Judging School Handbook - American Morgan Horse Association

2011 Morgan HorseJudging SchoolHandbookProvided by:The American Morgan Horse Association, Inc.4066 Shelburne Road, Suite 5 • Shelburne, VT 05482-6908(802) 985-4944 • www.morganhorse.comRevised March 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTSOrganizations/Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Purposes and Objectives of Morgan Judging Seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Ethics as They Relate to Judges, an Exhibitor’s View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Ethics for Horse Show Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Suggested Code of Ethics for Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14USEF Guidelines for Licensed Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Do’s and Dont’s of Judging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Judging Procedures-Contracts & Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Judging Procedures in the Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Check List for Judging a Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Judging the Morgan Western Pleasure Horse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30AMHA Equitation Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Reining Seat Equitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

AMHA/USEF JUDGES’ SCHOOLFor more information, including written materials and videotapes, about various Morgan disciplines, contact:The Amerian Driving Society1837 Ludden Drive, Ste. 120P. O. Box 278Cross Plains, WI 53528Phone: (608) 237-7382info@americandrivingsociety.orgwww.americandrivingsociety.orgNational Cutting Horse Association260 Bailey AvenueFt. Worth, TX 76107Phone: (817) 244-6188 • www.nchacutting.comThe United Professional Horsemen’s Association4059 Ironworks Parkway, Suite 2Lexington, KY 40511Phone: (859) 231-5070 • www.uphaonline.comUnited States Eventing Association525 Old Waterford Road, NWLeesburg, VA 20176Phone: (703) 779-0440• www.useventing.comThe Carriage Association of America3915 Jay Trump RoadLexington, KY 40511(859) 231-0971 • www.caaonline.comNational Reining Horse Association3000 NW 10th StreetOklahoma City, OK 73107-5302Phone: (405) 946-7400 • www.nrha.comThe United States Dressage Federation4051 Iron Works ParkwayLexington, KY 40511Phone: (859) 971-2277 • www.usdf.orgU.S. Equestrian Federation4047 Iron Works ParkwayLexington, KY 40511Phone: (859)258-2472 • www.usef.orgFor an application to become a Morgan judge, information about learner judging requirements,or your status as a Morgan judge, contact:USEF Licensed Officials Department • 4047 Iron Works Parkway • Lexington, KY 40511For information about upcoming AMHA Judges’ Schools, copies of The Morgan Horse Judging Standards,AMHA membership, or a list of Morgan shows in any region, contact:The American Morgan Horse Association4066 Shelburne Road, Suite 5 • Shelburne, VT 05482-6908Phone: (802) 985-4944 • Fax: (802) 985-8897 • info@morganhorse.com • www.morganhorse.comRecommended ReadingBelow are books recommended for reading in order of preference, with the first book listed being the top priority, etc.Adams, O.R., Lameness in Horses, 3rd edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1974Edwards, Gladys Brown, Anatomy and Conformation of the Horse, Dreenan Press Ltd.,Croton-on-Hudson, 1980Crabtree, Helen K., Saddle Seat Equitation, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, 1970White-Mullin, Anna Jane, Judging Hunters and Hunter Seat Equitation,Arco Publishing, Inc., New York, 1984.Rossdale, Peter D., The Horse, J.A. Allen & Company, Ltd., London, 1975.Rooney, James R., The Lame Horse: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment,A.S. Barnes and Co., Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 1974.1

Purposes & Objectives of Morgan Horse Seminarsby Dr. Albert Lucine, Jr. M.D.On behalf of the AMHA, I take pleasure in welcomingyou to this seminar, one of a series that hasbeen presented annually. All who are interested inthe Morgan horse (breeders, owners, trainers, youth,etc.) are welcome to attend these seminars and toparticipate in the open discussion. The major portionof the seminar is open to all, but, of necessity,certain segments have been specifically designatedto allow judges and non-judges to separately questionthe speakers on specific subjects.The purposes and objectives of these seminars arequite simply: (1) to expose each of you to specificand individual characteristics of the Morgan thatcontribute to the Morgan being recognized as a distinctbreed; (2) to assist each of you, veteran andneophyte judge alike, in looking for and recognizingthese characteristics in the Morgan horses you arecalled upon to judge; and (3) to assist you in assimilatingthis information to better enable you to judgeMorgan horses according to the standards approvedby the AMHA.The purposes and objectives, or goals, of these seminarsmay indeed be quite simply stated, but attainingthese goals is a much more complex undertaking.Let us review some of the background or historyof the activities that resulted in these seminars.For too many years, one of the major concernsamong those who have exhibited and bred Morganhorses has been the lack of uniformity of judging inthe show ring. Horses winning under one judgemight not pin under another judge a short time later.Horses winning in one area might not win in anotherarea of the country. One of the Morgan’s majorattributes was and is, in part, responsible for this lackof uniformity in judging, its versatility! We have allseen the Morgan show horse as a saddle or harnesshorse (either park or pleasure), as a western pleasurehorse, a working stock horse, a trail horse, hunter,roadster, carriage horse, etc. Most of us use ourMorgans as our personal pleasure horse on our trailsat home. These uses certainly substantiate the use ofthe phrase “The Morgan Horse, America’s MostVersatile Breed.” We can be justifiably proud of theMorgan’s versatility, but we must realize with thisversatility, particularly if Morgans were bred for acertain specific function, comes lack of uniformity,type, conformation, and way of going. Anothermajor contributing factor to this lack of uniformitywas the fact that the members of the Morgan HorseClub did not make the decision to operate theAmerican Morgan Horse Register as a closed registeruntil about 1947. Nevertheless, the present Morganis a testimony to the prepotency of Justin Morganand his descendants.As the AMHA went through a period of revitalizationin the early 1970s, the Board of Directorsturned its attention to this problem. An attemptwould be made to document standards of type, conformationand way of going for the Morgan horse,standards that had and would continue to stand thetest of time.These standards were developed by the JudgingStandards Committee, and this monumental workwas unanimously adopted by the Board of Directorsin 1973. However, adoption of the Standards alonewould do little to aid the Morgan. The task of disseminatingand presenting this information to allMorgan judges was now before the Board. Thus wasborn the idea of Judging Seminars, sponsored by theAMHA. A format which resembles, in part, that ofother breed seminars could be rapidly adopted.Moreover, it was believed it would be of great valueto expose not only the judges but also the exhibitorsand breeders to these adopted standards since inorder to have true acceptance of the Standards theywould have to be accepted by all who aspire to thesegoals; i.e.: the judge, breeder, exhibitor, and allMorgan lovers. For this reason, the decision wasmade to open the seminars to other than judgesalone, a unique decision at that time.The Judging Standards as published became theacademic theory, the seminars became the classroompresentation, and the show ring and breedingfarms became the proving ground for the theoriespresented.2

All who have observed the Morgan in recent yearsmust recognize an increased uniformity of type, conformation,and way of going that has taken place ina relatively short period of time, a tribute in part tothe never ending work of the Judging StandardsCommittee.“The Morgan Horse—America’s Most VersatileBreed”! Wasn’t this phrase exemplified by the verymakeup of the initial Judging Standards Committee?Chairman Dr. C. D. Parks, Pennsylvania; RobertBrooks, Connecticut; Harold Childs, Vermont;Phyllis Cox, Massachusetts; John Lydon,Pennsylvania; Dr. S. Robert Orcutt, Massachusetts;Doris Ryan, Illinois; W. Dayton Sumner,Pennsylvania; and Prof. L. V. Tirrell, NewHampshire. These committee members are known tomost of us, and we can easily recognize their differentpersonalities, uses of their horses, training and showingmethods, and different breeding programs. Ibelieve in reviewing their work it is most importantto remember that these individuals, with all their differences,agreed on standards for the Morgan horsewithout major compromise, agreed on Standards thatare of value to all Morgan enthusiasts, and have beenaccepted by the Morgan community.“The members of this committee agreed unanimouslyon the material presented here. Some thoughtmore strongly than others on certain points, butthere was no major compromise.“The philosophy involved: There must be one recognizedstandard for judging the Morgan horse.There is sufficient variation within the breed tomake possible the selection of horses better suitedthan another for a particular purpose. To be shownin the ring, a horse should be a show horse, regardlessof what class or section he is shown in. We puthim in competition before the public because wethink he is a superior individual worthy to representthe breed.“Judging is the art of establishing a fixed image ofthe ideal representative of the breed in one’s mindand relating the individuals in each class to thismental image.“It is our purpose to put the image of the idealMorgan in the minds of the judges, breeders, trainers,and exhibitors so that we will all be workingtoward the same goal.”I can think of no better way to express the purposeand objectives of these seminars than to quote fromthe introduction to the initial Judging Standardspamphlet published in 1973.3

Ethicsby The Honorable Richard M. GivanA code of ethics includes: Formal law, moral conceptand accepted customs of behavior. FORMAL LAW isthe statutory and case law by which society is officiallygoverned. This law falls into two categories:Acts which are malum in se (bad in themselves), andacts which are malum prohibitum (bad because theyare prohibited). For example, to lie, cheat or steal areacts which are bad in themselves. To drive on thewrong side of the road is bad because it is prohibitedby law. MORAL CONCEPT is, of course, embodiedin the formal law but extends beyond in that manyacts which are not prohibited by formal law are consideredby many to be immoral. For example: Refusalto aid a person in distress, refusal to take back goodsand return the purchase price, or failure to disclosedefects as in a “Horse Trade.”ACCEPTED CUSTOMS OF BEHAVIOR includesuch things as courtesy, mode of dress, manner ofspeech, and cleanliness.No organized society can exist without some degreeof ethical consideration.From general ethics necessary to civilized conducthave evolved specific codes of ethics for variousgroups and professions.For example, doctors begin practice by taking theHippocratic Oath. Lawyers take a similar oathaddressed to their obligation to the public.In recent years the practice of the adoption of a codeof ethics by specialized groups has become morewidespread. This is brought about by a combinationof need for controlling the general membership anda need for guideposts for those entering that particularfield of endeavor.A standard of ethics invariably covers the entirefield of law, moral concepts, and accepted customs ofbehavior.While a code of ethics invariably covers the entirefield of law, moral concepts are accepted custom ofbehavior.While a code of ethics is important to participants,adherence is essential to a majority of governing officials.Judges have the responsibility of following andenforcing the accepted ethical code. They mustrefrain from deviation based upon personal likes ordislikes or personal philosophy. Once one acting inan official capacity begins to reshape the rulesaccording to his own philosophy, the entire systembegins to crumble.Personal conduct of leadership is, of course, ofextreme importance. No system is stronger than thefiber of its leaders. However, it is not enough thatpersonal conduct is in fact within the code of ethics.Leadership must at all times maintain not only theletter of the code, but also the appearance of properconduct. Thoughtless conduct which, no matterhow innocent, will cause observers to doubt theintegrity of the leader, will destroy public confidencewhich is essential to harmony and respect for thesystem and its leaders.It is, of course, impossible to prevent unreasonableaccusations of impropriety. However, a judge must atall times conduct himself in such a manner as todemonstrate an unbiased and objective attitude. Ajudge has an obligation to so conduct himself that atany time an objective observer would have no reasonabledoubt as to his integrity.This is accomplished by:(1) Thorough study and complete knowledge ofthe subject matter.(2) Easy working knowledge of all rules generaland local.(3) Open, forthright demeanor.(4) Courteous, pleasant attitude.Nothing is more unbecoming than arrogance andlack of consideration. Among the knowledgeable,arrogance and rudeness are recognized as a cover-upfor incompetence or a feeling of inadequacy. To thecasual observer, it breeds contempt and is seldommistaken for ability, although such is the intent ofthe arrogant or rude judge.4

Next to overt dishonesty, arrogance and rudeness arethe most offensive breaches of ethical conduct.A judge must exhibit the highest standard of integrityat all times and avoid decisions arrived at by influence,bias, or ignorance.Note that it is considered unethical to purport tobe a judge unless one endeavors to be informed toperform such duties, including a thorough knowledgeof the rules of the USEF and CHSA and classspecifications.Ethics require that a judge isolate himself fromexhibitors and handlers. It is your duty to report anyimproper approaches by exhibitors to the steward orshow management.Most persons are aware that judges have manyfriends among those who show horses. Reason alsoleads to the knowledge that the recognition of andconversation with these friends would not indicateinfluence or bias; however, the highly competitivenature of shows makes it extremely important thatthe judges avoid not only actual influence or bias,but what an emotionally charged exhibitor mightinterpret as the appearance of influence or bias.In summary, ethical conduct demands that youinform yourself to the best of your ability beforeattempting to judge a show. Be honest and unbiased,be courteous at all times, report improper conduct ofexhibitors and be prepared to enforce all rules at alltimes against all exhibitors. Courageous action inthis regard at the moment indicated will mark you asa person with knowledge and integrity. Even if a socalledfriend is involved, you will not only lose byfailing to act. Remember, a true friend wants you tobe honest, nothing more. Those who expectfavoritism are not friends. If allowed to have theirway they will destroy you and be among the first tocondemn you when you are attacked.An ethical judge is honored by his contemporariesand enjoys the satisfaction of a job well done. Onewho is unethical is dishonored and finds all gains tobe temporary. Success turns to ashes in his hands.Remember, it is easier to succeed than to fail.5

Ethics As They Relate to Judges, An Exhibitor’s Viewby Albert A. Lucine, Jr., MDIt is difficult to think of a field in which the acceptanceand use of an ethical/moral standard plays amore important role than in the field of judginghorses. I would like to review some definitions of thewords “ethics” and “moral.”ETHICS:— Derived from the Greek word “ethos,” the mannerand habits of men.— The study of standards of conduct and moraljudgement, moral philosophy.— The system or code of morals of a particularphilosopher, profession.— The rules or principles which govern right conduct.MORAL:— Relating to, dealing with, or capable of makingthe distinction between right and wrong inconduct.ETHICS:— The systematic study of the nature of value concepts,good, bad, right, wrong, etc., and of thegeneral principles which justify us in applyingthem to anything; also called moral philosophy.Organized society exists with the aid of formal lawsupplemented by moral or ethical standards. Manyof the laws or rules by which a society, profession, orgroup conducts itself cannot be formally recorded,the written rule cannot govern or cover all situations.Yet more and more, it appears we pass rulesand regulations in an attempt to control the behaviorof those who do not conform to a moral or ethicalstandard. I believe this is evident today in all levelsof government and all professions and groups.Let me repeat, it is difficult to think of a field inwhich the acceptance and use of an ethical and/ormoral standard plays a more important role than inthe field of judging horses. Consider the following: aphysician, although he may legally treat a member ofhis family, will usually not treat a family memberwith a serious illness for fear his personal feelingsand emotions may prejudice or influence his medicaljudgment; a trial judge will disqualify himself fromhearing a case in which he has a personal interest.Compare these two relatively simple situationswhere members of a profession exclude themselvesbecause of personal interest or emotions to the following:Picture the dilemma that faces a horse showjudge with almost every class he adjudicates; 20-30horses to complete the class, one or two by his ownstallion (the foundation of his family’s breeding programfor the past ten years), one or two horses fromhis breeding program that he trained and sold(including a filly out of his favorite show mare thathe expected to be the next Grand NationalChampion, but had to sell this year to make a profit),one or two kids in open classes whom he had asequitation students for about five years, and there isgood old Charlie Professional, who taught himalmost everything he knows, riding his great newshow horse, there’s Jim Trainer who has a red hotprospect for the $25,000 horse he wants to sell, andthere’s Joe Manager who manages that prestigioushorse show he’s always wanted to judge. By the timeI list all the possible conflicts of interest, the classwill be judged and out of the ring.There is no substitute for a judge’s integrity and ethicalstandards, as there is absolutely no way we canpass rules to govern all the above conditions! Norcan we exclude all horsemen, trainers, veterinarians,etc., from judging our horses. The butcher, baker,and the candlestick maker are of very little use to usin the center ring. Those of us who are interested inhorses and particularly interested in exhibiting inhorse shows are a very small segment of our society.It is inevitable the judge, whoever he or she is, willbe known to many of the exhibitors and will facemany of the conflicts of interest mentioned above.Broad guidelines as to how a class is to be judged canbe established, but the main criteria we must rely onis the integrity and ethical standards of our judges.Foremost, a judge must be able to live with himself;to know, in his opinion, his placings are inherentlycorrect. In order to accomplish this, he must have athorough knowledge of the rules governing the show,a thorough knowledge of the standards for the breedand for the specific classes he will be judging, and he6

must be consistent in his placings and decisions.Without these qualities, he cannot approach judgingthe class outlined above with confidence, nor can heturn in his card and be able to live with himself. Hisfailure to possess these qualities will soon becomeevident to exhibitor and show management alike.Consistency in your placings will, in my opinion,quickly point out your integrity and your degree ofknowledge of the standards.If one is to judge one of the highly competitive threeor four-day Morgan shows with classes of twenty toforty entries, a clear mental image of the standardfor each type of class is of primary importance. Anyjudge only recently exposed to Morgans would dowell to observe one or two of our larger shows beforeattempting to judge one of these shows, unless he isunusually qualified or experienced. Too often, aninexperienced judge can “get lost” at our largershows if he or she has only been exposed to showswith two or three Morgan classes a day, and aboutfour to eight entries in each class. By going over hishead and accepting an invitation to judge a show forwhich he is not sufficiently experienced, a judge willonly serve to confuse himself and distort the mentalimage he must rely upon. I believe this will cause theinexperienced judge to compromise his own standards.If this mental image is distorted, might thejudge not attempt to solve his dilemma by looking atriders, not horses, for example? A judge can bestserve him or herself and the horse world by adequatelypreparing himself for each step he takesalong the way to judging the Grand NationalMorgan Show.One cannot forget your acceptance as a “goodjudge” is dependent not only upon the horses youpin, but also upon the manner in which you conductyourself both inside and outside the ring. Inthe ring, each judge must develop for himself a systemof recall that works for him. This can be amental or some type of visual marking system. Thissystem must give you sufficient information toenable you to compare your mental image of theideal Morgan to the horses in the ring and properlypin the class. It must be foolproof, nothing canbe worse than to leave your winner in the center ofthe ring during a workoff and then lose him whenyou place the class. The manner in which youobserve each horse performing in the ring will domore than anything else to demonstrate to eachexhibitor that “he’s getting a fair shake.” If theexhibitor feels you have not looked at his horse,there is no way you can convince him that you gavehim a fair shake; and actually, that is all theexhibitor is really asking! Remember, as youapproach each horse, as you are marking yourjudge’s card, as you are apparently staring at theringmaster; the eyes of all exhibitors and spectatorsare upon you, judging whether you know what youare doing and whether you care.As mentioned, the Morgan show world is a verysmall world indeed. While on the show grounds,you are certainly going to meet friends and associatesof long standing who are also exhibitors.Certainly your greeting to them should be warmand friendly, but please do not enter into long conversationsin public. I am not aware of any judge’saction more open to criticism than carrying on alengthy conversation with an exhibitor. Remember,there are more losers than winners, and they allassume you are talking about that exhibitor’s horses,even though you know you were talking about politicsor the weather. In some USEF divisions, Iunderstand judges are invited and expected toattend exhibitor parties; at the present time, Ibelieve it is the opinion of most exhibitors that youshould not attend such functions. Possibly youmight attend an unusual function or celebration ofthe show committee. During the show, any discussionyou might have with an exhibitor regardingyour placing of his horse must be carried out withthe permission of the show steward and must bebrief; again, a prolonged conversation lends itself tocriticism even though there may be no basis for suchcriticism. Do not forget that regardless of how goodyour placings are in the ring, whether or not you areaccepted by many exhibitors will also depend onyour conduct outside the ring.Exhibiting horses is a very emotional undertakingfor the individuals and often the family involved. Weall know of families who are proud of their worktogether, and particularly proud of the manner inwhich their child or children have responded to themany challenges they face in getting a horse into thering. Whether this becomes a pleasant and rewardingexperience contrasted to an unhappy, bitterexperience may be directly related to the degree ofcompetence, excellence, and integrity you possess asa judge.7

