
� - Spearman Rho
xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE
A List of Queries for Case Study 186
B Summary of Safety Practices on Case Study 188
C Summary of Safety Improvement on Case Study 192
D Questionnaire Survey Form (Safety Practices) 195
E Questionnaire Survey Form (Safety Improvement) 212
F Summary of Contractor’s Perception on Safety
Practices
G Summary of Developer’s Perception on Safety
Practices
H Summary of Contractor’s Perception on Safety
Improvement
I Summary of Developer’s Perception on Safety
Improvement
J Project’s Documentation 232
K Project’s Documents 235
L Indonesian Expert’s Recommendation 262
218
223
228
230

1.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The construction industry plays an important and strategic role in supporting
the development and the growth of industry in a nation. Indonesia, as a developing
country, has concentrated in improving the development of the country by having an
increasing number of mega projects, some categorized as national projects. These do
not include the increasing number of local projects in most cities in Indonesia, since
every province has control of the development within its own region.
Despite the fact that construction industries are in line with the intensity of
the development, many aspects within the construction itself are neglected. One of
them is the prosperity of the workers such as the efficiency and effectiveness of the
way they do their work that in the end can affect the quality of the result. Just as
important is the safety of the workers during the working time.
Concerning the safety aspects within construction industry, it is apparent that
the implementation of safety best practices is still far from good. Even when the
industry has improved, not only in number but also in their scale and which
sometimes involves overseas companies where international safety regulations
should be applied. The roles, regulations and laws in Indonesia about the safety of

works are not clear. As a result, accidents in the construction industry, in spite of
everything, are increasing.
The above condition is the basic idea that motivates this research on Safety
Practices in Batam-Indonesia. The research was conducted firstly to identify the
causes of construction accidents in Indonesia. Suraji (1994) in his research showed
that there are particular causes why accidents often occur in most developing
countries especially in Indonesia. Usually, the accidents involve small firms that
may not have an adequate safety program or personnel to oversee safety issues.
Implementation of their safety management program usually depends on the foreman
or the project superintendent. "The constraints-response model (Suraji et al., 2001)
argues that project conditions or management decisions (distal factors) can cause
responses that create inappropriate conditions or actions (proximal factors) that lead
to accidents."
Armstrong (1980) stated that construction is one of the most dangerous
industrial working places. Construction researchers have proposed several accident
causation models and root causes. Mc.Clay's (1989) "universal framework" identified
three key elements of accident: hazards, human actions, and functional limitations.
Hinze's (1996) distraction theory argued that production pressures can distract
workers from the hazards and increase the probability of accidents. Abdelhamid and
Everet (2000) identified management deficiencies, training and workers' attitude as
the three general root causes. Organizational factors associated with safety
performance include top management's attitude toward safety (Levitt 1975),
organizational culture (Molennar et al.2002), safety climate (Mohamed 2002),
superintendet practices (Levitt and Samelson 1987; Hinze and Gordon 1979), and
turnover (Hinze 1978). Hinze and Parker (1978) found that job pressures and crew
competition are related to more injuries. Hinze (1981) found that good working
relationships improved safety.
Secondly the research sought to understand the prevention of accidents in
construction projects. One of the ways is by identifying the causes due to certain
conditions as explained earlier. The measures taken to improve the conditions can
reduce the number of the accident.
2

The third reason for the research is to understand appropriate management for
safety improvements in Indonesia. The implementation, operation, and monitoring
responsibility of the program should be clearly defined at the beginning of
constructions activities. It should include (Hislop 1991) comprehensive safety policy
statement, review of construct ability, reliable contractor screening, pre-construction
meetings (safety review), inspection and housekeeping.
The research reported in this thesis focuses on the issues related to critical
factors of Safety Practices including:
� The main purpose, which is to obtain factors on Construction Safety
Practices in Indonesia.
� Literature Study regarding critical factors towards safety practices.
� Review on improvements in reducing accident rates in the construction
industry.
1.2 Background and Justification of Study
Construction industry in Indonesia has always suffered from poor image, for
instance, high cost, poor quality and hazardous working condition. Learning from
Singapore, the safety standard within construction industry is better applied. In
dealing with safety standards in the construction industry, Singapore has a Board to
handle all Safety Aspects within construction which is absent in Indonesia. Although
safety practices in Indonesia always tend to improve by adopting international
standards, lack of implementing certain safety practices in all sectors of industry still
and often occurs. This will be further observed because conditions relating to
behavior and level of problems in Indonesia and abroad are not be the same.
Therefore not all aspects can be retrieved without proper research.
Safety standards have been set up as contained in the Ministerial Decree of
Manpower on Article concerning Regarding Safety Regulation, which clearly states
3

that safety shall be put on first priority before instructing a worker or a group of
people to work or to carry out activities in hazardous condition or environment.
The safety standard, which describes specifically the safety practices as stipulated in
the Ministerial Decree, has met national standard but few of them meet international
standards. However, those standards do not include the safety regulations for
construction industry in particular. Yet, according to Mohamed (2002), safety rules
and procedures, supportive environment and its supervisory, workers involvement,
and also personal appreciation of the management to the risk that might happen to
the workers, may turn out to be the most crucial factors in improving safety practices
in construction industry, especially in Indonesia.
Improving safety practice in Indonesia will not be achieved without the
concern and involvement of the government. Construction accidents, which often
occur, are due to neglecting certain safety regulation despite the presence of
government regulation regarding safety. These cases have been going on since the
early development of the construction industry. Every case of construction accident
involving casualty of an individual or to a number of workers had never been
investigated thoroughly and ironically the matters are finally resolved with
conclusion of careless conduct.
Construction safety has always been a main discussion of the local authority
yet often ignored by contractors. Ardan (1997) stated that although workers were
covered with insurance as provided by the contractor, safety has become a personal
risk without providing other safety standards. This situation has become a common
sight in all regions in Indonesia due to cultural background and their work habit, lack
of safety control and sanctions.
Although safety policy and regulation have become a legal requirement,
which regulates all industrial sectors in Indonesia, safety concern has always been
neglected . The main reason concerns cost, believed to be troublesome, waste of
time and very little attraction to safety particularly to workers. The Government has
always been aware that safety is an important factor in development. Unfortunately,
there has not been a significant research to approach safety practices that can be
implemented in Indonesia.
4

Approaches to maintain safety in all sectors of industry have been conducted
by the Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) by gathering certain
information regarding safety, but did not reduce many accidents. Although accidents
occurrence are continuously recorded by BPS, the statistical information gathered is
not utilized specifically for the interest of research but as supporting information.
The International Labor Office (ILO) stated that safety approach by
statistical research on work accident is one method to increase Construction Safety .
The Statistical Research has the ability to exhibit figures from data such as Type of
Accident, Accident Frequency Rates and Causal Factors. The information obtained
by gathering information could be an important reference to conduct an action on
perfecting safety programs such as; Preventive Action, Emergency Procedure,
Safety Control, Risk of Accident and Determining Cost of Safety Program.
According to Hartono ( 1991), justification of his study is made due to
relatively inadequate of safety management in Indonesia , and also an appropriate
research emphasizing on safety has never been conducted seriously. He explained
that though there has been numerous of government programs to send students or
executives to attend study or courses on safety management abroad, insignificant
progress has been achieved to reduce accident rates in Indonesia. One of the
countries designated for the program is Singapore, although the construction industry
in this country has employed uncountable workers from Indonesia since the last
decade, transfer of knowledge from their experience ought to improve safety practice
at their home place, yet the experience they brought with them barely change safety
practices in Indonesia construction industry.
5

1.3 Aim and Objective of Study
The aim of the study is to investigate the safety practices in construction
industry in Indonesia. In an effort to achieve the aim, the objectives have been
composed, as follows:
1. To identify safety practices in construction;
2. To identify and establish critical safety practices in Batam - Indonesia;
3. To identify safety improvement practices in Indonesia;
4. To identify and establish critical safety improvements in Batam – Indonesia
5. To identify the lesson learned on safety practices and improvements through
case study
1.4. Scope of Study
As the scope of safety is very large, it is not possible to cover every aspect of
safety. This thesis concentrates on how to build up a system and apply the best
practices of safety in construction in Indonesia. The study investigates and places
emphasis on construction accidents due to unsafe practices, unsafe condition, types
and cause of accidents, source of accident, and amount of accident. Construction
herein refers to activities that relate to the construction of building and other civil
works. Hence, construction accident refers to accidents that occur before or during
the aforementioned activities take place.
The information regarding construction accident will be obtained from large
to small-scale construction companies in Indonesia. Different types and sizes of
construction companies were asked to participate in this study. The list of companies
was retrieved from Government Institution for Workers Social Security Program
(Jamsostek), Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS).
Each company was asked to provide project safety data on one outstanding,
average, and below-average project. Company safety coordinators were asked to use
6

their own judgment in categorizing the performance of their projects. From inputs
of data from Indonesia’s Safety Best Practices, critical Safety Best Practices Data,
these data will then be applied for further improvements in Construction in
Indonesia.
1.5. Brief Research Methodology
The research has done through case study and questionnaire survey. The data
analysis of the questionnaire survey result was computed using statistical approach
by applying the Average Index and Spearman Rho in order to obtain data ranks as a
result by interviewing respondent regarding safety practices and improvement. In the
meantime, in-depth interview and observation on three construction projects were
also conducted. The output of the case study was then compared to the output of the
questionnaire survey. At the end, safety practices and the improvements are
identified and proposed to be applied in Indonesia.
In achieving the aims and objectives, a research methodology is required and
figure 1.1 highlights the essential stages of conducting this research. This figure
shows four (4) performances of essential stages in conducting research, which
includes the following:
� Literature review;
� Discussion with the respondents (professional from the company );
� Two stages main survey (case study and questionnaire survey);
� Analysis of data
7

Safety Practices
The Research Methodology of this study is as shown in figure 1.1
Critical Safety
Practices
Case Study :
� To determine safety practices and
safety improvement within selected
companies.
� To compare safety practices and safety
improvement between literature
review with actual condition.
� To determine the common safety
practices.
� To determine the common safety
improvements.
Qualitative & Descriptive Method
Develop List of Depth Question
In-depth Interview & Observation
Data Analysis
Descriptive Analysis
Literature Review
Problem Formulation
Determine The objective
and Purpose Research
Discussion
Safety Improvement
Practices
Research Conclusion and Recommendation
Figure 1.1. Research Methodology
Pilot Study
8
Critical
Improvement
Practices
Questionnaire Survey
Quantitative Method
Develop Questionnaire
Data Collection and
Spreading Questionnaire
Data Analysis
Likert Scale
Average Index
Spearman Rho

1.6. Organisation of the Thesis
The thesis contains eight chapters. In Chapter I, introduction, background
and justification of study, aims and objectives of study, scope of study, brief research
methodology are discussed. Additionally, the author explains briefly the overall
content of the thesis.
Chapter 2 is a literature review on elements of safety practices, aspect
towards safety practice, nature of construction, definitions, secondary cause of
accident, causes of symptoms, how accident occur, identifying factors influencing
unsafe practices, safety practices and critical safety practices.
Chapter 3 mainly focuses on various literature review in application of
safety practices in Batam – Indonesia to achieve safety improvement
Chapter 4 presents the introduction, literature review, qualitative method,
quantitative method, and summary to the chapter. The qualitative method consist of :
collecting data for qualitative method; and method of data analysis. Therefore
quantitative method consist of : population of the questionnaire survey; pilot study;
type of data and collecting procedure; design of questionnaire, and data analysis.
Chapter 5 discusses the Case study, while Chapter 6 is Quantitative Analysis.
The main topics are : introduction, respondent’s profile, analysis of safety practices
factors, analysis of safety improvement factors and summary.
Chapter 7 presents the discussion of the result. Conclusions and
Recommendations are discussed in Chapter 8.
9

2.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 2
ELEMENTS OF SAFETY PRACTICES
The international standard on safety rules, accident occurrence and unsafe
practices from various construction companies all over the world. All the
information gathered there in will be used to identify safety practices in the
construction applied all over the world which in turn is the basic idea of the study.
2.2. Definitions
There are important terms such as “safe” , “practice”, “accident” and
“improvement” that are used throughout the thesis. The definition of each term is
given here; The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition, defines safety as the condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk, or
injury or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt,
injury, or loss freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from liability to
cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of
giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss. The concept of
"safety" can also mean as "freedom from danger and risks" Concise Oxford
Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Dictionary describes safety as "the condition of being
safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss.

Accident Work Info Government of New Zealand defines the term practice
as a customary way of operation or behavior referring to human action; human
activity accomplishment; achievement; deed; feat; effort; exploit; implementation;
effectuation, or translating an idea into action, the exercise of a profession and
knowledge of how something is usually done. It it also defined as all practicable
steps in relation to achieving any result in any circumstances. Practices means all
steps to achieve the result that it is reasonably practicable to take in the
circumstances, having regard to the nature and severity of the harm that may be
suffered if the result is not achieved; and the current state of knowledge about the
likelihood that harm of that nature and severity will be suffered if the result is not
achieved. It can be defined that safety practice means a customary way of operation
or behavior referring to human action to make someone free from danger, risks,
injury and hazard while working in construction project (Work Info NZ, 2003).
According to Webster dictionary accident means an event that causes any
person to be harmed; or in different circumstances, might have caused any person to
be harmed. The second part of this definition means that what are sometimes referred
to as "near misses" are covered. The term's most important use is in relation to the
recording and reporting of accidents, means an activity, arrangement, circumstance,
event, occurrence, phenomenon, process, situation, or substance (whether arising or
caused within or outside a place of work) that is an actual or potential cause or
source of harm; and includes a situation where a person's behaviour may be an
actual or potential cause or source of harm to the person or another person; and
without limitation, a situation resulting from physical or mental fatigue, drugs,
alcohol, traumatic shock, or another temporary condition that affects a person's
behaviour.
As defined by Webster Dictionary, improvement is the act of improving
something; a change for the better or condition superior to an earlier condition. It
can be defined that safety improvement means the act of improving something or
condition to make someone free from danger, risks, injury and hazard while working
11

in construction project. In this research, it is emphasizes on company’s policy and
management.
2.3 Aspect Toward Safety Practices in Construction
The primary focus of this review is on the link between certain aspects such
as labour, subcontracting and job safety in the construction industry and the effects
of each aspect in improving safety practices in the construction industry.
A large portion of construction workers are unskilled labourers others
classified in several skilled trades Construction workers include about 5 to 10% of
the workforce in industrialized countries. Throughout the world, over 90% of
construction workers are male. In some developing countries, the proportion of
women is higher and they tend to be concentrated in unskilled occupations.
Construction workers typically are hired from project to project and may spend only
a few weeks or months at any one project. There are consequences for both workers
and work projects. Workers must make and remake productive and safe working
relationships with other workers whom they may not know, and this may affect
safety at the work site (International Labour Organization, 1998).
For a particular project in Indonesia, there is frequent change in the number
of workers and the composition of the labour force at any one site. This change
results both from the need for different skilled trades at different phases of a work
project and from the high turnover of construction workers, particularly unskilled
workers. At any one time, a project may include a large proportion of inexperienced,
temporary and transient workers. Although construction work often must be done in
teams, it is difficult to develop effective, safe teamwork under such conditions.
The vast majority of construction in Indonesia is done under contractual
arrangements between clients and contractors. A client may select a contractor based
on past performance or through an agent such as an architect or engineer. In other
12

cases, it may decide to offer the project through advertising and tendering. The
methods used and the client’s own attitude to health and safety can have a profound
effect on the project’s health and safety performance. Some clients usually foreign
company within Indonesia they have no option to choose but to promote safety
much more than others. In some cases, this is due to the risk of damage to their
existing facilities when contractors are brought in to perform maintenance or
to expand the client’s facilities.
Another factor regarding contractor relationships relates to the bidding
process. A subcontractor who bids too low may take shortcuts that compromise
health and safety. In these cases, the client must ensure that subcontractors adhere to
the standards, specifications and statutes pertaining to health and safety. It is not
uncommon in projects where everyone has bid very low to observe continuing health
and safety problems coupled with excessive passing of responsibility, until
regulatory authorities step in to impose a solution. Jobs previously done by public
works departments are now done by private-sector contractors under severe “lowest
tender wins” conditions. In their need to cut costs, contractors may be tempted to
reduce what are seen as overheads such as safety and training.
Another aspect which is important in effecting safety practice is job safety
and the relation between employer and the employees. All employers have duty of
care to individuals, staff, contractors or third parties in the workplace. It is also a
legal requirement that organizations should document any health and safety risks that
have been identified in the workplace. Equally, it is necessary to record the actions
taken to reduce those risks. In relation to this, the resercher hopes to gain a better
understanding of the safety problems encountered in Construction Industry in
Indonesia especially in Batam Island, as well as to asses the effectiveness of those
safety measures that have been implemented.
13

2.4 Dynamic Nature of Construction
Construction workplaces are in many respects quite different from fixed
industry. Not only are they different, but they also tend to be constantly changing.
Unlike a factory which operates at a given location day after day, with the same
equipment, the same workers, the same processes and generally the same conditions,
construction projects evolve and change from day to day. Walls are erected, new
workers from different trades arrive, materials change, employers change as they
complete their portions of the work, and most projects are affected to some degree
just by the changes in the weather. When one project is completed, workers and
employers move on to other projects to start all over again. This indicates the
dynamic nature of the industry. Some employers work in several different cities and
provinces. Similarly, many skilled construction workers move with the work. These
factors influence many aspects of health and safety. The construction industry
therefore has the most cases of accident if compared to fixed industry. The high rate
of accidents is inevitable due to its nature.
Ratay (1997), estimated that close to 1,000 construction workers lose their
lives in the United States each year and many others are injured. This occurrence is
not unique in the United State but prevalent in all other countries. As an example, the
occurrence of accident in Indonesia tend to increase each year as shown in the
following table:
14

YEAR
Table 2.1. Number of Construction Accident Cases in Indonesia
DATA
Number of Constructions Number of Accidents
1995 15425 1722
1996 32431 1958
1997 37562 3537
1998 39960 3939
1999 37944 3121
2000 20645 3851
Source : Workers Social Insurance Indonesia (Jamsostek)
The best ways to mitigate accident are good construction practices, utmost
care, effective inspection, and strict enforcement of high standards of care.
However, the engineer, contractor, inspector, and the jurisdiction who have the
authority to enforce should have all the same rules to follow. Construction, and to
some extent design, codes and standards, serve the purpose. While codes and
standards do not prevent all failures and accidents, adherence to them does improve
site safety.
2.5 Primary Cause of Accident
Major symptoms such as unsafe practices and unsafe conditions, as Clough
(1986) had mentioned, would be impossible to eliminate as humans are not perfect.
Having the knowledge to act safe can be considered as a good safety practice.
15

Suggestions for establishing a safe workplace and avoiding accident also
mention in various priority according to several researcher as a result to their
different point of view in safety practices as observed by Niskanen and
Lauttalammi (1989), wide variety of machinery and equipment for materials
handling should be available on site. Bradford (1993) suggests that employees
required to enter confined spaces should be instructed concerning potential hazards,
precautions to be taken, and the use of protective equipment while Rayzak (1991)
suggests that excavation and scaffolding work are two of the most hazardous jobs in
the construction industry with the greatest number of fatalities resulting from earth
caveins. According to OSHA, high technology, such as radio remote control, that
may improve the safety and the maneuvering ability of construction machinery and
equipment should be used, if applicable. Normile and Skibniewski (1989) suggest
that Robots should be used as much as possible to improve safety.
2.5.1. Unsafe Practices
As observed by Howell et al. (1998), unsafe practices are often seen in
every construction project all over the world . Unlike countries with strict regulation
on safety, Indonesia as well as other third world countries often contravene safety,
despite having its own regulations and law.
Some examples of common unsafe practices are given below:
� Working without authority;
� Failure to warn others of danger;
� Using equipment inadequately;
� Disconnecting safety devices such as guards;
� Using defective equipment;
� Smoking in areas where this is not allowed; and
� Failure to use or wear personal protective equipment.
16

The above examples are the most common practices which do not conform
to policies and procedures of safety. In Singapore for example, despite showing
indication of these practices, the authorities have always managed to remedy the
problem by applying sanctions or penalty to any person or contractor who ignores
safety regulations.
2.5.2 Unsafe Condition
Conforming to policies and safety procedure sometimes does not eliminate
accidents but unsafe conditions could be the one that trigger accidents to occur such
as :
� Inadequate or missing guardrails;
� Defective tools and equipment;
� Inadequate fire warning system;
� Ineffective housekeeping;
� Hazardous atmospheric conditions; and
� Insufficient light.
The primary causes of accidents in construction industry have been the target
of safety law for many years whether in Indonesia or abroad. But, addressing
secondary cause of accident should be made priority as well.
2.6 Secondary Cause of accident
Research conducted by Holt (2001) shows that unsafe practices and unsafe
conditions are deviation from required safe practices, but they must be seen as
symptoms or more basic underlying indirect or secondary cause which allow these
deviations to exist and persist. Similar research by Akhmad Suraji, et al. (2001)
17

eveals that deviations to unsafe practices and unsafe conditions is liable to cause
accident. Secondary causes can be described as follows :
� Management system pressure
- Financial restriction
- Lack of commitment
- Lack of policy
- Lack of standard
- Lack of knowledge and information
- Restricted training
- Poor quality control system
� Social Pressure
- Group attitudes
- Industry tradition
- Society attitudes to risk taking
- Acceptable behavior in work site
- Commercial/financial pressure between contractors
Secondary causes of accident in construction industry may arise in several
regions in Indonesia, but it is rarely encountered at sites where safety regulations
and procedures are very strict. As in Singapore, secondary causes in all region are
found to be at a very minimal percentage compared to Indonesia.
2.7 Causes of Symptoms
These symptoms are caused by human behavior. Clough’s (1986)
investigation showed that 80% of accidents is due to unsafe practices and unsafe
conditions.
18

ILO (1979), has classified these symptoms as follows:
� Organization and Planning
- Failure in Technical Planning
- Awkward limited time
- Assign work to unprofessional contractors
- Fail to control workers
- Bad cooperation with the workers
� Carrying out Work
- Use of bad construction material
- Damaged material process
- Other damages
� Equipment
- No usable equipment
- Inappropriate use of an equipment
- No safety device and safety measurement
� Management
- Inadequate preparation
- Inadequate test of equipment
- Inconsistent and no enough instruction
- Recruiting unskilled labor
- Not enough supervision
� Workers Behavior
- Ignorant, irresponsible
- Working beyond knowledge
- Working not accordingly
19

2.8 How Accidents Occur
Based on research conducted by ILO (1979), construction accidents may
occur in various ways as given below :
� Collapse wall, part of a building , pile of material or earth;
� Collapse due to unstable ladder or unsecured scaffolding;
� Falling objects and building materials;
� Fall off ladder or scaffolding;
� Injuries due to lifting or moving large and heavy objects;
� Operating high revolution or high speed equipment;
� Welding and cutting;
� Working with high pressure pneumatic devices;
� Working with volatile gas or liquid;
� Blasting or particle reduction machines;
� Traffic in construction site; and
� Risk during entering or leaving construction site.
2.9 Identifying Factors Influencing Unsafe Practices
Although there were a certain number of potential unsafe conditions as
investigated by Jimmie Hinze and John Gambatese (2003) in construction site,
workers have the initiative to remedy the condition as they are aware of the danger
and risk penalty if ignored.
Unsafe conditions in Indonesia’s construction site are often ignored.
Although workers are aware of the danger, they seldom rectify the condition or
inform the condition to their supervisor until an accident occurs .Tradition is one
factor the author has discovered why accidents frequently occur .
20

Personal factors include the lack of skill or knowledge to perform the work
properly. Lack of motivation to perform the work properly or the perception that
doing the work according to approved procedures is not important is also one of the
personal factors.
Work factors include inadequate work procedures or standards that direct the
safe way of doing work. Safety violation may have been the result of lack of clear
communication of expectations regarding implementation of approved procedures
and work practices ( Lee and Halpin, 2003). These factors are conditions over which
the workers had no control, such as job site hazards that the worker was not aware or
those created by another contractor that were not communicated.
The author has found that the above factors are commonly found in
construction sites in Indonesia. The research conducted here is also to determine
which factors that have the most effect on unsafe practices which eventually lead to
accident.
2.10 Safety Practices
In developing countries, safety practices generally implemented comply to
safety statutory. Safety regulations are strictly applied, and it is everyone’s
obligation involved in hazardous work place to implement it. This maybe true in
advanced industrial countries where safety programs are taken seriously and
programs are maintained as a priority before commencing high risk jobs.
Safety programs directly lead to safety practices which are identical to the
techniques of accident prevention . Accident prevention in the construction industry
is not just a matter of setting up list of rules and making safety inspections, although
both of these have their place. What is required is a system for managing health and
safety which meets the needs of the business and complies with the law. Most of the
laws on construction safety in certain countries are discussed on chapter 3.
21

According to Holt (2001), there are seven principles to be observed in setting
up strategies for safety practices at the construction industry. If they are followed,
safety practice is more likely to be achieved . The seven (7) principles are discussed
in the following sections :
2.10.1 Avoiding risk by eliminating the hazard
It is always more effective to remove a problem altogether rather than to
establish a control strategy, especially where one relies upon people to work in the
correct way. Some example stated below can demonstrate the fundamental
importance of design and planning in safety management.
Example: Do not specify fragile roofing materials through which people can fall.
This is obviously more effective than specifying solutions designed to minimize the
risks from falls through fragile material. Specification of lighter materials, such as
blocks and bags, is more preferable than arranging ways to handle heavy materials
on site. Inevitably, at some stage the latter will result in someone having to lift
manually a load heavier than it could have been. Avoid using hazardous substance at
all where ever it is possible, or substitute those known to be less hazardous.
2.10.2 Tackle Risk at Source
Design and specification can make a significant difference to site conditions.
Design is likely to dictate the way construction work is carried out on site, and
particularly to force contractors to work in potentially unsafe ways. A review at the
design stage repays the time spent handsomely because of later savings.
Example: Designing floor slabs with fewer voids remove the need to control the
risk of falling through them by setting up barriers or covering them.
22

2.10.3 Adapt Work to the Individual when designing work areas and selecting
methods of work
Ergonomics aim to improve the interface between people and their
workspaces by seeking to adapt the workspace rather than the person. Thought
given to layout can improve working conditions and reduce risks.
Example : Locating equipment such as a saw bench in a corridor could block access
for others, may cause lighting difficulties and allow off cuts to pile up, increasing the
risks. Asking how much room the carpenter needs and planning a suitable place for
a powered saw bench takes a little time.
2.10.4 Use Technology to Improve Conditions,
Keeping up to date with new developments can bring safety benefits when
plant is being replaced or work operations can be mechanized.
Example : Specifying a quieter design of a machine when ordering replacement
equipment. Use of a wheeled manhole lifter to replace hand hooks or other hand
tools brings gains in productivity as well as minimizing the chance of back injury.
2.10.5 Give Priority to Protection for the Whole Workplace Rather Than to
Individuals
Reliance on personal protective equipment (PPE) as sole means of risk
control is rarely acceptable. This is because no PPE is 100 % of the time for 100 %
of the people who use it. One of the reasons for this is that it may not always be
possible to identify everyone at risk and issue the PPE to them.
Example : Extensive work on a flat roof may require the presence of a large number
of workers from different employers, in addition to supervisory staff and clients. In
23

these circumstances, the appropriate protection would be provided by perimeter
barriers, rather than by giving everyone a safety harness. Installing permanent edge
protection during the main construction process instead of at the end gives protection
to both constructors and the end users.
2.10.6 Ensure That Everyone Understands What They Have To Do To Be Safe
and Healthy At Work
Safety training is not just a matter of handing out booklets. It is unwise to
assume anything about people’s previous experience in construction work, or even
their ability to read and understand instructions and information. Safety awareness is
not inherited and induction training on site is required to make sure that everyone
knows what the hazards and the control measures are.
Example : Specific site induction should include the local emergency evacuation
procedure, and understanding may need to be confirmed by holding regular practice
fire drills.
2.10.7 Make Sure Health and Safety Management is Accepted By Everyone,
and That it Applies to All Aspects of The Organization’s activities
A single contracts manager, joinery manager, or other member of senior
management who believes that the company safety management system does not
apply to situations where time is short can destroy the safety climate overnight. If
someone is injured as a result, the penalty can be severe for that person, and possibly
for the company as well. For example failure of the senior manager to wear a safety
footwear and a safety helmet on a site gives the impression to the work force that the
rules do not apply to senior management. Failure to carry out risk assessment
because of pressure of work could lead to criminal prosecution of an individual.
24

Young and Johnson (1997) investigated that changing attitude and behavior
towards safety as investigated by in Indonesia by implementing corporate safety
standard or regulations is rather meaningless to workers. Therefore, work strategy
to bridge the gaps in knowledge, experience and resources were implemented
instead.
The principle of Work Strategy is to Plan, Do, Measure and Improve the
activities involved are explained below:
2.10.7.1 Plan and Do
A construction safety plan should be included in contracts prior to the
commencement of construction work. It establishes a strategy to be followed
throughout the project course. Key issues identified in the initial Construction Safety
Plan must include the following aspects :
2.10.7.2 Measure
� Unique project environment and difficult work site conditions;
� Human behavioral issues;
� Management of large number of contractors;
� Site remediation issues and the proper disposal of waste materials;
� Safe working methods and procedures to eliminated or control risk;
� Equipment standards; and
� Contaminated plant issues.
In Samarinda East Kalimantan Indonesia further hazards were identified
by Young and Jhonson (1997). The project team ( PT. Orica Resindo Mahakam)
adjusted plans to incorporate these discoveries. Some of the new hazards identified
and actions implemented are shown in Table 2.2 as follows:
25

Table 2.2 Site Hazards Identified and Addressed
Hazards Identified Actions Implemented
Falling from heights (from poorly
constructed / unstable scaffolding
or raised pipe racks )( Falls are
one of the major causes of
fatalities in the construction
industry )
Electrocutions are also a major
hazard due to the use of
substandard electrical equipment
and the cable layouts
Eye, finger and feet injuries
Asphyxiation from an authorized
entry to confined Spaces
Inadequate Site Emergency
response procedures
Additional equipment such as,
ladders and harness were
purchased to complement the
equipment already on site
Arrange the specific training of
all contractors on the site
Additional Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) was
purchased. Safety posters were
strategically located around the
site
All confined spaces on the site
were identified and bilingually
sign-posted. Additional gas
detectors, and oxygen units
were also purchased
A more relevant site plan was
devised which addressed
specific hazards, including;
evacuation of the site, a snake
bite procedures, regional
medical facilities
26

Contractor attempted to conduct
heavy and difficult lifts manually
Defective tools brought on site by
the contractor
Table 2.2 (Continued)
27
Orica insisted that a large mobile
crane be brought to site facilitate
heavy lifts
Defective tools were replaced
with ones fit for purpose
Source : APSEC 2000 Vol.2
In this project, formal safety meetings were held regularly on site with the
project management team and contractor representatives in attendance. These
meetings developed action plans to manage identified risks and made various parties
accountable for there implementation.
A key aspect in achieving a safe working site was that project management
team members spent a considerable proportion of their day on site with workers and
operation team.
2.10.7.3 Improve
Measurable improvements include erection of notice board, safety bonuses
which form of cash incentives and better understanding of safety throughout the
workers without language barriers. The term improve will be explained in detail in
the following chapter.

