Alternative small scale meteorology input to a chemical transport ...

Alternative Small Scale Meteorology Input to a Chemical Transport Model
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of
Drexel University
by
Krassimira Ilieva Lazarova
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
June 2001

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to my advisor, Dr. Kreitzberg, for his patience and support throughout the
years of my study and research. I want to express my sincere gratitude to the person that made my
ideas happen - Dr. Daewon Byun, researcher in the Office of Research and Development,
Research Triangle Park, NC, who devoted his precious time and knowledge to help me realize this
project. I am thankful also to the whole MODELS-3 development team in RTP, NC, and in
particular, Alfreida Torian, who was always there for me, ready to help me communicate with the
right people. The MODELS-3 research team are not only knowledgeable scientists, but they are
also great people. They always offered me a hand when I needed it. I also want to thank Joe Scire
in Earth Tech, Inc, Boston, MA for his help with the CALMET runs - it usually takes a long time to
become an expert in a field and relying on his expertise helped me concentrate on my main goal
instead of getting lost in the woods. I’m grateful to Al Cimorelli in Region III, EPA - the person that
started it all. When I was wandering about and looking for the big project of my life, he offered me
to become a part of his team and work with MODELS-3. If it was not for him, this project would
not have come to my mind at all.
Finally, I would like to thank my husband Guenadiy and my kids Stoyan and Boyan for
their patience and constant support throughout the years of my study. They were with me when I
most needed them. When tough choices had to be made, we were always together.
ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION...........................................................5
2.1. Historical remarks...........................................................................................5
2.2. The “one atmosphere” perspective.................................................................5
2.3. The latest state-of-the-science chemical transport model CMAQ.................7
2.4. Use of a meteorological model with MODELS-3/CMAQ............................9
2.5. Compatibility of meteorological modeling with air quality modeling..........9
2.5.1. The mass conservation problem....................................................11
2.6. Current meteorological data input to CMAQ system in MODELS-3..........11
CHAPTER 3. APPROACH...........................................................................................13
3.1. Alternative meteorological data to CMAQ..................................................13
3.2. Advantages and disadvantages of the alternative
meteorological data......................................................................................16
3.3. Concepts ......................................................................................................18
3.4. Details ..........................................................................................................19
3.4.1. Episode..........................................................................................19
3.4.2. Pollutant.........................................................................................20
iii

3.4.3. Emissions inventory......................................................................21
3.4.4. Domain..........................................................................................21
3.4.5 Investigation on the linkage of CALMET data with CMAQ.........23
3.4.6. Compilation...................................................................................29
3.4.7. Analysis and comparison of the meteorological
inputs to CMAQ............................................................................29
3.4.8. Analysis and comparison of the ozone fields................................30
3.4.9. Obtaining CALMET meteorological fields...................................30
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................32
4.1. Comparison of meteorological data..............................................................32
4.2. Compatibility of CALMET data for input to CMAQ..................................52
CHAPTER 5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT....................................................................60
LIST OF REFERENCES ...............................................................................................62
APPENDIX A: NEW INTERFACE CODES.................................................................64
APPENDIX B: INPUT FILE TO CALMET................................................................111
VITA.............................................................................................................................127
iv

LIST OF TABLES
1. Transformation chart between CMAQ and CALMET land use codes
for mid-summer...............................................................................................................25
v

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Flow chart of the experiment.......................................................................................14
2. MCIP domain, as created by Science Manager in MODELS-3..................................22
3. Simplified MCIP structure..........................................................................................24
4. Computational Grid Points used in MCIP..................................................................27
5a. Surface wind fields on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP..................................................................34
5b. Wind fields at 0.5km on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................35
5c. Wind fields at 1.5km on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................36
6a. Air temperature at surface on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................37
6b. Air temperature at 0.5km on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................38
7a. Surface air pressure on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP..................................................................39
7b. Air pressure at 0.5km on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................40
8. Friction velocity (u*) on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP..................................................................41
9. Convective velocity scale (w*) on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP..................................................................42
10. Mixing (PBL) heights on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................43
vi

11. Inverse Monin-Obukhov length on July 12, 1995, 19Z
from MM5 and CALMET data, processed through MCIP.......................................44
12. Surface heat flux on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................45
13. Moisture flux on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................46
14. Roughness length on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................47
15. Ground temperature on July 12, 1995, 19Z from MM5 and
CALMET data, processed through MCIP.................................................................48
16. Modeled maximum ozone concentration with MM5 meteorology input..................55
17. Modeled maximum ozone concentration with CALMET meteorology input..........56
18. Relative difference between maximum ozone concentrations modeled by CMAQ
with MM5 and CALMET meteorology inputs..........................................................57
19. Two sample QQ plot of maximum ozone concentrations modeled by CMAQ
with MM5 and CALMET meteorology inputs.........................................................58
vii

ABSTRACT
Alternative Small Scale Meteorology Input to a Chemical Transport Model
Krassimira Lazarova
Dr. Carl Kreitzberg Supervisor
In order to respond to the increasing demand for better understanding of the
environment, air quality studies at different scales are required. The Community Multi-scale Air
Quality Model (CMAQ) chemical transport model is designed to handle all major scales of
interest. However, the meteorology input to the model has to represent adequately the
atmospheric conditions at these scales. So far, the meteorological input to CMAQ has been
supplied by the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University / National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5).
This research suggests another way to obtain small scale meteorological data from
coarse resolution MM5 data instead of further running MM5 at fine resolution - a “prognostic-
diagnostic mix” approach. We propose to use a diagnostic model to supply the meteorological
data from coarse resolution MM5 data. The challenges of the linking process as well as air
quality results from CMAQ are investigated. A proof of concept is presented.
viii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, adequate modeling of transport, diffusion and chemical transformation
of air pollutants became more and more important. In order to respond to this demand, the air
quality modeling community has searched for the most complete and advanced air quality
models incorporating more sophisticated data. The latest state-of-the-science system, that
represents a powerful air quality modeling and assessment tool, is the Community Multiscale Air
Quality (CMAQ) Modeling system (Byun et al., 1999). It is designed to support air quality
modeling applications ranging from regulatory issues to science inquiries on atmospheric
processes.
The CMAQ system can address tropospheric ozone, acid deposition, visibility, fine
particulate and other air pollutant issues in the context of “one atmosphere” perspective, where
complex interactions between atmospheric pollutants on different scales (continental, regional,
urban) take place. The CMAQ system is the core of the high performance computational
MODELS-3 framework, designed to manage air quality simulations.
The MODELS-3 framework is an advanced computational platform that provides a
sophisticated and powerful modeling environment for the science and regulatory communities.
The framework provides tools to develop and analyze emission control options, integrate
related science components into a state-of-the-art air quality modeling system and apply
graphical and analytical tools for facilitating model applications and evaluations. Descriptions of
the MODELS-3 architecture and CMAQ modeling system are provided in US EPA, 1999 or
1

at http://www.epa.gov/asmdnerl/models3/index.html. The MODELS-3 framework allows
management of the following major components: meteorology-chemistry preprocessing
(providing sophisticated meteorological data to the CMAQ), emissions preprocessing
(providing detailed gridded emissions to the CMAQ), chemical transport process (the CMAQ
itself), visualization manager (tools for visualizing results), program or dataset managers (tools
for registering programs or datasets in the framework).
In this study, the focus will be mainly on the meteorology-chemistry preprocessor. In
order to properly run an air quality simulation, the chemical transport model requires a
consistent meteorological description of the atmosphere. In the past, the meteorology was
provided through 12-hour upper air analyses and hourly surface analyses. However, more local
(higher resolution) effects must be captured by air quality modeling efforts. One way to “fill the
gap” is to use a meteorological model as a “dynamic analysis tool”. In the current release of
MODELS-3 as of June 1999, the fifth generation Pennsylvania State University / National
Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used as the provider of
meteorological data to CMAQ.
MM5 is a complex, state-of-the-science prognostic meteorological model, used to
forecast the atmospheric conditions, based on the primitive equations of momentum,
thermodynamics and moisture for the variables temperature, specific moisture, wind
components and pressure. Detailed description and further references can be found at
http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5-home.html. Meteorological models like MM5 can add
scientific credibility to the air quality simulations through the use of advanced theory and
2

techniques (Otte, 1999). It must be acknowledged, though, that better science does not always
lead to a better solution. There are cases when diagnostic analyses are more realistic
representations of the atmosphere than the prognostic meteorological model. For example, the
prognostic meteorological models performance is best on regional or continental scales (coarse
resolution data), but it is very difficult to run a prognostic meteorological model at higher
resolutions. For fine scales (e.g. urban scales) more realistic data could be supplied by
diagnostic models. Diagnostic meteorological models use observational meteorological data
and/or prognostic coarse resolution meteorological data and compute meteorological
parameters using objective analysis techniques without having to solve the prognostic equations
of motion. The diagnostic models do not predict future developments of the atmosphere, they
just assess its current condition. Thus, the diagnostic meteorological description of the
atmosphere would be closer to observations, especially when local effects might be important
(e.g. fine resolutions and small domains).
The purpose of this research is to provide diagnostic meteorological data to CMAQ for
high resolution studies, test the adequacy of the results and assess the advantages and
disadvantages of this alternative source of meteorological data for air quality models like
CMAQ. This attempt was never previously attempted for two reasons:
· Air quality models have not demanded advanced meteorological description of the
atmosphere in the past: Until recently, air quality models have represented a simplified
transport and transformation of atmospheric pollutants. These models have not
demanded very complicated meteorological description of the atmosphere.
3

· Air quality models that demanded sophisticated meteorological data have not been run
on small scales. Small scale studies with sophisticated Eulerian models became possible
with the introduction of the CMAQ air quality modeling system. There are still venues to
be investigated in this area.
Providing high resolution meteorological data allows air quality modeling to explore
urban and smaller scales, since no restrictions are imposed on the air quality models in terms of
spatial resolution. Providing diagnostic meteorological data could make this task easier without
involving additional computer and human resources. The validity of this approach will be tested
by comparing air quality results from CMAQ with MM5 data against CMAQ results with
diagnostic data.
A list of the most used abbreviations throughout the text follows:
MODELS-3 Computational platform for air quality modeling, includes CMAQ
CMAQ Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system
MM5 Prognostic Mesoscale Meteorological Model
CALMET Diagnostic Meteorological Model
MCIP Meteorology - Chemistry Interface Processor
4

2.1. Historical remarks
CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Ambient air composition over the Earth has undergone several changes throughout the
years. Anthropogenic activities, especially since the 17-th century, when coal began to replace
wood as the primary source of energy, have played a significant role in the earth’s atmosphere
balance. These anthropogenic pollutants have often generated locally unhealthful air quality with
short term episodic effects or difficult to predict adverse effects. The emergence of petroleum
products in the twentieth century has characterized a new industrial revolution and the
recognition that petroleum products are responsible for the so called “photochemical” summer
smog, like the smog in the Los Angeles area. The last decades of the twentieth century have
been characterized by a growing interest in long range air pollution transport phenomena and
global effects.
These days, the society is showing increasing interest towards the air quality and the
environment. In response, air quality modeling has increasingly become a more important part of
the study of the environment. Modeling, like monitoring, is not the solution to the air pollution
problem. But modeling provides a powerful tool for studying the environment and, with the
advance of science, to better represent the real processes in the atmosphere.
2.2. The “one atmosphere” perspective
Comprehensive air quality modeling of large domains started in the late 1970's. The
5

major modeling systems from this period were the Sulfur Transport and Emissions Model
(STEM) (Carmichael and Peters, 1984a, 1984b), the Regional Acid Deposition Model
(RADM) (Chang et al., 1987), the Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) (Venkatram
et al., 1988), the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) (Morris and Meyers, 1990). These models
were designed to address specific air pollution issues such as ozone or acid deposition and to
be applied under relatively prescriptive implementation guidance strategies. Thus, flexibility to
deal with other issues, such as particulate matter or toxics, was very limited.
Additional air pollution issues were identified, including visibility, fine and coarse
particles, semi-volatile organic species, and nutrient deposition to water bodies. The direct
response approach was to modify, adapt or extend current models to handle more complex
implementations. This approach was both cumbersome and limiting. Seeking a more strategic
approach to handle the increased modeling requirements, more comprehensive modeling
approaches were needed. With increasing computer capabilities, the opportunity arose for
design of a system that would both meet and keep pace with the increasing requirements on air
quality modeling and incorporating advances in state-of-science descriptions of the atmospheric
processes.
To simulate the air quality and weather phenomena realistically, adaptation of the “one
atmosphere” perspective is necessary. This perspective is based on “first principles” description
of the atmosphere and emphasizes that the influence of interactions at different dynamic scales
and among multi-pollutants cannot be ignored. For example, descriptions of processes critical to
producing oxidants, acid and nutrient depositions, and fine particles are too closely related to
6

treat independently. Proper modeling of these air pollutants requires that the broad range of
temporal and spatial scales of multi-pollutant interactions be considered simultaneously. Another
key aspect of the “one atmosphere” perspective is the dynamic description of the atmospheric
processes.
Previously, many meteorological models have been built with limited atmospheric
dynamics assumptions. To simplify the model development process, the governing equations
were first simplified to match the target problems, then computer codes were developed. This
approach enabled rapid development of models. However, to provide the scalability in
describing atmospheric dynamics, a fully compressible governing set of equations is preferable.
For successful “one atmosphere” simulations, it is imperative to also have a constant algorithmic
linkage between meteorological and chemical transport models.
2.3. The latest state-of-the-science chemical transport model CMAQ
The result of six years devotion and scientific efforts to accomplish the “one
atmosphere” goal is the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ), called also
CMAQ Chemical Transport Model (CCTM).
The most important requirement of the CMAQ modeling system is to maintain a
consistent description of the atmosphere for different meteorological and chemical transport
models. Various coordinate systems are used in the meteorological models. Selection of a
suitable coordinate system is an important step of model formulation. If a Chemical Transport
Model (CTM) can be formulated and coded using a generalized coordinate system, it would be
7

easy to switch from one coordinate to another depending on the application. This way a single
CTM formulation can adapt to any of the coordinates commonly used in meteorological models.
Unlike a model with a fixed coordinate system, a generalized coordinate system allows use of
generic coordinates for the specific science processes within a model. That means each science
process can utilize the parameterizations based on the best coordinates to represent the
problem. For example, the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations can be expressed
in terms of geometric height, or dimensionless height scaled with PBL height, or in terms of
pressure for cloud physics.
The linkages between the generic coordinate parameterizations in the science processes
and the governing equations in the generalized coordinates are established through the
application of appropriate coordinate transformation rules. The derivation of the governing
equations in the generalized coordinates for the CMAQ and the assumptions for that derivation
are presented in detail in Chapter 6 of Byun et al., 1999.
Chemical transformations are another important part of the CMAQ system. In this study
ozone formation and distribution is used as a testing tool. Ozone is not emitted directly in the
atmosphere, but is formed through a set of photochemical reactions of nitric oxides (NOx) and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by anthropogenic and natural sources. The sun
light provides the necessary energy to break the chemical bounds in the molecules and produce
atomic oxigen, which in turn reacts with molecular oxigen to form ozone. The photochemical
mechanism of ozone production and loss is quite complex and the reaction rates depend on
amount of solar radiation and air temperature.
8

2.4. Use of a meteorological model with MODELS-3/CMAQ
In order to properly run an air quality modeling simulation, the chemistry model needs a
proper meteorological characterization of the atmosphere. With the simpler air quality models,
the meteorology was provided through a series of diagnostic analyses that typically included 12-
hourly upper-air soundings and hourly surface analyses. However, more local effects have to be
captured by air quality models. The observational network (sparse at its best), can not resolve
features of the order of 20 kilometers and several hours, particularly close to the surface. One
way to provide the required data is to use a meteorological model as a “dynamic analysis” tool.
A meteorological model can provide a dynamically consistent evolution of the atmosphere at
more frequent time intervals and higher resolutions than observations.
2.5. Compatibility of meteorological modeling with air quality modeling
Air quality modeling should be viewed as an integral part of atmospheric modeling. The
governing equations and computational algorithms should be consistent and compatible.
Previously, many atmospheric models have been built with limited atmospheric dynamics
assumptions. However, the dynamic assumptions and choice of coordinates should not precede
the computational structure of the modeling system.
The characteristics of an air quality model simulations are heavily dependent on the
9

quality of meteorological data. Meteorological data for air quality models can be provided either
by diagnostic models, which analyze observations at surface meteorological sites and upper air
soundings, or by dynamic meteorological models. Development of a fully coupled chemistry
transport model to a meteorological modeling system should satisfy the following requirements
(Byun et al, 1999):
(i) Scalable dynamics and thermodynamics: Use of fully compressible form of governing
equations and flexible coordinate system that can deal with multiscale dynamics;
(ii) Unified governing set of equations: Not only the weather forecasting, dynamics and
thermodynamics research, but also the air quality studies should rely on the same
general governing set of equations describing the atmosphere;
(iii) Cell based mass conservation: As opposed to the simple conservation of domain
total mass, cell based conservation of the scalar (conserving) quantities is needed. Use
of proper thermodynamic variables, such as density instead of pressure and
temperature, and representation of governing equations in the conservation form rather
than in the advective form are recommended;
(iv) State-of-the-art data assimilation method: Not only the surface measurements and
upper air soundings, but also other observation data obtained through remote sensing
and other in situ means must be included for the data assimilation;
(v) Multi-scale physics descriptions: It has been known that certain parameterizations of
physical processes, including clouds, used in present weather forecasting models are
scale dependent. General parameterization schemes capable of dealing with a wide
10

spectrum of spatial and temporal scales are needed.
2.5.1. The mass conservation problem
For air quality simulations, mass conservation is the most important physical constraint.
This is because it is unrealistic to have injection of pollutant mass through any other means than a
real source emission process. Therefore, conserving mass of a passive trace pollutant is a
necessary property of an air quality model.
On the other hand, the main objective of many meteorological models has been to
predict synoptic or mesoscale weather phenomena. Therefore, major design considerations are
focused on issues, such as energy conservation, or energy cascade under non-linear wave-wave
interactions. Conservation of mass is not usually as emphasized as the other constraints. Also,
the predictive quantities are generally thermodynamic variables, such as temperature and
pressure. The conservation equation for air density is rarely solved directly in the meteorological
models because it is considered inappropriate in hydrostatic models. Usually air density is
computed from the equation for the state of ideal gas. Also, the predictive equations for the
moisture variables are often written in an advective form, rather than a continuity equation form.
However, air quality simulations rely mostly on the continuity equation. The success of a
simulation is heavily dependent on the consistency of air density and wind data (i.e. how well
they satisfy the continuity equation).
11