I have a patient who years ago gave up showing horsesin favor of racing so that her animals are judgedagainst a clock, not by an individual who may beunethical or whose knowledge is not sufficient forthat level of competition. In recent years, some haveobserved an increase in the number of entries inopen jumper classes at shows while entries in theworking hunter division are decreasing. Does thispossible trend reflect the same view as my patientwanting to be judged by a system (i.e. knockdownand out, or a clock) rather than by an individualwho is exposed to all types of pressure? If this is a realobservation, one could easily deduce the future ofthe horse show industry could be directly related tothe competence, integrity, and ethical standards ofour judges.We have all heard it said the future of the showindustry depends on better public relations, makingour product attractive to spectators and the generalpublic, and also attracting corporate sponsors. I suggestthe future may be directly related to what youplace upon your judges card. As the cost of exhibitingour animals increases, there will undoubtedly beincreased competition for our recreational dollar. IfI place two horses in a trailer and haul them halfwayacross the country to the Grand National, andleave that show believing I did not get a fair shake,it will certainly be a long time before I make thattrip again. I may listen to my neighbor who hasbeen trying to get me interested in buying a boat forseveral years.I believe one of the most difficult tasks we may asksomeone to do is judge a horse show. As mentioned,the number of potentially conflicting situations aremany, and the pressures can be great. For years, Ihave felt every exhibitor should help manage a horseshow in order to become familiar with the problemsfaced by show management. As much as I would liketo suggest every exhibitor judge a class to becomefamiliar with the problems faced by a judge, I wouldn’tdare as the great majority would not be up to thattask. The Judges Seminars are open to exhibitors aswell as judges, and they have done a great deal tomake all concerned with the exhibition and judgingof horses familiar with each other’s problems.A judge, by preparing himself properly, becomingfamiliar with the rules of showing, the standards ofthe breed, the requirements for specific classes, byconducting himself in the ring in a manner thatinstills confidence in the exhibitor of his ability, andby maintaining the highest personal ethical and professionalstandards, can withstand the pressure towhich he is exposed and can make the showing ofhorses a very exciting, stimulating and rewardingexperience for all involved.8

Ethics for Horse Show Judgesby Gail LampeThe Important of Horse Shows and Who Should Judge ThemThe horse industry, including horse shows, is a bigbusiness today and here are a few facts to prove it.1. The horse industry in the United States is a$25.3 billion business based on economicactivity associated with 6.9 million horsesand 7.1 million people who work with them.This information was announced inDecember 1996 by James Hickey, the presidentof the American Horse Council.2. The American Horse Council in 1996 statedthe horse world has a total impact of $112.1billion on the United States gross domesticproduct, which makes it greater than themotion picture services, railroad transportation,furniture and fixtures manufacturingindustry, and the tobacco product industry.3. The equine population is higher today thanat any time since the U.S. cavalry ceased tobe a fighting force between World War I andWorld War II.4. In 1996, according to the American HorseCouncil, 1,974,000 horses are used in theshow ring and 3.6 million people participatein showing horses.5. The American Horse Shows Association statedthat in 1995 there were more than 14,000sanctioned horse shows. In addition, therewere thousands of local unsanctioned events.6. According to the Hampton Classic HorseShow statistics, each horse that travels to amajor horse show is accompanied by anaverage of 2.5 persons, each of whomspends approximately $150 per day while onthe road.7. According to an American Horse ShowsAssociation survey in 1996, horse shows generate$223 million per year.8. In addition to the economic impact thathorses have made, many believe there is aspiritual one as well. Charles DeKunffy said,“Riding improves the personality of an individual,causing new virtues to emerge whilestrengthening old ones. The life of an equestrianinvolves one’s personal inner life andvalues, and one’s ethics and character traits.”The preceding facts make us realize the important ofhorse shows. The expertise of the person adjudicatingthese shows determines whether or not the showwill be successful. It is necessary, therefore, for us todo some soul searching to come up with an answerto the following questions: who should judge ourhorse shows?We could have a pool of “professional judges” fromwhich to choose when selecting someone to adjudicateour shows. They would be full-time horse showjudges and would not actually train or show horses.Baseball has full-time “professional” umpires andbasketball has full-time referees. Why should horseshows be any different? Or should we be different andhire trainers to judge our shows who are activelyshowing themselves? I personally feel that the latteris a better choice, because while those who are nolonger showing, or those who never did show, mightbe less likely to be “political,” they also are less likelyto be knowledgeable. In the horse show world,judges almost have to have “been there, done that”to be respected enough for trainers, breeders, andowners to want their opinion.The famous Olympic Dressage rider Alois Podhajskywrote, “Apart from his keen gift of observation andthe integrity of his character, the judge must possessprofound knowledge of riding. The judge must havea precise concept of training… the judge himselfmust be or have been a rider… however, for the sakeof fairness it should be admitted that even an outstandingrider cannot by his achievements alone beproved qualified as a judge.”Why do horse trainers want to judge their peers andfellow horse trainers? Some feel that they have a lifelongcommitment to the horse industry and they feela responsibility to give something back to the industrythrough judging. Others feel that judges havemore power over what happens in the industry thananyone else and they want to have a part in influencingthe future. They want to improve and perpetuatethe breed of their choice. They want to passon a legacy of quality horses and outstanding showring performances to the next generation.9

There are excellent programs for licensing and educatingjudges today and there are many ethical rulesby which judges must abide. Therefore, I believe ourcurrent trainers have the tools to be extremely capablejudges and it is unnecessary to create a pool of“professional” judges to adjudicate our horse shows.Ethics for Horse Show JudgesWebster defines ethics as “the science of moral valuesand duties; the study of ideal human characterand actions.” Captain Gerald Milburn states:“Ethics are your personality. Ethics are what youare. Ethics are who you are.” Milburn goes on to say,“Behavior is the most important part of judgingethics. Most of the people we come in contact withwill only see us for a very short period of time.Human nature is fickle and does not look beyondthe surface in many cases. The impression we leaveusually relates directly to the behavior we execute….We all practice some form of ethics, eithergood or bad. We usually form our ethical idealsbased on our knowledge of accepted practices.Sometimes this knowledge comes from actual experience,sometimes this knowledge is learnedthrough seminars or lectures, and sometimes ethicsare learned from the written word. The truest formof ethical knowledge comes from the trail and errormethod of actual participation. In other words welearn from our involvement and our own mistakes.There things tend to leave a lasting impression onour future ethical behavior.”How do ethics apply to horse show judging? This is aquestion that everyone desiring a judge’s card shouldask himself or herself before attempting to becomelicensed. In general, a code of ethics includes formallaw, moral concept, and accepted customs of behavior.Ethical consideration is necessary for an organizedsociety to exist. Rules and regulations are passedin an attempt to control the behavior of those whodo not conform to a moral or ethical standard.Specific codes of ethics have evolved from generalethics to support various professions. The adoption ofa code of ethics by specialized groups has becomemore widespread in recent years. This has beenbrought about by a need to control the general membershipas well as the need to set guidelines for thoseentering the field. However, many of the laws or rulesby which a profession or group conducts itself cannotbe formally recorded, because the written rule cannotanticipate all situations.Judges have the responsibility to follow and enforcethe accepted ethical code. They must refrain fromany deviation based upon their personal likes or dislikes.According to Richard Givan, “if a judge, whenacting in an official capacity, begins to reshape therules according to his or her own philosophy, theentire system will crumble.” Horse show judges mustput the interests of the sport above their own andthen possess the character to make impartial decisionsand to stand by them.Jim Brown stated that “there is no way one can separateresponsible horse show judging from integrity. Agood judge must maintain the highest level of intelligence,confidence, honesty, ethics, sincerity, andintegrity, plus a complete and thorough knowledge ofrules governing the classes he or she attempts tojudge.” A judge must have the courage to stand by hisor her convictions. According to the United StatesEquestrian Federation rule book, a judge serves threeinterests: his own conscience, exhibitors, and spectators.A judge should follow the motto, “To thine ownself be true.” The judge must make it clear to theaudience that the best horse wins. Good judgingdepends upon correct observance of the fine pointsand the selection of the best horses for the purposedescribed by the conditions of the class.A horse show judge should conduct himself or herselfin a manner that demonstrates an unbiased andobjective attitude. Due to the extremely competitivenature of horse shows, it is not only vital that thejudge actually be honest, but he or she must also givethe appearance of avoiding influence or bias. Justicemust not only be done, but must always be seen to bedone. While it is impossible to prevent accusationsof impropriety, a judge can reduce criticism if his orher demeanor demonstrates:1. A complete knowledge of rules governingthe show2. A thorough knowledge of the standards forthe breeds that will be presented3. A courteous, pleasant attitude4. Consistency in placings5. Relatively quick decisions so the show doesnot “drag” on forever; a practical sense of thetime schedule6. A sincere interest in each horse that entersthe ring7. Appropriate dress; business like, but practical10

8. Promptness in starting each session on time9. The ability to judge with dispatch, withoutappearing to be in a rush to get “the wholething over with”A horse show judge must at all times abide by thehighest standards of integrity and avoid decisionsarrived at by outside influences, bias, or ignorance.Richard Givan states that “beyond overt dishonesty,arrogance and rudeness are the most offensivebreaches of ethical conduct.” Arrogance and rudenessare generally a cover-up for incompetence orfeelings of inadequacy. Other judges, when overfacedin their judging tasks, might become defensiveor self-righteous. The flip side of the coin is thejudge who feels so overly proficient that he or sheshows signs of obvious boredom while in the centerof the ring. Often judges do not realize just how easilythey display their ambiance to the exhibitors.Judges must keep their irritable or negative attitudesto themselves no matter how long the day is draggingout, how bad the horses are, how poor the facilitiesare, or anything else that might be disturbing them.A judge must smile and go on, come rain or shine,and at an outdoor show sometimes this is difficult.The various breed organizations have created detailedguidelines as to how certain classes should be judged.The judge must follow these to the letter. Any judge,if he or show does the necessary homework, can be“technically” correct. This is vital, because one canrest assured that the exhibitors will be quick to reprimanda judge whenever a rule is violated.It is imperative that a judge give the appearance ofbeing interested in each and every horse that isexhibited. Showing horses is very emotional and noexhibitor wants to feel ignored, no matter how lousyhis or her horse is. Remember, the exhibitor could bea “backyard” type who thinks his or her “pet” is thegreatest horse on earth. The judge must be courteousenough to at least look at the horse withoutallowing the world to know that he or she is thinkingit is the worst horse in the world. It is importantto the exhibitors that they feel as though they got a“fair shake.” They want to be assured that their horsewas looked at, even if the judge knew from themoment the horse came through the gate, he did nothave a prayer of earning a ribbon, not even an earthtoned one. Norm Dunn said that “thousands of dollarsand many hours have been expended prior topresenting a horse to a judge, and the judge acceptsa tremendous responsibility when agreeing to evaluateanother person’s horse.”Broad guidelines as to how a class should be judgedcan be established, but the main criteria we mustrely on is the integrity and ethical standards of ourjudges. A judge who dresses, acts, and performs theresponsibility with dignity, will create an atmosphereof respect and trust. This must be apparent both inand out of the show ring.A judge is not there to decide right from wrong, butrather to give an opinion as to who is the best horseor rider in relation to the others in the class. Pastperformances do not matter, only the “here andnow” are to be considered.Judging consists of making a careful analysis of eachhorse, measuring him against a standard commonlyaccepted as the ideal. As a judge, one must have aclear mental picture of that “ideal” for each classadjudicated, then be able to evaluate each entryagainst it. Each judge will have personal preferenceswithin the framework of the standards. NigelHallings believes that while all judges are basicallylooking for the same thing, it should be rememberedthat beauty is in the eye of the beholder and judgeswill have different priorities and will attach importanceto different areas. This is desirable and this iswhy we have humans judging shows rather than computers.However, a judge is open to criticism if itbecomes apparent that he or she has set idiosyncrasies.A judge’s decision not only affects the outcomeof a given class on a given day, but that decisionwill also affect how the trainers train their horses andwhat type of horse the breeders will breed for in thefuture. The breeders and trainers will try to pleasethe judge because they love the almighty blue ribbon,so in reality, the judges set the standards. That is aresponsibility for a judge to take very seriously.The various breed associations have their ownindividual rules. The following are excerpts fromseveral different handbooks. The 1997 AppaloosaHandbook states, “Each judge should refrain fromusing his or her official status to further one’s ownpersonal or financial purpose.” The Buckskin handbookrequires that “judges shall act and speak on ahigh professional level so as to neither offend norbring discredit to the judging profession. Such level11

of professionalism is to be maintained at all timeswhether or not judging a show. Judges shall representthe Association at all times in an honorable manner.Judges shall not show favoritism to an individual norprejudice against an individual based on color,creed, sex, age, physical handicap, personal relationshipor country of origin when judging a class. Judgesshall refrain from using strong or abusive language atany time on the showgrounds. Judges shall notsmoke or chew tobacco while a class is being judged.Smoking and chewing is permissible between classesproviding there is no delay in the judging schedule.Judges shall not partake in any alcoholic beverageon the day of the show until at least the completionof the show, and then only after leaving the showarena. A judge shall refrain from conversing withany person regarding the show, if it is known thatsuch a person has partaken of alcohol during theday.” The Palomino handbook states that “on theday of the show, judges should not visit the stables orexercise areas, examine or have in their possession acatalog, discuss the merits of the horses to be judged,or talk at length with those who many be exhibitingunder them. No judge shall judge an approvedPalomino show while intoxicated.” The AmericanHorse Shows Association states in their rule bookthat “any official found guilty of cruelty to a horse orhave killed, abandoned, mistreated, neglected orotherwise abused a horse… may have his or herlicense revoked. A judge must order from the ringany unruly horse or one whose actions threaten toendanger other exhibitors or their entries. A judgemay not discuss with an exhibitor the purchase, saleor lease of any horse during a competition at whichhe is officiating.” (1996, p. 75-76)The various organizations that sanction horse showshave implemented rules governing their shows thatwill remind the judge to act in an ethical manner. Itis my opinion that 99 percent of the judges intend tobe ethical, but once in a while they fail to be awareof everything that might appear to be unethical.Do’s and Don’ts for HorseShow JudgesGeorge Milburn Created the Following EthicalQuestions for Horse Show Judges:1. Is it ethical to judge a show where you know almosteveryone participating?Answer: Depends on the individual judge andhow that individual handles the situation. It12should not be a problem for a competent judge.Just do your job, no more no less.2. Is it ethical to use a friend or acquaintance in a classplacing?Answer: Why not, if the person’s horse deserves tobe used. It should not make any difference eitherway. You are judging the performance or conformationof a horse not the individual—if you areunable to distinguish, you better reconsider yourjudging status.3. Is it ethical to be indecisive about which horse to useand continue to work the class on and on, attemptingto catch a mistake?Answer: Don’t look like you are having troubledeciding. Judging is about decisions. You shouldmake your decision and move on. Know what youwant and make your decision, that is what you arethere for. Self confidence is a must for anyone whointends to judge horse shows.4. In a multi-judge situation, is it ethical to use differenthorses than the other judges?Answer: Of course, you see what you like. You seeit from a different perspective. Use your convictionsand stick to your decisions if you feel thatthey are valid. Do not be intimidated by what theother judges are using.The Following is a List of Don’ts for Horse ShowJudges from Don Burt:1. Do not accept a job you are not qualified for.2. Do not be a houseguest of an exhibitor justprior to the show.3. Do not spend time in the barn area duringthe show.4. Do not talk to exhibitors in the ring.5. Do not judge people (except in equitationclasses); judge horses.6. Do not attend social functions during theshow unless invited and accompanied by asteward or other official.7. Do not judge according to applause.8. Do not acknowledge friends in the grandstand.(They just might own the horse who iswinning).9. Do not take judgment advice from the ringmaster.10. Do not drink alcoholic beverages in public,and preferably not at all during the show.11. Do not be disrespectful to an exhibitor due tolack of knowledge on his part.