2.11 Critical Safety Practices
After reviewing The Safety Practices described earlier, there are crucial
factors that ought to be considered prior to conducting the practices. These factors
may be determined as the critical safety practices. The critical items that will be
discovered through this research are priorities that will be implemented in the
construction industry in Indonesia.
Construction companies with serious concern on safety as observed by Holt
(2001) will establish a Safety Management System which relate to : Good Financial
Establishment, Good Commitment, Adequate Policy, Adequate standard, Adequate
Knowledge and Information, Good Training and Good Quality Control. These
factors are critical in achieving Practices.
Based Clough’s study (1986) critical safety practices depend very much on
workers practical habits and their working environment. Therefore, he claimed that
there are two critical matters towards safety practices which will be explained
below:
2.11.1 Safety Practices
Workers’ attitude and their supervisors influence the achievement of Safety
Practices in their working place. These factors are:
� Working with authority;
� Warning others of danger;
� Connecting safety devices such as guards;
� Using effective equipment;
� No smoking in areas where this is not allowed; and
� Using and wearing personal protective equipment.
28

2.11.2 Safety Conditions
Well managed work place with good layout planning is an important factor
to reduce the risk of accidents. Carrying out these condition is critical to ensure that
workers are safe. These factors are :
� Adequate guardrails;
� Effective tools and equipment;
� Adequate fire warning system;
� Effective house keeping;
� Not hazardous atmospheric condition; and
� Sufficient.
In most developed countries , every worker is obligated to work under the
safety standard rules. Neglecting safety procedure would be a serious violation for
anyone, regardless of their positions and this leads them to sanctions or penalty. In
Indonesia safety violations in construction work become routine. As observed by
Holt (2001) routine violation occurs when it becomes standard practice in a group or
even an entire organization to break the rules although rules are enforced by law.
Hislop (1999) has observed that safety violation and injuries occurred
because of three factors: personal factor, work factors, and those factors out of
workers control. Therefore, improving these factors are most critical to achieve
safety practices. In his study, when we think about construction safety, our first
thought is generally that this is a responsibility of the contractor. The focus reflects
the contractor’s control over their work place and their work practices. There are,
however, many more characters that should be involved in establishing a safe job site
than just the contractor. All participants in the construction process, from the client
commissioning the work to the constructor and to the men and women who perform
the work, are integral to the process of establishing a safe work place. Therefore,
throughout the construction process we must have means in place by which hazards
can be identified and effectively controlled, and safe work practices promoted.
29

Safety practices are effective in controlling hazard by eliminating major
symptoms of accident to minimize loss. The key to critical safety practices is very
much influenced by the behavior of the construction workers. The behavior of
construction workers varies all over the world despite complying to the global safety
regulation standard of safety practices.
2.12 Summary
Based on the review presented this chapter, some factors that can be applied
for safety practices are compiled. The factors are:
� Using equipment and material adequately;
� Good Maintenance;
� Training;
� Adequate job planning and instruction;
� Having safe system of work in place;
� Effective inspections;
� Strict enforcement of high standards of care;
� Avoiding risk by eliminating hazards;
� Adherence and good behavior of workers;
� Safety devices and safety measurement;
� Using effective tolls and equipment; and
� Assign work to professional contractor.
The key factors above can be important to start the proper implementation
of safety practices in the construction industries in Indonesia. The following chapter
will discuss the ways in improving the safety practices.
30

3.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION OF SAFETY PRACTICES IN INDONESIA
This chapter explains safety improvements that have been reviewed by experts in
the field of construction management, and explained in conjunction with Safety
Practices all over the world. Further review on safety practices and their improvements
is also presented in this chapter.
3.2 Model of Safety Practice in Indonesia
Key factors that will be introduced in this chapter are the results of experts’
opinions and of a case study conducted by William A. Young and Philip R. Johnson
(1997), on success of safety implementation in a project in Kalimantan. As in
Kalimantan, the author has chosen a multinational company (MNC) whose corporate
Safety Vision is; "Safety is Priority". The project had 350 construction workers at its
peak, and was completed in 630,000 construction man-hours, injury free. The barriers
faced in achieving the vision, included physical, cultural and attitudinal issues. The
practical management systems implemented to achieve the safety vision and how they

overcome the barriers will be discussed. Apart from the Safety Vision, a key goal of the
project management team was to establish a sustainable safety culture that would remain
with the new national facilities operations staff, long after the construction stage of the
project had been completed. An explanation is given of a number of innovative systems
used on the project that transformed the work culture on the site, from an attitude of
'accidents and injuries are inevitable', to one of zero tolerance of either. The study
demonstrates that even across international and cultural boundaries, effective
construction safety management is achievable.
3.3 Construction Safety in Developing and Developed Country
According to the publication of Singapore Ministry of Man Power (MOM) in
1999, the construction Industry in Singapore is always associated with high cost, foreign
workers and hazardous working conditions. It also mentioned that within Singapore
context the frequency of severity in occupational accidents and also injuries in
construction industry is higher than those other developed countries such as United
Kingdom, Germany, United States and Japan.
Since the early 1980s, the authorities in Singapore have been actively
encouraging industries to self regulate in an effort to improve the local safety situation.
Self-regulatory measurement includes the implementation of safety management system
and safety audits, employment of safety officers, formation of safety committees and
providing training to all levels of personnel involved in the construction project. The
efforts of the government in promoting safety should be complemented by strong
determination by management to safeguard the safety of their workers.
The comparison between the severity rates investigated from the year 1991 to
the year 2000 in Indonesia and Singapore can be seen in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2. The
32

Government Institution conducted the investigation in Indonesia for Workers Social
Security Program whilst in Singapore it was conducted by The Occupational Safety
Department. From the figures, we can determine the trend of safety improvements
established within the years by both countries from the total amount of construction
work and the total amount of labor.
Accident Severity
Accident Severity
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Figure 3.1 Accident Severity Rate In Construction, Indonesia
(JAMSOSTEK Indonesia, 2000)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Figure 3.2 Accident Severity Rate In Construction, Singapore
(The Occupational Safety Department, Singapore, 1999)
33

Based on the figures, we can see that while the safety has been decreasing in Indonesia
there is an improvement in Singapore.
3.4 Safety Management in Construction
The term safety management stated by Armstrong (1980) is used for
convenience and for brevity, and wherever it is used it should be taken to refer the
management of occupational health and environment as well as safety. Safety
management is concerned with, and achieved by, all the techniques, which promote the
subject. Safety management is also concerned with influencing human behavior, and
with limiting opportunities for mistakes to be made which would result in harm and loss.
To do this, safety management should take into account the ways in which people fail.
Wilson and Koehn (2000) explained that generally, safety management
techniques are aimed at recognition and elimination of hazards, and the assessment and
control of those risks are remained. Many risks cannot be confined to the construction
process. They overlap with clients, other contractors and third parties. One method of
safety management, with which the first writer has a related personal experience, was
used on a small to medium-sized project that experienced many of the problems
characteristic of the smaller projects mentioned earlier.
Some companies, according to Holt (2001), have become well known for the
success of their safety management system. In the United Kingdom, leaders in the field
even within smaller companies have devoted substantial time and money to the
development of sophisticated management system.
Tomasin (1990) states that the work of Du Pont France is noteworthy. As a
construction operation based in The United Kingdom, this company claims that several
34

of its plants with more than 1000 employees have run for more than 10 years without
recording a lost time injury accident. Du Pont uses 10 principles of safety management,
as follows:
� All injuries and occupational illnesses are preventable;
� Management is directly responsible for doing this, with each level
accountable to the one above and responsible for the level below;
� Safety is a condition of an employment, and is as important to the
company as production, quality or cost control, in which the audits and
inspection must be carried out;
� Training is required in order to sustain safety knowledge, includes
establishing procedures and safety performance standards for each job;
� Safety audits and inspections must be carried out;
� Deficiencies must be corrected promptly, by modifications, changing
procedures, improve training and/or consistent and constructive
discipline;
� All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated
� Safety away from work is as important as safety at work;
� Accident prevention is cost effective, the highest cost is human
suffering; and
� People are the most critical element in the health and safety program.
Employees must be actively involved, and complement management
responsibility by making suggestion for improvement.
Michael Toole (2002) through his research states that to ensure a worker gets
proper training, several factors are necessary to be considered. First, the individual(s)
responsible for a worker’s training must have expertise in the task being performed.
Second, the entity must have expertise training requirements for the specific task being
performed, which requires a working knowledge of the relevant portions of the OSHA
text that apply to the task. Third, the responsible individuals must have access to
information of the employees past records. Fourth, the entity must be able to interview,
35

test, or observe the employee in the performance of the task to confirm the employee’s
current state of competence in safety performing.
3.5 Safety Policy in Indonesia
In Indonesia, there are a few basic safety regulations that explain general
regulation in safety for the workers in industries. Those regulations do not include the
details for different industry where every industry will have different conditions. This
also occurs for the construction industry. The following regulations are some examples
of the basic safety regulation in Indonesia where the first example is the safety and
health regulation in Indonesia, stated in general safety statutory:
� 1945 Act Chapter 27 Article (2): Every citizen has the right to be employed
and live in prosperity. It refers to working in safe environment free from any
danger;
� Labor Safety Act No. 14 1969: Basic requirements for workers and safety
implications. Governments obligations toward safety and social welfare of
workers;
� Industrial Accidents in Workplace due to unsafe condition (Decree No .1
1970);
� Accidents Related to Work (decree No. 3 1992, Decree No. 2 1951 and
Decree No. 33 1977);
� The Republic of Indonesia Act No 3 1992: Regarding Social Security for
Workers, which clearly state the details of rights of workers and their legal
protection;
� Governments Decree No. 14 1993: Implications of Social Assurance for
Workers; and
36

� Ministry of Man Work Decree No. Per-05/Men/1993, regarding PT.
Jamsostek (Government Institution for Workers Social Security Program)
appointed to conduct Safety and Social Management all over the nation.
Safety and Health Regulation was also stated in the Governments Decree in
Construction Workers Protection as follows:
� Ministry of General Works Decree No. 98/kpts/1979, regarding permits to
operate heavy instrument; and
� Ministry of Man work Decree No. Per 01/Men/1980, regarding Safety and
Health in the Construction Industry. Specific details in conditions of
workplace, tools, excavations, lifting operation, operation of heavy vehicles,
underground works, erection of scaffolding, personal protection, and etc.
As a result, most management in the construction industry projects in Indonesia
does not have safety policies or even take any steps to improve safety on construction
sites. However, the majority of construction projects in the survey that has been done by
the author have formal safety regulations by some means, although their enforcement is
still low. Safety regulations are widely implemented by contractors at project
commencement stage, but they become loose as project proceeds stages. Managers are
more concerned with project schedule and budget than safety.
A few of the construction sites in the survey provide adequate warning systems
at proper places. A warning system is useful because workers who work under a
sufficient warning system in construction sites would think that it could be a caution for
potential hazard places. Toolbox meeting, safety training and orientation programs are
hardly implemented in Indonesia’s construction projects because the management thinks
that they are a waste of time and money. In some ways, construction projects do not
comply with building codes and safety regulations.
37

3.6 Safety Improvement
Theoretically, we can see that safety performance can be affected by good
management practices. Therefore, with the implementation of the safety management
system, it is expected that construction projects can be well managed and thus can
reduce the occurrence of accidents on construction site. There are certain factors that
may improve safety practices in order to comply with safety management. Clough
(1986) stated that safe system of construction was achieved by the application of
effective management techniques together with the safety facilities and motivations.
In order to give the management team confidence that its construction sites are
properly organized, it is useful to have a standard system for setting up site safety
organization and for monitoring its effectiveness. This may be affected by certain factors
such as recruitment of competent person, certification and rewards, and others, which
are explained in detail regarding improvements. As mentioned by Toole (2002), safety
on a jobsite can be effectively enforced by putting several key factors in place. The first
factor to be concerned is to set a unit that is able to monitor work on a frequent basis.
Second, the entity should know the relevant safety standards for the task that would be
performed. Third, the entity should have a formal or informal authority to direct the
actions of the workers.
The implementation, operation, and monitoring responsibility of the program,
according to Hislop (1991), should be clearly defined at the beginning of construction
activities. The program must include aspects of comprehensive safety policy statement,
and a safety review of pre construction and during the construction time. The on-site
inspection and good house keeping are also part of the aspects that need to be
considered. However, the screening system to position reliable contractor is also one of
the starting points that need to be included within the program.
38

3.6.1 Permits to Work
Several operations are potentially so hazardous when normal training and
supervision are insufficient to ensure safety. The permit to work is a document which
describes the works to be done and the precautions to be taken so that the errors,
omissions and misunderstandings that cause accidents can be minimized, even
eliminated. It provides a record to state that responsible personnel have considered all
foreseeable hazards. The operations for which permits to work should be used include:
� Entry into confined spaces, closed vessels and vessels containing agitators or
other moving parts;
� Work involving the breaking of pipelines or opening of plant containing
steam, ammonia, chlorine, other hazardous chemicals and hot substances or
vapors, gases or liquid under pressure;
� Work in electrical system;
� Welding and cutting locations with difficult access or at a high level;
� Work in the vicinity of, or requiring the use of, highly flammable explosive
or toxic substances; and
� Work that may cause atmospheric pollution and work involving ionizing
radiation.
The use of permits to work is influenced by the degree of risk. In term of the
risk, it should consider engineers, workmen, members of the public, property and
product who are exposed in respect to the type of work undertaken, the working method
used and also location of the work. Likewise, the permit-to-work system requires
rigorous adherence to the arrangements. The authority, in particular, also needs to
specify the persons in charge of issuing permits to work, the signing of the permits by
authorized staff and the distribution of copies of the signed permits.
39

3.6.2 Competent Person
Tasks such as undertaking hazardous inspections, issuing permits to work or
requiring exposure to a high level of foreseeable risk at frequent intervals should be
undertaken only by specifically trained engineers or operators or a competent person
who appreciate the risks involved. The expression 'competent person' occurs frequently
in construction safety legislation. As an example, under the Construction (General
Provisions) Regulations 1961 and the Construction (Working Places) Regulations 1966,
certain inspections, examinations, operations and supervisory duties must be undertaken
by competent people. The onus is on the employer to decide whether people are
competent to carry out these duties. An employer might do this by referring to the
individual's training qualifications and experience.
Broadly speaking, a competent person should have practical and theoretical
knowledge as well as sufficient experience of the particular machinery, plant or
procedure involved to enable him to identify defects or weaknesses during plant and
machinery examinations, and to assess their importance in relation to the strength and
function of that plant and machinery. He must be able to discover defects and to
determine the consequences of such defects. Competent persons are involved in many
activities, for instance, the supervision of the use of explosives such as in a demolition
work, the supervision of testing, erecting, removing and adjusting of cranes, and also the
inspection of scaffold materials and the elements that support its works.
Incongruent with the discussion within the previous chapters most experts
emphasized safety practices only on its best side to accomplish construction safety. This
chapter will explain where other experts take priority in the improvements rather than
the best approaches to achieve construction safety. The next discussions are the opinion
of the experts regarding to safety improvements.
40

Levitt and Parker (1976), have highlighted safety improvement as follows:
� Company manager’s awareness of safety problems;
� Evaluation of superintendents based on safety performance;
� Top managers pointedly talking about safety when they visited jobs had
Experience Modification Rates (EMR) lower than companies in which
this was not mentioned during interviews;
� Companies that conducted formal safety orientation for all new hires had
average EMR lower than companies that had no formal orientation for
newly hired workers;
� Incentives based on lost-time accidents awarded to workers, foremen, and
superintendents for accident-free work had no effect on safety, according
to research findings; and
� Crews were to perform work quicker, better, and more safely when
managers insisted on detailed work planning (including materials,
equipment, manpower, and safely requirements) prior to the start of the
job.
According to Hinze (1978), one other key factor in succeeding safety practices is
the experience requirements, which are much influenced by the workers’ experience.
The experience can be identified as, for example, superintendents whose crews had
fewer injuries were those having larger percentages of workers transferring with them
from one job to the next. Also, there is improvement of the safety when companies
retain their employees for more than one year, and there are additional safety benefits
when employees are kept for even longer periods of time (five years in this study)
Research conducted by Hinze and Panullo (1978), has highlighted the best
improvement in safety that can be achieved in some ways. For example, having more
site visits by top managers can lower the injury index for those firms engaged in projects
in close proximity to the home office. There can also be more control when workers visit
41

the home office more often. Employing the same workers for a long period time can also
improve the safety in a project.
Hinze et al. (1978), conducted a research regarding improvement as an
application to safety practices. Hinze and Parker (1978) suggest some elements that can
increase injury, if job-related pressure on superintendents, or superintendents who were
under pressure to complete the job from the home office had higher injury frequencies.
Also, a strong support of job competition between crews caused more injuries than those
who opposed job competition and those who were only moderate supporters of
competition. Whilst Hinze and Francine (1978) revealed that supervisors who were more
flexible in dealing with subordinate conflicts had better safety records compared to their
more rigid counterparts.
Furthermore, Hinze together with Harrison in 1981 has achieved advance
developments toward improvement in implementing construction safety practices as a
complete system. The system starts with hiring field safety representative by the
corporate director of safety. The representative trained their subordinate workers and
also reported to the president or vice president of the company in regular basis. The next
step was informing formalized safety orientation to new workers. Giving safety awards
to workers and foremen were also part of the system.
Samelson and Levit (1982) through their research have discovered similar results
to improve the safety practices. Firstly, the owner who is involved actively in selecting
and monitoring safety performance of contractors has significantly lower accident rates
in their construction projects. Several owner strategies were also found to have
significant impact on contractor safety by: user’s short term permits to regulate
hazardous operations; stressing safety during the pre bid site visit; incorporating detailed
job-specific safety requirements in specifications and periodic inspections; maintaining
safety records; setting ambitious goals for contractor safety and rewarding successful
achievement of those goals; considering safety as a criteria in pre selecting contractors
for bid lists; providing safety orientation and training materials for contractor’s labor and
42

supervision for hazardous operations unique to the particular project; and developing inhouse
owner construction safety personnel with the expertise to carry out their tasks.
Furthermore, part of the safety practices improvement are the actions such as requiring
contractors to delegate safety to on-site personnel, examination of safety at job meetings
and investigation of accidents that were initiated by both safety officers and owners.
Last but not least, placement of considerable emphasis on selection of safe contractors
by the owner is necessary in reducing monitoring and control actions.
Hinze along with Raboud and Figone in 1998 again conducted a research and
discovered certain factors of improvements. The factors are, first of all, a solid support
for safety by top management that includes employing a full-time safety officer,
conducting safety meeting for supervisors and also discussing safety issues in regular
coordination meeting, which was better when the meeting was also attended by the
owner or owner’s representative. The monitoring for supervisor safety performances
was also important, that is followed by conducting specific jobsite safety tours. Having
sophisticated scheduling techniques were also found to assist improvement. The last
factor was pressure on the job (particularly those imposed by budgetary constraints) that
found to adversely affect safety performance.
Meanwhile, Hinze and Figone (1988a) mentioned that for the project that is less
pressure for the superintendents, on or ahead of its schedule could make the project itself
safer. Safer projects were also achieved within the companies that emphasized other
goals in addition to profits compared with companies that were only seeking to
maximize profits, or the companies that negotiated a majority of their prime contracts.
Several variables related to job coordination affected safety positively.
Those variable are:
� Which are smaller in size;
� Projects with fewer specialty contractors;
� Companies that negotiated a majority of their subcontracts; and
� Companies that use the same specialty contractors.
43

Other variables that improved the safety of projects are:
� Variables related to company safety emphasis result in safer projects;
companies whose home offices monitor projects safety, and concern by
top management;
� Variables related to superintendent’s concern for workers results in safer
projects: superintendents who show concern for workers and
superintendents who provide new workers orientation; and
� Variables related to job cleanliness result in safer projects: good
housekeeping, and daily specialty contractor safety inspections.
Similar with the previous research, Hinze and Figone (1988b) have concluded
that improvement within the construction projects can be achieved by considering some
factors, detailed as follows:
� Significant factors correlated with general contractor injury rate:
conducting special safety meetings for field supervisors, and employing
full-time safety professionals;
� Significant factors correlated with general contractor safety performance:
specialty contractors was involved in projects meetings with the owner;
general contractor reported directly to the home office rather than district
office; general contractor reviewed specialty contractor safety programs
or required them to follow project-wide safety programs; projects
schedules were prepared by superintendents or on-site scheduling
departments; and general contractor required the specialty contractor to
hold “toolbox” safety meetings; and
� Factors that tended to show the relationship to improve general contractor
safety performance: the general contractor was not experiencing
excessive schedule pressure; general contractors were located farther
from their home office; and the general contractor investigated all
specialty contractor accidents.
44

Furthermore, according to Liska et.al (1993), safety improvements are identified
as follows:
� Safety pre project/pre task planning included safety goals, safety
person/personnel, hiring employees, safety policies and procedures, fire
protection program, accountability/responsibility, and safety budget
concerns;
� Safety training, orientation and incentives provided and also the meeting
held for safety issues;
� Accident and near-miss investigation conducted as well as record keeping
and follow-up;
� Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) applied; and
� Alcohol – and substances – abuse program in place.
Finally, Young and Johnson (2000), have conducted research in determining
certain factors of improvements in implementing safety practices. These are described as
follows:
� The safety plan was revised;
� Construct ability reviews were implemented through JSA’s;
� Good housekeeping was rigorsly maintained;
� Recognition that designs decisions had an impact on job-site. Feedback
was given to designers on specific issues that impacted safety;
� Safe working practices were improved;
� Employees required to enter Confined Spaces were trained in addressing
potential hazards, precautions to be taken, and the use of protective
equipment;
� Excavation and scaffolding work were addressed with specific
procedures, recognizing that they are two of the most hazardous jobs in
the construction industry with regards to fatalities;
� Remote control radios were widely used by all construction supervisors
and the project management team;
45

� Using a full-time safety coordinator, increasing safety inspections,
meetings to discuss safety performance with field supervisors, were all
applied;
� Focused on those areas identified as warranting greatest risk. It was
essential to understand the priorities and expedite solutions. These were
captured on check sheets and taken into action; and
� The contractor’s employees were involved in all phases of site safety. It
is generally known that employees are often more aware of hazards in the
workplace than are employers.
The following tables, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3, show the opinions from various authors
regarding the implementation of Safety Practices and their improvements:
46

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
I Allan (2001) 1.Training Training Trianing Responsibilities of Supervisors
2.Good Maintenance Good maintenance Developing Performance Appraisal Forms That Contain Safety Criteria
3. Adequate job planning and instruction Adequate job planning and instruction Accident Investigation and Reporting
4. Having Safe systems of work in place Having safe system of work in place Certification of Safety Personel
Effective Inspections Experience requirement
II Ratay (1997) 1. Good Construction Best Practises Strict Enforcement of High Standards of Care Recognizing Safe Work Behavior as a Part of Company Incentives Programs
2. Utmost Care Avoiding risk by eliminating hazards Effective Communicating Safety Information to All Employees and Sub Contractors
3. Effective Inspections Adherence and good behaviour of workers Owner involve themselves in monitoring safety
4. Strict Enforcement of High Standards of Care Using equipment & material adequately
5. Same rules to follow Safety device and safety measurement
6. Adherence Using Effective tools and equipment
Assign work to professional contractors
III Hislop (1999) 1. Identified and effetively hazards controlled
2. Good behavior of constructon workers
IV Clough (1986)
(Primary) Safe Practices:
1. Working with authority
2. Adherence to warn others of danger
3. Using equipment adequately
4. Connecting safety devices such as guards
5. Using effective equipment
6. No smoking in areas where this is not allowed
7. Adherence to use or wear personal protective equipment
Safe Conditions :
1.Adequate guardrails
2. Efective tools and equipment
3. Adequate fire warning system
4. Effective housekeeping
5. Not hazardous atmospheric conditions
6. Enough light
V Holt (2001) Management System :
(Secondary) 1. Established in Financial
2. Good commitment
3. Adequate Policy
4. Adequate Standard
5. Adequate knowledge and information
6. Training
7. Good quality control System
Social :
1. Good group attitudes
2. Good Industry Tradition
3. Society attitudes to not risk taking
4. Acceptable behaviour in work site
5. No Commercial/financial pressure between contractors

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
VI ILO ( 1979 ) I. ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING
1. Good in Technical Planning
2. Unawkward limited time
3. Assign work to professional contractors
4. Controlling workers
5. Good cooperation with workers
II. CARRYING OUT WORK
1. Use of good construction material
2. No damaged material process
III. EQUIPMENT
1. Usable equipment
2. Appropriate use of an equipment
3. Safety device and safety measurement
IV. MANAGEMENT
1. Adequate preparation
2. Adequate test of equipment
3. Consistent and enough instruction
4. Recruiting skilled labours
5. Enough supervision
V. WORKERS BEHAVIOUR
1. Capable, responsible
2. Working with knowledge
3. Working accordingly
VII Civitello (1997) 1. Performing safety programs construction companies
VIII Holt (2001) 1. Avoiding risk by eliminating the hazards
2. Tackle risk at the source
3. Adapt work to the individual when designing work areas and selecting
methods of work.
4. Use technology to improve conditions
5. Give priority to protection for the whole workplace rather than to individuals
6. Ensure that everyone understands what they have to do to be safe and healthy
at work.
7. Make sure Health and Safety Management is accepted by everyone, and that is
applies to all aspect of the organisation's activities.
IX Tomasin(1990) 1. All injuries and occupotional illness are preventable
Du Pont France 2. Management is directly responsible for doing this, with each level accountable to
the one above and responsible for the level below
3. Safety is a condition of an employment, and is as important to the company
as production, quality or cost control
4. Training is required in order to sustain safety knowledge, includes establishing
procedures and safety performance standards for each job
5. Safety audits and inspections must be carried out.
6. Deficiencies must be corrected promptply, by modifications, changing procedures,
improve training and/or consistent and constructive disciplining
7. All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated
8. Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.
9. Accident prevention is cost effective-the highest cost is human suffering
10. People is the most critical element in the health and safety program. Employee
must be actively involved, and complement management responsibility by making
suggestion for improvement.