2.6. Current meteorological data input to the CMAQ system in MODELS-3
Meteorological data input to air quality studies is the scope of this research.
Meteorological data are important in many of the processes simulated in the CMAQ system
included in MODELS-3. The meteorology model that has been selected and evaluated with
CMAQ is the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University / National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). MM5 is based on primitive physical equations
of momentum, thermodynamics and moisture for the variables temperature, specific humidity,
wind components, and pressure. MM5 can be run either as a hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic
model. In the hydrostatic model, the variables are explicitly predicted. In the non-hydrostatic
model, pressure, temperature and density are defined in terms of a reference state and
perturbations from the reference state. MM5 is non-mass conserving in the non-hydrostatic
mode (Otte, 1999). The vertical (sigma_p) coordinate is defined as a function of pressure. The
model’s prognostic equations are thoroughly discussed in Grell et al. (1994) and Dudhia et al.
(1998). MM5 is designed for forecasts at different spatial scales - grid dimensions from
hundreds of kilometers down to 4 km. or even less. Different physical processes are important
at different scales and MM5 users are allowed to choose from alternative schemes for them.
MM5 users are also allowed to use a four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) throughout the
simulations where artificial (non-physical) forcing functions are added to the model’s prognostic
equations to nudge the solutions towards either a verifying analysis or observations. MM5
documentation, along with other publications, is also available at
http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5-home.html.
12

CHAPTER 3. APPROACH
3.1. Alternative meteorological data to CMAQ
In order to respond to the increasing demand for better understanding of the
environment, air quality studies at different scales are required. For example, regional scale air
quality studies are needed for multi-state ozone transport, while small scale studies would
answer specific questions concerning domains on the size of metropolitan areas. The CMAQ
chemical transport model is designed to handle these scales of interest. However, the
meteorology input to the model have to adequately represent the atmospheric conditions at
these scales. This research is focused on providing an adequate alternative meteorological
input to the chemistry-transport model at small scales. So far, the meteorological input to
CMAQ has been supplied by MM5. MM5 simulations require highly skilled analysts which are
not generally available among the air quality modelers working in the regulatory community.
MM5 always has to be run separately by a meteorological team. As a matter of fact, coarse
resolution meteorological data are available in the meteorological research community and can
easily be provided for almost all episodes of interest. However, fine resolution data are not
widely available because of the computer time and resources involved.
This research suggests another way to obtain small scale meteorological data from
coarse resolution MM5 data instead of further running MM5 at fine resolution - a “prognostic-
diagnostic mix” approach (see Figure 1). We propose to use a “smart interpolator” to diagnose
the meteorological data from coarse resolution MM5 data. This process could save computer
13

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Comparison of meteorological data
The meteorological data that is provided to CMAQ, undergoes preprocessing in
MCIP. An investigation of possible ways to process CALMET data in MCIP was made. The
results revealed two options, summarized below:
(i) MCIP can accept meteorological parameters, such as air temperature, pressure,
density and wind fields, and can diagnose atmospheric characteristics necessary for CMAQ,
such as PBL scales and surface layer fluxes.
(ii) MCIP can be redesigned to accept from CALMET not only the basic
meteorological parameters mentioned above, but also surface layer and PBL characteristics
available from CALMET instead of re-diagnosing them.
The first option was explored with the assumption that the temperature of earth’s
surface (ground temperature) is the same as the temperature of the air just above it. After
processing the meteorological data and running CMAQ with it, the results showed a high
sensitivity of MCIP to ground temperature. Ground temperature appears to be a critical
parameter for computation of all PBL and surface layer characteristics. MCIP uses the
difference between surface air temperature and ground temperature to compute practically all
surface layer parameters. Therefore, alternative ways need to be investigated further for proper
modeling of ground temperature.
The second option allows the use of additional CALMET data directly in MCIP. This
32

educes eventual inconsistencies in the meteorological data input to CMAQ. An additional
subroutine was included in the package to bypass the unnecessary computations of PBL and
surface layer parameters. This alternative way uses PBL height, friction velocity, Monin-
Obukhov length, and land use data from CALMET to compute other necessary parameters,
such as sensible heat flux, moisture flux, albedo, roughness length, convective velocity scale, net
radiation. A printout of the code PBLSUP.F can be found in Appendix A.
A comparison between the two meteorological data inputs to CMAQ was made. To
illustrate the similarities and differences between the two meteorological inputs, one snapshot
was chosen in the four-day scenario - July 12, 1995, 19Z (or 2:00 pm EST).This time was
selected for the following reasons:
(i) Early afternoons (around 2pm local solar time) are times of great contrasts and if any
major differences occur, they should be most pronounced during these times;
(ii) Early afternoons are also times of maximum observed and modeled ozone
concentrations;
(iii) Other snapshots at night, early morning, and late evening were compared and no
substantially different information was drawn from these comparisons.
33

LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Byun, Daewon W., J. K. Ching (eds.),1999, Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3
Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, EPA/600/R-99/030
2. Carmichael G.R. and L.K. Peters 1984a, An Eulerian transport /transformation/ removal
model for SO2 and sulfate I. Model development, Atmos. Environ. 18:937-952
3.Carmichael G.R.and L.K. Peters 1984b, An Eulerian transport/transformation/removal model
for SO2 and sulfate II. Model calculation of Sox transport in the Eastern United States, Atmos.
Environ. 20:173-188
4. Chang,J.S., R.A. Brost, I.S.A. Isaksen, S. Madronich, P.B .Middleton, W.R. Stockwell,
and C.J. Walcek, 1987, A three-dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical
Concepts and Formulation, J. Geophy. Res. 92: 14681-14700
5. Dudhia, J., D. Grill, Y.R. Guo, D. Hansen, K. Manning, W. Wang, 1998,: PSU/NCAR
mesoscale modeling system tutorial class notes (MM5 modeling system version 2) - Available
from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
6. Grell, G.A., J. Dudhia, and D.R. Stauffer, 1994, A description of the fifth-generation Penn
State / NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398+STR, 117pp. -
Available from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO
80307
7. MODELS-3 User’s Guide, U.S. EPA, 1998, EPA Third Generation Air Quality Modeling
System, EPA 600/R98/069(b), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8. Morris, R.E. and T.C. Meyers, 1990, User’s Guide for the Urban Airshed Model, Volume1:
User’s Manual for UAM(CB-IV). EPA-450/4-90-007A. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
9. Otte, Tanya L., 1999, Using MM5 Version 2 with Models-3/CMAQ: A User’s guide and
Tutorial, EPA-600/R99/065
10. Schichtel, Bret A., R. B. Husar,1997, A Graphical Explanation of a Regional Ozone
Episode, http://capita.wusl.edu/otag/reports/o3epi95/o3epi95.html
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11. Scire, J. S., F. R. Robe, M. E. Fernau, R. J. Yamartino, 1999, A User’s guide for the
Calmet Meteorological Model (Version 5.0), Concord, MA: Earth Tech Inc.
12. Venkatram, A.K. and P.K. Karamchandani, 1998, The ADOM II Scavenging Module.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering Report 0780-004-205, Camarillo, CA
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APPENDIX A: NEW INTERFACE CODES
C SUBROUTINE GETMET_CALMET
SUBROUTINE GETMET ( SDATE, STIME, ISTAT, ISESN, MOUTFRQ)
C***********************************************************************
C FUNCTION:
C CALMET version
C read the met header info and met arrays from the
C archived meteorological simulation output file
C on the meteorology model domain and resolution
C
C (1) calls READCM to input met header info
C and met arrays;
C (2) checks the starting date and time
C (3) converts met landuse categories into ctm ones
C (4) extracts CTM-relevant meteorological and physical
C fields from met arrays ("F_" arrays at met grid)
C into ctm arrays ("X" arrays at extended ctm grid)
C (5) performs necessary horizontal interpolation on
C the "X" arrays
C (6) calls otther routines to compute
C supplementary "X" arrays.
C
C NOTE: FOR THE TIME BEING ONLY NTHIK=0 IS OPERATIONAL!!!!!
C
C DEPENDENT UPON: 'CMINPUT.EXT' for dimension parameters
C
C INPUT:
C CALMET FILE, REQUIRED by MCIP
C CALMET DATA AVAILABLE THROUGH 'CMINPUT.EXT'
C
C OUTPUT:
C 'X-Arrays' defined in 'MCIPCOM.EXT'
C Units for output ---> in m, s, kg, K, pa, etc. (MKS)
C
C REVISION HISTORY:
C CREATED January 20, 2001 by Krassi & Daewon
C***********************************************************************
IMPLICIT NONE
C** I/O API include files
INCLUDE SUBST_IOPARMS
INCLUDE SUBST_IOFDESC
INCLUDE SUBST_IODECL
C
64

C** Set up includes for grid & universal constants
C
INCLUDE SUBST_HGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_VGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_COORD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_CONST
INCLUDE 'MCIPPARM.EXT' ! params for mcip
INCLUDE 'MCIPCOM.EXT' ! commons for mcip
INCLUDE 'LRADMDAT.EXT'
C
C** Set up includes and array dimensions for CALMET
INCLUDE 'CMINPUT.EXT'
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C
C** LOCAL INDICES
C for setting Coarse domain wind to satisfy fine grid domain
C
INTEGER NCG_I, NCG_J ! window size in terms of MET grid
SAVE NCG_I, NCG_J ! keep in the memory
INTEGER NITER, ILU
C
C** Local scratch variables
C
INTEGER SDATE ! TIMESTEP'S START DATE
INTEGER STIME ! TIMESTEP'S START TIME
INTEGER ISTAT ! STATUS RETURNED FROM SANITY CHECKS
INTEGER ISESN ! season of year code
C
INTEGER NSTEPS ! run duration: number of output time steps
INTEGER NREPS ! number of model time steps per output step
INTEGER ISTEP ! current output time step number
INTEGER IREP ! model step number within this output step
REAL*8 XCENT_M
REAL*8 YCENT_M
REAL*8 XORIG_M
REAL*8 YORIG_M
REAL*8 XCELL_M
REAL*8 YCELL_M
REAL VGTOP_M
REAL MOUTFRQ ! Output frequency of MET data in min.
REAL MET_RESOL ! Resolution of met. model in meters
REAL RNDX ! real NDX
REAL RNTHIK
REAL XORIG_W
65

C
C
C
C
REAL YORIG_W
REAL XORIG_X
REAL YORIG_X
REAL XORIG_CTM
REAL YORIG_CTM
INTEGER J0_CTM, I0_CTM
INTEGER I, J, K, L, LP1
INTEGER COL, ROW
REAL TSFC, TS0, TEMPM, TEMPF ! scratch for temperature
REAL PRESS, PRESM, PRESF ! scratch for pressure
REAL P00, RH00, GAMMA, PWR
SAVE P00, RH00
REAL AA, BB, CC, LNP ! scratch for Po coord.
SAVE AA, BB, CC, LNP
INTEGER LVL, NCELLS
INTEGER C, R
INTEGER II, JJ, KK, IW, JW, IIL, JJL
INTEGER LAY0, LAY1, ROW0, ROW1, ROW2, COL0, COL1, COL2
SAVE LAY0, LAY1, ROW0, ROW1, ROW2, COL0, COL1, COL2
CHARACTER*16 PNAME
DATA PNAME / 'GETMET_CALMET' /
LOGICAL FIRST
SAVE FIRST
DATA FIRST / .TRUE. /
LOGICAL SECOND
SAVE SECOND
LOGICAL COLFLAG, ROWFLAG
DATA COLFLAG /.TRUE./, ROWFLAG /.TRUE./
REAL AMISS ! missing data
DATA AMISS /-9.00E36/
REAL EPSILON, AMOLMIN, AMOLMAX
DATA EPSILON/1.E-10/, AMOLMIN/4.0/, AMOLMAX/1000.0/
C IF FIRST RUN - READ HEADER
IF (FIRST) THEN
C OPEN CALMET FILE & READ HEADER RECORDS
CALL READCM
C Compute latitude, longitude, map scale factors
CALL CAL_LATLON
C YYYY, DDD, HH ready from readcm.F-no conversion needed
C Read 2D and 3D data from the CALMET file first time
66

SDATE = YYYY*1000 + DDD ! YYYYDDD
STIME = HH*10000 + MINS*100 ! HHMMSS (SS = 00)
MOUTFRQ = TAPFRQ/60. ! sec -> mins
IF (JUDATE.NE.YYYY*1000+DDD .OR. HSTRT.NE.HH) THEN
WRITE (*,*) ' Starting date or time of Met. domain file'
WRITE (*,*) ' does not agree with user input on unit 9.'
WRITE (*,*) JUDATE, SDATE, HSTRT, HH
GOTO 1010
ENDIF ! JUDATE & HSTRT are defined in MCIPPARM.EXT common
C NOTE: For now, X3TOP is supposed to be in Pa and mean pressure
C at top of model. The following is computation of reference
C X3TOP for mid summer. Further generalization is needed.
P00 = 100000.0 ! 1000 mb = 100000 Pa
PWR = 3.42/0.65 ! Gamma_a/gamma
GAMMA = 0.0065 ! temperature lapse rate (deg/m)
TS0 = 290.0 ! reference temp. in mid-summer
X3TOP = P00*(1.0-GAMMA*F_ZTOP/TS0)**PWR ! pressure at top
write(*,*) 'X3TOP=',X3TOP
RNDX = REAL( NDX )
X_RESOL = RESOLN / RNDX
C** if the difference of the finer grid resolution computed from
C MET data and provided in COORD.EXT are different more than 1.0m,
C stop calculation
C
IF ( ABS( X_RESOL - XCELL_GD) .GT. 1.0 ) THEN
WRITE (*,*)' Resol. for fine MET grid and CTM do not match'
WRITE (*,*)' Reset either XCELL_GD in COORD.EXT with ', X_RESOL
WRITE (*,*)' Or, NDX in MCIPPARM.EXT with ',INT(RESOLN/XCELL_GD)
GOTO 1010
END IF
NCG_J = 1 + INT( ( NCOLS + 2 * NTHIK - 1) / RNDX )
NCG_I = 1 + INT( ( NROWS + 2 * NTHIK - 1) / RNDX )
C
C** check origins of CTM domain and CALMET from offsets
C (J0, I0) = (COL_OFFSET, ROW_OFFSET)
C take into account resolution of MET, CTM and NTHIK
XCENT_M = XCENT_D
YCENT_M = YCENT_D
C
XORIG_M = XORIGR
YORIG_M = YORIGR
C
XORIG_W = XORIG_M + REAL(J0) * RESOLN
67

C
YORIG_W = YORIG_M + REAL(I0) * RESOLN
XCELL_M = RESOLN
YCELL_M = RESOLN
print *, 'XORIG_W = ', XORIG_W
C ** assume NDX = power of 3
NITER=NINT(LOG(RNDX)/LOG(3.0))
C
C
XORIG_X = XORIG_W
YORIG_X = YORIG_W
IF (NITER.GE.1) THEN
DO I = 1, NITER
XORIG_X = XORIG_X + RESOLN / 3**I
YORIG_X = YORIG_X + RESOLN / 3**I
END DO
END IF
write(*,*) ' XORIG_X, YORIG_X = ', XORIG_X, YORIG_X
RNTHIK = REAL( NTHIK )
XORIG_CTM = XORIG_X + RNTHIK * XCELL_GD
YORIG_CTM = YORIG_X + RNTHIK * YCELL_GD
write(*,*) ' XORIG_CTM, YORIG_CTM = ', XORIG_CTM, YORIG_CTM
J0_CTM = NINT ( (XORIG_GD-(RNTHIK+0.5*(RNDX-1.0))*XCELL_GD
& - XORIG_M) / XCELL_M )
I0_CTM = NINT ( (YORIG_GD-(RNTHIK+0.5*(RNDX-1.0))*YCELL_GD
& - YORIG_M) / YCELL_M )
C
C** if the difference of the origins computed and provided
C in COORD.EXT is more than 1.0 m, stop calculation
C
IF ( ABS( XORIG_CTM - XORIG_GD) .GT. 1.0 ) THEN
WRITE (*,*)' Origins of domain for CTM do not match'
WRITE (*,*)' Reset either XORIG_GD in COORD.EXT with ',XORIG_CTM
WRITE (*,*)' Or, COL_OFFSET (J0) with ', J0_CTM
COLFLAG = .FALSE.
END IF
C
IF ( ABS( YORIG_CTM - YORIG_GD) .GT. 1.0 ) THEN
WRITE (*,*)' Origins of domain for CTM do not match'
WRITE (*,*)' Reset either YORIG_GD in COORD.EXT with ',YORIG_CTM
WRITE (*,*)' Or, ROW_OFFSET (I0) with ', I0_CTM
ROWFLAG = .FALSE.
END IF
68