Guidelines for Horse Show Judges1. Judging is physically and mentally taxing.The judge must have a fresh and rested mindand body each day. (No partying withexhibitors the night before!)2. Being qualified is a must before a judgeaccepts a judging job. A judge should makesure to be informed about all the differenttypes of classes the show includes. Judgesshould be honest and inform the show managerif there are classes they are not comfortablejudging.3. A judge should devote full attention to theclass and should not write down a lot of notesfor later discussions with exhibitors. A judgeis not conducting a clinic; rather he or she isdeciding that horse A is better than horse B.It is OK at the end of the day not to remembereach and every horse and why they wereplaced the way they were.4. A good judge does not try to beat a goodhorse on a minor fault just to prove howimportant he or she is on a given day. Theinfluence of a judge should be constructive;therefore, the judge should commend what isgood, as well as condemn what is bad.5. A judge should communicate with theannouncer and ringmaster before the show tomake sure they are qualified to do their jobwithout further coaching. Sometimes thelocal Kiwanis club president, who so generouslyvolunteered his time to the show, hasnever seen a horse show before.6. A good judge is a diplomat and is a professsionalwhen dealing with exhibitors andshow management. A judge should neverdowngrade other judges.7. A judge should not share his or her everythought with the ringmaster, who might beso excited about his newfound knowledgethat he runs back to the stabling area andshares it with the exhibitors as soon as theshow is ended.8. A judge should not continually make small talk,joke, and laugh during show performances.9. A good judge enjoys judging.10. A judge should talk to exhibitors only afterthey have received permission from thesteward, and only when the steward is presentfor the conversation. This will preventother exhibitors from crying “politics.”When exhibitors view another exhibitor ortrainer having a conversation with a judge,they often assume the judge is being influencedby the person talking to him or her,especially if that exhibitor wins a class lateron in the day. Perhaps they were only takingabout the weather or a recent footballgame, but they will never be able to convincethe ribbonless exhibitor of that.Under the rules of most associations, it iscertainly permissible to greet exhibitors ifyou met them on the way to and from thering, but you should not engage in a longconversation, no matter what the subject is.11. A good judge becomes familiar with thearena, the announcing system, and local proceduresbefore the first class.12. A judge should develop one’s own techniquefor judging and stick with it.13. A good judge must have an organized mindto be able to sort out the horses in a givenclass; from top to bottom, one against theother, and all against the desired standard.14. Capable judging includes good bookkeeping.15. A judge must possess good health and a greatamount of physical stamina. A judge does nothave time to attend to personal physical needs.The judging assignment commands 100 percentof the judge’s thoughts and energy.16. A qualified judge earns respect as a result ofconsistently demonstrating proper judicialtemperament.17. A good judge remains isolated from friendswho are exhibitors. Exhibiting horses is avery emotional experience, and it is veryimportant that a judge avoid what a disturbedexhibitor might interpret as theappearance of influence or bias. A judge’sconduct outside of the ring is just as importantas tying the right horses while inside thering. A judge must do all that is possible tomake decision making look objective, orpeople who own show horses will switch torace horses, where the first horse to cross thefinish line wins. Or maybe they will switch togolf or tennis. Not only is the judge’s reputationat stake, but so is the sport of showinghorses. By adhering to the highest professionalstandards and personal ethics, judgescan make showing horses an exciting andrewarding experience for everyone involved.13

Suggested Code of Ethics for JudgesI. Rapport With ExhibitorsA. Courteous and pleasant.B. Consideration for each horse shown.C. USEF Article GR804.13“No one shall approach a Judge with regard toa decision unless he first obtains permissionfrom the Show Committee, steward or technicaldelegate who shall arrange an appointmentwith the Judge at a proper time and place. Noexhibitor has the right to inspect the judge’scards without the judge’s permission.”II. Conformity To Accepted ProfessionalStandards Of ConductA. Do not accept dinner or party invitationsfrom exhibitors just prior to or during show.B. Dress appropriately for occasion.C. Be on time.D. Review USEF Morgan rules, class specifications,and USEF general rules for judgesprior to show.III. Formalities With Show ManagementA. Confirmation of judging assignment toinclude:1. Date(s) of show.2. Time and number of sessions per day.3. Number of classes and divisions tobe judged4. FeesB. Send travel data (arrival time, departure timeand mode of travel) to show management.IV. Liaison With Ringmaster and AnnouncerA. Discuss procedures of judging with ringmasterpreliminary to show.B. Furnish pattern of “work outs” in writingfor equitation classes, stock horse classes,etc., so announcer can give clear instructionsto exhibitors.V. Additional suggestionsA. Have a quick step, sharp eye and a forthrightdemeanor.B. Keep in mind ideal of uniformity of type,conformation, and way of going.C. Success and stability of show dependsmuch on:1. Consistency in placings.2. Relatively quick decisions so show doesnot “drag.’’3. Sincerity and integrity of judgement.D. USEF Article GR1040.1“Good Judging depends upon a correct observanceof the fine points and the selection ofbest horses for the purpose described by conditionsof the class. A judge serves three interests:his own conscience, exhibitors and spectators.He should make it clear that the besthorses win.”14

USEF Guidelines for Licensed OfficialsThere is increasing concern about the way licensedofficials are viewed in our sport. The followingguidelines were developed by the USEF LicensedOfficials Committee.While we take for granted that inappropriate oropenly prejudicial behavior is wrong, it is equallyimportant to avoid the appearance of impropriety.Since 1991, 4,0000 new USEF members havejoined USEF. Some new members may not be awareof the traditions of our sport. It is important to educatethe newcomers, and as officials, to set highstandards of conduct.Our sport has always been a “cut above” when itcomes to sportsmanship and accepting decisionshanded down by show officials. On very few occasionsover the years have we seen shouting or physicaldisplays of emotions which seem to be an everydayoccurence in other sports.The following guidelines should serve as a reminderto uphold the traditions of the show ring.1. A few officials have blatantly disregarded the performanceof horse and rider in favor of friends,associates, clients or would be clients. This hurtsour sport and the reputation of all officials.Officials who take their assignments light-heartedlyand continually “cut-up” in the judges chairmust understand that exhibitors have elected toshow in front of them and are entitled to theirsincere and undivided attention. It is inappropriatefor judges to continually make small talk,joke, and laugh during performances.2. Threats leveled at officials by exhibitors/officialsof equal stature, insinuating that they will have“their day” when they sit in the judges chair andreflect back on past decisions, should not be tolerated.The official who is the target of thesethreats must come forward and report it.3. Some exhibitors have threatened and attemptedto intimidate show managers. These exhibitorshave made it clear to show managers that if certainindividuals are hired to judge, the managerswill lose their entries. When reported (in writing)by a show manager, the situation will be thoroughlyinvestigated and dealt with by the USEF.4. Vocal abuse of officials before the show, defamingthe judge’s character and questioning his/hercompetence seems to be on the increase. Afterand during the show, some exhibitors have verballyabused officials for their decisions in thering. Again, the victim of this kind of slanderhas the right and the responsibility to report it.5. Officials must honor their contracts with shows,and those who break contracts will be dealtwith on a firmer basis. This means that you donot break the contract because you received abetter offer!6. Stewards represent the USEF and are at the showto be of assistance to exhibitors, managementand judges. They should not allow themselves tobe intimidated or coerced into failing to reportthe true picture.7. Stewards should familiarize themselves withArticles GR1121 and GR1122.8. Cruelty to our horses in some disciplines is onthe rise. Stewards and TDs must keep a watchfuleye and report their findings. They must also filea charge when it is appropriate.9. Fraternization, socializing, etc. by officials withexhibitors, owners and trainers has become aproblem. No one doubts the honesty of any official,but the appearance of favoritism is disconcertingto new entrants in the show world.10. By dressing appropriately, you demonstrate yourprofessionalism to your fellow officials, showmanagement and exhibitors. Your standard ofattire should be consistent, regardless of theshow’s rating.The confidentiality agreement is once again in effectat USEF, and the Licensed Officials Committee isseeing more honest appraisals of applicants forlicenses. In addition, USEF is receiving more commentson the performance of officials at shows.Through the current rules, you have the power tosolve many of these problems. However, it is up tothe affected individuals to use the channels availableto them in the USEF Rule Book. Airing your concernsverbally will not solve these problems. Puttingpen to paper, however, is a good way of becomingpart of the solution. You can make a difference.15

Do’s and Don’ts of Judgingby James C. BrownIn our USEF Rule Book, Article GR1040.1 statesthat good judging depends upon a correct observanceof the fine points and the selection of besthorses for the purpose described by conditions of theclass. A judge serves three interests: his conscience,exhibitors, and spectators. He should make clear tothe onlookers that the best horses win. The day haslong passed when the judge could fool most of thepeople standing around the rail. Our shows aremuch more sophisticated, the competition keenerand because people are spending more and moremoney, they are studying the rules and classes as wellas breed criteria more closely.There is no way one can separate responsible judgingfrom integrity. That is to say a good judge mustmaintain the highest level of honesty, ethics, completeness,sincerity, integrity and obviously, a completeand thorough knowledge of the rules governingthe classes he is judging is paramount.Judging is a very serious job and must never be takencasually. Your success depends a great deal on yourastuteness and mannerisms before and during theshow you have accepted to judge. To be popular, ajudge must be organized from the time the callcomes in from the Show Manager or ShowSecretary asking him if he is available to judge theshow until he has turned in his last class card andhas collected his remuneration and is on his wayhome. You can minimize much havoc and duplicationof effort if you have available a list of showdates and locations you have already accepted tojudge. The current USEF rules attempt to controltoo few judges doing too many shows in one area tooclose together. If you know what shows you havealready committed to, it will eliminate the embarrassmentto yourself and the show committee if generallythe same horses are being shown in front ofyou several times in one season. Before accepting ashow to judge, you should discuss the number andtype of classes you are expected to judge. Obviously,if there are a number of Hunter or Stock classes andyou are not qualified, it will only make you and theShow Management look bad.It is always a good idea to require a contract. Therehave been many misunderstandings during phoneconversations which could have been cleared up ifonly a brief agreement would have been exchangedat the time the commitment was being made. Thecontract should clearly state when you are to arrive,where, who is responsible for local transportation,motel reservations, meals, etc. Also, which sessionsyou are judging, whether the show is inside or out,and whether or not formal attire is required. Yourtotal judging fees, mode of travel and any otheranticipated expenses should be stated so that bothparties know who is responsible for them. Of course,personal conveniences such as hairdress, bar checksand spouse expenses, etc. should be for your personalaccount. It is most courteous to return the contractas soon as possible. At this time, you shouldrequest a copy of the prize list when it becomes available.Your cover letter should include: your mode oftransportation; a request for lodging reservationsand confirmation from the motel; your arrival timeas near as possible; and flight numbers if available.It is becoming increasingly popular nowadays torequire formal dress one or so nights of the show. Atthe time you are discussing the show is the time tomake the inquiry about equipment and dress necessaryfor that show. There is nothing worse than for ajudge to arrive at a show without adequate dress andouterwear, boots, raincoat, etc. It is a good idea tofurnish your own scratch pads and other equipmentyou routinely use because the desired materials mayvary between judges.When the judge arrives at the show, he or she shouldgo directly to the show office. You must not stop tovisit with exhibitors on the show grounds or at themotel during the show. If, of course, you should meetan exhibitor in passing, you should exchange normalsalutations. You must not stop and chat or youimmediately leave yourself open for criticism fromthose who see you but do not understand the circumstances.Before the show begins, you shouldinspect the ring and the conditions around the ringas it would affect a class in the ring. The judges’16

cards should have the class specifications on thecard (this is an USEF rule).There is much controversy about whether or not ajudge should discuss with exhibitors the reason aclass was pinned as it was. One point that is not acontroversy is that anyone wishing to talk to thejudge must first ask permission from the steward orshow committee and arrange an appointment. It issafe to say that most judges prefer to not meet withany exhibitors or trainers until the session is over orthe show has been completed. When otherexhibitors see a trainer or exhibitor talking with ajudge during the progress of the show, the accusationof “politics” arises and he begins to “lose face” withthose who had faith in him and his decisions. Thisproblem becomes more acute if, in a later class, theexhibitor pins higher. Onlookers can only assumethat the talk made the difference. As was previouslymentioned, as a judge, your conduct from the timeyou arrive at the show area until the show is completedand you leave, is under scrutiny by everyoneconnected with the show.The ring procedure you adopt is personal and shouldbe one which is most expeditious for you. If you arejust starting to judge there are some clues which willhelp that will be dealt with in another session of theseminar. If a judge takes real pride in his positionand interest in his work, he will seriously try tomaintain peak efficiency at all times. The judge’s jobis a very trying one both mentally and physically.The average exhibitor seldom realizes the strainunder which the judge must work. It is, in fact, alonely job, and his or her energies are taxed to thelimits of endurance many times. The astute judge isready to make fast and accurate decisions in all classesfor which he is responsible. Remember, the decisionsare yours and yours alone, formed then andthere. It seems the most difficult task for a beginnerjudge is to pin a horse where he needs to be pinnedin a specific class and disregard the horse’s past performanceand reputation. It is not being honest ifyou do not use him where you feel he should bepinned. Be your own person, and in the long run,people will respect your for it.17

Judging Procedures — Contracts & Contactsby Karen Homer-BrownUSEF RulebookArticle GR1040.1 states:“Good judging depends upon a correct observance ofthe fine points and the selection of the best horses forthe purpose described by the conditions of the class.A judge serves three interests: his own conscience,exhibitors and spectators. He should make it clearthat the best horses win.”Articles GR1040 and GR1041 outline a judge’sresponsibility regarding adjudication and restrictions.As a judge, you would be well advised to readthese sections and adhere to them exactly.Initial ContactThe first thing you need to be aware of as a judge isthat you must NEVER ASSUME ANYTHING.The judge will be responsible for anything thatoccurs from the initial contact by the person hiringthe judge until the conclusion of the competitionwhen you have arrived back home. Many times thejudge, along with the USEF Steward, are the only“professionals” involved with the competition.Initial contact is usually by telephone, from the individualchosen to contact the judge(s). This may ormay not be the Manager or Secretary. This contactwill inquire as to your availability to judge the showin consideration. Items you need to inquire about onthis initial contact are:1) Date of Show2) Location of Show3) Show approvals (USEF/CEF/AMHA/4-H/Local/Breed/USDF/ADS, etc.)4) Credentials necessary: USEF “R” or “r” orCEF “S,” “SN” or “r,” also, credentials forDressage, Carriage and Reining.5) Single or Multi-Judge System6) Type and number of classes to be offered(number of days/sessions)7) Is the show inside or outside8) Is formal attire required9) Amount of fee to be paid to the judge10)Expenses to be covered (airfare/travel, motel,meals, taxi/car, tux rentals)11)Nearest airport to show location or airportnearest to you12)Establish who purchases the plane ticket,i.e.: makes travel arrangements13)Request a written contract14)Establish a date of how long you will hold thedate before you get the contract.15)Request a Prize List when available16)Name, address and phone number of thecontact personAfter receiving the contract, you should sign theshow management’s copy and return it promptlywith a cover letter. The letter should include: yourmode of transportation, a request for accommodationsasking for a motel confirmation, mode oftransportation to and from the airport, motel andshow grounds. Be sure to keep copies of the contractand any and all correspondence with the contactperson. THIS IS IMPORTANT! Develop a file folderjust for judging contracts.The subject of expenses causes more problems thanthat of judging fees. Airfare should be charged atthe economy or tourist rate, if you want to fly firstclass, you pay the difference. Car rentals are at thelowest-rate you can get or you pay the difference.Personal phone calls, cleaning, movie rentals, barbills, etc. should not be charged to the shows.Meals, taxi fares, tips, motel rooms, etc. should becharged to the shows. Of course, as a private contractor,you are entitled to negotiate any provisionwhich suits you personally.Expect contact person to provide you with:1) Judge’s contract in duplicate (one for themand one for you)2) Prize List3) Airplane ticket (if they purchase and mail itto you)4) Copy of motel confirmation or address andphone number of the motel.5) Confirmation that they know of your arrivaltime and mode of ground transportationplans (taxi, chauffeur, van, rental car).6) Typical climate and weather expected forthat locale and season.18

Items needed at shows for inclement weather:1) Rain coat or rain suit, winter coat, light coat,gloves, hat, ear muffs, etc.2) Boots or shoe covers, socks3) Plastic bag large enough to cover note padsand judge’s cardsUpon receipt of the Prize List, check all classes todetermine if you are eligible to judge them. If a problemarises, notify the show contact immediately. Ifan emergency arises for any reason, notify the showcontact immediately.Some shows will request a biography and/or a photographof you so it is a good idea to give this somethought and be prepared.If you are unavailable to judge when invited, becourteous and ask that you be considered by thatshow management in the future.After arrival at the location and prior to the beginningof the show:1) Locate the show arena, show office, restrooms,restaurants.2) How many gates does the arena(s) have; isthere an in-and-out gate; how will they beused; where are they located?3) Will there be a gazebo in the center of the arena?4) Is there a special area where you can gobetween classes?5) How is the footing in the arena: wet, dry,hard, soft, deep, slick; are there any holes,drops or weak areas in the arena?6) Are there any spooky or problem areas in andaround the arena; in outdoor arenas locatewhere east and west are, so you know wherethe sun will rise and set.7) Where is the blacksmith located?Meet with and discuss the following with the showmanager and steward:1) How many horses are entered?2) How will you handle enforcement of theUSEF/AMHA rules?— Visible blood (bleeding mouth)— Illegal equipment— Kicking— Lameness— Fall of horse or rider— Out of control, unruly— Etc.3) Check with the management and stewardpertaining to any special announcement youwant read during the show.4) Do the judge’s cards have the class specificationslisted, and are they correct?5) Are the scales available to weigh cast shoesand are they accurate?6) What experience level do the competitorshave in pattern classes?—You should have a variety of different skilllevelpatterns for equitation.7) Discuss when and what patterns need to beposted.—Select a reining horse pattern suitable tothe arena and appropriate for the skill leveland expected number of exhibitors.8) How will order of go be determined in individuallyworked classes?9) Who will and how will bits be checked ifnecessary or requested?10)Is there a course designer provided for thenecessary classes?11)Ask for a copy of all courses provided by thecourse designer.12)Are markers available for use when needed?13)Are there any special time constraints pertainingto the schedule?14)Are there any local or special rules for thiscompetition?Meet with and discuss with the announcer, ringmastersand paddock master (gateman):1) How you expect the gate to be conducted.2) Who times the gate? Do they know how totime a gate?3) How will late arrivals at the gate be handled?4) Do you want to know how many competitorsare expected in each class?5) Is the announcer familiar with the gait callsfor each class?6) Are there two way radios between announcer,gate, ringmaster, center ring?7) Explain to the ringmaster how you want eachclass conducted.8) Explain to the ringmaster how you expectthem to conduct themselves to assist you inconducting the classes?9) How will timeouts be handled?10)How and when will grooms/headers be calledinto the arena?19