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
X 1976 1. Company manager's awareness of safety problems
Levitt and Parker 2. Evaluation of supritendents based on safety performance
3. Top managers pointedly talking about safety when they visited jobs had Experience
Modification Rates (EMR) lower than companies in which this was not mentioned
during interviews.
4. Companies that conducted formal safety orientation for all new hires had average EMR
lower than companies that had no formal orientation for newly hired workers.
5. Incentives based on lost-time accidents awarded to workers, foremen, and supritendents
for accidents-freework had no effect on safety , according to research findings
6. crews were to perform work quicker, better, and more safely when managers insisted on
detailed work planning (including materials, equipment, man power, and safety requirements)
prior to the start of the job.
XI 1978 1. Supritendents whose crews had fewer injuries were those having larger percentages of
Hinze workers transferring with them from one job to the next.
2. Safety increases when companies retain their employees for more than one year, and there
are additional safety benefits when employees are kept for even longer periods of time
( five years in this study)
XII 1978 1. General trends suggested more top-management visits per week lowered the injury index.
Hinze and Panullo 2. Injuries tended to be lower in those firms engaging in projects in close proximity to the home
office.
3. Safer companies employed the same workers for a longer duration.
4. Safety performance improved when more workers visited the home office regularly
XIII 1978 1. Increased job-related pressure on supritendents led to increased injuries.
Hinze and Parker 2. Supritendents in strong support of job competition between crews had more injuries than both
those who opposed job competition and those who were only moderate supporters of
competition
3. Supritendents who were under pressure to complete the job from the home office had higher
injury frequencies.
XIV 1978 1. Supervisors who are more flexible in dealing with subordinate conficts have better safety records
Hinze and Francine compared to their more rigid counterparts
XV 1981 1. The corporate safety director hired the field safety representative
Hinze and Harrison 2. Fields safety directors trained their subordinate workers.
3. The safety director reported to the president or vice president of the company
4. New workers received formalized safety orientation
5. Safety awards were given to workers
6. Safety awards were given to foremen
XVI 1982 1. Owner who involve themselves actively in selecting and monitoring safety performance of
Samelson and Levitt contractors have significantly lower accident rates on their construction projects
2. Several owner strategies were found to have significant impact on contractor safety: use of short
short term work permits to regulate hazardous operations; stressing safety during the prebid
site visit; incorporating detailed job-specific safety requirements in specifications and periodic
inspections; maintenance of safety records; setting ambitious goals for contractor safety and
rewarding successful achievementof those goals; considering safety as a criteria in preselecting
contractors for bid lists; providing safety orientation and training materials for contractor's labor
and supervision for hazardous operations unique to the particular project; and developing
in-house owner construction safety personnel with the expertise to carry out their tasks.
3. Action such as requiring contractors to delegate safety to on-site personnel, examination of
safety at job meetings, and investigation of accidents were initiated by both safe and average
owners.
4. Plecement of conciderable emphasis on selection of safe contractors by the owner is necessary
for fewer monitoring and control actions

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
XVII 1988 1. Employed a full-time company safety officer
Hinze and Raboud 2. Strong top-management support for safety
3. Safety meeting were conducted for supervisors
4. Supervisor safety performance was monitored
5. Specific jobsite safety tours were conducted
6. Safety issues were included in regularly held coordination meetings
7. Lower incident rates occurred on projects that employed sophisticated scheduling techniques
8. Better safety results occurred when the owner or owner's representative was included in
coordination meetings
9. Job pressures (particularly those imposed by budgetary constraints) were found to adversely
affect safety performance.
XVIII 1988 a 1. Superintendents who felt less project pressure had safer projects
Hinze and Figone 2. Projects on or ahead of schedule were safer
3. Companies that emphasized other goals in addition to profits had safer projects that companies
only seeking to maximize profits
4. Companies that negotiated a majority of their prime contracts had safer projects
5. Several variables related to job coordination affected safety positively: smaller projects; projects
with fewer specialty contractors; companies that negotiated a majority of their subcontracts;
and companies that use the same specialty contractors
6. Two variables related to company safety emphasis result in safer projects; companies whose
home offices monitor project safety, and concern by top management.
7. Two variables related superintendent's concern for workers result in safer projects:
superintendents who show concern for workers and superintendents who provide new worker
orientation
8. Two variable related to job cleanliness result in safer projects: good housekeeping, and daily
specialty contractor safety inspections.
XIX 1988 b 1. Significant factors correlated with general contractor injury rate: conducting special safety
Hinze and Figone meetings for field supervisors, and employing full-time safety professionals
2. Significant factors correlated with general contractor safety performance: specialty contractor
was involved in project meetings with the owner; general contractor reported directly to the home
office rather than district office; general contractor reviewed specialty contractor safety programs
or required them to follow project-wide safety programs; project schedules were prepared by
suprintendents or on-site scheduling departments; and general contractor required the specialty
contractor to hold "toolbox" safety meetings
3. Factors that tended to show the relationship to improved general contractor safety performance:
the general contractor was not experiencing excessive schedule pressure; general contractors
were located farther from their home office; and the general contractor investigated all specialty
contractor accidents.
XX Liska et.al 1. Safety preproject/pretask planning included safety goals, safety person/personnel,
hiring employees, safety policies and procedures, fire protection program, accountability /
responsibility, and safety budget concerns
2. Safety training and orientation required
3. Safety incentives provided
4. Alcohol - and substances-abuse program in place
5. Accident and near-miss investigation conducted
6. Record keeping and follow-up undertaken
7. Safety meetings held
8. Personal protective equipment employed

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
XXI Wiiliam A.Young, Safety Best Practices :
Philip R. Jhonson 1. Additional eguipment such as, ladders and harness were purchased to complement the
equipment already on site
2. Arrange specific training of all contractors on site
3. Additional Personal Prostective Equipment (PPE) was purchased. Safety posters were
strategically located around the site
4. All confined spaces on the site were identified and bilingually sign-posted. Additional gas
detectors, and oxygen units were also purchased
5. A more relevant site plan was devised which addressed specific hazards, including; evacuation
of the site, a snake bite procedure, regional medical facilities
6. A large mobile crane be brought to site to facilitate heavy lifts
7. Defective tools were replaced with ones fit for purchased
Safety Improvements :
1. The safety plan was revised
2. Constructibility reviews were implemented through JSA's
3. Good housekeeping was rigorously maintained
4. Recognition that design decitions had an impact on job-site. Feedback was given to designers
on specific issues that impacted safety
5. A variety of machinery and equipment for materials handling was brought on site to improve
safe working practices
6. Employees required to enter Confined Spaces were trained in addressing potential hazards,
precautions to be taken, and the use of protective eqipment
7. Excavation and scaffolding work were addressed with specific procedures, recognising that they
are two of the most hazardous jobs in the construction industry with regards to fatalities
8. Remote control radios were widely used by all construction supervisors and the project
management team
9. Using a full-time safety coordinator, increasing safety inspections, meeting to discuss safety
performance with field supervisors, were all applied
10 Focused on those areas identified as warranting greatest risk
11 The contractor's and employees were involved in all phases of site safety
XXII Panagiotis Safety Practices :
2005 1. Training
2. Inspections
3. Motivation
4 Enforcement
5. Penalties
6 Competent person
Safety Management :
1. Management Commitments and Policies to prevent unsafe conditions
XXIII Mc Clays Three Keys elements of Accidents :
1989 1. Hazards
2. Human Actions
3. Functinal Limitations
XXIV Hinze Production pressures
1996
XXV Abdelhamid & Everet 1. Management deficiencies
2000 2. Training
3. Worker's attitude

Table 3.1 ( continued )
COMMON
AUTHOR KEY FACTORS
Best Practices Best Improvement
XXVI Suraji et.al 1. Project conditions
2001 2. Management Decisions
XXVII Hinze Good working relationships improve safety
1981
XXVIII Hislop 1. A comprehensive safety policy statement
1991 2. A review of constractability
3. Reliable contractor screening
4. Preconstruction meetings (safety review)
5. Inspection
6. Housekeeping
XXIX Niskanen & LauttalammiA wide variety of machinery and equipment for materials handling should be available on site
1989
Bradford Employees required to enter the confined spaces must be instructed :
1993 1. concerning potential hazards
2. Pecautions to be taken
3. The use of protective equipment
Rayzak High Technology that may improve the safety and the maneuvering ability of construction machinery and equipment
1991 should be used if applicable
Robots should be used as much as possible to improve safety
Nomile and Skibniewski
1989

Table 3.3 (Continued)
Nomile &
AUTHOR
Skibniewski
1989
Rayzak
1991
Bradford
1993
Niskannen &
Lauttalammi
1989
Hislop
1991
Hinze
1981
Suraji
et.al 2001
Abdelhamid &
Everet 2000
Hinze 1996
Mc Clays
1989
Panagiotis
2005
BEST IMPROVEMENT
Training Responsibilities of
Supervisor
>
Developing Performance
Appraisal Forms That Contain
Safety Criteria
>
Reporting
> Accident Investigation and
> Certification of Safety Personel
> Experience Requirement
Recognizing Safe Work
Behavior as A Part of Company
Incentive Programs
>
Monitoring Safety
> Owner Involve Themselves in
Effective Communicating
Safety Information to All
Employees and Sub
Contractors
>

3.7 Application of Safety Practices in Indonesia
In an effort to increase the safety of the workers in Indonesia, a program of
Workers Social Security (Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja) conducted by JAMSOSTEK, a
governmental institution part of Man Power Ministry of Indonesia, has been
implemented. The institution hands various securities for workers including health and
pension. With the program, workers can feel more secure when they do their duties,
which in the end can help to improve the productivity of the companies.
Above all, the safety of the workers themselves has not been protected since the
regulation of the safety is not established thoroughly, particularly for the construction
industries. The Workers Social Security Program only works as insurance in giving
compensations for workers when they are injured instead of providing guidance to
prevent the accidents from occuring. The form of the program is actually the basic
implementation of co-operative work and mutual relationship among workers in the
foundation of Workers Social Programs as enshrined in the principles of the “Pancasila”
Democracy. Basically the program is aimed at protecting the workers and providing
them welfare, therefore the Government has moral obligation to increase protection over
workers and their welfare. Yet workers are the most obvious to play an active role and
be responsible in carrying out the program to ensure their own safety and welfare.
Regulation and safety organization are basic requirements in supporting the
safety and welfare of the workers in construction. They are also part of the application
of regulation concerning workers safety and occupational health in Indonesia, which is
stated in the 1945 Act Chapter 27 Article (2) as previously mentioned. However, in
parallel with the safety regulation that has not been established, the safety organization
that particularly concerns construction workers safety and occupational wealth has not
yet existed until the present day.
59

3.8 Summary
The literature reviewed shows that safety management does not concern only
with identifying symptoms of unsafe acts and conditions. The real cause of accidents
should also be examined, which usually resulted from error in the management system.
In addition, safety should be integrated into the construction process rather than
superimposed it on the organization. The literatures also suggest that management
system effectiveness should be measured, as it is also part of the whole safety
management process.
The author has concluded from the literature review that safety practices by
following the steps were considered to be applicable, and were more similar to the ones
in the developed country to another. The distinct difference is the characteristic of the
policy applied.
Some steps mentioned earlier do not exist within safety management generally
found in developing countries. However if the existing safety management is applied
accordingly, it would certainly improve safety condition, in fact it may be its best safety
practice.
In general, regulations concerning workers safety which are enforced by law is
considered adequate. However, implementing the regulation submissively is far from
adequate; and therefore requires an increase.
From the literature review, the key factors of Safety in Construction (Safety
Practices and Safety Improvement) were identified as follows:
60

KEY FACTORS
Safety Practices
Safety Improvement
� Adequate use of equipment & material
� Good Maintenance
� Training
� Adequate job planning and instruction
� Safe system of work in place
� Effective inspections
� Strict enforcement of high standards of
care
� Avoiding risk by eliminating hazards
� Adherence and good behavior of
workers
� Safety devices and safety measurement
� Effective use of tolls and equipment
� Assign work to professional contractor
61
� Training responsibilities of supervisor
� Developing performance appraisal forms
that contain safety criteria
� Accident investigation and reporting
� Certification of safety personnel
� Experience requirement
� Recognizing safe work behavior as a
part of company incentive programs
� Effective communicating safety
information to all employees and sub
contractors
Figure 3.3. Key Factors of Safety in Construction
The term safety practice which comprises certain procedures in the safety
management system is commonly applied in most developed countries. However, the

safety practices in the construction industry practiced in most developed countries would
not be appropriate to be applied totally without adjustment with the conditions within
developing countries. In the context of Indonesia, the safety practices are hardly found
applied within construction industries since the regulation is not established yet.
Therefore, the finding within the literature review, especially the key factors that have
been described in the summary, can be useful in improving the safety practices in
Indonesia.
62

4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses research procedure and the method used to conduct
the research related to its objectives that has been highlighted in Chapter 1. There
are two methods used in this research those are qualitative and quantitative method.
Qualitative method is applied to describe in detail the factual problems of safety
practices and safety improvement in the construction industries. The reason
considered in using this method is due to the nature of data to be collected. In
addition, the method can also be useful for tracing the history of particular issues in
order to obtain actual condition and also the sample data from a population, which
represents the overall population. The second methodology that was adopted for this
study is the questionnaire survey. The information or data gathered using
questionnaires focus on selected wider spectrum of respondent from construction
industry in Batam, Indonesia.
4.2 Literature Review
The earlier stage of literature reviews within this study was obtained from
journals, scientific books, data and previous research from government institution,

decrees in reference to safety practices. Literature reviews are conducted on the
previous studies all over the world concerning safety practices and safety
improvement. This is to get some clues, differences and similarity among the
scientific judgments, further it will be used as initial framework of research on
safety practices in Batam, Indonesia.
4.3 Case Study
Qualitative method is a method that is use to explain a specific issues,
therefore the result is also specific and may not be applicable to explain certain
issues in other industries. One of the approach in this method is by using case study.
Case study is useful for tracing the history of particular issues in order to obtain
actual condition. They are useful when investigating human inputs in complicated
process (Blockley 1986). Case studies become particularly useful where one needs
to understand some particular problem or situation in great depth, and where one can
identify cases rich in information (Patton,1987). Qualitative analysis through case
studies is particularly useful for investigating why a relationship exist (Eisenhardt,
1989).
Three case studies have been investigated for this research. They are all
building projects in Batam-Indonesia. In this particular case studies safety practices
are the main focus, and the data expected to gain from this studies are gathered from
in- depth interview, by direct field observation and document review, which relates
to safety practices and their improvements.
Safety practices and safety improvement are determined by some factors,
those are: working culture in its environment, worker’s level of education, goodwill
of the company leader, and control by authorized institution. Every company has its
own characteristic of those factors, that’s why the difference of application rate on
safety practices and safety improvement among companies could occur. The study
64

on the rate of application on safety practices and safety improvement, four (4)
companies has been selected for the case study.
Yin (1997) defined case study as an empirical inquiry that :
� Investigate phenomena in real life context, unless :
� The boundaries between phenomena and contexts does not seem
clearly; and
� Multi sources of prove could be used.
This research apply the descriptive and qualitative method because it studies
the dynamical process in safety practices and safety improvement that involve the
whole parts in company, such as workers, low, middle and top management.
Kusmayadi and Endar (2000) stated that in descriptive research method, the
researcher should endeavor to describe phenomena or relation among studied
phenomena systematically, factual and accurately. While according to Sitorus
(1998), term of qualitative shows the affirmation to the unexamined processes and
meanings, or measured (unless fully measured) tightly from quantity side, amounts,
intensity or frequency.
The qualitative researchers give affirmation on nature of social formation of
reality, close relationship between the researcher and its objects that is studied and
situational challenges that accompany the research. The researchers give affirmation
on the nature of value and research. They search for the answer of question that
stress how the social experiences are formulated and being given the meaning. The
contrast with quantitative research is the stressing in measurement and causal relation
analysis among several variables instead of the processes.
4.3.1 Collecting Information for Case Study
The research applies primary data in order to describe the real condition of
the safety practices and safety improvement. At the same time, secondary data in this
65

esearch are also used to affirm primary data collected. Kusmayadi and Endar (2000)
define the primary data as the data collected by interviewing the first source, test, and
observation. Whilst secondary data as the data obtained from various reference or
other research result, which relates to this research or by means of purchasing several
information from a data collector.
Koentjaraningrat (1994) explains about the interview method as a method
includes the way to get the information or statement orally from a respondent, by
having a face-to-face conversation. The respondents of the research could be various
people with various levels of educational background and culture. Since in this case
study the data will be collected through interview, the author would treat a way and
situation while doing in-depth interview. According to Denzim in Mulyana (2001),
in-depth interview is one of nonstructural interview with the purpose to obtain
certain information from all respondents, but the term that is used by the researcher
should adjust to every respondent. For instance, the researcher should differ the way
to interview a manager from a worker. By that way, the sources could understand
better what are the questions mean.
All information of what these research needs are gained from sources that
originate from various groups in the companies, which are: workers, supervisor, low
manager, middle manager, and top manager. To determine who will become our
sources, we apply purposive technique. Kusmayadi and Endar (2000) defined
purposive technique as a technique that base on considering and planning
thoroughly. Another technique is snowballing, which is a technique to determine the
proper next respondent base on information given by the previous respondent. Both
of this technique is combined due to several key persons are chosen purposively in
order to obtain depth information.
4.3.2 Method of Data Analysis
The method that is going to be used for the data analysis is very important in
studying safety practices and its improvement at the construction site. The method
66

needs to closely relate the respondents educational background, culture and their
social problem in its environment. The main point of analysis in the case study is to
explain the specific characteristic of population in three observed companies
regarding to safety practices and safety improvement. It is analyzed from qualitative
information that recovered from the respondent through in depth interview.
The stages of data analysis for case study as suggested by Kartono (1996) are:
� Verifying data accurately and carefully;
� Arranging data by classification;
� Formulating concepts or certain formal system, include formulating
the ideas and definitions of social behavior and social phenomenon;
and
� Thinking the deductive or logic systems to prove and verify the
certain propositions and factual data.
4.4 Quantitative Method
This research applies survey method in order to get the common opinion of
contractors and developers regarding best safety practices and safety improvement.
This method uses questionnaire as a tool to collect information from respondent that
were selected from population. According to Singarimbun et al. (1989), the
definition of survey in general is a research with certain limit, which means that the
data obtain are samples from a population, which represent the overall population.
Questionnaire survey method is also characterised as quantitative method,
because it uses questionnaire as an instrument. According to Sadoulet and Janvry
(1995), quantitative analysis allows running sensitivity tests to clarify the role of key
behavioral assumption and important parameter values. Further, Sadoulet and Janvry
(1995) explained that quantitative modeling thus allows tracing back disagreement
67

and difference on policy choices to specific behavioral assumption and causal
relations, empirical values given to parameter, and choices of normative objectives.
Rea and Parker (1997) stated that the ultimate goal of survey research is to
allow researcher to generalize about large population by studying only a small
portion of that population. They also mentioned that accurate generalization derives
only from applying the set of systematic, scientific, and orderly procedures known.
In this research, analysis unit that considered are persons contains workers,
supervisor, and manager in low level to top level. At initial stages of survey process,
it is important to determine the relevant issue that bear upon the purposes on the
research. Meanwhile, to achieve the valid generalization, there are several usual steps
that can be done in the survey (Singarimbun, et al., 1989), those are :
� Formulating research problem and specify aims of survey;
� Specifying concept and hypothesis ;
� Sampling ;
� Designing questionnaire;
� Field study / survey;
� Data analysis; and
� Discussion and reporting.
4.4.1 Population of the Questionnaires Survey
Population of the questionnaires herein represents individuals or a group of
individual whom are involved in the construction industry. However, every
information retrieved will be obtained explicitly from individual within a group of
individuals involved with construction works. The meaning of population in regard
to this research is contractors or developers in Batam Island. According to the
Central Statistic Agency (BPS) of Batam, the number of contractors and developers
registered in Batam are sixty two (62) companies until April 2004.
68

Subject of research was chosen in Indonesia particularly in Batam in order to
obtained degree of homogeneity within a group. It is also to trace the effectiveness of
the company’s role, information supervisors’ role and the decision makers’ role.
4.4.2 Pilot Study
The aim of the pilot study is to test whether the question of questionnaires are
ready to be distributed to the selected samples. At the same time, it can also be used
to improve the questionnaires in term of their clarity, understandability and
simplicity, which can be answered by respondents.
Respondents of the questionnaires regarding to the study are persons who are
involved in construction industries in Batam that distributed from top level to low
level management and workers. The objective of Pilot Study is to improve the format
and presentation and the clarity of the questions. It can be achieved when sample
distribution is assumed normal and directional. The term sample distributing is
viewed according to classification, type of work, work intensity and records in regard
to recent works.
There are four (4) main contractors who are involved in construction
industries in Batam, which were selected for the Pilot Study, these includes:
� PT. Hutama Karya, a state own construction company restructured to
go public. Head office in Jakarta and branch office in Batam and had
accomplished numerous vital construction Projects in Batam such as
Batam Industrial Development Agency (BIDA) Building, Batam City
Mayor’s Main Building, Global School Building and Bank
Internasional Indonesia Building. PT. Hutama Karya has been
chosen to be the Pilot Study due to its remarkable achievements in
quality of workmanship;
69

� PT.Jaya Konstruksi is a private national scale construction company,
which has projects all over the nation. The company has achieved
ISO 2000, Q6210 accreditation and has an excellent track record in
quality and safety control has accomplished constructing Batam
Polytechnic Building and Commercial Centre in Batam;
� PT. Adhi Karya, also a State Own Construction Company, has
accomplished Sumatera Promotion Centre Building in Batam;
� Lately Bangun Cipta Kontraktor, a private national scale construction
company, has accomplished numerous projects such as Batam
International University, Awal Bross Hospital and some luxurious
housing projects.
To conduct in depth research and analysis, the author performed a case study.
The importance of a case study is to investigate the actual situation on safety
practices performed in Batam, Indonesia. The author has chosen a case study on the
construction of Batam’s Polytechnic Building which is a State Owned project
owned by Batam Authorities and has been completed by PT. Jaya Konstruksi
Kontraktor, Sumatera Promotion Center Building, and Dispenda Building.
4.4.3 Type of Data and Collecting Procedure
There are two (2) types of data, which require different method in collecting
them. The first is primary data, which can be obtained directly through interview and
establishing questionnaire among contractors and developers. Within this study, the
collection was throughout Batam Island.
The second type of the data is secondary data. This data can be obtained
mainly from various information regarding company’s profile and history,
organization and employee’s description.
70

4.4.4 Design of Questionnaire
Collecting data from various people within some construction companies will
be carried out using questionnaires for this research. Questionnaire uses introspection
principles since it is basically a self-report that provides information of past, present
or future condition that guide respondent of certain population. Using the
questionnaire enables us to collect data faster and cheaper than other instrument.
To clarify the questionnaires interpretation, direct interview on respondents
was carried out. Thus, the interpretation of the data could be accurate and broader.
Furthermore, the purpose of using questionnaire as a research instrument for survey
are:
� Respondents of this research are practitioners of construction
industry that were selected from various parts, include workers and
supervisors or managers. Assumed that all respondents are able to
read and write and understand the questions and would not have
problem to complete the questionnaire;
� Using questionnaire could increase time and human resources
efficiency. Time efficiency could be achieved for the researchers who
do not have to interact directly with respondent. They could propose
their question through questionnaire by explaining the direction of
answering the questionnaire. While human resources efficiency could
be achieved for the number of survey that needed to distribute the
questionnaire could be minimized;
� Questionnaires distribution not only done directly. It could be also
distributed via e-mail. Thus, location and long distant are no longer a
constraint;
� Using questionnaire could assist the respondent more to better
understand the questions, because they have more time to think and to
complete the questionnaire; and
71

� Efficiency that created by using questionnaire enable us to increase
the number of respondents of the research. Thus, we could achieve
more accurate research and describe the whole population.
Questionnaire implemented in this research is close-ended. This form of
questionnaire gives respondent to response and reply questions freely. It is also
required to explore additional information for further analysis.
Questionnaire Scheme in the research will apply list of questions or
questionnaire. In the scheme the author will provide two types of questionnaire; first
regarding Safety Practices (Appendix A) and second is Safety Improvement
Practices (Appendix B).
According to Safari (1983) the aim of questionnaire is to collect data from
large group and widespread people. Questionnaire is use to compile objective data
or any information regarding to the characters quality.
The advantages of using the design of questionnaire is based upon
consideration as follows:
� The subject is the only person whom knows well of him or herself;
� If the subject provides true information, therefore information would
be reliable; and
� Subjects interpretation to the questions asked, is likely to be the same
as interpreted by the researcher.
Questionnaire therefore, applies the principle of introspection, which
basically a self reports to provide adequate information regarding to the past, present
and the future concerning people’s expectations. Beside the advantages it is
economical and faster as compared to other designs method.
There are certain weaknesses to the design of questionnaire within the
research, which are:
72

� Certain elements that are not aware or cannot be expressed. Possibly
due to answers that are influenced by personal desire;
� There are certain personal maters that cannot be expressed;
� Difficulty in expressing own personality in a certain manner; and
� Tendency to build or to construct illogical to logical matters.
Besides using questionnaire, direct interview is also conducted to functionary
officials, and workers involving in operational works to complete the research study
in order study to more broadly.
Instruments would be valid should it measure accordingly to requirements,
and capable to detect data precisely. Low or high the validity of the instrument,
indicates that the data collected does not deviate from its variable. In statistical
ways, validity test is done by internal techniques. Suharsini (1995) expressed that
internal validity can be achievable if there are appropriate parts of instrument within
the instrument. This indicates that an instrument owns its internal validity if the
overall instrument is capable to express data from its variable.
Validity of the indicator will be determined according to how large the
correlation coefficient among indicator scores upon its dependent variable. The
bigger the correlation coefficient, the more valid the indicator is. Applying SPSS
version 11.5 program can process the internal validity test.
A measuring tool may be reliable if the result of the measurement is
consistent at any symptoms conducted in different time. This is to assure that the
instrument used for the research is reliable. Therefore various questions asked have
strong correlation to one another. To test the reliability of the instrument or other
items concerning to the research can be done by using alpha coefficient and
processed by applying SPSS version11.5.
According to Rea and Parker (1997), researcher should use experience and
professional judgment in constructing a series of question that can maximize the
73

advantages and minimize the potential drawbacks. In designing the questionnaire for
this research, the author has converted the factors of the safety practices and safety
improvements into measurable variables. The questionnaire, as it has been suggested,
will later be judged professionally based on the author’s experiences within the next
discussion. The variables for the questionnaire are as follow:
I. Safety Practices Variables
X1 Variable represents A : Safety Support
X2 Variable represents B : Equipment Maintenance
X3 Variable represents C : Safety Education and Training
X4 Variable represents D : Work Instruction and Planning
X5 Variable represents E : Workplace Layout Safety System
X6 Variable represents F : Inspection
X7 Variable represents G : Conducting High Level Safety Program
X8 Variable represents H : Risk Protection and Risk Causes
X9 Variable represents I : Workers Attitude and Discipline
X10 Variable represents J : Supporting and Safety Measuring Devices
X11 Variable represents K : Firm Management
X12 Variable represents L : Professional Contractors
And Sub-Contractors.
II. Safety Improvements Variables
Y1 Variable represents A : Supervisors Capability Improvement
Y2 Variable represents B : Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management.
Y3 Variable represents C : Work Accident Investigating and Reporting
Y4 Variable represents D : Recruitment and Certification
Y5 Variable represents E : Communication and Appreciation
The above variables are applied for data analysis, which donate X(n) and
Y(n) represent in the questionnaire as variables.
74