IF ( .NOT. COLFLAG ) GOTO 1010
IF ( .NOT. ROWFLAG ) GOTO 1010
C Vertical grid type definition and sigf information
VGTYP3D = 6 !VGHVAL3 - meters above ground for CALMET
C** Layer definition for MET coordinate
C (monotonic increase with height)
C compute XX3FACE & XX3MIDL (layer face & middle coord. definitions)
C XX3FACE & XX3MIDL arrays are dimensioned in MCIPCOM.EXT and
C monotonically increasing with height
C
C
C
C
DO K = 0, METLAY
XX3FACE (K) = F_ZFACE(K) - F_ZFACE(0)
END DO
DO K = 1, METLAY
XX3MIDL (K) = 0.5 * ( XX3FACE (K-1) + XX3FACE (K) )
END DO
write(*,*) ' METROW, METCOL, LURADM = ', METROW, METCOL, LURADM
write(*,*) 'lutype=',LUTYPE
IF(LUTYPE .EQ. 3) THEN
C
C Translation of CALMET landuse category to RADM LU
write(*,*) 'Landuse 14-category to 11-category translation'
C
C------------------------------------------------------------------
C Change CALMET 14 landuse categories to RADM 11 categories
C Also, change percentages to fractions
C ----------------------------------------------------------
C MM5 CATEGORIES RADM CALMET
C ----------------------------------------------------------
C 1 URBAN LAND 1 10
C 2 AGRICULTURE LAND 2 20,-20
C 3 RANGE-GRASSLAND 3 30
C 4 DECIDUOUS FOREST 4 40
C 5 CONIFEROUS FOREST 5 61
C 6 MIXED FOREST AND WET LAND 6 62
C 7 WATER 7 50,51,55
C 8 MARSH OR WET LAND 9 60
C 9 DESERT 8 70
C 10 TUNDRA 10 80
C 11 PERMANENT ICE 11 90
C 12 TROPICAL FOREST 5 61
C 13 SAVANNAH 10 80
C ? MIXED AGRICULTURE/RANGELAND 3 30
C ---------------------------------------------------------
69

C
write(*,*) 'LANDUSE CATEGORIES CONVERSION'
DO J = 1,METCOL
DO I = 1,METROW
DO L = 1, LURADM
F_XLUSE (I,J,L) = 0.
ENDDO
ILU = INT(ABS(F_LANDUSE(I,J)/10.))
IF ( ILU .EQ. 1 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 1) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 2 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 2) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 3 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 3) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 4 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 4) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 5 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 7) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 7 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 8) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 8 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 10) = 1.0
IF ( ILU .EQ. 9 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 11) = 1.0
IF ( F_LANDUSE(I,J).EQ. 60 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 9) = 1.0
IF ( F_LANDUSE(I,J).EQ. 61 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 5) = 1.0
IF ( F_LANDUSE(I,J).EQ. 62 ) F_XLUSE(I,J, 6) = 1.0
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
END IF
C
C** fill out for dot point interpolation
C
DO JW = 1,NCG_J
c JJ = J0 + JW - 1
JJ = J0 + JW
COL = (JW-1)*NDX + 1
DO IW = 1,NCG_I
c II = I0 + IW - 1
II = I0 + IW
ROW = (IW-1)*NDX + 1
XLATD(COL,ROW) = 0.25*( F_LATC(II-1,JJ-1) + F_LATC(II,JJ)
& + F_LATC(II-1,JJ) + F_LATC(II,JJ-1) )
XLOND(COL,ROW) = 0.25*( F_LONC(II-1,JJ-1) + F_LONC(II,JJ)
& + F_LONC (II-1,JJ) + F_LONC(II,JJ-1) )
XMAPD(COL,ROW) = F_DOTMAP (II,JJ)
END DO
END DO
C
C** fill out for cross point interpolation
C
DO JW = 1,NCG_J ! y-window size for MET
c JJ = J0 + JW - 1 ! coarse y-grid index for MET
70

JJ = J0 + JW ! coarse y-grid index for MET
COL = (JW-1)*NDX + 1 ! extended CTM grid index
DO IW = 1,NCG_I ! x-window size
c II = I0 + IW - 1 ! coarse x-grid index
II = I0 + IW ! coarse x-grid index
ROW = (IW-1)*NDX + 1 ! extended CTM grid index
XLATC (COL,ROW) = F_LATC (II,JJ)
XLONC (COL,ROW) = F_LONC (II,JJ)
XMAPC (COL,ROW) = F_CROMAP (II,JJ)
XTOPO (COL,ROW) = F_ELEV (II,JJ)
END DO
END DO
C
C** Interpolate 2D constant fields for high resolution grid
C
C
write(*,*) ' interpolate if NDX larger than 1 '
IF (NDX .GT. 1) THEN
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XLATD )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XLOND )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XMAPD )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XLATC )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XLONC )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XMAPC )
CALL BILIN2D ( NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, XTOPO )
END IF
XFLAGS (LXX3FACE,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXX3FACE,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXX3MIDL,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXX3MIDL,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXLATD,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXLATD,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXLOND,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXLOND,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXMAPD,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXMAPD,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXLATC,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXLATC,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXLONC,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXLONC,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXMAPC,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXMAPC,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXTOPO,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXTOPO,3) = PNAME
71

C** Fill out additional 2D constant fields
C
C for given surface topography, compute reference pressure
C based on seasonal TOS (reference temp at sea level) used by MM5
C
C 270 K - Polar
C 280 K - midlatitude winter
C 290 K - midlatitude summer
C 300 K - tropics
C
C The temp. difference for the e-folding depth is set to be A=50K
C Reference pressure = 1000 mb = 100000 Pa.
C
!!!! note that following procedure is used just to create a
!!! reference temperature, pressure and density distribution
!!! at time step 0.
!!! For real simulation, this information may not be used.
C
C
IF ( ABS( YCENT_M ) .LT. 15.0 ) THEN
TS0 = 300.0 ! tropics
ELSE IF ( ABS( YCENT_M ) .GT. 75.0 ) THEN
TS0 = 270.0 ! polar
ELSE IF ( ISESN .EQ. 3 ) THEN
TS0 = 280.0 ! midlatitude winter
ELSE IF ( ISESN .EQ. 1 ) THEN
TS0 = 290.0 ! midlatitude summer
ELSE
TS0 = 285.0 ! otherwise
END IF
AA = 50.0
P00 = 100000.0 ! 1000 mb = 100000 Pa
RH00 = P00 / ( RDGAS * STDTEMP )
LNP = LOG( P00 )
BB = TS0 - AA * LNP
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
CC = XTOPO (C,R) * GRAV/RDGAS -
& ( 0.5 * AA * LNP + BB) * LNP
PRESS = EXP( ( -BB + SQRT( BB*BB-2.0*AA*CC ) ) / AA )
XPRESF (C,R,0) = PRESS
TSFC = TS0 + AA * LOG( PRESS / P00 )
XDENSS (C,R) = PRESS / ( RDGAS * TSFC)
XDENSAF (C,R,0) = XDENSS (C,R)
XDENSAF_REF (C,R,0) = XDENSAF (C,R,0)
72

C
ENDDO
ENDDO
X3JACOBF(C,R,0) = 1.0 ! independent of height
XFLAGS (LXDENSS,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXDENSS,3) = PNAME
write(*,*) ' compute density, jacobian, METLAY= ', METLAY
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
DO L = 1, METLAY
CC = ( XTOPO (C,R) + XX3MIDL (L) ) * GRAV/RDGAS -
& ( 0.5 * AA * LNP + BB) * LNP
PRESM = EXP( ( -BB + SQRT( BB*BB-2.0*AA*CC ) ) / AA )
CC = ( XTOPO (C,R) + XX3FACE (L) ) * GRAV/RDGAS -
& ( 0.5 * AA * LNP + BB) * LNP
PRESF = EXP( ( -BB + SQRT( BB*BB-2.0*AA*CC ) ) / AA )
!---------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C
XPRESM (C,R,L) = PRESM ! XPRESM in Pascal
TEMPM = TS0 + AA * LOG( PRESM / P00 )
XTEMPM (C,R,L) = TEMPM
TEMPF = TS0 + AA * LOG( PRESF / P00 )
XDENSAM (C,R,L) = PRESM / ( RDGAS * TEMPM)
XDENSAM_REF (C,R,L) = XDENSAM (C,R,L)
XDENSAF (C,R,L) = PRESF / ( RDGAS * TEMPF)
XDENSAF_REF (C,R,L) = XDENSAF (C,R,L)
X3JACOBF(C,R,L) = 1.0 ! independent of height
X3JACOBM(C,R,L) = 1.0 ! independent of height
XENTRP (C,R,L) =
& XDENSAM (C,R,L) * CVD
& * LOG( XTEMPM (C,R,L) / STDTEMP )
& - RDGAS * XDENSAM (C,R,L)
& * LOG( XDENSAM (C,R,L) / RH00 )
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
XFLAGS (LXDENSAM, 2) = 'YES'
73

XFLAGS (LXDENSAM, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXDENSAF, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXDENSAF, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LX3JACOBM,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LX3JACOBM,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LX3JACOBF,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LX3JACOBF,3) = PNAME
C compute layer heights above ground - no change with CALMET vgrid
DO K = 1, METLAY
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
X3HTF (C,R,K) = XTOPO(C,R) + XX3FACE (K)
X3HTM (C,R,K) = XTOPO(C,R) + XX3MIDL (K)
XDX3HTF(C,R,K) = X3HTF (C,R,K) - X3HTF (C,R,K-1)
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
write(*,*) ' X3(1) in getmet = ', X3HTF (1,1,1), X3HTM(1,1,1)
C
SECOND = .TRUE.
FIRST = .FALSE.
write(*,*) ' end of first time getmet_calmet call'
RETURN
END IF ! of first time
C
C-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
IF( SECOND ) THEN
SECOND = .FALSE.
ELSE
CALL READCM
ENDIF
write(*,*) ' processing getmet_calmet ... wait '
C
C-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C *** Loop over read timestep starts here
C
C MAPPING F_ARRAYS INTO X-ARRYAS ON ALL COINCIDING GRID POINTS
C EXTRACTING INFO FROM THE MM DOMAIN FOR THE EXTENDED CTM domain
C
DO JW = 1,NCG_J
74

c JJ = J0 + JW - 1
JJ = J0 + JW
COL = (JW-1)*NDX + 1
DO IW = 1,NCG_I
c II = I0 + IW - 1
II = I0 + IW
ROW = (IW-1)*NDX + 1
XTEMPG (COL,ROW) = F_TSFC (II,JJ)
c XRAINN (COL,ROW) = F_RMM (II,JJ) !!! fix later !!!
XRAINN (COL,ROW) = 0.0
XRAINC (COL,ROW) = 0.0
C
C
XEMISS (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XGLW (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XGSW (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XHFX (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XQFX (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XUSTAR (COL,ROW,0) = F_USTAR(II,JJ) ! Grid Avearge
XPBL (COL,ROW) = F_ZI (II,JJ)
XMOL (COL,ROW) = F_EL (II,JJ)
IF(ABS(XMOL(COL,ROW)).GT.AMOLMAX)
& XMOL(COL,ROW) = SIGN(AMOLMAX,XMOL(COL,ROW))
IF(ABS(XMOL(COL,ROW)).LT.AMOLMIN)
& XMOL(COL,ROW) = SIGN(AMOLMIN,XMOL(COL,ROW))
XCAPG (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XRGRND (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XRNET (COL,ROW) = AMISS
XFSOIL (COL,ROW) = 0.0 !!! fix later !!!
XCFRACH(COL,ROW) = AMISS
XCFRACM(COL,ROW) = AMISS
XCFRACL(COL,ROW) = AMISS
XPRSFC (COL,ROW) = F_PSFC(II,JJ)
XPRESF (COL,ROW,0) = XPRSFC(COL,ROW)
DO L = 1,METLAY
LP1 = MIN(L+1, METLAY)
XUU (COL,ROW,L) = F_UU(II,JJ,L)
XVV (COL,ROW,L) = F_VV(II,JJ,L)
XTEMPM (COL,ROW,L) = F_TT(II,JJ,L)
XPRESM (COL,ROW,L) = F_PP(II,JJ,L)
XDENSAM (COL,ROW,L) = XPRESM(COL,ROW,L)
& / ( RDGAS * XTEMPM(COL,ROW,L) )
XDENSAF (COL,ROW,L)=(XPRESM(COL,ROW,L)+XPRESM(COL,ROW,LP1))
& / ( RDGAS * ( XTEMPM(COL,ROW,L) + XTEMPM(COL,ROW,LP1) ) )
XWVAPOR(COL,ROW,L) = F_QQ(II,JJ,L)
75

XDENSWM(COL,ROW,L) = XWVAPOR(COL,ROW,L)*XDENSAM(COL,ROW,L)
XCLDWTR(COL,ROW,L) = 0.0
XRANWTR(COL,ROW,L) = 0.0
ENDDO
XDENSAF(COL,ROW,0)=XPRESF(COL,ROW,0)/(RDGAS*XTEMPM(COL,ROW,1))
DO L = 0,METLAY
XWWIND (COL,ROW,L) = F_WW(II,JJ,L)
ENDDO
C ------------------------------------------------------
C FILL-UP THE landuse X-ARRAYS by populating
C
IF(LUTYPE .EQ. 3) THEN
C
DO JJL = 1,NDX
DO IIL = 1,NDX
DO ILU = 1,LURADM
XLUSE(COL+IIL-1,ROW+JJL-1,ILU) = F_XLUSE(COL,ROW,ILU)
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
END IF
C
ENDDO
ENDDO
C-------------------------------------------------------------------
C FILL-UP THE X-ARRAYS BY EITHER INTERPOLATION OR POPULATING
IF (NDX .GT. 1) THEN
C FIRST, BI-LINEAR INTERPOLATION OF 2-D FIELDS
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XLATC)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XLONC)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XMAPC)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XMAPD)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XTOPO)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XPRSFC)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XTEMPG)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XRAINC)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XRAINN)
IF (.NOT.LCALCPBL .OR. .NOT.LCALCCLD) THEN
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XEMISS)
76

ENDIF
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XGLW)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XGSW)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XHFX)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XQFX)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XPBL)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XZRUF)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XCAPG)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XMOL)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XRGRND)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XRNET)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XFSOIL)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XCFRACH)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XCFRACM)
CALL BILIN2D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,XCFRACL)
C SECOND, BI-LINEAR INTERPOLATION OF 3-D FIELDS
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0,LURADM, XUSTAR)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XUU)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XVV)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0,METLAY, XWWIND)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XPRESM)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XTEMPM)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XWVAPOR)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XCLDWTR)
CALL BILIN3D (NDX,NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,1,METLAY, XRANWTR)
ENDIF
C-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C CALCULATE DERIVED QUANTITIES SUCH AS LAYER HEIGHTS, DENSITY, etc.
c write(*,*) ' calling DERIVED '
c CALL DERIVED
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
XDENSS(C, R) = XDENSAF(C, R, 0)
XDLUSE(C, R) = 1.
DO ILU = 2, LURADM
IF(XLUSE(C, R,ILU).GT.XLUSE(C, R,ILU-1)) XDLUSE(C, R) = ILU
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
77

C
write(*,*) ' X3(1) in getmet = ', X3HTF (1,1,1), X3HTM(1,1,1)
c write(*,*) ' Computing contravariant wind components ..'
C** Compute necessary 3-D met parameters using 'X' arrays
C compute arrays such as density
! CALL MET3DSUP ( SDATE, STIME, ISTAT, MOUTFRQ, INHYD )
C
C** Set up contravariant velocity components
C
C U- & V- Component
C (Note: XUU and XVV correspond to actual wind components at DOT)
C
DO K = 1, METLAY
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
C
XUHAT (C,R,K) = XMAPD (C,R) * XUU (C,R,K)
XVHAT (C,R,K) = XMAPD (C,R) * XVV (C,R,K)
XWHAT (C,R,K) = XWWIND(C,R,K) ! JACOBIAN = 1.0 here
END DO
END DO
END DO
XFLAGS (LXUHAT, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXUHAT, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXVHAT, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXVHAT, 3) = PNAME
WRITE(*,*) 'RETURNING TO MCIP from GETMET_CALMET'
RETURN
C
1010 CONTINUE
C--------------------------------------------------------------
WRITE(*,*) 'TERMINATION OF GETMET_CALMET'
STOP
END
78

