NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION (PICES)

NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION(PICES)ANNUAL REPORTSIXTEENTH MEETINGVICTORIA, CANADAOCTOBER 26–NOVEMBER 5, 2007July 2008Secretariat / PublisherNorth Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)P.O. Box 6000,9860 West Saanich Road,Sidney, British Columbia,Canada. V8L 4B2E-mail: secretariat@pices.intHome Page: www.pices.int

CONTENTSReport of Opening Session .......................................................................................................................... 1Report of Governing Council.................................................................................................................... 15Report of the Finance and Administration Committee .......................................................................... 65Reports of Science Board and CommitteesScience Board Inter-sessional Meeting................................................................................................. 83Science Board ....................................................................................................................................... 93Biological Oceanography Committee ................................................................................................. 105Fishery Science Committee................................................................................................................. 117Marine Environmental Quality Committee......................................................................................... 129Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee................................................................................ 139Technical Committee on Data Exchange............................................................................................ 145Technical Committee on Monitoring .................................................................................................. 153Reports of Sections, Working and Study GroupsSection on Carbon and Climate.......................................................................................................... 161Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific.................................................... 167Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-based Management Science and its Applicationto the North Pacific ...................................................................................................................... 173Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections................................................... 179Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species .................................................................... 183Study Group to develop a strategy for GOOS..................................................................................... 193Study Group on Ecosystem Status Reporting...................................................................................... 203Study Group on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES Region ........................................ 213Study Group on Scientific Cooperation between PICES and Non-member Countries ..................... 225Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity ProgramImplementation Panel on the CCCC Program .................................................................................... 229CFAME Task Team ............................................................................................................................ 235MODEL Task Team ........................................................................................................................... 241Reports of Advisory PanelsAdvisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas ................................. 249Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific................................ 253Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean............................. 255Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals................................................................................. 261Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment .......................................... 2652007 Review of PICES Publication Program ........................................................................................ 269Guidelines for PICES Temporary Expert Groups ............................................................................... 297Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops................................................................................... 313Report of the ICES/PICES Conference for Early Career Scientists................................................... 355iii

Membership.............................................................................................................................................. 367Participants............................................................................................................................................... 387PICES Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 413Acronyms.................................................................................................................................................. 415iv

OS-2007REPORT OF OPENING SESSIONThe Opening Session started at 09:00 hours onOctober 29, 2007. Dr. Tokio Wada, Chairmanof PICES, welcomed delegates, observers andresearchers to Victoria and formally declaredthat the PICES Sixteenth Annual Meeting wasopen. The session agenda is appended as OPEndnote 1.Welcome address on behalf of the hostcountryMr. Paul Sprout (Regional Director-General,Fisheries and Oceans Canada) welcomedparticipants on behalf of the host country (OPEndnote 2).Remarks by representatives of ContractingParties and the Chairman of PICESDr. Wada invited Dr. Yuji Uozumi (Counselor,Resources Enhancement Promotion Department,Fisheries Agency, Japan) to make a statement onbehalf of the Japanese Government. Dr. Uozumiaddressed the session and his remarks areappended to the report as OP Endnote 3.Dr. Wada called upon Mr. Handi Guo (DivisionDirector, Department of InternationalCooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, People’sRepublic of China) to speak on behalf of theChinese Government. Mr. Guo addressed thesession and his remarks are appended to thereport as OP Endnote 4.Dr. Wada then asked Mr. Kwang-Youl Park(Division Director, Marine Policy Bureau,Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries,Republic of Korea) to make a statement onbehalf of the Korean Government. Dr. Parkaddressed the session and his remarks areappended to the report as OP Endnote 5.Dr. Wada invited Dr. Lev Bocharov (Director-General, Pacific Scientific Research FisheriesCenter, State Committee for Fisheries, RussianFederation) to speak on behalf of the RussianGovernment. Dr. Bocharov addressed thesession and his remarks are appended to thereport as OP Endnote 6.Dr. Wada requested Dr. Samuel Pooley(Director, Pacific Islands Fisheries ScienceCenter, National Marine Fisheries Service,United States of America) to make a statementon behalf of the U.S. Government. Dr. Pooleyaddressed the session and his remarks areappended to the report as OP Endnote 7.Dr. Wada called upon Dr. Laura Richards(Regional Director of Science, Pacific Region,Fisheries and Oceans Canada) to speak on behalfof the Canadian Government. Dr. Richardsaddressed the session and her remarks areappended to the report as OP Endnote 8.Dr. Wada thanked Mr. Sprout and all thedelegates for their remarks, and addressed theparticipants on behalf of PICES. His remarksare appended to the report as OP Endnote 9.Wooster Award presentation ceremonyDr. Wada and Dr. Kuh Kim, PICES ScienceBoard Chairman, conducted the 2007 WoosterAward presentation ceremony. First, Dr. Wadaintroduced the Wooster Award:In 2000, PICES established an award forscientists who have made significantcontributions to North Pacific marine science,who have achieved sustained excellence inresearch, teaching, or administration, who haveworked to integrate the various disciplines of themarine sciences, and preferably, all of these inassociation with PICES. The award was namedin honour of Prof. Warren S. Wooster, theprincipal founder and the first Chairman ofPICES, a world-renowned researcher of climate1

OS-2007variability and fisheries production, and anambassador of international scientific cooperation.Prior recipients of the Wooster Award are Prof.Michael M. Mullin (2001), Prof. Yutaka Nagata(2002), Prof. William Pearcy (2003), Prof. PaulH. LeBlond (2004), Dr. Daniel Ware (2005) andDr. Makoto Kashiwai (2006), and I would like toask Dr. Kuh Kim, PICES Science BoardChairman, to announce the recipient of theWooster Award for 2007.Dr. Kim quoted the following Science Boardcitation for the 2007 Wooster Award (reading ofthe citation was accompanied by a special slideshow dedicated to Dr. Kenneth Denman):It gives me great pleasure to announce that theWooster Award for 2007 is being given toDr. Kenneth L. Denman, a world-renownedinterdisciplinary ocean scientist.Ken has authored more than 75 primary journalarticles, book chapters or review papers on air–sea interaction, lower trophic-level biologicalproduction, and the role of the ocean in theglobal climate system. He was born and raisedin the city of Calgary, Alberta. For those of youunfamiliar with Canadian geography, Calgary islocated in the transition zone between thefoothills of the Rocky Mountains and the vastCanadian prairie. Calgary is a long, long wayfrom any ocean. As you will see in theaccompanying photos, Ken never lost his affinityfor mountains.After completing a Bachelor of Science degreeat the University of Calgary, Ken begangraduate studies in physical oceanography atthe Institute of Oceanography at the Universityof British Columbia, under the direction of Prof.Mike Miyake. The Institute was best known atthat time for its advanced work on air–seainteraction, but the influence of Prof. TimParsons and others at the Institute stimulatedwhat were, at the time, novel interdisciplinarycollaborations. This was to have a significanteffect on Ken’s career.With his shiny new Ph.D. in hand, Ken took aposition as junior scientist at the BedfordInstitute of Oceanography where he workedclosely with Trevor Platt. They appliedapproaches used in meteorology and physicaloceanography to the study of plankton. Thiswas an important contribution to biologicaloceanography as the field was then dominatedby descriptive science. The application ofadvanced analytical techniques to field data,satellite observations and numerical models is ahallmark of Ken’s career.In 1977, he returned to the Pacific coast as aresearch scientist in the Ocean EcologyLaboratory at the newly constructed Institute ofOcean Sciences (IOS). He continued to applyadvanced techniques to practical problems inbiological oceanography. In recognition of hisskill, energy and leadership, Ken was promotedto senior positions in science and managementin the Department, where Ken eventuallydiscovered his deep dislike for matters ofbureaucracy and administration, and returnedto being a senior research scientist at IOS.Having bridged the fields of physical andbiological oceanography, Ken turned hisattention to chemistry, to the ocean carboncycle, and to its importance in the global climatesystem. He played a leading role in manyaspects of both the international and CanadianJGOFS, GLOBEC and SOLAS programs. Theseinterests ultimately led him to work on theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) as a convenor and Lead Author in the1995 Assessment, and as Coordinating LeadAuthor for the Fourth Assessment Report thatwas completed last spring. He shares with hisIPCC colleagues the reward of a Nobel PeacePrize “for their efforts to build up anddisseminate greater knowledge about man-madeclimate change, and to lay the foundations forthe measures that are needed to counteract suchchange.”Ken was very active in the earlier history ofPICES. He was a Canadian member of the BIOCommittee from its very first meetings until2

OS-20072000, a member of Working Group 6 on theSubarctic Gyre, and Working Group 7 onModeling Ocean Circulation. He worked tointegrate the JGOFS North Pacific Task Teaminto PICES activities. In addition to his personalcontributions to science, he also mentored,encouraged and entrained younger scientistsinto PICES activities. Many of these individualsare in the room today – you know who you are!Ken has been an adjunct professor at both theUniversity of Victoria and the University ofBritish Columbia, and for the last several years,he has been spending most of his time workingat the Canadian Centre for Climate Modellingand Analysis, a branch of Environment Canadalocated on the campus of the University ofVictoria. There, he is engaged in aninterdepartmental effort to develop a globalatmosphere, land and ocean climate model,complete with an ocean carbon cycle.Please join me in congratulating Dr. KennethDenman as the 2007 Wooster Award winner.Unfortunately, Prof. Wooster was unable to jointhis ceremony, but he kindly sent a message toDr. Denman. Dr. Wada read the followingtribute from Prof. Wooster:It is a privilege to endorse the selection of KenDenman for the Wooster Award, not only for hismany services to PICES but also for his crossdisciplinaryscientific approach that epitomizesthe aspirations of PICES from its inception.When I read his list of research interests andresulting publications, I see them all assignificant contributions to the unifying questionthat has motivated the organization from thebeginning – “What is the nature of the subarcticPacific ecosystem and how is it affected overperiods of months to centuries by changes in thephysical environment, by interactions amongcomponents of the ecosystem, and by humanactivities?” In particular, he has brought hisinsight as a physicist to an assessment of thephysical and biological mechanisms wherebythese ecosystem changes are effected. It isthrough the efforts of Ken Denman and hiscolleagues, and the support of organizationssuch as PICES, that we can hope one day toestablish a more sustainable relationship withthe North Pacific and its flora and fauna.Dr. Wada presented a commemorative plaque toDr. Denman (a permanent plaque identifyingWooster Award winners resides at the PICESSecretariat), who accepted the award with thefollowing remarks:It is a great honour and privilege to be selectedas the recipient of the 2007 Wooster Award.The citation is very flattering, and I would liketo thank the people who nominated me for theaward. I first went to Ocean Station Papa inMay 1972, early in the 51 years ofoceanographic sampling there, although at thetime I thought that it was already a very longtime series. Since then, except for five yearswhen I worked at the Bedford Institute ofOceanography in Halifax on Canada’s Atlanticcoast, I have worked towards understandingfirst the physics, then the planktonic ecology,and more recently the biogeochemistry of thesubarctic Northeast Pacific Ocean. TwoCanadian scientists from the Department ofFisheries and Oceans influenced my scientificpath early on. First, Sus Tabata had publishedtwo fascinating papers on the time seriesmeasurements at Ocean Station Papa thatguided my Ph.D. thesis research on thedynamics of the upper mixed layer of the ocean.Second, Tim Parsons, as I was finishing mythesis, encouraged me to look beyond physicsand apply my expertise in physics to theplanktonic ecosystem and related biogeochemicalcycles. I followed his advice and as aresult have had a wonderful and fascinatingcareer studying the interactions betweenphysical, biological and chemical processes inthe North Pacific. So, I thank you all for thisgreat honour, and I thank Warren Wooster forhis vision and perseverance in getting PICESstarted.PICES “Year-in-Review” 2007Dr. Kuh Kim reviewed PICES’ scientificaccomplishments since the Fifteenth AnnualMeeting (OP Endnote 10).3

OS-2007Keynote lectureThe 2007 keynote lecture entitled “The NorthPacific, human activity, and climate change”was given by Dr. Kenneth Denman (Departmentof Fisheries and Oceans, and Canadian Centrefor Climate Modelling and Analysis) as a part ofthe Science Board Symposium on “Thechanging North Pacific: Previous patterns,future projections, and ecosystem impacts”. Theabstract of his presentation is appended to thereport as OP Endnote 11.The Opening Session closed at 10:40 a.m.OP Endnote 1Opening Session agenda1. Opening by Dr. Tokio Wada, Chairman ofPICES2. Welcome address on behalf of the hostcountry by Mr. Paul Sprout, RegionalDirector-General, Fisheries and OceansCanada3. Remarks by representatives of ContractingParties• Dr. Yuji Uozumi (Counselor, ResourcesEnhancement Promotion Department,Fisheries Agency, Japan)• Mr. Handi Guo (Division Director,Department of International Cooperation,Ministry of Agriculture, People’sRepublic of China)• Mr. Kwang-Youl Park (Division Director,Marine Policy Bureau, Ministry ofMaritime Affairs and Fisheries, Republicof Korea)• Dr. Lev N. Bocharov (Director-General,Pacific Scientific Research FisheriesCenter, State Committee for Fisheries,Russian Federation)• Dr. Samuel Pooley (Director, PacificIslands Fisheries Science Center,National Marine Fisheries Service,United States of America)• Dr. Laura Richards (Regional Director ofScience, Pacific Region, Fisheries andOceans Canada)4. Remarks by Dr. Tokio Wada, Chairman ofPICES5. 2007 Wooster Award presentation ceremony6. PICES “Year-in-Review” 2007 by theChairman of Science Board, Dr. Kuh Kim7. Closing Remarks/AnnouncementsOP Endnote 2Welcome address on behalf of the host country by Mr. Paul SproutMr. Chairman, delegates, ladies and gentlemen:Good morning. On behalf of the Government ofCanada, and my department, Fisheries andOceans Canada, it is my great pleasure towelcome you to Victoria and to the PICESSixteenth Annual Meeting. This is a veryspecial event for us because it marks thebeginning of a year-long celebration of a centuryof marine science in Canada. The PacificBiological Station in Nanaimo, a two-hour drivenorth of here, and the St. Andrews BiologicalStation on the east coast of Canada, were bothestablished in 1908. We have planned a numberof events over the next 12 months to celebratewhat has been a remarkable 100 years ofinnovation and excellence in marine science.The theme of this year’s PICES meeting – “Thechanging North Pacific: Previous patterns,future projections, and ecosystem impacts” –speaks to the value of the work that has beendone in the past century, and the need tocontinue this work in the future. This theme hasreal meaning for my department. As theRegional Director-General of Fisheries andOceans Canada in the Pacific Region, I knowthat the changes occurring in the North Pacificimpact on our work on a day-to-day basis.Changes in marine conditions and in the marinesurvival of fish stocks directly influence thedecisions I and others make on managingfisheries and fish habitat.4

OS-2007In British Columbia, salmon is a cultural icon ofimmense importance, particularly to our FirstNations and coastal communities. We havemajor commercial and recreational fisheries forsalmon, in addition to food, social andceremonial First Nation fisheries, and salmonaquaculture. However, since the mid-1990s, wehave witnessed lower ocean productivity, lowerocean survival rates for salmon, andconsequently, reduced salmon returns. This hasled to economic upheaval in the commercialfisheries and a major restructuring of ourcommercial salmon fleet. The 2007 salmonseason offers a good illustration. One of ourmost important salmon rivers is the Fraser Rivernear Vancouver. Each year, based on the size ofthe spawning population four years earlier andon-average ocean survival, Fisheries and OceansCanada develops pre-season estimates of thelikely returns of the four main run timings ofsockeye. These estimates help to developfishing plans for the upcoming season. In 2007,however, the in-season test fisheries made itclear that the actual number of sockeye returningto the Fraser River would be less than 25% ofour pre-season estimate. As a consequence,First Nations’ food, social and ceremonialfisheries were curtailed, and the commercialfishery was closed for only the second time in itshistory. The previous closure of the commercialfishery occurred just two years ago, in 2005.Although we do not understand the mechanism,we do know that the poor return of sockeye in2007 was associated with three unusually warmyears in the eastern North Pacific between 2002and 2005. Sockeye salmon in the Fraser Riverare near the southern end of their range. Giventhe projections for warming over this century,we can likely anticipate more fishery restrictionsin the years ahead, as well as conservationconcerns. This will probably occur eitherbecause of poor survival in the Pacific Ocean orbecause of higher in-river mortalities related tohigh water temperatures and low water flows asthe adult fish return to spawn. We need to learnmore about climate change and the potentialimpacts on fish and fisheries to help us preparefor an uncertain future.I understand that you will have more discussionson the new science program for PICES duringthis meeting. That program – “FUTURE” –“Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainty and Responses of North PacificMarine Ecosystems,” has obvious links to theproblem of salmon survival that I just described.The vision of FUTURE: “to understand andforecast responses of North Pacific marineecosystems to climate change and humanactivities” and “to broadly communicate thisscientific information” resonates strongly withthe strategic interests of my department. I lookforward to hearing about the results of yourdiscussions.Understanding the changes occurring in ouroceans will help us to better respond to them. Itis my hope that this understanding and theknowledge being generated through the work oforganizations such as yours, as well as by thescience program of Fisheries and OceansCanada, will help us to find actions for thechallenges facing Fraser River sockeye, andanswers for the people who treasure thiswonderful resource.To conclude, I would like to wish you a pleasantstay in the beautiful city of Victoria. I trust thatyour discussions are productive and I hope thatyou return home excited and eager to take on themany scientific challenges ahead.OP Endnote 3Remarks at the Opening Session by Dr. Yuji Uozumi (Japan)Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates, ladiesand gentlemen: First of all, on behalf of Japanand the Japanese delegation, I would like toexpress sincere thanks to the Government ofCanada, and the local organizing committee forkindly hosting the Sixteenth Annual Meeting ofPICES here in Victoria. I also thank the PICESSecretariat for preparing for the meeting. Weare sure that all your excellent efforts will makethis meeting fruitful.5

OS-2007This year’s Nobel Peace Prize has been awardedto the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange. This is a very symbolic topic forenvironmental issues, which are also verysymbolic to the North Pacific Ocean. We knowthat many changes in the marine environmentand marine ecosystems of the North Pacific areinduced by changes in climate. We also knowalready that PICES plays a very important rolein studying these environmental changes andtheir effects on marine ecosystems, and inmaking future projections. Therefore, PICES isnow planning a new science program, FUTURE,which is being built as a successor to the CCCCProgram, and is expected to be beneficial forunderstanding the effects of climate change onthe ocean environment and for forecasting theresponses of the North Pacific marine ecosystemto these changes. The scientific findings of thevarious PICES scientific programs will presentvaluable answers to the questions about whatmanagers should do in light of these changes.Related to these climate changes, harmfulaquatic organisms such as red tide algae, giantjellyfish, and invasive species have causedvarious damages to fishing activities and havedisturbed the marine ecosystems. These issuesare particularly serious for developing countries.PICES created a Section to focus on Ecology ofHarmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific andrecently established a Working Group on NonindigenousAquatic Species. Japan decided toprovide a voluntary financial contribution toPICES to support the activities of these expertgroups. Japan is interested in seeing that theseactivities contribute to the establishment of anetwork around the Pacific Rim, and capacitybuilding in the developing countries.Finally, I really wish that activities of the PICESscientific community can foster closerinternational cooperation to carry out ourimportant tasks more productively. I also wishthat every participant can have productive dayshere in Victoria. Thank you very much.OP Endnote 4Remarks at the Opening Session by Mr. Handi Guo (People’s Republic of China)Honourable Chairman of PICES, Dr. TokioWada, distinguished delegates, ladies andgentlemen: First, on behalf of the Chinesedelegation, I would like to extend ourcongratulations to the opening of the PICESSixteenth Annual Meeting, and to express ourgratitude to the Canadian Government and thePICES Secretariat for making excellentpreparations for the meeting.It has been 16 years since PICES wasestablished, and it has made a significantcontribution to marine scientific research in theNorth Pacific. During these 16 years, the marineenvironment has gone through changes. We arenow faced with the challenge of climate change,which is causing harm to marine ecosystems andto marine biological resources. Therefore, I amdelighted to see that PICES, an organizationdedicated to marine science, has already drafteda Science Plan for its next future integrativescientific program, which will focus on researchof climate change and marine ecosystems. Thisprogram will be reviewed by the GoverningCouncil at this Annual Meeting. We hold that itis consistent with the Chinese Government’sprinciples and position concerning the issue ofclimate change to carry out research on theimpact of climate change on marine ecosystemsand related international cooperation under theframework of PICES. I do hope that, apart fromprotecting the marine ecosystem, the research onthe North Pacific marine ecosystem can alsopromote the sustainable development offisheries.Finally, I wish for complete success of thePICES Sixteenth Annual Meeting, and hope tomeet all of you again in Dalian, China, nextyear. Thank you.6

OS-2007OP Endnote 5Remarks at the Opening Session by Mr. Kwang-Youl Park (Republic of Korea)Dear Dr. Tokio Wada, Chairman of PICES,distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen:On behalf of the Republic of Korea and theKorean delegation, I would like to express mysincere gratitude for the invitation to theSixteenth Annual Meeting of PICES. Also, myspecial thanks go to the Government of Canadaand to the PICES Secretariat for their efforts toprepare for this meeting.As the UN IPCC reports seriously warned, thechallenges facing the ocean and coast, such asthe changing of sea water temperature and risingof sea levels, are brought up as critical issues.Considering that the North Pacific region isdensely populated and has significant economicactivities, we should pay more attention to thisregion. In this regard, the theme for this AnnualMeeting, “The challenging North Pacific:Previous patterns, future projections andecosystem impacts” is, I think, very timely andappropriate.The Korean Government is willing to fullysupport PICES and to cooperate with membercountries to deal with the relevant issues of thistheme. Within this context, I am very happy toinform you that the Korean Government willhost the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of PICES in2009, in Busan, the biggest port city and hub ofocean science and technology of Korea.Also, I would like to take this opportunity tointroduce the Korean Government’s effort to bethe host of the World EXPO in the year of 2012,in the beautiful coastal city of Yeosu. “TheLiving Ocean and Coast” was chosen by theKorean Government as the main theme of theEXPO. This theme is exactly in line with thespirit of PICES and the topics we are going todiscuss in this Annual Meeting. If Yeosu isconfirmed as the host city in Paris next month,the Korean Government will propose to hold aglobal ocean conference next year in partnershipwith PICES and IOC. I hope all of you will takepart in this event and share your experiences andexpertise. I think that we will be able to findsolutions for imminent ocean issues and presentnew visions for the common prosperity ofhumankind. I would like to ask for your interestand support in such events.And finally, I wish all of you great success andrewarding results from the Sixteenth AnnualMeeting in this beautiful island city of Victoria.Thank you.OP Endnote 6Remarks at the Opening Session by Dr. Lev N. Bocharov (Russian Federation)Dear Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates ofPICES member countries, dear participants,ladies and gentlemen: First of all, I would liketo thank our Canadian colleagues for theinvitation to the capital of beautiful BritishColumbia which has been chosen as a place forthis year’s PICES Annual Meeting. On behalfof the Russian delegation I would like to thanksincerely Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and thePICES Secretariat for the excellent work doneduring the preparation of this meeting.In the past 16 years since the origin of ourOrganization, the scale of PICES activities hasstrongly expanded, with significant work beingcarried out between Annual Meetings.Relationships within the PICES communitybecame stronger and cooperation with otherinternational organizations and programs isdeveloping successfully. First among these isthe North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission(NPAFC) which recently held its FifteenthAnnual Meeting in Vladivostok as a guest of theRussian Government and TINRO-Centre, whichI head. I served as a PICES representative at theNPAFC meeting and noted that activities of ourOrganization were highly appreciated.Participation at PICES XVI by observers frommany organizations with an interest in the study7