4.4.5 Data Analysis
In general, data scaling in non-parametric statistic were categorized into four
types, which are nominal or categorical scale, ordinal or ranking scale, interval scale
and finally ratio scale. Within this research, the ordinal or ranking scale measurement
was used to collect most of the variables relevant to the study. In measuring the level
for most of the variables, the method of Likert Scale was used, in particular was five
Likert Scale for the entire questionnaire.
The objective of the questionnaire, which also affect the statistical method
used, was to establish the impact of individual factors or each groups of causes in
term of their relative ranking and whether any relation between the responses of the
contractors and developers. The ranking was based on the average index as will be
discussed in the next section. Moreover, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis will be
used to measure whether any relation between the contractors and the developers.
4.4.5.1 Average Index
Instrument that applied to measure the best safety practices of contractors and
developers is questionnaire that based on scaling adopted from valuing system of
Likert Scale. This method is behavior scaling that use distribution of response as the
basis to determine the scale of value. The responses are classified into five types of
scale, which are: absolutely not important (1), not important (2), quite important (3),
important (4) and crucial to be executed (5).
In analyzing this value of data, we use qualitative and quantitative method in
order to estimate how far each contractor comprehends the importances of safety
practices. Safety practices would become effective unless it is based on the interest
of agent of construction services. It means that policy maker of the construction
organisation should pay attention to the things regarded as important by those agents.
75

Every question answered alternatively in this research, will be scored in the
condition as follow:
� Respondent answering first alternative, will be scored 1;
� Respondent answering second alternative, will be scored 2;
� Respondent answering third alternative, will be scored 3;
� Respondent answering fourth alternative, will be scored 4; and
� Respondent answering fifth alternative, will be scored 5.
Therefore each indicators within the variables are spelled out and expressed by
scoring . Every question scored within a variable will be calculated. Considering
the amount of questions within a variable is not the same, the overall indicators at
every respective variables will justify to obtain inputs regarding whether the value of
each variable come along with its indicators. Consulting with the experts will also
be an input as Justifications.
According to Al - Hammad et al.(1996), Al – Hazmi (1987), to establish the
ranks for all the factors, the average index was calculated to reflect the rating of five
likert scale as follow :
Average Index ( I ) =
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
i � 0
4
4
4
a
�
i � 0
I
X
X
I
i
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
100 %
In this study the expression is 1,2,3,4 and 5. Where ai constant expressing the
weight given to i; Xi = variable expressing the frequency of the response for; i = 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and illustrated as follows: X1 = frequency of the ‘very low ‘ response and
corresponding to a1 =1; X2 = frequency of the ‘low’ response and corresponding to a2
=2; X3 = frequency of the ‘average’ response and corresponding to a3= 3; X4 =
76

frequency of the ‘high’ response and corresponding to a4 = 4; X5 = frequency oh the
‘very high’ response and corresponding to a5 = 5;
1 = very low, 2= low,
3 = average,
5 = very high.
4= high,
The result of each values of the average index or mean score will be
presented on the continuing chapter. This average index could be further interpreted
back to reflect the respondents rating. Initially the researcher used a discrete scale
converted to a continues index (average index) which then can be split into a discrete
categories (Abd. Majid and McCaffer 1997a). In this case the discrete categories
were classified as follows:
Crucial to be executed : 80 < I � 100
Important to be executed : 60 < I � 80
Quite Important to be executed : 40 < I � 60
Not Important to be executed : 20 < I � 40
Absolutely Not Important to be executed : 0 < I � 20
The same classification can be established for the other rating scale and the
computed average index from the analysis can then reflected to the above categories.
The calculated mean score can also be converted to a percentage index as suggested
by Abd. Majid and McCaffer (1997a).
After the average index of contractors and developers is obtained, then we
make average for each groups. Then put it in the right order. To get Spearman rho
correlation, and use the formulation below:
2
6�
D
Rho( �)
� 1�
2
N(
N �1)
77

D is margin of rank base on contractors and developers opinion, and N is the sum of
question groups.
4.4.5.2 Spearman Rho (�)
To investigate the sequence of safety practices priorities in accordance to
contractors and developers opinion, require at statistical test to find the relation
between both opinions. The instrument should be able to measure what is wanted and
to get the data of observed variables precisely. Whether instrument validity is high or
low will show how far the data collected do not deviate from the real condition of
those variables. Statistically, test of instrument is held by internal technique. This
internal relation could be achieved unless the parts of instrument fit the instrument as
a whole. It signals that an instrument have internal relation unless every part of
instrument could explain the relation of data of those variables.
If the observation of two variables is ordinal scale, then the correlation decree
could be found by Spearman Rho correlation, that’s why, the test of relation of those
indicators use the comparison of Spearman Rho correlation in accordance with the
amount of sample. This internal relation will be determined by the correlation
coefficient between indicator score of dependent variable. The coefficient has range
from +1>Rs>-1. Getting closer to +1, will show a better acceptance, while getting
closer to -1, will show the rejection/difference. According to Mc Clave and Sincich
(2003) the fact that Rs is close to +1 indicates that the opinion tends to agree, but the
agreement is not perfect. As for Devore (1996) stated that the coefficient has range
+0.99>Rs>+0.55 show significance correlation.
This formula is used to measure the degree of agreement between both
contractors and developers in their answer regarding the factors that measures the
performance. The spearman rho can be computed as follows (Pffaffenberger and
Patterson, 1977) :
78

2
6 xD
Rho ( � ) � 1 � 2
N(
N � 1)
Where D = difference between the contractor’s ranking and the developer’s ranking
of each factor; and N = number of ranked variables.
Following the finishing of data analysis, which has been done through the
average index and spearman rho, a discussion would be presented to show the whole
result of the case study and survey by questionnaire. Expected from the discussion is
to produce a series of data of ranking in safety practices and also safety
improvements in construction industries in Batam-Indonesia. At the end, it will be
summarized within the last chapter of this study, which is the Chapter of Conclusion
and Recommendation.
4.5 Summary
Explanation previously highlighted in this chapter details the research
methodology implemented by the author to reveal the three objectives of the
research. The research basically apply two method to retrieve data which are
explained as follows:
First, by means of case study using qualitative method is implemented. This
is done through observation and interview on three (3) construction project site
which include; Batam Polytechnique Building; Sumatera Promotion Centre
Building; and Dispenda Building. The data obtain as a result from observation and
in depth interview from the three construction project are cross reference with the
safety practices implement at the three (3) construction project.
79

Secondly, by means of Questionnaire Survey (Quantitative method) which
questionnaire is distributed to two respondents representing contractors and
developers. Data collected from the questionnaire are analysed using Average Index
to obtain the ranks, and Spearman Rho to reveal the relations between the two
groups. Finally after the analysis, safety practices, which are predominant, will be
revealed according to construction experts.
Further, the implementation of the research methodology explained earlier
are described in Chapter 5 and 6.
80

5.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 5
CASE STUDY
The purpose of the case study itself is to qualitatively portray the safety
practices and safety improvements of three companies that have been chosen. The
considerations to choose those three companies are based on variety of the policy
within safety practices and safety improvements, which are different from one
company to the others. Therefore, three different projects of each company that were
executed in Batam-Indonesia will be studied, mainly on cases of work accidents
happened. Those projects are the construction of Batam Polytechnic project by PT
Jaya Konstruksi, the construction of Sumatera Promotion Building project by PT
Adhi Karya, and the construction of Dispenda’s Building of Riau Islands (Kepulauan
Riau) Province by PT Hutama Karya.
5.2 Case Study as Qualitative Analysis
The case study had been conducted through a direct observation and also indepth
interview to people that were involved within the projects on these three
companies. The purpose is to collect information of the priority and its consideration
on safety practices and safety improvement within each company. It is also important

to find out the organization within the company that deals with the safety practices
and improvements.
Many previous researchers depicted the facts of work safety by numerical
value, such as rate of work accident. The numerical value could not always explain
the real condition in practice. The case study is done to describe the work safety
qualitatively. Further analysis will be the dynamical process on safety practices and
safety improvement that had been done in the projects. This chapter also discusses
the government role as the policy maker on construction practices. This discussion is
very important because the policy on construction could provide working assurance
through regulation, standardization, controlling, and action based on its authority.
The application of safety practices and safety improvement are influenced by
numerous factors, some of them are work culture in its environment, worker’s level
of education, goodwill of company owner or chairman and control by the
government or authorized institution. Those factors are specific for each company.
That is why the rate of safety practices and safety improvement for each company
may differ.
.
5.3 Case Study on PT. Jaya Konstruksi
5.3.1 Company Profile
PT Jaya Konstruksi is the first company that was observed for the case study,
on seven stories building of Batam Polytechnic in Batam. The manager of this
project was Ir. Agung Senoadi (B.Eng). A top-down hierarchy is the system adopted
by the manager to run the project, where there are two divisions within the system.
The two divisions are Human Resource Division, and Security and Safety Division.
Each division has several units with some staffs that deal with certain sub-units. The
complete structure of the organization as shown as follows:
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JAKARTA `S
PROJECT
SECTOR
OPERATION
SECTION
CENTRE DISTRIC
NORTH DISTRIC
WEST DISTRIC
EAST DISTRIC
SOUTH DISTRIC
OUTSIDE
JAKARTA
PROJECTS
TOP
MANAGEMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT
SECURITY & SAFETY
DEPARTMENT
SPECIAL
SECTION
TRAINING
&
LEADERSHIP
ADMINISTRATION
SECTION
Figure 5.1. PT. Jaya Konstruksi Organisation
FINANCE
LOGISTIC
GENERAL
PERSONALS
However, the company has a particular management system for a project,
which is headed by a project manager. An assistant helps the manager to handle the
operation process, planning, also monitoring and evaluation. A safety officer also
83
SAFETY
SECTION
HEALHTY
&
SAFETY
WORK

helps particularly concerning application of the safety practices and safety
improvements in every project. For the construction project of Batam Polytechnic
Building, the organisation is highlighted in Figure 5.2.
PROJECT
MANAGER
SAFETY
OFFICER
OPERATION PLANNING M / E SERVICE
Figure. 5.2 Project Organization at Batam Polytechnic Building
5.3.2 Safety Management in Construction
Good cooperation with all components involved in the project organisation
will result in a good implementation of construction safety management. Therefore,
safety management team in PT Jaya Konstruksi has maintained the good cooperation
within all the components throughout the organisation as good as it can be, which
also includes sub contractors. In order to ensure that safety management is
implemented throughout the projects, personnel at all levels within the company that
involved in the projects, is obligated to understand the company’s safety rules and
regulation.
Moreover, to accomplish their safety management, the company is fully
responsible to fulfill safety needs to whom involved in the construction projects. It
follows that, PT. Jaya Konstruksi can be considered as a successful construction
company for implementing safety practices.
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5.3.3. Company Safety Policy
The company always emphasize and consider safety to be the most
important factor, therefore prior to commencement of a project the company
establishes a Committee on Workers Safety and Health (PPKKK) or safety
practices committee bring out from their head quarters. This committee will
emphasize the importance of safety policy where every planning should take into
consideration the followings :
� Company’s Reputation , to keep the company running it requires full
attention of all members including the owner of the company
towards safety.
� Records of low accident rate, will be an asset to promote the
company.
� The Company tends to maintain its safety policy through the
achievement of ISO 9000 : 2000 certification
� The Company with every effort, maintain quality to look forward on
trust by the government as their first step in entering AFTA.
PT. Jaya Konstruksi has a specific background which relate them to establish
a Committee on Workers Safety and Health (PPKKK) in 1992 as describe below :
a. Work accident tends to increase
� Base on records obtain from the project site and their units, accidents
as in quantity point of view, tend to increase .
� Example of increased quantity of accident occur at Slipi Jaya Office
Building and Bus Terminal Project in Jakarta.
b. Work Accident which affected the company’s operation
� Unexpected outgoing budget due to accident
� Decrease in productivity due to accident
� Social bad image due to frequent accident
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Concerning these matters, the company managed hard with every effort to
implement Safety Management by reducing the number of accident occurring at their
projects site.
5.3.4 Safety Practices `
Safety Practices managed by PT. Jaya Konstruksi consist of several elements
that will be explained below. From those elements, there are three main elements that
considered more important by the project management, those are safety organization,
safety priority and safety support.
5.3.4.1 Safety Organization
At the project levels, Jaya Konstruksi through the PPKKK committee
appoints a safety officer which lead directly to coordinate the implementation of
safety policy of the company. The entire personnel having position in the project
organization and all workers involving in the construction projects are obligated to
help each other in conforming to safety policy and their responsibilities toward
safety officer. While top management level at head office has managed to establish
Organization Structure for the PPKKK Committee, members of the committee are
Project Managers in charge of all Jaya Konstruksi Projects all over Indonesia.
5.3.4.2 Safety Priority
PT Jaya Konstruksi gives extra concern in term of an effort in preventing
work accidents especially within a construction project, which emphasis on early
warning and notification for the workers. Some of the factors in the safety practices
that have been applied to the project and become the priority for the management can
86

e one of the proofs of their concern to the safety practices. The factors are as
follows:
� Posting Warning Signs at certain strategic places;
� Distributing and Handing out Safety Standard leaflets to all involve in the
project;
� Awareness of safety to workers and sub contractors;
� Performing Duty Schedule for Safety inspection with regards to Safety
Management in Construction (KKK);
� Performing Weekly safety meeting; and
� Performing safety courses periodically for Project and Site Managers at
head office
5.3.4.3 Safety Support
Safety support equipment such as helmet, harness, shoes, and gloves by
workers are seldom if ever worn by workers in projects. Though company owner has
provided those equipment for workers, but they neglect it. Usually, workers will
only wear harness if they work in high place. Most of workers do not aware of the
danger that could occur while working such as fall down from the high place, etc.
Based on observation, only supervisor and foreman who are watching the working
process wear those equipment (helmet and shoes).
Observation result shows that working culture relating to the safety
awareness in this project not good enough. Most workers will wait for instruction or
warning just to wear the safety support equipment. That’s why, it needs tight and
close control. Whereas the company’s owner only employs one person as safety
officer to control/watch the work site. The fact, the safety officer is only assisted by
one security officer who is not expert in this issues. The limitation of personnel can
causes loose monitoring and control.
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5.3.4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Providing appropriate equipments to avoid the probabilities of accidents to
workers, certain things that must be considered and these includes :
� The implementation of PPE which may be uncomfortable to wear or
may be an obstruction;
� Strict inspection on proper implementation of PPE; and
� High Cost of providing PPE
There are 2 categories of PPE:
a. Must be Used
� Safety Helmet;
� Safety Shoes; and
� Suitable working clothing
b. Depending to Kind of Work
� Eye Protection;
� Respirators;
� Protective Gloves;
� Ear Protectors; and
� Safety Harness / Safety Belt
5.3.4.5 Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices
Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices consist of record cases of
accident, provide first aid and medical treatment for accident (for common injury),
provide further health treatment after accident (for hard injury), provide accident
prevention equipment (fire alarm, fire poison, hydrant, safety net, etc), and the most
important is to provide programs on implementing standard safety equipment
(training for wearing those supporting devices).
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The matter of fact, the first aid and medical treatment is sufficient. The
company have a corporation with one hospital in Batam. Nevertheless, the
availability of accident prevention equipment and programs on implementing of
safety equipment are still not sufficient. There for, emergency training to train the
readiness of all workers to handle the emergency situation should be conducted.
While, according to the Company’s Safety Officer acting as an Executive of
KKK (Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja), in implementation of safety record,
announcement and records relating to safety must be written down and reported.
Forms of report must be conveyed directly to the Project Management and further be
sent to Human Resources Department at the Head Office within 12 hours. This is a
duty of a safety Officer which he is directly responsible to the Project Manager.
The execution of KKK Program are still being developed to achieve the
optimum level in order to increase the company’s productivity. Nowadays, as
catalyst to increase the acceleration in achieving the optimum level of the worker’s
safety, the certification of worker’s safety standard is applied. As a matter of fact,
the application of work safety standard is just at the level of middle and top
management. While at the level of operational management, it get less attention.
To achieve the optimum application of work safety standard at site is not
impossible. It only needs a strong commitment of all personnel of a company who
directly and indirectly involved in a project. If all personnel in the project need safe
environment and realize the importance of work safety at construction, they will
carry out their duty well in managing of work safety. A simple example is recording
and reporting every incident occurred on the field. The part of management face
difficulty in recording all the incidents reported in detail, while it is the first step in
achieving the work safety completely and holistic.
The difficulties in recording all incidents at site are due to failure of
supervisor to report the incident in detail. The supervisor taught that detailed report
will create a problem for himself, because the management will accuse him for not
monitoring the safety aspect. Most of the accidents occurred due to carelessness of
89

the workers themselves. It directly reflect the supervisor that does not remind,
control and facilitate all the workers to work according to safety procedure
5.3.4.6 Site Plan and Layout
There are various safety issue to be considered in site plan and layout which
includes:
� Project Fencing;
- Fence / borders installed according to project location
- Dense fencing with height ± 2 meter
� Secure project entrance appropriate for heavy vehicles;
� Safe work area / space;
� Apply fencing where ground difference / height exceeds 2 meters;
� Adequate lightings; and
� Material handling and storage
The layout of Construction Project of Poly Technique Building in Batam is
sufficient to achieve the required safety level. It is due to the fact that this project is
on open area where there is no activities involving high building. Beside that, plot in
this area which is bounded by public road, enable to open the entry access from
many sides, so it enables to specify the ideal lay out.
Project that is located in an open area enables the management to better
control the working environment. The whole parts of project could be monitored
accurately. Beside that, the placement of material and supporting machineries could
be through safe working procedure.
By fencing the project area and controlling the main entrance, this can assist
the management in monitoring the safety equipments and advice workers on the
importance of safety.
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5.3.4.7 Working Positions, Tools and equipment
There must be a detail explanation with regard to Working Position, Tools
and Equipment on the Work Manual, which includes:
� Working position; and
In the construction industry, there is so many various working
position . Therefore the management through their safety concepts,
create ergonomics and working position to ensure safety and increase
production.
� Hand Tools
There is various kind of hand tools which are capable of causing
accident, these causes may vary due to:
- Improper tool handling;
- Ignorance;
- Careless in maintenance; and
- Unaware of accidents may arise
The management has also provide users manual for each hand tools,
especially tools having high risk of accident for example welding machine, circular
saw etc.
5.3.4.8 Working Environment
The management will emphasize their concern to matters as follows:
� Chemical additive;
� Noise and vibration;
� Lighting; and
� Exposure to heat and cold
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They have also explain in detail, accident prevention cause by the above
matter.
5.3.4.9 Welfare Facilities
There must be a detail explanation regarding Welfare Facilities on the Work
Manual which includes :
� Providing drinkable water;
� Proper Sanitation ;
� Adequate Rest Room;
� Workers Galley;
� Workers Temporary Shelter; and
� Means of Transport to transport workers to work site
5.3.4.10 Work Instruction and Planning
Safety Guidance established, complies to safety standard issued by the Man
power Department. The guidance is tailored according to the condition of project
and its workers. Beside the above standard, PT. Jaya Konstruksi also comply to ISO
9000:2000 which they have obtained with the certification No. Q6210 to formulate
safety policy within its company.
Prior to establishing a Safety Policy at Jaya Konstruksi, the Company has
managed to train Project Managers, as a member of PPKKK with its head office in
Jakarta. These people are amongst whom will be responsible to insure that safety
policy is implemented at every project through out Indonesia , they are also being
called as Safety and Health Work Coordinator.
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Members of PPK3 are working side by side with the Government as well as
with The Manpower Department and the experts on Safety. These people with their
appropriate report , can help to improve safety and in future. To promote the
PPKKK program, the company provide work manual that consist of rule of every
type of work related to safety and work method.
At site, the company has issued a work manual that relates to the conduct of
safety work. The manual will be a reference to all involving in any work at the
project, and the management requires all workers and sub contractors to perform
their jobs according to the manual. Safety requirements in the manual described
below:
Technical guidance of work has been provided in detail and include the work
safety guidance. Both of guidance are distributed to all workers in order to guide
them as much as possible in accordance with the job description. It can assist the
management in achieving required safety level at the project. Nevertheless, it is
difficult to implement it on site. One of the causation is various worker’s behaviour
while working and it is influenced by their level of education, where most of them do
not have a formal education and expertise. Most of the workers obtained their skill in
construction autodidactic. That’s why technical and work safety guidance are
considered inconvenience because they are not used to wear all the safety
equipments. This will discourage them in following the rule or guidance even
though they are fully of the.
The problem that always occurred is the low safety awareness on the whole
project organization. The guidebook and work safety manual are only considered as
administrative obligation due to insufficient knowledge and understanding of the
workers. Manual instruction and book on practical direction are provided not due to
workers’ request. In addition, there is no safety signage on the project’s site,
whereas it can provide an effective reminder to the worker.
Another problem is due to the distant from the Head Office to the site
(Batam to Jakarta). Chairman of KKK Committee has never visit the project site to
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inspect the implementation of safety practice. The full responsibility is delegated to
Project’s Leader at site.
Basically, this company has had sufficient work guidance for safety practices
for all types of activities at site, however the implementation is not as expected. The
guidance for each type of activities is discussed below.
5.3.4.10.1 Excavation
The Construction Polytechnic Building in Batam is located at an open area
and flatland, and it help in the implementation of work safety management.
Nevertheless, it can not guarantee the full safety of work, because the excavation and
other activity for this project could constitute a potential danger. The danger in open
excavation is erosion. Ground water, excessive vibration and heavy rain could
increase the effect of erosion.
Some potential work accidents which can be occur on construction site are :
� Trapped or buried due erosion or landslide;
� Workers injured due to befalling objects into excavation trench;
� Workers falling down to the surface of excavation trench;
� Inhaling hazardous smoke or gas from equipment (bad ventilation);
and
� Falling equipments into excavate trench.
Some steps that can be taken to avoid the work accident include:
� Create a correct degree of excavation / wall (45 degree angle);
� Install retaining walls (wood, metal, etc);
� Make proper fencing around excavation boundaries;
� Check / inspect at least once a day before commencing and during
work progress;
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� Provide enforcements to any construction near excavated area;
� Do not pile material beside excavated area;
� Vehicles that has the necessity to be close by excavation must be
proper hold by blocks of wood;
� Install safety ladder;
� Insure adequate lighting inside excavation hole;
� Wear Safety Helmets;
� Convey information and guidance to workers and supervisors; and
� Prior commencing any job, request information regarding electrical
network installation with the related authority.
5.3.4.10.2 Scaffolding
Scaffolding is an instrument to provide temporary support to a structure, as it
can be useful for other type of jobs. Upon erecting a scaffold, the supervisor is
obligated to make inspection and give full information regarding scaffold setup.
Equipments required includes :
� Ladder;
� Mobile scaffold;
� Mobile Hydraulic extending platform;
� Safety net;
� Safety harness; and
� Safety helmet
The work safety management that relate to scaffolding is varies, those are
installation, application and dismantling. Some problems of installation that usually
occurred are foundation, scaffolding position, form of connection and exact capacity.
Some problems occurred while application process are endurance and stability on the
weight accepted. While some problems on demolition are method and priority of
demolition. Unless one of method is wrong, it will enable the work accident to occur.
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For instance, if the management make a mistake in specifying the priority of
scaffolding dismantling, it can cause the scaffolding to collapse and cause work
accident not only to the workers on dismantling part, but also could create domino
effect to other parts.
5.3.4.10.3 Roof Work
Working on roof top, is one of the most dangerous work at construction site.
Procedure in accordance to safety manual by inspecting work path and area is the
preventive way to avoid accident. The inspection is a necessary step to determine
whether there is no obstruction or dangerous materials lying along the work path or
work area.
Working on roof at project site is risky, because the roof is laid on high
elevation, and the steep. Nevertheless, based on record, there is no work accident
occurred while working on the roof top. Based on data collected, the workers
working on the roof top are very discipline in applying the procedure of work safety,
such as the method applied, custom and equipment worn.
5.3.4.10.4 Steel Erection
Works involving erection of steel at certain heights, seldom use scaffolding
seldom use scaffolding and this will expose the workers in a very dangerous
environment. Beside safety inspection during the erection, the followings are issues
that need to be considered :
� Design Planning;
Level of difficulty must be calculated by the design consultant, therefore
safety is included in the design.
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� Supervision; and
Inspection by the main contractor must be strict and frequent should the
work is carried out by the sub contractors.
� Work Arrangement
Work location must be planned carefully, steel fabrication and its placement
for example
The safety consideration need to be carried out due to the behavior of workers
especially in Indonesia where they often ignore safety, hence Jaya Konstruksi is
responsible to inspect as detail as :
� Bolting position must be in correct place and order;
� Correct tightness of bolting; and
� Welding cable length and welding width
5.3.4.10.5 Demolition Work
The demolition material and disposal of project waste product also need an
attention on work safety management. Even though this project are take advantage
on the opened location, but it does not mean that it has no risk while undertaking the
demolition work.
Workers carrying out the task will be obligated to follow the procedure of
safety according to Manual, these kind of task must be closely supervised and the
supervisor must understand technical aspect regarding to the characteristic of the
material to be demolished. The appointed supervisor by the management must hold a
special training course which will follow the procedure of safety according to
manual, these kind of task must be closely supervised. The supervisor must
understand the technical aspect with regard to the characteristic of the material to be
demolished, the appointed supervisor by the management must also posses a special
certificate.
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5.3.4.10.6 Movement of Materials
Material handling sometimes utilize heavy equipment such as crane and
awareness on safety related to these equipment in essential. These include:
� Crane are supported on stable foundation;
� Crane erection must be done by qualified and specialized personnel;
� Crane Operator must hold a certificate;
� Close monitoring and communication using radio is a must during
material handling;
� Routine and procedural maintenance of equipment;
� Note of material weight has to posted clearly on the cranes cabin for
the operators to see;
� Should overweight alarm activated, make sure to check its working
properly and inspect periodically; and
� Continuously inspect sling ropes
5.3.4.11 Safety Awareness to Sub Contractors
Every sub contractors entering the work site will be given a Safety Guide
Booklets, highlighting Safety that need to be implemented by the Project
Management team. The sub contractor is obligated to implement safety practices on
their workers and they are responsible to their workers if accident do occur.
Even though the guidebook has been distributed to all workers but as a matter
of fact, the monitoring and control by the sub contractor are still not sufficient.
However it is observed that, there is also attention given by the sub contractor on
safety management. Sub contractors consider that their obligation is to complete the
work considering safety aspect.
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5.3.4.12 Safety Meeting
PT. Jaya Konstruksi has considered safety meetings as an important agenda.
In its safety management system where issues related to safety are being discussed
and solve during the weekly meeting.
Despite conducting safety meeting, if there is no proper implementation and
control, it will not has an impact. Such meeting and forum are usually ignored by the
members of project organization. Because of the minute of meeting that agreed is
less optimally implementing on the project. In this projects, there is no record that
show the prohibition of worker who does not wear the safety equipments, even
though it always being discussed in every meeting. In addition, safety meeting held
by the management not periodically will influence effectiveness in the
implementation. Training for the management team is held periodically in Jakarta for
six months. While training for the workers regarding safety is only held twice during
the project period.
5.3.4.13 Reports and Archives
For successful safety program implementation, Jaya Konstruksi has carried
out the obligations to keep an accurate and up to date reports and archives. To
facilitate the management on safety, reports and archives must be renewed through
certain policy and guidance applicable to sub contractors and entire personnel in the
Project Team.
PT. Jaya Konstruksi therefore has carried out the followings:
� Daily Report
This report must contain every detail regarding to the implementation of
safety within the project and will be filed and sorted according to the date.
Therefore, it will be useful as a source of information to aid the analysis on
cause of accident and obviously an improvement could be suggested.
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� Safety Violation Forms
These form must be filed and sorted according to cases
100
� Accident Report
This report is performed by the duty group and will be handed out to the
safety officer. This report is intended for workers, management and sub
contractors whom are involved in the project. Standard form of report for
Jaya Konstruksi consisting of: date, month, year, location occurred, victim’s
identity, name of supervisor (if present), how it happen, action taken, other
information, reporters name acknowledged by the projects supervisor.
Procedure of reporting has already been identified, but the implementation is
ineffiective. Table 5.1 contains of report on recapitulation of work accidents occurred
during the of construction of Polytechnic Building in Batam for one year started
from April 2003 until May 2004. It seems that the report only shows the number of
accident without describe the detail accident (how it occurred) in field. As long as the
project run, there are only two work accident reported. It reported the causal factor
were burned skin at face and falling been of wood. But it did not report the action
taken by the company to handle these accidents.
Table 5.1 Record of Work Accidents at Construction Project of Batam
Polytechnic Building
No. Date/ month/ year Number Job Position
1 21/08/2003 1 Welder
2 2/04/2004 1 Carpenter
Causal
Factor
Burned Skins
Falling Beam
of Wood
Part of Body
that Injured
Face
Head
� Monthly Safety Report
This report must be handed over at the end of every month from the safety
officer to the project manager, the report will be studied thoroughly which

101
will further put on agenda to be discussed in a meeting. Should the safety
condition does not comply, the report should be attached with :
- Records of recent accidents
- Input and opinion relating to construction safety and recent accident
report.
� Witness
Report forms handed out by the safety officer to the project management does
not include list of witnesses of the accident. However forms which was issued
by PT Jaya Konstuksi for the purpose of report to the government
authorities, list of witnesses must be attached. The term witness is the person
who actually witness the occurrence of an accident. Statements by the
witness is very crucial in order to suggest steps towards solving the
problems and latter on in facing sue, and indemnity.
5.3.5 Safety Improvement
5.3.5.1 Performing KKK Procedure and Its Improvement
Ideally in accordance to the company policy, to carry out a certain project,
daily investigation and reporting of safety is conducted by a group of safety
officers in which they are responsible of making sure that safety is practiced through
out whole week. The group will take turn to program their duty. This group are
formed from members of management personnel and sub contractors, and the safety
officers elected from a smaller group comprise of several people.
Each day before performing project activities, these group are responsible to
monitor and control safety by checking safety equipment and system. Should they
discover unsafe conditions, these conditions will be eliminated before any activity
can be started. Should accident occur, the group on duty will be responsible to
make report and handing it out directly to the safety officer.