C
SUBROUTINE READCM
C***********************************************************************
C FUNCTION:
C CALMET version
C read the met header info and met arrays from the
C archived meteorological simulation output file 1
C on the meteorology model domain and resolution
C
C INPUT:
C CALMET FILE, REQUIRED by MCIP
C
C OUTPUT:
C Arrays defined in 'CMINPUT.EXT'
C Units for output ---> in m, s, kg, K, pa, etc. (MKS)
C
C REVISION HISTORY:
C CREATED February 20, 2001 by Krassi & Daewon
C***********************************************************************
IMPLICIT NONE
C MM INPUT DATA Definition
INCLUDE SUBST_HGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_VGRD_ID
C INCLUDE SUBST_COORD_ID
C INCLUDE SUBST_MPARM
INCLUDE 'MCIPPARM.EXT' ! params for mcip
INCLUDE 'MCIPCOM.EXT' ! commons for mcip
INCLUDE 'LRADMDAT.EXT'
INCLUDE 'CMINPUT.EXT' ! params for calmet
C LOCAL VARIABLES SUCH AS LOOP INDICE
CHARACTER*256 CMFILE ! Filename for CALMET datafile
CHARACTER*16 PNAME
CHARACTER*8 ID
INTEGER IERR ! STATUS RETURN FROM I/O REQUESTS
INTEGER IN,I,J,K ! LOOP INDICES (CALMET ROW,COL)
INTEGER IZ,M
INTEGER NCOL1,NROW1 ! LOOP INDICES (CTM COL,ROW)
INTEGER IM1,JM1 ! INDICES USED FOR LOADING CTM ARRAYS
INTEGER INDEX,ILEVMET
INTEGER NUM3D
INTEGER NUM2D
INTEGER NUM1D
INTEGER NUM0D
INTEGER IDOT,IDUM
INTEGER NDATHR ! Date and time of data (YYJJJHH)
INTEGER MXDAYS
79

REAL EPSILON ! SMALL NUMBER
LOGICAL FIRST
LOGICAL LLCONF
SAVE FIRST
SAVE NUM3D, NUM2D, NUM1D, NUM0D
DATA PNAME / 'READCM' /
DATA EPSILON/ 1.E-30 /
DATA FIRST / .TRUE. /
C***********************************************************************
C EXECUTABLE CODE STARTS HERE
C***********************************************************************
IF(FIRST) THEN
CALL ENVSTR( 'CMFILE',
& 'Filename for CALMET data',
& 'CMFILE', CMFILE, IERR )
C
IF (IERR .NE. 0) THEN
CALL ERRMSG (PNAME,
& 'Error reading CALMET file from environment.')
GOTO 99
ENDIF
C Open meteorology files
C BINARY FILE CONTAINING GRIDDED MET. ARRAYS FROM CALMET
C M1UNIT = GETEFILE( CMFILE, .TRUE., .FALSE., 'MCIP' )
C
OPEN(19, FILE=CMFILE,FORM='UNFORMATTED')
M1UNIT=19
IF(IERR.NE.0) THEN
CALL ERRMSG (PNAME, 'Error opening grid domain CALMET file')
GOTO 99
ENDIF
ENDIF
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C start READ in CALMET meteorological fields
C get record header information
C
IF ( FIRST ) THEN
C READ CALMET HEADER RECORDS
C RECORD #1 - RUN TITLE -- 60 WORDS
READ(M1UNIT)TITLE
C
C RECORD #2 - RUN CONTROL PARAMETERS -- 26 WORDS
C (VERMET, LEVMET ARE BOTH 8 BYTES)
READ(M1UNIT)VERMET,LEVMET,IBYR,IBMO,IBDY,IBHR,IBTZ,IRLG,IRTYPE,
1 NX, NY, NZ, DGRID, XORIGR, YORIGR, IUTMZN, IWFCOD, NSSTA,
2 NUSTA, NPSTA, NOWSTA, NLU, IWAT1, IWAT2, LCALGRD
C
80

C NEW RECORD -- #3 - ADDITIONAL RUN CONTROL DATA -- 8 WORDS
READ(LEVMET(1:6),'(I6)') ILEVMET
IF(ILEVMET.GE.980304) THEN
C NEW HEADER RECORD FORMAT
READ(M1UNIT)XLAT0M,XLON0M,LLCONFM,CONECM,XLAT1M,XLAT2M,
& RLAT0M,RLON0M
ENDIF
C
C CHECK THAT ARRAY MAX DIMENSIONS HAVE BEEN SIZED PROPERLY
IF ( NX.GT.MAXI.OR.NY.GT.MAXJ.OR.NZ.GT.MAXK.OR.
& NSSTA.GT.MAXSS.OR.NUSTA.GT.MAXUS.OR.NPSTA.GT.MAXPS)THEN
WRITE(*,2354)NX,MAXI,NY,MAXJ,NZ,MAXK,NSSTA,MAXSS,
& NUSTA,MAXUS,NPSTA,MAXPS
2354 FORMAT(/1X,'ERROR -- ARRAY DIMENSIONS ARE TOO SMALL FOR ',
& 'THE DATA IN THE CALMET.DAT FILE'/
& 5X,'NX = ',I5,4X,'MAXI = ',I5/
& 5X,'NY = ',I5,4X,'MAXJ = ',I5/
& 5X,'NZ = ',I5,4X,'MAXK = ',I5/
& 5X,'NSSTA = ',I5,4X,'MAXSS = ',I5/
& 5X,'NUSTA = ',I5,4X,'MAXUS = ',I5/
& 5X,'NPSTA = ',I5,4X,'MAXPS = ',I5)
GOTO 99 ! STOP
ENDIF
C
C RECORD #4 - CELL FACE HEIGHTS (NZ + 1 WORDS)
NZP1=NZ+1
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,ZFACE,NZP1,CLABEL,IDUM)
C
C RECORDS #5 & 6 - X, Y COORDINATES OF SURFACE STATIONS
C RELATIVE TO SW CORNER OF DOMAIN IN METERS
C CONVERT TO ABSOLUTE COORDINATES:
C X/Y(ORIGINAL)=X/Y(RELATIVE)+XORIGR/YORIGR
C (NSSTA WORDS EACH RECORD)
IF(NSSTA.GT.0)THEN
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,XSSTA,NSSTA,CLABXS,IDUM)
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,YSSTA,NSSTA,CLABYS,IDUM)
DO M=1,NSSTA
XSSTA(M) = XSSTA(M) + XORIGR
YSSTA(M) = YSSTA(M) + YORIGR
ENDDO
ENDIF
C
C RECORDS #7 & 8 - X, Y COORDINATES OF UPPER AIR STATIONS
C (NUSTA WORDS EACH RECORD)
IF(NUSTA.GT.0)THEN
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,XUSTA,NUSTA,CLABXU,IDUM)
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,YUSTA,NUSTA,CLABYU,IDUM)
ENDIF
C
C RECORDS #9 & 10 - X, Y COORDINATES OF PRECIPITATION STATIONS
81

C (NPSTA WORDS EACH RECORD)
IF(NPSTA.GT.0)THEN
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,XPSTA,NPSTA,CLABXP,IDUM)
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,YPSTA,NPSTA,CLABYP,IDUM)
ENDIF
C
C RECORD #11 - SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTHS (NX * NY WORDS)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,Z0,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABZ0,IDUM)
C
C RECORD #12 - LAND USE CATEGORIES (NX * NY WORDS)
CALL RDI2D(M1UNIT,ILANDU,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABLU,IDUM)
C
C RECORD #13 - ELEVATIONS (NX * NY WORDS)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,ELEV,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABTE,IDUM)
C
C RECORD #14 - LEAF AREA INDEX (NX * NY WORDS)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,XLAI,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABLAI,IDUM)
C
C RECORD #15 - NEAREST SURFACE STATION TO EACH GRID POINT
C (NX * NY WORDS)
CALL RDI2D(M1UNIT,NEARS,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABNSS,IDUM)
C
C ASSIGN HEADER INFO TO MCIP VARIABLES
IF(LLCONF) THEN
MAPPRO = 1
ELSE
MAPPRO = 3
ENDIF ! PROJECTION: 1=LAMBERT,3=MERCATOR
METCOL = NX ! CALMET GRID X DIMENSION
METROW = NY ! CALMET GRID Y DIMENSION
METLAY = NZ ! CALMET GRID Z DIMENSION
C ! START JULIAN DATE(YYYY,DDD,HH(GMT),MINS)
YYYY = IBYR
DDD = JULDAY(YYYY,IBMO,IBDY)
HH = IBHR + IBTZ
IF (HH.GT.24) THEN
HH = HH -24
DDD = DDD +1
ENDIF
IF (MOD(YYYY,4).EQ.0) THEN
MXDAYS = 366
ELSE
MXDAYS = 365
ENDIF
IF (DDD.GT.MXDAYS) THEN
DDD = DDD - MXDAYS
YYYY = YYYY + 1
ENDIF
MINS = 0
INAV = 0 ! 1=TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY
82

! 0=NO TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY
! FROM CALMET - INAV MUST = 0
YCENT_D= RLAT0M ! MET. DOMAIN CENTER LATITUDE
XCENT_D= -RLON0M ! MET. DOMAIN CENTER LONGITUDE
C ! (negative in Western Hemisphere)
P_BET_D= XLAT2M ! TRUE LATITUDE 1 (DEGREES)
P_ALP_D= XLAT1M ! TRUE LATITUDE 2 (DEGREES)
P_GAM_D= 90. ! POLE POSITION IN DEGREES LATITUDE???????
C
INHYD = 0 ! 1=NONHYDROSTATIC RUN, 0=HYDOSTATIC
C
RESOLN = DGRID ! DOMAIN GRID RESOLUTION IN METERS
I_11 = 1 ! I LOC. IN COARSE DOMAIN OF POINT (1,1)
J_11 = 1 ! J LOC. IN COARSE DOMAIN OF POINT (1,1)
C
C
F_ZTOP = ZFACE(NZP1) ! HEIGHT OF THE MODEL TOP (METERS)
TAPFRQ = 60.*60. ! TIME INTERVAL FOR DATA OUTPUT (MINS->S)
! CALMET.DAT OUTPUT FREQUENCY MUST BE 60min.
IF (METCOL.LT.(NROWS+2) .OR. METROW.LT.(NCOLS+2)
& .OR. METLAY.LT.NLAYS) THEN
CALL ERRMSG (PNAME,
& 'Met. data actual dimensions disagree with MCIPPARM')
WRITE(*,*)' Actual are ',METCOL,' * ',METROW,' * ',METLAY
WRITE(*,*)' MCIPPARM include file specifies NROWS,NCOLS,NLAYS',
& 'as', NROWS,' * ',NCOLS,' * ',NLAYS
WRITE(*,*)' To process met. data correctly, we should have '
WRITE(*,*)' METCOL >= NROWS+2, METROW >= NCOLS+2, and',
& ' METLAY >= NLAYS '
GOTO 99
ENDIF
NROW1 = NROWS
NCOL1 = NCOLS
IF(NDX.GT.1) NROW1 = NROW1 + 2
IF(NDX.GT.1) NCOL1 = NCOL1 + 2
IF (NROW1/NDX+2*NTHIK+1.GT.METCOL .OR.
& NCOL1/NDX+2*NTHIK+1.GT.METROW .OR.
& NLAYS.GT.METLAY) THEN
CALL ERRMSG (PNAME,
& 'Requested CTM dim. are larger than the actual Met. dim.')
WRITE(*,*)' Requested CTM dim.: ',NROWS,' x ',NCOLS,' x ',NLAYS
WRITE(*,*)' Met. dim.: ', METCOL,' x ',METROW,' x ',METLAY
WRITE(*,*)' Max. allowable dim.: ',METCOL-2*NTHIK-1,' x ',
& METROW-2*NTHIK-1,' x ',NLAYS
GOTO 99
ENDIF
FIRST = .FALSE.
83

ENDIF ! of first
C-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C start to process input data arrays below
C-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C Initialize CALMET 2D-arrays
C
DO J = 1,MAXJ ! for initialization, it is OK
DO I = 1,MAXI
F_PSFC (I,J) = 0.0
F_TSFC (I,J) = 0.0
F_RMM (I,J) = 0.0
F_ELEV (I,J) = 0.0
F_ZI (I,J) = 0.0
F_EL (I,J) = 0.0
F_USTAR (I,J) = 0.0
F_WSTAR (I,J) = 0.0
F_DENSS (I,J) = 0.0
F_Z0 (I,J) = 0.0
F_LANDUSE(I,J) = 0.0
ENDDO
ENDDO
DO I = 1,MAXI
DO J = 1,MAXJ
DO K = 1,MAXK
F_UU (I,J,K) = 0.0
F_VV (I,J,K) = 0.0
F_TT (I,J,K) = 0.0
F_QQ (I,J,K) = 0.0
F_PP (I,J,K) = 0.0
ENDDO
DO K = 0,MAXK
F_WW (I,J,K) = 0.0
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C--------------------------------------------------------------
C --- READ IN U, V, W WIND COMPONENTS FROM CALMET.DAT
DO 10 IZ=1,NZ
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,U(1,1,IZ),XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,V(1,1,IZ),XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
IF(LCALGRD)CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,W(1,1,IZ),XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,
& CLABEL,NDATHR)
10 CONTINUE
C
C --- READ THE 3-D TEMPERATURE FIELDS FROM CALMET.DAT
IF(LCALGRD.AND.IRTYPE.EQ.1)THEN
DO 12 IZ=1,NZ
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,ZTEMP(1,1,IZ),XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,
1 CLABEL,NDATHR)
12 CONTINUE
ENDIF
84

C
C --- READ THE 2-D METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS FROM CALMET.DAT
C - PGT STABILITY CLASS,
C - FRICTION VELOCITY (M/S),
C - MIXING HEIGHT (M),
C - MONIN-OBUKHOV LENGTH (M),
C - CONVECTIVE VELOCITY SCALE (M/S),
C - PRECIPITATION RATE (MM/HR)
C --- (IF RUN TYPE NOT=0,I.E.,ONLY WINDS COMPUTED & STORED ON DISK)
IF(IRTYPE.EQ.1)THEN
CALL RDI2D(M1UNIT,IPGT,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,USTR,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,ZI,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,EL,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,WSTR,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
IF(NPSTA.GT.0)CALL RDR2D(M1UNIT,RMM,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL
& ,NDATHR)
C
C --- READ THE 1-D METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS FROM CALMET.DAT
C - AIR TEMPERATURE (DEG. K),
C - AIR DENSITY (KG/M**3),
C - SHORT-WAVE SOLAR RADIATION (W/M**2),
C - RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PERCENT),
C - PRECIPITATION CODE
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,TEMPK,NSSTA,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,RHO,NSSTA,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDR1D(M1UNIT,QSW,NSSTA,CLABEL,NDATHR)
CALL RDI1D(M1UNIT,IRH,NSSTA,CLABEL,NDATHR)
IF(NPSTA.GT.0)CALL RDI1D(M1UNIT,IPCODE,NSSTA,CLABEL,NDATHR)
ENDIF
C Compute 2d-pressure, 2d-density, 3d-specific humidity
CALL INTCAL(nssta,xssta,yssta,rho,irh,tempk,
& elev,zface,ztemp,RHO_GRD,PSFC,PPRES,QQ)
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C FILL UP THE ARRAYS FOR WHICH WE HAVE INFORMATION.
C NOTE: IN ORDER TO HAVE CALMET VARIABLES AGREE WITH THE WAY MCIP
C HANDLES I,J,K, WE NEED TO FLIP THEM !!!!!!!!! THIS IS DONE
C FOR ZTEMP,U,V,W,Z0,ELEV,ZI,EL,USTR,PSFC,RHO_GRD,PPRES
C ASSIGN 2D AND 3D PREDICTED FIELDS
DO J = 1, METCOL
DO I = 1, METROW
DO K = 1, METLAY
F_QQ (I,J,K) = QQ(J,I,K) ! from INTCAL subroutine
F_PP (I,J,K) = PPRES(J,I,K) ! from INTCAL subroutine
F_TT (I,J,K) = ZTEMP(J,I,K) ! from calmet.dat
ENDDO
85

DO K = 0, METLAY
F_WW (I,J,K) = W(J,I,K+1)
ENDDO
F_TSFC(I,J) = ZTEMP (J,I,1) ! Read from calmet
F_ELEV(I,J) = ELEV (J,I) ! elevation in M
F_Z0 (I,J) = Z0 (J,I) ! roughness length in m
F_LANDUSE(I,J) = FLOAT(ILANDU(J,I)) ! land use categories
F_RMM (I,J) = RMM (J,I) ! precip. rate in mm/hr
F_ZI (I,J) = ZI (J,I) ! PBL heigth in m
F_EL (I,J) = EL (J,I) ! Monin-Obukhov length
F_USTAR(I,J) = USTR (J,I) ! Ustar
F_WSTAR(I,J) = WSTR (J,I) ! Wstar
F_PSFC(I,J) = PSFC (J,I) ! In Pascals from INTCAL
F_DENSS(I,J) = RHO_GRD(J,I) ! surface density
ENDDO
ENDDO
C ASSIGN ZFACE FOR FUTURE USE
DO K=0,METLAY
F_ZFACE(K) = ZFACE(K+1)
ENDDO
C
C CALMET wind components are defined at the CMAQ CROSS
C POINTS - interpolate them to DOT PONTS from CALMET data
C by directional averaging to preserve wind divergence
DO K = 1, METLAY
DO I = 1, METROW
IM1 = MAX(1, I-1)
DO J = 1, METCOL
JM1 = MAX(1, J-1)
F_UU(I,J,K) = (U(JM1,I,K) + U(J,I,K))/2.
F_VV(I,J,K) = (V(J,IM1,K) + V(J,I,K))/2.
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
C---------------------------------------------------------------------
RETURN
99 STOP 'ABNORMAL TERMINATION IN READCM'
END
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE RDI1D(IOMET,IDAT,NWORDS,CLABEL,NDATHR)
86