OS-2007and use of the World Ocean is a confirmation ofconstantly growing interest in PICES around theworld. Moreover, Russia is glad to see that thenumber of countries participating in PICESactivities is going to increase.Once again I would like to stress that theRussian Federation is constantly paying muchattention to the study of the World Ocean, andPICES’ growing activities receive our regularsupport and are highly appreciated in Russia.Undoubtedly, in the first half of the currentcentury, great changes will occur in oceanscience in general, and in fishery science inparticular. An ecosystem approach to the studyof the ocean will be widely used in theutilization of numerous marine resources and inthe development of mariculture in all countries.PICES, as a progressive scientific system, isready to take a lead in this process. Thescientific community of PICES membercountries has done, without excessive modesty,an excellent job during preparations forFUTURE, the new integrative science programof PICES. The draft Science Plan for FUTUREwill be refined and filled with new ideas at thisAnnual Meeting, and I am quite positive aboutthat!In conclusion, I would like to wish all of theparticipants of the PICES Sixteenth AnnualMeeting a successful and productive time forwork. Thank you for your attention.OP Endnote 7Remarks at the Opening Session by Dr. Samuel Pooley (U.S.A.)Good morning, distinguished delegates andfellow scientists. The United States is verypleased to be participating in this SixteenthAnnual Meeting of PICES hosted by ourneighbor to the north in this beautiful islandlocation, Victoria.PICES continues to be a vibrant and importantforum for collaboration on matters of scientific,as well as conservation and management,importance to the countries of the North Pacific.The United States is particularly pleased withthe success of this year’s Conference for EarlyCareer Scientists focusing on “New frontiers inmarine science” held in Baltimore, Maryland,jointly with ICES. This conference wasimportant for two reasons: first, because itprovided an excellent opportunity for earlycareer scientists to meet and exchange ideas, andsecond, because it marked on-goingcollaboration between ICES and PICES. Bothare important for the growth and development ofPICES and marine science in the North Pacific.The United States is also very pleased with theon-going success of the PICES Intern Programthat has brought young scientists here to Victoriato work with the PICES Secretariat. We lookforward to continued success for this program,and the United States pledges to continuesupporting the PICES Intern Program to theextent possible.Finally, this is a very important meeting forPICES as we consider the future of theOrganization in terms of its integrative scienceprogram. The Study Group on FutureIntegrative Scientific Program(s) has workedvery hard to develop this important program,and we look forward to substantive discussionon the program at this meeting. Without prejudgingany of these conversations, we lookforward to increased attention to the impact ofclimate and understanding it in more systematicways in terms of the impacts of multiplestressors on North Pacific Ocean ecosystems,such as increased heat content and oceanacidification. This is also consistent withNOAA’s increasing emphasis on integratedecosystem assessments for large marineecosystems.With that, we thank the Government of Canadaand the Secretariat of PICES for yourpreparations for what we are sure will be a veryproductive meeting. Thank you.8

OS-2007OP Endnote 8Remarks at the Opening Session by Dr. Laura Richards (Canada)Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests andcolleagues: On behalf of Canada and theCanadian delegation, I would like to echo thewarm welcome to you that was expressed byMr. Sprout a few minutes ago. It is our pleasureto welcome you to Victoria and to the home cityof the PICES Secretariat.As Mr. Sprout already mentioned, this event isparticularly special for Fisheries and OceansCanada, since it marks the beginning of a yearlongcelebration to recognize 100 years ofscience at St. Andrews Biological Station onCanada’s east coast and the Pacific BiologicalStation at Nanaimo, on Canada’s west coast, atwo-hour drive north of Victoria. In 2008, aspart of this celebration, Canada is also hostingthe Annual Meeting of the American FisheriesSociety in Ottawa and the ICES Annual ScienceConference in Halifax.But to return to PICES, I would like toacknowledge another busy and successful year.I am particularly pleased to see the progress wehave made in moving forward with FUTURE,our next major science program, and I lookforward to concluding our discussions this week.FUTURE gives us the opportunity to shape anew direction for PICES and to ensure that thework we do together aligns with priority needswithin our own countries. The issues aroundforecasting and uncertainty are ones that we allface. By working together, with our differentviews and experiences, we can solve ourproblems more effectively. The diversity ofecosystems around the North Pacific gives us awonderful laboratory in which we can learn bycomparing our successes and failures.In closing, I would like to express my sincerethanks to those staff members from Fisheriesand Oceans Canada who worked hard along sidethe staff of the PICES Secretariat to put thismeeting together. Canada is proud to host theSecretariat in our facilities at the Institute ofOcean Sciences, and we recognize manybenefits of a close working relationship. Whenthe Annual Meeting is near the Secretariat’shome in Canada, the Secretariat staff organizeand coordinate more of the activities than whenthe meeting is hosted in another PICES country.We acknowledge and appreciate their support.Again, welcome to Victoria. Thank you.OP Endnote 9Welcome address by Dr. Tokio Wada, Chairman of PICESMr. Paul Sprout, distinguished delegates, guests,ladies and gentlemen of the PICES family,welcome again to the Sixteenth Annual Meetingof our Organization. It gives me great pleasureto greet you. First of all, on behalf of all thePICES members, I would like to express ourhearty thanks to our hosts for their hospitalityand hard work to organize this Annual Meeting.As Mr. Paul Sprout and Dr. Richards mentionedin their remarks, the year of 2008 is a memorableyear for marine science in Canada. One hundredyears ago, in 1908, the Pacific Biological Station(PBS) was established in Nanaimo. Since itsestablishment, PBS has contributed greatly to theknowledge of fisheries oceanography of theNorth Pacific, and has been a good and strongpartner of PICES. On behalf of PICES, I wouldlike to say “Please accept our congratulationson your upcoming centennial anniversary.” Iwish you continuous scientific success and goodluck for the next centennial.PICES has conducted various scientific activitiesfrom its inception, and now PICES has become arenowned marine science organization in theworld. The PICES-GLOBEC CCCC (ClimateChange and Carrying Capacity) Program wasthe first integrated and very successful scienceprogram of the Organization. The Program hascontributed greatly to clarify the ecosystemresponse to climate variability in the North9

OS-2007Pacific, and has also showed us that scientistsfrom different countries and disciplines canwork together toward a common objective.There are growing expectations from PICESContracting Parties to bring back our scientificachievements to support their policy making.The impact of global warming on marineenvironments and living resources is not only ascientific issue, but also a serious problem forthe safety and comfort of human life. Inaddition, conservation of bio-diversity andgenetic diversity of ecosystems and populationsare quite urgent issues for the sustainable use ofmarine living resources under largely fluctuatingenvironments. In order to cope with these issuesand to return the scientific results to humansociety, it is expected that PICES shouldenhance a close and strategic relationship amongthe Contracting Parties, and broadly cooperatewith other countries and organizations that havecommon interests with us beyond oceans andborders.During this Annual Meeting, we will discuss asuccessor to the CCCC Program calledFUTURE, Forecasting and Understanding ofTrends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific Marine Ecosystems. Based on theresults from the CCCC Program, FUTURE aimsto achieve an in-depth understanding ofecosystem dynamics of the North Pacific underthe present and future ocean climate variability.FUTURE will also focus on various humandimensions of ecosystem dynamics and willconsider how to communicate the scientificresults to policy makers of the ContractingParties.To stimulate our present activities, and to take amore important role in marine science in theworld, we will also discuss frameworks neededto establish closer and more comprehensiverelationships with various bodies outside ofPICES. I hope that through the intensivediscussions at this Annual Meeting, a newdirection of PICES will be oriented towardbuilding a bridge between marine science andhuman society in the North Pacific.I was elected as the Chairman of PICES at thelast Annual Meeting in Yokohama. This is myfirst opportunity to serve in this highlyresponsible position. I fully understand that myknowledge and experience are not enough tofulfill these responsibilities. However, I wouldlike to do my best to inherit the dreams andpassions of PICES’ ancestors for internationalscientific cooperation in the North Pacific, andto pass these on to the next generation. I wouldlike to ask all of you for your cooperation.PICES is now not only expected to analyzescientific questions, but also expected to knowhow to cope with various problems in the NorthPacific. And we can do it. I believe that thisAnnual Meeting will be the dawn of a new era ofPICES. Thank you very much for your attention.OP Endnote 10PICES “Year-in-Review” 2007 by Dr. Kuh Kim, Chairman of Science BoardThis year has been most remarkable and, indeed,a milestone was reached in the publication of aspecial issue of Ecological Modelling onNEMURO, which stands for “North PacificEcosystem Model for Understanding RegionalOceanography”, and NEMURO.FISH which is“NEMURO For Including Saury and Herring”.This was the culmination of internationalteamwork and energy over a period of 7 yearsand 10 international workshops. Drs. MichioKishi, Bernard Megrey, Shin-ichi Ito andFrancisco Werner edited this special issue whichcontains 17 papers. This publication might bethe best example to demonstrate why PICESexists and what PICES can do.The editors and contributors dedicated thisspecial issue to Dr. Daniel Ware, who was theircolleague, mentor and friend. Dan was the firstChairman of the PICES Science Board whohelped guide the establishment of PICES’ firstscience program on Climate Change andCarrying Capacity and later became a keymember of its MODEL Task Team within this10

OS-2007program. The Wooster Award was awarded toDan in 2005.I must add that Dr. Kishi recently received twoprestigious awards, in part, for his contributionto the development of NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH: the Uda Prize from the JapanSociety of Fisheries Oceanography in April2006, and the Prize of the OceanographicSociety of Japan, the highest prize inoceanography in Japan, in March of this year.Currently in press are two more majorpublications: selected papers from the 2006Symposium to mark the 50 th anniversary ofLine-P will be published in November 2007 inProgress in Oceanography (Vol. 75, No. 2) as aspecial issue titled “Time series of the NortheastPacific Ocean” (Guest editors: Angelica Peña,Steven Bograd and Alexander Bychkov), and aset of papers presented at the 2005GLOBEC/ESSAS Symposium on “Climatevariability on sub-Arctic marine ecosystems”will appear in December 2007 as a special issueof Deep-Sea Research II (Guest editors: GeorgeHunt, Kenneth Drinkwater, Skip McKinnell andDavid Mackas). I would like to express ourthanks to the guest editors of all these specialissues for their outstanding efforts to make thesepublications possible in time.PICES continues to produce scientific reports.PICES Scientific Report No. 33 is theproceedings of the 2006 PICES/NPRBworkshop on “Integration of ecologicalindicators of the North Pacific with emphasis onthe Bering Sea”.PICES also introduced its new electronicTechnical Report Series this year. TechnicalReport No. 1 (Metadata Federation of PICESMember Countries) describes the history of thePICES Metadata Federation Project that PICESinitiated with the objectives of creatingstandardized metadata descriptions of national,institutional and agency databases, and servingthose descriptions in a World-Wide-Web-based,one-stop environment with search and deliverycapabilities. This is a living document and thegoal is to keep it current.The much anticipated “Guide to Best Practicesfor Ocean CO 2 Measurements” is beingpublished as PICES Special Publication No. 3,and is edited by Andrew Dickson, ChristopherSabine and James Christian. This Guide willallow scientists from different countries to usethe same standardized methods for their surveysand will allow a Pacific-wide synthesis of oceanCO 2 based on national surveys.An American Fisheries Society book on “Theecology of juvenile salmon in the NortheastPacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons”, editedby Churchill Grimes, Richard Brodeur, LewisHaldorson and Skip McKinnell, will also be outsoon.Next year, we expect to see several specialissues of primary journals. For example,selected papers from the PICES XV TopicSession on “The human dimensions of jellyfishblooms” will be published in Plankton andBenthos Research; papers from the SEEDS-IIexperiment will appear in Deep-Sea Research II;a set of papers from the 2006 PICES/GLOBECSymposium on “Climate variability andecosystem impacts on the North Pacific: Abasin-scale synthesis” will be published inProgress in Oceanography; and selected papersfrom the CREAMS/PICES Workshop on“Model-data inter-comparison for the Japan/East Sea” in the Journal of Marine Systems.As well, selected papers from three majorconferences co-sponsored by PICES in 2007(the 4 th International Zooplankton ProductionSymposium on “Human and climate forcing ofzooplankton populations”, the 5 th InternationalConference on “Marine bioinvasions” and theICES/PICES Early Career Scientists Conferenceon “New frontiers in marine science”) will bepublished either as a special issue or as part of aregular series of ICES Journal of Marine Science.Finally, selected papers from the recentlycompleted NAFO/PICES/ICES Symposium on“Reproductive and recruitment processes ofexploited marine fish stocks” are scheduled forpublication in the Journal of Northwest AtlanticFishery Science in 2009.11

OS-2007Since the last Annual Meeting in Yokohama,PICES has had a very busy year. A total of 14meetings were co-sponsored by PICES andconvened around the world. Not only was it abusy year, but also an unusual one becausePICES was involved in co-sponsoring 3 majorinter-sessional meetings.In May 2007, PICES and ICES worked with theU.S. National Sea Grant College Program andMIT Sea Grant College Program to organize the5 th International Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” in Cambridge, U.S.A.Immediately following this conference, the firstever meeting between PICES WG on NonindigenousAquatic Species and ICES WorkingGroup on Introductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms and ICES/IOC/IMO WG on Ballastand Other Ship Vectors was held.Later in the same month, the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations”, co-sponsored by PICES, ICES andGLOBEC, was convened in Hiroshima, Japan,after long and meticulous planning. This wasthe first time this symposium had been heldoutside of Europe, and its location allowed forgreater participation by Pacific Rim countries.Three hundred and thirty-four participants from46 countries attended this symposium, andpresented 141 papers and 250 posters. The scaleof this meeting was as big as PICES AnnualMeetings, and the four conveners of thissymposium deserve congratulations for itsresounding success.In June 2007, an ICES/PICES Conference forEarly Career Scientists on “New frontiers inmarine science” was held near Baltimore,U.S.A. This conference was different from anyof our past conferences. The idea for thismeeting was conceived four years ago inpreparation for the next generation of PICESscientists. It was unique in the sense that it wasdesigned to encourage early career scientists toshare knowledge and to help build networksacross disciplines and international borders thatwill undoubtedly last for decades. Nearly 100early career scientists from 20 nations attendedthis conference which featured six themesessions, each with a keynote speaker, for a totalof 65 oral and 33 poster presentations. Theconference was a resounding success,accomplishing its goals and more. Let uscongratulate the success of this conference andexpress our thanks for organizing this event tothe Scientific Steering Committee members,Franz Mueter, Sukyung Kang, Julie Keister,Elizabeth North, Angel Lopez-Urrutia, JensFloeter, and to the Coordinators of thisconference, Skip McKinnell from PICES andAdi Kellermann from ICES.PICES was also active in co-sponsoring anumber of workshops. In June 2007, the SecondAnnual Meeting of the GLOBEC regionalprogram on Ecosystem Studies of Sub-ArcticSeas (ESSAS) was held in Hakodate, Japan. Atthis meeting PICES co-sponsored twoworkshops, on the “Evaluation of climatescenarios for sub-arctic regions” and on “Therole of seasonal sea ice cover in marineecosystems”.As a capacity building activity, PICES cosponsoreda 3-day training workshop, held inApril 2007, in La Paz, Mexico, on “Techniquesfor building multi-trophic level marineecosystem models with special emphasis onNEMURO and NEMURO.FISH”, for Ph.D.-level Mexican scientists.A workshop on “Linking climate-forcingmechanisms to indicators of species ecosystemlevelchanges” was convened by the PICESClimate Forcing and Marine EcosystemResponse Task Team (CFAME), in May 2007, inSeattle on the U.S. west coast. The goal of thisworkshop was to finalize the workinghypotheses of mechanisms linking climate tokey species and ecosystem processes in threemajor marine ecosystems in PICES regions. APICES/NPRB workshop on “Forecastingclimate impacts on future production ofcommercially exploited fish and shellfish” washeld at the same location in July 2007.PICES and ICES have very close ties in manyactivities. At the 2007 ICES Annual ScienceConference held last month in Helsinki, threejoint Theme Sessions were convened: on12

OS-2007“Integrating observations and models toimprove predictions of ecosystem response tophysical variability”, on “Comparative marineecosystem structure and function: Descriptorsand characteristics” and on “The ecosystemapproach: What’s the impact on marine science,science based advice and management of marineecosystems?”. During our Annual Meeting herein Victoria, two joint Topic Sessions will beheld, on “Fisheries interactions and localecology” and on “Operational forecasts ofoceans and ecosystems”.Several international symposia of interest toPICES are awaiting your participation. InDecember of this year the First CLIOTOPSymposium on “Climate impacts on oceanic toppredators” co-sponsored by PICES and otherorganizations will be held in La Paz, Mexico. InMay 2008, an International Symposium on“Effects of climate change on the world’soceans” will be held in Spain, co-sponsored byICES, PICES and IOC, with support from otherorganizations. This meeting will be followed byan International Symposium on “Coping withglobal change in marine social–ecologicalsystems” held in Rome in July 2008. In August2008, an International Symposium on “Herring:Linking biology, ecology and status ofpopulations in the context of changingenvironments” will be held in Galway, Ireland,co-sponsored by ICES, PICES and GLOBEC.Since the last Annual Meeting, there has beenmajor progress in the development of the nextPICES integrative Science Program “FUTURE”which stands for “Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific MarineEcosystems”. At a workshop held in Yokohamalast April, consensus was reached on a set of keyquestions to guide the overall outline for theScience Plan, and a draft of the Science Plan hasbeen placed on the PICES website for yourcomments. Committee meetings on Wednesday,October 31, will be an opportunity to expressyour views on the Plan. Through an OpenForum on FUTURE on Thursday afternoon,November 1, followed by the workshop of theStudy Group on Future Integrative ScienceProgram on November 3, the Science Plan willbe refined for review by external experts thiswinter. We expect that the final Science Planwill be adopted in time for an ImplementationPlan workshop to be held in the spring of 2008.The overarching question which will guideFUTURE activities for the next decade is,“Given current and expected pressures, what isthe future of the North Pacific?” There arethree themes to be addressed:1. How does ecosystem structure and functiondetermine an ecosystem’s response tonatural and anthropogenic forcing?2. How do physical and chemical processesrespond to natural and anthropogenicforcing and how are ecosystems likely torespond to these changes in abioticprocesses?3. How do human activities impact coastalmarine ecosystems and their interactionswith offshore and terrestrial systems?FUTURE will be launched at PICES XVIIwhich will be held next year in Dalian, China,under the theme of “Beyond observations toachieving understanding and forecasting in achanging North Pacific: Forward to theFUTURE”.At this meeting there will a noteworthy event.Governing Council and Science Board agreed toestablish a new award, called the PICES OceanMonitoring Service Award. This award is torecognize organizations, groups and outstandingindividuals that have contributed significantly tothe advancement of marine science in the NorthPacific through long-term monitoring and/ordata management in the North Pacific.Nominations for this award may be made byindividuals or groups from PICES membercountries. A description of this award will soonbe made available on the PICES website.Now I would like to close the 2007 report withmy personal note. What is PICES? When I firstattended a PICES Annual Meeting about 10years ago, I did not know what PICES stood for.I thought it should be NPMSO (North PacificMarine Science Organization). After servingthree years as the Science Board Chairman, Ihave learned that P means Partnership, I is for13

OS-2007Interdisciplinary, C means Collaboration, E isfor Exploration, and S is, of course, for Science.At the same time S in PICES means, I believe,Service. PICES should serve the people aroundthe North Pacific Ocean and PICES should alsoserve the North Pacific itself for the generationsto come. Thank you.OP Endnote 11“The North Pacific, human activity, and climate change”Abstract of the keynote lecture by Dr. Kenneth Denman(Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis)Humans are profoundly altering the oceans – bychanging the climate through the burning offossil fuels, by overfishing, and by physical andchemical alteration of the coastal zone. Humaninducedwarming of the oceans can be detectedto depths of thousands of meters. The rate of sealevel rise, due to the warming expansion ofseawater and freshwater input from glacial andsnow melt, has accelerated over the last twodecades. Nearly half the CO 2 that has beenemitted into the atmosphere through humanactivities, primarily fossil fuel and biomassburning, now resides in the oceans. This“anthropogenic” CO 2 can be detected to thebottom of the ocean, and has already made itmore acidic, further reducing the ocean’s abilityto accept more CO 2 from the atmosphere. InCanada, in 2006 we marked 50 years ofsampling along Line P and at Ocean StationPapa, and this year marks 100 years of samplingfisheries ecosystems by the Pacific BiologicalStation. From these and sustained samplingprogrammes by other PICES member nations,we have determined that the subarctic NorthPacific represents the state of future globaloceans. It is more stratified. Subsurfacedissolved oxygen is decreasing. And the depthbelow which calcareous organisms are subjectedto dissolution is already only a few hundredmetres in some areas. By 2100, this increasingacidity in the North Pacific risks the dissolutionand disappearance of calcareous organisms suchas coccolithophorids, pteropods and the coldwater corals found in some British Columbiafjords. More frequent harmful algal bloomsseem to occur in some coastal regions, and ‘deadzones’ with anoxic conditions that kill largenumbers of benthic invertebrates may be morefrequent in others. To what extent are thesefindings caused by human activities and climatechange? From coupled carbon–climate modelswe can forecast future CO 2 -related changes inthe North Pacific seawater for differentscenarios of human development, but we cannotyet predict how the community structure ofmarine planktonic foodwebs will change, andwhat the possible feedbacks will be, both toocean biogeochemical cycles and to highertrophic levels including living marine resources.We need to develop such ‘end-to-end’ foodweband biogeochemistry models and embed them incomprehensive climate models. This modellingrequires sustained sampling and focusedscientific studies in both the coastal and openocean. PICES collaboration is essential toaddress this challenge.14

GC-2007REPORT OF GOVERNING COUNCILThe Governing Council met from 9:00–18:30hours on November 4, 2007 and from 9:00–14:30hours on November 5, under the chairmanship ofDr. Tokio Wada. All Contracting Parties wererepresented at the meeting (GC Endnote 1). Atthe first session, the Chairman welcomedattendees, introduced the agenda and suggestedthe order in which to take up the various items.The agenda was adopted as presented (GCEndnote 2). This report summarizes thetreatment of each agenda item during the courseof the two sessions.Report on Administration (Agenda Item 3)The Executive Secretary summarized theactivities of the Organization since PICES XV.Council reviewed and adopted the report (GCEndnote 3).During the discussion, Japan brought up theissue of the name for the body of watersurrounded by the Japanese Archipelago, coastalregion of Russia, and the Korean Peninsula,which is currently in dispute between thecountries concerned. Japan’s position is that theonly name “Sea of Japan” or “Japan Sea” shouldbe used in the international arena, as this name ishistorically and geographically established (GCEndnote 4). Korea responded that their positionis that the names “East Sea” and “Japan Sea (Seaof Japan)” should be used simultaneously, untila final resolution is agreed upon between therelevant countries (GC Endnote 4). TheChairman thanked both delegates for expressingtheir views and pointed out that PICESunderstands the different positions of bothcountries, but the Organization is in no positionto make any judgment on this issue.Report of 2007 Governing Council intersessionalmeeting (Agenda Item 4)The practice of holding inter-sessional meetingsof Science Board and Governing Council is only5 years old, but it has already become an integralpart of PICES management providing anessential opportunity for mid-term reviews ofscientific activities and in-depth discussions onadministrative issues of the Organization.At the invitation of the Japanese NationalDelegate, Dr. Hideki Nakano, three consecutiveevents were held in April 2007, in Yokohama,Japan, with co-sponsorship from the FisheriesResearch Agency. The fifth inter-sessionalScience Board/Governing Council meeting wasconvened on April 19, preceded on April 16–18by a workshop to develop a Science Plan for anew integrative scientific program of PICES,FUTURE (Forecasting and UnderstandingTrends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific Ecosystems), and followed by aGoverning Council meeting in the morning ofApril 20. The report of the 2007 inter-sessionalScience Board can be found elsewhere in thisAnnual Report. A summary report of the intersessionalCouncil meeting is appended as GCEndnote 5. An article entitled “The 2007 intersessionalScience Board and Governing Councilmeeting: A note from the Chairman”, thatbriefly summarizes the results from bothmeetings, was published by Dr. Wada and is inthe latest issue of PICES Press (Vol. 15, No. 2).Membership and observers from othercountries (Agenda Item 5)The Secretariat did not receive proposals fromany country to accede to the PICES Convention.The Chairman pointed out that expansion ofinvolvement with PICES among Pacific Rimcountries has been the subject of discussion inCouncil. Earlier, Council expressed a stronginterest in encouraging Mexico to accede to thePICES Convention (an initial resolution wasadopted at PICES VIII, Decision 99/A/5), andspent significant efforts in doing so. In 2005,Council also requested Dr. Vera Alexander,15