102
If the group on duty found out that there is no accident for the day, the report
should also be sent to the safety officer in order to keep records regarding safety
that may be useful and important information for the company.
The awareness of organisation personnel to provide procedures in a project is
not whole yet. There are many people have opinions that procedures of work safety
are only recording, checking and valuing that done on the table, not base on the real
data in the field. They think that by doing the stages on the table, so the work safety
has been achieved. They have not understand yet that every stage of that procedure is
a series of activities that could not be cut off. Indiscipline is often occurred in the
company, for example, the daily report that should be recorded and reported
everyday but they do it weekly, and weekly report that should be recorded and
reported every week but they do it monthly. It causes difficulties for the management
to specify the action and policy in work safety management. The obedience on the
specified procedure will help the management to develop the work safety system
continuously and sustainability in construction project.
The implementation of safety practices on this project is less than ideal,
therefore need some improvements. Three variables below are most important on
safety improvement of Batam Polytechnic Building Project.
5.3.5.2 Work Accident Investigating and Reporting
Three important items of Work Accident Investigating and Reporting are :
� Investigating program toward accident report
If an accident occurred, company’s owner will hold investigation and be
responsible for it. It is proved by report to police and head office. The
causation and chronology of accident are usually written in book of work
accident report.
� Work accident investigating team
Investigation is not done by special team, but based on safety officer to
project management.

103
� Reporting program on investigation results of work accident
Report that accepted by project management is also reported to head office in
Jakarta.
5.3.5.3 Quality Record of Safety and Health Management
are:
Three important items of Quality Record of Safety and Health Management
� Establish standard form for quality record regarding to safety and health
management;
The company’s owner provide standardized form for reporting with filling
system.
� Function of work safe quality record ; and
Hereinafter, there is penalty/sanction that executed by government or
project’s owner, thus company’s owner considers as an administrative
condition, to avoid the claim of victim’s family and to keep the ISO that had
been obtained.
� Monitoring Program to Control Work Safe Quality Record.
Program monitoring shall be the responsible of safety officer.
5.3.5.4 Safety and Health Organization
PT. Jaya Konstruksi is very concerns on very much to safety and health
whereby they implemented safety program on all their projects. Part of safety
program the company implemented is by appointing safety officer in the
organizational structures of every projects. In the future they would try to promote
the appointment of safety officer from sub contractors.

104
Formation of safety coordinators has also been establish by PT. Jaya
Konstruksi where they are responsible to carry out safety inspection and be
responsible to the PPKKK Executive Board. The duty of Safety and Health
Coordinator has the duty of :
� Forming a PPKKK team at project levels;
� Performing inspection on how safety and health is carried out at the
project site;
� Address warnings to whom ever violates safety rules in project; and
� Giving out advice and opinion to PPKKK head office or site level in
order to improve safety and health aspect.
PT. Jaya Konstruksi safety and health personnel systematically as shown in
Table 5. 3 and Figure 5.1 below :
Table 5.2. Formation of Executive Board on safety and Health (PPK3) PT. Jaya
Konstruksi
No. POSITION NAME
1. COMISSIONNER Top Management of PT. Jaya Konstruksi
2. CHAIRMAN Ir. Hardjanto Agus P
3. VICE CHAIRMAN Ir. Sumarsono
4.
SECRETARY /
ACCOUNTANT
5. MEMBER
6. DAILY ORGANIZER
Ir. Lukman Hakim J
Ir. Suyono
Ir. R Drajat Wijanarko
Ir. Agung Senoadi
Ir. Bambang Budiyanto
Ir. Pramudya Palen Teddy N
Ir. Bhineka Heru S
Suradal

5.3.5.5 Organization of Safety and Health and Working Condition
105
The elements of Safety Management Organization identified in this Project as
follows :
� Safety Policy;
� Safety Organization;
� Safety Committees;
� Safety Planning;
� Analyze Material Handling Problems;
� List Counter Measure; and
� Assign and Schedule Safety and Health Duties.
5.4 Case Study on PT. Adhi Karya
5.4.1 Company Profile
The second company for the case study is PT Adhi Karya with the
construction of building Sumatera Promotion Centre in Batam Centre-Batam. This
project was lead by a project manager Ir. Harimawan (B.Eng). In contrast with the
organization at Batam Polytechnic Building Project, safety officer at Sumatera
Promotion Center Building Project does not appoint specific personnel but they place
the duty to the quality inspector. The quality inspector also is not directly
responsibility to the Chief of Project. Figure 5.3. shows the organisation at the
Sumatera Promotion Center Building project.

Logistic
Contracting -
Sub Contactor
Administration
Log
Mechanical
Engineering
Eng.
Design
Eng.
Administratio
n
Quality
Control
Cost Control
Surveyor
Quantity
Surveyor
drafter
Project Manager
Vice Project Manager
Production
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
Supervisor III
Accounting
Figure 5.3 Project Organisation Sumatera Promotion Center Building
5.4.2 Company Safety Policy
106
Finance
Administration
In implementing a safety program at site, the company has a policy called
KKKL (safety, health and environment). Therefore the company has the
commitment to reduce accident in accordance to KKL standard , in order to achieve
zero accident.

KKKL Policy includes:
107
� Guarantee to execute accident prevention at all level to achieve zero
accident;
� Using and developing all available resources to increase production
by implementing KKKL continuously;
� Executing all KKKL conditions
referring to safety decrees;
which complies to regulations
� Handing out KKKL activity reports to appropriate officials and
properly documented;
� Contributing and keep well informed KKKL to all workers,
contractor, sub-contractors, vendor or to all people involve in the
project; and
� Paying full attention and concern on KKKL and its development.
5.4.3 Safety Program
PT. Adhi Karya in implementation of safety program is coordinated by the
Head Supervision of Quality (Pengawas Utama Mutu / PMU). Their responsibilities
includes:
� Coordinate the placement of safety signs at the project;
� Control the placement KKKL safety signs all over the project area;
� Request the inspector to place KKKL danger signs which he may
think would be appropriate;
� Explain KKKL signage to all workers; and
� note all existing signs throughout the project.
The placement of signs, must comply to ISO 3864-1984 Safety Colors and
Safety Signs. Further is the flow process of Performing K3L by PT. Adhi Karya and
as shown in Figure 5.4.

Project Team Established (1)
Head of Division
Inspection for KKKL (2)
Project Team
Identify for KKKL (3)
Project Team
KKKL Planning & Project Planning
Book
(4)
j
Pre Project Meeting
( Kick of Meeting ) (5)
Project Manager
Orientation for KKKL (6)
Training (7)
KKKL Officer
A
Figure 5.4 Flow Process of KKKL
108

5.4.4 Safety Support
Figure 5.4 Flow Process of KKKL (Continued)
A
Inspection & Audit (8)
KKKL Officer
Safety Report & Accident Report (9)
KKKL Officer ( Safety Officer)
Final Inspection (10)
KKKL (Safety) Final Evaluation (11)
Project Manager
109
The workers seldom if ever use safety support equipments such as helmet,
harness, shoes, mask and gloves on this project. On the other side, the company’s
owner does not provide those equipments sufficiently. Commonly, those equipment
are only kept at site office, and only used by the management, engineer and
supervisor while monitoring and controlling the project’s activities. Most of the
workers employed by this company are traditional workers. Day to day activities,
the workers are guided and controlled by some foremen who also play a role as
subcontractor. At the beginning of the project, the management give direction to all

110
foremen and other subcontractors regarding safety practices. Whether the safety
practices are implemented or not it has become the subcontractor’s responsibility. In
this case, the management does not directly handle safety practices. In addition, the
company’s owner does not execute any penalties to the foremen or subcontractors
unless it is an abvious flaws in the implementation.
5.4.5 Execution of Work Guidance
Execution of Work Guidance include instruction manual, instruction signage,
verbal instruction by the supervisors and safety booklet. The problem that always
arised is the full awareness of the whole components of project organization. The
guidebook and work safety manual are only considered as administrative obligation
because of insufficient knowledge and understanding of the workers. Instruction
manual and book on practical direction are provided less than the workers
requirements.
The application of work safety standard that adopt the Join Decree of Labour
Force Ministry and Public Construction Ministry No 174/Men/1986 concerning
KKK guidance on the area of construction activity, it ease the undertaking work
safety management by the project organisation. It can be seen from the numbers of
work accident recorded in the year 2003 (six person) and 2004 (two person) that
sustained injuries of the legs and hands as indicated in Appendix K.
To achieve the objective of safety program, then the management specified the
guidelines and application which includes:
� Identifies and record the safety signs which are necessary for this project.
Identification is based on priority and intensity of the working conditions.
The identification can be done through the quality inspector who will discuss
with the operational staff.

111
� The quality inspector coordinate this identification output and provide the
necessary signage for the project in accordance to the standard specified
(refer attachment in Appendix K).
� After providing the necessary sign, the quality inspector could undertake the
monitoring and controlling of KKKL sign installation at the whole project
area.
� Specification of the signage not only based on identification output but also
based on the idea of chief executive and executives. It can be done unless the
chief executive or executive consider that the signs should be installed at the
appropriate danger area.
� After the signage has been installed, then the quality inspector, executive
and chief executive would explain the meaning and importance of the signage
to the workers.
� After all the signs have been installed at the right places, and be understood
well by all workers, then quality inspector could proceed with his duty to
record all the process of working in accordance to the signage.
At the construction site of Sumatera Promotion Building, the signage
installed are checked weekly, including positions, clarity, its advantages. Based on
output of in-depth interview, we obtained information that most of the workers
understand the purpose of the signage installation and the meaning of each signs. It
helps them in undertaking their job more competently and safe.
5.4.6 Emergency Supports and Safety Measuring Devices
Availability of the first aid and medical treatment is important, where first aid
equipments should be available on site. For further health management, company’s
own hospital which cover the cost of workers through labor insurance program.
While the amount of emergency devices such as fire hydrant, safety net, hydrant, is
inadequate for all site of project’s location. Hereinafter, the company need to conduct
training on how to use those devices. Whereas it is very important to provide

112
knowledge to all workers and foremen to do the preventive measure and to handle
the emergency situation and accident.
5.4.7 Accident Report
Accident reporting which is done for this project is based on the record when
accidents occurred, and then it is recorded and reported periodically (every month).
The accident report is inutility written by the operational executive, then reported to
the supervisor and sent to the quality inspector. This report contains common
information such as time, weather, location, victim name, address, position,
supervisor and executive officer. Furthermore, there are detail information that
contains the causal analysis of accident, the first aid action that had been done,
victim condition while the report is written, and suggestion to avoid the same
accident for the next time.
Then the whole of the accident reports are sent to the quality inspector to be
recapitulated periodically (every month). Based of the data on these reports, then the
safety implementation can be improved on site in the future. The causation factors of
accident could be identified sooner, so the same accident can be avoided.
Furthermore, the recapitulations of monthly accident reports are recapitulated
to be evaluated. This recapitulation contains the data of whole accidents for one
month that record the daily average of work, the amount of work accidents that cause
the lost time, and the amount of work accident that does not cause the lost of work
time. Monthly recapitulation will be recapitulated in annual journal. Its content is
similar with the monthly recapitulation, the different is only the cumulative number
of accidents. In monthly recapitulation the cumulative of daily accident, while the
annual recapitulation is the cumulative of monthly accident.
Based on the work accident record of this project in 2004, the number of
accident that occurred was relatively low only two persons. Both of them sustained
injuries of the hand, while executing steel work.

5.4.8 Inspection Planning
113
To ensure the program of safety management running smoothly, many
things could be done simultaneously. One of them is by holding health inspection
and work safety. It is undertaken to make sure that the execution of work safety
program could run optimally in the field. Through this inspection, the effectiveness
and the deviation could be evaluated by the quality inspector. On this project of
Sumatera Promotion Center Building, there is no safety officer. The control on safety
practices become the responsibility of quality inspector that manage quality control.
This led to ineffective control on safety practices.
The inspection plan is expressed in the procedure of inspection planning of
work safety and health. In this procedure the expressed items include: specification
aspect; criteria; inspection schedule; executive; and additional explanation. Some
aspect of inspection planning that is learned on this project are the manual demolition
work, KKK aspect (signage), location, workers, and work environment. Inspection
schedule is prepared before the work start and during the execution of work.
The signage inspection for the manual demolition activity are focusing on
whether the signs could be read/seen clearly, easy to understand, installed at the right
place, and location or fence. Those signs can be used for many times unless the work
are done simultaneously. Then inspection could be continuously conducted on
location to check the lighting, for instance, when the activities are executed at night,
and make sure the lamps are functioning. Beside that, the stabilization of slope could
not be ignored to anticipate the erosion that could cause accident.
Inspection is not only done on both of activities, but it is also necessary to
check the executive and its environment. The good condition of the installed signage
and the location of work that maintained well could not guarantee the work safety
yet, unless the workers have taken necessary steps and procedure of safety. The
minimum condition that should be fulfilled by the workers in undertaking the manual
demolition activity is to use the equipments and wear them in accordance to the
standard. In addition to the equipments, the workers should always keep distance
between each other while working. Beside that, work environment should always

114
gear towards cleanliness and tidiness. Unless, the ground water is high that led to
muddy condition which can effect the demolition activities.
From the observation of the above above, the most important thing
highlighted is the worker’s awareness on the procedure of work safety that has been
specified. The signage condition, work place condition and location of work are
easier to be engineered based on purposes, but it will be useless if the workers are not
discipline in doing their job.
5.4.9 Identification of Danger Source Potency and Its Controlling
The most interesting issues on the Project of Sumatera Promotion Building
are the identification of danger potential, risk evaluation, danger control that could be
recorded in detail and comprehensive. All stages of activities of project could be
expressed in detail and followed by incident scenario, risk prediction and the danger
control.
For instance, the manufacturing of metal furling frame. Based on risk
analysis, the application of sawing a steel can cause injuries to workers and the least
is minor injury that categorized into tolerable accident. One of the efforts to prevent
accident is to use glove.
This is a simple example, but the detail identification is a chain process that
can be a part of the risk control of accident. The purpose of identification is to raise
the awareness of the field personnel concerning the importance to maintain safe on
their workers. On the contrary, the workers should understand the risk control that
has been explained in detail. Unless all personnel in project management could
understand it well and responsible on their own duties, then the risk of work accident
could be minimized.

5.5 Case Study on PT. Hutama Karya
5.5.1 Company Profile
115
The last company for this case study is PT Hutama Karya. One of the projects
identified for the case study, was the construction of Dispenda Building located in
Batam Centre-Batam with Ir Mutholib (B.Eng) as the manager for this project.
5.5.2 Company Safety Policy
PT Hutama Karya is one of national contractors which emphasise on the
program of the health and safety. In addition the application of national standards,
this company has started to apply for the Organisation of Health and Safety
American Standard (OHSAS) 18001 standard. The simple concept that was applied
to this company is to avoid work accident through eliminating its risk or by
eliminating the danger sources, unless it is impossible, the company need to provide
the work safety equipments.
5.5.3 Providing of Work Safety Equipment
As explain before, the important thing in work safety management is to avoid
the risk that could occur, unless it can not be avoided, then the company should
provide the safety equipment to workers. Some problems faced in this project of
Dispenda Building of Riau Province, where the risks of work accident on daily
activities such as stumble, squeezed, strike that usually occurred when of neglecting
to wear safety equipments. Therefore, it is necessary to provide safety equipment in
order to reduce the danger. The policy of using safety equipment that has been
specified by the head office are highlighted as follows :

116
� Helmet to cover the workers head. It is based on reality of this project where
the execution of activities both in high and low area are often execute
together which can cause danger such as : fall of material from above. That is
why the use of helmet is very important especially at places where the
materials might fall. So, the workers will be safe and comfortable such
working environment.
� The shoes to cover the foot from injury. At this project, many materials are
scattered around such as a piece of steel, wood, stone and construction
equipment and other material, thus the workers should wear the shoes to
avoid from foot injury.
� The gloves to cover the hands from injury. Many activities that use handequipments
in this project, such as to nailing, to break the stone, to cut the
steel, to cut the wood and other activities which use hand. Those activities
can cause injuries to the hand such as cut off, scratched, broken. To avoid
those accidents, then the workers need to wear the gloves while working.
5.5.4 Company’s Attitude on KKK Program
All workers who work for this project are under the responsibility of PT
Hutama Karya as the main contractor. The company should have regulation
concerning work safety that must be followed by the construction workers in order to
avoid work accident. Some attitudes that were applied by the company in promoting
the work safety includes are :
� Time control; the company consider that time control was the most important
in organizing the worker’s rhythm in order for them to be responsible during
work. As a matter of fact, working hours is about 8 hours per day, but
sometimes the rest – time is insufficient, thus it can make them physically
tired. This may be the cause of accident during working time. Long working
hours may led physically tiredness and cause them to be careless. The
company usually give the working hours to avoid such incident.

117
� Provide reward for worker who undertake the safety measure at site. Through
this action, the company expect that the workers are motivated to undertake
the work safety program. Beside that, the company also stimulate the
awareness of workers, and try to reward them.
5.5.5 Extension and Illumination Concerning Work Safety
After providing the equipment/hardware for work safety, then it is necessary
to provide the software those are the ability, goodwill and commitment of worker in
undertaking their job. One of routine activities that done by company is extension
and illumination to increase the worker’s knowledge about the dangers which could
occurred on construction project and the steps to avoid. Through extension, we
expect workers could understand how to work safely.
In order to achieve the purpose of extension optimally, then the company try
to establish an effective and efficient concepts of extension. Those concept that have
been executed and are going to executed by this company are :
� Extension is executed in a discussion format concerning work safety. This is
interesting because the discussion will add worker’s knowledge concerning
work safety. Beside that, all participants in this discussion could share
knowledge and experience. Through discussion, the atmosphere at the
extension is more dynamic because all participant could express their opinion
and question directly.
� Extension is executed in classical format. Even though this format is less
interesting because of monologue and it is monotonous for participants. But
this format could be applied to explain the information clearly. Through this
format, the massages from quality inspector could be explain affirmatively to
all staffs and workers that directly involved in the field.

5.5.6 Labor Force Education and Training
118
To achieve the target of company that is the application of OSHAS 18001,
then necessary to provide the high quality human resource. Nevertheless, it is a
constraint for company, because the level of education of worker on this project
commonly low education. But this could not be a reason not to execute the work
safety program optimally. That’s why the company hold work training for workers.
The expectancy of this training is the workers have high knowledge and skill, so it
could minimize the work accident. The education and training program of this
project are :
� Training of the use of work safety equipment. The use of safety equipment is
important because many accident occurred on new workers who are not used
to wear the custom and equipment. They also do not understand the danger
and how to avoid the accident. There are some workers who have knowledge
about work safety but also do not wear the custom and equipment, because of
overconfidence and do not want to be considered afraid by his friends.
� Basic training of work safety of new worker. The company assumes that new
workers on the Construction Project of Dispenda Building in Riau Island
Province have no information and knowledge about work safety yet, that’s
why this basic training are held. The workers are provided about the basic
information of work safety.
5.6. Summary
Case Studies in the chapter has the purpose to obtain as many as possible
regarding actual conditions related to safety practices in the construction industry
which the author has experience and involving directly to construction sites during
the research which took place in projects throughout Batam. The discussion focus
on 3 (three) project sites in Batam namely Batam Polytechnic Building Project,
Sumatera Promotion Center Building Project, Dispenda Building. This case study is

119
intended to obtain the data which afterward will be compared to other data in next
chapter.
Based on case study result, we obtain that generally safety practices have
been done by all companies in this study, but it still less than ideal. While the
common safety improvement that done by all companies are management system
improving, and also company’s policy to increase the implementation of safety
practices.
Implementation of safety practices on those three companies is less then
ideal. It proves that company’s owner object to spent some money to complete the
safety support and other devices/equipments to promote the implementation of safety
practices. They prefer to do safety practices that not spent much money. This is
interesting, considering those three companies are companies that have good
capabilities and known well in Batam, even in national level. One of those
companies even have had ISO. Then, it should have been provided each items of
safety practices in their project. But, the lack of controlling by government and
project’s owner make the problem of work safety become not important and
company’s owners could ignore it as they want.
A case study is intended to compare number of accidents which still occur in
construction work places with situation where safety practice implementation be
in affect as in projects in Batam. It is also intended for the purpose of improving
construction development especially in Batam and Indonesia in general.

6.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
This chapter explains the analysis of data which were obtain from three
companies as a case study. Beside this case study, data is also obtained from main survey
consisting of contractor and developer using questionnaire. In addition, interviews were
carried out to respondents within the respective companies to verify and complete the list
of queries in the questionnaire. From the survey, 62 companies that comprised of
contractors and developer were selected for this study. However, only 27 respondent from
contractor and 26 respondent from developer have responded to the questionnaire.
Analysis was carried out on the implementation of safety practices and
improvement was obtained from the data gathered. From the analysis the findings on
important factors were observed. The results on the details of the respondent’s profile,
their perception and ranking are tabulated.

6.2 Respondents Profile
6.2.1 Educational Background
121
Level of education is one factor that influence the level of safety practices and
improvement at construction site. Contractors and developers having the management
personnel with higher education, generally should have broader knowledge of
implementing safety practices, therefore prior making further analysis, respondents
education level were analysed.
In this study, respondents educational background is classified into four (4)
groups. The result of the analysis are shown in Table 6.1, Table 6.2, Figure 6.1 and
Figure 6.2.
Table. 6.1 Contractors Educational Background (N=27)
Educational Background
Group Nos Percentage
Undergraduate Program (S1) 15 55.6 %
Master Program (S2) 12 44.4 %
Total 27 100 %
Figure 6.1 :Contractors Educational Background Group (N=27)
Undergraduate
Program
Master
Program

122
The data shown that 15 people or 55.6 % of the respondent are having under
graduate qualification and 12 people or 44.4 % with post graduate education.
Table. 6.2 Developers Educational Background (N=26)
Educational Background
Group Nos Percentage
Diploma 1 3.8 %
Undergraduate Program (S1) 17 65.4 %
Post Graduate Program (S2) 8 30.8 %
Total 26 100 %
Figure 6.2 Developers Educational Background Group (N=26)
Diploma
Undergraduate
Program
Master
Program
From the data collected 17 people or 65.4% of respondent are having first degree
education while 8 people or 30.8% are having masters qualification and 1 person or 3.8%
with diploma degree.

6.2.2 Respondent’s Working Experience
123
In addition to the level of education, other factor which determines the quality of
safety practices and improvement is working experience. Experience management
personnel generally understands perfectly well their working environment therefore
enabling them to identify accident and accident prevention. In the research, respondents
working experience (contractors and developers) is classified into four (4) groups.
Result from the analysis shown in Table 6.3, Table 6.4, Figure 6.3 and Figure 6.4
Table.6.3 Contractors Work Experience (N=27)
Work Experience Nos Percentage
< 2 years 4 14.8 %
2 - 5 years 10 37.0 %
5 – 10 Years 8 26.6 %
>10 Years 5 18.5 %
Total 27 100 %
Figure 6.3. Contractors Work Experience (N=27)
< 2 Years
2-5 Years
5-10 Years
>10 Years

124
Respondents of contractor side whom participated in the research is
predominantly having 2-5 years working experience which is 37.0%, 26.6% of
respondents having 5-10 years working experience while 18.5% having more than ten
years experience and 14.8 % having less than 2 years working experience.
Table.6.4 Developers Work Experience (N=26)
Work Experience Nos Percentage
< 2 years 4 15.4 %
2 - 5 years 9 34.6 %
5 – 10 Years 8 30.8 %
>10 Years 5 19.2 %
Total 26 100 %
Figure. 6.4 Developers Work Experience (N=26)
< 2 Years
2-5 Years
5-10 Years
>10 Years
Respondents of developers whom participated in the research is predominantly
having 2-5 years working experience which is 34.6%, 30.8% having 5-10 years working
experience while 19.2% having more than ten years working experience, lastly 4
respondents or 15.4 % having less than 2 years working experience.

6.3 Analysis of Safety Practices Factors
125
This section explains the analysis on the factors of safety practices and its degree
of importance in preventing work accident at construction site. There are twelve factors
of safety practices that were analysed in the research which includes Safety Support;
Maintenance of Project Equipments; Workers Education And Training Programming;
Work Instruction and Planning; Workplace Security System; Inspection; Implementation
of High Standard Safety Program; Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk;
Disciplinary and Workers Attitude; Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices;)
Strict Management; and Offering Jobs to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors.
From this analysis the highest ranks is safety support with an average index of
85.37 (for contractors) and 86.54 (for developers). Contractor and Developer has similar
opinion toward this factor which indicates that safety support is the most important factor
in construction activities. Therefore fulfillment to this requirement is a priority.
Contractors point of view that “Works Instruction and Planning” is another important
consideration which ranked second followed by “Emergency Support and Safety
Measuring Devices” which was ranked third. Developers point of view otherwise ranked
“Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices” as second and consider it more
important than “Works Instruction and Planning” which was ranked third.
Meanwhile, the following fourth and fifth factors that is considered to be
important to the contractors as well as developers is “Maintenance of Project
Equipments and Strict Management”, these factors was placed the same rank by both
contractor and developer although there is a slight difference in the average index.
A complete analysis of results are tabulated in Table 6.5. While, the average
index results of respondent’s perception for each variable and its item are summarized in
detail in Appendix F and Appendix G.