C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C --- PURPOSE: READ "NWORDS" OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL INTEGER ARRAY
C
C --- INPUTS:
C IOMET - INTEGER - FORTRAN UNIT NUMBER OF INPUT FILE
C
C --- OUTPUT:
C IDAT(NWORDS) - INTEGER ARRAY - ARRAY READ FROM FILE
C NWORDS - INTEGER - NUMBER OF WORDS TO READ
C CLABEL - CHARACTER*8 - VARIABLE NAME
C NDATHR - INTEGER - DATE AND TIME OF DATA (YYJJJHH)
C
C --- RDI1D CALLED BY: MAIN
C --- RDI1D CALLS: NONE
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
INTEGER IDAT(NWORDS)
CHARACTER*8 CLABEL
C
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,IDAT
RETURN
END
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE RDR1D(IOMET,X,NWORDS,CLABEL,NDATHR)
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C --- PURPOSE: READ "NWORDS" OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL REAL ARRAY
C
C --- INPUTS:
C IOMET - INTEGER - FORTRAN UNIT NUMBER OF INPUT FILE
C
C --- OUTPUT:
C X(NWORDS) - REAL ARRAY - ARRAY READ FROM FILE
C NWORDS - INTEGER - NUMBER OF WORDS TO READ
C CLABEL - CHARACTER*8 - VARIABLE NAME
C NDATHR - INTEGER - DATE AND TIME OF DATA (YYJJJHH)
C
C --- RDR1D CALLED BY: MAIN
C --- RDR1D CALLS: NONE
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
REAL X(NWORDS)
CHARACTER*8 CLABEL
C
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,X
RETURN
END
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE RDR2D(IOMET,X,XBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C --- PURPOSE: READ NX * NY WORDS OF A 2-D REAL ARRAY
C
C --- INPUTS:
87

C IOMET - INTEGER - FORTRAN UNIT NUMBER OF INPUT FILE
C XBUF(NX,NY) - REAL ARRAY - BUFFER TO HOLD INPUT DATA
C MAXI,MAXJ - INTEGERS - DIMENSIONS OF DATA ARRAY
C NX,NY - INTEGERS - ACTUAL SIZE OF GRID TO READ
C CLABEL - CHARACTER*8 - VARIABLE NAME
C NDATHR - INTEGER - DATE AND TIME OF DATA (YYJJJHH)
C
C --- OUTPUT:
C X(MAXI,MAXJ) - REAL ARRAY - INPUT DATA ARRAY (PADDED IF NEC.)
C
C --- RDR2D CALLED BY: MAIN
C --- RDR2D CALLS: NONE
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
REAL X(MAXI,MAXJ),XBUF(NX,NY)
CHARACTER*8 CLABEL
C
IF(NX.EQ.MAXI.AND.NY.EQ.MAXJ)THEN
C
C --- ENTIRE ARRAY IS BEING USED -- READ FULL GRID
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,X
ELSE
C
C --- ONLY A PORTION OF GRID BEING USED -- READ AND
C --- TRANSFER FROM BUFFER
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,XBUF
C
DO 10 I=1,NX
DO 10 J=1,NY
X(I,J)=XBUF(I,J)
10 CONTINUE
ENDIF
C
RETURN
END
C
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE RDI2D(IOMET,IDAT,IBUF,MAXI,MAXJ,NX,NY,CLABEL,NDATHR)
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C --- PURPOSE: READ NX * NY WORDS OF A 2-D INTEGER ARRAY
C
C --- INPUTS:
C IOMET - INTEGER - FORTRAN UNIT NUMBER OF INPUT
C FILE
C IBUF(NX,NY) - INTEGER ARRAY - BUFFER TO HOLD INPUT DATA
C MAXI,MAXJ - INTEGERS - DIMENSIONS OF DATA ARRAY
C NX,NY - INTEGERS - ACTUAL SIZE OF GRID TO READ
C
C --- OUTPUT:
C IDAT(MAXI,MAXJ) - INTEGER ARRAY - INPUT DATA ARRAY (PADDED IF
C NECESSARY)
C CLABEL - CHARACTER*8 - VARIABLE NAME
88

C NDATHR - INTEGER - DATE AND TIME OF DATA (YYJJJHH)
C
C --- RDI2D CALLED BY: MAIN
C --- RDI2D CALLS: NONE
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEGER IDAT(MAXI,MAXJ),IBUF(NX,NY)
CHARACTER*8 CLABEL
C
IF(NX.EQ.MAXI.AND.NY.EQ.MAXJ)THEN
C
C --- ENTIRE ARRAY IS BEING USED -- READ FULL GRID
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,IDAT
ELSE
C
C --- ONLY A PORTION OF GRID BEING USED -- READ AND
C --- TRANSFER FROM BUFFER
C
READ(IOMET)CLABEL,NDATHR,IBUF
C
DO 10 I=1,NX
DO 10 J=1,NY
IDAT(I,J)=IBUF(I,J)
10 CONTINUE
ENDIF
C
RETURN
END
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE INITAR(XVALUE,NWORDS,XARR)
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C --- PURPOSE: INITIALIZE AN ARRAY WITH A CONSTANT VALUE
C
C --- INPUTS:
C
C XVALUE - REAL - VALUE TO USED FOR INITIALIZATION
C NWORDS - INTEGER - LENGTHS OF THE DATA ARRAY (WORDS)
C
C --- OUTPUT:
C
C XARR(NWORDS) - REAL ARRAY - ARRAY INITIALIZED
C
C --- INITAR CALLED BY: MAIN
C --- INITAR CALLS: NONE
C
C----------------------------------------------------------------------
C
REAL XARR(NWORDS)
C
X=XVALUE
89

DO 10 I=1,NWORDS
XARR(I)=X
10 CONTINUE
C
RETURN
END
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
FUNCTION JULDAY(iyear,imonth,iiday)
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c --- PURPOSE: Compute the Julian day number from the Gregorian date
c (month, day)
c
c --- INPUTS:
c IYEAR - integer - Year (YYYY)
c IMONTH - integer - Month (MM)
c IDAY - integer - Day (DD)
c
c --- OUTPUT:
c JULDAY - integer - Julian day (DDD)
c
c --- JULDAY called by: MAIN
c --- JULDAY calls: none
c---------------------------------------------------------------------
integer iyear ! Year (YYYY)
integer imonth ! Month (MM)
integer iiday ! Day (DD)
c
integer kday(12)
data kday/0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334/
if(imonth.lt.1.or.imonth.gt.12.or.iiday.gt.31)then
write(*,10)imonth
10 format(//2x,'ERROR in SUBR. JULDAY -- invalid date - imonth =
',
1 i8,5x,'iiday = ',i8)
stop
endif
c
JULDAY=kday(imonth)+iiday
if(imonth.le.2) return
if(mod(iyear,4).EQ.0) JULDAY=JULDAY+1
c
return
end function JULDAY
90

C ----------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE INTCAL(NSSTA,XSSTA,YSSTA,RHO,IRH,TEMPK,
& ELEV,ZFACE,ZTEMP,RHO_GRD,PSFC,PPRES,QQ)
C ----------------------------------------------------------
C FUNCTION:
C CALMET version
C Given air density at surface stations,
C returns the 2D gridded air density and pressure.
C Given Relative Humidity at surface stations,
C returns the 3D gridded Specific humidity
C at terrain following coordinates.
C
C APPROACH:
C For PSFC: Convert available calmet RHO to sea level,
C interpolate with inverse sq. distanse objective analysis
C and convert back to air density at terrain following
C coordinates, sfc layer. Compute surface pressure
C using the ideal gas law
C For QQ: Interpolate RH to surface grid points
C with inverse distanse objective analysis.
C Assume RH does not change with height and compute
C 3D specific humidity from RH and Temperature
C
C INPUT:
C Data read in CALMET.DAT file
C
C OUTPUT:
C QQ(I,J,K) - 3D specific humididy in g/kg of water
C PSFC - interpolated surface pressure in Pascals
C RHO_GRD - interpolated surface density in kg/m3
C
C REVISION HISTORY:
C January 2001 - created by Krassi Lazarova
C ------------------------------------------------------------
IMPLICIT NONE
C MET INPUT DATA Definition
INCLUDE SUBST_HGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_VGRD_ID
INCLUDE 'MCIPPARM.EXT' ! params for mcip
INCLUDE 'MCIPCOM.EXT' ! commons for mcip
INCLUDE 'LRADMDAT.EXT'
INCLUDE 'CMINPUT.EXT' ! params for calmet
INCLUDE 'CONST.EXT' ! constants for calculation
INTEGER IMIN, JMIN, I, J, K, M
REAL X_CROSS(MAXI,MAXJ), Y_CROSS(MAXI,MAXJ)
REAL RHO_0(MAXI,MAXJ)
REAL RSTA_0(MAXSS)
REAL RH_GRD(MAXI,MAXJ)
91

REAL ELEV_STA(MAXSS), ZMID(MAXK)
REAL DIST2
REAL X0, Y0
REAL SUM_DIST2,D2
REAL DELTA(MAXI,MAXJ), DELTAMIN
REAL DELTAX2, DELTAY2
REAL TEMP_0(MAXI,MAXJ)
REAL ESAT(MAXI,MAXJ,MAXK), QQSAT(MAXI,MAXJ,MAXK)
REAL T0(MAXSS)
REAL PWR, GAMMA_A, GAMMA, RDGASS
REAL PWR1, AA,BB,CC,TS0,P00,LNP
DATA GAMMA_A /0.0342/ !deg./m - adiabatic lapse rate
DATA GAMMA /0.0065/ !deg./m - lapse rate
C ------------------------------------------------------------
C SINCE WE DON'T HAVE THE ELEVATIONS OF SURFACE STATIONS,
C WE NEED TO FIND THE CLOSEST GRID POINT TO THEIR COORDINATES
C AND ASSIGN ITS ELEVATION AS AN ELEVATION OF THE SFC. STATION
C ------------------------------------------------------------
X0 = XORIGR - 0.5*RESOLN !The point to the west of i=1
Y0 = YORIGR - 0.5*RESOLN !The point to the south of j=1
C Initialize PSFC(i,j), RHO_GRD(i,j) and RH_GRD(i,j)
DO J=1,NY
DO I=1,NX
PSFC(I,J) = 0.0
RHO_GRD(I,J) = 0.0
RH_GRD(I,J) = 0.0
ENDDO
ENDDO
C Initialize qq(i,j,k)
DO J=1,NY
DO I=1,NX
DO K=1,NZ
QQ(I,J,K) = 0.0
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C Find grid coordinates closest to station coordinates
DO M = 1,NSSTA
C Set 'deltamin' to maximum distance in domain
DELTAMIN = (FLOAT(MAXI)*RESOLN)**2 +
& (FLOAT(MAXJ)*RESOLN)**2
IMIN = -999
JMIN = -999
DO J = 1,NY
DO I = 1,NX
92

X_CROSS(I,J) = X0 + FLOAT(I)*RESOLN !x of cross points
Y_CROSS(I,J) = Y0 + FLOAT(J)*RESOLN !y of cross points
DELTA(I,J) = (XSSTA(M) - X_CROSS(I,J))**2 !all in meters
& + (YSSTA(M) - Y_CROSS(I,J))**2
C Find the minimum distance from station to x/y grid
IF(DELTA(I,J).LT.DELTAMIN) THEN
DELTAMIN = DELTA(I,J)
IMIN = I
JMIN = J
ENDIF
ENDDO
ENDDO
C Assign grid elevation to station elevation
ELEV_STA(M) = ELEV(IMIN,JMIN)
ENDDO
C Convert station density to sea level
PWR = (GAMMA_A/GAMMA - 1.) !the factor (gamma_a/gamma-1.)
DO M=1,NSSTA
T0(M) = TEMPK(M) + GAMMA*ELEV_STA(M)
RSTA_0(M)=RHO(M)*((1.-GAMMA*ELEV_STA(M)/T0(M))**(-1.*PWR))
ENDDO
C Inverse squared distance objective analysis
C Loop over the grid points
C Note: X_CROSS(I,J) and Y_CROSS(I,J) already computed above
DO J=1,NY
DO I=1,NX
SUM_DIST2 = 0.0 !Set to zero for each cycle
RHO_0(I,J) = 0.0 !Set to zero for each cycle
RH_GRD(I,J) = 0.0 !Set to zero for each cycle
C Internal loop over the stations
C XSSTA(m),YSSTA(m) are the coordinates of sfc stations
DO M=1,NSSTA
DELTAX2 = (X_CROSS(I,J)-XSSTA(M))*
& (X_CROSS(I,J)-XSSTA(M))
DELTAY2 = (Y_CROSS(I,J)-YSSTA(M))*
& (Y_CROSS(I,J)-YSSTA(M))
D2 = (DELTAX2 + DELTAY2)
C Set minimum squared distance of 0.001
IF (D2.LE.0.001) D2 = 0.001
C Inverse square distance
DIST2 = 1./D2
SUM_DIST2 = SUM_DIST2 + DIST2
RHO_0(I,J) = RHO_0(I,J) + RSTA_0(M)*DIST2
RH_GRD(I,J) = RH_GRD(I,J)+FLOAT(IRH(M))*DIST2
ENDDO
RHO_0(I,J) = RHO_0(I,J)/SUM_DIST2
93

ENDDO
ENDDO
RH_GRD(I,J) = RH_GRD(I,J)/SUM_DIST2
C Convert sea level density back to surface
C Compute surface pressure (PWR is already computed above)
DO I = 1, NX
DO J = 1, NY
TEMP_0(I,J) = ZTEMP(I,J,1) + GAMMA*ELEV(I,J)
RHO_GRD(I,J) = RHO_0(I,J)*(1. - GAMMA*ELEV(I,J)
& /TEMP_0(I,J))**PWR
PSFC(I,J) = RHO_GRD(I,J)*RDGAS*ZTEMP(I,J,1)
ENDDO
ENDDO
C End of SFC PRESSURE and DENSITY calculations
C ----------------------------------------------
C RH and QQ:
C Assume that Relative humidity does not change with height
C (Good assumption in layers with vertical mixing)
C Assume also that specific humidity is equal to mixing ratio
C Set PPRES(i,j,k) = exp(-b+sqrt(b^2-2*A*c)/A)
C page 12-18 - Science algorithms of Models3
C (SAMPLE UNTIL I GET THE REAL PRESSURE)
DO J = 1,NY
DO I = 1,NX
DO K = 1,NZ
P00 = PSFC(I,J)
LNP = LOG( P00 )
TS0 = ZTEMP(I,J,1)
AA = 50.0
BB = TS0 - AA * LNP
ZMID(K) = (ZFACE(K) + ZFACE(K+1))/2.0
CC = ZMID (K) * GRAV/RDGAS -
& ( 0.5 * AA * LNP + BB) * LNP
PPRES(I,J,K)=EXP((-BB + SQRT( BB*BB-2.0*AA*CC ) )/AA)
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
DO J = 1,NY
DO I = 1,NX
DO K = 1,NZ
C Compute saturation vapor pressure from Clausius-Clapeyron eq.
C !ZTEMP is in Kelvin, ESAT is in mb.
PWR1 = 9.4041 - 2.354*1000./
& ZTEMP(I,J,K)
ESAT(I,J,K) = (10**PWR1)*100. !converted to Pascals
C Compute saturation specific humidity
QQSAT(I,J,K) = ESAT(I,J,K)*0.622/PPRES(I,J,K)
94

C Compute actual specific humidity
QQ(I,J,K) = QQSAT(I,J,K)*RH_GRD(I,J)/100.
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
RETURN
END
C ----------------------------------------------------------------
C subroutine CAL_LATLON - computes latitude/longitude
C from CALMET Lambert coordinates
C Note: Point (1,1) in CALMET.DAT in at Southwest corner of domain
C -----------------------------------------------------------------
SUBROUTINE CAL_LATLON
IMPLICIT NONE
C** I/O API include files
INCLUDE SUBST_IOPARMS
INCLUDE SUBST_IOFDESC
INCLUDE SUBST_IODECL
C
C** Set up includes for grid & Models-3 I/O API (output files)
C
INCLUDE SUBST_HGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_VGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_COORD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_CONST
INCLUDE 'MCIPPARM.EXT'
INCLUDE 'MCIPCOM.EXT'
INCLUDE 'LRADMDAT.EXT'
INCLUDE 'CMINPUT.EXT'
REAL X0_CROSS,Y0_CROSS,X_CROSS,Y_CROSS
REAL XORIG,YORIG,X_DOT,Y_DOT
REAL N_FACTOR, A, B, C
INTEGER I,J
A = P_ALP_D
B = P_BET_D
C = -P_GAM_D
X = XCENT_D
Y = YCENT_D
CALL SETLAM( A, B, C, X, Y )
C Compute the cross point to the southwest of SW-origin
X0_CROSS = XORIGR - 0.5*RESOLN
Y0_CROSS = YORIGR - 0.5*RESOLN
95