GC-2007former PICES Chairman, to make inquiries tofour Pacific Rim countries that are currentlyaffiliated members of ICES (Australia, Chile,New Zealand and Peru), to determine theirinterest in having a greater role in activities ofPICES, or even joining membership if theOrganization was at some point to expand itsgeographic scope (Decision 05/A/6). Detailscan be found in the 1999–2006 PICES AnnualReports.Responses indicating an interest in taking up thedialogue were received from 3 leading scientificinstitutions: CSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearch (CSIRO, Australia), National Instituteof Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA,New Zealand) and Instituto del Mar del Perú(IMARPE, Peru). Observers from the twoinstitutions, Drs. John Gunn (Deputy Chief,CSIRO) and Julie Hall (Biological OceanographyProgram Leader, NIWA), attended PICES XV(October 2006, Yokohama, Japan) and gavepresentations on the structure and activities oftheir organizations and potential areas for theircooperation with PICES at the first session ofCouncil on October 17, 2006. IMARPE wasunable to send an observer to this meeting, butan invitation was extended to PICES to visitIMARPE to inform scientists and authoritiesabout activities of the Organization, and todiscuss how PICES and IMARPE can worktogether in the future. This invitation wasaccepted by Council.The Executive Secretary reported on contactsand activities that took place after PICES XV.MexicoWays are being explored to use the MexicanFisheries Society as a base to greater cooperationand interaction between marine scientists inMexico and PICES. Dr. Salvador E. Lluch-Cota, President of the Mexican Fisheries Societyand Mexican Chapter of the American FisheriesSociety, became the main contact in this regard.After adopting its formal constitution in 2006,these two organizations held their first biannualmeeting from May 2–4, 2007, in La Paz. Themeeting provided an opportunity for PICES toinform Mexican scientists on the latestdevelopments within the Organization and tobetter understand their main interests. In aplenary talk given at the Opening Session,Dr. John E. Stein (PICES Science BoardChairman-elect) described the structure andgeneral activities of the Organization, andhighlighted the development of a new PICESintegrative scientific program, FUTURE. Inaddition, a display of PICES publications wasorganized during this meeting. After themeeting all publications were donated to thelibrary of CIBNOR (Centro de InvestigacienesBiológicas del Noroeste). PICES also cosponsoreda 3-day training workshop on“Techniques for building multi-trophic levelmarine ecosystem models, with special emphasison NEMURO and NEMURO.FISH” for Ph.D.-level Mexican scientists, held in conjunctionwith the meeting. The next biannual meeting ofthe Mexican Fisheries Society will take place inEnsenada in 2009, where strong participation ofPICES scientists is anticipated. Five Mexicanscientists attended PICES XVI.AustraliaAn invitation was extended to CSIRO to bepresent as an observer to PICES XVI. Responsesfrom Dr. David Smith (Acting Deputy Chief)and Dr. John Keesing (Senior Principal ResearchScientist) indicated that CSIRO was unable tosend a formal representative this time, but theyare very keen to participate in the next PICESAnnual Meeting to be held in October 2008, inDalian, China. Three CSIRO scientists (expertson ecosystem-based management) attendedPICES XVI.New ZealandAn invitation was extended to NIWA to bepresent as an observer at PICES XVI. Dr. JulieHall served again as their representative. Twomore scientists from New Zealand (1 fromNIWA and 1 from University of Otago) attendedthe meeting.PeruDr. R. Ian Perry, PICES member of theScientific Steering Committee for the conference16

GC-2007on “The Humboldt Current system: Climate,ocean dynamics, ecosystem processes andfisheries” hosted by IMARPE in Lima, inNovember 2006, met with Rear-Admiral HectorSoldi-Soldi (Chairman of the Board ofIMARPE) and Dr. Renato Guevara-Carrasco(Scientific Director of IMARPE) to discusspotential areas and means for collaboration. Itwas noted in this discussion that IMARPE is notan academic institution, but focuses onproviding advice to the government. Obvioustopics of cross-interest with PICES includeecosystem-based approaches. Of particularinterest to IMARPE is building scientificcapacity and graduate training. An invitationwas extended to IMARPE to be present as anobserver at PICES XVI.The Executive Secretary had a meeting withRear-Admiral Soldi-Soldi and Dr. Guevara-Carrasco during the 2 nd Global Conference onLarge Marine Ecosystems (September 2007,Qingdao, China) to discuss the structure,procedures and activities of PICES and the latestdevelopments within the Organization. At thismeeting, Rear-Admiral Soldi-Soldi pointed outthat the Board of IMARPE had expressed stronginterest in working jointly with PICES oncommon research issues and sending anobserver to PICES XVI. Dr. Francisco Chavez,member of the Board of IMARPE, attended themeeting as their representative and gave apresentation on the structure and activities ofIMARPE and potential areas for cooperationwith PICES at the first session of Council onNovember 4.All observers and contact points requested to beinformed on actions decided by PICES on anaffiliated member status (see Agenda Item 6).Report of the Study Group on ScientificCooperation between PICES and Non-memberCountries (Agenda Item 6)At PICES XV, a Study Group on ScientificCooperation between PICES and Non-memberCountries (SG-SC) was established, under thedirection of Council, to explore options on howscientific cooperation with other (non-member)countries could be best achieved (Decision06/A/6). A draft SG-SC report was presented byits Chairman, Dr. Laura Richards, at the 2007inter-sessional Science Board/GoverningCouncil meeting, and a final report was given atthe first session of Council. The report wasadopted by Council (Decision 07/A/4), and isincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report.The Study Group was unanimously negative tothe idea of amending the PICES Convention toexpand the “area concerned”. However,recognizing the scientific necessity andadvantages of cooperating with non-membercountries, SG-SC suggested that an affiliatemember status be established by PICES, similarto the arrangement implemented some time agoby ICES. Following a request by Council at the2007 inter-sessional meeting, a draft AffiliateMember Policy was developed and presented byDr. Richards (GC Endnote 6). It was noted thatif this document is approved, the PICESFinancial Regulations would need to beamended to reflect financial obligations imposedwith the granting of an affiliate status. ThePICES Rules of Procedure would also need tobe amended to allow scientists from affiliateorganizations/institutes to participate as membersof the Scientific and Technical Committees,Scientific Program and all temporary expertgroups in addition to the existing provision forAdvisory Panels. The specific privileges ofparticipation would need to be resolved for eachtype of group, depending on the needs of theOrganization. For Study Groups, the Rules ofProcedure would also need to be amended toallow for Co-Chairman positions.The proposed Affiliate Member Policy wasreviewed, and major concerns expressed byContracting Parties were: (1) policy andprocedure for selecting an affiliate member, and(2) influence of the affiliate status system on thecurrent practices of PICES. Council was unableto reach consensus on adoption of the documentand agreed to further discuss this issue at nextyear’s Annual Meeting. Each Contracting Partywas requested to send their comments on thedraft policy to the Executive Secretary. Ifpossible, the recommended changes will beembedded in the document, and the new draft willbe circulated to Council prior to PICES XVII.17

GC-2007Relations with relevant organizations andprograms (Agenda Item 7)Letters of invitation to attend PICES XVI weresent to organizations and programs on the agreed2006–2007 Standing List of International andRegional Organizations and Programs, and thefollowing sent their observers:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation’ WG on Fisheries (APEC-FWG)Argo International ProgramBering Ecosystem Study (BEST)Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR)Ecosystem Study of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS)Global Carbon Project (GCP)Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)International Arctic Science Committee (IASC)International Association of Marine Science Libraries (IAMSLIC)International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)International Ocean Carbon Coordinated Project (IOCCP)International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC)International Whaling Commission (IWC)North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC)North Pacific Research Board (NPRB)Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems (NANOOS)Pacific Coast Observing System (PaCOOS)Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)Surface Ocean Low Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)Western Pacific Fishery Management Council (WPFMC)Mr. Robert DayDr. Howard J. FreelandDr. George L. Hunt, Jr.Dr. William R. CrawfordDr. Kenneth DrinkwaterDr. Christopher L. SabineDr. Francisco E. WernerDr. Henrik EnevoldsenDr. Julie HallDr. Richard DerisoDr. Henrik EnevoldsenDr. Martin BergmannMr. Brian VossMs. Janet WebsterDr. Gerd HuboldDr. Adolf KellermannDr. Maria HoodDr. Steven HareDr. Bruce LeamanDr. Hidehiro KatoDr. James IrvineDr. Shigehiko UrawaDr. Clarence PautzkeDr. Francis WieseMs. Carrie EischensDr. Jack BarthDr. Usha VaranasiDr. Bjørn SundbyDr. Shigenobu TakedaMr. Wenxi ZhuDr. William R. CrawfordMs. Marcia HamiltonThe Executive Secretary provided a report oncommunication with the relevant internationaland national organizations and programs sincelast year’s Annual Meeting (see GC Endnote 3for details). He also pointed out that this year:• Drs. Francisco Werner (Chairman ofGLOBEC SSC), Adolf Kellermann (Head ofICES Science Programme) and BjørnSundby (President of SCOR) were invited toattend the Science Board meeting (October28) to discuss cooperation between theirrespective programs/organizations andPICES.• Representatives of several others programsand organizations (APEC-FWG, Argo,BEST, CLIVAR, ESSAS, IMBER, IOC,IASC, IOCCP, IPHC, IWC, NANOOS,NPAFC, NPRB, PaCOOS and SOLAS)participated in the meetings of PICESStanding Committees or their subsidiarybodies and expressed their views onpotential areas of collaboration with PICES.• Some programs and organizations (Argo,BEST, ESSAS, IMBER, IPHC, NANOOS,NPAFC, NPRB, PaCOOS, SOLAS,WESTPAC and WPFMC) had posters on18

GC-2007display outlining general information aboutthese programs and organizations andhighlighting their scientific objectives andrecent activities.• Representatives of IAMSLIC gave a briefpresentation at the F&A Committee meeting(October 31) on findings and recommendationsfrom the review of the PICESPublication Program, with a focus on theoption of a transition to electronicpublishing.At the first session of Council on November 4,time was reserved for Dr. Gerd Hubold (GeneralSecretary of ICES) to address Council on themost recent developments concerning the ICESreforms and potential areas of collaborationbetween ICES and PICES. Among other issues,he strongly supported the idea of a joint ICES-PICES Annual Meeting, with shared scienceactivities and separate business meetings (seealso Agenda Item 11). His presentation waswell received and raised many questions onsimilarities and differences in operations of thetwo Organizations. The Chairman thanked Dr.Hubold for attending and communicating histhoughts, and assured him that PICES willcontinue expanding its relationships with ICES,and that all proposals will be carefullyconsidered by relevant Committees and ScienceBoard.At PICES XIV, Council pointed out theimportance of establishing relations with theAsia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),and suggested that potential areas of cooperationwith APEC Working Groups on Fisheries(APEC-FWG) and Marine ResourcesConservation (APEC-MRC) be developed. Thisyear, APEC-FWC accepted an invitation andsent an observer to PICES XVI, who addressedthe Fishery Science Committee.Council reviewed the progress made in theintegration and coordination of PICES activitieswith other international and national scientificorganizations/programs of regional and globalscale, and approved the revised Standing List(Decision 07/S/9) and agreed with identifiedpriorities for interaction in 2007–2008, asrecommended by Science Board.Next integrative scientific program of PICES(Agenda Item 8)Dr. John Stein (Science Board Chairman-elect)reported on the progress made in the developmentof a new PICES integrative scientific program,FUTURE (Forecasting and UnderstandingTrends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific Marine Ecosystems).In November 2006, a work plan with associatedtimelines was prepared, taking into considerationthe U.S. comments on the planning of FUTUREsubmitted in writing after PICES XV (GCEndnote 5 in 2007 PICES Annual Report).According to the work plan, approved by Councilin December 2006, the following steps in movingforward were made:• A Writing Team (SP-WT) was establishedin January 2007, through Council approvalprocess, with the responsibility of draftingthe Science Plan for FUTURE. This Teamincludes 14 scientists representing allContracting Parties.• SP-WT held its first 2-day meeting onFebruary 16–17, 2007, in Seattle (U.S.A.),to discuss the basic structure and keyquestions of the Science Plan. The meetingwas attended by 11 of 14 members andseveral invitees.• A 3-day workshop was held April 16–18,2007, in Yokohama, Japan, in conjunctionwith the inter-sessional Science Boardmeeting, to: (1) review the goals, objectives,organization and key elements of theScience Plan for FUTURE; (2) define andprioritize the key questions to be answered;and (3) determine strategic approaches toanswering the questions. At the workshop,consensus was reached on a set of keyquestions, an overall outline for the SciencePlan was developed, and the next steps tocomplete a full draft of the Science Planwere identified. Participation by ScienceBoard and Council members contributedgreatly to the success of the workshop.• A subset of SP-WT (those who were not oncruises or otherwise engaged) met from June19–20, 2007, again in Seattle, to begin19

GC-2007developing a full draft of the Science Plan.The June version of the Science Plan wassent to all SP-WT members and then wasrevised according to their comments.• The draft Science Plan was circulated toCouncil, Science Board, F&A Committee,SG-FISP and SP-WT on September 20 andwas made available on the PICES websiteon October 1, for review and comments. AllCommittee Chairmen were requested tocirculate the draft Science Plan to membersof their Committees and relevant subsidiarygroups to ensure comments and productivediscussion at their Committee meetingsduring PICES XVI.• Two special events to review the draftScience Plan for FUTURE were held atPICES XVI: an Open Forum on November1 and a FISP workshop on November 3.The Science Plan for FUTURE, revised basedon comments received at these two gatherings,was approved in principle by Council (Decision07/S/1), subject to minor modifications to becompleted by the end of 2007. The final versionis included as GC Appendix C and also postedon the PICES website.Council endorsed both activities proposed byScience Board for 2008:• A 2-day workshop to develop anImplementation Plan for FUTURE to beheld in April 2008, in conjunction with aninter-sessional Science Board meeting; and• A 1-day Science Board Symposium on“Beyond observations to achievingunderstanding and forecasting in achanging North Pacific: Forward to theFUTURE”, with most oral presentationsinvited, to be convened at PICES XVII.At the recommendation of the F&A Committee,Council approved that $40,000 from theencumbered funds designated for high-priorityprojects be earmarked for FUTURE (Decision07/A/3(v)).Capacity building activities (Agenda Item 9)PICES’ strategy for capacity building wasapproved in 2003, and is available on the PICESwebsite at http://www.pices.int/about/capacity_strategy.pdf. At the 2005 inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting (April 2006,Seattle, U.S.A.), the following capacity buildinginitiatives were identified as the most important:• 2007 ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference;• PICES summer schools on marine sciences;• travel support for early carrer scientists toattend PICES Annual Meetings;• workshops on ecological modeling;• international student exchange;• PICES Intern Program.2007 ICES/PICES Conference for Early CareerScientists (ECS)The ICES/PICES “New frontiers in marinescience” conference for early career scientists(ECS) was held from June 26–29, 2007, nearBaltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. The objective ofthe conference was to encourage new scientiststo share knowledge and to begin to buildnetworks across disciplines and internationalborders. The conference featured six themesessions, and a total of 65 talks and 33 posterswere presented by nearly 100 scientists from 20nations. A brief summary of the conference waspublished in PICES Press (July 2007, Vol. 15,No. 2, 2007). A detailed report is includedelsewhere in this Annual Report. Councilconcluded that the conference was a resoundingsuccess and that the most immediate and longlastingbenefit for most participants was thedevelopment of personal and institutionalcontacts that will persist for decades.ICES provided US $90,000 for the conference tocover the venue and local arrangements.PICES’ direct expenses were about $74,000 tocover the contract for local organization of theconference, publication of the announcement,and travel costs for invited speakers and selectedscientists. In addition, PICES’ in-kindcontribution included: development of theconference website, compilation of the Book ofAbstracts, and financial arrangements. Due tosuccessful fund-raising (US $15,000 from theNorth Pacific Research Board, US $30,000 fromthe U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, andUS $2,000 from the Korea Ocean Research &20

GC-2007Development Institute), only slightly above$25,000 was used from the $45,000 earmarkedin PICES budget (from the encumbered fundsdesignated for high-priority projects) for theconference.PICES schools on marine sciencesThe first PICES Summer School on “Oceancirculation and ecosystem modeling” (cosponsoredby the Seoul National University, theKorea Ocean Research & Development Institute,the Korean Ministry of Maritime Affairs andFisheries, the National Fisheries Research andDevelopment Institute, and the Brain Korea 21(BK 21) Program of the Korean Ministry ofEducation and Human Resources) was heldAugust 23–25, 2006, in Busan, Korea, inconjunction with the CREAMS/PICESworkshop on “Model-data inter-comparison forthe Japan/East Sea”. Thirty-seven studentsfrom 8 countries (including all six PICESmember countries) attended the summer school:1 from Canada, 1 from Chile, 2 from China, 2from Indonesia, 10 from Japan, 13 from Korea,4 from Russia, and 4 from U.S.A. The summaryreport of the school was published in PICESPress (January 2007, Vol. 15, No. 1).Council supported a proposal submitted throughthe BIO Committee (BIO Endnote 7) to organizethe second PICES Summer School on “Biomassbasedmanagement and ecosystem approach” tobe held from August 23–26, 2008 (tentativedates), at Hokkaido University, in Hakodate,Japan. Potential co-sponsors include: theJapanese Society for the Promotion of Science,the Hokkaido University Sustainable GovernmentProject and the Asia Pacific Network.The third PICES Summer School on “Recentmethods of investigating red-tide organisms andcontrolling red tides” has being planned forAugust 2009, in Busan, Korea. It is nowpossible that its theme will change to “Satelliteoceanography” to be in line with a launch of aKorean satellite in 2009. The first PICES WinterSchool on “Field survey of sea ice area” wasoriginally proposed for late February or earlyMarch 2008, in Vladivostok, Russia, but it willbe postponed for 1 year to resolve funding andlogistical problems.Travel support for early career scientistsIn 2007, about $33,000 from the Trust Fundwere spent to support participation of earlycareer scientists from all PICES membercountries in PICES XVI, the 4 th ZooplanktonProduction Symposium on “Human and climateforcing of zooplankton populations” (May 2007,Hiroshima, Japan) and the SOLAS OpenScience Meeting (March 2007, Xiamen, China).Applications received for this support and theirdispositions were reported at the F&A Committeemeeting. The amount above includes about$10,000 provided by SCOR, GLOBEC and theU.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) forPICES XVI. Council expressed their thanks tothese organizations for their continuing support.Workshops on ecological modelingIt was recommended that PICES partner withother organizations/programs to broadenapplications of the NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH models developed by theMODEL Task Team. In 2007, the mainendeavor in this direction was a 3-day trainingworkshop on “Techniques for building multitrophiclevel marine ecosystem models, withspecial emphasis on NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH” for Ph.D.-level Mexicanscientists. The workshop was held April 26–28,2007, in La Paz, Mexico, and was co-sponsoredby the International Fisheries Section of theAmerican Fisheries Society, the MexicanChapter of the Western Division of theAmerican Fisheries Society, and the U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service. Councilcommended these organizations and also Drs.Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.) and SalvadorLluch-Cota (Mexico), who coordinated theproject, for their efforts.International student exchangesEven though there is a provision (clause iv(c)) inthe PICES Trust Fund Guidelines that allowsusing the resources in the Fund to support visits21

GC-2007by scientists to laboratories for collaboration ortraining related to scientific projects sponsoredby the Organization, the Secretariat did notreceive any requests for support. Dr. GeorgeBoehlert re-iterated his earlier proposal that forinternational student exchange, PICES shouldexplore the possibility of matching funds withthe U.S. Office of International Science andEngineering at NSF. So far, no action has beentaken in this direction.PICES Intern ProgramThe PICES Intern Program was approved in1999 (Decision 99/A/7) and commenced in2000. The Intern Program assists in theprofessional development of marine scientistsand managers from PICES Contracting Parties,and increases the capacity of the PICESSecretariat to support the work of theOrganization. From May 2000–October 2007, 8scientists from three countries (3 from China, 3from Korea and 2 from Russia) have worked asinterns at the PICES Secretariat. Thedescription of the Intern Program and theguidelines for application and selection ofinterns are posted on the PICES website(http://www.pices.int/projects/intern.aspx).Mr. Xuewu Guo (Yellow Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute, Chinese Academy of FisheriesSciences) is the 2007 PICES intern. His termstarted on February 1, 2007. The ExecutiveSecretary reported that because of the excellentperformance of Mr. Guo and additional fundingreceived for the Intern Program, his originallyoffered8-month term was extended to 12months. Council endorsed this decision.In July 2007, Mr. Key-Seok Choe (ProjectManagement Team, Planning Department,KORDI) was nominated and consequentlyapproved as the 2008 PICES intern. His term isexpected to start on February 1, 2008. At themeeting of the F&A Committee, Koreaannounced a voluntary contribution of US$10,000 to the Trust Fund in 2008. This willallow the originally-offered 8 months to beextended to 12 months, assuming goodperformance by the intern.Given that Mr. Choe’s term will continue untilJanuary 31, 2009, Council extended the deadlineof nominations for the 2009 PICES internshipuntil the Governing Council meeting at PICESXVII (Decision 07/A/6(ii)).The Intern Program has been financed solely byvoluntary contributions. The ExecutiveSecretary reported that in 2007, the U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) andFisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) contributed$14,500 and $10,000, respectively, to the TrustFund for the Program. It was indicated thatNMFS and DFO have been the most generouspartners for this activity to date, providing forthe period from 2000–2007 approximately$135,000 and $71,500, respectively, for theProgram. Council thanked both organizationsand KORDI for their support of the InternProgram, and instructed the Executive Secretaryto invite all Contracting Parties to makevoluntary contributions to maintain the Programin 2008 and beyond (Decision 07/A/6(i)).Council confirmed that the stipend should bekept at the current level of $2,000 per month.The nominating Contracting Party could considersupplementing this modest stipend, depending onthe intern’s personal circumstances (Decision07/A/6(iii)).Improvement of participation in PICESactivities (Agenda Item 10)The discussion focused again on two followingunresolved issues:• Inter-agency coordination: WithinContracting Parties, different agencies havethe principal responsibility for interactionwith PICES. The lead agencies often do notrepresent the interest of other agencies orcoordinate PICES interactions with them. Infact, few countries have an effective interagencycoordination mechanism. Theproblem of inter-agency cooperation andcoordination is one that must be faced at thenational level, and PICES can only urge thatit be recognized and solved at that level(Decision 96/S/6). The formation of anational committee to enhance andcoordinate involvement of scientists in22

GC-2007PICES activities, as recommended by thePICES Review Committee, might be theappropriate solution.• Appointed scientists: The main activities ofpermanent Committees and temporaryexpert groups take place at meetings,especially during PICES Annual Meetings.While it is obviously important forappointed scientists to attend such meetings,and Rule 1(iii) of the PICES Rules ofProcedure explicitly states that “eachContracting Party shall bear the expenses ofits own Delegation to all meetingsauthorized by the Council, held pursuant tothis Convention”, Contracting Parties oftenfail to support the attendance of theirappointed members at Annual Meetings.The work of Committees and expert groupsis thereby seriously impaired. The fundingproblem is not disconnected from the interagencyproblem. It is easier to supportappointed members, if the costs ofparticipation can be shared among interestedagencies.The Executive Secretary reported on theimplementation of Council’s decisions to targetimproving the participation of scientists fromContracting Parties in the activities of theStanding Committees and their subsidiarybodies and presented background graphicmaterial for the last 6 years (2002–2007) tobetter assess problems existing in variouscountries. Council requested that thisinformation be circulated to Contracting Partiesand updated prior to PICES XVII.National membership listsThe Secretariat is updating membership lists onthe PICES website as frequently as newinformation is provided by National Delegates(http://www.pices.int/members/default.aspx).Following Decisions 03/S/7(ii) and 04/S/7(ii),national membership lists have also beenincluded as Appendices in the Annual Reportssince 2003. This practice will continue tomaintain a historical record of PICES membership,and to assist in improving participation inthe activities of the Organization.National membership reviewNational Delegates were requested to regularlyreview their national membership and makechanges as appropriate (Decisions 03/S/7(ii) and04/S/7(ii)). Nevertheless, all Contracting Partieshave Committee or expert group members whonever, or rarely, attend PICES Annual Meetings.The problem is most serious with the People’sRepublic of China.Review of temporary expert groupsAt the request of Council (Decision 04/S/7(i)),Science Board performed a review of thetemporary expert groups (Working Groups,Study Groups, Task Teams, Advisory Panels)established since the inception of theOrganization. This evaluation was undertakento get an idea of whether or not the currentapproach of the formation and financing of thesegroups is working. An assessment reportprepared by Dr. Michael G. Foreman (POCChairman) is included in this Annual Report.PICES Handbook and Guidelines for Chairmenand ConvenorsCouncil requested that relevant information beprovided to National Delegates by theSecretariat to be used when selecting membersfor PICES Committees and temporary expertgroups, and clarifying their responsibilities at thetime of their appointment (Decision 03/S/7(iii)).The second edition of the PICES Handbookpublished and circulated in 2006 serves thepurpose. This publication includes all basicdocuments regulating the functioning of theOrganization, such as the PICES Convention,the Headquarters Agreement between PICESand the Government of Canada, the revisedPICES Rules of Procedure, FinancialRegulations and Trust Fund Guidelines, thePICES Strategic Plan, and the historical list ofPICES officers. These documents can be alsofound at http://www.pices.int/about/default.aspx.National Delegates are encouraged to use thematerials from the PICES Handbook as a guidewhen appointing members to various PICESCommittees and expert groups.23