Table 6.5 Degree of Agreement of Safety Practices Factors in Construction
According to Contractor and Developer
Factor
Ranking
Average Index
Contractor Developer Contractor Developer
Safety Support 1 1 85.37 86.54 0
Maintenance of Project Equipments 4 4 55.79 57.45 0
Workers Education And Training
Programming
6 7 48.89 50.96 1
Work Instruction and Planning 2 3 69.22 58.18 1
Workplace Security System 8 6 37.27 51.93 4
Inspection 9 9 37.04 29.23 0
Implementation of High Standard
Safety Program
Protection by Preventing the Cause
of Risk
12 12 9.53 19.23 0
10 11 25.19 21.73 1
Disciplinary and Workers Attitude 7 8 43.52 37.74 1
Supporting of Safety & Safety
Measuring Devices
3 2 59.81 58.85 1
Strict Management 5 5 54.63 52.89 0
Offering Jobs to Professional
Contractors and Sub-Contractors
Spearman (rho) =
1 - 6(10)/12/(12^2-1) =
11 10 23.61 23.56 1
0.965
Note : D = The difference between the contractor’s ranking and the developer’s
ranking of each factors
126
The Spearman Rho formula, as mentioned in chapter 4, is used to indicate the
level of correlation and significance from both of the respondent groups, which are the
construction companies and developer companies. From the data analysis of safety
practices above (Table 6.13), there is a significance correlation of 0.965 between the
contractor companies and developer companies. The cause of frequent accidents at
construction workplace is due to the lack of knowledge on safety such as not using safety
support, for example; head injuries which can cause death due to disobedience for not
wearing the safety helmet, eye injuries cause by the debris of hazardous chemicals
which result to blindness due to not wearing safety goggles. Falling from certain heights
D 2
10

127
which can result death due to disobedience in wearing safety harness. Enforcing of using
safety support is crucial at the construction workplace. Therefore every construction
company must guarantee and provide high standard of safety support. According to ILO
(1989), the best way to prevent accidents is by eliminating the risk of accident or taking
full control to the probable causes, however this will never be achieved without proper
preparation of safety equipment. In the construction workplace, often found places with
hazardous conditions for instance; wet and slippery flooring, dusty, dirty and untidy
workspace. These conditions are obviously not a safe place to work and often cause
accidents. These unsafe condition may also cause fatal accidents moreover working
without safety pre-cautions can result to severe accidents.
According to research, the two symptoms described earlier has indications of
causing fatality to workers. Based upon research conducted by Gina (2001), accidents in
the construction workplace seldom happens due to heavy machineries for example;
bulldozers, cement mixer or hazardous materials like flammable liquids, etc. Yet
accidents often occur due to common mistakes like getting stumbled from objects,
falling, squeezed, electric shock, trapped from falling objects, stabbed, hit by hard
objects, loose handles. The necessity in providing complete safety support by the
construction company is very costly, however the outcomes due to accidents is not
comparable to the cost of providing such items, for instance; cost of hospital treatment,
severance payment due to fatalities.
6.3.1 Providing Safety Supports
Basically accidents at the construction site are common and accidents occur daily
such as stumbled, fallen object. Injuries as the result, maybe caused due to unawareness
of workers on the important of safety support which can reduce potential danger.
Providing safety support is necessary to prevent severe accident. There are several sub-

128
factors that can be categorized under safety support which is tabulated in Table 6.6 and
Table 6.7.
Table 6.6 The Rank of Sub-factors for Safety Support
(contractors)
No. Providing Safety Support
e
d
a
b
c
Using Safety Harness from
Protecting Workers from Heights
Using safety helmet to protect the
head from falling objects
Using Safety Gloves to Protect
the hands
Using Face Mask or Goggles to
protect the eyes from debris
Using safety shoes to protect the
foot from falling objects stabbing
Average
Index
Ranking
100 1
86.11 2
86.11 3
80.56 4
74.07 5
Table 6.7 The Rank of Sub-factors for Safety Support
No. Providing Safety Support
e
d
c
b
a
(developers)
Using Safety Harness from
Protecting Workers from Heights
Using safety helmet to protect the
head from falling objects
Using safety shoes to protect the
foot from falling objects stabbing
Using Face Mask or Goggles to
protect the eyes from debris
Using Safety Gloves to Protect
the hands
Average
Index
Ranking
100 1
88.46 2
86.11 3
86.11 4
80.77 5

129
Referring to Table 6.6 and 6.7, the results of both the contractor and developer has
the same level of significant in providing safety support which was the highest mean
rank. The ranking observed is as follows:
� Wearing Safety Harness, to protect workers falling off from certain heights with
an Average index of 100 viewed by the contractors as well as the developer. In
the construction world especially in the high rise projects working at extreme
heights are common. Therefore the risk of slipping, loosing control and
eventually result to fall, is very great, in this case wearing safety harness is very
important and workers will feel secure working on certain height. Base on recent
research (Fitri, 2000), accident due to negligence in wearing safety harness in
high rise construction has reached 27 % of the total amount of construction
accident.
� Helmet, to protect the head from the falling objects, and the analysis indicated that
the Average Index is 86.11 for the contractors’ respondent and 88.46 for the
developers. In fact the workers working on high rise projects are increasing and it
is equal to those working at ground level hence the risk of falling objects is quite
high, therefore wearing safety helmets is crucial especially at workplace where
potentials of falling objects and flying debris may occur, wearing safety helmets
put workers in safer condition. Based on ILO (1989) wearing safety helmets can
prevent head injuries and it is a must especially those working in hazardous place
described earlier. Also based on the research by Salim (1999), data obtain from
PT. ASTEK, the number of accident according to the type of accident is discuss
as follow:

Table.6.8 Type of Accident
Type of Accident 1995 – 1998
Hit or Struck
Falling Objects
Fall or Slipped
37.75%
46.45%
18.28%
130
From the above data , shows that ‘falling objects’ is the highest percentage of
type of accident reaching 46.45%. It is appropriate according to current study
to focus on safety program at construction site.
� Safety Gloves to protect the hands obtained an Average Index of 86.11 for the
Contractors and 80.77 for the Developers. Both group has different point of view
regarding to safety program whereby the contractors indicated that the program
was placed third in the level of the importance while the developers marked it
fifth. Using hand tools such as nailing, hammering, crushing rocks, cutting metals,
cutting woods is a common task, therefore workers is obligated to work with
safety gloves. Base on research conducted by Salim (1999), data obtain from
PT. ASTEK shows injuries cause by accidental hitting reaches 37.75 % which
shows that the type of accident has a high percentage, this is also apparent that
workers are not aware of the importance of safety gloves to protect their hand and
to reduce the risk of injuries.
� The use of safety mask or goggles to protect the eyes has an Average Index of
81.56 for the contractors and 81.73 for the developers. Safety Mask or goggles
can protect the eyes from debris, hazardous chemicals and reducing the risk of
high radiations during welding, or places that may harm the eyes. Workers can

131
work safely with safety masks or goggles especially those often involve in
working with hazardous chemicals like antirust proofing agents and solvents,
welding, grinding and powered sanding. This concur with the study conducted
by Fitri, 2000 that accident due to negligence to wear safety mask or goggle has
reach 7% of the total amount of construction accident.
� Safety Shoes to protect the feet from stepping and kicking an object has an
Average Index of 74.07 for the contractors and 81.73 for the developers. At
construction site where hazardous object scattered all over the floor e.g. Pieces of
steel, wood, nail, rock, construction tools and other building materials, safety
shoes is a necessity. According to research conducted by Salim (1999) 18.28 %
of accidents is cause by falling or slipping from slippery floor, these occur when
workers are not aware of what type of shoes they need to wear or sometimes they
ignored to wear. Beside the slippery workplace, safety shoes may prevent the
foot from injuries cause by nail puncture, sharp metals, and other sharp objects
lying all over the work floor or ground, ILO (1998) expressed that workers is
obligated to wear safety shoes as danger lurks everywhere around the construction
site whether it may be due to falling objects or objects lying all over the ground,
wet and slippery floor.
6.3.2 Work Instruction and Planning
In construction management plans, executions and controls are important. From
the questionnaire on work instruction and planning most important factor with an
Average Index of 69.22 for the contractor and 58.18 for developer. This shows that
instructions play an important role in controlling construction project execution. Focused
on the work instruction and planning will be a good basis for better execution of the
project itself, which in turn can alleviate the level occupational health and safety. From

132
Jamsostek data in 2003, 37% of working accident that happened in building construction
projects was due to management failure in providing a clear work safety instructions. The
data depicts that majority of the accident victim was due to workers lacked of
understanding toward the instruction and method of proper work execution.
The following Tables which are Table 6.9 and Table 6.10, highlighted the Safety
Instructions and Planning, the Average Index and the ranking analysis.
Table 6.9. Work Instruction and Planning (Contractors)
No. Work Instruction and Planning
a
b
c
e
Instruction Manual for every type
of works concerning safety and
work method
Guidance of safety and work
method posted in the surrounding
of the work place
Verbal Instruction about safety
and work method by supervisors
prior to work
Practical Guidance Booklet about
safety and work method
Average
Index
Ranking
87.04 1
87.04 2
68.52 3
34.26 4

Table 6.10 Work Instruction and Planning (Developers)
No. Work instruction and Planning
a
b
c
d
Instruction Manual for every type
of works concerning safety and
work method
Guidance about safety and work
method posted in the surrounding
of the work place
Verbal Instruction about safety
and work method by supervisors
prior to work
Practical Guidance Booklet about
safety and work method
Average
Index
Ranking
72.12 1
61.54 2
63.46 3
35.58 4
133
The management needs to exercise proper control to ensure that instructions given
are duly performed in the workplace. To ensure occupational safety and health, the
management has to monitor closely the instructions given and observed the attitude at
the workplace accordingly. From the questionnaire results, the followings are the ranking
in the order of importance:
� Instruction manual for all type of works concerning safety and work method
which scored an Average Index of 87.04 by the contractors and 72.12 by the
developer. It denotes the ultimate importance concerning the method to perform
the works since a wrong work method can led to accidents.
� Verbal instruction about safety and work method by supervisors prior to work is
ranked second, having an Average Index of 68.52 for the contractors and 63.46
for the developers. Field workers cannot just rely on the instruction manual since

134
it cannot be totally and perfectly understood. Therefore interpreters are needed to
best convey the safety instructions.
� Guidance on safety and work method posted in the surrounding workplace scored
87.04 by the contractors and 61.54 by the developers. Having received instruction
manual and practical verbal instruction from supervisors, workers still need
reminders through media that are easy to read and be understood. For instance,
safety posters that are easy to spot at working location. Media like that give big
benefits since they can always remind workers’ alertness to perform their jobs in
accordance with the procedure.
6.3.3. Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Facilities
After fulfilling the needs on safety devices it is obvious that other supporting
devices are also needed. Safety measuring devices are also important as an early
indicator to assure that safety practices are executed. On the construction projects so
many safety and occupational health has been ignored due to poor emergency support
and safety measuring facilities. Without emergency support eventhough safety
measuring facilities are fully equipped, reduce quality of safety and occupational health
may occur.
The program of emergency support and safety measuring facilities is segregated
into sub-programs, with the mean rank shown in Table 6.11 and Table 6.12.

Table 6.11 Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Facilities
(Contractors)
No.
a
Supporting of safety &
Safety Measuring Facilities
Provide medicine and first aid
facilities
Average
Index
Ranking
75.00 1
b Work accident records 68..52 2
c
d
e
Provide further health treatments
after accidents.
Provide accident prevention
equipments
provide programs on
Implementing of Standard Safety
Equipments
58.33 3
51.85 4
45.37 5
Table 6.12 Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Facilities
No.
a
(Developers)
Supporting of Safety & Safety
Measuring Facilities
Provide medicine and first aid
facilities
Average
Index
Ranking
75.00 1
b Work accident records 61.54 2
c
d
e
Provide further health treatments
after accidents.
Provide accident prevention
equipments
Provide programs on
Implementing of Standard Safety
Equipments
60.58 3
53.85 4
43.27 5
135

Referring to Table 6.11 and 6.12 above, it is highlighted that the three (3) top
rank programs to provide emergency support and safety measuring facilities are as
follows :
136
� First aid facilities as a support to safety equipment is the highest rank with an
Average Index of 75.00. Fatal casualties from accidents frequently happen in the
workplace due to unavailability of medicine and first aid facilities. When accident
cannot be prevented, prior to sending the victim to hospital for proper treatment,
it is necessary to provide a first aid treatment to the victim. In most construction
projects this first aid facilities are often ignored. Most of them just provide basic
medicine such as band aid and wound cure while other facilities such as oxygen
tube, medicine for burnt wound and the like are seldom being provided.
� Record on every casualty of work accidents is rank second with an Average
Index of 68.52 by the contractors and 61.54 by the developers side. Only if this
is done then sustainable evaluation can be performed properly and similar
accidents can also be prevented in the future.
� The management is expected to set programs to facilitate further treatment after
accident where this factor was ranked third with an Average Index of 58.33 by
the contractors and 60.58 by the developers. Having been given the necessary
first aid treatment the victim should then be given immediate medical treatment
and later a traumatic care. This will determine the level of post accident
occupational health. Ordinary accident may happen and can cause severe impact
if medical treatment is belated. The belatedness may be caused by the absent of
direct access to hospital, difficult ground of passage, transportation unavailability,
etc. This problem can be minimized by setting proper co-ordination with the
medical service providers.

6.4 Analysis of Safety Improvement Factors
137
The highest rank on safety improvement by contractors and developers is Work
Accident Investigation and Reporting. With an average index of 65.28 (contractors) and
61.54 (developers). A complete, data analysis result is shown in Table 6.6 as follow.
While, the average index of respondent’s perception for each variable and its item are
summarized in detail in Appendix H and Appendix I.
Factor
Supervisors
Capability
Improvement
Quality Record of
Safety and Health
Management
Work Accident
Investigating
and Reporting
Recruitment and
Certification
Communication and
Appreciation
Spearman (rho) =
1 - 6(10)/12/(12^2-1) =
Table 6. 13 Degree of Agreement Between the Two parties
(Safety Improvements)
Ranking
Average Index
Contractor Developer Contractor Developer
3 5 64.35 55.29 4
2 2 64.58 59.86 0
1 1 65.28 61.54 0
4 4 63.89 58.42 0
5 3 61.81 58.90 4
0.600
Note : D = The difference between the contractor’s ranking and the developer’s ranking
of each factors
D 2
8

138
Referring to Table 6.13, analysis shows that the highest rank among safety
improvements factors is “Work Accident Investigation and Reporting” with an Average
Index of 65.28 on the contractors and 61.54 by the developers and this is highlighted in
Table 6.14 and Table 6.15.
Table 6.14 The Rank of Sub-factors for Work Accident Investigating and
Reporting (Contractors)
No.
d
a
c
Work Accident Investigation
and Reporting
Finalizing Investigation on Work
Accident Reports
Investigation Program toward
Accident Reports
Reporting Program on
Investigation Results of Work
Accident
Average
Index
Ranking
73.15 1
67.59 2
62.96 3
b Work Accident Investigation team 57.41 4
Table 6.15 The Rank of Sub-factors for Work Accident Investigating and Reporting
(Developers)
No.
d
a
c
b
Work Accident Investigating
and Reporting
Finalizing Investigation on Work
Accident Reports
Investigation Program toward
Accident Reports
Work Accident Investigation
Program
Reporting Program on
Investigation Results of Work
Accident
Average
Index
Ranking
64.42 1
64.42 2
64.42 3
52.88 4

139
Work accident investigation and reporting is the main factor considered as the
most important improvement program for occupational health and safety. As a feedback
for improving the quality of occupational health and safety, adequate data are required for
further evaluation. Data that are recorded consistently accurate and in order will be able
to describe the reality of the accident. This kind of record will also tell the type and
frequency of accidents that occurred.
Right after accident occurred, the management team has to investigate it as soon
as possible. The steps start from data collection, data clarification, field investigation up
to report preparation. This has to take an immediate effect for making further decision by
the management of the project. This investigation and report have to be done objectively
and accurately.
Data collected from the record of occupational health and safety in the field will
be used by the management, medical services provider, the Government and the
Authority of occupational health and safety for workers (Jamsostek and ASTEK
Indonesia). According to the record of ASTEK, only 63% of construction projects that
record accidents at the workplace. This indicates that the awareness and discipline of
Indonesian construction executive are still low. Contrary to contractor’s and developer’s
perspective in Batam – Indonesia that value Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management as important variable. From the analysis it was ranked second highest
variable with an average index of 64.58 (contractors) and 59.86 (developers). The
ranking of all items on Quality Record of Safety and Health Management are shown in
Table 6.16 and Table 6.17.

Table 6.16 The Rank of Sub-factors for Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management (Contractors)
No.
a
b
d
a
Quality Record of Safety and
Health Management
Function of Work Safe Quality
Record
Supervisor Quality Record on
Safety
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safe Quality Record
Establish Standard Form for
Quality Record regarding to
Safety and Health Management
Average
Index
Ranking
67.59 1
65.74 2
62.96 3
62.04 4
Table 6.17 The Rank of Sub-factors for Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management (Developers)
No.
a
c
d
b
Quality Record of Safety and
Health Management
Establish Standard Form for
Quality Record regarding to
Safety and Health Management
Function of Work Safe Quality
Record
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safe Quality Record
Supervisor Quality Record on
Safety
Average
Index
Ranking
64.42 1
62.50 2
60.58 3
51.92 4
140
The third rank on safety improvement according to contractor’s perspective is
different with that of developer’s perspective. Based on the analysis of questionnaire data,
contractor’s respond on Supervisors Capability Improvement rank third with an average

141
Index of 64.35, while developers rank Communication and Appreciation as third with an
Average Index of 58.90. Overall analysis is in Table 6.18 and Table 6.19.
Table 6.18 The Ranking of Sub-factors for Supervisors Capability Improvement
(Contractors)
No.
b
c
d
a
Supervisors Capability
Improvement
The Ability of Work Safety
Management for Supervisor level
Supervisor in Implementing
Safety Management
Appointing Supervisor
considering
their knowledge in
Safety Management
Training Program on Increasing
Supervisor's Capability in
Executing Work Program
Average
Index
Ranking
72.22 1
65.74 2
62.04 3
57.41 4
Table 6.19 The Ranking of Sub-factors for Communication and Appreciation
(Developers)
No.
b
d
a
c
Communication and
Appreciation
Special Incentives for personnel
whom carry out safety
management
Good Communication in Safety
Management between the
management and personnel
Appreciation Program for
personnel with good
achievements in Safety
Managements
Good Communication in Safety
Management between the
management and sub contractors
Average
Index
Ranking
66.35 1
63.46 2
53.85 3
51.92 4

142
Finally, the overall ranking of Safety Practices and Safety main and sub-factors
are shown in Table 6.20 and Table 6.21 below.
Table 6.20 The Ranking of Safety Practices
RANK SAFETY PRACTICES ITEMS
1 Providing Safety Supports a.
2 Work Instruction and Planning a.
3
Emergency Support and Safety
Measuring Facilities
b.
Using harness to protect workers from
heights
Safety helmet to protect the head from
falling object
c. Using safety gloves to protect the hands
d.
e.
b.
c.
d.
Using Face Mask or Goggles to protect
the eyes from debris or hazardous
chemical
Using Safety Shoes to protect the foot
from falling objects stabbing
Instruction Manual for every type of
work concerning safety and work
method
Guidance about safety and work
method posted in the surrounding of the
work place
Verbal Instruction about safety and
work method by supervisors prior to
work
Practical Guidance Booklet about
safety and work method
a. Medicine and First Aid facilities
b. Work Accident Records
c.
d.
d.
Provide further health treatments after
accidents.
Provide accident prevention
equipments
provide programs on Implementing of
Standard Safety Equipments

Table 6.21 The Rank of Safety Improvements
RANK SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ITEMS
1
2
Work Accidents Investigation and
Reporting
Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management
3 Supervisors Capability Improvement a.
a.
b.
c.
Finalizing investigation on
work accident reports
143
Investigation Program toward Accident
Reports
Reporting Program on Investigation
Result of Work Accident
d. Work Accident Investigating Team
a. Function of Work Safe Quality Record
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
d.
Field supervisor Quality Record
regarding on Safety
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safe Quality Record
Establish Standard Form for Quality
Record regarding to Safety and Health
Management
The ability of Work Safety
Management for Supervisor Level
Observing Field Supervisors in
implementing Safety Management
Appointing Supervisor considering
their knowledge in Safety Management
Training Program on Increasing
Supervisor’s Capability in Executing
Work Safety Management Certification
as a pre requirement prior recruitment
of additional personnel

6.5 Summary
follows:
144
Based on the previous discussion, the issues discussed are summarized as
� Three most important factors on safety practices that have significant influence
toward occupational safety and health program according to Contractors are
Providing Safety Supports; ‘Work Instruction and planning’ and ‘Supporting of
Safety and Safety Measuring Devices’. According to Developers are ‘Providing
Safety Supports’; ‘Work Instruction and Planning’; and Supporting of Safety and
Safety Measuring Devices. With Rho value of 0.965 perception toward Safety
Practices between Contractor and Developers, has no significant difference. In
other word that the Contractor and Developer has similar opinion toward Safety
Practices.
� Improvement Program viewed by contractor, which is significantly influential
towards Occupational safety and health improvement comprise of three (3)
factors, which include: Work Accidents Investigation and Reporting; Quality
Record of Safety and Health Management; and Supervisors Capability
Improvement. While Developers point of view are Work Accidents
Investigation and Reporting; Quality Record of Safety and Health Management;
and Communications and Appreciation. Spearman Rho value of 0.600, indicate
that there is a different perception between Contractor and Developer with regard
to Safety Improvements.
� The difference in opinion between developers and contractors may be due to the
types of project. Developer’s project focus on housing development, while
contractor’s project has a wider scope and various complexities.

145
The discussion on next chapter will focus on three highest rank on safety practices
and safety improvements based on contractor’s perspective. The consideration is
contractor have a wider scope of work then the developer and represent the safety
practices and safety improvement holistically.

7.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 7
DISCUSSION
This chapter discuss on the analysis of data obtained for the case study
(Chapter 5) as well as questionnaire survey (Chapter 6). The discussion will focus
on three variables of safety practices and safety improvements. Those are variables
that have the highest rank based on questionnaire data analysis. Three most important
variables on safety practices are : providing safety supports; work instruction and
planning; and emergency support and safety measuring devices. Meanwhile, three
most important variables on safety improvement are : work accident investigating
and reporting; quality record of safety and health management; and Supervisors
Capability Improvement.
Based on the case study of three companies, generally those companies have
program and intention to work safety management construction. The characteristic of
work safety management in those companies is almost similar whereby they used
national and international safety standard, training of officers, procedural operational
standard, guidance book, and recording. Several things that differ each other is the
emphasize of each steps that they did. Generally, the implementation of safety
management is applied in construction services environment in Indonesia, and it
could be seen in the explanation below.

7.2 Comparative Analysis On Safety Practices
147
Observation results show that the implementation of safety practices on those
three companies is relatively different. It is indicated that the commitment of each
company to safety practices is also different. Generally, the implementation of safety
practices by PT Jaya Konstruksi is the most appropriate. From the analysis on safety
practices facilities of this company is comprehensive as compare to other companies.
While, PT Adhi Karya perform better than PT Hutama Karya in the implementation
of safety practices. Generally, the implementation of safety practices on construction
project in Batam Island is still lacking, so it needs to be improved. This following
explanation will compare each variables of safety practices and its supporting factors,
thus it could describe the real condition of safety practices implementation in each
companies. The following discussion is a description as a result from observation as
shown at Appendix B.
7.2.1 Providing Safety Support
Safety support is a basic variable that needed in every project activities of
construction. Some items of safety support equipments are harness, helmet, gloves,
face mask and shoes. The use of those equipment aims to protect the workers and
every body in the project’s location from danger that could make him injured.
Eventhough those are simple equipments and have basic function, but many workers
ignore them. Based on observation, level of worker’s obedience in using those
equipments is low. The management only provide those equipments in limitted
number or less than the numbers of workers. In three cases were observed, only PT
Jaya Konstruksi that provide full safety support. While, in PT Adhi Karya and PT
Hutama Karya, safety support is only provided for the management and officers who
are monitoring the project. It shows the low implementation of safety support
providing, whereas this variable is very important.

7.2.2 Work Instruction and Planning
148
Another basic variable that is important to support the implementation of
safety practices is Work Instruction and Planning that contain manual instruction,
safety sign and method posted around work place, verbal instruction by supervisor,
and safety booklets. On three cases that were observed, the most common method
that was used by the contractors is verbal instruction. PT Jaya Konstruksi provide
manual instruction limited only for the management staff not for workers, PT Adhi
Karya and PT Hutama Karya does not provide manual instruction at all . However
safety sign and booklets which function as a source of information regarding safety
practices is not provided by each respective companies.
7.2.3 Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices
Several factors that sustain Emergency Support and Safety Measuring
Devices are : Work Accident Record, Medicine and First Aid, Further Medical
Treatment, Emergency Devices such as fire extinguisher, safety net, hydrant. PT
Jaya Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya have provided : Work Accident Record,
Medicine and First Aid, Further medical treatment. While PT Hutama Karya only
provide First Aid and Further Medical Treatment which is covered by workers social
insurance. While emergency devices are provided by PT Jaya Konstruksi and PT
Adhi Karya. However training program to face emergency cases is done only by PT
Jaya Konstruksi although not periodically.
Eventhough Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices are simple
and easy to provide, but the fact that not all items are provided by the contractors.
Was due to the unwillingness of contractors to spent some budgets to provide those
items.

7.2.4 Maintenance of Project Equipments
149
Maintenance of project equipments consist of periodical maintenance,
incidental maintenance, equipment replacement, and equipment control program.
None of those three companies provide periodical maintenance, and they have
different reasoning. Equipment replacement and equipment control are carried out on
PT Adhi Karya, since it has the facilities. While PT Jaya Konstruksi and PT Hutama
Karya has let their sub-contractor to maintain it.
7.2.5 Workers Education and Training Program
Workers education and training program include utilizing of safety equipment
training, safety course for new workers, safety lecture program, safety
discussion/meeting, and safety attributes program. PT Jaya Konstruksi provide all
these program eccept PT Adhi Karya and PT Hutama Karya.
7.2.6 Workplace Security Systems
Workplace Security Systems include fences around project, warning sign,
limited access of workers in order to secure project area, and provide additional
security personnel to protect external danger. All those items except warning sign
are provided by PT Jaya Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya. PT Hutama Karya only
facilitate with fences around project and do not provide other items. It shows the
awareness of each company has their own distinct protection on their project, and
the implementation of Workplace Security Systems in both companies PT Jaya
Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya is more appropriate.

7.2.7 Inspection
150
Inspection programs includes some programs those are : 1) periodical
inspection; 2) incidental Inspection; 3) safety attribute; 4) checking whether the
workers are equipped with safety; and 5) health precaution and provide inspection
program in regard to their work method. Based on case study on the three companies,
it was observed that the most common program armed by all companies are
periodical inspection and incidental inspection. PT Jaya Konsrtuksi is the only
construction company that implemented all programs. Other companies do not
implement all programs and generally because of cost minimization.
7.2.8 Implementation of High Standard Safety Program
Implementation of High Standard Safety Program includes : provide an
intensive safety program for workers with high risk jobs; provide a special safety
program for workers with high risk jobs; and provide up to date information
regarding safety. The similarity of the three companies is always updating safety
information, but this is carried out and as a report for administrative purpose only. PT
Jaya Konstruksi implemented an intensive safety program for workers with high risk
jobs. While both other companies do not implemented the program.
7.2.9 Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk
Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk includes : avoid the use of
explosive; avoid the use of chemicals; avoid working in bad weather; avoid working
with non standard equipments; and avoid using workers with less knowledge of
safety standard. Many programs of preventing the cause of risk are implemented by
these three companies but avoid working with no standard equipment do not
implemented by PT Hutama Karya.