C Compute constants needed for map scale factors
N_FACTOR=LOG( SIN(PI/2.-P_BET_D*PI180)/SIN(PI/2.-P_ALP_D*PI180) )/
& LOG(TAN(PI/4.-P_BET_D*PI180/2.)/TAN(PI/4. - P_ALP_D*PI180/2.))
A = SIN(PI/2. - P_ALP_D*PI180)
B = (TAN(PI/4. - P_ALP_D*PI180/2.))**N_FACTOR
C Compute cross points of cells and convert to lat/lon.
C Compute map-scale factor for cross points
c write (*,*) ' Processing lat-long cross point i,j '
DO J = 1, METCOL !1 more cross point to the east of last cell
DO I = 1, METROW !1 more cross point to the north of last cell
X_CROSS = X0_CROSS + FLOAT(J)*RESOLN
Y_CROSS = Y0_CROSS + FLOAT(I)*RESOLN
CALL LAM2LL(X_CROSS,Y_CROSS,F_LONC(I,J),F_LATC(I,J))
F_CROMAP(I,J)=(A/B)*(TAN(PI/4.-F_LATC(I,J)*PI180/2.)**N_FACTOR)/
& SIN(PI/2. - F_LATC(I,J)*PI180)
ENDDO
ENDDO
C Compute dot points of cells and convert to lat/lon.
C Compute map-scale factor for dot points
C Compute coriolis parameter for dot points
write (*,*) ' Processing lat-long dot point i,j '
DO J = 1, METCOL
DO I = 1, METROW
X_DOT = XORIGR + FLOAT(J-1)*RESOLN !include first col
Y_DOT = YORIGR + FLOAT(I-1)*RESOLN !include first row
CALL LAM2LL(X_DOT,Y_DOT,F_LOND(I,J),F_LATD(I,J))
F_DOTMAP(I,J)=(A/B)*(TAN(PI/4-F_LATD(I,J)*PI180/2.)**N_FACTOR)/
& SIN(PI/2. - F_LATD(I,J)*PI180)
! DOTCOR(I,J) = 2.*EOMEGA*SIN(F_LATD(I,J)*PI180)
ENDDO
ENDDO
RETURN
END
96

C********************************************************************
C Significant portions of Models-3/CMAQ software were developed by
C Government employees and under a United States Government contract.
C Portions of the software were also based on information from non-
C Federal sources,including software developed by research institutions
C through jointly funded cooperative agreements.These research institu-
C tions have given the Government permission to use, prepare derivative
C works, and distribute copies of their work to the public within the
C Models-3/CMAQ software release and to permit others to do so. EPA
C therefore grants similar permissions for use of Models3/CMAQsoftware,
C but users are requested to provide copies of derivative works to the
C Government without re-strictions as to use by others. Users are
C responsible for acquiring their own copies of commercial software
C associated with the Models-3/CMAQ release and are also responsible
C to those vendors for complying with any of the vendors' copyright and
C license restrictions.In particular users must obtain a Runtimelicense
C for Orbix from IONA Technologies for each CPU used in Models-3/CMAQ
C applications.
C
C Portions of I/O API, PAVE, and the model builder are Copyrighted
C 1993-1997 by MCNC--North Carolina Supercomputing Center and are
C used with their permissions subject to the above restrictions.
C*********************************************************************
C RCS file, release, date & time of last delta, author, state
C
SUBROUTINE PBLSUP ( ISESN, GMT )
C
C***********************************************************************
C FUNCTION:
C
C PBLSUB computes the 2-D parameters for describing PBL and
97

C met. given simplified inputs such as USTAR, M-O Length, PBL height
C
C INPUTS:
C >
C ISESN ! season index for table
C SDATE ! starting date, format YYYYDDD
C STIME ! starting time, format HHMMSS
C ISESN ! season code
C GMT !G.M. TIME in hours (e.g., 10.75 = 10:45 GMT)
C
C >
C NDEP
C INPUTS:
C >
C XLUSE (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,LURADM)!landuse fractions
C X3HTF (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0:MAXK)!height at model layerface
C X3HTM (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, MAXK) ! height at layer middle
C XTEMPM (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, MAXK) ! temperature profiles
C XDENSAM (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, MAXK) ! air density (kg/m^3)
C XDENSWM (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X, MAXK) ! vapor density (kg/m^3)
C XTEMPG (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! temperature at ground
C XRAINN (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! accumulated nonc. rain
C XRAINC (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! accumulated conv. rain
C XUSTAR (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0) ! ustar (cell avg) (m/s)
C XMOL (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! MONIN-OBUKHOV length
C XPBL (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! PBL height (m)
C
C OUTPUT:
C Compute following
C XUSTAR (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0:LURADM)! 0 = avg,
C others = LUSE specific
C XRIB (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C XHFX (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C XQFX (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C XWSTAR (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0) ! ustar (cell avg) (m/s)
C XRADYN (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0:LURADM)! 0 = avg,
C others = LUSE specific
C XRBNDY (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0:LURADM) ! 0 = avg,
C others = LUSE specific
C XRSTOM (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,0:LURADM)
C XTEMP10 (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C useful to compute following if possible
C ??? XSURF1 (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C ??? XSURF2 (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C ??? XFSOIL (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C Now, from solar.F routine XALBEDO (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C Now, from solar.F routine XGLW (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C Now, from solar.F routine XGSW (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C Now, from solar.F routine XRGRND (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C Now, from solar.F routine XRNET (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X)
C ISTAT ! error status for sanity check
98

C
C***********************************************************************
C PRECONDITIONS REQUIRED
C SUBROUTINES AND FUNCTIONS CALLED:
C
C REVISION HISTORY:
C
C Jan 17, 2001 Daewon W. Byun: Created
C May 30, 2001 Krassi Lazarova: Changed heat and moisture flux comp.
C Debugged ribulk.F and pblsup_gen.F
C***********************************************************************
IMPLICIT NONE
C INCLUDE FILES
C** I/O API include files (included for grid/coord magic numbers)
INCLUDE SUBST_IOPARMS
INCLUDE SUBST_IOFDESC
INCLUDE SUBST_IODECL
C
C** Set up includes for grid & universal constants
INCLUDE SUBST_HGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_VGRD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_COORD_ID
INCLUDE SUBST_CONST
INCLUDE 'CONST_mete.EXT'
INCLUDE 'CONST_pbl.EXT'
C
C** Set up other includes
INCLUDE 'MCIPPARM.EXT' ! params for mcip (TBD)
INCLUDE 'MCIPCOM.EXT' ! commons for mcip (TBD)
INCLUDE 'LRADMDAT.EXT' ! RADM landuse dependent parameters
C
C***********************************************************************
C** Cray vector merge function
REAL CVMGZ
REAL CVMGP
c EXTERNAL CVMGZ, CVMGP
C***********************************************************************
C LOCAL VARIABLES
LOGICAL FIRST
DATA FIRST / .TRUE. /
SAVE FIRST
C
REAL GMT
C
CHARACTER*16 PNAME
DATA PNAME / 'PBLSUP' /
C SEASONS
C NOTE THAT THE SEASONS ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
C INDEX SEASON MONTHS ------
99

C 3: winter dec, jan, feb
C 5: spring mar, apr, may ! season index 4 not used in PBLPKG
C 1: summer jun, jul, aug
C 2: autumn sep, oct, nov
C
C** local indices
INTEGER ISESN ! season #
INTEGER IP1, JP1, L ! loop indices
INTEGER C, R, K
INTEGER ILU, IZ, IW
C
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C For "MAXK" layer meteorology
C new method for the estimation of surface fluxes
C a la Byun (Nov 1990, Jan 1997)
C-- NDEP: number of mm5 layers averaged into the lowest ctm layer
C-- to compute deposition velocities.
C
C** local arrays
C 2-D/3-D
REAL DTMPV (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! virt pot. temp. difference
REAL FCORIS (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! Coriolis factor
REAL TSURF (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! surface temperature used
REAL QSURF (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! mixing ratio at surface
REAL QRATIO (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! mixing ratio at layer 1
c REAL RADIAT (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! radiation
REAL WSPEED (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,MAXK) ! wind speed
REAL UUSTC (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! SPEED * USTAR = constant
REAL VPTEMP (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! virt. pot. temperature
C
REAL PPSAVE (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! array for saving PBL power
REAL RRSAVE (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! array for saving PBL power
REAL Z0B1 (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! temp. array for roughness
REAL Z0 (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X,LURADM) ! landuse dependent roughness
REAL BRATIO (NCOLS_X,NROWS_X) ! Estimate of Bowen Ratio
C 1-D
C
INTEGER ILANDU (MAXI,MAXJ) ! landuse from calmet
REAL WSTR (MAXI,MAXJ) ! wstar from calmet
COMMON ILANDU ! directly from calmet
COMMON WSTR ! directly from calmet
REAL RIBK ( MAXK )
REAL VPTEMPK( MAXK )
REAL ZL(MAXK), ZR(MAXK+1), UL(MAXK), DTHDZ(MAXK)
REAL ZTOP(MAXK), TL(MAXK)
REAL ZF(0:MAXK), QL(MAXK), PL(MAXK)
C
C** local scalar variables
REAL UNS, VNS ! wind component
100

C
REAL VSAT, VPRESS ! saturation and current vepor pressures
REAL DENSW ! density of water vapor
REAL DENSD ! density of dry air
REAL PSURF ! surface pressure
REAL VPTSURF ! surface virtual potential temperature
REAL RHUMID ! relative humidity
REAL THREF ! reference potential temperature
REAL QVREF ! reference vapor mixing ratio
REAL ZF1 ! height of top of layer 1 at a point
REAL ZMEAN1 ! height of first layer middle at a cell
REAL ZRUF ! surface roughness length at a cell
REAL HFXMAX ! maximum heat flux value (used for QA)
REAL UST ! friction velocity at a cell
REAL RIB ! bulk Richardson number
REAL THSTAR ! temperature scale at a cell
REAL QVSTAR ! vapor mixing ratio scale at a cell
REAL ARGCH ! an argument scratch variable
REAL ZTEMP ! height scratch variable
REAL DTEMP ! temperature difference at a point
REAL PTEMP ! atmospheric pressure at a point
REAL RADIAT ! radiation
REAL THETA1, THETA2 ! scratch potential temperatures
REAL U1, U2 ! scratch wind speeds
REAL ALATDEG ! latitude in degree
REAL ANG1 ! an angle scratch variable
REAL ALBEDO ! rough estimation of earth's albedo
REAL ARG ! tmporary variable for a function argument
REAL ZENITH ! zenith angle in degree
REAL COSZEN ! cos(zenith)
REAL DRIB
REAL CPAIR !
REAL FINT ! scratch variable for interpolation
REAL ZSL ! surface layer height
REAL HPBL ! PBL height
REAL HTMAX ! max height of each layer
REAL TSFC, PSFC ! scratch for temp and press at surface
REAL UHT, THT, QHT ! scratch for wind, temp, m. ratio at ZTEMP
INTEGER IFLAG ! scratch flag
REAL ZU1, ZU2, Z1
C integration limits for aerodynamic resistance computation
C
REAL SMALL, AIRDENS
DATA
& SMALL / 1.E-04 /,
& AIRDENS / 1.2250 / ! kg/m**3
101

C
REAL DTEMPMAX ! maximum sfc_T - air_T
REAL DTEMPMIN ! minimum sfc_T - air_T
DATA DTEMPMAX / 5.0 /, DTEMPMIN / -3.0 /
INTEGER ITER, IWAT
DATA ITER / 6 /, IWAT / 6 /
C****************************************
C WESELY RADM LAND-USE TYPES
c 1. urban land
c 2. agriculture
c 3. range
c 4. deciduous forest
c 5. coniferous forest
c 6. mixed forest wetland
c 7. water
c 8. barren land
c 9. non-forested wetland
c 10. mixed agriculture/rangeland
c 11. rocky open areas with low shrubs
C***********************************************************************
C **************** STATEMENT FUNCTIONS *****************
C** FOR PBL
REAL RASP ! aerodynamic resistance function for stable PBL
REAL RASS ! aerodynamic resistance function for stable sfc layer
REAL RAUS ! aerodynamic resistance function - unstable sfc layer
REAL RAUM ! aerodynamic resistance function for mixed layer
C
C** for moisture & virtual temperature
REAL E_AERK
REAL F_VTEMP
REAL F_PTEMP
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C variables used in the function definitions
REAL DD ! displacement height
REAL ZU ! upper limit of integration
REAL AMOL ! Monin-Obukhov length
REAL CKUST ! VKAR*USTAR
REAL A1 ! 9.*ZU/ABS(MOL)
REAL B1 ! 9.*D /ABS(MOL)
REAL X1,X2 ! Z1/PBLHT, Z2/PBLHT
REAL BETAB ! (4.7/0.74)*PBLHT/MOL
REAL CKWST ! VKAR*WSTAR
REAL ZETA
C
REAL D, TEMP, TEMPC, QMIX, PRESS
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C aerodynamic resistance for a stable surface layer
RASS( D, ZU, AMOL, CKUST ) = ( PRO * LOG( ZU / D )
& + BETAM * (ZU-D) / AMOL ) / CKUST
C
C aerodynamic resistance for an unstable surface layer
102

RAUS( A1, B1, CKUST ) = PRO * LOG(
& ( ( 2.0 + A1 ) - 2.0 * SQRT( 1.0 + A1 ) ) *
* ( ( 2.0 + B1 ) + 2.0 * SQRT( 1.0 + B1 ) ) /
& ( A1 * B1 ) ) / CKUST
C
C aerodynamic resistance for a stable pbl
RASP( X1, X2, BETAB, CKUST ) = PRO * ( 2.0 * ( BETAB + 1.0 ) *
& ( 1.0 / SQRT( 1.0 - X2 ) - 1.0 / SQRT( 1.0 - X1 ) ) +
& LOG( ABS( ( -1.0 + SQRT( 1.0 - X2 ) )
& * ( 1.0 + SQRT( 1.0 - X1 ) ) /
& ( ( 1.0 + SQRT( 1.0 - X2 ) )
& * ( -1.0 + SQRT( 1.0 - X1 ) ) ) ) ) ) / CKUST
C
C aerodynamic resistance for a strongly stable PBL
C?? do we need a new formula??? - may be not??
C aerodynamic resistance for a mixed layer
RAUM( X1, X2, CKWST ) = LOG( X2 * ( 1.0 - X1 ) /
& ( X1 * ( 1.0 - X2 ) ) ) / CKWST
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C saturation vapor pressure in pascal ! VP0 = 611.29
C TEMPC in C
E_AERK( TEMPC ) = VP0 *
& EXP( 17.625 * TEMPC / ( 243.04 + TEMPC ) )
C virtual temperature
C TEMP in K, QMIX is specific humidity
F_VTEMP( TEMP, QMIX ) = TEMP * ( 1.0 + 0.6077 * QMIX )
C ! where do we get 0.6077?
C potential temperature
C TEMP in K, PRESS is in Pascal
F_PTEMP( TEMP, PRESS ) = TEMP * ( 100000.0 / PRESS )**(2.0/7.0)
C
C***********************************************************************
C EXECUTABLE CODE STARTS HERE
C***********************************************************************
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C INITIALIZE SOME VARIABLES
C
C ------------------------------------------------------------------
C
C** Compute wind speed profile from true horizontal wind data
DO K = 1, NLAYS
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
IP1 = MIN( C+1, NCOLS_X )
DO R = 1,NROWS_X
JP1 = MIN( R+1, NROWS_X )
UNS = 0.25 * ( XUU(C, R,K) + XUU(IP1, R,K)
& + XUU(C,JP1,K) + XUU(IP1,JP1,K) )
103

C
C
VNS = 0.25 * ( XVV(C, R,K) + XVV(IP1, R,K)
& + XVV(C,JP1,K) + XVV(IP1,JP1,K) )
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
WSPEED (C, R, K) = MAX( 0.5, SQRT( UNS**2 + VNS**2 ) )
C
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1,NROWS_X
C
C saturation vapor pressure (mb) over water
C Estimating water vapor at surface with TSURF = 0.5*(TEMPM(1)+TEMPG)
C assuming it has the same relative humidity as the layer 1 air,
C but at the reference temperature
C
C R.H = vapor_press / sat_vapor_press
C Use AERK formula
C
TSURF (C,R) = XTEMPM (C,R,1) ! test
VSAT = E_AERK( TSURF (C,R) - STDTEMP ) ! in Pascal
VPRESS = XDENSWM (C,R,1) * RWVAP * XTEMPM (C,R,1)
RHUMID = VPRESS / VSAT
PSURF = XPRESM(C,R,1) + GRAV*XDENSAM(C,R,1)*X3HTM(C,R,1)
VPRESS = VSAT * RHUMID
DENSW = VPRESS / ( RWVAP * XTEMPM (C,R,1) )
DENSD = XDENSAF(C,R,0)
QSURF (C,R) = DENSW / DENSD
C
C virtual temperature of ground and air above ground
VPTSURF = F_VTEMP( TSURF (C,R), QSURF (C,R) )
VPTSURF = F_PTEMP( VPTSURF, PSURF )
C
QRATIO(C,R) = XDENSWM (C,R,1) /
& ( XDENSAM (C,R,1) - XDENSWM (C,R,1) )
VPTEMP(C,R) = F_VTEMP( XTEMPM (C,R,1), QRATIO(C,R) ) !
VPTEMP(C,R) = F_PTEMP( VPTEMP (C,R), XPRESM (C,R,1) ) !
DTMPV (C,R) = VPTSURF - VPTEMP (C,R)
IF ( DTMPV(C,R) .LT. DTEMPMIN ) DTMPV (C,R) = DTEMPMIN
IF ( DTMPV(C,R) .GT. DTEMPMAX ) DTMPV (C,R) = DTEMPMAX
C ! limit for stable & unstable case differently
DTMPV (C,R) = CVMGZ( 1.E-10, DTMPV (C,R), DTMPV (C,R) )
ENDDO
ENDDO
104