GC-2007The F&A Committee recommended approval ofthe document tentatively titled “Roles andresponsibilities of Chairmen and members ofPICES groups”, which is based on the revisedGuidelines for Chairmen and Convenors(developed in 1999 and amended in 2001) andincorporates the most important elements ofDr. Foreman’s analysis – a summary of theconditions that make for productive andsuccessful temporary groups. This documentcannot be finalized until after the FUTUREImplementation Plan is completed, but couldprovide useful guidance over the next 1–2 years.Its publication on the PICES website wasrecommended.Schedule and financing of future AnnualMeetings (Agenda Item 11)At the 2006 inter-sessional meeting (April 2006,Honolulu, U.S.A.), Council approved theproposal of China to host the PICESSeventeenth Annual Meeting in 2008, in Dalian,with the National Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center (NMEMC) of the StateOceanic Administration (SOA) as the localorganizer (Decision 06/A/7(ii)). PICES XVIIwill be held from October 23–November 2,2008, under the theme “Beyond observations toachieving understanding and forecasting in achanging North Pacific: Forward to theFUTURE”. The description of the theme wasdeveloped by Science Board at PICES XVI andcan be found in SB Endnote 4. Briefinformation on the status of preparations for themeeting was provided by the Chinese delegationand by the Executive Secretary, who visitedDalian in early September 2007. At therecommendation of the F&A Committee,Council agreed to provide $40,000 to China topartially cover costs for the meeting (Decision07/A/5(i)).At the 2007 inter-sessional meeting (April 2007,Yokohama, Japan), Council accepted aninvitation from Korea to host the PICESEighteenth Annual Meeting in 2009. Councilapproved holding the meeting from October 23–November 1, 2009, in Busan, with the NationalFisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI) as the local organizer (Decision07/A/5(ii)). The proposed theme of the meeting,“Understanding ecosystem dynamics, pursuingecosystem approaches to management”, wassupported in principle, and the description of thetheme will be finalized by Science Board atPICES XVII. Brief information on the status ofpreparations for the meeting was provided by theKorean delegation.In keeping with the six-year rotation cycle(Decision 94/A/6), the United States of Americawas requested to consider the possibility ofholding the PICES Nineteenth Annual Meetingin 2010. The U.S. delegation confirmed theirwillingness to host PICES XIX, and thisinvitation was accepted by Council (Decision07/A/5(iii)). Interest was indicated in exploringthe opportunity of a joint ICES-PICES AnnualMeeting, with shared science activities andseparate business meetings (Decision 07/A/5(iii)).This idea was strongly supported by Dr. GerdHubold (ICES General Secretary) who attendedthe meeting by the invitation of Council.During the presentation of the Science Boardreport (Agenda Item 12), Dr. Stein pointed outthat with the current structure of PICES AnnualMeetings, Chairmen of Standing Committees donot have enough time to properly summarizeproposals from their subsidiary bodies, andScience Board does not have enough time toreview recommendations from the Committeesand prepare a detailed report for Council. Hesuggested that some guidance is needed on whatCouncil would like to see in the report, how itshould be presented, and what are the criteriathat Science Board should use to evaluate andrank proposals. It was agreed that an improvedstructure for communication from Science Boardto Council should be developed. The PICESChairman will work with the Science BoardChairman, the F&A Chairman and theSecretariat to prepare a proposal for discussionat the next Annual Meeting.Council confirmed that the practice of charginga registration fee for future PICES AnnualMeetings should continue, and accepted thesame registration fee structure for 2008 as wasmaintained for 2004–2007 (Decision 07/A/5(iv)).It was noted that the proposal of introducing a24

GC-2007Appendix D). The first award will be given atthe 2008 PICES Annual Meeting in Dalian,China.Report of F&A Committee (Agenda Item 13)The Finance and Administration Committee(F&A) met under the chairmanship of Dr. LauraRichards, who presented the report to Councilon November 4. The report was approved byCouncil, and is included elsewhere in thisAnnual Report. Details are given in GCAppendix A (Decisions 07/A/1–07/A/6).13.1 Audited accounts for fiscal year 2006At the recommendation of F&A, Councilaccepted the audited accounts of FY 2006 (F&AEndnote 3, Decision 07/A/1).13.2 Annual contributionsCouncil reviewed the payment schedule ofannual fees to the Organization (F&AEndnote 4), and noted that all ContractingParties met their financial obligations for FY2007. Even though only the Japanesecontribution arrived prior to the due date(January 1, 2007), the timeliness of paymentfrom other Contracting Parties is either stable orimproved. By April 2007, annual contributionswere received from five of six ContractingParties. China’s progress is notable, with thetime of the payment moved from the fourth orlate third quarter in 2000–2005 to early July in2007.Council instructed the Executive Secretary tosend a letter to Contracting Parties commendingthem for their performance in submitting annualcontributions for 2007, and describing thedifficulties that late and partial payment causesthe Organization (Decision 07/A/2(i)).Council re-iterated that for the planning of theirfunding requests for annual contributions,Contracting Parties should continue to use theguideline generally accepted at PICES VIII(Decision 99/A/2(ii)), which states that “theannual contributions will increase at the rate ofinflation in Canada” (Decision 07/A/2(ii)).13.3 Fund-raising activitiesAs current funding constraints from an increasein annual contributions only at the rate ofinflation in Canada can impede improvementand development of the Organization, fundraisingcontinues to be an important componentof PICES activities. External funding andvoluntary contributions received for the periodsince PICES XV for various activities of theOrganization are reflected in GC Endnote 3 andF&A Endnote 5. It was pointed out that thelevel of external funding for PICES activitieshas increased significantly over the last severalyears, and from 2004–2007, the amount of fundsfrom voluntary contributions, grants andpartnerships was about 30–50% of the totalannual contribution by Contracting Parties.Most of the funding offers have specific productand service requirements and put additionalburden on the Secretariat, the size and structureof which have remained unchanged since 1995.In order to help manage the extra workload andoffset extra expenses of the Secretariat, anoverhead is now being charged to some projects(where appropriate). The overhead funds can beused, if necessary, to hire contract help.13.4 BudgetEstimated accounts for fiscal year 2007The estimated accounts for FY 2007 werereviewed by the F&A Committee and approvedby Council (Decision 07/A/3(i)).Relocation and Home Leave FundThe status of the Relocation and Home LeaveFund was reviewed. At the end of FY 2007, theRHLF is estimated at less than $2,000 below thecurrently required amount of $110,000. At therecommendation of F&A, Council approved thatthe level of the Relocation and Home LeaveFund be allowed to vary between $90,000 and$110,000 to minimize the need for smalltransfers between funds (Decision 07/A/3(iii)).Trust FundIn FY 2007, more than $60,000 from the Trust26

GC-2007Fund was used to finance the Intern Program,and to support participation of young scientistsfrom all Contracting Parties and scientists fromcountries with “economies in transition” toscientific meetings organized and co-sponsoredby PICES. These expenditures were only partlycompensated for by interest earned by the Fund,the voluntary contributions for the InternProgram, and travel grants from SCOR. Councilapproved a transfer from the Working CapitalFund to the Trust Fund to recover the 2007expenses, and to restore the Trust Fund to thelevel of $110,000 by the end of the fiscal year(Decision 07/A/3(iv)).Following the revised guidelines for operatingthe Trust Fund adopted last year (Decision06/A/4(i)), the Executive Secretary provided adetail report on applications received for supportfrom the Trust Fund and their disposition.Working Capital FundAfter inter-fund transfers approved by Council(Decisions 07/A/3(ii) and 07/A/3(iv)), theamount of funds available in the WorkingCapital Fund is estimated at about $290,660.This includes $182,449 in encumbered fundsheld for special and high-priority PICES projectswith completion in 2008–2010, and $108,211 in“operating” funds. [Additional income andexternal funding for the period since PICES XVIbrought the total amount of funds in theWorking Capital Fund to the level of $354,500and the amount of encumbered funds to the levelof $215,500.]Council decided that $40,000 from theencumbered funds designated for high-priorityPICES projects (about $143,000) be earmarkedfor the development of FUTURE, and theremainder be earmarked for the North PacificEcosystem Status Report (Decision 07/A/3(v)).Proposed budget for fiscal year 2008Council approved the proposed FY 2008 budgetof $762,000 (F&A Endnote 7). The amount of$96,000 will be transferred from the WorkingCapital Fund to balance the budget, setting thetotal annual contribution at $666,000, and the2008 annual fee at $111,000 per ContractingParty (Decision 07/A/3(ii)).Forecast budget for fiscal year 2009The FY 2009 forecast budget of $778,000 wasexamined by the F&A Committee and presentedto Council for information only. It was pointedout though that if the inflation rate in Canadastays near 2.5%, then the 2009 annual fee shouldbe set at the level of $113,800 per ContractingParty and a transfer of $95,200 from theWorking Capital Fund would be required tobalance the budget. The FY 2009 budget will befurther discussed at PICES XVII.Executive Secretary position (Agenda Item 14)Dr. Alexander Bychkov was appointed as theExecutive Secretary of PICES for a 5-year termon June 1, 1999. In 2002, he was re-appointedfor a second 5-year term, which started on June1, 2004 and will expire on May 31, 2009. Hehas strongly supported the administration ofPICES over the last more than ten years,including a 3-year term from May 1, 1996, toMay 31, 1999, when he served as the AssistantExecutive Secretary.At the recommendation of the United States andin accordance with Financial Regulations 12(i),Council approved the establishment of anExecutive Committee to complete an annualperformance review of the Executive Secretary(Decision 07/A/7(i)). Terms of reference andmembership of the Executive Committee arelisted in GC Appendix B. It was also decidedthat at its first meeting, the ExecutiveCommittee will review achievements of thecurrent Executive Secretary for the previousthree years, in preparation for his possible reappointment.As decision on re-appointmentshall be made at least 12 months prior to the endof the term, Council agreed, in accordance withthe Article VII of the Convention and Rule 4 ofthe Rules of Procedure, to vote on the results ofthe evaluation by correspondence before April30, 2008 (Decision 07/A/7(ii)).27

GC-2007Deputy Executive Secretary position (AgendaItem 15)Dr. Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell was appointedas the Deputy (Assistant) Executive Secretary ofPICES for a 3-year term on September 7, 1999.He was re-appointed in this position twice, andhis third term of office will expire on September6, 2008. Over eight years, Dr. McKinnell hasbeen supporting the scientific activities of theOrganization, with his distinguished ability inmanaging various scientific projects andpublications of special issues of primary journalsand valuable scientific reports (including thepilot North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report), aswell as the preparation and operations of PICESAnnual Meetings and conferences sponsored byPICES.The Executive Secretary pointed out that ArticleVIII of the PICES Convention gives him theauthority to appoint staff to the Secretariat andstrongly argued to offer Dr. McKinnell another3-year term to be started September 7, 2008.Council approved this recommendation(Decision 07/A/8).Other business (Agenda Item 16)(a) Report on a project “Development of theprevention systems for harmful organisms’expansion in the Pacific Rim” supported bythe Japanese Trust FundAt the 2007 inter-sessional Governing Councilmeeting, it was officially announced that theMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries(MAFF) of Japan, through the Fisheries Agency(JFA), will provide a voluntary contribution toPICES for a project on “Development of theprevention systems for harmful organisms’expansion in the Pacific Rim” (see GC Endnote5 for details). The Executive Secretary informedCouncil that the requited set of documents wassubmitted to MAFF on June 20, 2007, and theamount of $184,980 was transferred to PICESon July 26. He provided a brief report onactivities within the project and the dispositionof the fund for the period until October 31.(b) Study Group on PICES Communications(SG-COM)Dr. Boehlert introduced a proposal to establish aStudy Group on PICES Communications (SG-COM) under the direction of Council, and thisproposal was approved (Decision 07/S/7(i)).Reasons for forming SG-COM are summarizedin the Background section of the documentappended as GC Endnote 7. The overall goal ofthe Study Group is to identify the targetaudiences for output from PICES activities andto propose mechanisms to communicate withthem. The terms of reference for SG-COM aredescribed in GC Appendix B and GC Endnote 7.A tentative schedule for the Study Group is alsoincluded in GC Endnote 7. Originally, twoalternative schedules were suggested: anaccelerated schedule with the final SG-COMreport presented for approval at PICES XVII(Dalian, China) in October 2008, and a slowerschedule with the final report submitted atPICES XVIII (Busan, Korea) in October 2009.At the recommendation of Canada, the slowerschedule was adopted.28

GC-2007GC Endnote 1CanadaSerge LabontéLaura RichardsJapanHideki Nakano (advisor)Yuji UozumiPeople’s Republic of ChinaHandi Guo (alternate delegate)Yingren Li (advisor)Shengzhi Sun (advisor)Gongke Tan (advisor)Dongmei Tang (alternate delegate)Republic of KoreaKyu-Kui Jung (advisor)Jin-Yeong Kim (alternate delegate)Kwang-Youl ParkParticipation listU.S.A.George W. BoehlertJustin R. Grubich (advisor)Patricia Livingston (advisor)Samuel PooleyOtherVera Alexander (PICES Past-Chairman)Alexander Bychkov (Executive Secretary)Francisco Chavez (IMARPE, Peru, November 5only)Gerd Hubold (ICES General Secretary)Kuh Kim (Science Board Chairman, November5 only)Skip McKinnell (Deputy Executive Secretary,November 5 only)John E. Stein (Science Board Chairman-elect,November 5 only)Tokio Wada (PICES Chairman)RussiaLev N. BocharovOleg Katugin (advisor, November 4 only)Igor Shevchenko (advisor, November 5 only)GC Endnote 2Governing Council meeting agenda1. Opening remarks2. Adoption of agenda and meeting procedures3. Report on administration4. Report of 2007 inter-sessional GoverningCouncil meeting5. Membership and observers from othercountries6. Report of the Study Group on Scientific Cooperationbetween PICES and Non-memberCountries7. Relations with relevant international andregional organizations and programs8. Next integrative scientific program of PICES9. Capacity building activities10. Improvement of participation in PICESactivities11. Schedule and financing of future AnnualMeetings12. Report and recommendations of ScienceBoard13. Report and recommendations of the Financeand Administration Committee14. Executive Secretary position15. Deputy Executive Secretary position16. Other business(a) Report on a project “Development of theprevention systems for harmfulorganism’s expansion in the Pacific Rim”supported by the Japanese Trust Fund(b) Proposal to form a Study Group onPICES Communications29

GC-2007GC Endnote 3Report on Administration for 2007I. Annual contributionsAccording to Regulation 5 of the PICESFinancial Regulations, all national contributionsto PICES are payable by the first day of thefinancial year (January 1) to which they relate.Dues for 2007 were paid as follows:Japan--------------------------------December 5, 2006U.S.A. ------------------------------January 10, 2007Canada -----------------------------January 23, 2007Russian Federation ---------------February 13, 2007Republic of Korea ----------------April 3, 2006People’s Republic of China -----July 3, 2006All Contracting Parties met their financialobligations for FY 2007. Even though only theJapanese contribution arrived prior to the duedate, the timeliness of payment from otherContracting Parties is either stable or improved.China’s progress is notable, with the time of thepayment moved from the fourth or late thirdquarters in 2000–2005 to early July in 2007.II.External and additional fundingDetails on external funding and voluntarycontributions received since PICES XV areincluded in F&A Endnote 5.III. Inter-sessional meetingsSince PICES XV (October 2006), the followinginter-sessional symposia/workshops/meetingswere convened/sponsored, for which financial,travel and logistical arrangements were made:• an International Conference on “TheHumboldt Current system: Climate, oceandynamics, ecosystem processes andfisheries” (co-sponsored by IMARPE, IRD,NASA, FAO, GLOBEC, ICES, PICES andIMBER), November 27–December 1, 2006,Lima, Peru;• a 2-day meeting of the FISP Writing Team,February 16–17, 2007, Seattle, U.S.A.;• a 2-day inter-sessional meeting ofCREAMS-AP, April 11–12, Qingdao,China;• a 3-day workshop to develop a Science Planfor a Future Integrative Scientific Programof PICES and an inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting (cosponsoredby the Fisheries Research Agencyof Japan), April 16–19, 2007, Yokohama,Japan;• a 3-day training workshop on “Techniquesfor building multi-trophic level marineecosystem models, with special emphasis onNEMURO and NEMURO.FISH” (cosponsoredby the American FisheriesSociety, Mexican Fisheries Society, U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service andPICES), April 26–28, 2007, La Paz, Mexico;• a display of PICES publications at the jointmeeting of the Mexican Fisheries Societyand the Mexican Chapter of the AmericanFisheries Society, May 2–4, 2007, La Paz,Mexico;• a 3-day CFAME workshop on “Linkingclimate-forcing mechanisms to indicators ofspecies ecosystem-level changes: Acomparative approach”, May 21–23, 2007,Seattle, U.S.A.;• a 5 th International Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES, the U.S. National Sea Grant CollegeProgram and the MIT Sea Grant CollegeProgram), May 21–24, 2007, Cambridge,U.S.A.;• a 2-day joint meeting of PICES WG 21 onNon-indigenous Aquatic Species, ICES WGon Introductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms and ICES/IOC/IMO WG onBallast and Other Ship Vectors, May 25–26,2007, in Cambridge, U.S.A.;• a 4 th International Zooplankton ProductionSymposium on “Human and climate forcing30

GC-2007of zooplankton populations” (co-sponsoredby PICES, ICES and GLOBEC), May 28–June 1, 2007, Hiroshima, Japan;• ESSAS/PICES workshops on “Evaluation ofclimate scenarios for subarctic regions” (1day) and “The role of seasonal sea ice coverin marine ecosystems” (2 days), June 4–6,2007, Hakodate, Japan;• an ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference on “New frontiers in marinescience”, June 26–29, 2007, Baltimore,U.S.A.;• a 2-day PICES/NPRB workshop on“Forecasting climate impacts on futureproduction of commercially exploited fishand shellfish”, July 19–20, Seattle, U.S.A.;• ICES/PICES Theme Sessions on“Integrating observations and models toimprove predictions of ecosystem responseto physical variability”, on “Comparativemarine ecosystem structure and function:Descriptors and characteristics” and on“The ecosystem approach: What’s theimpact on marine science, science basedadvice and management of marineecosystems” at the ICES Annual ScienceConference, September 17–21, 2007,Helsinki, Finland;• An International Symposium on“Reproductive and recruitment processes inexploited marine fish stocks” (co-sponsoredby NAFO, PICES and ICES), October 1–3,2007, in Lisbon, Portugal.The following workshops were convened inconjunction with PICES XVI in Victoria,Canada:• a ½-day BIO (MIE-AP) workshop on“Lessons learned during MIE-1 and MIE-2:Reconciling acoustics and trawl data”;• a 1-day FIS workshop on “Methods forstandardizing trawl surveys to ensureconstant catchability”;• a 1-day FIS/MEQ workshop on“Comparative analysis of frameworks todevelop an ecosystem-based approach tomanagement and research needed forimplementation”;• a 1-day MEQ workshop on “Review ofselected harmful algae in the PICES region:III. Heterosigma akashiwo and otherharmful raphidophyes”, preceded by a ½-day laboratory demonstration onHeterosigma cell and toxin detection;• a ½-day MONITOR/BIO workshop on“Measuring and monitoring primaryproductivity in the North Pacific”;• a 1½-day POC/CCCC workshop on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling”;• a ½-day FIS workshop on “Forecastingclimate impacts on future production ofcommercially exploited fish and shellfish”,Phase II.Preparations, arrangements or planning are inprogress for:• an International CLIOTOP Symposium on“Climate impacts on oceanic top predators”(co-sponsored by GLOBEC, IMBER,SCOR, PICES, EUR-OCEANS, NOAA,IRD, CLS, PFRP, CIBNOR and CICIMAR),December 3–7, 2007, La Paz, Mexico;• an inter-sessional WG 21 meeting to evaluatethe protocols and reach final agreement onstandards, data elements and data entrytemplates for the MIS (Marine/EstuarineInvasive Species) Database for the PICESproject on “Development of the preventionsystems for harmful organisms’ expansion inthe Pacific Rim”, late February or earlyMarch 2008, Seattle, U.S.A.;• an International Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” (cosponsoredby ICES, PICES, IOC, GLOBEC,SCOR, WCRP, DFO, NOAA, NASA), May19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain;• an International Symposium on “Coping withglobal change in marine social-ecologicalsystems” (co-sponsored by GLOBEC, EUR-OCEANS, FAO, IRD, SCOR, IMBER andPICES), July 8–11, 2008 in Rome, Italy;• an International Symposium on “Herring:Linking biology, ecology and status ofpopulations in the context of changingenvironments” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES and GLOBEC), August 26–29, 2008,Galway, Ireland.IV.PublicationsPublications produced after PICES XV or still inprogress include:31

GC-2007Primary journals• Collection of papers on NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH in a special issue ofEcological Modelling on “Modeling ofNorth Pacific Marine Ecosystems” (GuestEditors: M.J. Kishi, B.A. Megrey, S.-I. Itoand F.E. Werner) – published in March2007, Vol. 202, Nos. 1-2;• Selected papers from the Symposium on“Time series of the Northeast Pacific: Asymposium to mark the 50 th anniversary ofLine-P” in a special issue of Progress inOceanography (Guest Editors: M.A. Peña,S.J. Bograd and A. Bychkov) – published inNovember 2007, Vol. 75, No. 2;• Selected papers from the GLOBEC/ESSASSymposium in a special issue of Deep-SeaResearch II on “Climate variability and subarcticmarine ecosystems” (Guest Editors:G.L. Hunt, K. Drinkwater, S. McKinnell andD.L. Mackas) – expected to be published inDecember 2007, Vol. 54, Nos. 23-26.Peer-review process is in progress for severalspecial issues:• Selected papers from the PICES XV TopicSession on “The human dimension ofjellyfish blooms” in a special issue ofPlankton and Benthos Research (GuestEditors: H. Iizumi and K. Ishii) – will bepublished in spring 2008;• Selected papers from the Humboldt CurrentEcosystem Conference in a special issue ofProgress in Oceanography – expected to bepublished in 2008;• Selected papers from the PICES/GLOBECSymposium on “Climate variability andecosystem impacts on the North Pacific: Abasin-scale synthesis” in a special issue ofProgress in Oceanography (Guest Editors:H. Batchelder and S. Kim) – expected to bepublished in 2008;• Selected papers from the 2006CREAMS/PICES Workshop on “Modeldatainter-comparison for the Japan/EastSea” in a special issue of Journal of MarineSystems (Guest Editors: K.-I. Chang, C.Mooers, J.-H. Yoon and S.-I. Ito) – expectedto be published in 2008;• Selected papers from the 5 th InternationalConference on “Marine bioinvasions” in aspecial issue of ICES Journal of MarineScience (Guest Editors: J. Carlton and J.Pederson) – expected to be published in2008;• Selected papers from the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations” in a special issue of ICESJournal of Marine Science (Guest Editors:M. Dagg, R. Harris, L. Valdés and S.-I.Uye) – expected to be published in 2008;• Selected papers on krill from the 4 thInternational Zooplankton ProductionSymposium on “Human and climate forcingof zooplankton populations” in a specialvolume of Deep-Sea Research II, (GuestEditors: W. Peterson and S. Kawaguchi) –expected to be published in 2008;• Selected papers from the ICES/PICES EarlyCareer Scientists Conference on “Newfrontiers in marine science” as a section in aregular issue of ICES Journal of MarineScience (Guest Editors: F. Mueter, E.North) – expected to be published in 2008;• Selected papers from the SEEDS-IIexperiment in a special issue of Progress inOceanography or Deep-Sea Research II(Guest editors: A. Tsuda, M. Wells, M.Uematsu and H. Saito) – expected to bepublished in 2008.• Selected papers from the InternationalSymposium on “Reproductive andrecruitment processes of exploited marinefish stocks” in a special issue of Journal ofNorthwest Atlantic Fishery Science (GuestEditors: R.D. Brodeur, M. Dickey-Collasand E. Trippel) – expected to be publishedin 2009;PICES Special Publication• Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian,J.R. (Eds.). 2007. Guide to best practicesfor ocean CO 2 measurements. PICESSpecial Publication 3, 191 pp.PICES Scientific Report Series• Kruse, G.H., Livingston, P., Overland, J.E.,Jamieson, G.S., McKinnell, S. and Perry,R.I. (Eds.). 2006. Report of thePICES/NPRB workshop on “Integration ofecological indicators of the North Pacific32