7.2.10 Disciplinary and Workers Attitude
151
Disciplinary and Workers Attitude includes several things, those are : time
disciplinary; disciplinary wearing safety support; disciplinary in safety procedures;
and disciplinary to obey instruction by supervisors. PT Jaya Konstruksi comply all
conditions of disciplinary and workers attitude. PT Adhi Karya comply all condition
except disciplinary wearing safety support, while PT Hutama Karya only comply first
condition that is time disciplinary.
7.2.11 Strict Management
Strict management includes some program those are : provide a program on
tight control of working duration; provide a program on applying penalties if
violating safety rules; provide a program on applying penalties if violating to wear
safety precautions; and provide a program on applying penalties if unaware of safety
standards. Based on case study on three companies, all companies only provide one
program that is program on tight control of working duration. Probably, all
companies do not have standard and safety supports sufficiently, thus they could not
hold other program of strict management.
7.2.12 Offering Job to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors
Offering Job to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors includes some
program, those are : provide some kind of program on choosing reliable working
partners who do jobs according to safety standards; provide some kind of program
on choosing reliable working partners who has good track records on safety
standards; provide some kind of program on choosing reliable working partners with
workers having experience in safety standards; and provide full control among their
partners regarding safety standard. To improve their performance, those three

152
companies choose reliable working partners who do jobs according to safety
standards and has good track records on it. While other programs are not held by
these companies tightly, even PT Hutama Karya does not implement it at all. The
explanation regarding the implementation of safety practices on these three
companies observed are summarized and could be seen at Appendix B.
Based on case study result, we could see that the Common Safety Practices
that were implemented complied by PT. Jaya Konstruksi, PT. Adhi Karya, and PT.
Hutama Karya are :
� Providing Safety Support ;
Using Harness; Using Gloves; Using Face Mask.
� Work Instruction and Planning ;
Instruction Manual; Verbal Instruction by supervisor
� Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices ;
Medicine and First Aid; Further medical treatment.
� Workers Education and Training Program ;
Utilizing of safety equipment training,
� Workplace Security Systems ;
Fences around project.
� Inspection ;
Periodic Inspection; Incidental Inspection
� Implementation of High Standard Safety Program;
Provide up to date information regarding to safety.
� Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk ;

153
Avoid the use of explosive; avoid the use of chemicals; avoid working in bad
weather; avoid using workers with less knowledge of safety standard.
� Disciplinary and Workers Attitude;
Time disciplinary
� Strict Management ; and
Provide a program on Strict Control of working duration
� Offering Job to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors.
Provide some kind of program on choosing reliable working partners who do
jobs according to safety standards; Provide some kind of program on
choosing reliable working partners who has good track records on safety
standards
The implementation of safety practices on construction activities is the most
important thing, thus it need serious attention from all elements that involves this
activities. Therefore, knowledge, skill and goodwill are factors that determine the
implementation of safety practices. Based on survey analysis result, there are three
most important variables of safety practices that should be fulfill in every
construction activities in accordance with contractor’s perspective in Batam Island.
First, the highest rank variable is providing safety support. There are several items of
safety support such as using harness, helmet, gloves, mask and safety shoes.
Questionnaire survey’s analysis result shows that the most important item
based on contractor’s variable is using harness to protect workers from falling due to
height of building. According to contractors, the using of harness is important
because many workers work in the height of building which has high risk and could
meet accident, where workers could sustain fatal injury and may cause death. This
occurrence will give additional cost for company for the medical treatment. That’s
why, in order to minimize the risk and additional cost for company, most contractors
argue that harness is the most important item of safety practice. Another important

154
item of safety practices is using helmet while working, if not may led to accident and
can cause injury, such as the fall of heavy materials (hammer, wood, stone, etc) from
higher level . Using helmet it could protect the worker’s from serious injury.
Based on observation of case study on three construction companies in Batam
Island, provision of safety support by these companies are different. First company
(PT. Jaya Konstruksi) on project of Batam Polytechnique Building provide all items
on safety and better usage of these items as compared to other companies. Most
workers always use harness while working at certain height of building, thus it can
reduce risk. The usage of helmet by workers is relatively low. Commonly, helmet is
used by the management and supervisors that is managing and controlling the field.
Meanwhile, other safety support items (such as gloves, mask and safety shoes) are
only used on certain activities, and not used by all workers. In another case, the
usage of safety support by workers in PT. Adhi Karya on project of Sumatera
Promotion Center Building and PT. Hutama Karya on project of Dispenda’s Building
is low to the other company as compared.
The second highest rank variable of safety practices based on contractor’s
perspective is work instruction and planning. Some important items of this variable
are manual instruction, safety sign, verbal instruction and booklets. Based on the
analysis of questionnaire data, contractor’s value the instruction manual as the most
important item. Usually, instruction manual form as a guide that consist of safety
practices, its equipments and its instruction. By reading the guidance book, the
workers perhaps could understand safety support comprehensively. Ideally, guidance
books are distributed to all workers, foremen, supervisors and the management. The
matter of fact, it is not distributed to all workers. For instance, PT Jaya Konstruksi
and PT Hutama Karya only provide it on limited number, and only distributed to the
managements. While, PT Adhi Karya provide it, in low number and for site office.
Commonly, contractor only use verbal instruction. By verbal instruction while
working, the supervisor or the management can provide instruction partially, thus the
workers understand the work process partially too, not comprehensive.
The third highest variable of safety practices based on contractor’s
perspective is emergency support and safety measuring devices. Some items of this

155
variable are work accident record, medicine and first aid, hospital, emergency
devices (such as fire extinguisher, safety net, water supply, etc) and training program
of using the devices. Based on the analysis of questionnaire, the most important item
according to contractors is work accident record. This is important, because it
contains important information while the working process goes on. Work accident
record in detail is recorded by the safety officer and then it is reported to the
management and head office. PT Jaya Konstruksi employ someone as safety officer
to record the accident and its chronology in detail. Nevertheless, on both other
companies, PT Adhi Karya and PT Hutama Karya, work accident is recorded by the
supervisor. It may subjective for the records because of supervisor’s responsibility to
safety practices.
7.3 Comparative Analysis On Safety Improvement
Implementation of safety improvement as show in Appendix C is base upon
observation which involve three companies. Result of implementation of safety
improvement from respective companies, is identified and discussed through the
following comparative analysis.
7.3.1 Work Accident Investigating and Reporting
Work Accident Investigating and Reporting includes : investigating program
toward accident reports; work accident investigating team; reporting program on
investigation results of work accident; and finalizing investigation on work accident
reports. Based on the observation, PT Jaya Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya have the
investigating program and reporting program on investigation result, while PT
Hutama Karya does not has all these programs.

7.3.2 Quality Record on Safety and Health Management
156
Quality Record on Safety and Health Management includes: establish
standard form for quality record regarding to safety and health management;
supervisor’s quality record on safety; function of work safety management
throughout the field; and monitoring program to control work safety quality record.
PT Jaya Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya have all program on quality record of safety
and health management, except function on work safety management throughout the
field, while PT Hutama Karya only use quality record form. These cases show that
quality record on safety and health management is complied by all companies, but it
is still less than ideal.
7.3.3 Supervisors Capability Improvement
Supervisors Capability Improvement issues includes : training program on
increasing supervisor’s capability in executing work program; the ability of work
safety management for supervisor level; increasing supervisor’s capability in
implementing safety management; and appointing supervisors considering their
knowledge in safety management. PT Jaya Konstruksi has all of these programs, PT
Adhi Karya has most of these program except appointing supervisor considering their
knowledge in safety management. While PT Hutama Karya only comply one item
that is training program on increasing supervisor’s capability in executing work
program. These cases show that program for supervisors to improve their capability
has not been given due to attention.
7.3.4 Recruitment and Certification
Recruitment and Certification includes : executing safety management
certification program; sending personnel to apply and obtain safety certification;

157
work safety Management certification as a pre requirement prior recruitment of
additional personnel; and work safety certification and recruiting experience for
recruitment of supervisor. All companies in this study have held program of
executing safety management certification program and sending personnel to apply
and obtain safety certification. It shows that company’s owner prefer to send their
personnel to obtain the certification rather than increasing worker’s ability, because
of prestige motive. For company’s owner, it is hard to find skillful supervisor who
has certification, that’s why certification not become condition on supervisor
recruitment.
7.3.5 Communication and Appreciation
Communication and Appreciation includes : appreciation program for
personnel with good achievements in safety management; special incentives for
personnel whom carry out safety management; good communication in safety
management between the management and sub contractor; and good communication
in safety management. Case study results indicated that all companies in this study
have good communication in safety management. It shows that company’s owner,
object to spend some monetary incentive for its workers. It is opportunity cost for
company, and company’s owner should better think on the advantage that will be
achieved unless the workers are more productive.
Based on discussion above, we could summarize the Common Safety
Improvements that complied by all companies in this study which include:
� Quality Record of Safety and Health Management ;
Establish standard form for Quality Record Regarding to Safety and Health
management
� Supervisors Capability Improvement ;
Training program on increasing supervisor’s capability in executing work
program

158
� Recruitment and Certification ; and
Executing safety management certification program, sending personnel to
apply and obtain safety certification,
� Communication and Appreciation.
Good communication in safety management.
The following discussion is about safety improvement on construction
company. According to contractors, the most important variable of safety
improvement is work accident investigating and reporting. The work accident record
that were reported to the management and head office could be used as the content of
evaluation to make a policy and further safety improvement program. The most
important item on safety improvement based on contractor’s perspective is
investigating procedures toward accident reports. This item is very important in
discovery the truth and chronology of work accident. exactly considering a work
accident. The result of case study on three companies shows that two companies, PT
Jaya Konstruksi and PT Adhi Karya have investigating program, while PT Hutama
Karya does not. The Investigating program on these two companies was recorded in
management data based on work accident record that reported by safety officer or
supervisor.
In order to carried out the investigation correctly, it is necessary to get
competent team involved on this job. Therefore, the second item that is important is
work accident investigation team. Nevertheless, based on observation, none of these
companies have the investigation team. The role of investigation is done by the
supervisor not the management.
The second important variable on safety improvement is quality record of
safety and health management. Quality record determine so much on data validation
and immediately will determine the policy making process and the program
arrangement for safety practices. The most important item of this variable is
establishing standard form for quality record regarding to safety and health

159
management. Using standardized form of quality record, it will make the
management easier to value the safety practices performance in their company.
Commonly, the company provides filling form, thus it makes safety officer or
supervisor easy to record the work accident and to report it. The collected data using
the form will become a quantitative record. The weakness of this recording technique
is sometimes it could not describe the occurrence in detail and accurately. Therefore,
the management should also explore the information qualitatively from supervisor or
safety officer to support the data collected using the form.
Beside two variables above, contractor also value that Supervisors Capability
Improvement as one of important safety improvement variables that should be
fulfilled. The most important item of this variable based on contractor’s perspective
is training program on increasing supervisor’s capability in executing work program.
The contractor consider that a supervisor is involves in daily work should be
equipped with technical knowledge in monitoring the safety program. Based on case
study result, the three companies have training program but with different objectives.
PT Jaya Konstruksi has training program to improve the ability of site engineers and
safety officer and PT Adhi Karya focus their program to improve the ability of
supervisors and the training is conducted by quality inspector. Both these companies
emphasize the training on staff whose working time is more in the field. Contrary,
PT Hutama Karya has training program just for top management at the head office,
and not focusing on supervisor’s capacity.
Even though the average contractor’s perspective and understanding
regarding safety practices is sufficient, but it is not significantly described in
construction activities especially on those three companies. Based on observation,
not all companies apply safety practices well. For instance, in providing safety
support, even though almost all companies provide them, the number of equipments
and devices that have been provided do not suffice, so not all workers will be abled
access to these equipments. Most companies tend to apply the safety practices to
fulfill the administration condition. In other side, safety support equipments that
provided by company are not used by workers optimally, only foremen, supervisor
and the management who always use those equipments while controlling the work.

160
Some factors that cause low implementation of safety practices on three
construction companies are internal or external environment. The internal factors that
influence them include : supervisor, foremen and workers. The factor that cause low
implementation of safety practice from management side are described as follows.
Firstly, financial motive. Whereby, contractors do not apply safety practices
well because of cost minimization purpose. Contractors as the economic agent
always try to maximize their profit, thus in providing safety support such as
emergency support and safety measuring devices are not sufficient. Providing those
items is aimed at getting good image in order to maintain the company’s image.
Secondly, less attention and responsibility given by company to worker’s
health assurance, causing the control of safety practices on construction are low. The
management often ignore the safety practices because they consider that it is not
important as compared to work target that should be achieved. Instruction or
direction from the management verbally or non-verbally to workers are less, and as a
result many workers ignore the safety practices. On the other hand, the management
does not apply any penalty nor sanction to workers who disobey the rules or safety
procedure, because they do not supply enough safety equipments for all workers.
Meanwhile, among the causation factor that led to low implementation of
safety practices by the workers is conventional work culture. Commonly, the
construction workers on those three companies are traditional workers and prefer to
use conventional technique/way in working. Most of these workers are not familiar
in wearing safety supports while working. Secondly, the workers do not understand
how to use safety support or to operate the supporting safety devices. The low
understanding of workers regarding safety practices is closely related to the worker’s
education level. Lack of guidance from the management or supervisor make their
understanding on safety practices not adequately.
Other party that play an important role in promoting the safety practices is
government. Some factors come from government that cause the low implementation
of safety practices : first, poor control by the government toward safety practices on
construction activity. Secondly, there is no obligation of construction company to

161
report the implementation of safety practices for every project that they did.
Therefore, government especially The Ministry of Labor Affairs has less information
regarding safety practices implementation on all construction companies. Thirdly,
there is no safety board that control the implementation of safety practices in
Indonesia. This is due to no measurable indicator of safety practices implementation,
thus there is no penalty on those disregard safety practices. In addition, it also means
that there is no authorized institution in executing penalty/sanction for ignoring
safety practices. Fourth, there is no regulation that regulate in detail regarding
implementation of safety practices. The reason is similar to the previous part, where
the penalty or sanction execution could not be carried out by government.
Other external factors that could influence the control in the implementation
of safety practices is Indonesian Labor Association (Serikat Pekerja Seluruh
Indonesia/SPSI). Nevertheless, SPSI does not pay full attention concerning
implementation of safety practices and safety improvement. The popular issues that
commonly discussed is regarding labor wage and employment. Hence, their demand
on safety practices to company is minimum. Similarly, the government’s demand
regarding safety practices to company is inadequate.
On the other hand, the concern of project owner on safety practices of each
project is low too. In the case study, all the project owners are government. The
owner of project of Batam Polytechnique Building and Sumatera Promotion Center
Building are Batam Authority, while the owner of project of Dispenda’s Building is
Government of Riau Archipelago Province, the youngest province in Indonesia.
Government of Riau Archipelago Province is not ready yet to empower its institution
in controlling safety practices. It is observed that there is no site visit done by the
owner (project officers) even once during the project duration. It make the condition
of safety practices worse. While Batam Authority is ready in empowering its
institution to control safety practices. From the case study on project of Batam
Polytechnique Building and project of Sumatera Promotion Center Building, the
implementation of safety practices are better than the project of Dispenda’s Building,
this is due to frequent site visit by Project Officer in implementation once in a week,
to control the construction activities during the project.

162
Less attention of project owner on safety practices implementation to their
own projects is due to no enforcement on the regulation that will force contractor to
implement safety practices. The client representatives that were appointed to become
project officers only controlling the technical aspects of the projects. It is suggested
that safety practices should be included in the Bidding Document (Engineer
Estimate) and become a requirement. Thus, the contractors could not avoid to
implement the safety practices.
In addition, even though PT Jaya Konstruksi has qualification of international
standard (ISO) but they do not implement safety practices optimally, because the
government does not emphasize on ISO standard. They will apply standardization of
ISO only if they bid for the International Project.
Based on this case study to improve the safety practices both contractors and
government must play a significant role. From the contractor side, the
implementation of safety practices should reflect the company’s policy and existing
regulation. From government side, specifically the Ministry of Labor Affairs should
form a Safety Board for Indonesia in order to control the implementation of safety
practices and to implement penalty/sanction to contractor who disobey the regulation.
In addition, the instruction manual of safety practices should be provided in detail as
company’s guidance. Also a law to take action against the company that disobey the
regulation and to protect the victim with regard to safety practices. The Ministry of
Labor Affairs should be more focus to handle the problems of labor wage,
unemployment/fired and labor insurance. It is time to handle problems of safety
practices, so that it could be implemented by all construction companies in Indonesia,
especially in Batam. Thus, the number of work accident can be minimized and
improve the working environment.

7.4 Summary
163
It is observed that the contractors in Batam, Indonesia has comply to the
safety practices at construction site. Nevertheless, in its implementation, there are
many variables of safety practices and factors that influence them, thus the risk of
work accident can not be eliminated. Totally various factors that cause the low
implementation of safety practices and safety improvement at construction site not
only due to the management and workers but also the government (Ministry of Labor
Affairs) and Indonesian Labour Association (SPSI). The management often does not
fulfill the whole of safety practices and safety improvement programs because of the
cost minimization (maximize profit) on the other hand, the workers also often ignore
the work safety due to their work culture. While the low control of safety practices
by the government and SPSI, has reduce the implementation of safety practices and
safety improvements at site.

8.1. Introduction
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As mentioned in chapter one that the aim of this research is to investigate the
safety practices of construction industry in Indonesia and in order to establish some
possible ways for the improvements. Effort to facilitate the achievement of this aim,
some conclusions for this research will be drowned and recommendations to improve
the safety practices in construction industry will be highlighted. The research itself
involved the study of safety practices for construction industry, common safety practices
and safety improvement programs in Indonesia. As part of the research, a case study on
three (3) public private construction projects, which include Batam Polytechnic
Building, Sumatra Information Center Building and Dispenda Building. Main surveys
were conducted field data along with verbal interviews.

8.2. Conclusion
165
This section highlights the research findings of the study and it is summarized as
follows:
a. The establishment of twelve (12) Safety Practices in Construction
From the analysis the safety practices were successfully established twelve (12)
safety practices identified includes :
- Provide safety support;
- Maintenance of project equipments;
- Workers education and training program;
- Work instruction and planning;
- Workplace security system;
- Inspection;
- Implementation of high standard safety program;
- Protection by preventing the cause of risk;
- Disciplinary and workers attitude;
- Emergency Support and safety measuring devices;
- Strict management; and
- Offering jobs to professional contractors and sub-contractors.

. The establishment of three (3) critical Safety Practices in Batam-Indonesia
166
The degree of criticality for determining critical safety practice can be concluded
through data analysis. From the analysis the safety practices were rank according to
respondent opinion. The ranking of safety practices are as follows:
- Providing Safety Supports;
- Work Instruction and Planning;
- Emergency Support and Safety Measuring devices;
- Maintenance of Project Equipments;
- Strict Management;
- Workers education and training programming;
- Disciplinary and Workers Attitude;
- Workplace Security System;
- Inspection; and
- Protection by preventing the cause of risk.
From the above ranking three (3) most critical safety practices with the subfactors
listed as follows :
� Providing Safety Support:
- Using harness to protecting workers from falling;
- Using Safety helmet;
- Using Safety gloves;
- Using face mask or goggles; and
- Using safety shoes.

167
� Work Instruction and Planning:
- Instruction manual for every type of works concerning safety and work
method;
- Guidance about safety and work method posted in the surrounding at the
work place;
- Verbal instruction about safety and work method by supervisors prior to
work; and
- Practical guideline booklet about safety and work method.
� Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices
- Medicine and First Aid devices;
- Work Accident Records;
- Provide further health treatments after accidents;
- Provide accident prevention equipments; and
- Provide programs to implement standard safety equipments.
c. The establishment of safety improvement practices in Indonesia
Through analyzing, factors that significantly determine safety improvement
practices can be concluded. Safety improvement practices can be arranged in accordance
to the ranking by the respondent from the most significant in influencing practice toward
the success of safety program implementation.

168
From this study, safety improvements are determined through the common
opinions of the respondents as highlighted below:
- Work Accident Investigating and reporting
- Quality Record of Safety and Health Management
- Supervisors Capability Improvement
- Recruitment and Certification
- Communication and Reward
d. The establishment of critical Safety Improvement in Batam-Indonesia
As a result of the entire research as shown on Table 6.21, three (3) most
important factor to construction safety (safety improvements) are identified as follows:
� Work Accidents Investigating and Reporting:
- Finalizing investigation on work accident reports;
- Investigation program toward accident reports;
- Reporting program on investigation result of work accident; and
- Work accident investigating team.
� Quality Record of Safety and Health Management:
- Function of work safe quality record;
- Field Supervisor quality record regarding on safety;
- Monitoring program to control the quality record on safety; and
- Establish standard form for quality record regarding to safety and health
management.

169
� Supervisors Capability Improvement:
- The ability of safety management for supervisor level;
- Observing field supervisors in implementing safety management;
- Appointing
management;
supervisor considering their knowledge in safety
- Training program on increasing supervisor’s capability in executing; and
- Work safety management certification as a pre requirement prior
recruitment of additional personnel.
e. Case studies on Batam Polytechnic Building Project, Sumatera Promotion
Center Building Project, and Dispenda Building Project
In this case study, it was successfully identified that the lesson learned from the
actual conditions of safety practices and safety improvements at Batam Polytechnic
Building Project, Sumatera Promotion Center Building Project, and Dispenda Building
Project. It can be concluded that most injuries occur due to the ignorance to wear safety
equipments. In some other cases, they were due to ineffective safety management
system. On the other hand, the contractors involved for the three (3) projects have
implemented safety practices and safety improvement according to priority of safety
policy, such as:
� Providing Safety Support;
Using Harness, Using Gloves, Using Face Mask
� Work Instruction and Planning;
Instruction Manual, Verbal Instruction by supervisor

� Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices;
Medicine and First Aid, Further medical treatment
� Workers Education and Training Program;
Utilizing of safety equipment training
� Workplace Security Systems;
Fences around project
� Inspection;
Periodic Inspection, Incidental Inspection
� Implementation of High Standard Safety Program;
Provide up to date information regarding to safety
170
� Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk;
Tends to avoid the use of explosive, the use of chemicals, and to work in bad
weather.
� Discipline and Workers Attitude;
Time disciplinary
� Strict Management; and
Provide a program on Strict Control of working duration
� Offering Job to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors.
Provide some kind of program on choosing reliable working partners who do
jobs according to safety standards and also reliable working partners who has
good track records on safety standards.

Safety improvements:
171
1. Quality Record of Safety and Health Management;
Establish standard form for Quality Record Regarding to Safety and Health
management
2. Supervisors Capability Improvement;
Training program on increasing supervisor’s capability in executing work
program
3. Recruitment and Certification; and
Executing safety management certification program; and sending personnel to
apply and obtain safety certification
4. Communication and Appreciation.
Good communication in safety management.
The lesson learned from the case study were due to ignorance, indiscipline, lack
of knowledge, lack of training, lack of safety equipments, lack of management
commitment, and less priority given by government.

8.3. Recommendations
172
It is imperative to establish a Government Agency to supervise and control the
implementation of Safety Practices in Construction, generally in Indonesia and
particularly in Batam. Such Agency, which is attributed with bigger authority to take
stern measures and give sanctions to Contractor Companies violating the rules, has
never been established in Indonesia. Considering that the Agency has not existed yet, its
establishment should be done step by step. The stages can be explained briefly as
follows:
� First Stage: Ministry of Manpower
Considering that many works have direct links to construction, at the very first
step (embryo), the controlling agency should be organised under the Ministry of
Manpower in order to ensure the implementation of safety control of both government
and private construction projects. In establishing the framework and concept of the
controlling agency, the Ministry of Manpower should work in collaboration with the
General Works Ministry as well as with the Government Agency dealing with the
Workers Social Security Program (Jamsostek).
� Second Stage: Safety Agency / Safety Board
It is suggested that from this study to establish a new specialized agency for the
implementation of safety control in construction as well as to improve the operating
system for betterment through supervision and observation. The new specialized agency
is autonomous and has the authority to set up policies on safety practices, and to
evaluate annually the safety improvements. The specialized agency should be given the
authority to put penalties and sanctions upon contracting companies for its disobedience
to safety practices.

173
The other recommendation is to form a Section of Workers Oversight, to be part
of the existing Ministry of Manpower in Indonesia. Up to date, the section has never
been involved in the monitoring Safety Practices in construction industry of Indonesia.
This is due to that the section is overseeing safety to all industry. Indeed, middle-rank
officers of the Ministry of Manpower should manage this section. Consequently, the
section does not posses any authority to place sanctions and to set up new policies in
implementing safety at construction site.
Safety conditions in Indonesia should be improved by emphasizing the
implementation of safety standard especially providing safety support, and improving
safety practices by means of managements strict control on workers and the involvement
of the Government regarding to safety regulation, therefore it is suggested to have a
chain of control system which involves the management, the owner, the professional
bodies and the Government. The chain can be described as follow:

Contractor
Company
Government
Safety Board /
Safety Agency
Supervision Supervision
Contractor
Workers
Figure 8.1 The Flow Chart of Government Involvement in Safety Supervision
174
�� Planning safety equipment, safety supports, system and facility including the
budget should be made at the design stage;
�� There are clear manual and instruction for field practitioners; and
Owner of
Project
�� There are also financial problems, problems, which often become an excuse excuse for for contractors
to ignore their obligations toward providing safety equipments and executing
safety procedures. procedures. Therefore, Therefore, allocation concerning safety must be included at
the design stage and Engineer Estimate.

8.4. Suggestion of Future Works
175
From conducting this it is recommended that in future study on indicators of
safety practices in Indonesia to be included. The purpose is to measure the level of
safety practices that been implemented by the construction companies. These,
hopefully will create a safety standard that may be applicable to the Safety Agency in
controlling the implementation of safety in Indonesia construction industry.
Conducting further research regarding the above subjects is necessary in
improving better safety and occupational health environment for the Indonesia
construction industry.

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Appendix A
Name :
Position :
LIST OF QUERIES
186
� What kind of projects still in construction and has been established (within the last
5 years), and the details regarding to height and area of physical construction ?
� How long does it take to finalize a whole project ?
� Which project is appointed as a case study ?
� How long does it take to finalize the case study ?
� Is the project within schedule or delayed ? if delayed, how much time should the
delay be ?
� How many workers are involved in the projects ?
� What is the status of the employees involved in the projects ?
� Are the workers managed by the company ?
� Has the exisiting workers ever involve in a different project within the company ?
How much in percentage ?
� Concerning Safety Management , what standards does the project applied ?
� Does the safety management uses a specific consulant or not ?
� How much in percentage does the standard of safety is implemented in the project ?
� Do all components involving in the project aware and well understand the safety
management ?

� Were there any socialization, drills, seminar or information regarding Safety to all
employee involve directly in project ?
� Are attributes (banners, flags, stickers, etc) of Safety generally used in the project ?
� Are guidlines and signs concerning workers safety is used in the project ?
� Do they always inspect workers whether they are wearing safety gears (example:
boots, harness, helmet, gloves, masker and welding shield) ?
� Should standard of safey within the company are violated, are there any sanction
applied ?
� Are workers (including skilled workers) in the project insured ? If they do, is it
facilitated by the company or is it personal insurance ?
� Are all emlpoyees and workers members of Jamsostek ? how many in percentage ?
187
� Does the company in cases of emergency has a cooperative relationship with any
Hospital ? if they do, please state the Hospital and how far is the distance between
the project to the hospital ?
� Do accidents happen while the project is in progress ? If it does, what form of
accident happen ? and what step does the company to take action ?
� Does the accident make any significant effect to the project ?
� Note :
� Project Schedule
� Make copies of applied safety standard
� Records of work accidents
� If possible, ask for certain photo’s regarding to the above queries.