C** compute tstar and bulk Richardson number
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1,NROWS_X
AMOL = XMOL (C,R)
UST = XUSTAR(C,R,0)
Z1 = X3HTF (C,R,1)
THREF = TSURF (C,R)
ZRUF = XZRUF (C,R)
CALL RIBULK( UST, AMOL, Z1, ZRUF, THREF , RIB)
XRIB(C,R) = RIB
ENDDO
ENDDO
XFLAGS (LXRIB, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXRIB, 3) = PNAME
C
C** Compute non-PBL parameters needed for CROSS point
C** Albedo (time independent) & Moisture availability
C
C
C
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XALBEDO(C,R) = 0.0
XMAVAIL(C,R) = 0.0
DO ILU = 1, LURADM
XALBEDO(C,R) = XALBEDO (C,R) +
& ALBTABL (ILU,ISESN) * XLUSE (C,R,ILU)
XMAVAIL(C,R) = XMAVAIL (C,R) +
& MAVTABL (ILU,ISESN) * XLUSE (C,R,ILU)
ENDDO
ENDDO
END DO
CALL SOLAR ( GMT )
XFLAGS (LXALBEDO,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXALBEDO,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXMAVAIL,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXMAVAIL,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXRGRND, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXRGRND, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXGSW, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXGSW, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXGLW, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXGLW, 3) = PNAME
105

C
XFLAGS (LXRNET, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXRNET, 3) = PNAME
DO ILU = 1, LURADM
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
Z0 (C,R,ILU) = Z00 (ILU,ISESN)
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
C Compute the logarithmic average surface roughness for each grid area
C Byun and Wesley's formula (in preparation)
DO 500 IZ=1, ITER ! ITER = 6
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XZRUF (C,R) = 0.0
Z0B1 (C,R) = 0.0
C XRADYN (C,R,0) = 1.0/SMALL ! initially, for avg
XRADYN (C,R,0) = 0.0 ! for inverse !
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
DO ILU = 1, LURADM
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
Z0B1 (C,R) = Z0B1 (C,R) + XLUSE (C,R,ILU) *
& SQRT( LOG( ZREF / Z0 (C,R,ILU) ) )
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XZRUF (C,R) = ZREF * EXP( -Z0B1 (C,R)**2 )
ENDDO
ENDDO
C
C Now, XZRUF (C,R) contains regular roughness length in m
C Recompute sea-surface rougness using Charnock's relation
C Recompute cell-average surface fluxes
C --- this part is not land use dependent ---
C --- except for adjusting for water ---
C
C Rough estimate of Bowen Ratio for computation of XQFX
DO C=1, NCOLS_X
DO R=1,NROWS_X
BRATIO (C,R) = 0.10
IF(ILANDU(C,R).EQ.70) BRATIO(C,R) = 0.03
IF(ILANDU(C,R).GE.49.AND.ILANDU(C,R).LE.56) BRATIO(C,R)=0.15
ENDDO
106

ENDDO
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
UUSTC(C,R) = XUSTAR (C,R,0) * WSPEED (C,R,1)
THREF = DTMPV (C,R) + VPTEMP (C,R)
XHFX (C,R) = -CPD*AIRDENS*TSURF(C,R)*XUSTAR(C,R,0)**3.0
& / ( 0.4 * GRAV * XMOL(C,R) )
C For XQFX we need Bowen Ratio
XQFX(C,R) = BRATIO (C,R) * XHFX (C,R)
ENDDO
ENDDO
XFLAGS (LXHFX, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXHFX, 3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXQFX, 2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXQFX, 3) = PNAME
C --- THIS PART IS LAND USE DEPENDENT ---
C** Landuse dependent value
DO ILU = 1, LURADM
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XUSTAR ( C,R,ILU ) = SQRT( VKAR * UUSTC (C,R)
& / LOG( ZREF / Z0 (C,R,ILU) ) )
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
C Ocean/water roughness is computed from friction velocity
C Charnock's relation a = 0.0185 (Wu, 1982)
C Charnock, h. (1955) wind stress on a water surface.
C Q.J.R.M. Soc.81, 639-640.
C Wu, j. (1982) wind-stress coefficients over sea surface
C from breeze to huricane. J. Geophys. Res. 87,9704-9706.
C
C** Adjustment of surface roughness for water surface where ustar is
C modified according to UUST = const and roughness adjusts accordingly
C Since we just care how the friction velocity will be modified
C for the different surface roughness for each landuse,
C just use neutral formula to update landuse dependent friction
C velocity: this is the same as assuming that stability and PBL height
C over different landuse is the same as for the cell average values.
C (Since sfc temp, profiles are cell averaged values, we cannot do
C any better) Next eq. for USTAR is from Byun and Wesley
C (in preparation)
DO IW = 1, IWAT
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
107

C
XUSTAR(C,R,LWATER) = SQRT( VKAR * UUSTC (C,R)
& / LOG( ZREF / Z0 (C,R,LWATER) ) )
Z0 (C,R,7) = 0.0185 * XUSTAR(C,R,LWATER)**2 / GRAV
& + .0001
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
500 CONTINUE
XFLAGS (LXUSTAR,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXUSTAR,3) = PNAME
C
C compute aerodynamic resistance
C*** Routine to segregate resistance into each LU components
DO 600 ILU = 1, LURADM
DO 640 C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO 640 R = 1, NROWS_X
ZSL = 0.1 * XPBL (C,R)
ZTEMP = MIN( X3HTM (C,R,NDEP), ZSL )
ZU1 = MAX( XZRUF (C,R), ZTEMP )
c when setting integration limits, we need to avoid singular
c points: minimum ht is set to Z0 and maximum ht. is set to
c 0.9*PBLHT + 0.05 (m)
ZU2 = MAX( MIN( X3HTM(C,R,NDEP),XPBL (C,R) ),ZU1)+0.05
X1 = MIN( 0.9, ZU1 / XPBL (C,R) )
X2 = MIN( 0.9 + 0.05 / XPBL (C,R), ZU2 / XPBL (C,R) )
BETAB = 6.345 * XPBL (C,R) / XMOL (C,R)
A1 = 9.0 * ZU1 / ABS( XMOL (C,R) )
B1 = 9.0 * XZRUF (C,R) / ABS( XMOL (C,R) )
C protect against x2 being .ge. than 1.0
IF (X2 .GE. 0.9999) X2 = 0.9999
XWSTAR (C,R) = XUSTAR (C,R,0) * ( XPBL (C,R)
& / ( VKAR * ABS( XMOL (C,R) ) ) )**0.3333333
c XWSTAR (C,R) = WSTR (C,R) ! directly from CALMET
XWSTAR (C,R) = CVMGP(1.0E-20, XWSTAR (C,R), XMOL (C,R) )
C
XRADYN (C,R,ILU) = CVMGP(
& ( RASS( XZRUF (C,R), ZU1, XMOL (C,R),
& VKAR * XUSTAR (C,R,ILU) )
& + RASP( X1, X2, BETAB, VKAR * XUSTAR (C,R,ILU) ) ),
& ( RAUS( A1, B1, 0.4 * XUSTAR (C,R,ILU) )
& + RAUM( X1, X2, VKAR * XWSTAR (C,R) ) ),
& XMOL (C,R) )
C
C compute sub-layer resistance
C XRBNDY (C,R,0) = 2.83 / ( VKAR * XUSTAR (C,R,0) )
108

C
640 CONTINUE
C
C** compute cell average (using inverse directly)
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XRADYN (C,R,0) = XRADYN (C,R,0) +
& XLUSE (C,R,ILU) / XRADYN (C,R,ILU)
END DO
END DO
600 CONTINUE ! end of 'DO 600' landuse loop
C** now XRADYN has real dynamic resistance
C** ?? probably, we do not want to replace the original value ??
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
XRADYN (C,R,0) = 1. / XRADYN (C,R,0)
END DO
END DO
XFLAGS (LXWSTAR,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXWSTAR,3) = PNAME
XFLAGS (LXRADYN,2) = 'YES'
XFLAGS (LXRADYN,3) = PNAME
C** Estimate temperatures at 1.5 m and 10 m
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1, NROWS_X
ZF(0) = X3HTF(C,R,0)
C
DO K = 1, NLAYS
ZL (K) = X3HTM (C,R,K)
ZF (K) = X3HTF (C,R,K)
UL (K) = WSPEED (C,R,K)
TL (K) = XTEMPM (C,R,K)
QL (K) = XDENSWM (C,R,K) /
& ( XDENSAM (C,R,K) - XDENSWM (C,R,K) )
PL (K) = XPRESM (C,R,K) / 100.0 ! in hPascal = mb
END DO
C TSFC = 0.5 * ( XTEMPM (C,R,1) + XTEMPG (C,R) ) ! test
AMOL = XMOL (C,R)
ZRUF = XZRUF (C,R)
HPBL = XPBL (C,R)
C*bdx CPAIR = 1004.67 * (1.0 + 0.84 * QL(1)) ! J/(K KG)
CPAIR = CPD * (1.0 + 0.84 * QL(1)) ! J/(K KG)
UST = XUSTAR (C,R,0)
CBDX120197 PSFC = ( XPSTAR (C,R) + X3TOP ) / 100.0 !in hPascal=mb
PSURF=XPRESM(C,R,1)+GRAV*XDENSAM(C,R,1)*X3HTM(C,R,1)
C ! in Pascal
PSFC = PSURF / 100. ! in hPascal= mb
THETA1 = TL(1) *(1000.0/PL(1))**.286
109

C
C
C
C
ZTEMP = 10.0 ! 10 meter
PTEMP = PL(1)+GRAV*XDENSAM(C,R,1)*(ZL(1)-ZTEMP)/100. !mb
CALL INTSFC ( UST, AMOL, THETA1,ZRUF, ZL(1),UL(1), THETA1
& ,ZTEMP, U2, THETA2)
XTEMP10(C,R) = THETA2*(PTEMP/1000.0)**.286
XSURF2 (C,R) = U2 ! for reference
ZTEMP = 1.5 ! 1.5 meter
PTEMP = PL(1)+GRAV*XDENSAM(C,R,1)*(ZL(1)-ZTEMP)/100. !mb
ZTEMP = 10.0 ! 10 meter
CALL INTSFC ( UST, AMOL, THETA1,ZRUF, ZL(1),UL(1), THETA1
& ,ZTEMP, U2, THETA2)
END DO
END DO
XSURF1 (C,R) = THETA2*(PTEMP/1000.0)**.286
C--- Compute W-Star
DO C = 1, NCOLS_X
DO R = 1,NROWS_X
XWSTAR (C,R) = XUSTAR (C,R,0) * ( XPBL (C,R)
& / ( VKAR * ABS( XMOL (C,R) ) ) )**0.3333333
c XWSTAR (C,R) = WSTR (C,R) ! directly from CALMET
XWSTAR (C,R) = CVMGP( 0.0, XWSTAR (C,R), XMOL (C,R) )
C
C--- Compute ALBEDO from MM5 values of incident and absorbed SW rad
IF(XRGRND(C,R).GT.0.) THEN
c XALBEDO(C,R) = 1. - XGSW(C,R) / XRGRND(C,R)
XALBEDO(C,R) = XALBEDO(C,R) ! from solar
ELSE
XALBEDO(C,R) = 0.
ENDIF
END DO
END DO
C
write(*,*) 'PBLSUP - RETURNING TO MCIP'
RETURN
C
1010 CONTINUE
STOP 'ABNORMAL TERMINATION IN PBLSUP'
END
110

APPENDIX B: INPUT FILE TO CALMET
4 km resolution CALMET simulation for 4 days from July 10, 1995
with MM5 data, 10 surface met stations, no overwater station,
4 upper air met stations, and no precip stations
---------------- Run title (3 lines) ------------------------------------------
CALMET MODEL CONTROL FILE
--------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 0 -- Input and Output File Names
Subgroup (a)
------------
Default Name Type File Name
------------ ---- ---------
GEO.DAT input ! GEODAT=geo4km.dat !
SURF.DAT input ! SRFDAT=surf.dat !
CLOUD.DAT input * CLDDAT= *
PRECIP.DAT input * PRCDAT= *
MM4.DAT input ! MM4DAT=mm4.dat !
WT.DAT input * WTDAT= *
CALMET.LST output ! METLST=calmet.lst !
CALMET.DAT output ! METDAT=calmetnew.dat !
PACOUT.DAT output * PACDAT= *
All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES = T
Otherwise, if LCFILES = F, file names will be converted to UPPER CASE
T = lower case ! LCFILES = T !
F = UPPER CASE
NUMBER OF UPPER AIR & OVERWATER STATIONS:
Number of upper air stations (NUSTA) No default ! NUSTA = 4 !
Number of overwater met stations
(NOWSTA) No default ! NOWSTA = 0 !
!END!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
111

Subgroup (b)
---------------------------------
Upper air files (one per station)
---------------------------------
Default Name Type File Name
------------ ---- ---------
UP1.DAT input 1 ! UPDAT=up_95.wal! !END!
UP2.DAT input 2 ! UPDAT=up_95.alb! !END!
UP3.DAT input 3 ! UPDAT=up_95.okx! !END!
UP4.DAT input 4 ! UPDAT=up_95.iad! !END!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subgroup (c)
-----------------------------------------
Overwater station files (one per station)
-----------------------------------------
Default Name Type File Name
------------ ---- ---------
SEA1.DAT input 1 * SEADAT= *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subgroup (d)
----------------
Other file names
----------------
Default Name Type File Name
------------ ---- ---------
DIAG.DAT input * DIADAT= *
PROG.DAT input * PRGDAT= *
TEST.PRT output * TSTPRT= *
TEST.OUT output * TSTOUT= *
TEST.KIN output * TSTKIN= *
TEST.FRD output * TSTFRD= *
TEST.SLP output * TSTSLP= *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTES: (1) File/path names can be up to 70 characters in length
(2) Subgroups (a) and (d) must have ONE 'END' (surround by
delimiters) at the end of the group
(3) Subgroups (b) and (c) must have an 'END' (surround by
delimiters) at the end of EACH LINE
!END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 1 -- General run control parameters
--------------
112

Starting date: Year (IBYR) -- No default ! IBYR= 1995 !
Month (IBMO) -- No default ! IBMO= 07 !
Day (IBDY) -- No default ! IBDY= 10 !
Hour (IBHR) -- No default ! IBHR= 00 !
Base time zone (IBTZ) -- No default ! IBTZ= 5 !
PST = 08, MST = 07
CST = 06, EST = 05
Length of run (hours) (IRLG) -- No default ! IRLG= 94 !
Run type (IRTYPE) -- Default: 1 ! IRTYPE= 1 !
0 = Computes wind fields only
1 = Computes wind fields and micrometeorological variables
(u*, w*, L, zi, etc.)
(IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID)
Compute special data fields required
by CALGRID (i.e., 3-D fields of W wind
components and temperature)
in additional to regular Default: T ! LCALGRD = T !
fields ? (LCALGRD)
(LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID)
Flag to stop run after
SETUP phase (ITEST) Default: 2 ! ITEST= 2 !
(Used to allow checking
of the model inputs, files, etc.)
ITEST = 1 - STOPS program after SETUP phase
ITEST = 2 - Continues with execution of
COMPUTATIONAL phase after SETUP
!END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 2 -- Grid control parameters
--------------
HORIZONTAL GRID DEFINITION:
No. X grid cells (NX) No default ! NX = 87 !
No. Y grid cells (NY) No default ! NY = 84 !
GRID SPACING (DGRIDKM) No default ! DGRIDKM = 4. !
Units: km
REFERENCE COORDINATES
of SOUTHWEST corner of grid cell (1,1)
113

X coordinate (XORIGKM) No default ! XORIGKM = 996.000 !
Y coordinate (YORIGKM) No default ! YORIGKM = -120.000 !
Units: km
Latitude (XLAT0) No default ! XLAT0 = 38.2120 !
Longitude (XLON0) No default ! XLON0 = 78.2487 !
UTM ZONE (IUTMZN) Default: 0 ! IUTMZN = 18 !
LAMBERT CONFORMAL PARAMETERS
Rotate input winds from true north to
map north using a Lambert conformal
projection? (LLCONF) Default: F ! LLCONF = T !
Latitude of 1st standard parallel Default: 30. ! XLAT1 = 30.000 !
Latitude of 2nd standard parallel Default: 60. ! XLAT2 = 60.000 !
(XLAT1 and XLAT2; + in NH, - in SH)
Longitude (RLON0) Default = 90. ! RLON0 = 90.000 !
(used only if LLCONF = T)
(Positive = W. Hemisphere;
Negative = E. Hemisphere)
Origin Latitude (RLAT0) Default = 40. ! RLAT0 = 40.000 !
(used only if IPROG > 2)
(Positive = N. Hemisphere;
Negative = S. Hemisphere)
Vertical grid definition:
!END!
No. of vertical layers (NZ) No default ! NZ = 15 !
Cell face heights in arbitrary
vertical grid (ZFACE(NZ+1)) No defaults
Units: m
! ZFACE = 0.,22.,76.,114.,152.,230.,307.,425.,544.,705.,868.,1289.,1818.,2550.,3600.,4754. !
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 3 -- Output Options
--------------
DISK OUTPUT OPTION
Save met. fields in an unformatted
output file ? (LSAVE) Default: T ! LSAVE = T !
(F = Do not save, T = Save)
114