GC-2007with emphasis on the Bering Sea”. PICES.Sci. Rep. No. 33, 109 pp.The following reports are expected to bepublished by the end of 2007 or in 2008:• Hollowed, A.B., Beamish, R.J and Schirripa,M.J. (Eds.). Report of FIS workshops on“Forecasting climate impacts on fishproduction of commercially exploited fishand shellfish”;• Beamish, R.J. and Yatsu, A. (Eds.). Finalreport of WG 16 on Climate change, shifts infish production, and fisheries management.PICES Technical Report Series• Megrey, B.A., Macklin, S.A., Bahl, K. andKlawitter, P.D. (Eds.). 2006. TCODEreport on “Metadata federation of PICESmember countries”. PICES Tech. Rep. No.1 (electronic publication).Other publications• PICES 2006 Annual Report;• Book of Abstracts for the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations”;• Book of Abstracts for the ICES/PICES EarlyCareer Scientists Conference on “Newfrontiers in marine science”;• Announcement, poster and Book ofAbstracts for PICES XVI;• Poster for PICES XVII;• American Fisheries Society book on “Theecology of juvenile salmon in the NortheastPacific Ocean: Regional comparisons”(Guest Editors: C. Grimes, R.D. Brodeur, L.Haldorson and S. McKinnell), 2007.PICES Press – newsletters• Two regular issues: Vol. 15, No. 1 (January2007) and Vol. 15, No. 2 (July 2007).A review of the PICES Publication Program,with a focus on the option of a transition toelectronic publishing, was performed by theInternational Association of Aquatic and MarineScience Libraries and Information Centers(IAMSLIC). It was carried out by two membersof IAMSLIC, Janet Webster (Oregon StateUniversity Libraries, Newport, OR) and BrianVoss (NOAA Libraries, Seattle, WA), whoworked closely with the PICES Secretariatthroughout the review process. The review ofthe PICES Publication Program and theassociated Action Plan were presented to theF&A Committee at PICES XVI.V. Representation at other organizationmeetings and travel by PICES officers• Dr. Alexander Bychkov (ExecutiveSecretary) represented PICES at the NPAFCFourteenth Annual Meeting (October 2006,Vancouver, Canada);• Dr. R. Ian Perry represent PICES (as amember of the SSC) at the InternationalConference on “The Humboldt Currentsystem: Climate, ocean dynamics,ecosystem processes and fisheries” and atthe meeting with the Chairman of the Boardand the Scientific Director of IMARPE(November 2006, Lima, Peru);• Dr. Skip McKinnell (Deputy ExecutiveSecretary) attended as an invited participantthe workshop on “Climate impacts on theCalifornia Current Ecosystems” (November2006, La Jolla, U.S.A.);• Dr. Vyacheslav Lobanov (member ofMONITOR) represented PICES at the 11 thSession of IOC/WESTPAC CoordinatingCommittee for the North-East AsianRegional Global Ocean Observing System(January 2007, Bangkok, Thailand);• Drs. Bychkov and McKinnell travelled inFebruary 2007 to Seattle, U.S.A., to attendthe Symposium on “The future of fisheriesscience in North America”, meet withrepresentatives of IAMSLIC on issuesrelated to a review of the PICES PublicationProgram, and participate in the FISP WritingTeam meeting;• Dr. Phillip R. Mundy (SG-GOOS Chairman)represented PICES at the 10 th GOOSScientific Steering Committee meeting(March 2007, Seoul, Korea);• Dr. McKinnell represented PICES (as amember of the SSC) at the workshop on“Coastal salmon ocean ecosystem” (March2007, Newport, U.S.A.);• Ms. Darlene Smith (WG 21 Co-Chairman)represented PICES at the meetings of the33

GC-2007ICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballastand Other Ship Vectors and the ICESWorking Group on Introductions andTransfers of Marine Organisms (March2007, Dubrovnik, Croatia);• Dr. Kuh Kim (Science Board Chairman),Dr. Vera Alexander (PICES Past-Chairman)and members of the Secretariat travelled inApril 2007, to Yokohama, Japan, for theworkshop to develop a Science Plan for aFuture Integrative Scientific Program ofPICES and an inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting;• Dr. John E. Stein (Science Board Chairmanelect)represented PICES at the joint meetingof the Mexican Fisheries Society and theMexican Chapter of the American FisheriesSociety (May 2007, La Paz, Mexico);• Dr. Bychkov visited the Ministry of MaritimeAffairs and Fisheries to discuss a complex ofquestions related to the participation ofKorean scientists in activities of PICES (May2007, Seoul, Korea);• Dr. McKinnell represented PICES at thePaCOOS Board Meeting (May 2007,Seattle, U.S.A.);• Drs. Harold P. Batchelder and Michio Kishi(CCCC Co-Chairmen) represented PICES atthe GLOBEC Scientific Steering Committeemeeting (May 2007, Hiroshima, Japan);• Members of the Secretariat travelled in May2007, to Hiroshima, Japan, as organizers forthe 4 th International Zooplankton ProductionSymposium on “Human and climate forcingof zooplankton populations”;• Dr. McKinnell represented PICES at the 2 ndESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of Sub-ArcticSeas) Annual Meeting (June 2007,Hakodate, Japan);• Dr. Bychkov represented PICES at the 24 thGeneral Assembly of the IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission (June 2007,Paris, France);• Dr. McKinnell, Ms. Julia Yazvenko (Databaseand Web Administrator) and Mr. XuewuGuo (PICES Intern) travelled in June2007 to Baltimore, U.S.A. as organizers forthe ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference on “New frontiers in marinescience”;• Drs. Tokio Wada (PICES Chairman) andBychkov and Ms. Christina Chiu (Deputy onAdministration) visited China in September2007, to discuss a complex of questionsrelated to the participation of Chinesescientists in activities of PICES withrepresentatives of the State OceanicAdministration, Ministry of Agriculture andChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, andto review preparations for the 2008 PICESAnnual Meeting in Dalian;• Drs. McKinnell, Perry and Glen Jamiesonserved as PICES convenors to ICES/PICESTheme Sessions on “Integrating observationsand models to improve predictions ofecosystem response to physical variability”, on“Comparative marine ecosystem structure andfunction: Descriptors and characteristics”and on “The ecosystem approach: What’s theimpact on marine science, science-basedadvice and management of marine ecosystems”at the ICES Annual Science Conference(September 2007, Helsinki, Finland);• Dr. McKinnell was an invited participant atthe U.S. GLOBEC Pan-regional SynthesisWorkshop (September 2007, Seattle,U.S.A.) and the Ocean AcidificationWorkshop (October 2007, La Jolla, U.S.A.);• Dr. Lev Bocharov (PICES Vice-Chairman)represented PICES at the NPAFC FifteenthAnnual Meeting (October 2007,Vladivostok, Russia);• Drs. Wada, Alexander and Kim travelled inOctober 2007, to Victoria, Canada, forPICES XVI;• Drs. Nathan Mantua and William Sydemanwill serve as PICES plenary speakers at theinternational CLIOTOP symposium on“Climate impacts on oceanic top predators”,and Dr. McKinnell will represent PICES atthe CLIOTOP SSC meeting (December2007, la Paz, Mexico);• Dr. Bychkov will represent PICES at the 3 rdJapan-China-Korea GLOBEC symposium(December 2007, Hakodate, Japan).VI. Relations with international scientificorganizations and programsThe following reflects relationships with internationalscientific organizations and programs ofregional and global scale, and with regional34

GC-2007scientific and monitoring efforts in the NorthPacific:International Program for Deployment of profilingfloats (Argo)• Dr. Howard Freeland (Argo Science TeamCo-Chairman) attended PICES XVI as anobserver and addressed POC and MONITORon potential areas for collaboration betweenArgo and PICES. Argo also had a poster atthis meeting outlining general informationand highlighting scientific objectives andrecent activities of the project.International Research Programme on ClimateVariability and Predictability (CLIVAR)• PICES Working Group 20 on Evaluation ofClimate Change Projections is the appropriateavenue to enhance collaboration withCLIVAR through its Pacific Panel. Currently,Dr. William Crawford (Canada) serves as aliaison between two groups.Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS)• In May 2005, PICES co-sponsored and servedas the local organizer for the GLOBECSymposium on “Climate variability and subarcticmarine ecosystems” held in Victoria,Canada. Selected papers from the symposiumwill be published in December 2007, in aspecial issue of Deep-Sea Research II (GuestEditors: G.L. Hunt, K. Drinkwater, S.M.McKinnell and D.L. Mackas).• PICES co-sponsored workshops on“Evaluation of climate scenarios forsubarctic regions” and “The role of seasonalsea ice cover in marine ecosystems”convened during the ESSAS Second AnnualMeeting (June 4–9, 2007, Hakodate, Japan).• Drs. Kenneth Drinkwater and George Hunt(ESSAS SSC Co-Chairmen) attended PICESXVI as observers and addressed severalPICES Committees on potential areas ofcooperation between ESSAS and its U.S.component for the Bering Sea (BEST) andPICES. ESSAS and BEST also had postersat this meeting outlining general informationand highlighting scientific objectives andrecent activities of both projects.Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics project(GLOBEC)• The PICES Climate Change and CarryingCapacity (CCCC) Program provides amechanism for integrating nationalGLOBEC research programs in the NorthPacific and is a regional component of theinternational GLOBEC effort.• The PICES/GLOBEC Symposium on“Climate variability and ecosystem impactson the North Pacific: A basin-scalesynthesis” was held April 19–21, 2006, inHonolulu, U.S.A. A special issue ofProgress in Oceanography from thesymposium (Guest Editors: H. Batchelderand S. Kim), to be published in 2008, isconsidered as a part of GLOBEC synthesisefforts.• PICES and GLOBEC worked together toorganize the 4 th International ZooplanktonProduction Symposium on “Human andclimate forcing of zooplankton populations”(May 28–June 1, 2007, in Hiroshima,Japan). Two special issues resulting fromthe symposium, one in the ICES Journal ofMarine Science (Guest Editors: M. Dagg,R. Harris, L. Valdés and S.-I. Uye) andanother in Deep-Sea Research II (GuestEditors: W. Peterson and S. Kawaguchi),are expected to be published in 2008.• GLOBEC allocated $5,000 US to cosponsorthe CCCC/FIS Topic Session on“Towards ecosystem-based management:Recent developments and successes in multispeciesmodeling” at PICES XVI, bycovering travel costs of one invited speakerand two early career scientists.• PICES agreed to co-sponsor two symposialed by GLOBEC: on “Climate impacts onoceanic top predators” (December 3–7,2007, La Paz, Mexico) and on “Coping withglobal change in marine social-ecologicalsystems” (July 8–11, 2008, in Rome, Italy).• GLOBEC agreed to co-sponsor thePICES/ICES/IOC Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” (May19–23, 2008, in Gijón, Spain).• PICES was represented as an observer at theGLOBEC SSC meeting (May 2007,35

GC-2007Hiroshima, Japan). Drs. Francisco E.Werner (GLOBEC SSC Chairman) and IanPerry (GLOBEC SSC Chairman-elect)attended PICES XVI as observers andbriefed Science Board on GLOBEC’ssynthesis and integration efforts and discussPICES’ involvement in these activities.Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)• At the 2005 inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting, GOOSintegration was identified as high priorityPICES activity. At PICES XIV, Councilestablished a Study Group to develop astrategy for GOOS (SG-GOOS), under thedirection of MONITOR. This Study Grouprecommended that PICES should focus onthe coordination and facilitation of NorthPacific regional projects by providing aforum for representatives of the existingNorth Pacific observing systems to developinternational cross-GRA (GOOS RegionalAlliance) observing projects, improveobserving technologies, and compare dataand information sharing protocols.• PICES was represented as an observer at the11 th Session of IOC/WESTPACCoordinating Committee for NEAR-GOOS(January 2007, Bangkok, Thailand), the 10 thGOOS Scientific Steering Committeemeeting (March 2007, Seoul, Korea) and thePaCOOS Board Meeting (May 2007,Seattle, U.S.A.). Dr. Henrik Enevoldsenattended PICES XVI as a GOOS observer.• Two Topic Sessions highly relevant toGOOS were convened at PICES XVI:“Operational forecasts of oceans andecosystems” and “Recent advancements inocean observing systems: Scientificdiscoveries, technical developments anddata management, analysis and delivery”,with commercial displays set up around thetheme of ocean observatories.International Council for the Exploration of theSea (ICES)• ICES and PICES worked with the U.S.National Sea Grant College Program and theMIT Sea Grant College Program to organizethe 5 th International Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” (May 21–24, 2007, inCambridge, U.S.A.). Selected papers fromthis conference are expected to be publishedin a special issue of ICES Journal of MarineScience (Guest Editors: J. Carlton and J.Pederson).• Ms. Darlene Smith (WG 21 Co-Chairman)attended the annual meetings of theICES/IOC/IMO Working Group on Ballastand Other Ship Vectors (WGBOSV) and theICES Working Group on Introductions andTransfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO)in March 2007, in Dubrovnik, Croatia, todiscuss possible co-operation on marinebioinvasions, The first ever joint meetingof WG 21, WGBOSV and WGITMO washeld immediately after the “Marinebioinvasions” Conference (May 25–26,2007). Dr. Judith Pederson (Chairman ofWGITMO) participated in the annualmeeting of WG 21 at PICES XVI.• ICES’ experts on marine bioinvasions willbe involved in the PICES project on“Development of the prevention systems forharmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim” to be conducted from April 1, 2007 toMarch 31, 2012).• ICES was one of the three maininternational sponsors (with PICES andGLOBEC) for the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations” (May 28–June 1, 2007, inHiroshima, Japan).• The ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference on “New frontiers in marinescience” was held June 26–29, 2007, inBaltimore, U.S.A. The goal of theconference was to encourage new scientiststo share knowledge and to begin to buildnetworks across disciplines and internationalborders. Selected papers from theconference are expected to be published in2008, as a section in a regular issue of ICESJournal of Marine Science (Guest Editors:F. Mueter and E. North).• ICES and PICES joined NAFO inorganizing the International Symposium on“Reproductive and recruitment processes inexploited marine fish stocks” (October 1–3,2007, in Lisbon, Portugal).36

GC-2007• PICES co-sponsored three Theme Sessionson “Integrating observations and models toimprove predictions of ecosystem responseto physical variability”, “Comparativemarine ecosystem structure and function:Descriptors and characteristics” and “Theecosystem approach: What’s the impact onmarine science, science-based advice andmanagement of marine ecosystems?” at the2007 ICES Annual Science Conference(September 17–21, 2007, Helsinki, Finland).• ICES co-sponsored two Topic Sessions on“Fisheries interactions and local ecology”and “Operational forecasts of oceans andecosystems” at PICES XVI.• ICES and PICES initiated the organizationof the International Symposium on “Effectsof climate change on the world’s oceans” tobe held May 19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain.• PICES is working with ICES and GLOBECto convene the International Symposium on“Herring: Linking biology, ecology andstatus of populations in the context ofchanging environments” (August 26–29,2008, Galway, Ireland).• Dr. Gerd Hubold (ICES General Secretary)attended PICES XVI and address Council onthe most recent developments concerningthe ICES reforms and potential areas ofcollaboration for the two organizations.Dr. Adolf Kellermann (ICES Head ofScience Program) participated in the ScienceBoard meeting to discuss ongoing and futurejoint ICES/PICES activities.Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and EcosystemResearch (IMBER)• Dr. Julie Hall (IMBER SSC Chairman)attended PICES XVI as an observer andaddressed the BIO Committee on potentialareas for cooperation between IMBER andPICES. IMBER also had a poster at thismeeting outlining general information andhighlighting scientific objectives and recentactivities of the project.• There is a strong interest in including issuesof marine biogeochemistry and food websthat would link PICES with IMBER in anew integrative scientific program ofPICES.Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commissionof UNESCO (IOC)In 2002, IOC and PICES agreed to cooperate onfour fronts: (i) monitoring (see under GOOS);(ii) ecosystem indicators (see under SCOR);(iii) CO 2 data integration and synthesis (seeunder IOCCP); and (iv) harmful algal blooms(see below).• In June 2005, IOC and PICES signed aformal agreement to establish a partnershipin systematically compiling, storing andpresenting on-line, records on harmful algalevents. Event records are to be compiledand stored annually in the format specifiedin the HAE-DAT database. HAE-DAT ishosted at the IOC server in Paris and ispresented with equal credit to the partnerorganizations (PICES and ICES). Buildinga common data resource allows intercomparisonof HAB species compositionand magnitude of environmental andeconomic impacts. Discussion on this jointwork continued at PICES XVI.• IOC experts on harmful algal blooms will beinvolved in the PICES project on“Development of the prevention systems forharmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim” to be conducted from April 1, 2007 toMarch 31, 2012).• PICES was represented as an observer at the24 th General Assembly of IOC (June 2007,Paris, France), and Dr. Henrik Enevoldsenattended PICES XVI as an IOC observer.• IOC joined ICES and PICES in organizingthe International Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” to beheld May 19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain.International Ocean Carbon Coordinated Project(IOCCP)• IOCCP is working on establishinginternational agreements on observationmethods, best practices, data management,and data sharing that will lead to the jointdevelopment of global data products andsynthesis activities documenting the oceancarbon cycle. PICES, through its WorkingGroups on CO 2 in the North Pacific (WG13, 1998–2001) and Biogeochemical DataIntegration and Synthesis (WG 17, 2002–37

GC-20072005), and the Section on Carbon andClimate (2006–present), has been longacting as a regional coordinator for theseactivities. The Section on Carbon andClimate provides clear channels ofcommunication to IOCCP, and to large-scaleIGBP programs such as SOLAS andIMBER.• IOCCP and PICES co-sponsored thepreparation of the “Guide to best practicesfor ocean CO 2 measurements” to bepublished as PICES Special Publication 3(Eds. A.G. Dickson. C.L. Sabine and J.R.Christian) in December 2007.• Drs. Christopher Sabine (IOCCP SSCChairman) and Maria Hood (IOCCPCoordinator) attended PICES XVI andaddressed POC and BIO on potential areasfor cooperation between IOCCP and PICES.North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)• NAFO and PICES (with ICES as anothersponsor) partnered to organize theInternational Symposium on “Reproductiveand recruitment processes in exploitedmarine fish stocks” held October 1–3, 2007,in Lisbon, Portugal. Selected papers fromthis symposium are expected to be publishedin 2009, as a special issue of Journal ofNorthwest Atlantic Fishery Science (GuestEditors: R.D. Brodeur, M. Dickey-Collasand E. Trippel).North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission(NPAFC)• The Bering Sea/Aleutian Island region is afocus of research for both NPAFC andPICES. NPAFC provided an opportunity toscientists involved in the PICESMicronekton Sampling Inter-calibrationExperiment to use one their BASIS Programcruises (September 2007, on the NOAAresearch vessel, Oscar Dyson) to samplemicronekton in the Bering Sea.• Dr. Lev Bocharov (PICES Vice-Chairman)represented PICES at the NPAFC FifteenthAnnual Meeting (October 2007,Vladivostok, Russia). Drs. ShigehikoUrawa (Deputy Executive Director) and JimIrvine (Co-Chairman of Working Group onStock Assessment) were present as observersat PICES XV. Dr. Urawa addressed FIS onpotential areas for collaboration between thetwo organizations. Dr. Irvine presentedinformation on the status of Pacific salmonin the North Pacific at the meeting ofMONITOR as input to update the NorthPacific Ecosystem Status Report. NPAFCalso had a poster at this meeting outlininggeneral information and highlightingscientific objectives and recent activities ofthe organization.North Pacific Research Board (NPRB)• The PICES project on “Integration ofecological indicators for the North Pacificwith emphasis on the Bering Sea”, fundedby NPRB (a grant of $99,957 US), wassuccessfully completed by publishingproceedings of the PICES/NPRB workshopas PICES Scientific Report No. 33 inDecember 2006.• NPRB provided $15,000 US for theICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference on “New frontiers in marinescience” (June 26–29, 2007, in Baltimore,U.S.A.), $5,000 US for the ESSAS/PICESworkshops on “Evaluation of climatescenarios for subarctic regions” and “Therole of seasonal sea ice cover in marineecosystems” (June 4–6, 2007, Hakodate,Japan), and $10,000 US for the FISworkshop on “Forecasting climate impactson future production of commerciallyexploited fish and shellfish” (July 19–20,2007, Seattle, U.S.A.).• Drs. Clarence Pautzke (Executive Director)and Francis Wiese (Science Director)represented NPRB at PICES XVI andaddressed PICES Committees on theirpotential involvement in various initiativessupported by the Board. NPRB also had aposter at this meeting outlining generalinformation and highlighting scientificprojects and recent activities of theorganization.Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research(SCOR)Relationships with GLOBEC, SOLAS, IMBERand IOCCP are reflected separately. Othercollaborations between PICES and scientific38

GC-2007projects and groups established/co-sponsored bySCOR are listed below.• PICES strongly supported the formation of theSCOR WG 125 on Global Comparisons ofZooplankton Time Series and agreed toprovide funding for one additional memberfrom the North Pacific (Dr. Harold Batchelder,Oregon State University, U.S.A.) to participatein its activities. The 2007 meeting of thisWorking Group was held in conjunction withthe 4 th Zooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations” (May 28–June 1, 2007,Hiroshima, Japan), and their 2008 workshopwill be convened immediately prior to thePICES/ICES/IOC symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” (May19–23, 2008, in Gijón, Spain).• SCOR provided $6,000 US for scientistsfrom countries with “economies intransition” to participate in the 4 thZooplankton Production Symposium and$5,000 US to attend SCOR-relevant sessionsat PICES XVI. SCOR also committed$7,500 US to the symposium on “The effectsof climate change on the world’s oceans”.• The International Advisory HydrographyGroup (IAGH), sponsored by SCOR, met inconjunction with PICES XVI.• Since 2005, the PICES HAB Section hasconvened an annual series of workshops todocument existing knowledge on the ecophysiologyof HAB species that impact all,or most, countries in the North Pacific. TheSCOR GEOHAB Program is invited to playan active role in future workshops of thisseries.• Dr. Bjørn Sundby (President of SCOR)attended PICES XVI as an observer todiscuss ongoing and future collaborationsbetween the two organizations.Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study(SOLAS)• PICES provided travel support for youngAsian scientists to attend the SOLAS OpenScience Meeting held in March 2007, inXiamen (People’s Republic of China).• Dr. Shigenobu Takeda (SOLAS SSCmember) represented SOLAS at PICES XVIand addressed BIO on potential areas forcooperation between the two organizations.SOLAS also had a poster at this meetingoutlining general information andhighlighting scientific objectives and recentactivities of the project.• Meso-scale iron enhancement experimentsare an important part in the agenda of bothSOLAS and PICES. The results of the firsttwo international collaborative field projectsin the subarctic Pacific, Subarctic PacificIron Experiment for Ecosystem DynamicsStudy (SEEDS-I) and Subarctic EcosystemResponse to Iron Enrichment Study(SERIES), organized under the umbrella ofPICES, were published in special issues ofProgress in Oceanography (2005, Vol. 64,Nos. 2-4, pp. 91–324) and Deep-SeaResearch II (2006, Vol. 53, Nos. 20-22, pp.2005–2454). Selected papers from theSEEDS-II experiment are expected to bepublished in 2008 in a special issue ofProgress in Oceanography (Guest editors:A. Tsuda, M. Wells, M. Uematsu and H.Saito).VII. PICES Intern ProgramSee GC Agenda Item 9 and F&A Agenda Item 8for details.VIII. PICES website/databaseThe most important changes to the websiteimplemented after PICES XV include:PICES website maintenance:• Updating pages and posting new informationon membership, publications, meetings, etc.;• Developing the new “financial support online”page that allows on-line CV andfinancial support form submission anddynamic database update;• Moving the site to a new PICES server andmoving publications and Power Pointpresentations to the hosting server allowingfor faster download (work in progress to becompleted by the end of 2007).Symposium/conference websites:New websites were created and have beensupported for the following meetings:39

GC-2007(1) ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference on “New frontiers in marinescience”; (2) 4 th International ZooplanktonProduction Symposium on “Human and climateforcing of zooplankton populations”; (3) PICESSixteenth Annual Meeting; and (4) InternationalSymposium on “Effects of climate change on theworld’s oceans”. This includes:• art work;• site development and support (e.g., changesto schedules, scientific program, dynamicsub-pages with information about theregistrants and submitted abstracts, etc.);• database support;• compiling and posting Book of Abstracts;• formatting and posting Power Point presentations;• development and Best Presentations pages;• development of the customized, dynamicprivate pages for after-meeting manuscriptsubmissions (password-protected pages,allowing immediate manuscript uploading/downloading; providing editors control ofthe submissions and permitting them tomake changes on-line without engaging asecond party).CPR project site and database (work in progress)• Data presentation on this new site (with anew database) is dynamic, as opposed to thecurrent static presentation on SAHFOS site,and allows user-database interaction.Information can be presented and withdrawnin the form of graphs and tables. Due to thecapacity of the current PICES server and anew type of the database, the site will beopen to the public only after the AnnualMeeting, when PICES home page is movedto a new server.GC Endnote 4Statements on the naming of “the Sea in dispute”(as submitted by presenters, with grammar corrected)Statement by Dr. Yuji Uozumi (Delegate of Japan)I would like to express the Japanese officialposition on the expression for the Sea of Japan inrelation to the recent activities and publications inPICES. I found an inappropriate expression forthe Sea of Japan such as for the CREAMSworkshop held in Korea in 2006. Japan regretsthis inappropriate expression. I do not want toexplain the Japanese official position related tothe expression for Sea of Japan in detail now toavoid wasting time. But please understand theJapanese official position. Japan opposes the useof other expressions than the Sea of Japan in anyoccasion and publication, especially in PICES’official documents. Japan really wishes PICES tomake more effort to eliminate this kind ofinappropriateness from now on.Statement by Mr. Kwang-Youl Park (Delegate of Korea)Our Japanese colleague raised the issue of thenaming of the sea area located between theKorean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago.With regard to this issue, we all are aware thatPICES has adopted the simultaneous use of“Japan Sea (Sea of Japan)” and “East Sea” from1995 until now. This practice is in line with theresolution of the International HydrographicOrganization (IMO), and that of the UNConference on the Standardization of GeographicNames. These resolutions endorse the principleof simultaneous use of different names for ashared geographical feature when the countriesconcerned do not agree on a common name. Inrecent years, the cases of the dual use of “EastSea” and “Sea of Japan” have been increasingworldwide. Even the publication of the JapaneseMinistry of Foreign Affairs shows that 20 percentof non-governmental cartographers used bothnames in 2005, which is a sharp increase fromless than three percent in 2000. Korea, therefore,calls upon PICES to maintain its position of usingboth names in its publications until such timewhen Korea and Japan agree on a common name.40

