ion-induced instability of diocotron modes in electron - Nonneutral ...

f Rd2d sin(θ d /2)H 2+L bncL end∏θ dB, zFig. 2. Cartoon of the phase shift θ d and the correspondingdisplacement 2d sin(θ d /2) acquired by an average ionduring diocotron cycle in the double-well trap.Note that symmetry dictates that the end drift of the wholeion fraction is well represented by the drift of an ioncoming from the electron column center. Upon theirreturn into electron column, after being smashed by theplasma rotation along a circular orbit of radius2d sin(θ d /2), the ions acquire a change in their meansquare-radius(MSR) equal to δr 2 = 2d 2 (1-cosθ d ). Sincewe have assumed that the ion motion becomes stochasticon the diocotron time scale t d = 1/f m , the ions diffuse inthe oscillating m θ -wave perturbation at a rate D m ª δr 2 f m ,which results into the net change of the MSR accumulatedby the whole ion fraction N i during their active lifetime t lfin the electron column equal to( )N Δr ≡ N D τ = N f τ × 1− cos θ . (1)2i i m lf i m lf dAccording to the conservation of canonical angularmomentum 6 , the rate of change in the MSR of ions has tobe balanced by the rate of change in the MSR of thewhole electron column, which moves further off-axis as2N D = N 2 γ d .(2)i m e mThis gives us the instability with the m θ -mode growth ratein the form( N N ) f ⎡ ( )γm=i e m× ⎣1 −cos 2 πτend τbnc⎤⎦ . (3)Using partial neutralization equality for the diocotronmodes, Df m /f m = N i /N e , we can rewrite g m as( )Kabantsev and Driscollγm=Δ fm× ⎡⎣ 1−cos 2 πτend τbnc⎤⎦ , (4)which is much more convenient for comparison to theexperiment, since both g m and Df m can be simultaneouslymeasured. This result is rather remarkable in itssimplicity: the growth rate of any diocotron mode isdefined by its frequency, by plasma’s fractionalneutralization, and by the bounce-averaged phase shiftbetween the ion and electron EμB drifts.In the straightforward comparison to characteristicgrowth rate of classical flute modes 1 , g ~ υ T /L B (whereL B is a scale length for the axial B-field variations), thedouble-well traps case is equivalent to an effectiveL B ~ R p /[1-cos(2pt end /t bnc )], which may get extremelyshort (L B ~ R p /2) from the mirror traps point of view.f mION-INDUCED INSTABILITY OF DIOCOTRON MODESNote that the growth rate g m for the trapped-ioninducedinstability of diocotron modes is also functionallysimilar to the growth rate of the passing-ion-inducedinstability of diocotron modes 7 , which may be expressedas g sp = (N i /N e ) f sp μ[1-cos(2pf R /f sp )]. Here, f sp ≈ 1/t bnc isthe ion single pass time through the electron column, andf R is the electron column rotation frequency. This passingion-inducedinstability gives us the background growthrate in case of modulated ion trapping experiments.II. SOME EXPERMENTAL RESULTSThe growth rates g m (t) for the k z = 0, m θ = 1,2,3…diocotron modes are measured by digitizing the amplitudeA m (t) of corresponding wall potentials induced by thediocotron oscillations at the azimuthally sectoredelectrodes. These amplitudes are verified (and calibrated)by taking corresponding (r,θ ) moments of 2D-densitydistribution of the dumped electron column from a CCDcamera diagnostic 8 . In the experiments, we usually keepthe mode amplitudes, d m (t) ª A m (t)/R w (scaled by the wallradius R w ), small enough (d m § 0.01) to have nonlineareffects well constrained. The trapped ion fractionN i (t)/N e is obtained simultaneously with g m (t) bymeasuring the relative frequency change of the m θ = 1diocotron mode Df 1 (t)/f 1 during modulated ion beamtrapping, since fractional neutralization gives frequencychange as Df 1 = (N i /N e ) f 1 .Figure 3 demonstrates the 2-decade exponentialgrowth of the m θ = 1 diocotron mode in linear regime.Here, the ion fraction N i /N e º 5ÿ10 -4 , and f 1 º 4 kHz(B = 7 kG). Note that f 1 º f R (R p /R w ) 2 . Modes with higherm θ -wave numbers show faster initial growth in accordwith their higher frequencies 9 f m ≈ [m θ -1 + (R p /R w ) 2 ] f R ,i.e., g m / g 1 º f m / f 1 , but then they rapidly approachnonlinear saturation due to spatial Landau damping in theradial edge of the plasma column.While frequencies of diocotron mode are obviousfunction of B (f m ∂ 1/B), their growth rates, normalized bythe ion production (injection current) rate per electron, n i ,show no dependence on B (see Fig. 4). This is consistentwith the measured linear B-scaling of the active ionlifetime t lf ≡ N i /N e n i in electron column (Fig. 5), whichalso indicates an EμB drift nature of the ion radial losses.For our plasma and trap parameters it takes fromhundreds to thousands of diocotron cycles for an averageion to reach the radial edge of electron plasma, and detailsof this process are still ill understood.Besides the rather trivial linear dependence of g m onthe ion fraction, we have also qualitatively verified thesin 2 -dependence, g 1 /Df 1 = 2sin 2 (pt end /t bnc ), on theeffective charge separation. The most simple double-wellconfiguration (adjacent cylinders used to confineelectrons and ions) typically gives us t end /t bnc º 0.1,which should result into the slope g 1 /Df 1 º 0.2. Figure 6TRANSACTIONS OF FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 51 FEB. 2007 97