Type of unformatted output file:
(IFORMO) Default: 1 ! IFORMO = 1 !
1 = CALPUFF/CALGRID type file (CALMET.DAT)
2 = MESOPUFF-II type file (PACOUT.DAT)
LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS:
Print met. fields ? (LPRINT) Default: F ! LPRINT = F !
(F = Do not print, T = Print)
(NOTE: parameters below control which
met. variables are printed)
Print interval
(IPRINF) in hours Default: 1 ! IPRINF = 1 !
(Meteorological fields are printed
every 1 hours)
Specify which layers of U, V wind component
to print (IUVOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: NZ*0
! IUVOUT = 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 !
-----------------------
Specify which levels of the W wind component to print
(NOTE: W defined at TOP cell face -- 10 values)
(IWOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)
-----------------------------------
Defaults: NZ*0
! IWOUT = 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 !
Specify which levels of the 3-D temperature field to print
(ITOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered
(0=Do not print, 1=Print)
(used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)
-----------------------------------
Defaults: NZ*0
! ITOUT = 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 !
Specify which meteorological fields
to print
(used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: 0 (all variables)
-----------------------
115

Variable Print ?
(0 = do not print,
1 = print)
-------- ------------------
! STABILITY = 1 ! - PGT stability class
! USTAR = 1 ! - Friction velocity
! MONIN = 1 ! - Monin-Obukhov length
! MIXHT = 1 ! - Mixing height
! WSTAR = 1 ! - Convective velocity scale
! PRECIP = 1 ! - Precipitation rate
! SENSHEAT = 1 ! - Sensible heat flux
! CONVZI = 1 ! - Convective mixing ht.
Testing and debug print options for micrometeorological module
Print input meteorological data and
internal variables (LDB) Default: F ! LDB = F !
(F = Do not print, T = print)
(NOTE: this option produces large amounts of output)
First time step for which debug data
are printed (NN1) Default: 1 ! NN1 = 1 !
Last time step for which debug data
are printed (NN2) Default: 1 ! NN2 = 2 !
Testing and debug print options for wind field module
(all of the following print options control output to
wind field module's output files: TEST.PRT, TEST.OUT,
TEST.KIN, TEST.FRD, and TEST.SLP)
Control variable for writing the test/debug
wind fields to disk files (IOUTD)
(0=Do not write, 1=write) Default: 0 ! IOUTD = 0 !
Number of levels, starting at the surface,
to print (NZPRN2) Default: 1 ! NZPRN2 = 0 !
Print the INTERPOLATED wind components ?
(IPR0) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR0 = 0 !
Print the TERRAIN ADJUSTED surface wind
components ?
(IPR1) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR1 = 0 !
Print the SMOOTHED wind components and
the INITIAL DIVERGENCE fields ?
116

!END!
(IPR2) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR2 = 0 !
Print the FINAL wind speed and direction
fields ?
(IPR3) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR3 = 0 !
Print the FINAL DIVERGENCE fields ?
(IPR4) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR4 = 0 !
Print the winds after KINEMATIC effects
are added ?
(IPR5) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR5 = 0 !
Print the winds after the FROUDE NUMBER
adjustment is made ?
(IPR6) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR6 = 0 !
Print the winds after SLOPE FLOWS
are added ?
(IPR7) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR7 = 0 !
Print the FINAL wind field components ?
(IPR8) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR8 = 0 !
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 4 -- Meteorological data options
--------------
NUMBER OF SURFACE & PRECIP. METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
Number of surface stations (NSSTA) No default ! NSSTA = 10 !
Number of precipitation stations
(NPSTA) No default ! NPSTA = 0 !
CLOUD DATA OPTIONS
Griddid cloud fields:
(ICLOUD) Default: 0 ! ICLOUD = 0 !
ICLOUD = 0 - Gridded clouds not used
ICLOUD = 1 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT generated as OUTPUT
ICLOUD = 2 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT read as INPUT
FILE FORMATS
Surface meteorological data file format
(IFORMS) Default: 2 ! IFORMS = 2 !
(1 = unformatted (e.g., SMERGE output))
(2 = formatted (free-formatted user input))
117

!END!
Precipitation data file format
(IFORMP) Default: 2 ! IFORMP = 2 !
(1 = unformatted (e.g., PMERGE output))
(2 = formatted (free-formatted user input))
Cloud data file format
(IFORMC) Default: 2 ! IFORMC = 2 !
(1 = unformatted - CALMET unformatted output)
(2 = formatted - free-formatted CALMET output or user input)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 5 -- Wind Field Options and Parameters
--------------
WIND FIELD MODEL OPTIONS
Model selection variable (IWFCOD) Default: 1 ! IWFCOD = 1 !
0 = Objective analysis only
1 = Diagnostic wind module
Compute Froude number adjustment
effects ? (IFRADJ) Default: 1 ! IFRADJ = 1 !
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Compute kinematic effects ? (IKINE) Default: 1 ! IKINE = 0 !
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Use O'Brien procedure for adjustment
of the vertical velocity ? (IOBR) Default: 0 ! IOBR = 0 !
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Compute slope flow effects ? (ISLOPE) Default: 1 ! ISLOPE = 1 !
(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Extrapolate surface wind observations
to upper layers ? (IEXTRP) Default: -4 ! IEXTRP = -4 !
(1 = no extrapolation is done,
2 = power law extrapolation used,
3 = user input multiplicative factors
for layers 2 - NZ used (see FEXTRP array)
4 = similarity theory used
-1, -2, -3, -4 = same as above except layer 1 data
at upper air stations are ignored
Extrapolate surface winds even
if calm? (ICALM) Default: 0 ! ICALM = 0 !
118

(0 = NO, 1 = YES)
Layer-dependent biases modifying the weights of
surface and upper air stations (BIAS(NZ))
-1

the wind field interpolation (RMIN) Default: 0.1 ! RMIN = .1 !
Units: km
Radius of influence of terrain
features (TERRAD) No default ! TERRAD = 12. !
Units: km
Relative weighting of the first
guess field and observations in the
SURFACE layer (R1) No default ! R1 = 2. !
(R1 is the distance from an Units: km
observational station at which the
observation and first guess field are
equally weighted)
Relative weighting of the first
guess field and observations in the
layers ALOFT (R2) No default ! R2 = 4. !
(R2 is applied in the upper layers Units: km
in the same manner as R1 is used in
the surface layer).
Relative weighting parameter of the
prognostic wind field data (RPROG) No default ! RPROG = 0. !
(Used only if IPROG = 1) Units: km
------------------------
Maximum acceptable divergence in the
divergence minimization procedure
(DIVLIM) Default: 5.E-6 ! DIVLIM= 5.0E-06 !
Maximum number of iterations in the
divergence min. procedure (NITER) Default: 50 ! NITER = 50 !
Number of passes in the smoothing
procedure (NSMTH(NZ))
NOTE: NZ values must be entered
Default: 2,(mxnz-1)*4 ! NSMTH =
2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 !
Maximum number of stations used in
each layer for the interpolation of
data to a grid point (NINTR2(NZ))
NOTE: NZ values must be entered Default: 99. ! NINTR2 =
10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 !
Critical Froude number (CRITFN) Default: 1.0 ! CRITFN = 1. !
Empirical factor controlling the
influence of kinematic effects
(ALPHA) Default: 0.1 ! ALPHA = 0.1 !
120

Multiplicative scaling factor for
extrapolation of surface observations
to upper layers (FEXTR2(NZ)) Default: NZ*0.0
! FEXTR2 = 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.!
(Used only if IEXTRP = 3 or -3)
BARRIER INFORMATION
Number of barriers to interpolation
of the wind fields (NBAR) Default: 0 ! NBAR = 0 !
THE FOLLOWING 4 VARIABLES ARE INCLUDED
ONLY IF NBAR > 0
NOTE: NBAR values must be entered No defaults
for each variable Units: km
X coordinate of BEGINNING
of each barrier (XBBAR(NBAR)) ! XBBAR = 0. !
Y coordinate of BEGINNING
of each barrier (YBBAR(NBAR)) ! YBBAR = 0. !
X coordinate of ENDING
of each barrier (XEBAR(NBAR)) ! XEBAR = 0. !
Y coordinate of ENDING
of each barrier (YEBAR(NBAR)) ! YEBAR = 0. !
DIAGNOSTIC MODULE DATA INPUT OPTIONS
Surface temperature (IDIOPT1) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT1 = 0 !
0 = Compute internally from
hourly surface observations
1 = Read preprocessed values from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Surface met. station to use for
the surface temperature (ISURFT) No default ! ISURFT = 9 !
(Must be a value from 1 to NSSTA)
(Used only if IDIOPT1 = 0)
--------------------------
Domain-averaged temperature lapse
rate (IDIOPT2) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT2 = 0 !
0 = Compute internally from
twice-daily upper air observations
1 = Read hourly preprocessed values
from a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Upper air station to use for
the domain-scale lapse rate (IUPT) No default ! IUPT = 1 !
121

(Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA)
(Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0)
--------------------------
Depth through which the domain-scale
lapse rate is computed (ZUPT) Default: 200. ! ZUPT = 200. !
(Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0) Units: meters
--------------------------
Domain-averaged wind components
(IDIOPT3) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT3 = 0 !
0 = Compute internally from
twice-daily upper air observations
1 = Read hourly preprocessed values
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Upper air station to use for
the domain-scale winds (IUPWND) Default: -1 ! IUPWND = 1 !
(Must be a value from -1 to NUSTA)
(Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0)
--------------------------
Bottom and top of layer through
which the domain-scale winds
are computed
(ZUPWND(1), ZUPWND(2)) Defaults: 1., 1000. ! ZUPWND= 1., 1000. !
(Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0) Units: meters
--------------------------
Observed surface wind components
for wind field module (IDIOPT4) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT4 = 0 !
0 = Read WS, WD from a surface
data file (SURF.DAT)
1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
Observed upper air wind components
for wind field module (IDIOPT5) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT5 = 0 !
0 = Read WS, WD from an upper
air data file (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT, etc.)
1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from
a data file (DIAG.DAT)
LAKE BREEZE INFORMATION
Use Lake Breeze Module (LLBREZE)
Default: F ! LLBREZE = F !
Number of lake breeze regions (NBOX) ! NBOX = 0 !
X Grid line 1 defining the region of interest
122

!END!
! XG1 = 0. !
X Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! XG2 = 0. !
Y Grid line 1 defining the region of interest
! YG1 = 0. !
Y Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! YG2 = 0. !
X Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(XBCST) (KM) Default: none ! XBCST = 0. !
Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(YBCST) (KM) Default: none ! YBCST = 0. !
X Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(XECST) (KM) Default: none ! XECST = 0. !
Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line)
(YECST) (KM) Default: none ! YECST = 0. !
Number of stations in the region Default: none ! NLB = 0 !*
(Surface stations + upper air stations)
Station ID's in the region (METBXID(NLB))
(Surface stations first, then upper air stations)
! METBXID = 0 !*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 6 -- Mixing Height, Temperature and Precipitation Parameters
--------------
EMPIRICAL MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS
Neutral, mechanical equation
(CONSTB) Default: 1.41 ! CONSTB = 1.41 !
Convective mixing ht. equation
(CONSTE) Default: 0.15 ! CONSTE = 0.15 !
Stable mixing ht. equation
(CONSTN) Default: 2400. ! CONSTN = 2400.!
Overwater mixing ht. equation
(CONSTW) Default: 0.16 ! CONSTW = 0.16 !
Absolute value of Coriolis
parameter (FCORIOL) Default: 1.E-4 ! FCORIOL = 1.0E-04!
Units: (1/s)
SPATIAL AVERAGING OF MIXING HEIGHTS
123

Conduct spatial averaging
(IAVEZI) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVEZI = 1 !
Max. search radius in averaging
process (MNMDAV) Default: 1 ! MNMDAV = 10 !
Units: Grid
cells
Half-angle of upwind looking cone
for averaging (HAFANG) Default: 30. ! HAFANG = 30. !
Units: deg.
Layer of winds used in upwind
averaging (ILEVZI) Default: 1 ! ILEVZI = 1 !
(must be between 1 and NZ)
OTHER MIXING HEIGHT VARIABLES
Minimum potential temperature lapse
rate in the stable layer above the
current convective mixing ht. Default: 0.001 ! DPTMIN = 0.001 !
(DPTMIN) Units: deg. K/m
Depth of layer above current conv.
mixing height through which lapse Default: 200. ! DZZI = 200. !
rate is computed (DZZI) Units: meters
Minimum overland mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMIN = 50. !
(ZIMIN) Units: meters
Maximum overland mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAX = 3000. !
(ZIMAX) Units: meters
Minimum overwater mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMINW = 50. !
(ZIMINW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters
overwater mixing hts. are used)
Maximum overwater mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAXW = 3000. !
(ZIMAXW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters
overwater mixing hts. are used)
TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS
Interpolation type
(1 = 1/R ; 2 = 1/R**2) Default:1 ! IRAD = 1 !
Radius of influence for temperature
interpolation (TRADKM) Default: 500. ! TRADKM = 500. !
Units: km
Maximum Number of stations to include
in temperature interpolation (NUMTS) Default: 5 ! NUMTS = 5 !
Conduct spatial averaging of temp -
eratures (IAVET) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVET = 1 !
124

(will use mixing ht MNMDAV,HAFANG
so make sure they are correct)
Default temperature gradient Default: -.0098 ! TGDEFB = -0.0098 !
below the mixing height over
water (K/m) (TGDEFB)
Default temperature gradient Default: -.0045 ! TGDEFA = -0.0045 !
above the mixing height over
water (K/m) (TGDEFA)
Beginning (JWAT1) and ending (JWAT2)
land use categories for temperature ! JWAT1 = 59 !
interpolation over water -- Make ! JWAT2 = 59 !
bigger than largest land use to disable
PRECIP INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS
Method of interpolation (NFLAGP) Default = 2 ! NFLAGP = 2 !
(1=1/R,2=1/R**2,3=EXP/R**2)
Radius of Influence (km) (SIGMAP) Default = 100.0 ! SIGMAP = 50. !
(0.0 => use half dist. btwn
nearest stns w & w/out
precip when NFLAGP = 3)
Minimum Precip. Rate Cutoff (mm/hr) Default = 0.01 ! CUTP = 0.01 !
(values < CUTP = 0.0 mm/hr)
!END!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 7 -- Surface meteorological station parameters
--------------
SURFACE STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -- 10 records in all)
1 2
Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time Anem.
(km) (km) zone Ht.(m)
----------------------------------------------------------
! SS1 ='PHL ' 13739 1214.3036 99.5401 5 10 !
! SS2 ='WDC ' 13743 1086.8796 -35.9799 5 10 !
! SS3 ='ILG ' 13781 1189.9744 71.3613 5 10 !
! SS4 ='HBG ' 14711 1085.0775 111.4466 5 10 !
! SS5 ='NEW ' 14734 1285.0319 202.9350 5 10 !
! SS6 ='ABE ' 14737 1184.4426 178.1201 5 10 !
! SS7 ='BWI ' 93721 1111.3125 4.5453 5 10 !
! SS8 ='ACY ' 93730 1278.8019 64.2651 5 10 !
! SS9 ='IAD ' 93738 1048.5636 -27.5736 5 10 !
125

! SS10 ='JFK ' 94789 1316.8600 203.8930 5 10 !
-------------------
1
Four character string for station name
(MUST START IN COLUMN 9)
!END!
2
Five digit integer for station ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 8 -- Upper air meteorological station parameters
--------------
UPPER AIR STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -- 1 record in all)
1 2
Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time zone
(km) (km)
-----------------------------------------------
! US1 ='WAL ' 93739 1235.1540 -120.1510 5 !
! US2 ='ALB ' 14735 1270.2840 425.0700 5 !
! US3 ='OKX ' 94703 1384.1110 241.9860 5 !
! US4 ='IAD ' 93734 1050.5308 -30.8736 5 !
-------------------
1
Four character string for station name
(MUST START IN COLUMN 9)
!END!
2
Five digit integer for station ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INPUT GROUP: 9 -- Precipitation station parameters
--------------
PRECIPITATION STATION VARIABLES
(One record per station -- 16 records in all)
(NOT INCLUDED IF NPSTA = 0)
!END!
126

EDUCATION
VITA
Krassimira Ilieva Lazarova
DOB 31 January 1969, Doupnitza, Bulgaria
Citizen of Bulgaria
June, 2001
Ph.D., Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Dissertation: “Alternative Small Scale Meteorology Input to a Chemical Transport Model”
November 1993
M.Sc. in physics and atmospheric science, Sofia State University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Thesis: “Atmospheric Stability from the perspective of air quality modeling”
June 1987
High School with specialization in chemistry “A. Zlatarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Senior project: “Industrial production of insulin”
WORK RELATED EXPERIENCE
1999-2001 - US EPA, Region III
Air quality modeling, MODELS-3 framework and standalone version
1996-2001 - Drexel University
Teaching Atmospheric Science - lectures and recitations
Introduction to computer programing - recitations
Classical physics - recitations
1993-1995 - National Institute of Meteorology, Sofia, Bulgaria
Air quality modeling, Gausian models
AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS
Graduate fellowship 1987-1992, Sofia State University, Sofia, Bulgaria
127