GC-2007GC Endnote 5Summary report of the 2007 inter-sessional Governing Council meetingThe 2007 inter-sessional Governing Councilmeeting was held on April 20, under thechairmanship of Dr. Tokio Wada. AllContracting Parties were represented at themeeting. The Chairman also invited Drs. KuhKim (Science Board Chairman) and John Stein(Science Board Chairman-elect) to attend. Theagenda and the list of participants for themeeting are provided at the end of this section.Report of the Study Group on ScientificCooperation between PICES and Non-memberCountriesAt PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama,Japan), a Study Group (SG-SC) on ScientificCooperation between PICES and Non-memberCountries was established, under the direction ofCouncil, to identify options and proposemechanisms for such cooperation (Decision06/A/6). The Study Group is chaired by theF&A Chairman, Dr. Laura Richards, and itsmembership includes one representative fromeach Contracting Party (unfortunately China didnot nominate a member to SG-SC), plus arepresentative from Science Board and arepresentative from the Secretariat.A draft SG-SC report was presented byDr. Richards. The Study Group was unanimouslynegative to the idea of amending the PICESConvention to expand the “area concerned”.However, recognizing the scientific necessityand advantages of cooperating with non-membercountries, SG-SC suggested that an affiliatemember status be established, similar to thearrangement implemented some time ago byICES. After intensive discussions, Councilaccepted this recommendation and requestedthat an affiliate policy document be developedfor discussion at PICES XVI. China and Koreapointed out that more information is needed tomake a decision on the affiliate status, especiallyon how such a system would influence thecurrent structure and management of theOrganization. Russia proposed that somestatistical analysis of external participation beadded to the final SG-GC report. The UnitedStates asked that the document be reviewed byScience Board before submitting to Council forapproval.Report of the Study Group on Ecosystem StatusReportingA Study Group on Ecosystem Status Reporting(SG-ESR) was established at PICES XV, underthe direction of Science Board (Decision06/S/6), to develop options and budgets forpaper and electronic versions of the NorthPacific Ecosystem Status Report (NPESR). TheStudy Group is chaired by Mr. Robin Brown(Canada), and its membership includes onerepresentative from each Contracting Party and arepresentative from the Secretariat. At the intersessionalScience Board meeting on April 19,Dr. Skip McKinnell presented a draft SG-ESRreport which provided the following four optionsfor consideration: (1) the report focussed onsome subset of issues; (2) the “incremental”improvement” report; (3) the “strategic” NorthPacific ecosystem assessment, tightly bound tothe future integrative scientific program ofPICES; and (4) the “integrated” ecosystemassessment. Science Board was able to narrowthe options down to two: the “incremental”improvement” report (option 2) and the“integrated” ecosystem assessment (option 4).The Study Group was requested to finalize thereport by PICES XVI and submit it to Council inorder to determine what Contacting Partiesconsider the preferred option.There was consensus at the Council meeting thatthe pilot NPESR was a flagship product ofPICES, and that a strategy for the developmentof an updated version should take intoconsideration the amount of resources that theOrganization can afford and the highexpectations from Contracting Parties for aproduct. It was also pointed out that the draftSG-ESR report includes the costs associatedwith regional workshops and report production,but does not outline the costs borne byContracting Parties. The Study Group wasasked to estimate in their final report the “true”41

GC-2007costs in time and effort of producing a reportbased on option 2.Recommendations from the 2007 inter-sessionalScience Board meetingCouncil reviewed several recommendationsfrom the inter-sessional Science Board meeting,and the following decisions were made:• Dr. Vasily Radashevsky (Russia) wasappointed as the Co-Chairman of theWorking Group 21 on Non-indigenousAquatic Species. Ms. Darlene Smith(Canada) serves as the other Co-Chairman.This Working Group was established atPICES XIV (October 2005, Vladivostok,Russia), under the direction of MEQ(Decision 05/S/6).• PICES sponsorship was approved for:(1) an International Symposium on “Climateimpacts on oceanic top predators” (cosponsoredby GLOBEC, IMBER, SCOR,PICES, EUR-OCEANS, NOAA, IRD, CLS,PFRP, CIBNOR and CICIMAR), to be heldDecember 3–7, 2007, La Paz, Mexico; (2)an International Symposium on “Copingwith global change in marine socialecologicalsystems” (co-sponsored byGLOBEC, EUR-OCEANS, FAO, IRD,SCOR, IMBER and PICES), to be convenedJuly 8–11, 2008 in Rome, Italy; and (3) anInternational Symposium on “Herring:Linking biology, ecology and status ofpopulations in the context of changingenvironments” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES and GLOBEC), to be held August26–29, 2008, Galway, Ireland.• The principles of a new PICES award formonitoring and data management activitieswere approved. This award will recognizeorganizations, groups or individuals thathave contributed significantly to theadvancement of marine science in the NorthPacific through long-term monitoring and/ormanagement of data associated with oceanconditions and marine bio-resources.Nominations are to be submitted to thePICES Secretariat. Recommendation for arecipient(s) will be made by the MONITORand TCODE Technical Committees, withselection to be made by Science Board.Science Board was requested to finalize thename and description of the award forapproval PICES XVI. The first award willbe given at PICES XVII.Science Board report on the April 2007 FISPworkshopA workshop to develop a Science Plan for aFuture Integrative Scientific Program (FISP) ofPICES was held on April 16–18, 2007,immediately prior to the inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting. The purposeof the FISP workshop was to: (1) review thegoals, objectives, organization and key elementsof the Science Plan for the new program entitledFUTURE (Forecasting and UnderstandingTrends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific Marine Ecosystems); (2) define andprioritize the key questions to be answered; and(3) determine strategic approaches to answeringthe questions. Participants of this workshopincluded members of the FISP Writing Team,FISP Study Group, Science Board andGoverning Council, and several invitees.Dr. John E. Stein (FISP Writing Team Leader)provided a brief report of the FISP workshop.He indicated that considerable progress wasmade at the workshop: (1) consensus wasreached on a set of key questions; (2) an overalloutline for the Science Plan was developed, and(3) the next steps to complete a full draft of theScience Plan were identified. These stepsinclude:• holding a meeting of the FISP Writing Teamto begin developing a full draft of theScience Plan (June 2007);• circulating the draft Science Plan to Counciland Science Board, and posting it on thePICES website for comments from thescientific community (September 2007);• organizing an Open Forum and a FISPworkshop at PICES XVI to discuss the draft,review comments received, and revise theScience Plan, if required (November 2007);• undertaking internal and external review ofthe revised Science Plan (February 2008);• submitting the Science Plan for approval byCouncil at the April 2008 inter-sessionalScience Board/ Governing Council meeting.42

GC-2007Future PICES Annual Meetings and intersessionalScience Board/Governing CouncilmeetingsDr. Richards reviewed the status of preparationsfor the PICES Sixteenth Annual Meeting to beheld from October 26–November 5, 2007, inVictoria, Canada. She re-iterated that theCanadian government is not planning to askPICES for any funds to cover Annual Meetingcosts.Mr. Gongke Tan provided brief information onthe status of preparations for the PICESSeventeenth Annual Meeting to be held fromOctober 23–November 2, 2008, in Dalian,China.Council approved the proposal of Korea to hostthe PICES Eighteenth Annual Meeting in 2009.It was agreed that Korea will suggest the venueand dates for this meeting by August 31, 2007.Council deferred its decision on an intersessionalScience Board/Governing Councilmeeting in 2008 until PICES XVI. ScienceBoard has already indicated the importance ofhaving such a meeting for the approval of aScience Plan for the new integrative scientificprogram of PICES (FUTURE) and suggestedthat this meeting be held in conjunction with aworkshop to develop an Implementation Plan forFUTURE.PICES Intern ProgramThe Executive Secretary reported that followingDecision 06/A/8(ii), Contracting Parties wereinvited to support the PICES Intern Program in2007 and beyond. In response to this request,the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service(NMFS) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada(DFO) provided $15,000 US and $10,000 CND,respectively, to the Trust Fund for this activity.With these contributions, the amount of funds isnow sufficient to maintain the Intern Program in2007–2008. The Chairman thanked NMFS andDFO for their continuing support of the InternProgram.The 2008 term of the Intern Program is expectedto start on February 1, 2008. At PICES XV,Council extended the deadline of nominationsfor this term until the 2007 inter-sessionalGoverning Council meeting (Decision06/A/8(iii)). No applications were received bythat time. At the meeting, Korea, in particular,was encouraged to nominate candidates for the2008 term by July 31, 2007.Financial and administrative mattersThe Executive Secretary reported on the 2007annual fee payment dates, and providedinformation on extra-budgetary contributionsreceived since PICES XV for various activitiesinitiated/sponsored by PICES. The Chairmanthanked the Contracting Parties for makingvoluntary contributions.The Japanese delegate, Dr. Hideki Nakano,officially announced that the Ministry ofAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) ofJapan, through the Fisheries Agency, will makea voluntary contribution to PICES for a projectentitled “Development of the prevention systemsfor harmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim”. The anticipated duration of the project is5 years (from April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2012),with a total funding of approximately $924,900.The budget for the first year (April 1, 2007–March 31, 2008) is $184,980. This contributionis from the Official Development Assistance(ODA) fund, and therefore, it is required toinvolve developing Pacific Rim countries inactivities under this project. A set of documentsfor requesting a transfer of funds to PICESshould be submitted to MAFF within 2 months(by June 20, 2007).The Executive Secretary informed Council thatin the preliminary discussion with representativesof the Fishery Agency it was agreed that:• Project participants will include the Sectionon Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in theNorth Pacific (HAB Section) and WorkingGroup on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species(WG 21). Each group will oversee aspecific sub-project led by a PrincipleInvestigator. Objectives of these subprojectswill be detailed in the Workplan.43

GC-2007• The Marine Environmental QualityCommittee (MEQ) will be responsible forthe scientific implementation of the project.The MEQ Chairman will act as a ScientificCoordinator for the project, and will reportannually to MEQ and Science Board.• The Executive Secretary will be responsiblefor the management of the fund and annualreporting on its disposition to Council and tothe Government of Japan, within 120 daysfollowing every fiscal year end.• To support the objectives of the project andto ensure that its activities have a minimalimpact on the workload of the existing staffof the PICES Secretariat, the ExecutiveSecretary will contract additional staff(Project Assistant) as required. A 10%overhead on the annual budget will beretained to offset expenses related to theSecretariat’s involvement in the project.• A separate bank account will be establishedto deposit the remitted funds. Interestearned in the account will be credited to theproject and used in consultation with MAFF.Any funds remaining after the completion ofevery fiscal year of the project will bereported and disposed of in consultationwith MAFF.Participation list of 2007 inter-sessional Governing Council meetingCanadaLaura RichardsJapanRyoko Henna (advisor)Tokimasa Kobayashi (advisor)Hideki NakanoYuji Uozumi (advisor)People’s Republic of ChinaGongke Tan (alternate delegate)Republic of KoreaJung-Hwa Choi (advisor)Kyoung-Jin Kim (alternate delegate)Ig-Chan PangRussiaLev N. BocharovAnna Karulina (advisor)Igor Shevchenko (advisor)U.S.A.Samuel Pooley (delegate)OtherTokio Wada (PICES Chairman)Vera Alexander (PICES Past Chairman)Kuh Kim (Science Board Chairman)John E. Stein (Science Board Chairman-elect)Alexander Bychkov (Executive Secretary)Skip McKinnell (Deputy Executive Secretary)2007 inter-sessional Governing Council meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. Approval of agenda3. Report of the Study Group on ScientificCooperation between PICES and NonmemberCountries4. Report of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting5. Recommendations from the 2007 intersessionalScience Board meeting6. Science Board report on the April 2007FISP workshop7. Future PICES Annual Meetings and intersessionalScience Board/Governing Councilmeetings8. PICES Intern Program9. Financial and administrative matters10. Other business44

GC-2007GC Endnote 6CRITERIA GOVERNING ACCEPTANCE OF AN AFFILIATEOF THE NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION1. Background1.1 In accordance with Article XIV (clause 2)of the PICES Convention, only “Statesdesiring to accede to the Convention mayso notify the Depository which shall notifythe Contracting Parties.” Thus, accessionis the only method of application formembership.1.2 Article II of the PICES Convention states“The area which the activities of theOrganization concern shall be thetemperate and sub-Arctic region of theNorth Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas,especially northward from 30 degreesNorth Latitude, hereinafter referred to asthe “area concerned”. Activities of theOrganization, for scientific reasons, mayextend farther southward in the NorthPacific Ocean.”1.3 It is widely accepted that the societalissues and research needs that motivatePICES are global in scope. Thus, PICESbenefits from interactions with scientistsand scientific organizations/institutionsfrom around the world. As one of theworld’s leading marine scienceorganizations, PICES also recognises aresponsibility to build scientific capacity.1.4 Atmospheric and oceanic processesoccurring in regions beyond the PICESarea of concern are affecting North Pacificmarine ecosystems and their dynamics.Furthermore, many of the issues addressedby PICES are not unique to the NorthPacific. These realities led to a suggestionthat expanded cooperation between PICESand scientific organizations/institutions inother regions of the Pacific Ocean mightserve their mutual interests. It has alsobecome increasingly evident that scientistsfrom these regions have the backgroundand expertise to contribute in ameaningful way to PICES activities.1.5 At the 2006 PICES Annual Meeting, theGoverning Council established the StudyGroup on Scientific Cooperation betweenPICES and Non-member Countries(Decision 06/A/6) to recommend to theCouncil how this could be achieved.1.6 The term “Affiliate” refers to researchorganizations/institutions that representscientists in non-member countries, inaccordance with the conditions describedin this document.2. Acquiring PICES Affiliate status2.1 To further the interests of PICES and tosupport the needs of scientists of countrieswithin the area concerned whoseGovernments have yet to accede to thePICES Convention, or of countries outsidethe current geographical scope of PICES,the Governing Council may grant, to aresearch organization/institution thatrepresents scientists in a non-membercountry, status as a PICES Affiliate.2.2 The granting of Affiliate status for aresearch organization/institution shall beconsidered in the light of Article III of thePICES Convention, which indicates thatPICES is expected “(a) to promote andcoordinate marine scientific research inorder to advance scientific knowledge ofthe area concerned and of its livingresources, including but not necessarilylimited to research with respect to theocean environment and its interactionswith land and atmosphere, its role in andresponse to global weather and climatechange, its flora, fauna and ecosystems,its uses and resources, and impacts uponit from human activities; and (b) topromote the collection and exchange ofinformation and data related to marinescientific research in the area concerned.”The organizations/institutions consideredfor Affiliate status will be nationally orinternationally respected scientificestablishments engaged in researchactivities which fall within the range ofthe PICES Convention. These basic45

GC-2007criteria shall be essential prerequisites forthe status of Affiliate; they do not convey,however, any right to claim that status.2.3 To avoid multiple representations fromany country in PICES, Affiliate status willnormally be granted to only one researchorganization/institute per country.Affiliate status will normally, but notnecessarily, be granted to the first researchorganization/institution which appliesfrom a specific country, on condition thatit meets the specific criteria defined in 2.2,and that it adheres to the rules governingthe activities of an Affiliate.2.4 The Governing Council reserves the rightto select, from a number of applicants, themost appropriate one to be grantedAffiliate status. The Council may, as itsees fit, consult with the competentauthorities in the country concerned. Suchconsultations may be held at any time.2.5 The status of Affiliate for an applicantshall be approved by a Decision of theGoverning Council. After approving aresearch organization/institute as anAffiliate, no other application for Affiliatestatus from the same country will beconsidered, unless the first organization/institution ceases to be an Affiliate, or itsAffiliate status is revoked (see below).2.6 The Governing Council reserves the rightto introduce a maximum number ofAffiliates.2.7 Affiliate status will end automatically ifthe country where the Affiliate is locatedaccedes to the PICES Convention.2.8 An organization/institution may withdrawfrom the status of Affiliate by informingthe Governing Council in writing. Awithdrawal will come into force by theend of the year in which the withdrawalhas been declared. Affiliate status may berevoked by the Governing Council at anytime.3 Obligations imposed with the granting ofAffiliate statusThe granting of Affiliate status to a non-membercountry research organization/institution shallimpose the following obligations:• to recognise the basic aims and objectives ofPICES and to support its work;• to respect the scientific nature of discussionsat all PICES meetings attended by itsexperts;• to make a financial contribution to PICESprior to January 1 of the year to which thecontribution applies, in an amount to bedetermined annually by the GoverningCouncil through approval of its budget;• to serve as the national contact/correspondent for PICES, making allnecessary arrangements or agreementsbetween different interested organizations/institutions at a national level, whileallowing access to PICES activity andinformation by the entire scientificcommunity relevant to PICES;• to ensure that the expertise of theirparticipants in PICES Scientific andTechnical Committees and expert groups isappropriate to the terms of reference of suchgroups.4. Privileges conferred by acceptance ofAffiliate status4.1 The affiliate organization/institute wouldmake a financial contribution to PICES tosupport the operation of the Organization,but the contribution could be substantiallyless than the contribution of theContracting Parties, approximately 10% ofthe current annual contribution perContracting Party.4.2 Scientists from affiliated organizations/institutes could be members of a Scientific(BIO, FIS, MEQ, POC) and Technical(TCODE, MONITOR) Committee, or aScientific Program of PICES. They couldnot chair these Committees/Programs.4.3 Scientists from affiliate organizations/institutes could be members of an expertgroup (Sections, Working Groups, StudyGroups, Task Teams, and AdvisoryPanels) of PICES. They could also cochairany of these groups. In the case ofan Affiliate Co-Chairman, however, anarrangement would be required with oneof the Co-Chairmen from a ContractingParty.46

GC-20074.4 The PICES Rules of Procedure wouldneed to be amended to allow scientistsfrom affiliate organizations/institutes toparticipate as members of the Scientificand Technical Committees, ScientificProgram and all expert groups in additionto the existing provision for AdvisoryPanels. The specific privileges ofparticipation would need to be resolvedfor each type of group, depending on theneeds of the Organization. For StudyGroups, the PICES Rules of Procedurewould also need to be amended to allowfor Co-Chairmanship (i.e., one Chairmanis sufficient if that person is from aContracting Party; otherwise a Co-Chairman should be chosen who meets thegeographic balance requirements).4.5 The PICES Financial Regulations wouldneed to be amended to reflect financialobligations imposed with the granting ofAffiliate status.4.6 As per the current Trust Fund Guideline(iii), scientists from affiliate organizations/institutes would not be eligible to applyfor financial support to participate in PICESactivities. The affiliate organization/institute would be expected to cover thecosts of their scientists’ participation.5. Applying for Affiliate statusA research organization/institution from a nonmembercountry seeking Affiliate status withPICES for the purposes of participating inactivities of the Organization shall submit awritten application to the Executive Secretary atleast 3 months in advance of a PICES AnnualMeeting, containing the following information:• the name of the organization/institution with(tele)communication addresses of itsheadquarters;• the national/international affiliation of theinstitute and its main mandate;• the research fields and disciplines coveredby the organization/institution or itssubsidiaries;• the structure and membership of theorganization/institution, including thenumber of full-time employees;• the size of its annual budget and source(s) ofincome.GC Endnote 7Study Group on PICES CommunicationBackgroundAll scientific organizations have a responsibilityto communicate their results widely. In thePICES Strategic Plan, the mission calls for:i) synthesizing scientific information regardingthe regions, and making the results widelyavailable, and ii) informing interested partiesand the public about marine ecosystem issues.The strategies to achieve this mission includeGoal 8 (“Make the scientific products of PICESaccessible”), which focuses on communicatingthe results of PICES scientific activities broadly,explicitly mentioning high quality publications,the PICES website, and production anddissemination of educational materials. Theplan does not explicitly identify the audiencesthat should receive this information.Scientific communication has many dimensions,and the approaches to be taken are dependentupon the audiences one hopes to reach.Audiences may include the scientific community,management agencies, governments, and thegeneral public. Scientists traditionally involvedin PICES lack the expertise and, often, the will,to communicate beyond the scientific community.The FUTURE Science Plan has identified theneed to improve communications, particularly toscience to policy makers and managers. Adiscussion of the FUTURE Science Planconcluded that the issues and communicationchallenges apply across the entire PICEScommunity. In addition, a recent review ofPICES Publication Program by representativesof the International Association of MarineScience Libraries and Information Centers47

GC-2007(IAMSLIC) made recommendations in certainareas of communication. Thus, it is timely toconvene a Study Group, which will addresscommunication in PICES and makerecommendations for actions.PICES is extremely strong in its core capacities,i.e., exchange of ideas and collaboration amongscientists in the North Pacific. The evidence forthis is seen in the sustained high levels ofparticipation in PICES meetings and expertgroups. Publications by North Pacific scientistsare reaching major international peer reviewjournals, books and other media. Many of thesepublications show multiple authors from morethan one country, demonstrating evidence ofincreasing collaboration and communication.The communication of scientific information topolicy makers, managers and society is anincreasing priority for PICES because membercountries are being asked to explain more aboutwhat is happening in the seas. Little is known,systematically, about how scientific informationfrom PICES is delivered on a national and subnationalbasis to policy makers and managers.Preliminary information indicates that thedelivery pathways differ among PICES membercountries. Relatively little attention is given todistributing PICES results to the general public.An important area that PICES needs tounderstand is the different cultural views aboutmarine ecosystems across the Pacific Basin.Different attitudes about the importance ofmarine ecosystems exist on opposite sides of thePacific and perhaps within countries based onthe specification of the objectives. We are at anearly stage in the development of ecosystembasedmanagement and can benefit from thepursuit of alternative approaches towarddefining ecosystem-based management andnational objectives. PICES communicationsshould work to improve the understanding ofthose attitudes, furthering our ability tocollaborate as scientists and as societies.The overall goal of the Study Group is toidentify the target audiences for outputs fromPICES activities and to propose mechanisms tocommunicate with them.Terms of reference• To identify PICES objectives forcommunications consistent with the PICESStrategic Plan, Action Plans of StandingCommittees, and the FUTURE Science Plan;• To evaluate the principal audiences forscientific and other products in PICES;• To evaluate the role that PICES should playin educating diverse audiences about themarine ecosystems of the North Pacific;• To review options for PICES products andpartnerships (including national memberresources) that can accomplish the communicationobjectives for these audiences;• To deliver a report on the overall goals ofcommunications that PICES shouldundertake, with recommendations for howPICES should develop internal structure toaccomplish them.MembershipThe Study Group should consist of membersappointed by all member countries. Expertise indifferent aspects of communication (includingoutreach and public education) should be included.Term and Schedule• December 2007: Appoint members from allmember countries by e-mail request fromthe Executive Secretary (action by Council);• January 2008: Decide upon chairmanship(action by Council), and initiate e-mailcommunication to refine tasks and developreport outline (action by appointed StudyGroup Chairman);• April 2008: Meeting (in person if possible,remotely if required) to develop a roughdraft of the report for review and discussion;agree on writing and revision responsibilitiesamong members;• July 2008: Develop a full draft of the report;• October 2008: Hold an Open Forum onPICES communications and a meeting of theStudy Group at PICES XVII (Dalian, China);• April 2009: Submit the final report toGoverning Council for approval (bycorrespondence) to allow decisions onrecommendations by the Study Group atPICES XVIII (Busan, Korea).48

GC-2007GC Appendix A2007 Governing Council decisions07/A/1: AuditorCouncil accepted the FY 2006 audited accounts.07/A/2: Annual contributionsi. Council instructed the Executive Secretaryto send a letter to Contracting Partiescommending them for improvedperformance in submitting annualcontributions for FY 2007, and describingthe difficulties that late and/or partialpayment causes the Organization.ii. For planning of their funding requests forannual contributions, Contracting Partiesshould continue to use the guidelinegenerally accepted at the PICES EighthAnnual Meeting (Decision 99/A/2(ii)),which states that the annual contributionswill increase at the rate of inflation inCanada.07/A/3: Budgeti. Council accepted the estimated accounts forFY 2007.ii. Council approved the 2008 budget of$762,000. The amount of $96,000 will betransferred from the Working Capital Fundto balance the budget, setting the totalannual contribution at $666,000, and the2008 annual fee at $111,000 per ContractingParty.iii. Council decided that the level of theRelocation and Home Leave Fund beallowed to vary between $90,000 and$110,000 to minimize the need for smalltransfers between funds.iv. Council approved a transfer from theWorking Capital Fund to the Trust Fund torecover the 2007 expenses, and to restore theTrust Fund to the level of $110,000 by theend of the fiscal year.v. Council approved that $40,000 from theencumbered funds designated for highpriorityprojects be earmarked for the newPICES integrative scientific program(FUTURE) and the remainder (~$103,000)be earmarked for the North PacificEcosystem Status Report.07/A/4: Scientific cooperation with nonmembercountriesCouncil adopted the final report of the StudyGroup on Scientific Cooperation between PICESand Non-member Countries.07/A/5: Schedule and financing of futureAnnual Meetings and inter-sessionalScience Board/Governing Councilmeetingsi. Council agreed to provide $40,000 to Chinato partially cover costs for the PICESSeventeenth Annual Meeting to be heldOctober 23–November 2, 2008, in Dalian.ii. Council approved the proposal of Korea tohost the PICES Eighteenth Annual Meetingfrom October 23–November 1, 2009, inBusan, with the National Fisheries Researchand Development Institute (NFRDI) as thelocal organizer. The theme of the AnnualMeeting will be “Understanding ecosystemdynamics, pursuing ecosystem approachesto management”.iii. Council accepted an invitation from theUnited States of America of holding thePICES Nineteenth Annual Meeting in 2010,in Seattle, U.S.A. Interest was indicated inexploring the possibility of a joint ICES-PICES Annual Meeting, with shared scienceactivities and separate business meetings.iv. Council accepted the same registration feestructure for 2008 as was maintained for2004–2007:Type of registration fee CDN $Regular 225Early 150Student 50Spousal 50v. Council approved an inter-sessional ScienceBoard meeting to be held in conjunctionwith a workshop to develop anImplementation Plan for the new integrative49