GLOSSARYDisqualification: To exclude a competitor or horse,for cause, from participation in a given class, divisionor competition (see Article GR116.1).Performance Championships: To be eligible toshow in a Performance Championship class a horsemust have been properly entered, shown and judgedin one qualifying class in the same division or section.An entry which while performing in a qualifyingclass fails to qualify by reasons of equipmentrepair, shoeing time, illness, (certified by the officialveterinarian) or failure of a class to fill shall be permittedto pay double fee and make a post entry inanother qualifying class in the section or if no subsequentqualifying class is available for such postentry, the horse shall be considered qualified for thePerformance Championship class, provided thehorse has been previously entered in theChampionship or Stake. Refer to Article GR334.Elimination: To exclude a competitor or horse, forcause, from judging consideration in a class. Refer toArticle GR117.Elimination and Withdrawal from Classes &Competition: No exhibitor may withdraw horsesfrom a Recognized competition after it has commenced,or remove them from the competitiongrounds, without the permission of the competitionsecretary. If an exhibitor voluntarily removes a horsefrom the ring without the permission of the judge,the Show Committee will disqualify the exhibitorand all his entries from all future classes at that competitionand all prize and entry fees for the entirecompetition will be forfeited. Any horse leaving thering without the exhibitor’s volition is deprived of anaward in that class. See also division rules for othercauses of elimination.Excused: To have a judge(s) grant permission to, orrequest that a competitor leave the class. A competitorwho is excused is ineligible to receive anaward. Refer to Article GR118.Commencement and Completion of Classes: Inclasses where horses compete collectively, a warningis issued and the ingate must be closed two minutesafter the first horse enters the ring. Judging must notcommence until the gate is closed or at the end ofthe two minute call. An official timer must be20appointed to enforce this rule. (Exception: Dressagedivision). In a class where horses compete individually,a class is considered completed when all horseshave completed the class routine as designated bythe rules. In classes where horses compete collectively,a class is considered completed when the classhas been judged in accordance with the rules andthe judge(s) submit their cards to the ringmaster orannouncer. None of the above applies to the Jumperdivision. Refer to Article GR109.Falls: A rider is considered to have fallen when he isseparated from his horse, that has not fallen, in sucha way as to necessitate remounting or vaulting intothe saddle. A horse is considered to have fallenwhen the shoulder and haunch on the same sidehave touched the ground or an obstacle and theground. Refer to Articles GR121 and GR305.Shown & Judged: To be shown and judged in anyclass in which horses compete together, an animalmust perform at all required gaits both ways of thering in the original workout and must remain in thering until excused by the judge. (If you must back thisclass, do not excuse the competitor until you havebacked all the competitors.) Refer to Article GR140.Soundness: Unless specific division rules state otherwise,all animals except stallions and mares inBreeding classes must be serviceably sound for competitionpurposes i.e., such animal must not showevidence of lameness, broken wind, or complete lossof sight in either eye. Refer to Article GR303.Interruption of Procedure: If a competition is inprogress and must be stopped due to a storm, accident,or other emergency, the Show Committee willdecide whether to recommence. Any interruptedclasses may be recommenced within the session inwhich they were originally scheduled or at a succeedingsession of the competition. (Exceptions:Dressage Combined Training, Reining.) If a class iscontinued during the session of the competition inwhich it was originally scheduled, the judge(s) willdecide 1) to hold the class over in its entirety inwhich case no scores credited in the first session willcount, or 2) to recommence the class where it wasinterrupted. If the class is continued at a succeedingsession of the competition, it will be held over in itsentirety and no scores credited in the first sessionwill count. Refer to Article GR311.

Time-Out: A suspension of judging which may berequested by a competitor or directed by thejudge(s). A competitor is entitled to request atime-out for a period not to exceed five minutes inaggregate in order to make adjustments or to repairbroken equipment or to rectify a similar condition,or to replace a shoe. (Exception: Dressage, Jumper,Hunter Seat Equitation, Reining). If division rulesallow a competitor to call a time-out, the competitormay call only one time-out per class.(Exception: Reining Seat Equitation and Westernwhere a competitor may request a time-out no morethan two times.) To request a time-out for any suchemergency, the competitor must go to the center ofthe ring (if possible) and/or be acknowledged bythe judge. The announcer will declare that arequest for time-out has been made and permissiongranted; time will be taken from the moment suchannouncement is made. If a horse casts a shoe in aclass, time starts (after weighing has concluded, ifapplicable) when the farrier or his assistant touchesthe shoe or the horse. No more than three minuteswill be allotted to find a shoe; if the shoe is notfound the exhibitor may elect to continue or withdraw.If a horse is removed from the ring for thepurposes of shoeing, the steward or judge shallaccompany and remain with the horse until it isreturned to the ring or excused from the class. Twoattendants are permitted in the ring to assist acompetitor during his/her timeout. If at the expirationof five minutes the repair has not been made,the competitor may proceed as is or be eliminated.The steward or judge is responsible for timingunless an official timer is present. Competitorswho are not involved in a time-out may makeminor adjustments that can be performed with theassistance of one attendant and not be chargedwith a time-out. At any time the judge(s) considersit necessary he/she may call for a time-out. Saidtime-out may be charged to a competitor that, inthe judge’s opinion, is responsible for the suspensionof judging as long as the competitor is soinformed by the judge prior to calling the classback to order. Refer to Article GR312.Attire and Equipment: Dress: It is the tradition ofthe show ring that riders and drivers be correctlyattired for the class in question, that attendants beneatly dressed and horses be properly presented.Riders in all classes where jumping is required andwhen jumping anywhere on the showgrounds mustwear protective head-gear (Exception: Trail classes).The Show Committee must bar riders without protectiveheadgear from entering the ring for classes inwhich protective headgear is required and may barany entry or person from entering the ring if not suitablypresented to appear before an audience. All juniorsriding in Hunter, Jumper and Hunter SeatEquitation sections must wear properly fitting protectiveheadgear while riding in the designatedschooling and exercise areas, the show ring and whilejumping anywhere on the competition grounds. Anyrider violating this rule at any time must immediatelybe prohibited from further riding until such headgearis properly in place. Any exhibitor may wearprotective headgear (ASTM/SEI) in any division orclass without penalty from the judge. The USEFstrongly encourages all riders to wear protectivehead-gear passing or surpassing current applicableASTM/SEI standards with harness secured while ridinganywhere on the competition grounds. It is theresponsibility of the rider, or the parent or guardianor trainer of the junior exhibitor to see to it that theheadgear worn complies with appropriate safety standardsfor protective headgear intended for equestrianuse, and is properly fitted and in good condition, andthe USEF, Show Committees, and Licensed Officialsare not responsible for checking headgear worn forsuch compliance. USEF makes no representation orwarranty, express or implied, about any protectivehead-gear, and cautions riders that death or seriousinjury may result despite wearing such head-gear asall equestrian sports involve inherent dangerous riskand as no helmet can protect against all foreseeableinjuries. Competitors must display the correct numberwhich must be clearly visible while performing inany class unless otherwise stated in the prize list.Competitors may be penalized at the discretion ofthe judge. Numbers to be supplied by management.Refer to Articles GR1215.11 and GR318.21

Judging Procedures In The Ringby Karen Homer-BrownIN-HAND CLASSESStallions, Mares & GeldingsNecessary Tools: Note Pad, Pen or Pencil,Judge’s CardPattern Required: NoCause for competitor to be excused: Any unrulyhorse or one whose actions threaten to endangerother exhibitors or their entries. Any horseshowing lameness so severe as to be consideredabuse to be allowed to continue the class. Curbbits are PROHIBITED for weanlings and yearlingsin In-hand classes.Cause for competitor to be eliminated: Evidence oflameness, broken wind, or complete loss of sightin either eye. Any horse who shows aggression ordiscontent toward its handler. Horses who do notconform to hoof length.Class Requirements:1) Entries are to be judged individually, standingthen at a walk and trot on the line and MUSTbe serviceably sound. (Article MO112.1).2) Horse MUST stand with front legs perpendicularto the ground. Rear legs MAY be placedslightly back, but the horse MUST also bejudged at some time in the class not stretched.(Article MO112.2).3) EMPHASIS is placed on type and conformationwith consideration given to horse’s ability tomove correctly on the lead. (Article MO112.3).4) Rubber bands inconspicuously applied in theforelock are permitted. (Article MO110.1).Suggested Class Procedure:Horses enter the arena at a walk or trot as designatedby the show management or the judge. Takeinto consideration spectators, lighting and arenaconditions when selecting where and how you willposition the horses for adjudication. Traditionally,in-hand classes are conducted by positioning thehorses head-to-tail around the perimeter of thearena. At a designated area (usually where thejudge has asked the ringmaster to stand) the horsesare asked to stop and wait in a head to tail positionalong the rail until the judge indicates he/she isready for the horse to be walked directly to him/her.After all entries are in position along the arena andthe gate has been closed, judging may begin. After22a quick evaluation of the horse in the side profileposition from a distance, upon the judge’s instructioneither directly or through the ringmaster, thehandler walks the horse straight to the judge andpositions (stands the horse up) for a close inspectionby the judge. For close inspection, the judgewalks around the horse. The judge looks at thehorse from the oblique angles, side, rear and front.The judge should visually check stallions over twoyearsof age for two testicles. The judge may requestthat the handler allow the horse to lower its head,re-position the horse, or open its mouth for inspectionof the bite.After the judge has completed the close inspection,the exhibitor is asked to trot the horse away from thejudge a designated distance in a straight line andcontinue to trot (usually to the left) toward the endof the line of the balance of the class. The nexthorse has now moved forward into position on therail and the process repeats itself. The judge nowmay walk the line-up of horses for final inspectionand comparisons of his/her finalist.Routinely a head-to-tail line of horses, being consideredfor awards, is organized down the center ofthe arena at the direction of the judge. This is forthe benefit of the spectators so they can better enjoyseeing and comparing the horses themselves. Thiswould also represent a single-judge versus multijudgesystem.If available for final consideration, it is recommendedthat you line up at least one more horsethan there are ribbons. This is called a reservehorse. The final line-up would be done again in ahead-to-tail fashion, plus the horses would be intheir placement order.When using multi-judge systems, the final judging ofthe horses would be done with the horses remainingin their head-to-tail line and none would beexcused. Check the exhibitors’ numbers, write downthe numbers in your order of preference on thejudge’s card, sign it, date it, and hand it to the ringmaster.Always write down one or more numbersthan ribbons.

Show Champions and ReservesWill be awarded to horses that have placed first ORsecond in their qualifying classes.Suggested Class Procedure:Eligible horses from each qualifying class arearranged in a head-to-tail position in a designatedarea in the arena usually across the end or down thecenter of the arena with the first-place horse infront and the second place horse in the back line.Each pair of eligible horses from the qualifying classis lined up side-by-side with the other pairs of eligiblehorse usually from left-to-right with the oldestto the youngest in ascending or descending order.After the gate is closed, the judge walks among theexhibitors for distant and close inspection and adjudicationas the horses stand. All horses are to beasked to perform at the walk and trot for final comparisons.After determining the Champion, thathorse may be brought out onto the rail to await theaward presentation or that horse may remain inline. The same goes for the Reserve Champion.Check your numbers, mark you card, sign it anddate it if the date isn’t on the card, and turn it in tothe ringmaster.Get of Sire and Dam and ProduceClass Requirements:Entries are to be judged as a group and individually,standing, then at a walk and trot on the line andMUST be serviceably sound. Horses must standsquarely on all four feet with the front legs perpendicularto the ground. Rear legs may be placedslightly back. Judge may ask exhibitor to move hindlegs under horse for inspection. Emphasis is placedon type and conformation with consideration givento horse’s ability to move correctly on the lead.Rubber bands inconspicuously applied in the forelockare permitted. Curb bits are prohibited forweanlings and yearlings in in-hand classes.Showing & Judging Regulationsin Performance ClassesCause for competitor to be eliminated:Evidence of lameness, broken wind, or complete lossof sight in either eye. (Article GR303). Stallions areprohibited in Ladies and Junior Exhibitor classes.Headers in Classic Pleasure classes must be a minimumof sixteen years of age.Addition of supplemental hair in the mane or tail,irritants or use of any device in the ring to alter thenatural carriage of the tail or ears shall result indisqualification.Boots and artificial appliances are forbidden in theMorgan division except in Roadster, Jumper, andStock horse classes where boots are permissible.Horses shown in Western Pleasure shall not beshown with artificial appliances that would tend toalter their performance. An exhibitor is entitled torequest only one time-out per class.Cause for exhibitor to be penalized:Judges MUST severely penalize any horse withlaboring motion at any gait whether or not suchmotion indicates excessive weight or use of artificialtraining devices.Division of Classes:1) All Harness classes with over 25 entries or inwhich safety appears to be a factor in the judgmentof the show committee and/or judge,MUST be divided.Championship Classes:1) Stripping of horses is mandatory inChampionship classes under saddle, except onehorseclasses and Parade.2) Stripping of these horses will be accomplished bynot more than two attendants assisting the rider.Shoeing Regulations:In Pleasure (except classic section), PleasureDriving, and Natural Park Classes, there are no specificshoe weight limits but length of toe must notexceed 5" including pad and shoe. (ArticleMO103.4).In Classic Pleasure classes, horses may be shownwith or without rim pads. A rim pad must follow theinner and outer edge of the shoe, including rim padmust not exceed 16 ozs., and the length of toeincluding shoe and pad must not exceed 4 1/2".Refer to Article MO103.3.In all Morgan classes other than classic pleasure,there is no specific shoe weight limit, but the lengthof toe MUST NOT exceed 5-3/4" including pads andshoe. Refer to USEF Article MO103.5.Class Requirements:1) Suitability of the horse and its motion for thetype of job at hand is essential. Natural animatedmotion is desired in Park Horse classes. Easyground covering motion is desired in Pleasureand Working events.2) In Park Harness classes, except Ladies, Amateur23

and Junior Exhibitor, judges shall ask for a parkwalk, a park trot and “show your horse.”3) Unless class specifications state otherwise,entries shall be judged 40% on type and conformationand 60% on other qualifications appropriateto the class. Stakes are judges as qualifyingclasses. In championship Performance classes,type and conformation shall count 50%. JudgesMUST strictly apply these percentages.4) Youth classes are to be judged as Open classes,open to exhibitors 21 years of age and under. Ayouth rider or driver may exhibit stallions, maresand geldings.5) All horses chosen for a workout MUST beworked both ways of the ring at any gaitrequested.6) All Western Pleasure horses being consideredfor a ribbon MUST be required to back and bejudged on willingness.7) In Pleasure classes, horses may be asked to back.8) Hunter Pleasure, Hunter and Western horsesMUST stand with all four legs perpendicular tothe ground in the line.9) The Morgan shall be shown in all its naturalbeauty with a full mane, forelock and tail.Braiding is permitted ONLY in Hunter, Jumper,Dressage and ADS Carriage classes or in performanceand equitation classes when shownunder proper Hunter or Dressage tack and attire.10)In case of inclement weather, competition managementmay permit the use of polo boots orbandages and may allow tails to be tied up providedthis is publicly announced before a classor session.11)Riders attire should be suitable to the saddlebeing ridden. Sidesaddle riders, in appropriatetack and attire, shall be allowed in all classesexcept equitation.12)A driving snaffle bit with a half cheek andovercheck or sidecheck is considered proper inall Harness classes. One or two bits is acceptable.13)In Park Harness classes only, a liverpool bitwith sidecheck is permissible if driven in thehalf cheek.14)A running martingale may be used only whenthe horse is driven in a snaffle bit.15)In Park Harness classes, horses MUST be shownto a four-wheeled vehicle.16)In Pleasure Driving classes, horses MUST beshown to an appropriate two-wheeled vehicle.17)Western tack MUST be used in all western classesand appointments and attire MUST conformwith that described in Articles MO132.18)English tack MUST be used in Park Saddleclasses.19)A flat English saddle is appropriate in Park,English Pleasure, and Classic Pleasure classes.20)A full bridle (Weymouth) will be proper in bothPark and Pleasure.21)In Classic Pleasure classes, saddle seat attire ismandatory.ParkClass Descriptions:1) LADIES’ Park horse should be outstanding inrefinement and elegance, with suitability ofhorse to rider taken into consideration.Expression is paramount and quality is a primeconsideration. The execution of gaits should beperformed with brilliance on command. Thehorses should walk and stand quietly.2) A JUNIOR EXHIBITOR’s Park Horse shouldbe mannerly, willing and expressive with balancedaction. The execution of gaits should beperformed with brilliance on command. Thehorses should walk and stand quietly.3) An AMATEUR’s Park horse can be a bitstronger and perform in a bolder manner. Moreaction and animation are desired and lessemphasis can be put on manners than in Ladiesor Junior Exhibitor Park classes. However, suitabilityof horse to rider MUST be consideredand manners are still the primary consideration.CLASSESPark SaddleMAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT, JUNIOR (four-yearsand under).Judged on quality, presence, performance and manners60%; type and conformation, 40%.OPEN, STALLIONS, MARES, GELDINGS,UNDER 15 HANDS, 15 HANDS AND OVER,YOUTHJudged on performance, presence, quality and manners60%; type and conformation.LADIES, AMATEUR, JUNIOR EXHIBITORSJudged on manners, suitability, quality and performance60%; type and conformation 40%.24