Appendix B
(Continued)
SUMMARY OF SAFETY PRACTICES ON CASE STUDY
SAFETY PRACTICES CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3
10 Disciplinary and workers
Attitude
a Time Disciplinary a. Available a. Available a. Available
b Disciplinary wearing safety b. Available, Depend on the job.
supports More discipline to harness b. Not available b. Not available
mask, and gloves
c Disciplinary in safety c. Available
procedures c. Available c. Not available
d Disciplinary to obey Instruction d. Available
by supervisors d. Available d. Not available
11 Strict Management
a. Provide a program on Strict a. Available a. Available a. Available
Control of working duration
b. Provide a program on applying b. Not available b. Not available b. Not available
penalties if violating safety rules
c. Provide a program on applying c. Not available c. Not available c. Not available
penalties if violating to wear
safety precautions d. Not available d. Not available d. Not available
d. Provide a program on applying
penalties if un aware of safety
standards
12 Offering jobs to professional
contractors and sub contractors
a. Provide some kind of program a. Available a. Available a. Available
on choosing reliable working
partners who do jobs according
to safety standards
b Provide some kind of program b. Available b. Available b. Available
on choosing reliable working
partners who has good track
records on safety standards
c Provide some kind of program c. Available, but not compulsory c. Available, but not compulsory c. Available, but not compulsory
on choosing reliable working
partners with workers having
experience in safety standards
d Provide full control among their d. Available, but not compulsory d. Available, but not compulsory c. Not Available
partners regarding to safety
standard

SUMMARY OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ON CASE STUDY
Appendix C
(Continued)
No IMPROVEMENTS CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3
Work Accident Investigating and
Reporting
1.
Present Present Absent
Investigating Program toward
Accident Report
a.
Absent
Absent, only report to the
quality inspector by the
Supervisor
Absent, only report to the
project management by the
Safety Officer
b. Work Accident Investigating Team
Absent
Present, reported to the Head
Office by the Project
Management
Present, reported to the Head
Office by the Project
Management
Reporting Program on Investiagtion
Result of Work Accident
c.
Absent Absent
Absent, there is no control
particularly on safety by
Government official
Finalizing Investigation on Work
Accident Report
d.
Quality Record of Safety and Health
Management
2.
Present, (Fill Out Forms) Present Present
Establish Standard Form for Quality
Record regarding to Safety and Helath
Management
a.
Absent Absent
Present, (Safety officer report
to the management)
b. Supervisor's Quality Record on safety
Absent Absent
Insignificant to increase
performance in safety practice
because there are no available
analysis
Function of Work safety Management
throughout vthe Field
c.
Absent
Present, Executed by the
Quality Inspector towards
their Supervisors's
Present, Executed by project
Management to the Safety
Officer
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safety Quality Record
d.

Appendix C
(Continued)
SUMMARY OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ON CASE STUDY
No IMPROVEMENTS CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3
3. Supervisors Increase Capability
Present, however only for the
Top Management at Head
Office
Present, Executed by the
Quality Inspector to their
Supervisors
Present, for Site Engineer and
Safety Officer
Training Program on Increasing
Supervisor's Capability ini Executing
Wor Program
a.
Absent
Present, on the early stage of
the project and on location
Present, every 6 months
Supervisors are sent to
The Ability of Work Safety
Management for Supervisor Level
b.
Jakarta for safety courses
Absent
Not yet present, Quality
Inspector only
Present, every 6 months
Supervisors are sent to
Jakarta for safety courses
Supervisor in Implementing Safety
Management
c.
Present Present
Present, especially for Safety
Officers
Appointing Supervisior Considring
their Knowledge in Safety
Management
d.
4. Recruitment and Certification
Present for Top Management
at Head Office and Site
Present but not periodically
Present, due to holding ISO
certification in safety
Executing safety Management
Certification Program
a.
Office
Present for Top Management
at Head Office and Site
Office
Present but only for Quality
Inspector
Present
Sending personnel to apply and obtain
Safety Certification
b.
Not Yet Present Absent
Work safety Management CertificationPresent,
for Top Management
as a prerequirement prior recruitment at Head Office and at the
of additional personnel
Project Office
c.
Present Not Yet Present Absent
Work Safety Certification and
Recruiting Experience for recruitment
of Supervisors
d.

Appendix C
(Continued)
SUMMARY OF SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ON CASE STUDY
No IMPROVEMENTS CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3
5. Communication and Appreciation
Present Not Yet Present Absent
Appreciation Program for Personnel
with good acheivements in Safety
Management
a.
Absent Absent Absent
Special incentives for personnels
whom carry out Safety Management
b.
Not Yet Present Not Yet Present Absent
Good Communication in Safety
Management between the
Management and Sub Contractor
c.
Present Present Present
Good Comunication in safety
Managemnet
d.

Appendix D Questionnaire Survey Form
(Safety Practices)
Questionnaire Survey
195
Dear honorable participants, following are details regarding to Healthy Working
Attitude and Safety Management in the construction projects. We hereby would like
your participation in giving out ideas by answering the questions as objective as
possible in order to achieve progressive knowledge regarding to the subject.
Below are fill out form regarding to your general identity and your company or
workplace profile.
Name of Company
Line of Business
Company’s Address
Contact Person
Position
Recent Education
Length of Employment/experience
Tel. No.
Fax. No.
Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
I. Providing Safety Supports
1. The use of safety gloves to protect your hands in the construction site is
…………………at your company.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
196
2. The use of face mask or safety goggles to protect your eyes from debris in
the construction site is ……………. At your company.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. The use of Safety shoes to protect your foot from falling, hit or stabbed by
object in the construction site is …………….at your company.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. The use of safety helmet to protect your head from any danger
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
5. The use of safety harness to protect from working at certain heights
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
II. Maintenance of Project Equipments
197
1. Does your company have a periodic maintenance program, if they have how
important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company have an incidental maintenance program, if they have
how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
198
3. Does your company have a priority program for spare part replacements, if
they have how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company have a program to control functions of its equipments,
if they have how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
III. Workers Education and Training Program
1. Does your company provide training program on Implementing Safety
Precaution, if they do how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
199
2. Does your company provide training program on Emergency Rescue for New
Workers whom are not aware of the situation, if they do how important
should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide program on Lecture Regarding safety Awareness,
if they do how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company provide program on Discussion Regarding safety
awareness, if they do how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
200
5. Does your company provide program to expose posters for safety awareness,
if they do how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
IV. Work Instruction and Planning
1. In your company, is it common to convey work and safety method
instructions by your supervisor in verbal before commencing work, if it is
how important should the program be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company provide Instruction manual/description for every
respective type of job in regard to safety and work method, if they do how
important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
201
3. Is there any directions or signs regarding safety and work method posted
around the work place, if there is how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Is there a book on practical directions regarding safety and work method, if
there is how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
V. Workplace Security System
1. Does your company perform fences around the project boundary, if they do
how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
202
2. Is there warning signs posted around the work place, if there is how important
should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide limited workers to secure the project area, if
there are do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company provide security program to protect the possibility of
external danger, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
VI. Inspection
203
1. Does your company provide periodic overall inspection program in regard to
safety and work method, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company provide incidental overall inspection program in regard to
safety and work method, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide Safety attribute applied on workers , if they do
how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
204
4. Does your company provide program to check whether the workers are
equipped with safety and health precautions, if they do how important should
it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
5. Does your company provide inspection program in regard to their work
method, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
VII. Implementation of High Standard Safety Program
1. Does your company provide an intensive safety program for workers with
high risk jobs, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
205
2. Does your company provide a special safety program for workers with high
risk jobs, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide up to date information regarding to safety, if they
do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
VIII. Protection by Preventing the Cause of Risk
1. Does the projects in your company tend to avoid the use of explosive , if
they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does the projects in your company tend to avoid the use of chemicals , if
they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
IX.
206
3. Does the projects in your company tend to avoid working in bad weather, if
they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does the projects in your company tend to avoid working with non-standard
equipments , if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
5. Does the projects in your company tend to avoid using workers with less
knowledge of safety standard , if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
Disciplinary and Workers Attitude
1. Is time disciplinary strict and often controlled at projects in your
company , if it is how important it may be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
207
2. Is disciplinary wearing safety attribute strict and often controlled at projects
in your company , if it is how important it may be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Is disciplinary in Safety Procedures strict and often controlled at projects in
your company , if it is how important it may be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Is disciplinary to obey Instruction by Supervisors strict and often controlled at
projects in your company , if it is how important it may be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
X. Emergency Support and Safety Measuring Devices
1. Does your company often record cases of accident occur in projects, if they
do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
208
2. Does your company provide First Aid and Medical treatment for accidents, if
they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide further health treatments after accidents, if they
do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company provide accident prevention equipments , if they do how
important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
5. Does your company provide programs on Implementing of Standard Safety
Equipments , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
XI. Strict Management
1. Does your company provide a program on Strict Control of Working
Duration , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
209
2. Does your company provide a program on applying penalties if violating
safety rules , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide a program on applying penalties if violating to
wear safety precautions , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company provide a program on applying penalties if unaware of
safety standards , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
XII. Offering Jobs to Professional Contractors and Sub-Contractors
210
1. Does your company provide some kind of program on choosing reliable
working partners who do jobs according to safety standards, if they do how
important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company provide some kind of program on choosing reliable
working partners who has good track records on safety standards, if they do
how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Does your company provide some kind of program on choosing reliable
working partners with workers having experience in safety standards, if they
do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please kindly rank by crossing out the answers for the every respective questions as
follow :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5 = Crucial to be executed
211
4. Does your company provide full control among their partners regarding to
safety standard , if they do how important it should be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
Thank you for your kind participation.

Appendix E Questionnaire Survey Form
(Safety Improvements)
Questionnaire Survey
212
Honorable participants, following are questions regarding description to Safety and
Occupational Health Management in a construction project. We hereby would like your
statement as objective as possible regarding to the subject .
Below are general description regarding to your identity and the company you are
employed:
Name of Company
Company Line of Business
Company Address
Contact Person
Position in Company
Recent Education
Length of Employment
Telephone Number
Facsimile Number

Please rank each question below by crossing out one out of five alternative given :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5=Crucialtobeexecuted
I. Supervisors Capability Improvements
213
1. Does the management in your company provide Training to improve
supervisors capability in conducting Work Program, if they do provide such
program how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company whenever they evaluate their supervisors achievements,
inserts Work Safety Factor as a supervisors capability if they do how
important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Is there a particular program on supervisors inspection whether they apply
company’s safety management, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company take attention whether the safety management has the
ability to choose its supervisor, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please rank each question below by crossing out one out of five alternative given :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5=Crucialtobeexecuted
II. Safety and Occupational Health Management Quality Record
1. In increasing the safe work level, does your company have standard forms
for safe work quality records, if they do how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. How important do you think Safe Work Quality record for supervisors on the
the field.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. How important does Work safe Quality record in the company’s management.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Is there a monitoring program to control Work Safe Quality record, if there is
how important should it be.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
214

Please rank each question below by crossing out one out of five alternative given :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5=Crucialtobeexecuted
III. Investigating Upon Report of Work Accidents
215
1. Does your company provide Investigation Program upon accident report, if
they do how important should it be.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Is there an Investigating Team to investigate work accident in your company,
if there is how important should it be.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Are there reporting programs concerning to work accidents in your company,
if there is how important should it be.
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Is there a further program concerning taken to accomplish reports regarding
to work accident in your company, if there is how important should it be
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please rank each question below by crossing out one out of five alternative given :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5=Crucialtobeexecuted
IV. Recruitment and Certification
216
1. Is there a in house Certification on Safety Management in your company,
if there is how important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company often delegate their personnel to achieve safety
certification, if they do how important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. On recruiting new employees, does your company look upon safety
certification they might have, if they do how important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Does your company pre requirement Safety Certification on recruiting
new employees, if they do how important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5

Please rank each question below by crossing out one out of five alternative given :
Where rating 1 = Absolutely not important 2 = Not important
3 = Quite important 4 = important
5=Crucialtobeexecuted
V. Communication and Rewards
217
1. Is there a program to give out Rewards to any employee whom accomplish
their achievement on Work safe Management, if there is how important
should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
2. Does your company provide certain incentive to employee implementing
company’s Safety Management, if they do how important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
3. Could your company bring out communications with their sub contractors
regarding to Safe Work Management , if they could how important should it
be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
4. Is there some sort of an umbrella to provide cooperative program on work safe
communications upon the management and their employees, if they do how
important should it be,
Absolutely Crucial
Not important to be executed
1 2 3 4 5
Thank you for your kind participation.

Appendix F
Safety Practices
A. Safety Support
1
2
3
4
5
B.
Using Hand Gloves to protect
the hands.
Using Face Mask or Goggles
to protect the eyes from debris
Using Safety Shoes to protect
the foot from falling objects
stabbing
Using Safety Helmets to
protect the head from falling
objects
Using Safety Harness from
protecting workers from
heights
Maintenance of Project
Equipments
Summary of Contractor’s Perception on Safety Practices
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
218
Average
Index
0 0 0 15 12 86.11
0 0 3 15 9 80.56
0 0 1 26 0 74.07
0 0 0 15 12 86.11
0 0 0 0 27 100.00
1 Periodic Maintenance Program 0 0 8 14 5 72.22
2
3
4
C.
1
2
Incidental Maintenance
Program
Equipment Replacement
Priority Program
Equipment Functioning
Control Program
Workers Education And
Training Program
Utilization of Safety
Equipment Training
Safety Education / Course for
new workers
0 12 15 0 0 38.89
0 1 22 3 1 53.70
0 0 20 5 2 58.33
0 0 3 21 3 75.00
0 7 13 4 3 52.78
3 Safety Lecture Program 0 20 7 0 0 31.48
4 Safety Discussion Program 3 10 12 2 0 37.04
5 Safety Attributes Program 1 6 14 6 0 48.15

D.
1
2
3
4
E.
1
2
3
4
Safety Practices
Work Instruction and
Planning
Convey work and safety
method instructions by your
supervisor in verbal before
commencing work,
Provide Instruction
manual/description for every
respective type of job in regard
to safety and work method.
Directions or signs regarding
safety and work method
posted around the work place.
Book on practical directions
regarding safety and work
method.
Workplace Security
System
Perform fences around the
project boundary
Warning signs posted around
the work place,
Provide limited workers to
secure the project area
Provide security program to
protect the possibility of
external danger.
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Appendix F (Continued)
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
219
Average
Index
0 1 7 17 2 68.52
0 0 0 14 13 87.04
0 0 0 14 13 87.04
0 17 10 0 0 34.26
0 23 4 0 0 28.70
0 2 24 1 0 49.07
0 24 3 0 0 27.78
3 6 13 5 0 43.52

F. Inspection
1
2
3
4
5
G.
1
2
3
H.
Safety Practices
Provide periodic overall inspection
program in regard to safety and work
method.
Provide incidental overall inspection
program in regard to safety and work
method,
Provide Safety attribute applied on
workers
Provide program to check whether
the workers are equipped with safety
and health precautions.
Provide inspection program in regard
to their work method.
Implementation of High Standard
Safety Program
Provide an intensive safety program
for workers with high risk jobs.
Provide a special safety program for
workers with high risk jobs.
Provide up to date information
regarding to safety.
Protection by Preventing the
Cause of Risk
Appendix F (Continued)
Absolutely Not
Important to
be executed
Not Important
to be executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
220
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
0 0 17 10 0 59.26
14 13 0 0 0 12.04
0 14 13 0 0 37.04
6 13 8 0 0 26.85
0 7 13 7 0 50.00
20 7 0 0 0 6.48
16 7 4 0 0 13.89
20 5 2 0 0 8.33
1 Tend to avoid the use of explosive . 0 0 18 9 0 58.33
2 Tend to avoid the use of chemicals. 23 4 0 0 0 3.70
3 Tend to avoid working in bad weather 10 16 1 0 0 16.67
4
5
Tend to avoid working with nonstandard
equipments .
Tend to avoid using workers with less
knowledge of safety standard.
15 11 1 0 0 12.04
0 16 11 0 0 35.19

I.
Safety Practices
Disciplinary and Workers
Attitude
Appendix F (Continued)
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
221
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
1 Time disciplinary 0 1 11 15 0 62.96
2
3
4
J.
1
2
3
4
5
Disciplinary wearing safety
attribute
Disciplinary in Safety
Procedures
Disciplinary to obey Instruction
by Supervisors
Supporting of Safety & Safety
Measuring Devices
Record cases of accident
occur in projects.
Provide First Aid and Medical
treatment for accidents.
Provide further health treatments
after accidents.
Provide accident prevention
equipments
Provide programs on
Implementing of Standard Safety
Equipments .
K. Strict Management
1
2
3
4
Provide a program on Strict
Control of Working Duration .
Provide a program on applying
penalties if violating safety rules
Provide a program on applying
penalties if violating to wear
safety precautions
Provide a program on applying
penalties if unaware of safety
standards .
1 13 13 0 0 36.11
0 6 20 1 0 45.37
0 22 5 0 0 29.63
0 0 7 20 0 68.52
0 0 0 27 0 75.00
0 0 18 9 0 58.33
0 0 25 2 0 51.85
0 5 22 0 0 45.37
0 0 13 14 0 62.96
0 1 26 0 0 49.07
0 0 27 0 0 50.00
0 2 16 9 0 56.48

L.
1
2
3
4
Safety Practices
Offering Jobs to Professional
Contractors and Sub-
Contractors
Provide some kind of program
on choosing reliable working
partners who do jobs according
to safety standards.
Provide some kind of program on
choosing reliable working
partners who has good track
records on safety standards
Provide some kind of program
on choosing reliable working
partners with workers having
experience in safety standards.
Provide full control among their
partners regarding to safety
standard .
Appendix F (Continued)
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
222
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
0 23 4 0 0 28.70
10 17 0 0 0 15.74
0 24 3 0 0 27.78
3 24 0 0 0 22.22

Appendix G
Safety Practices
A. Safety Support
1
2
3
4
5
B.
Using Hand Gloves to protect
the hands.
Using Face Mask or Goggles
to protect the eyes from debris
Using Safety Shoes to protect
the foot from falling objects
stabbing
Using Safety Helmets to
protect the head from falling
objects
Using Safety Harness from
protecting workers from
heights
Maintenance of Project
Equipments
Summary of Developer’s Perception on Safety Practices
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
223
Average
Index
0 0 0 20 6 80.77
0 0 3 13 10 81.73
0 0 3 13 10 81.73
0 0 0 12 14 88.46
0 0 0 0 26 100.00
1 Periodic Maintenance Program 0 0 9 16 1 67.31
2
3
4
C.
1
2
Incidental Maintenance
Program
Equipment Replacement
Priority Program
Equipment Functioning
Control Program
Workers Education And
Training Program
Utilization of Safety
Equipment Training
Safety Education / Course for
new workers
0 8 7 8 3 55.77
0 2 23 0 1 50.00
0 0 19 7 0 56.73
0 0 9 16 1 67.31
0 0 14 9 3 64.42
3 Safety Lecture Program 0 16 10 0 0 34.62
4 Safety Discussion Program 5 17 0 4 0 27.88
5 Safety Attributes Program 0 3 10 12 1 60.58

D.
1
2
4
5
E.
1
2
3
4
Safety Practices
Work Instruction and
Planning
Convey work and safety
method instructions by your
supervisor in verbal before
commencing work,
Provide Instruction
manual/description for every
respective type of job in regard
to safety and work method.
Directions or signs regarding
safety and work method
posted around the work place.
Book on practical directions
regarding safety and work
method.
Workplace Security
System
Perform fences around the
project boundary
Warning signs posted around
the work place,
Provide limited workers to
secure the project area
Provide security program to
protect the possibility of
external danger.
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Appendix G (Continued)
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
224
Average
Index
0 0 14 10 2 63.46
0 1 4 18 3 72.12
0 0 14 12 0 61.54
0 15 11 0 0 35.58
0 0 11 11 4 68.27
0 9 17 0 0 41.35
0 2 12 12 0 59.62
0 16 6 4 0 38.46

F. Inspection
1
2
3
4
5
G.
1
2
3
H.
Safety Practices
Provide periodic overall inspection
program in regard to safety and work
method.
Provide incidental overall inspection
program in regard to safety and work
method,
Provide Safety attribute applied on
workers
Provide program to check whether
the workers are equipped with safety
and health precautions.
Provide inspection program in
regard to their work method.
Implementation of High Standard
Safety Program
Provide an intensive safety program
for workers with high risk jobs.
Provide a special safety program
for workers with high risk jobs.
Provide up to date information
regarding to safety.
Protection by Preventing the
Cause of Risk
Appendix G (Continued)
Frequency of Respondent
Absolutely Not
Not Important to Quite Important
Important to be
be executed to be executed
executed
Important to be
executed
225
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
0 12 14 0 0 38.46
15 11 0 0 0 10.58
0 15 7 3 1 40.38
6 17 3 0 0 22.12
0 16 10 0 0 34.62
13 13 0 0 0 12.50
14 11 1 0 0 12.50
2 14 10 0 0 32.69
1 Tend to avoid the use of explosive . 0 0 18 8 0 57.69
2 Tend to avoid the use of chemicals. 22 4 0 0 0 3.85
3
4
5
Tend to avoid working in bad
weather
Tend to avoid working with nonstandard
equipments .
Tend to avoid using workers with
less knowledge of safety standard.
15 11 0 0 0 10.58
21 4 0 1 0 6.73
3 15 8 0 0 29.81

I.
Safety Practices
Disciplinary and Workers
Attitude
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Appendix G (Continued)
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
226
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
1 Time disciplinary 0 6 12 8 0 51.92
2
Disciplinary wearing safety
attribute
0 16 10 0 0 34.62
3 Disciplinary in Safety Procedures 0 16 10 0 0 34.62
4
J.
1
2
3
4
5
Disciplinary to obey Instruction by
Supervisors
Supporting of Safety & Safety
Measuring Devices
Record cases of accident occur
in projects.
Provide First Aid and Medical
treatment for accidents.
Provide further health treatments
after accidents.
Provide accident prevention
equipments
Provide programs on
Implementing of Standard Safety
Equipments .
K. Strict Management
1
2
3
4
Provide a program on Strict
Control of Working Duration .
Provide a program on applying
penalties if violating safety rules
Provide a program on applying
penalties if violating to wear safety
precautions
Provide a program on applying
penalties if unaware of safety
standards .
0 21 5 0 0 29.81
0 0 14 12 0 61.54
0 0 0 26 0 75.00
0 0 15 11 0 60.58
0 0 22 4 0 53.85
0 7 19 0 0 43.27
0 0 14 12 0 61.54
0 0 26 0 0 50.00
0 1 25 0 0 49.04
0 1 23 2 0 50.96

L.
1
2
3
4
Safety Practices
Offering Jobs to Professional
Contractors and Sub-
Contractors
Provide some kind of program
on choosing reliable working
partners who do jobs according
to safety standards.
Provide some kind of program on
choosing reliable working
partners who has good track
records on safety standards
Provide some kind of program
on choosing reliable working
partners with workers having
experience in safety standards.
Provide full control among their
partners regarding to safety
standard .
Appendix G (Continued)
Absolutely
Not Important
to be
executed
Not Important
to be
executed
Frequency of Respondent
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to
be executed
227
Crucial to be
executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
1 23 1 1 0 26.92
18 8 0 0 0 7.69
1 14 10 1 0 35.58
1 25 0 0 0 24.04

Appendix H
A
1
2
3
4
B.
1
2
3
4
Safety Improvements
Supervisors Capability
Improvements
Summary of Contractor’s Perception of Safety Improvements
Training Program on Increasing
Supervisor's Capability in
Executing Work Program
The Ability of Work
Safety Management for
Supervisor Level
Supervisors in
implementing safety Management
Appointing Supervisor considering
their knowledge in
Safety Management
Quality Record of Safety
and Health Management
Establish Standard Form for Quality
Record regarding to
Safety and Health Management
Supervisor’s Quality Record
on Safety
Absolutely
Not
Important
to be
executed
Not
Important
to be
executed
Amount of People Responses
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to Crucial to be
be executed executed
1 2 3 4 5
228
Average
Index
1 4 9 12 1 57.41
0 1 6 15 5 72.22
0 0 12 13 2 65.74
0 6 7 9 5 62.04
0 5 5 16 1 62.04
0 5 5 12 5 65.74
Function of Work Safe Quality
Record 0 1 7 18 1 67.59
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safe Quality Record
0 0 13 14 0 62.96

C
1
Safety Improvements
Work Accident Investigating
and Reporting
Investigating Program toward
Accident Reports
Appendix H (Continued)
Absolutely
Not
Important
to be
executed
Not
Important
to be
executed
Amount of People Responses
Quite
Important to
be executed
229
Important to Crucial to be
be executed executed
1 2 3 4 5
Average
Index
0 0 9 17 1 67.59
2 Work Accident Investigating Team 1 4 9 12 1 57.41
3
4
Reporting Program on Investigation
Results of Work Accident
Finalizing investigation on
work accident reports
D. Recruitment and Certification
1
2
3
4
Executing Safety Management
Certificaton Program
Sending Personnel to Apply
and obtain Safety Certification
Work Safety Management
Certification as a pre requirement prior
Recruitment of additional personnel
Work Safety Certification and
Recruiting Experience for
Recruitment of Supervisor
E Communication and Appreciation
1
2
3
4
Appreciation program for personnel
with good achievements in
Safety Management
Special incentives for personnel
whom carry out safety management
Good communication in
safety management between
the management and sub contractors
Good communication in
safety management between
the management and personnel
0 0 13 14 0 62.96
0 0 6 17 4 73.15
0 0 13 14 0 62.96
0 0 10 15 2 67.59
0 2 11 14 0 61.11
0 0 12 15 0 63.89
0 3 7 13 4 66.67
0 6 12 9 0 52.78
0 2 10 13 2 63.89
0 2 9 15 1 63.89

Appendix I
A
1
2
3
4
B.
1
2
3
4
Safety Improvements
Supervisors Capability
Improvements
Training Program on Increasing
Supervisor's Capability in
Executing Work Program
The Ability of Work
Safety Management for
Supervisor Level
Supervisors in
implementing safety Management
Appointing Supervisor considering
their knowledge in
Safety Management
Quality Record of Safety
and Health Management
Establish Standard Form for Quality
Record regarding to
Safety and Health Management
Field supervisors Quality Record
on Safety
Function of Work Safe Quality
Record
Monitoring Program to Control Work
Safe Quality Record
Summary of Developer’s Perception of Safety Improvements
Absolutely
Not
Important
to be
executed
Not
Important
to be
executed
Amount of People Responses
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to Crucial to be
be executed executed
1 2 3 4 5
230
Average
Index
3 6 9 8 0 46.15
1 10 6 6 3 50.00
0 1 8 16 1 66.35
0 3 11 12 0 58.65
0 2 8 15 1 64.42
1 5 12 7 1 51.92
0 0 13 13 0 62.50
2 1 9 12 2 60.58

C
1
Safety Improvements
Work Accident Investigating
and Reporting
Investigating Program toward
Accident Reports
Appendix I (Continued)
Absolutely
Not
Important
to be
executed
Not
Important
to be
executed
Amount of People Responses
Quite
Important to
be executed
Important to Crucial to be
be executed executed
1 2 3 4 5
231
Average
Index
0 0 11 15 0 64.42
2 Work Accident Investigating Team 0 0 11 15 0 64.42
3
4
Reporting Program on Investigation
Results of Work Accident
Finalizing investigation on
work accident reports
D. Recruitment and Certification
1
2
3
4
Executing Safety Management
Certificaton Program
Sending Personnel to Apply
and obtain Safety Certification
Work Safety Management
Certification as a pre requirement prior
Recruitment of additional personnel
Work Safety Certification and
Recruiting Experience for
Recruitment of Supervisor
E Communication and Appreciation
1
2
3
4
Appreciation program for personnel
with good achievements in
Safety Management
Special incentives for personnel
whom carry out safety management
Good communication in
safety management between
the management and sub contractors
Good communication in
safety management between
the management and personnel
1 9 6 6 4 52.88
0 0 11 15 0 64.42
0 0 10 15 1 66.35
2 1 11 12 0 56.73
0 7 12 7 0 50.00
0 4 9 11 2 60.58
2 3 12 7 2 53.85
0 0 10 15 1 66.35
0 7 11 7 1 51.92
0 1 10 15 0 63.46

Appendix J
CASE 1 : BATAM POLYTHECNIC BUILDING PROJECT
Photo : Batam Polytechnic building under construction
Photo : Using helmet without harness Photo : Using helmet without safety shoes
132

CASE 2 : SUMATERA PROMOTION CENTRE BUILDING PROJECT
Photo : Wearing safety shoes without helmet and harness
133

CASE 3 : DISPENDA BUILDING PROJECT
Photo : Supervisor using helmet and safety shoes
Photo: Working without safety supports
134