GC-2007scientific program of PICES, FUTURE, andaccepted an offer from the United States tohost both events in Seattle, in April 2008.Holding an inter-sessional Council meetingin 2008 was not supported.07/A/6: Intern Programi. Council instructed the Executive Secretaryto invite Contracting Parties to providevoluntary contributions to support the InternProgram in 2008 and beyond.ii. Council extended the deadline ofnominations for the 2009 PICES Internshipuntil the Governing Council meeting atPICES XVII.iii. Council confirmed that the stipend should bekept at the current level of $2,000 permonth. The nominating Contracting Partycould consider supplementing this modeststipend, depending on the intern’s personalcircumstances.07/A/7: Executive Committee of Council forevaluating the Executive Secretaryperformancei. In accordance with Financial Regulations12(i), Council established an ExecutiveCommittee to complete annual performancereview of the Executive Secretary. Terms ofreference and membership of the ExecutiveCommittee are listed in GC Appendix B.ii. At its first meeting, the Executive Committeewill review achievements of the currentExecutive Secretary for the previous threeyears, in preparation for his possible reappointment.As decision on re-appointmentshall be made at least 12 months prior to theend of the term, Council agreed, in accordancewith the Article VII of the Convention andRule 4 of the Rules of Procedure, to vote onthe results of the evaluation by correspondencebefore April 30, 2008.07/A/8: Deputy Executive Secretary positionCouncil approved re-appointment of Dr. Stewart(Skip) McKinnell, Deputy Executive Secretary,for a fourth 3-year term to be started September7, 2008.07/A/9: PICES Ocean Monitoring ServiceAward (POMA)Council approved the establishment of the PICESOcean Monitoring Service Award (POMA). Thisaward will recognize organizations, groups orindividuals that have contributed significantly tothe advancement of marine science in the NorthPacific through long-term monitoring and/ormanagement of data associated with oceanconditions and marine bio-resources (seedescription of POMA in GC Appendix D). Thefirst award will be given at the 2008 PICESAnnual Meeting in Dalian, China.07/S/1: New integrative scientific programof PICES, FUTURECouncil approved the Science Plan (GCAppendix C) for the new PICES integrativescientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responsesof North Pacific Marine Ecosystems).07/S/2:PICES Sixteenth Annual MeetingThe following workshops are to be convened (aList of Acronyms can be found at the end of theAnnual Report):• A 1-day BIO workshop on “Oceanic ecodynamicscomparison of subarctic Pacific”;• A 1-day MEQ workshop on “Review ofselected harmful algae in the PICES Region:IV. Karenia and Prorocentrum” proceededby a ½-day laboratory demonstration;• A 1-day MONITOR/ESSAS workshop on“Status of marine ecosystems in the sub-Arctic and Arctic seas – Preliminary resultsof IPY field monitoring in 2007 and 2008”;• A 1½-day CCCC/POC/FIS workshop on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling(II)”;• A 1-day CCCC/ESSAS workshop on“Marine ecosystem model intercomparisons”.The following scientific sessions are to beconvened (a List of Acronyms can be found atthe end of the Annual Report):• A 1-day Science Board Symposium on“Beyond observations to achieving50

GC-2007understanding and forecasting in achanging North Pacific: Forward to theFUTURE”;• A ½-day BIO Contributed Paper Session;• A 1-day BIO Topic Session on “End-to-endfoodwebs: Impacts of a changing ocean”;• A ½-day BIO/MEQ Topic Session on“Seabirds and marine mammals asenvironmental indicators”;• A 1-day FIS Contributed Paper Session;• A ¾-day FIS Topic Session on “Institutionsand ecosystem-based approaches forsustainable fisheries under fluctuatingmarine resources”;• A ½-day FIS Topic Session on “Effects offisheries bycatch and discards on marineecosystems and methods to mitigate theeffects”;• A ¾-day MEQ/FIS Topic Session on“Mariculture technology and husbandry foralternate and developing culture species”;• A ½-day MEQ Topic Session on“Connecting the human and naturaldimensions of marine ecosystems andmarine management in the PICES context”;• A 1-day MEQ Topic Session on“Consequences of non-indigenous speciesintroductions”;• A ½-day MEQ Topic Session on “Speciessuccession and long-term data set analysispertaining to harmful algal blooms”;• A 1-day MONITOR/TCODE/BIO TopicSession on “Linking biology, chemistry, andphysics in our observational systems –present status and FUTURE needs”;• A 1-day POC Contributed Paper Session• A ¾-day POC Topic Session on “Coastalupwelling processes and their ecologicaleffects”;• A 1-day CCCC/POC Topic Session on“Marine system forecast models: Movingforward to the FUTURE”.07/S/3:Inter-sessional meetings/workshopsThe following inter-sessional meetings andworkshops are to be convened/co-sponsored in2008 and beyond (a List of Acronyms can befound at the end of the Annual Report):• A 2-day inter-sessional meeting of WG 19on Ecosystem-based management scienceand its application to the North Pacific,February 21–22, 2008, Seattle, U.S.A.;• A 3-day inter-sessional WG 21 meeting toevaluate the protocols and reach finalagreement on standards, data elements anddata entry templates for the Marine/Estuarine Invasive Species Database for thePICES project on “Development of theprevention systems for harmful organisms’expansion in the Pacific Rim”, March 3–5,2008, Busan, Korea;• A 2-day ICES/PICES workshop on“Environmental interactions of mariculture”,April 14–15, 2008, Victoria, Canada;• A 3-day CFAME workshop on “Linking andvisualizing climate forcing and marineecosystem changes: A comparativeapproach”, April 15–17, 2008, Honolulu,U.S.A.;• A 2-day workshop to develop anImplementation Plan for FUTURE inconjunction with a 1-day inter-sessionalScience Board meeting, April 23–25, 2008,Seattle, U.S.A.;• An International Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” (cosponsoredby ICES, PICES, IOC, GLOBEC,SCOR and WCRP), May 19–23, 2008,Gijón, Spain;• An International Symposium on “Copingwith global change in marine socialecologicalsystems” (co-sponsored byGLOBEC, EUR-OCEANS, FAO, IRD,SCOR, IMBER and PICES), July 8–11,2008 in Rome, Italy;• A 4-day 2 nd PICES Summer School on“Biomass-based management”, August 22–25, 2008, Hakodate, Japan;• A 3-day 4 th PICES workshop on “TheOkhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”, August27–29, 2008, Abashiri, Japan;• An International Symposium on “Herring:Linking biology, ecology and status ofpopulations in the context of changingenvironments” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES and GLOBEC), August 26–29, 2008,Galway, Ireland;51

GC-2007• ESSAS/PICES workshops at the ESSASAnnual Meeting, September 15–19, 2008,Halifax, Canada;• ICES/PICES Theme Sessions on “Coupledphysical and biological models:Parameterization, validation, andapplications”, “Marine spatial planning insupport of integrated management – tools,methods, and approaches”, and “Newmethodology for tracking fish, mammal, andseabird behaviour and migrations” at theICES Annual Science Conference,September 22–26, 2008, Halifax, Canada;• A PICES/ICES Theme Session on “Theeffects of ocean acidification on fisheriesand ecosystems” at the InternationalSymposium on “The ocean in a high CO 2world – II” (co-sponsored by SCOR, IOC,IAEA and IGBP), October 6–8, 2008,Monaco;• An ICES/PICES/GLOBEC workshop on“Changes in distribution and abundance ofclupeiform small pelagic fish in relation toclimate variability and global change”,November 3–7, 2008, Kiel, Germany;• An International Symposium on “Rebuildingdepleted fish stocks: Biology, ecology,social science and management strategies”(co-sponsored by ICES, PICES andUNCOVER), November 3–6, 2009,Warnemünde/Rostok, Germany;• An International Symposium on “Collectionand interpretation of fishery-dependentdata” (co-sponsored by ICES, FAO andPICES), summer 2010, Galway, Ireland.07/S/4:Travel supportPICES will provide travel support for:PICES XVII• Invited speakers for Topic Sessions at theAnnual Meeting with the normal allocationof approximately $5,000 per Committee andthe CCCC Program; additional requests aresubject to fund availability;• Six invited speakers for the Science BoardSymposium;• An invited participant to attend the initialmeeting of a Working Group onComparative Ecology of Krill in Coastaland Oceanic Waters around the Pacific Rim;• Two invited speakers for the BIO workshopon “Oceanic ecodynamics comparison ofsubarctic Pacific”;• Two invited speakers for the MEQworkshop on “Review of selected harmfulalgae in the PICES region: IV. Karenia andProrocentrum”;• An invited speaker for the MONITOR/ESSAS workshop on “Status of marineecosystems in the subarctic and arctic seas –Preliminary results of IPY field monitoringin 2007 and 2008”;• An invited speaker for the CCCC/ESSASworkshop on “Marine ecosystem modelinter-comparisons”.Inter-sessional meetings• A representative of MONITOR to attend theEleventh Session of the GOOS ScientificSteering Committee (GSSC-XI), April 7–10,Paris, France;• Asian scientists (up to $10,000) toparticipate in the ICES/PICES meeting on“Environmental interactions of mariculture”,April 14–15, 2008, Victoria, Canada;• A Co-Chairman of WG 20 on Evaluations ofClimate Change Projections, a Koreanscientist (Yellow Sea/East China Sea fishexpert) and a North American scientist(California Current fish or plankton expert)to attend the CFAME workshop on “Linkingand visualizing climate-forcing mechanismsand marine ecosystem changes: Acomparative approach”, April 15–17, 2008,Honolulu, U.S.A.;• A PICES affiliate member of SCORWorking Group 125 on Global ZooplanktonComparisons to attend the Working Groupmeeting and the workshop on “Zooplanktonand climate: Response modes and linkagesamong regions, regimes, and trophic levels”,May 15–18, 2008, Gijón, Spain;• PICES convenor and members of theScientific Steering Committee for theInternational Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans”, May19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain;52

GC-2007• A PICES representative to attend the 41 stSession of the IOC Executive Council, June24–July 1, 2008, Paris, France;• A PICES member of the Discussion Panelfor the International Symposium on “Copingwith global change in marine socialecologicalsystems”, July 8–11, 2008, Rome,Italy;• A guest lecturer and early career scientistsfrom Asian to attend the 2 nd PICES SummerSchool on “Biomass-based management”,August 22–25, 2008, Hakodate, Japan;• An invited speaker and Russian scientists toparticipate in the 4 th PICES workshop on“The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”,August 27–29, 2008, Abashiri, Japan;• PICES members of the Scientific SteeringCommittee for the International Symposiumon “Herring: Linking biology, ecology andstatus of populations in the context ofchanging environments”, August 26–29,2008, Galway, Ireland;• A member of WG 20 and a representative ofthe CCCC Program (an ecosystem modeler)to attend the ESSAS Annual Meeting,September 15–19, 2008, Halifax, Canada;• PICES convenors for the joint ICES/PICESTheme Sessions at the ICES Annual ScienceConference, September 22–26, 2008,Halifax, Canada;• A PICES representative and 1 or 2 invitedspeakers to attend the InternationalSymposium on “The ocean in a high CO 2world – II”, October 6–8, 2008, Monaco;• A PICES representative to attend theNPAFC Sixteenth Annual Meeting,November 17–21, 2008, Seattle, U.S.A.;• A PICES convenor for the ICES/PICESworkshop on “Changes in distribution andabundance of clupeiform small pelagic fishin relation to climate variability and globalchange”, November 2008, Kiel, Germany;• A PICES convenor for the symposium on“Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: Biology,ecology, social science and managementstrategies”, November 2–5, 2009,Warnemünde/Rostok, Germany;• A PICES convenor/speaker for theInternational Symposium on “Collection andinterpretation of fishery-dependent data”,summer 2010, Galway, Ireland;• A member of MIE-AP (Dr. Andrey Suntsov,Newport, U.S.A.) to visit University ofBritish Columbia (Vancouver, Canada) tocomplete identification of fish collectedduring the MIE-1 cruise.07/S/5:PublicationsThe following publications are to be produced:Special issues of primary journals (2008–2009)• Plankton and Benthos Research (spring2008; Guest Editors: H. Iizumi and K. Ishii)– selected papers from the PICES XV TopicSession on “The human dimension ofjellyfish blooms”;• Progress in Oceanography (2008; GuestEditors: H. Batchelder and S. Kim) –selected papers from the PICES/GLOBECSymposium on “Climate variability andecosystem impacts on the North Pacific: Abasin-scale synthesis”;• Journal of Marine Systems (2008; GuestEditors: K.-I. Chang, S.-I. Ito, C. Mooersand J.-H. Yoon) – selected papers from the2006 CREAMS/PICES workshop on“Model–data inter-comparison for theJapan/East Sea”;• ICES Journal of Marine Science (2008;Guest Editors: M. Dagg, R. Harris, L.Valdez and S.-I. Uye) – Selected papersfrom the 4 th International ZooplanktonProduction Symposium on “Human andclimate forcing of zooplankton populations”;• Deep-Sea Research II (2008; Guest Editors:W. Peterson and S. Kawaguchi) – Selectedpapers on krill from the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations”;• ICES Journal of Marine Science (2008;Guest Editors: F. Mueter and E. North) –Selected papers from the ICES/PICES EarlyCareer Scientists Conference on “Newfrontiers in marine science” (it will be asection in a regular issue);• Deep-Sea Research II (2008/09; GuestEditors: A. Tsuda, M. Wells, M. Uematsuand H. Saito) – Selected papers from theSEEDS-II experiment;53

GC-2007• Journal of Oceanography (2009; GuestEditors: T. Saino, J.R. Christian, K. Lee andTBA) – Selected papers from the PICES XVTopic Session on “Decadal changes incarbon biogeochemistry in the North Pacific”(it will be a section in a regular issue);• Journal of Northwest Atlantic FisheryScience (2009; Guest Editors: R. Brodeur,M. Dickey-Collas and E. Trippel) – Selectedpapers from the International Symposium on“Reproductive and recruitment processes ofexploited marine fish stocks”;• Fisheries Research (2009; Guest Editors:G.H. Kruse, Y. Ishida, T. Perry, V.I.Radchenko and C.-I. Zhang) – Selectedpapers from the PICES XVI Topic Sessionon “Ecosystem approach to fisheries:Improvements on traditional managementfor declining and depleted stocks”;• Deep-Sea Research II (2009; Guest Editors:W. Sydeman, S. McKinnell and S. Minobe)– selected papers on results of PICES XVITopic Session on “Phenology and climatechange in the North Pacific: Implications ofvariability in timing of zooplanktonproduction to fish, seabirds, marinemammals and fisheries (humans)”;• Progress in Oceanography (2009; GuestEditors: B.A. Megrey, J.S. Link and E.Moksness) – selected papers from the ICES/PICES Theme Session on “Comparativemarine ecosystem structure and function:Descriptors and characteristics” at the 2007ICES Annual Science Conference.PICES Scientific Report series (2008–2010)• Report of 2007 FIS workshops on“Forecasting climate impacts on fishproduction” (2008; Editors: A.B. Hollowed,R.J. Beamish and M.J. Schirripa);• Final report of WG 16 on Climate ChangeShifts in Fish Production, and FisheriesManagement (approved in 2002 forpublication in 2004; delayed until early 2008pending review of third draft by FIS;Editors: R.J. Beamish and A. Yatsu);• Results of annual MEQ workshops on“Review of selected harmful algae in thePICES region”: Alexandrium and Pseudonitzchia(2005), Cochlodinium andDinophysis (2006) and Heterosigma (2007)(2009/2010; Editors: TBD);• Final report of WG19 on Ecosystem-basedmanagement science and its application tothe North Pacific (early 2009; Editors: G.Jamieson, P. Livingston and C.-I. Zhang);• Final report for the CCCC Program (2009;Editor: M. Kishi);• A summary of the activities of the CFAMETask Team (may be merged with the finalCCCC report).PICES Technical Report series (2008)• An updated version of the report on“Metadata federation of PICES membercountries”.07/S/6:Future of current groupsi. The revised terms of reference forMONITOR were approved (GC Appendix B).ii. The following Study Groups completed theirterms of reference and should be disbanded(final reports of these groups are includedelsewhere in this Annual Report):• A Study Group on ScientificCooperation between PICES and NonmemberCountries (under the directionof Council);• A Study Group on Ecosystem StatusReporting (under the direction ofScience Board);• A Study Group on Marine Aquacultureand Ranching in the PICES Region(under the direction of Science Board);• A Study Group to Develop a Strategyfor GOOS (under the direction ofMONITOR).07/S/7:New PICES groupsi. A Study Group on PICES Communicationhas been established under the direction ofCouncil, with terms of references,membership and timeline as described in GCAppendix B and GC Endnote 7.ii. A Working Group (WG 22) on Iron Supplyand its Impact on Biogeochemistry andEcosystems in the North Pacific Ocean hasbeen established under the direction of BIO,with 3-year duration and terms of reference54

GC-2007as described in GC Appendix B.iii. A Working Group (WG 23) on ComparativeEcology of Krill in Coastal and OceanicWaters around the Pacific Rim has beenestablished under the direction of BIO, with3-year duration and terms of reference asdescribed in GC Appendix B.07/S/8: Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen forpermanent Committees and expert groupsThe following reflects changes and continuationsin Chairmanship/Vice-Chairmanship for Scientificand Technical Committees and expert groups:• Dr. John E. Stein (U.S.A.) to replace Dr. KuhKim (Korea) as Chairman of Science Board;• Dr. Sinjae Yoo (Korea) to become Vice-Chairman of Science Board;• Dr. Michael J. Dagg (U.S.A.) to serve asecond 3-year term as BIO Chairman;• Dr. Hiroya Sugisaki (Japan) to replaceDr. Jeffrey M. Napp (U.S.A.) as MONITORChairman;• Dr. Phillip R. Mundy (U.S.A.) to replaceDr. Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan) as MONITORVice-Chairman;• Dr. Michael G. Foreman to serve a second3-year term as POC Chairman;• Dr. Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.) to replaceDr. Igor Shevchenko (Russia) as TCODEChairman;• Dr. Kyu-Kui Jung (Korea) to replaceDr. Megrey as TCODE Vice-Chairman;• Dr. Vasily Radashevsky (Russia) to serve asCo-Chairman of WG 21 on Non-indigenousAquatic Species;• Dr. Kerim Aydin (U.S.A.) to continue as Co-Chairman of CFAME up to, but notincluding, PICES XVII.07/S/9: Relations with other organizationsand programsCouncil approved the revised Standing List ofInternational and Regional Organizations andPrograms (SB Endnote 3) and agreed with theidentified priorities for interaction in 2007-2008.55

GC-2007GC Appendix BExecutive Committee of Council for evaluating the Executive Secretary performanceTerms of reference1. The Executive Committee will complete anannual review of the Executive Secretaryperformance by April 1 each year, followingthe general guideline for executive positionsin the Canadian public service, and willreport to Council at each Annual Meeting.2. The review will include a written descriptionof achievements for the previous year andtasks for the coming year, along with anoverall evaluation of the achievements.3. The evaluation will be used to set the levelof performance pay, following the Canadianpolicy for executives.MembershipThe Executive Committee will be chaired by thePICES Chairman, with the Chairmen of ScienceBoard and F&A Committee as members.Study Group on PICES CommunicationTerms of reference1. To identify objectives for communicationsconsistent with the PICES Strategic Plan,Action Plans of Standing Committees, andthe FUTURE Science Plan;2. To evaluate the principal audiences forscientific and other products in PICES;3. To evaluate the role that PICES should playin educating diverse audiences about themarine ecosystems of the North Pacific;4. To review options for PICES products andpartnerships (including national memberresources) that can accomplish thecommunication objectives for theseaudiences;5. To deliver a report on the overall goals ofcommunications that PICES shouldundertake, with recommendations for howPICES should develop internal structure toaccomplish them.Technical Committee on Monitoring (MONITOR)Revised terms of reference1. Identify principal monitoring needs of thePICES region, and develop approaches tomeet these needs, including training andcapacity building;2. Serve as a forum for coordination anddevelopment of inter-regional andinternational components of the NorthPacific Ocean Observing Systems, includingthe GLOBAL Ocean Observing System,GOOS. Facilitate method development andinter-comparison workshops to promotecalibration, standardization and harmonizationof data sets;3. Serve as the senior editorial board of theNorth Pacific Ecosystem Status Report,reporting to Science Board; serve as senioreditorial board for PICES web pages onmajor monitoring efforts in the NorthPacific, including the annual reporting ofimportant time series;4. Recommend interim meetings to addressmonitoring needs and PICES–GOOSactivities;5. Provide annual reports to Science Board andthe Secretariat on monitoring activities inrelation to PICES;6. Interact with TCODE on management issuesof monitoring data.Note that TOR 3 may be further modified basedon the decision of the Science Board on how toproceed with the writing and production of theEcosystem Status Report.56

GC-2007Working Group on Iron Supply and its Impact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystemsin the North Pacific OceanTerms of reference:1. Compile and synthesize available ironbiogeochemistry data in the North Pacific;2. Review the past and ongoing laboratory,field and modeling studies on ironbiogeochemistry and its impact onbiological productivity and marineecosystems in the North Pacific Ocean;3. Determine the natural supplies of iron to theNorth Pacific, which includes atmosphericdust transport and movement of ironenrichedwaters, and examine linkagesbetween iron supply and ecosystemresponses;4. Identify gaps and issues related toexperimental and modeling activities,encourage and plan national andinternational scientific programs on ironbiogeochemistry and its impact on marineecosystems in the North Pacific;5. Elucidate the role of iron as a potentialregulator of harmful algal bloom (HAB) incoastal ecosystems of the North Pacific.Working Group on Comparative Ecology of Krill in Coastal and Oceanic Waters around the Pacific RimTerms of reference:1. Assemble lists of existing data (includingmetadata) that contribute to an analysis ofthe comparative ecology of Euphausiapacifica and Thysanoessa species. Identifygaps in our understanding of krill ecology,life history and population dynamics.2. Prepare a research plan to help fill gaps inour understanding, and aid regionalcollaborative research efforts. Explore waysand means of facilitating exchange ofscientists between laboratories and onresearch cruises.3. Convene “hands-on” practical workshopswith krill biologists (including students andestablished scientists) from PICES membercountries to help them initiate and carry outkrill research programs. These workshopscould be convened before each PICESmeeting, or at other times as appropriate.Protocols for experimental work have beenalready published on the PICES website at:http://www.pices.int/projects/Euphasiid/PICES%20Protocols%20COMPLETE.pdf.4. Initiate euphausiid research programs inPICES member countries which will includesampling on a regular basis (biweeklymonthly)to determine seasonal cycles ofspawning and growth, and incubations oflive animals for measurement of brood sizeand molting rates.5. Work with modelers to better parameterizeeuphausiids in the NEMURO and othermodels so as to explore their role in coastaland oceanic food chains.6. Convene a krill workshop at the GLOBECOpen Science Meeting (June 2009).7. Organize a Krill Symposium or a TopicSession at PICES XX in 2011, and submit aset of krill synthesis papers for a specialissue of a scientific peer-reviewed journal.57