CHAMPIONSHIPOpen to stallions, mares and geldings. To be eligible,horses MUST be entered, shown and judged in anyPark Saddle Class. To be judged on performance,presence, quality and manners 50%; type and conformation50%.Park HarnessMAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT, JUNIOR (four yearsand under)Judged on quality, presence, performance and manners60%; type and conformation 40%.OPEN STALLIONS, MARES, GELDINGS,UNDER 15 HANDS, 15 HANDS AND OVER,YOUTHJudged on performance, presence, quality, manners andsuitability as a stylish harness horse 60%; type and conformation40%.LADIES, AMATEUR, JUNIOR EXHIBITORSJudged on manners, suitability, quality and performance60%; type and conformation 40%.CHAMPIONSHIPJudged on performance, presence, quality, mannersand suitability as a stylish harness horse 50%; typeand conformation 50%.Gait RequirementsPark Saddle: Park Walk, Park Trot, CanterPark Harness: Park Walk, Park Trot, “Show yourHorse,” (except in Ladies, Amateur and JuniorExhibitor classes).Both classes are to be worked both ways of the arenaat all gaits. All horses chosen for a workout MUST beworked both ways of the arena requested by the judge.Necessary Tools: Note Pad, Pen or Pencil,Judges CardSuggested Class Procedure:Horses enter the arena in a counter clockwise directionat a trot. When all competitors are in the arenaand the gait is closed, the judging shall begin. At thejudge’s discretion, the horses are asked to park trot,park walk, and canter both directions of the arena asufficient amount of time to adjudicate the competitorsat each gait. This class traditionally is broughtback to the park walk between the park trot andcanter. The horses are asked to lineup usually at thepark trot. Be aware of the different criteria in the “tobe judged on” section of the class description.Stripping is mandatory in Park Saddle championshipclasses, unless there is only one horse.PleasureClass Descriptions:1) A LADIES Pleasure Horse MUST display anelegant, refined and cooperative way of goingwith absolute acceptance of regimentation ofspeed and a light mouth at all times.Misconduct, resistance or unpleasantness of anykind MUST be severely penalized.2) A JUNIOR EXHIBITOR’S Pleasure horseMUST be safe, pleasant and mild-mannered,showing complete cooperation. All signs ofresistance, resentment or aggression MUST beseverely penalized. Suitability of horse to rider isof particular importance.3) An AMATEUR’S PLEASURE Horse MUSTshow all of the tractability and willingness of thefull trained Pleasure Horse. He may be somewhatstronger than a ladies or junior exhibitor’shorse, but MUST be completely cooperativeand absolutely agreeable at all times. A lightmouth and a willing nature are paramount to theAmateur Pleasure Horse.4) The HUNTER PLEASURE Horse should beshown with hunter style equipment, includingforward or balanced seat saddle and snaffle, pelhamor kimberwick bit. If a bridle is used, itMUST be of hunt style and excessive length ofcurb shank will be penalized. Martingales areprohibited. Mane and tail may be braided in traditionalhunter style. No discrimination will bemade against a full, unbraided mane and tail.5) FORMAL ATTIRE (shadbelly) is optional forall female competitors after 6:00 p.m. or inChampionship classes held at any time.6) The HUNTER PLEASURE Horse should be amild mannered individual capable of working ona light rein with only light contact with the bit.He should have ground-covering gaits that wouldbe comfortable for horse and rider over extendedperiods of time. He MUST have impeccablemanners and should clearly enjoy his work. Heshould NOT be penalized for slight errors.25

The Morgan HUNTER PLEASURE Horse MUSTdemonstrate proper Morgan type and conformation,but the Morgan Hunter may travel with his nose outslightly ahead of the vertical and give a low, groundcoveringimpression.English Pleasure SpecificationsMAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT, OPEN, STALLIONS,MARES, GELDINGS, UNDER 15 HANDS, 15HANDS & OVER, YOUTHJudged on manners, performance, quality, presence, andapparent ability to give a good pleasure ride 60%; typeand conformation 40%.JUNIOR HORSEJudged on manners, quality, performance, presence andapparent ability to give a good pleasure ride 60%; typeand conformation 40%.JUNIOR EXHIBITORJudged on manners, suitability, performance, quality,presence and apparent ability to give a good pleasure ride60%; type and conformation 40%.LADIESJudged on manners, suitability, quality, performance,presence and apparent ability to give a pleasure ride60%; type and conformation 40%.AMATEURJudged on manners, performance, suitability, quality,presence and apparent ability to give a good pleasure ride60%; type and conformation 40%.CHAMPIONSHIPThe same specifications as the above paragraphsEXCEPT the percentages are 50%/50% instead of60%/40%.Pleasure Driving Specifications:The class specs are the same as above with the oneexception of “apparent ability to give a pleasuredrive.”Classic Pleasure Specifications:Refer to Articles MO128 and MO130.1) SADDLE: MAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT,OPEN, STALLIONS, MARES, GELDINGS,UNDER 15-HANDS, 15-HANDS ANDOVER, JUNIOR, JUNIOR EXHIBITOR,LADIES, AMATEUR, YOUTHJudged on manners, performance and gait 60%;type and conformation 40%.It is imperative that the horse give the distinctappearance of being a pleasure to ride withemphasis on the walk and smooth transitions.Horses must stand quietly and back readily. To beshown by an amateur in saddle seat attire only.Attendants MUST be amateurs or individualseligible for amateur status.2) PLEASURE DRIVINGThe class specs are the same as above except“to give a distinct appearance of being apleasure to drive.”CHAMPIONSHIPThe same specifications as Under Saddle/ PleasureDriving except that the percentages are 50%/50%instead of 60%/40%.Gait RequirementsPleasure Saddle: walk, pleasure trot, road trot, canter.May be asked to back.Pleasure Driving: walk, pleasure trot, road trot. Maybe asked to back.Classic Pleasure: walk, pleasure trot, road trot, canter.MUST stand quietly and back.Necessary Tools: Note Pad, Pen or Pencil,Judge’s Card.Suggested Class Procedure:Horse enters the arena counter-clockwise at a pleasuretrot. When all the competitors are in the arenaand the gate is closed, the judging shall begin. Atthe judge’s discretion, the horses are asked to workthe required gaits for the class in the arena. Theseclasses are generally brought back to the walkbetween the trot and the canter gaits. They workboth ways of the arena. Usually the horses arebrought into the lineup at a trot. Be aware of the differentcriteria of the “to be judged on” section of theclass description. The order listed is in the order ofimportance. Stripping is MANDATORY in SaddleChampionship classes. Walk your line, back if necessary,mark your card. Make sure you select (list) areserve horse (extra), check your numbers, and handthe card to the ringmaster.Western Pleasure Specifications:Refer to Article MO134.MAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT, OPEN, STALLIONS,MARES, GELDINGS, UNDER 15 HANDS, 15HANDS AND OVER, YOUTH26

Judged on manners, performance, quality, presence andapparent ability to give a good pleasure ride, with emphasison manners 60%; type and conformation 40%.Hunter Pleasure Specifications:Refer to Article MO139.OPEN, STALLIONS, MARES, GELDINGS,UNDER 15 HANDS, 15 HANDS AND OVER,LADIES, GENTLEMEN, AMATEUR, JUNIOREXHIBITOR, MAIDEN, NOVICE, LIMIT,JUNIOR (four years old and under), APPOINT-MENTSJudged on performance, manners and soundness 60%;type and conformation 40%.CHAMPIONSHIPThe same specifications as Hunter Pleasure, exceptthat the percentages are 50%/50% instead of60%/40%.Gait RequirementsHunter Pleasure: walk, trot, extended trot, canter,extended canter.Necessary Tools: Note Pad, Pen or Pencil, andJudge’s CardSuggested Class Procedure:Bring the class in at a trot. When all the horses arein the arena, the gate will close and the judge willbegin judging. Call for a trot, then move up to theextended trot, then return to the walk. Move up tothe canter, then the extended canter. Reverse andrepeat the same procedure. At the end, call for a trotand line the horse up in line. They are required tostand squarely in line. Walk your line. Mark yourcard with one more number then ribbons (reserve),check your numbers, sign and date your card andhand it to the ringmaster.Roadster to Bike/ Under SaddleThe principle gait assignment for Roadsters is thetrot. They shall be asked to trot at three differentspeeds; slow jog-trot, the fast road gait, and then atfull speed. The judge may ask a roadster to walk.Refer to Article MO144.SINGLE ROADSTER OPENJudged on performance, speed, quality, and manners60%; type and conformation 40%.SINGLE ROADSTER TO BE SHOWN BY ANAMATEURJudged on manners, performance, speed and quality60%; type and conformation 40%.SINGLE ROADSTERS, APPOINTMENTSJudged on performance, speed, quality, manners andappointments 60%; type and conformation 40%.SINGLE ROADSTER CHAMPIONSHIPJudged on performance, speed presence, quality, conformationand manners 50%; type and conformation 50%.ATTIREShown under English saddle, full-martingale, openbridle with snaffle bit, single or double rein andquarter boots. Rider to wear stable colors, jacket andcap to match.Gait RequirementsMorgan Roadster (Harness/Saddle) See above.HUNTER OVER FENCES/ WORKING HUNTERTHINGS TO LOOK FOR:OPEN HORSE:Never Changing Pace from Start to FinishRhythm, Brilliance, Scopey, PowerfulBack Up, Roundness of BackAlertnessEnthusiasmAMATEUR HORSE:SmoothMovementMannersConsistentJUNIOR EXHIBITORRider/Horse Combo-SuitabilityObedient5 AREAS OF A GOOD WORKING HUNTERWay of GoingBrillianceMannersFormMovementCREDITS:Even Hunter PaceFree Flowing StrideJumping Without Breaking StrideEven Arc over the FencesGood Hunter/Morgan Conformation27

SCORING (0-100)90-100 Excellent movement, no faults80-89 Good movement, commits 1 or 2 minorfaults70-79 Average movement, commits 1 or 2 minorfaults60-69 Bad mover—No major faults, only minor60-59 Major Faults—“Oh my God!” jump, hind legdown, refused, trotted, cross-cantered, frontleg down49-30 1 or 2 major faults, unsafe jumperEliminations:3 Refusals, runout, bolting on course, extra circle,showing an obstacleOff course, fall of horse or rider (when the shoulderis down)Mark for Faults:Bucking On Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-40’sPoor Form Over Fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-40’sKnockdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-30’sRefusals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-30’sLead (missing, cross canter, wrong lead) . .60-downBreak of Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-downUse of Whip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60’s downDangerous Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59-downKeep a cheat sheet, it helps to maintain a runninglist of placements in that class.Make sure the course has been posted and after thefences go up walk the course with the course designer.After it has been inspected, have a course walk.The best place to judge the class is probably outsidethe ring slightly above the horses’ backs. Bring thehorses back for a jog in the order of those who aregetting a ribbon.Necessary Tools: Note Pad, Pen or Pencil,Whistle and Judge’s CardSuggested Class Procedure:Each horse will enter the ring individually. They areentitled to one circle before they start the course. Inthat circle, they usually will go from a trot to a canterand then proceed on course. After they completethe course, review your worksheet, tally the score,and place the entry on your cheat sheet accordingly.After each entry has gone, it is customary to reviewthose who are to receive a ribbon, to trot in front ofthe judge before final placement.28

Check List for Judging a ShowQuestions to ask when you are calledto judge a show:__ Name of person calling you?__ Dates of show?__ Location of show?__ Is it a Class A show?__ How many judges? (If you are a small “r” judge,make sure the show contact knows that you musthave a guest card or judge with a “R” judge.)__ Which classes will you judge?__ How many sessions will you judge?__ What is the show’s procedure for hiring a LearnerJudge?__ Judging fee?__ How will the hotel and transportation arrangementsbe handled, i.e. pick-up at the airport, purchasingand receiving the ticket, etc.?__ Request a signed contract to include:__ show dates__ location__ divisions to be judged__ how transportation and hotel arrangementswill be handled, which sessions will be formaland whether formal attire will be provided bythe show or yourself__ Are the classes inside or outside?__ When will the prize list be sent to me?__ Name, address and phone number of caller and/or an official contact.Follow-Up__ Return contract immediately__ Request prize list if it has not arrived at least 30days before the show.__ Near time of show, confirm your travel plans withyour contact.__ Plan wardrobe, i.e. rain gear, formal attire, warmclothing, etc.Equipment to take with you__ USEF Rule Book__ AMHA Judging Standards__ ADS Rule Book__ Prize List__ Equitation Patterns__ Clip Board__ Paper & Pencils (pencils work even in wetweather)__ Stop watch & whistle__ 18 oz. weight__ Travel iron and/or steamer__ Alarm clockReview Before First Class__ Rule Books__ Prize List__ Seminar Handbook29

Judging the Morgan Western Pleasure HorseContributed byDale and Terri RickfordToday’s Morgan judges are faced with an awesomeand challenging task when familiarizing themselveswith the many disciplines offered to exhibitors withinbreed competition. While each discipline hasfound itself supported by greater number of enthusiasts,the Western Pleasure section finds itself on thefront edge of a swelling tide of popularity. AsWestern Pleasure classes increase in number ofentries, show committees are finding it necessary tohire judges who are not only knowledgeable, butcompletely at ease with the rules and subtleties ofthe division in order to keep exhibitors happy andcoming back to the office with entry fees, thelifeblood of any event. If Western Pleasure hasn’tbeen a main focal point for you in the past, this articlemay help you become more aware of its finerpoints, enabling you to give exhibitors the considerationand reward due for their efforts in future judgingassignments.Of major importance to realize is the fact that as theWestern Pleasure section has become more sophisticated,it can no longer be considered a “dumpingground” for any horse that cannot make the grade inother performance areas. Competition has becomeso keen and the quality has increased so drasticallythat exhibitors have realized that the WesternPleasure prospect must be identified and developedfrom the very beginning if he is to be competitive.There is no room in the Western Pleasure section oftoday for the “English Pleasure-Type Hidden underWestern Equipment,” or the “Parade Type.” Just asthe Hunter Pleasure horse exhibits certain physicaldifferences which lend him ideally for the job, sodoes the Western Pleasure horse, but these physicalfactors do not make him any less of a Morgan or arepresentative of the breed.The ideal Western Pleasure horse in today’s showring must be a masterpiece of discipline and precisionwith a stress-free, pleasant expression and themanners of a country gentleman. He must exhibittotal responsiveness and compliance with his rider’sdirection while balancing his performance on a lightrein, never expressing intimidation, anxiety, oraggression. His motion must be cadenced, but fluidand softly ground covering, ensuring his rider theultimate in comfort through each gait and transitionwith the most subtle of cues. He is supple, completelybalanced from a properly flexed poll andsteady head to a hindquarter that is well engaged atall times, and still displays a flair and style whilemanaging to express total relaxation.Not an easy bill to fill, when you stop to considerthat a rider cannot take advantage of two hands ortwo bits in setting or collecting the horse, nor canhe take advantage of a horse’s natural aggression oranimation; there is no caveson with which to keep amouth clamped shut and you can’t rely on just oneor two brilliant passes. He must be a solid performer360 degrees of the ring. Judging the WesternPleasure horse often becomes a case study in subtletiesand judges must reward those individuals whoexhibit most nearly the perfection in mind. It is nothard to understand why Western Pleasure exhibitorswant knowledgeable judges to assess their effortswhen, done at its best, it becomes an art form.The following paragraphs are taken from a combinationof the USEF Rule Book and the Morgan HorseJudging Standards. They are not verbatim norshould they be mistaken for exact rules, but aremerely an attempt to clarify some areas that cancause confusion for judges not specializing in theWestern Section.Style Of MovementA winning Western Pleasure horse should exhibit astyle of movement that “flows,” allowing him tocarry his rider in comfort for extended periods oftime. The silhouette he projects should be the resultof correct training and natural athletic ability, a perfectharmony of balance and agility. He must berewarded for a fluid, free-moving, ground-coveringtype of movement, using his feet with cadence butsoftness, giving the impression of agility and cleannessof motion at all gaits.A. Walk: The horse should have a four-beat, flatfooted walk that is elastic and ground-covering.Any evidence of slowness or a disinterested,30

non-attentive attitude should be consideredminor faults. Major faults at the walk includenervousness, jogging intermittently, or failing towalk at all.B. Jog-Trot: The jog-trot should be two-beat, slow,free, and easy without a tendency to mix gaits.Motion should be clean and fluid, reachingrather than knee-lifting, exhibiting smoothnessto the rider, as well and bring consistent andsteady in rate of speed. Minor faults at the jogtrotare being too slow or too fast. Major faultsare not performing a two-beat job, failing to jogboth front and back and being hard or rough riding.Short, choppy, or overly animated stridesshould be as penalized as dragging the feet in alistless manner or dropping the hips drastically(resulting from going to slow).C. Extended Jog: The extended jog should be fluid,energetic, balanced, and ground-covering with adefinite lengthening of stride, resulting in anincrease of speed without giving a sense of racingor straining. The mouth should remain lightand the horse must demonstrate completeacceptance of control, without resistance, at alltimes. Smoothness of transition into the extendedjog and a consistent rate of speed are to berewarded. Inconsistent speed at the extended jogis to be considered a minor fault. Major faultsinclude breaking gait, pulling or leaning on thebridle, hard or rough riding, and no increase inspeed. Riders may sit the trot or take a “twopoint”position by rising onto the knees and feetwith a slight inclination of the body, but shouldnot post. The overall stability, balance, and consistencyof the horse at this gait should takeprecedence over speed.D. Lope: The lope should be smooth, slow, straighton both leads, and show a definite three-beatcadence. It should be easy riding with fluidmotion, consistent and steady. Minor faultsinclude being too slow or too fast. Major faultsare being on the wrong lead, pulling or luggingat the bridle, not performing a three-beat lope,and being hard or rough riding. A horse thatremains steady and balanced with his headshould be rewarded.E. Extended Lope: The extended lope should beground-covering, free-moving, and smooth. Itshould show a definite lengthening of stride,while still being controlled, balanced, and mannerly.Extreme speed shall be penalized.Inconsistency of speed shall be considered aminor fault. Major faults are being on the wronglead, breaking gait, pulling or lugging on the bridle,being hard or rough riding, and showing noincrease in speed. Reward those who are easyriding, fluid in motion, and consistent in speed.F. Backing: In the Morgan breed, all western pleasurehorses being considered for a ribbon must berequired to back and judged on willingness. Thehorse should demonstrate proper flexion, bereadily responsive and back in a straight line.Minor faults at the back include being hesitantand not backing in a straight line. Major faultsinclude throwing or tossing the head, gaping,pulling, not backing and rearing.Note: The practice of calling for an entire classto back while out on the rail (as a time saver) isprobably not to your advantage as a judge. Youmust still walk the line for conformation andbacking them individually gives you an opportunityto compare a rider’s technique in asking thehorse to back in relationship to the horse’sresponse as well as, and more importantly, achance to observe the use of any illegal orimproper equipment and appointments.G. Overall: A good Western Pleasure horse shouldbe rewarded for being smooth, steady and easyriding, demonstrating proper flexion and balanceat all gaits with a good attitude. Minorfaults would consist of over or under flexion, sourears, switching tail, inconsistent speed at any orall gaits, being out of balance, the poll being toohigh or too low (resulting in the horse being outof balance), and improper or incompleteappointments of the rider. Major faults includethrowing or tossing the head, evidence of a badmouth, constant bumping of the bit, gaping,constant breaking of gait, and obvious schoolingby the rider.H. Elimination: Absolute elimination is requiredwhen two hands are used on the reins (exceptwith Hackamore or Ring Snaffle bit), fingersbetween closed reins or more than one fingerbetween split reins, a horse kicking, illegal equipment,evidence of lameness, the rider cueing thehorse in front of the cinch, the fall of horse orrider, and when a bleeding mouth is evident.31