Broadly, the different bounce-averaged azimuthal drifts ofelectrons and ions tends to polarize the diocotron modedensity perturbations, thereby developing instabilitysimilar to the classical flute MHD-instability of neutralplasmas confined in non-uniform magnetic fields. Themajor factor that distinguishes charged plasma behaviorin our experiment from neutral plasma confinement is thatthis charge separation mainly comes from the two speciessampling different radial electric fields at the plasmacolumn ends (prevalent importance of this effect fordouble-well traps was first mentioned by Pasquini andFajans 15,16 ). However, it allows us an easy control overthe effective drift separation of oppositely charge particlesin the wave perturbation, by simply varying the ratio ofthe ion end transit time t end (by adjusting the end lengthL end or the potentials) to the total bounce time t bnc .As a result, the measured trapped-ion-induced growthrates show a rather simple dependence( N N ) f ⎡1 cos( 2 )γ = × ⎣ − πτ τm i e m end bncverified in a broad range of relevant plasma and trapparameters. Having just the linear reduction factor, N i /N e ,this strong exponential instability has no threshold on thesmallness of the ion fraction, and without paying properattention it may lead to significant rate of particle radialtransport and losses in double-well confinementconfigurations.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was supported by National ScienceFoundation Grant No. PHY0354979.REFERENCESKabantsev and Driscoll[1] M. N. ROSENBLUTH and C. L. LONGMIRE,“Stability of Plasmas Confined by MagneticFields,” Annals of Physics, 1, 120 (1957).[2] G. GABRIELSE et al., “Background-FreeObservation of Cold Antihydrogen with Field-Ionization Analysis of Its States,” Phys. Rev.Letters, 89, 213401 (2002).[3] M. AMORETTI et al., “CompleteNondestructive Diagnostic of NonneutralPlasmas Based on the Detection of ElectrostaticModes,” Phys. Plasmas, 10, 3056 (2003).[4] A. A. Kabantsev et al., “Trapped Particles andAsymmetry-Induced Transport,” Phys. Plasmas,10, 1628 (2003).[5] C. F. DRISCOLL, K. S. FINE and J. H.MALMBERG, “Reduction of Radial Losses in aPure Electron Plasma,” Phys. Fluids, 29, 2015(1986).[6] T. M. O’NEIL, “A Confinement Theory forNonneutral Plasmas,” Phys. Fluids, 23, 2216(1980).⎤⎦ION-INDUCED INSTABILITY OF DIOCOTRON MODES[7] A. A. KABANTSEV and C. F. DRISCOLL,“Fast Measurements of PicoAmp Plasma FlowsUsing Trapped Electron Clouds,” Rev. Sci.Instrum., 75, 3628 (2004).[8] K. S. FINE, W. G. FLYNN, A. C. CASS, and C.F. DRISCOLL, “Relaxation of 2D Turbulence toVortex Crystals,” Phys. Rev. Letters, 75, 3277(1995).[9] S. A. PRASAD and T. M. O’NEIL, “Waves in aCold Pure Electron Plasma of Finite Length,”Phys. Fluids, 26, 665 (1983).[10] R. H. LEVY, J. D. DAUGHERTY, and O.BUNEMANM, “Ion Resonance Instability inGrossly Nonneutral Plasmas,” Phys. Fluids, 12,2616 (1969).[11] A. J. PEURRUNG, J. NOTTE, and J. FAJANS,“Observation of the Ion Resonance Instability,”Phys. Rev. Letters, 70, 295 (1993).[12] J. FAJANS, “Transient Ion ResonanceInstability,” Phys. Fluids B, 5, 3127 (1993).[13] M. R. STONEKING, M. A. GROWDON, M. L.MILNE, and R. T. PETERSON, “Poloidal ExBDrift Used as an Effective Rotational Transformto Achieve Long Confinement Times in aToroidal Electron Plasma,” Phys. Rev, Letters,92, 095003 (2004).[14] G. BETTEGA et al., “ExperimentalInvestigation of the Ion Resonance Instability ina Trapped Electron Plasma,” Plasma Phys.Contr. Fusion, 47, 1697 (2005).[15] T. PASQUINI and J. FAJANS, “Ion ResonanceInstability in a Double Well Trap,” Programme& Abstracts of 3 rd International Conference onTrapped Charged Particles and FundamentalInteractions, Wildbad Kreuth, Germany, August2002, p. 83, 292 nd WE-Heraeus Seminar (2002).[16] T. PASQUINI and J. FAJANS, “Ion ResonanceInstability in a Double Well Trap,” Bull. Am.Phys. Society, Orlando, Florida, November 2002,Vol. 47, No. 9, p. 127, AIP (2002).TRANSACTIONS OF FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL. 51 FEB. 2007 99