Style and AttitudeTechnical Ability vs. Technique Ability: Since weare faced with considerable entries in each pleasureclass today, we need to consider more than just theway the horse performs the required class routine(…his “technical ability”) and learn to identify andreward the more intangible qualities of style, presence,attitude, and manners. These are qualities thattend to separate the “coffee from the grounds” andfrom an individual’s entry’s “technique ability.”The top western pleasure candidate will have an airof supreme assurance about him. He is confident,bright in expression and uses his ears well, yet at alltimes he appears relaxed, fluid, and steady. He is ahorse who likes himself and his job and sells himselfto the judge and the crowd from the moment the ingateopens, not some lifeless robot that slogs his waythrough the class routine and simply does not make atechnical error. He should not express any sign oftension, wariness, intimidation, or aggression. He isthat horse who brings a “little extra something” intohis performance, and whether you define it as charisma,style, attitude, or a combination of all these factors,it comes out as being the rare quality that makessome horses superstars, and a lack of it makes othersalso-rans. This presence and attitude is the samewhether you’re judging park horses or western horses.While considering these qualities and attitude, weneed to understand the term “manners,” especially asthey relate to the different classes within the section:The Junior Exhibitor Western Pleasure Horsemust be safe, pleasant and mild mannered, showingcomplete cooperation with his rider. All signs ofresistance, resentment, or aggression must be severelypenalized. Suitability of the horse to the rider(size, length of stride, responsiveness, etc.) is of particularimportance.The Ladies Western Pleasure Horse must displayan elegant, refined, and cooperative way of goingwith absolute acceptance of regimentation of speedand a light mouth at all times. Misconduct, resistanceor unpleasantness of any kind must be severelypenalized. Transition of gaits must appear to beeffortless and smooth.The Amateur Western Pleasure Horse mustshow all of the tractability and willingness of the32fully trained pleasure horse. He may be somewhatstronger than the ladies or junior exhibitor horse,but must be completely cooperative and absolutelyagreeable at all times. A light mouth and a willingnature are paramount to the AmateurPleasure horse.The Junior, Maiden, Novice, Limit, or GreenWestern Pleasure Horse must display an agreeablenature and a willingness to accept direction and regimentation,but occasional coltish errors shouldreceive a lighter penalty than they would in classesfor finished horses.The Open Mare, Gelding, Stallion (etc.) WesternPleasure Horse should display a bright and willingattitude and while they may be a bit more aggressivethan Ladies, Amateur or Junior Exhibitor horses,they must show impeccable manners and a light andtractable nature at all times.Head and Neck Carriage in theMorgan Western Pleasure HorseIn the Morgan breed, we are required as judges toevaluate conformation and type right along withactual physical performance (60%-40% in qualifyingclasses and 50%-50% in championships). Due tothe unique conformational structure of the Morganbreed, especially with regard to ideal neck placement,you will find that many of the horses shown inthe Western Pleasure section tend to exhibit a higherset-on head and neck carriage than you may havebeen used to seeing in other breeds of WesternPleasure horses. If you’re new to the Morgan breed asa judge, this may cause you some concern at first, butit shouldn’t.As mentioned earlier, certain job descriptionsrequire a bit different look, and horses who competesuccessfully in events such as western pleasure,hunter pleasure, and roadster may deviate from thenorm somewhat. A horse that carries his poll a bithigher than would be normally considered proper fora western pleasure silhouette should not be eliminatedfrom consideration for that factor alone, anymore than we should discount a horse that may belower in the poll than the ideal Morgan in-hand orEnglish pleasure horse. If the horse has the correctattitude, style of motion, smoothness of gait, responsiveness,and balances properly on a light rein, he isa definite contender for a top ribbon, regardless of

how high or low his head position is if it is in relationshipto his overall conformation.Western pleasure is western pleasure and there is astyle of horse who lends himself well to the requirementsof the job. With the great amount of diversityin performance activities within this breed, we mustbe willing to recognize and reward the individualswho fit the ideal for the job at hand, always keepingin mind proper Morgan type and conformation, butnot swinging to one extreme or another when evaluatingthe overall picture. A Morgan who may deviateslightly from the ideal Morgan standard withregard to his neck placement should not be penalizedany more than the up-necked individual whofalls short of the requirements on the rail.A proper head set on the Western Pleasure horseshould give evidence of flexion at the poll with thefront of the face being slightly ahead of or on a verticalplane to the ground. We, personally, feel that ahorse that may be just slightly ahead of the verticalshows a bit more relaxation and gives the overallimpression that he is light on the bridle. Horses tendto come back toward the vertical when increasingcollection and speed at the various gaits and moreoften than not a horse that is on the vertical at thewalk appears to get behind the vertical as he movesinto the jog or lope, giving the impression of beingheld in place or position. Being behind the verticalis to be more penalized, in our opinion, than a horsethat is a bit ahead of the vertical.The manner in which the horse carries the bit alsodeserves attention. Ideally, he should pick the bit upand carry it quietly and comfortably in his mouththroughout all gaits with a minimum of adjustmenton his part. Many curb bits have copper rollers, or“crickets,” on the port which are to encourage ahorse to use his tongue and keep a flow of salivagoing to ensure a responsive mouth. When a horseuses this roller in a normal manner, he should notbe penalized for being fussy or nervous in the mouthas he is doing exactly what the bit was designed for.An overly anxious horse will display more obvioussymptoms than just rolling the cricket and can easilybe distinguished from the horse using the cricketproperly.In summation, the way the horse carries the bit andresponds to the hands of the rider is of more importancethan the height placement of his head andneck as it relates to his individual conformation.Horses should be faulted for gaping of the mouth,pulling or lugging down on the bit, cocking theirheads in either direction down the rail, trying toevade or “spit out” the bit, constantly opening andclosing the mouth, tossing the head, etc. A bleedingmouth results in elimination. Once again, weare after the horse who “sells” himself to us as ahappy and willing worker, regardless of whether hishead is carried a little higher or lower than we personallyprefer.Equipment and Its UsageAs a judge, you must familiarize yourself with thewide variety of equipment that is considered legalor illegal for use on the Western Pleasure horse. TheWestern Pleasure Division Rules in the USEF RuleBook are fairly specific in listing proper andimproper equipment and its usage, but you mustalso consider the slight deviations which mightoccur between the Morgan and Open WesternDivision Rules.Most infractions concerning legal equipment resultfrom simple negligence on the part of exhibitorswhen it comes to reading the Rule Book, and not atrue desire on their part to “cheat.” Ideally, eachshow would be able to hire an “equipment judge” orinstruct their stewards to inspect equipment outsideof the ring, making sure that all entries were legalupon entering the class by allowing exhibitors timeto make corrections. However, the burden to beaware of illegal equipment falls to the Judge, and wemust be sure that every entry we place meets withthe requirements listing in the USEF Rule Book.As the western section advances in sophistication,you must be able to identify and ascertain the legalityof standard bits, snaffle bits, and bosal-type hackamores.Remember that for the last few years, it islegal for horses of junior age (4 years of age andunder) to be shown in either a standard Western bit,a ring snaffle bit, or a hackamore in any class in theWestern division, and they should not be discriminatedagainst for the proper use of one type of bitover another or the use of a hackamore rather thana bit. Riders using a ring snaffle or hackamore havethe option of riding with both hands and both handsmust be visible to the judge, while those using astandard Western bit must use only one hand.33

A Standard Western Bit: There shall be no discriminationagainst any standard Western bit. Astandard Western bit is defined as having a shankwith a maximum length overall of 8 1/2". Themouthpiece will consist of a metal bar 3/8" to 3/4" indiameter (as measured from the shank to 1" in fromthe shank), varying from the straight bar to a fullspade with nothing extending below the horizontalplane of the mouthpiece other than a roller attachedto the center of the bit. Jointed mouthpieces are permitted.Swivel posts and flat polo mouthpieces arepermitted. Roping bits with both reins attached to asingle rein at center of cross bar shall not be used.Reins must be attached to each shank.A Standard Snaffle Bit is defined as a center-jointedsingle, rounded, unwrapped smooth mouthpieceof 3/8" to 3/4" diameter metal as measured from ringto 1" in from the ring with a gradual decrease to thecenter of the snaffle. The rings may be from 2" to 4"outside diameter of either the loose-type, eggbutt,dee, or center-mounted without cheeks (a shank ofany type). If a curb strap is used it must be attachedbelow the reins. A Standard Snaffle Bit may be usedon junior horses (4 years of age and under) only, inany class in the Western section and the rider mayuse both hands on the reins.A Hackamore must be of bosal-type, must beround in shape and constructed of braided rawhideor leather and must have a flexible non-metalliccore. Attached reins may be of hair, rope, orleather. No other material of any kind is to be usedin conjunction with a hackamore, i.e., steel, metalor chains (exception: smooth plastic electrical tapeis acceptable). Narrow “pencil” bosals, often usedas cavessons or part of tie-downs, and mechanicalhackamores are prohibited. To help you recognizethe proper size of a hackamore, it should be no lessthat 1/2" in width at the narrowest point (cheek ofhackamore where headstall attaches). Hackamoresare permitted in any class on horses 4 years of ageand under that have never been shown in any eventin a bridle, and the rider may use both hands onthe reins.Curb Straps and Curb Chains are the most frequentlymisused equipment you will find as a judge.If a curb chain is used, it must be 1/2" in width andlie FLAT against the jawline of the horse. Leathercurb straps must meet the same 1/2" requirement andalso lie flat against the jawline. No wire, rawhide,metal or other substance can be used in conjunctionwith or as part of the leather chin strap or curb chain.Rounded, rolled, braided, or rawhide curb straps areprohibited. A light leather lip strap is permissible.Hackamore bits, bosals, cavesson-type nosebands,martingales, and tie-downs are prohibited.Use of Reins is an area that often is difficult toassess, but needs your attention. Only one hand maybe used on reins and hands must not be changedexcept to negotiate an obstacle in a Trail Horse class.Hand to be around reins. When end of split rein fallson the side of the reining hand, one finger betweenreins is permitted. When using romal or when end ofsplit reins are held in hand not used for reining, nofinger between reins is allowed. Rider may holdromal or end of split reins to keep them from swingingand to adjust the position of the reins provided itis held at least 16" from the reining hand. Ridersmay use both hands on the reins of a hackamore orsnaffle bit horse and both hands must be visible tothe judge.Checking Bridles: If bridles are to be checked it isthe sole responsibility of the judge(s) to do so. Thejudge may designate a steward to check bridles at theoutgate. Riders must be dismounted.Ideally, you should have the equipment checkedprior to the commencement of the class, so thatexhibitors are allowed the time to make correctionsbefore entering the ring and you are not placed inthe unpleasant situation of disqualifying an entryafter the railwork.The preceding paragraphs are meant to highlight oremphasis certain areas where most judges have difficulties,but they do not completely portray theexact specifications and requirements as outlined inthe USEF Rule Book. It is most important to notethat equipment rules frequently undergo changes inthe Western division and it is imperative that youread the current rules completely before acceptingan assignment and officiating a show. Have all ofthe specifications clearly in mind when you stepinto the ring.Additional Equipment: With regard to other equipment,entries shall be shown with a stock saddle, butsilver equipment will not count over a good working34

outfit. A sidesaddle shall be considered legal equipment.Tapaderos are prohibited.A judge does not have the authority to add or toremove any of the standard equipment as specifiedin the USEF Rule Book.Bandages and boots of any type are prohibited aspart of the normal equipment. In the event of injury,a judge may permit a protective bandage. In stockhorse and reining classes, the use of shin, bell boots,and/or protective bandages on the front legs andstandard sliding or rundown boots on the rear fetlocksare permitted.Rider Attire and AppointmentsThe basic requirements for a rider with regard to hisor her attire and appointments are well outlined inthe USEF Rule Book and it is important to note thatcompetitors must be penalized, but not necessarilydisqualified for having incomplete appointments.Riders should be attired in clean, well-fitted clothesthat have a tendency to enhance the overall pictureby virtue of style and color. They shall wear aWestern hat (felt or straw equally acceptable), longsleevedshirt, trousers or pants (a one-piece equitationsuit is acceptable), a neck-tie, bolo tie or kerchief,chaps, and boots. A vest, sweater or jacket andgloves may also be worn. Spurs are optional.Protective headgear is optional in all classes; it is notnecessary to be of Western style.A sidesaddle rider must wear an apron of closed orbutton type with belt under loops. It is suggestedthat an apron with waistband cut the same as chapsand double thickness be used in classes where chapsare required.Overall SummationAs a judge, it is your duty to find that combinationof horse and rider who best exemplify the ultimategoal of perfection in each class, making it obvious tothe spectators and exhibitors alike that the besthorse won.Make sure to judge on a positive basis, rewarding thebest qualities of movement, attitude, and style whilebeing ever mindful of the subtleties involved withinthe Western Pleasure section. Choose horses thatexhibit a smooth, flowing style at all gaits whilemaintaining a light, quiet mouth and steady headcarriage, selling themselves with a bright and willingattitude while remaining totally relaxed, supple andresponsive to the direction and control of the rider.The western pleasure horse should not be overly animated,short or choppy strided, anxious or aggressiveany more than he should be lethargic or mechanical,artificially show, or unnatural in his style of movement.Overall head and neck carriage should be inrelationship to the individual’s natural conformation,showing the proper flexion of the poll andlightness of mouth achieved through proper trainingtechniques which allow the horse to move in totalbalance and harmony.The western pleasure horse should display a uniquemental soundness and must perform with a minimumof direction and control from the rider. Seen atits best, developed after countless hours of work anddedication to an ideal goal, the winning westernpleasure horse cannot be artificially enhanced oraided and deserves the serious attention of all judgesto the details and subtlety of the discipline.Recognize the talent… and then reward it!35

AMHA Equitation ManualThe purpose of this manual is to clarify and expandon the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF)Equitation Division Rules, and the rules for theAmerican Morgan Horse Association (AMHA)Medal classes. It does not replace or supercede theserules, rather it is meant to augment the informationfound there.Judges must always know the rules of the pertinentassociation(s) and the classes they are adjudicating.In the Morgan division, this means that the USEFRule Book prevails. A copy of all applicable rule booksshould be carried to horse shows for easy reference.36— Created by the AMHAJudges Education CommitteeFebruary 1998Equitation – An OverviewRing generalship, or the awareness and command ofwhat is happening in the ring, is paramount in allequitation seats. (This is especially true in saddleseat classes, because of the quicker, bolder pace andtempo.) In order to achieve the best advantage, arider must maintain good forward motion and anuninhibited path for that motion. This means knowingwhere other horses, crowded or trouble spots,and the judge(s) are located at any given time.Circling or cutting across the arena to achieve betterpositioning is acceptable as an indication of goodring generalship, but should never be used to excess.Riders should enter the ring ready to show, displayingconfidence and presence. Poise and consistency,even under adverse conditions, are necessary.The horse’s performance should be perfected to bestreflect the rider’s abilities. A ground-covering walkshould not be so strong that its lateral movementcreates too much body motion in the rider. Asmooth, cadenced jog or trot will be much moreattractive than a bone-jarring concussive gait. Asmooth flowing canter or lope will enhance a rider’sskills rather than a four-beat gait that shakes orvibrates the rider.Subtle verbal communication between rider andhorse is acceptable in equitation classes; however,this communication should not be so loud as to bedistracting to other exhibitors or ring personnel.Riders should always be positioned so they can goaround those ahead of them, and should be penalizedat the judge’s discretion for not doing so.Riders should leave room in the line-up for the judgeto move around each exhibitor, as well as givingspace to a nervous horse or rider; this is both courteousand safety-conscious.A rider should show disciplined control of his or herhorse, but should never abuse it if it makes a mistake,either in or out of the ring. The show ring andgrounds are not proper places to “teach the horse alesson.” Emotions run high and a lot is at stake andbecause of this, many mistakes are due to rider errorfor which the horse should not be punished.Judges should appraise the ability and level of proficiencyof the riders at the show before posting patterns.Both exhibitors and judges alike benefit fromthis. Those exhibitors who want a challenge aregiven one, while those whose ability is not asadvanced are given a test they can perform and thejudge’s decision is made much simpler by this consistency.Judges should be prepared with more than onepattern for any given class so as to compensate fordifferences in the ability of the riders, ring size,weather conditions, and the like.Saddle Seat Equitation DivisionPosition of Rider/Suitability of Horse (Refer toCurrent USEF Rules)1. Maintaining center of balance: Rider’s backshould be straight, with shoulders directly overhips and spine in line with that of horse. Leaningdown over horse to check leads and/or diagonalsshould be severely penalized. Ideally, a ridershould be able to feel the correct lead and diagonals,but if they must be checked, only a glancedownward with the eye is appropriate. However,a rider who leans over and obtains a correct leador diagonal should be scored above a rider whoglances down but obtains and maintains anincorrect lead or diagonal.2. Hands: Hands should be quiet and light, withflexible (not locked) wrists and should showsympathy, adaptability, and control. Horse with

high-set necks allow the rider’s hands to be heldhigher than do horses with low-set necks, therefore,the placement of the horse’s neck dictatesthe proper elevation of the rider’s hands. Handsshould be tipped in 30-45 degrees from verticaland should not be excessively far apart. Bight ofreins is on off (right) side. Constant bumping ofthe horse’s mouth of excessive shortening of thereins is distracting and should be penalized.3. Arms: Elbows should be no further from thebody than the point at which the chest begins tolook concave. This is called “pumpkin arms” orcave-chested because improper roundness of thearms forces the chest to cave inward and theshoulders to come forward out of position. Theupper body, including the arms and hands,should give the appearance of elegant style andcomplete control, but without the impression ofstiffness, posing, or exaggeration.4. Legs and Feet: A flared lower leg and cockedankle are major faults. It is easy to see why, asthis unnatural leg and foot position does notallow the rider to properly guide the horse usingcalf pressure. With feet in stirrups, the stirrupleathers should hang straight down, should neverbe twisted and should be even on both sides.Attire of Rider/Tack of Horse1. Informal saddle suits should be a conservative,preferably dark color that appears to be solid.Small pinstripes or herringbone-type patternsare acceptable as long as the material appearsfrom a distance to be of a solid nature.According to the USEF Rule Book, accessoriesare to be the same color as the suit itself. Takenliterally this would mean that derbies, boots,ties, vests, hat bands, and gloves must all match.However, at this time the Morgan division (andothers) is tolerant of and will allow contrastingderbies, ties, boots, hat bands, vests, and gloves.Day coats are not permitted.2. Formal attire is even more conservative and maybe worn only after 6:00 p.m. It is recommended,but not mandatory, that tuxedos be worn in theevening, so judges should not penalize riderswho do not wear them. There is no allowance informal attire for contrasting colors, with oneexception made for gloves, which may be eitherwhite or black. This means the collar and lapelsmust be of the same color as the jacket and thetop hat must match the entire ensemble. Whiteor black tie may be worn, but no contrastingtie/cummerbund sets. If earrings are worn, theyshould be small and also conservative. Smallstud earrings are more appropriate for formalthan informal attire.3. Spurs, if worn, must be unrowelled and not tolarge that they noticeably interfere with thesmooth line of the jod pants. A whip or crop isoptional, but if used should be of an appropriatelength.Patterns and Tests (Refer to Current USEF Rules)1. If a pattern or workout is used in any given class,it is to count 50% of the final score; the exceptionis UPHA Challenge Cup classes, whereworkout counts 40%. Too many judges score saddleseat classes on the workout alone and this isentirely improper. If judged correctly, it is verypossible for a rider who was excellent on the railbut who badly mishandled the pattern to placeabove a rider who was below average on the railand slightly above average on the pattern. Conesor markers of any kind are not to be used to markpoints of a pattern, etc., in a saddle seat equitationclass. How well a rider selects and usespoints in a pattern should be taken into considerationby the judge in the overall scoring ofeach rider’s performance.2. Unlike terminology in other equitation seats,there is no such thing in saddle seat equitationas being “off pattern.” This has caused muchconfusion among judges and exhibitors alikewhen they see riders who make obvious mistakes.Saddle seat classes instead are judged on a commonsense system of rewards and penalties justlike any other class. If judges want to assign numbersto these rewards and penalties, that is theirprerogative.3. The fall of a horse or rider does not necessarilyeliminate an entry from competition. The penaltyin the saddle seat division for a fall is at thejudge’s discretion.4. A common question asked by judges andexhibitors alike is the proper number ofexhibitors chosen to perform workouts in classessuch as championships where entries are notrequired to do additional tests, but the judge asksfor a pattern. Four or more is typical. Judgesshould watch the entire pattern completelythrough to the finish and not begin writing notesas the riders approach the end of the workout.37

5. The order of running a class in which a patternis to be performed is to do the rail work first, followedby the lineup for inspection, reading of thepattern and any questions, and finally the patternwork. Judges are prohibited from conferringwith riders individually in the lineup but theymay answer questions regarding the patternwhere the entire lineup can hear the questionand answer. Judges may not speak to any rider inthe lineup even after they turned in their cards.Reining Seat Equitation DivisionPosition of Rider/Suitability of Horse(Refer to Current USEF Rules)1. Maintaining center of balance: Riders shouldalways be centered, not behind or in front of vertical.The rider’s back should be flat with theshoulders directly over hips. The saddle shouldalways be straight and the stirrups even. No daylightshould be seen between seat and saddle orbetween legs and saddle. Proper and even weightshould be placed in stirrups so that daylight cannotbe seen between foot and stirrup. Any loss ofstirrup is a major fault.2. Arms and Hands: Arms are to be in a straightline with the body. Rein arm should be bent atelbow showing a soft smooth line to hand.Shoulders should be kept square, neither tippedforward nor backward. The rein hand should bequiet and soft, and should not be constantlybumping the horse’s mouth. Rein hand is to becompletely around the reins. No finger isallowed between romal reins. When split reinsare used and ends of split reins fall on the sameside as reining hand, one finger (index finger)between reins is permitted. Rider can holdromal or end of split reins to keep them fromswinging provided it is held at least 16 inchesfrom the rein hand. Split and romal reins areequally acceptable.3. Legs and Feet: Legs should hang naturally fromthe hip without being excessively flared awayfrom the horse. Heels should be slightly lowerthan toes, and knees should face straight ahead.Toes should also face straight ahead or turnslightly outward.4. Refer to the current USEF Rule Book for specificrules regarding reining seat position and suitability.Refer to the current AMHA MorganHorse Judging Standards for procedures.Attire of Rider/Tack of Horse1. Riders shall wear Western hat; long-sleeved shirtwith collar; a necktie, kerchief or bolo tie;trousers or pants. Chaps, shotgun chaps orchinks and boots are required. A vest, jacket,coat, and/or sweater may also be worn.Protective headgear with harness is optional inall classes; not required to be of Western style.Spurs are optional.2. The saddle must fit the rider. It may be slick orswelled fork, have a high or low cantle but mustdefinitely be sized to the rider. Nothing thatwould prevent the stirrups from hanging freelyshall be added to or deleted from a standardwestern saddle.3. There shall be no discrimination against anystandard western bit.4. Curb chains and leather chin straps may be usedbut must be flat and at least 1/2’’ in width, andlie flat against the jaws of the horse. No wire,rawhide, metal or other substance can be usedin conjunction with or as part of the leatherchin strap or curb chains. A light lip strap ispermissible.5. Hackamores, snaffle bits, tie-downs, runningmartingales, draw reins, bosals and cavessontypenosebands are prohibited. Silver equipmentmay be used, but shall not be given preferenceover good working equipment.6. In all Medal classes, it is mandatory for the judgeto have bits dropped and inspected on all finalistsbeing considered for an award. Riders mustbe dismounted for this inspection.7. Bandages and boots of any type are prohibited.In Reining Equitation classes where a pattern isrequired, the use of shin, bell boots and/or protectivebandages on the front legs and standardsliding or rundown boots on the rear fetlocks arepermitted.Patterns and Tests (Refer to Current USEF Rules)1. In the Morgan Reining Seat EquitationDivision, only AMHA Medal classes require apattern. The pattern for AMHA Medal classesmust be posted at least one hour prior to theclass, not the session in which the class is held.It is recommended that work orders also be madeavailable. Patterns are not required in either agegroup or championship classes. However, in anyclass in which a pattern is used, it must be publiclyannounced prior to being performed.38

2. Riders are eliminated from consideration and arenot eligible to win a medal or ribbon if they gooff pattern. This follows the theory of the openreining horse classes in which the pattern workis the crucial (and only) portion of the class, soin reining seat equitation classes more emphasisis given to pattern than to rail work.3. The fall of a horse or rider in the reining seatdivision is mandatory elimination.4. In AMHA Reining Seat Medal classes, reiningpatterns 1-11 will be used. (See USEF Rule Book.)Hunter Seat Equitation DivisionPosition of Rider/Suitability of Horse (Refer toCurrent USEF Rules)1. The hunter seat equitation rider should presenta polished workmanlike appearance. Seat andhands must be light and supple conveying completecontrol should any emergency arise. Toesshould be at an angle best suited to the rider’sconformation, but not exaggerated. The kneesmust not be pinched in tight with the calves andheels pushed away from the horse’s sides. Heelsshould be down with the calf of the leg in contactwith the horse and slightly behind the girthwith the stirrup iron on the ball of the foot.2. The rider’s body can be divided into four principalparts:A. The leg from the knee down.B. The base of support, which includes thethigh and seat.C. The upper body and head.D. The arms and hands.A rider is considered balanced when his/her leg,seat, upper body, hands and arms coordinate correctlyand are in equilibrium.3. Establishing the rider’s position is the foundation.Beginning with the leg, the ball of therider’s foot should be placed in the middle of thestirrup and the heel pushed down and in, justbehind the girth. The rider should not grip withthe knee; too much pressure on the knee actslike a pivot and causes the lower leg to swing,which will cause the upper body to fall forwardor backward. In its correct position, the legserves as a brace to the body and stays justbehind the girth where it can act as an aid toinfluence the horse. The leg also acts as ananchor for the entire body. The importance ofleg position cannot be overly stressed, as everythingthe leg does reflects in the rest of the body.4. Moving upward to the base of support, the seatand thighs are next. The thighs should lie flatwith contact distributed evenly between the calf,inner knee bone and thigh. The seat itself isplaced in the forward or lowest part of the saddleclose to the pommel. The base of support is consideredstrong and secure when thighs and theweight of the seat, through flexibility and feeling,remain in complete harmony with thehorse’s movements at all times.5. The rider’s upper body is dependent upon thebase of support and leg. The trunk of the bodyshould be carried erect with the shouldersrelaxed and the chest open, without being stiff,hollow, or sway-backed, or hunching or roundingthe shoulders. A slight arch should support theupper back, but the lower back should not bearched, as this brings the seat out of the saddle.With the rider looking straight ahead, their lineof vision should be parallel to the ground; eyesand head should anticipate the line of movement.The head should not jut out in front of thebody or look down to the side.6. Hands and arms: Elasticity is the best descriptionhere; rigid arms and hands will be reflectedin the horse’s performance. The handsshould be placed above and slightly in front ofthe withers, two or three inches apart with thethumbs just inside the vertical, keeping astraight line from the horse’s mouth to theelbow. Wrists should be straight, as bent ortwisted wrists cause unnatural arm and elbowdisplacement which in turn causes stiffness anda forced, irregular body position. A useful handis one strong enough for control, yet relaxedenough to allow freedom and a straight positionof forearm, hand, and wrist.7. Maintaining center of balance: In order to maintainbalance, the rider must coordinate his or hercenter of gravity with that of the horse. Therider’s center of gravity must be directly over thehorse’s center of gravity to instill forward driveand restraint. For real smoothness, fluidity, andinvisible control, the rider must stay with themotion of the horse; rider and horse relating toeach other. In principal, the faster a horse movesthe farther forward its center of gravity shifts.The rider must then lean forward in proportionto the speed of the horse. It is this action, sometimescalled “closing the hip angle” or “upperbody angulation” which enables the rider to be39

with the motion of the horse at all times.Understanding these angles is a must to smoothness,poise, and control when riding.When the horse is standing, the center of gravity isdirectly in the middle and the rider sits perfectlystraight. Because of the slow speed of walking andbacking, the alterations in the center of gravity andthe hip angulation are very slight. Sitting to the trotcreates a delicate shift forward, just a couple ofdegrees in front of the vertical, as does the canter.During all sitting gaits the rider should show an elegantself-carriage, yet be supple and deeply glued tothe horse. The posting position is also the correctposition for the hand gallop and gallop. The reasonthese two gaits require the same angulation is tocompensate for the rider’s center of gravity and balance,which must skirt forward a bit as the ridercomes out of the saddle. This is also the basic positionfor jumping. This position is referred to as the“two-point” position. The two-point contact liststhe rider’s weight off the horse’s back and puts itdown into their legs, somewhat lightening the burdenon the horse’s back.As the rider begins to jump, he or she will roll upinto the two-point position as the horse is pushed tothe gallop, immediately establishing the set pacethat is to be maintained throughout the entirecourse. As the rider approaches the first fence, he orshe must be on a direct line to the center of thejump, eyes looking forward, legs in position, andhands in control. The rider will hold the two-pointposition while galloping throughout the entirecourse. When the horse leaves the ground on takeoff,the thrust will close the hip angulation in asmooth, fluid motion and the rider’s hands will followthe horse’s head forward, releasing, to allow itfreedom in the air. As the horse lands, the rider’sangulation to the galloping position will be resumedand the rider’s eyes will continue to look forward tothe next jump. Remember, an equitation ridershould show accuracy to and over the jumps,smoothness over and throughout the course, andmust always be in total control, with the horsebetween their hands and legs showing absolute balanceand control.Attire of Rider/Tack of Horse (Refer to CurrentUSEF Rules)Exhibitors and judges should bear in mind that at alltimes entries are being judged on ability rather thanpersonal attire.1. Riders should wear coats of any tweed, melton forhunting, conservative plaid, stripe, or solid color.Breeches and boots must be worn. A black,brown, or dark blue regulation hunt cap withproper under the chin protective head gear, inaccordance with USEF Rules, must be worn at alltimes. Shirts with a choker collar or a shirt andtie may be used. Gloves matching the coat willfinish the picture. Spurs, bats, and crops (not toexceed 30 inches in length) are optional. Brightor gaudy colors should not be worn. Judges musteliminate contestants who do not conform.2. Regulation snaffles, pelhams, kimberwicks, andfull bridles, all with cavessons, are recommendedand a judge may penalize a horse with a nonconventionaltype bit or noseband. Coloredcavessons and browbands are not allowed. Tackshould be neat, clean and properly fitted to thehorse. Horses may be braided.Judging Hunter Seat Equitation1. In any equitation class, minor faults or errors inthe horse’s performance should not be consideredunless they are the fault of the rider. Muchconsideration should be given to the body aidsused and the influence they have on the horse.General showmanship, ring position, and ringetiquette should also be considered in an equitationclass. In an equitation over fences class,riders should be penalized heavily for allowingthe horse to refuse a jump, losing a stirrup orrein, or allowing the horse to trot on coursewhen not part of a test. Riders must also bepenalized for falling forward ahead of the centerof gravity, allowing the leg to swing backward outof position or falling backward behind the centerof gravity, especially on takeoff at a jump.Ducking to the side over a jump or looking downshould also be penalized as should loss of consistencyor timing on the approach to a jump.Three refusals anywhere on the course is eliminationas is a fall of the horse or rider.2. After recording each exhibitor’s fence-by-fenceperformance, taking into consideration rider’sposition, rider’s influence on the horse’s performanceand overall appearance, the judge shouldgive a numerical score. A score in the 90’s wouldbe an A score—an exhibitor who “has every-40

thing” and performed accordingly, an excellentround. A score in the 80’s would be a good roundor B score. A score in the 70’s is a fair round, ascore in the 60’s is a poor round, and 50’s orbelow are very poor or “failing” rounds.Class Routine/Patterns and Tests (Refer toCurrent USEF Rules)1. In classes not required to jump, contestants shallenter the ring and shall proceed at each gait andon command reverse and repeat each gait. Ridersmay be asked to work collectively on the railwithout their stirrups in 14-17 age group, Medal,and championship classes, and may be asked fora sitting trot. The reverse may be executed eitherturning toward or away from the rail. Light contactwith the horse’s mouth is required. Entriesshall line up on command and any or all ridersmay be asked to execute any appropriate testincluded in the class requirements.2. In regular equitation classes over jumps, the performancebegins when the horse enters the ringor is given the signal to proceed after enteringthe ring. Except for refusals, jumping faults of thehorse are not to be considered unless it is the endresult of the rider’s ability. Major faults to bepenalized are refusals, loss of stirrups, loss ofreins, or trotting while on course when not partof the test. Each contestant may circle once ifdesired before approaching the first jump. Therider shall then proceed around the course keepingan even pace throughout. Three cumulativerefusals or fall of the horse or rider will eliminatea rider. If a refusal occurs in a double or triplecombination, the rider shall re-jump all elementsof the combination. Any of all riders maybe asked to perform at a walk, trot, and canter orto execute any appropriate test included in theclass requirements.Below are tables of faults, credits and predeterminedscores as recommended by the USEF Hunter SeatEquitation Committee for judging Hunter SeatEquitation.Table of Faults in Hunter Seat Equitation (OverObstacles)The severity of the fault dictates the severity of thepenalty. The greater or more dangerous the fault, thegreater the penalty.Long Fence (taking off too far away from the jump)Close Fence (taking off too close to the jump)Chip or Chipping In (adding a short or half stride justbefore the jump)Left Stride Out (not enough strides between jumping)Jumping to the Right CornerJumping to the Left CornerRail Down (rider fault due to rider being off balance orbehind motion)Pace Uneven (too fast or too slow or erratic)Rider Ahead (ahead of center of gravity)Rider Behind (behind center of gravity)Rider Left on Takeoff (rider out of position fallingback)Lost StirrupLost ReinWrong LeadCross CanterSwitching Leads in Front of Fence or BetweenFencesRider Posts CanterTrot on CourseBad Eye (poor timing or approach to jump)Refusal (three refusals is elimination)Did Not Trot Fence (when part of course or test)Fall of Horse or Rider (elimination)Rider Leans or Ducks to Side or Breaks Hard OverFenceRider’s Seat and Thigh Slide in SaddleRider’s Legs SlideRough HandsHorse Bucked or KickedUse of StickRider Stiff or LooseOverchecking or Overriding by RiderWeaving or Bad Approach to FenceTable of Credits to be Given to Hunter SeatEquitation RidersGood, Normal Fence (correct takeoff spot at jump)Good Position (rider maintaining correct positionthroughout course and over jumps)Rider Making a More to Prevent a ProblemGood EntranceGood ExitEven Pace Throughout CourseGood Eye (good timing or approaches to jumps)Good ControlStraight Approaches to Jumps41

Numerical Scoring90’s – Excellent (to receive a 90 or above score theround must “have everything” plus a littleextra and was performed accordingly)80’s – Good (above average performance, a verygood, solid round with no mistakes)70’s – Fair (an average performance)60’s – Poor (below average performance)50’s – Very Poor (bad performance, bad fences,major faults)Predetermined Scores (For Major Faults)Trotting on Course – 60 or lower (when a trot is notcalled for)Very Poor Trip – 55 or lowerDangerous Fence – 55 or lowerAdding a Stride in an In-and-Out Combination –55 or lowerLoss of Stirrup – 55 or lowerLoss of Reins – 55 or lower1 Refusal – 45 or lower2 Refusals – 35 or lower3 Refusals – EliminationFitting and ShowmanshipGood halter showmanship is developed through theknowledge and understanding of the horse and theability to present the horse and oneself in a confidentmanner. Showmanship involves the handling of thehorse, learning the horse’s conformation, how toposition and present the horse at its best, and understandingthe disposition of the horse. Showmanshipteaches the handler poise and self-carriage. A goodshowmanship handler shows alertness and a confidentattitude, always presenting the horse in a positivemanner, paying attention to detail and thejudge’s position in the ring. The handler is alwaysaware of their surroundings and other exhibitors.Although the handler is being judged, it is theMorgan horse that is being shown and the handlershould be judged on how the horse is being shownand presented.Judging CriteriaPresentation is 40 percent. The horse must behealthy, alert, and in good condition. Horses mustbe clean and properly groomed. Goop and oilsshould not be overdone.Appointments include a suitable headstall with athroatlatch. A throatlatch is mandatory. A showhalter or a headstall with a bit may be used. A whipor crop is optional.The handler’s attire should be neat and clean. Itshould be suitable and appropriate to the manner inwhich the horse is being shown (saddle seat, hunterseat, or western). The handler’s number should beworn on the back and pinned down. Boots or dressshoes, a long-sleeved shirt or blouse, and a tie orscarf are mandatory. Appropriate pants are necessary.A sweater, vest, or jacket are optional. Informalattire, such as that worn in halter classes, should notbe penalized (remember a tie or scarf is mandatory).Formal attire is only appropriate after 6 p.m.Showmanship is 60 percent. Leading the horse safelyis of primary importance. Handlers should alwaysbe in control of the situation and should also considerthe safety of others in the ring. The recommendedmethod is to lead from the horse’s left sideholding the lead strap or reins in the right hand at adistance from the horse allowing the most controland presentation. The handler’s position when leadingshould be midway between the horse’s head andshoulder. When making a turn of 180 degrees orgreater, the horse should be turned to the right withthe handler walking around the horse, maintainingcontrol of the horse’s actions. The horse’s hindquartersshould remain stationary as the front end movesaway from the handler pivoting around.The horse must stand balanced on all four feet;stretching is permitted. Crowding must be penalized,as it is never safe. When showing the horse, the handlershould stand toward the front of the horse, offthe horse’s shoulder, facing the horse. The handlershould always be in a position to keep an eye on theentire horse. If the handler is standing beside thehorse facing forward, they cannot keep an eye on thehorse or present the horse properly.When leading to the judge, the lead shank or reinsshould be held with the right hand at a level appropriateto the height of the handler. It is optional tohold the lead shank or reins in the right or left handwhen showing or presenting the horse, holding thewhip in the opposite hand. As the judge movesaround the horse, the handler should position himselfor herself so as to avoid obstructing the judge’sview of the horse.42

The handler should be aware of the judge during theentire class. The horse should be shown at all timesquietly and effectively; the handler’s actions shouldbe smooth and with a purpose. Handlers should notmove too abruptly or too quickly. Handlers shouldrespond quickly to requests from the judge andshould be courteous and sportsmanlike at all times.Handlers should not be distracted by persons orthings inside or outside the ring. The horse shouldalways be shown with confidence, self-assurance,assertiveness, and precision. Handlers should neverbe stiff or awkward, but at ease while attentive,effective, and in control of every situation. The handler’sbody should be erect, but not stiff and armsshould be carried in a natural position, not rigid orbent stiffly in an unnatural position.Showmanship FaultsAny motion or action jeopardizing the safety of anyonein the ring is a major fault. Loss of control or notfollowing the judge’s directions is a fault. Not performingthe pattern precisely and accurately is afault. Executing the pattern in a sloppy, haphazardfashion, not tracking straight to or away from thejudge, pivots or turns that wander are penalized.Any loss of control of the horse is penalized. Thisincludes horses that spook and turn past the handleror circle the handler, horses that do not stand stillwhile being shown, horses that trot too fast for thehandler, or horses that do not trot at all.Overshowing of the exhibitor and not being aware ornot paying attention to the horse and the horse’sactions is penalized. Handlers that are too stiff, rigid,and artificial and carry themselves in an unnaturalposition are penalized. Lack of attention to thejudge is penalized. Handlers that move abruptly orunnecessarily for show rather than effective showingare penalized.Poor use of the whip or fumbling with the whipshould be penalized. If a whip is used, the handlershould be able to use it effectively and correctly.Showmanship CreditsCredit handlers who stay attentive to the judge,always aware of the judge’s position in the ring withrespect to their own position and the horse’s positionand with regard to others in the ring.Credit handlers who walk or trot the horse directlyto the judge in a straight, deliberate line. When trottingaway from the judge, the handler should do soin a straight line, with the horse in line and movingdirectly away from the judge. Handlers may glanceback over their shoulder once to confirm a straightand direct line away from the judge, but should nevercontinue to jerk the head around. The handlershould correct the line if not trotting away straight.Handlers should show complete control over theirhorses and must perform the maneuvers of the classpromptly and correctly. A pivot executed correctlyshould be credited as it shows control. A pivot orturn on the haunches should be just that. Thehaunches are stationary and the forehand movesaround in a neat, very controlled motion. It is notjust swapping ends of the horse to get turned aroundand it should never wander.Handlers who show poise and alertness withoutbeing stiff, artificial, or rigid are credited. Handsshould have a purpose showing control and properuse of the whip. Handlers are credited for showingtheir horses in a safe and correct manner.Examples of Equitation PatternsSaddle Seat Equitation1. Trot down the right rail to the first quarter point.Continue to trot and execute a two loop serpentineacross the width of the arena, demonstratingone change of diagonal. Continue to trotdown the left rail to the midpoint. Halt. Turnand canter on the left lead a diagonal line to themidpoint of the far end. Halt. Turn and canteron the right lead a diagonal line to the midpointof the right wall. Halt. Back your horse parallelto the wall (at least three steps and not morethan eight steps). Return to the end of the ringat the trot.2. At a trot, proceed down the center of the ring tothe far end. Stop. Back a few steps. Move forwardand turn to the left. Execute a four loop serpentineat the canter, beginning with the left lead;showing simple changes of lead. (Use your trotline as your center line.) Stop at the ingate.3. Using the rail to your right, trot along thestraightaway on the right diagonal. At the midpoint,execute a circle at the trot. Halt. Canteron the left lead the remainder of the straightaway.Without stopping, canter a circle. Halt.Reverse and return to line demonstrating two43

changes of diagonal along the straightaway.4. Using the rail to your right, divide the straightawayinto three sections. Canter the first sectionon the left lead, trot the second section onthe left diagonal, and trot the final section onthe right diagonal. Halt. Reverse. Canter a circleon the right lead. Halt. Return to line at ashow trot.5. Trot along the right rail to the far end of thering. Facing center ring, execute a figure eight atthe trot. Stop. Reverse. Canter a figure eight.Stop. Return to line at show trot. You may useeither rail.6. Using the right side of the ring, trot a three loopserpentine. Begin on the right diagonal. At thecompletion of the final loop, halt. Canter a circleon the left lead. Continue at the canteracross the ring to the opposite straightaway. Stopat the rail. Turn left and show trot back to line.7. Divide the ring into four segments and performa four loop serpentine. First loop at a canter onthe right lead. Second loop at a trot on theright diagonal. Third loop at a trot on the leftdiagonal. Fourth loop at a canter on the leftlead. Continue cantering a full circle. Stop.Turn horse to return down an imaginarystraight line. Divide arena into three segments.Canter the first segment on the right lead.Stop. Canter the second segment on the leftlead. Stop. Trot the third segment. Stop at endof arena. Return to line.8. Use an imaginary straight line down the centerof the arena as a guide. Trot to the 1/3 point.Continue trotting into one circle to the right.Stop. Canter a circle to the right. Stop. Trot acircle to the left. Stop. Canter a circle to the leftand continue cantering out of the circle to the2/3 point. Stop. Drop your irons. Trot, posting onthe right diagonal to the end of the arena andaround to the left; continue trotting to the midpointof the straightaway. Stop. Pick up irons.Back. Canter on incorrect lead to the end of thestraightaway. Drop to a trot. Return to line oncorrect diagonal.9. Trot a diagonal line to the center point of thestraightaway. Continue trotting and perform acircle to the left. As you come out of the circle,change to the left diagonal and trot on a diagonalline to the end of the arena. Stop. Turn left.Canter on a diagonal line on the right lead tothe center point of the opposite straightaway.Stop. Turn left. Trot on a diagonal line to the endof the arena on either diagonal.10. When your number is called, execute a threeloop serpentine at the canter, demonstrating twosimple changes of lead, beginning on the leftlead. Stop. Trot a circle on the correct diagonal.Halt. Turn and trot a line down the center of theserpentine. Change diagonal every four strides,beginning on the incorrect diagonal. Halt.Hunter Seat Equitation1. From the lineup, execute a figure eight at the trot.Then execute a figure eight at the canter, demonstratinga simple change of lead. Halt. Back threesteps. Return to the lineup at the trot.2. From the lineup, along one straightaway, backout of line, turn left, and pick up a posting trot.At end of the gate area, go to sitting trot andturn down center of arena. In the middle, halt.Do not back. Pick up right lead, canter to end ofring. Do transition to sitting trot and return toplace in line.Western Seat Equitation1. Starting at first marker, lope on left lead to secondmarker. Stop. Pivot on hindquarters 360degrees to the right. Pick up right lead, lope circle,and lope to third marker. Stop. Pivot 360degrees on hindquarters to the left. Pick up leftlead, lope circle to the left, and lope to fourthmarker. Stop at fourth marker and back approximately10 feet. After completing pattern, jog tofar end of the arena and form new line.2. Starting at first marker, lope on right lead tosec-ond marker. Stop. Execute a 360 degreeturn on the hindquarters to the left. Lope onthe left lead to the third marker. Halt. Execute a360 degree turn on the hindquarters to theright. Jog to the fourth marker. Stop. Backapproximately 10 feet. After completing pattern,line up on far end of arena.3. Starting at first marker, lope a 3/4 circle to theleft. Stop at second marker. Turn 180 degrees onhindquarters to the right. Lope on right lead tothe third marker. Stop. Back approximately 10feet. After completing pattern, jog to far end ofarena and form new line.4. Starting at first marker, lope on left lead to secondmarker. Stop. Turn 180 degrees onhindquarters to the right. Lope on the right leadto the first marker. Stop at first marker and turn44

180 degrees on hindquarters to the left. Lope onthe left lead to the third maker. Stop. Backapproximately 10 feet. After completing pattern,jog to far end of the arena and form new line.Reining Seat Equitation1. Enter arena at the walk. Pick up the jog to theright. At point A, pick up the lope, left lead. Atpoint B, turn left toward the center of arena.Begin figure eight to the left. Execute two circlesto the left. Change leads. Execute two circles tothe right. Change leads. Continue loping aroundthe end of the eight into the rundown, runningdown the center of the arena. Run to the end ofthe arena. Stop. Execute 1 1/2 turns to the left.Run to opposite end of arena. Stop. Execute 11/2 turns to the right. Run past center. Stop.Back 10-15 feet. Do one full turn each way,either way first.2. Walk in arena. Depart lope on right lead.Complete a figure eight showing two changes oflead. Continue out of eight at lope. Stop. Jog torail, pick up lope partway across end of arena.Run down side wall past marker. Stop. Make 1/2turn left. Run down to other end past marker.Stop. Make 1/2 turn right. Run down past centermarker. Stop. Back 10 feet. Jog forward, face center.Execute one full turn right, one full turn left.Jog out of arena.3. Enter at a lope and complete the first run. Stop.Do 2 1/2 turns left. Pick up a lope on the rightlead and complete one figure eight showing twochanges of lead. Lope out of figure eight and dosecond run. Stop. Do 2 1/2 turns right. Run pastcenter marker. Stop. Back 6-10 feet. Do one fullturn left and one full turn right. Jog out of arena.4. Enter arena at the walk. Turn left. Pick up thejog. At the marker, lope on right lead to the farend of the arena. At the midpoint of the end ofthe arena, turn right, begin figure eight. Circleright, change leads, circle left, change leads.Continue loping around top of eight directlyinto first run down. Run downs are to be midwaybetween center and arena wall. Run to end ofarena. Stop. Execute 1 1/2 turns to the right.Run to end of the arena. Stop. Execute 1 1/2turns to the left. Run to end of arena. Stop. Back10-15 feet. Execute one full turn each way, eitherway first.45

Western (Stock) Seat Equitationby Don BurtPortuguese Bend, CaliforniaRider’s Basic Body PositionAs an equitation rider enters the ring, he presents acomposite picture to the judge. Care should be takenthat all body parts be coordinated to make a free,natural, quiet picture. A rider should never lookstiff, but should be straight, square and graceful.Head: Should be alert, lifted in line and in balancewith the body. It should never be carried, turned ortipped down. Their eyes should always focus in frontand thirty to forty feet ahead of the horse.Shoulders: Should be square in our basic position,with one hand over the horn and the other on thethigh. There is a decided tendency to carry theshoulders holding the reins forward, this can beeliminated by slight turn at the waist, to line up yourshoulders. Shoulders should never be carried back orhunched.Arms: The upper arms should fall freely down theshoulders toward the hip bones. Never let arms betight against the body nor allow them to fly with thehorse’s motion. The forearm, holding the reins,should be parallel to the ground. All handlingshould be done with hand, wrist and by bending theelbow. The bend in the elbow is of paramountimportance as this provides a cushion of the horsesmouth. The off forearm should be bent to conformwith the angle of the upper body and thigh.Back: Should be straight, not stiff, and preferablywith no arch or slump.Hips: Should be directly under the shoulders andhip bone should be tilted slightly forward. Themotion is found at the jog and causes the saddle tomove on a horse’s back. This motion can cause sorenessin the horse’s loin area.Seat: The seat should be deep and always in the centerof the saddle. The rider should never sit onhis/her tail bone. The rider’s spine should always bein line with the horse’s spine.Thighs: Should be kept firmly against the saddle.46Relaxed contact, but no rolling or rigid gripping. Thethigh angle should be more downward than forward.Knees: Should be slightly bent, rolled in snug andwith steady contact. They must not be gripped orloose.Lower Legs: The lower leg placement is of extremeimportance to maintaining proper placement of theentire body. The legs should hang down straightbelow the knee from a side view. From a front view,they should hang naturally away from the horse. Thelower leg should never dangle, be spraddled wide orthrust forward. Too great of an effort to hold legs tooclose to horse results in faulty turned ankles, incorrectlyplaced foot pressure, loss of knee contact andlooseness of thighs.Feet: The ball of the foot should make contact withthe stirrup with the entire width of the boot sole.Pressure should not be put on the ball of the foot,but rather on the heel so the heel will be down. Feetshould be held naturally, neither extremely turnedin or out.Rider’s Motion and PositionThis category is very hard to put into words as itencompasses the conformation, gaits of the horseand build of the rider. To generalize, the less motionthe rider has, the easier it is on the horse and themore attractive it is for a judge.Walk: This may be the most important gait you willexecute during a class. Remember, first impressionsare important when entering a show ring. Anymotion or equitation fault evident at the walk willbe much more pronounced at the faster gait.Jog: Keep a slight up and down motion to overcomethe side-to-side tendency promoted by the diagonaltwo-beat gait of the jog.Lope: Here we get into the problem of the thrust ofthe hindquarters of the horse. A rider must keephis/her body either with the horse’s motion or slightlyahead of the motion. If this is not done, you will

tend to bump back and forth with the upper body.There is a natural tendency for your inside leg todrift forward and put you off center in the saddle.Use of AidsThe proper use of aids (hands, body, legs and feet)cannot be overemphasized. Each aid must be usedsubtly but effectively.Hands: Must be quiet, no jerky motions, yet must besolid with no flexibility. The hand should remainabove the horn as much as possible. The handsshould always appear light, relaxed and quiet.Legs: The only motion should be to apply slight calfpressure, when necessary, to promote impulsion.Feet: Should be used behind the cinch only. Theonly reason for keeping the leg no further forwardthan the cinch is to shorten the distance the footmust travel to apply pressure to the horse. The heelshould not be raised when using the foot as an aid.Body: Weight should be distributed properly toenhance the performance of the horse. Weight distributionshould be adjusted gracefully and lightly.Appointments: Clothes and equipment do notmake a rider, but they certainly enhance the overallpicture presented to the judge.(a ) Personal - Clothing must be workman-like andneat. Riders must wear pants and a long sleeved shirtor a one-piece equitation suit with a collar and cuffsand with either buttons or snaps attached to the frontshirt plaque. A zipper is permissible under the frontplaque or shirt or shirt part of suit. A belt underloops, western hat, boots, chaps and a necktie, kerchiefor bolo tie are required. Spurs are optional.Side-saddle riders must wear an apron if showing inclasses where chaps are required. (See Figure 3.)Hair must be neat and securely fastened if long so asnot to cover the rider’s number.2.1 Tack. The saddle must fit the rider. It may beslick or swelled fork, have a high or low cantle butmust definitely be sized to the rider. Nothing thatwould prevent the stirrups from hanging freely shallbe added to or deleted from a standard western saddle.Exhibitors can ride side saddle in adult equitationclasses but not in classes restricted to juniors.2.2 There shall be no discrimination against anystandard western bit. Curb chains and leather chinstraps may be used but must be flat and at least 1/2”in width, and lie flat against the jaws of the horse.No wire, rawhide, metal or other substance can beused in conjunction with or as part of the leatherchin strap or curb chains.2.3 Hackamores as defined in Art. 3905.4, allsnaffle bits including those defined in Art. 3905.3,tie-downs, running martingales, draw reins, bosalsand cavesson-type nosebands are prohibited. Silverequipment may be used but shall not be given preferenceover good working equipment.2.4 In Medal Classes, it is mandatory for the judgeto have bits dropped and inspected on all finalistsbeing considered for an award. Riders must be dismountedfor this inspection.3. Shoes. The use of shoes on the hind feet other thanstandard shoes is not allowed. A standard shoe isdefined as a shoe not to exceed more than 1” at thewidest point as measured by calipers.Bandages and boots of any type are prohibited. Inthe event of injury, the judge may permit a protectivebandage. In Western (Stock) Seat Equitation classeswhere a stock horse routine is required, the use ofshin, bell boots and/or protective bandages on thefront legs and standard sliding or rundown boots onthe rear fetlocks are permitted.— USEF Rule Book, 1992-1993ShowmanshipThis category is primarily the appointing, positioningand handling of yourself and your mount toallow the judge to make his evaluation.Ring ManagementThis is the proof of proper preparation and training.Always stay alert and attentive. Keep your horsepositioned advantageously. Ride as close as possibleto the rail. Avoid being blocked from the judge’s viewand avoid riding groups.EtiquetteDon’t follow another rider too closely, at least onehorses length should be maintained. Don’t askanother rider to move from his/her position on therail. Why should they jeopardize their performance47

y moving to the inside because you have a fastermoving horse? Do not cut in too sharply when passing.Ask the ringmaster if you can be excused if yourhorse becomes unmanageable.SportsmanshipPractice it and encourage others to be good sports.Take time to be courteous both in and out of thering. Take a few moments to congratulate winnersand accept congratulations gracefully. Do not interceptthe judge with questions. Nine out of ten times,he will tell you something that will irritate you.Suitability of MountsManners: Mounts should show good dispositionand proper training.Mouths: Should be quiet, light, and sensitive.Gaits: Should be true, smooth, and controlled sothe rider will be shown to their best advantage.Size: Proper proportions between a horse and riderwill present a better picture.48