GC-2007GC Appendix CA New Science Program for PICES: FUTUREFUTURE (Forecasting and Understanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responses of North Pacific MarineEcosystems) is an integrative Science Program undertaken by the member nations and affiliates of PICESto understand how marine ecosystems in the North Pacific respond to climate change and humanactivities, to forecast ecosystem status based on a contemporary understanding of how nature functions,and to communicate new insights to its members, governments, stakeholders and the public.FUTURE will make advances by:• Investigating the mechanisms underlying ecosystem response to natural and anthropogenic forcings;• Improving forecasting capabilities and providing estimates of the uncertainty associated with theseforecasts; and• Developing more effective ways to convey knowledge and predictions.FUTURE will build upon the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity (CCCC) Program that PICESinitiated in cooperation with GLOBEC in the mid-1990s. The CCCC Program contributed significantly instimulating and facilitating research on the links between climate variability, more than global warming,and marine ecosystem responses and dynamics with an emphasis on understanding how climate mightalter the carrying capacity for a few species of fish. It then evolved into a program with much broaderinterests providing the first systematic, North Pacific-wide attempt to understand and document thephysical and ecological processes that link large, low-frequency signals with population and ecosystemdynamics, which led to significant improvements in biophysical modeling and coupled climate–oceanmodeling. Because of CCCC we know far more about the role of iron in oceanic systems, about direct andindirect effects of climate on marine organisms, populations and ecosystems, and about what processesare likely the most important—meaning we have improved understanding of the mechanisms. The CCCCProgram emphasized climate change and impacts only, whereas FUTURE will place greater emphasis onsocietal concerns that arise from three potential threats to North Pacific ecosystems:• Irreparable damage to non-renewable resources and the loss of resilience and productivity of naturalenvironmental capital and services such as renewable resources and habitats;• Loss of socioeconomic opportunities due to natural and anthropogenic change in marine ecosystems;and• Increased challenges faced by managers and policy makers from unpredictable ecosystem responsesto climate change and human activities.These issues are driving a need to increase basic scientific understanding of ecosystem processes, toreduce predictive uncertainty of the ecological consequences of these threats, and to translate theinformation for use in decision making. FUTURE will build on improved understanding of marineecosystem structure and function that has been gained during the past decade through diverse monitoring,observation, and retrospective studies and modeling activities conducted by PICES countries.The success of FUTURE will require that our improved understanding of processes and mechanismsleads to an increased forecasting capability and to increased societal awareness of the status of the NorthPacific ecosystems. The linkages between climate, ecosystems and societies will be explored to clarifyboth how human activities will alter the ecosystems of the North Pacific and how options for human useof these ecosystems will change.58

GC-2007Scientific Priorities• The effects of climate and climate change on physical, geochemical and biological processes atgeographical scales ranging from the North Pacific basin and its marginal seas to the coastal regionsof interest to PICES member countries;• Marine ecosystem responses on seasonal to decadal time scales and the consequences of theseresponses to ecosystem goods and services (e.g., provisioning of foods, regulation of carbon andnutrient cycles, cultural and recreational benefits);• Ecological interactions and connections between estuarine, coastal and offshore waters, the westernand eastern Pacific, and the northern and equatorial Pacific;• Direct and indirect effects of human activities, such as fishing, aquaculture, introduced species,habitat alteration, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions and their consequences for membercountries;• Cumulative effects of multiple ecosystem stresses on biological diversity and ecosystem resilienceand productivity with a better understanding of thresholds, buffers and amplifiers of change;• Risk-based ecological assessments within a policy/management framework to communicate futurestates of nature, their implications, and uncertainties to decision-makers and the public.Scientific ImperativeThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded, in its fourth assessment report in2007, that the evidence for global warming of the climate system is unequivocal:• Globally averaged air and ocean temperatures are increasing, accompanied by widespread melting ofsnow and ice raising the globally averaged sea level. Average northern hemisphere air temperaturesduring the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-yearperiod in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1300 years.• Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems arebeing affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.• Anthropogenic warming could lead to some impacts that are abrupt, irreversible and severe,depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.It is against this backdrop of change that PICES is embarking on its next major Scientific Program. It isclear that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have launched the world onto a trajectory ofchange without a clear sense of the ultimate consequences. What is not so clear, and this must be a focusof FUTURE, is the manner and degree to which these global or hemispheric changes are manifested in theNorth Pacific Ocean and at a regional scale on land and in coastal seas. Both changing climate andincreasing human activities are causing changes in North Pacific ecosystems. These changes are affectingecosystem composition, structure and function in ways that are incompletely understood and possiblyunprecedented. There is uncertainty of the magnitude and extent of the change that is occurring becauselarge parts of the North Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas are not monitored or observed regularly. Toimprove our understanding we must increase observations of the North Pacific and study the mechanismsthat underlie an ecosystem’s response to the various pressures.The North Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas are often characterized by strong contrasts among its subregions,cross-basin inverse correlations of sea surface temperature being foremost among these. The areaof concern to PICES is so large that warming in one area is often accompanied by cooling in another.Understanding how these contrasts are likely to change, if at all, will be an important element ofFUTURE. But global warming and its consequences are not the only issue. Natural and anthropogenicpressures are causing the oceans to acidify, while pollution, extirpations, invasive species, anoxia, habitatloss, and exploitation affect the coastal zones. Many species have not yet recovered from past or current59

GC-2007over-exploitation, and there is ongoing damage to non-renewable resources. Plant and animal abundanceand distribution, productivity of exploited and unexploited species, food-webs, biodiversity and generalecological resilience are all affected by these pressures.While the trajectory of some of the major changes is now generally known, there is a great deal ofuncertainty about their local magnitudes, their potential interactions and their impacts on North Pacificecosystems. This uncertainty is caused by a lack of understanding of how the major drivers willindividually, collectively and interactively affect ecosystem composition, structure and function andinsufficient knowledge of the linkages between oceanic, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems. These majoruncertainties hamper the ability of the scientific community to provide reliable estimates of the futurestatus of ecosystems. FUTURE will improve these estimates and communicate them effectively so thatscience can better support policy. This view has led to the identification of an overarching question forFUTURE.Research Themes“What is the future of the North Pacific given current and expected pressures?”FUTURE is organized around three research themes that are best characterized as key questions. Each ofthe key questions has a list of more specific questions that define an approach to address a researchtheme.1. What determines an ecosystem’s intrinsic resilience and vulnerability to natural and anthropogenicforcing?1.1. What are the important physical, chemical and biological processes that underlie the structureand function of ecosystems?1.2. How might changing physical, chemical and biological processes cause alterations to ecosystemstructure and function?1.3. How do changes in ecosystem structure 1 affect the relationships between ecosystemcomponents 2 ?1.4. How might changes in ecosystem structure and function affect an ecosystem’s resilience orvulnerability to natural and anthropogenic forcing?1.5. What thresholds, buffers and amplifiers are associated with maintaining ecosystem resilience?1.6. What do the answers to the above sub-questions imply about the ability to predict future states ofecosystems and how they might respond to natural and anthropogenic forcing?2. How do ecosystems respond to natural and anthropogenic forcing, and how might they change in thefuture?2.1. How has the important physical, chemical and biological processes changed, how are theychanging, and how might they change as a result of climate change and human activities?2.2. What factors might be mediating changes in the physical, chemical and biological processes?2.3. How does physical forcing, including climate variability and climate change, affect the processesunderlying ecosystem structure and function?2.4. How do human uses of marine resources affect the processes underlying ecosystem structure andfunction?2.5. How are human uses of marine resources affected by changes in ecosystem structure andfunction?1 Such as species composition, population structure and dynamics, etc.2 Such as species interactions, habitat usage, biological rates and biological diversity.60

GC-20072.6. How can understanding of these ecosystem processes and relationships, as addressed in thepreceding sub-questions, be used to forecast ecosystem response?2.7. What are the consequences of projected climate changes for the ecosystems and their goods andservices?3. How do human activities affect coastal ecosystems and how are societies affected by changes in theseecosystems?3.1. What are the dominant anthropogenic pressures in coastal marine ecosystems and how are theychanging?3.2. How are these anthropogenic pressures and climate forcings, including sea level rise, affectingnearshore and coastal ecosystems and their interactions with offshore and terrestrial systems?3.3. How do multiple anthropogenic stressors interact to alter the structure and function of thesystems, and what are the cumulative effects?3.4. What will be the consequences of projected coastal ecosystem changes and what is thepredictability and uncertainty of forecasted changes?3.5. How can we effectively use our understanding of coastal ecosystem processes and mechanismsto identify the nature and causes of ecosystem changes and to develop strategies for sustainableuse?Related to all three research themes is the goal of improving our capability to convey in a clear andeffective way how societies will be affected by a changing North Pacific marine environment. Thefollowing question captures the goal of improved communication of the science from FUTURE.Scientific Strategies“How can forecasts, uncertainty and consequences of ecosystem changebe communicated effectively to society?”Scientific strategies for FUTURE will be fully developed in the FUTURE Implementation Plan. Thesestrategies will include data compilation and retrospective studies, monitoring, mathematical modeling andprocess studies, all done with the FUTURE perspectives of understanding, forecasting andcommunicating.Data compilation and retrospective studies will be used to identify the key physical, chemical andbiological processes that are at highest risk from climate change and other anthropogenic stresses.Recommendations will be developed on future monitoring of the North Pacific so that ecosystem changeof societal importance can be detected and understood. Monitoring will also provide the data needed formathematical model development that will range from fine-scale models for coastal areas to wholeecosystem models of multiple trophic levels, including humans and top-predators. Improvedunderstanding of mechanisms will be essential to understand how human uses of the ecosystem andclimate change may interact, as well as to improve the capacity for forecasting ecosystem response andconsequences of climate change for ecosystem goods and services.As forecasting is a central element of FUTURE, it is important to note that specific forecasting strategiesvary according to temporal and spatial scales. Seasonal forecasts of ecosystems rely on observations andseasonal forecasts of physical and chemical conditions which often depend on the output of operationalmid-range weather forecasts. Regional forecasts will require accurate downscaling of global climatemodels/projections and, at times, linkage of oceanic models to hydrographic models of watersheds tocapture the dynamics of coastal ecosystems influenced by large rivers. Only very recently have effortsbeen underway to downscale global climate projections for use at local scales. Due to their relativelycoarse spatial resolution, existing climate models can be more readily used for basin-scale forecasts.61

GC-2007Forecasts of the state of marine ecosystems on decadal time scales require knowledge of the linkages andrelationships within the present system, understanding of how these linkages might change with changingclimate, and a good comprehension of future environmental conditions. Currently, efforts are beingdevoted to the latter. During the course of FUTURE, reasonable forecasts of the physical environmentwill be anticipated and used as they emerge. On multi-decadal time scales, the global warming signaturemay dominate internal climate variability and this will allow projections for marine ecosystems fromglobal warming scenarios for the North Pacific. While forecasts of the future of North Pacific ecosystemswill be a focus of FUTURE, nowcasts of the current state of ecosystems will provide an important contextfor predictions of future states.Improving the understanding of mechanisms and increasing forecasting capability will require improvedcoordination of data accessibility and dissemination, evaluation and application of new technologies frommolecular and genetic techniques to remote sensing. Finally, informational tools (e.g., synthesisdocuments, websites and translations of the science for non-scientific audiences) that are specificallydesigned to work for each member country will be needed to effectively deliver the science fromFUTURE to the public and governments of PICES member countries.Anticipated BenefitsThe scientific research, communication and outreach that occur during the 10-year life of FUTURE willincrease understanding of the processes and mechanisms regulating ecosystems of the North Pacific andprovide a sound scientific basis for developing scenarios of ecosystem response to climate change andother human-use influences. The anticipated benefits and products will include:• Increased understanding of physical, chemical and biological linkages and ecosystem responses toanthropogenic and climate forcings;• Coordinated monitoring and descriptions of the current state of ecosystems;• Forecasts of future states of North Pacific marine ecosystems and their associated uncertainty;• Better quantitative and qualitative forecasts, with specified uncertainty, of ecosystem responses toclimate change and increasing human influence;• IPCC-like reports on responses of North Pacific ecosystems to climate change;• An improved scientific basis for managing coastal ecosystems to sustain ecosystem services and tomitigate various environmental problems;• Quantification of the benefits and risks associated with different management strategies;• Region-specific assessments of topical issues (e.g., harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, native andalien species range changes, anoxia, and ocean acidification);• Increased data sharing, access and dissemination with a focus on coordination and metadata;• Increased marine science capabilities in PICES member countries;• Increased participation in PICES of younger scientists and a greater role for social and economicscientists;• Increased public awareness of the ecosystem changes in the North Pacific.FUTURE will improve understanding of the North Pacific Ocean, including its climate, biologicalprocesses and human communities, and will enhance wise use of this information by governments andsociety at large.62

GC-2007GC Appendix DPICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award (POMA)BackgroundProgress in many aspects of marine science isbased on ocean observations, monitoring, andthe management and dissemination of the dataprovided by these activities. Long-termmonitoring observations are particularly criticalto detecting and understanding ecosystemchanges. It is widely recognized that thesefundamental activities often lack the glamourand respect that typically accompany scientificachievements that rely on monitoring andobservation. Unfortunately, the consequencesare that monitoring activities are often taken forgranted or even targeted for budget cuts whenPICES member countries experience financialconstraints. With this in mind, it was proposedat the 2006 Annual Meeting in Yokohama,Japan, that a new PICES award be established toacknowledge monitoring and data managementactivities that contribute to the progress ofmarine science in the North Pacific. Theprinciples of the award were approved at the2007 inter-sessional Science Board/GoverningCouncil meeting, also in Yokohama, and thename and description of the award were finalizedat the 2007 Annual Meeting in Victoria, Canada.AimsThe PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award(POMA) aims to recognize organizations, groupsand outstanding individuals that have contributedsignificantly to the advancement of marinescience in the North Pacific through long-termocean monitoring and data management. Theaward also strives to enlighten the public on theimportance of those activities as fundamental tomarine science. It draws attention to an importantaspect of the PICES Convention that is not somuch in the limelight: “to promote the collectionand exchange of information and data related tomarine scientific research in the area concerned.”EligibilityThe award is given for significant contributionsto the progress of marine science in the NorthPacific through long-term monitoring operations,management of data associated with oceanconditions and marine bio-resources in theregion, or both categories. Recipients mayinclude, for example, research vessels, researchor administrative institutes or portions thereof,or technical groups involved in monitoring, datamanagement and dissemination, or a combinationof these activities. Outstanding individualefforts may also be recognized.Nomination and selectionNominations from individuals or groups fromPICES member countries should be sent withsupporting documentation to the ExecutiveSecretary by the deadline specified in the Callfor Nominations at the PICES website. TheTechnical Committee on Monitoring (MONITOR)and Technical Committee on Data Exchange(TCODE) will evaluate independently thedocuments submitted with each nomination, andrecommend some or all of the nominations forconsideration by Science Board. Evaluationswill include the relevance, duration and balanceof activities (ocean observations, resourcemonitoring, data management, etc.). If morethan one nomination is considered worthy ofrecognition by MONITOR or TCODE, rankpreferences will be provided to Science Boardby each Technical Committee. A maximum ofone award will be given each year. To keep alarge pool of potential candidates, Science Boardwill reserve any surplus of recommendations forreview in subsequent years. Those nominatedbut not recommended by a Technical Committeemust be re-submitted if they are to be consideredfor the next year.Award and presentationThe award consists of a certificate signed by thePICES Chairman and the PICES Science BoardChairman, which will be presented to therecipients (or their representative) at the OpeningSession of the PICES Annual Meeting. Nofinancial support from PICES will be provided tothe recipient to attend the Annual Meeting where63

GC-2007the award is given. Should any representative beunable to attend the Annual Meeting, a Delegateof the recipient’s country will be asked to acceptthe award on behalf of the recipient.64

F&A-2007REPORT OF THE FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEEThe Finance and Administration Committee(hereafter F&A) met from 09:00–15:30 onOctober 31, and from 10:00–11:00 on November2, 2007, under the chairmanship of Dr. LauraRichards.Opening remarks (Agenda Item 1)The Chairman called the meeting to order,welcomed the participants and requested anintroduction of members for each delegation.All Contracting Parties were present at themeeting (F&A Endnote 1).Adoption of agenda (Agenda Item 2)The Committee reviewed and approved the draftagenda (F&A Endnote 2).Audited accounts for FY 2006 (Agenda Item 3)The FY 2006 financial statements weresubmitted to Flader & Hale on March 22, 2007,and the Auditor’s Report was completed onApril 5, 2007. Hard copies of the report weredistributed to all Contracting Parties at the fifthinter-sessional Council meeting held April 20,2007, in Yokohama, Japan. Some minormistakes were discovered in the text of thereport (not in the numbers). After correctingthese mistakes, the edited version of the 2006Auditor’s Report (F&A Endnote 3) wascirculated by e-mail and by mail to allContracting Parties at the end of April. In theauditor’s opinion, the financial statements are anaccurate representation of the financial positionof the Organization as of December 31, 2006.The Committee reviewed the Auditor’s Reportand recommended it for approval by Council.Annual contributions (Agenda Item 4)As stated in Financial Regulation 5(ii), allnational contributions to PICES “shall beconsidered due as of the first day of the financialyear (January 1) to which they relate”. TheExecutive Secretary reported on the 2007 annualfee payment dates, and provided information onthe payment schedule of national contributionsfor the last 8 years (F&A Endnote 4).The Committee noted that all ContractingParties met their financial obligations for 2007.China explained that their payment was laterthan the other Contracting Parties because of thetiming of their budget approval process. TheCommittee recommended that Council instructthe Executive Secretary to send a letter toContracting Parties commending them for theirperformance in submitting annual contributionsfor 2007, and describing the difficulties that lateand partial payment causes the Organization.Both Japan and China expressed concerns aboutthe continual increases in the annualcontributions. However, the Committeecontinued to recommend that for planningpurposes, Contracting Parties should use theguideline generally accepted at the PICESEighth Annual Meeting (Decision 99/A/2(ii)),which states that “the annual contributions willincrease at the rate of inflation in Canada”.This should assist member countries inpreparing timely funding requests to coverannual contributions, and the ExecutiveSecretary in developing future budgets.Fund-raising activities (Agenda Item 5)The Executive Secretary reported on fundraisingefforts for the period since PICES XV(F&A Endnote 5). Fund-raising continues to bean important component of PICES activities,and about a third of the current operationalbudget is supported by external contributionsand partnerships. In order to help manage theextra workload and offset extra expenses of theSecretariat, an overhead is now being charged tosome projects (where appropriate). Theoverhead funds can be used, if necessary, to hirecontract help.65

F&A-2007Report on PICES Publication Program (F&AAgenda Item 6)Publishing is an expensive and time-consumingactivity; however the products generated areimportant in fulfilling the Organization’smission. At PICES XV (October 2006,Yokohama, Japan), the F&A Committeedirected the Executive Secretary to undertake areview of the PICES Publication Program, witha focus on the option of a transition to electronicpublishing.The International Association of Aquatic andMarine Science Libraries and InformationCenters (IAMSLIC) was requested to performthe review. It was carried out by two membersof IAMSLIC, Janet Webster (Oregon StateUniversity Libraries, Newport, OR) and BrianVoss (NOAA Libraries, Seattle, WA), whoworked closely with the PICES Secretariatthroughout the review process. According torecommendations from the F&A Committee, theworkplan aimed to:1. Explore the impact of PICES publications onthe scientific and management community;2. Breakdown PICES publications into variouscategories and review for each category:(a) printing and distribution costs;(b) current distribution; (c) current coveragein indexing and abstracting services;(d) options for creating digital format; and(e) options for archiving in both digital andprint formats;3. Examine impacts of moving the existingprint distribution system to an increasedreliance on digital formats, and exploremitigation measures to rectify any resultingdistribution problems;4. Examine impacts on Secretariat infrastructureand document archival processes;5. Discuss impacts of any changes inprinting/distribution on each of theContracting Parties;6. Recommend options and an Action Plan tothe F&A Committee.Janet Webster and Brian Voss presented theirfindings and recommendations to the Committee(F&A Endnote 6). The complete documententitled “2007 Review of PICES PublicationProgram” is included elsewhere in this AnnualReport. The Committee expressed thanks toIAMSLIC for their complete and thoroughreview. The Committee noted that the ActionPlan was presented without an indication of thepriority for each item. Furthermore, some itemswere cheap and easy to implement, while othersrequired a funding commitment. TheCommittee recommended that (1) the ActionPlan be adopted in principle, (2) implementationof the components proceed with the assistance ofthe PICES intern and any budget flexibility, and(3) the Executive Secretary develop priorities andcosting and report on progress at PICES XVII.Financing of high priority projects (AgendaItem 7)The Committee discussed the usage of theencumbered funds designated for high-priorityPICES projects (about $143,000), as identifiedby Science Board (see also F&A Agenda Item9e). The Committee recommended that $40,000be earmarked for the development of FUTURE,the new integrative scientific program of PICES,and that the remainder be earmarked for thepreparation of the next North Pacific EcosystemStatus Report. The Committee noted thatadditional funds will be required to complete thestatus report under the proposed plan andrecommended a further review of costs. Koreaoffered a voluntary contribution of $40,000 in2008 to support the project, which wasacknowledged with thanks.PICES Intern Program (Agenda Item 8)The Committee reviewed the current status ofthe Intern Program. Mr. Xuewu Guo (YellowSea Fisheries Research Institute, ChineseAcademy of Fisheries Sciences) was selected asthe intern at the 2006 inter-sessional GoverningCouncil meeting (April 2006, Honolulu,U.S.A.). His term started on February 1, 2007.Because of the excellent performance of Mr.Guo and additional funding received for theIntern Program, the originally-offered 8-monthterm was extended to 12 months. This allowedMr. Guo to be involved in the organization ofPICES XVI (October 2007, Victoria, Canada)and preparation of the 2007 Annual Report.66

F&A-2007At PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama,Japan), Council extended the deadline ofnominations for the 2008 PICES Internship untilthe 2007 inter-sessional Governing Councilmeeting (Decision 06/A/8(iii)). No applicationswere received by that time. On July 23, 2007,Mr. Key-Seok Choe (Project Management Team,Planning Department, KORDI) was nominatedand consequently approved as the intern for the2008 term. An offer was made to Mr. Choi onJuly 30, 2007, and it was accepted on July 31,2007. He plans to start work at the Secretariaton February 1, 2008. The initial period of hisappointment was 8 months. However, at theCommittee meeting, Korea announced avoluntary contribution of $10,000 in 2008,which will allow Mr. Choe’s term to beextended to 12 months.Given that Mr. Choe’s term will continue untilJanuary 31, 2009, the Committee recommendsthat the deadline for nominations for the nextintern be extended until the first GoverningCouncil session at PICES XVII in Dalian, China.The PICES Intern Program has been financedsolely by voluntary contributions. The U.S.National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) andFisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) have beenthe most generous partners for this activity todate. From 2000–2007, NMFS and DFOprovided approximately $135,000 and $71,500,respectively, to the Trust Fund to support theIntern Program. The Committee recommendedthat Council thank both organizations for theircontinuing support of the Intern Program, andinstructed the Executive Secretary to invite allContracting Parties to provide voluntarycontributions supporting the Program in 2008and beyond.Budget (Agenda Item 9)Estimated accounts for FY 2007 (AgendaItem 9a)The Committee reviewed the estimated accountsfor FY 2007 and recommended their acceptanceby Council.Interest and other income (Agenda Item 9b)In FY 2007, the estimated total income is$529,648. This amount includes the income of$163,836 from “guaranteed” sources, $130,501from other sources, $145,311 in voluntarycontributions and grants ($112,611 credited tothe Working Capital Fund and $32,700 creditedto the Trust Fund), and a transfer of $90,000from DFO for PICES XVI.In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestryand Fisheries of Japan (MAFF), through theFisheries Agency, contributed $184,980 for thefirst year (from April 1, 2007–March 31, 2008)of the PICES project entitled “Development ofthe prevention systems for harmful organisms’expansion in the Pacific Rim”. The anticipatedduration of the Project is 5 years (from April 1,2007–March 31, 2012), with a total funding of$924,900. According to the agreed financialprinciples for the project: (1) a separate bankaccount has been established to deposit theremitted funds; (2) interest earned in theaccount will be credited to the project and usedin consultation with MAFF; (3) any fundsremaining after the completion of every fiscalyear of the project will be reported and disposedof in consultation with MAFF; (4) additionalstaff (Project Assistant) will be contracted asrequired to support the objectives of the projectand to ensure that its activities have a minimalimpact on the workload of the existing staff ofthe PICES Secretariat; and (5) a 10% overheadon the annual budget ($18,500) will be retainedto offset expenses related to the Secretariat’sinvolvement in the project.Relocation and Home Leave Fund (AgendaItem 9c)The Relocation and Home Leave Fund (RHLF)is currently set at $110,000. At the end of FY2007, the RHLF is estimated at less than $2,000below the currently required amount of$110,000. The Committee recommended thatthe level of the RHLF be allowed to varybetween $90,000 and $110,000 to minimize theneed for small transfers between funds.67

F&A-2007Trust Fund (Agenda Item 9d)In FY 2007, the total TRF income is estimated at$35,300 ($32,700 in voluntary contributions andgrants) and estimated expenses are $63,820.The Committee recommended a transfer fromthe Working Capital Fund to recover the 2007expenses and restore the Trust Fund to the levelof $110,000.Working Capital Fund (Agenda Item 9e)In FY 2007, the total WCF estimated incomeand expenses are $490,888 ($112,611 are involuntary contributions and grants) and$396,672, respectively. After recommendedinter-fund transfers, the amount of fundsavailable in WCF at the fiscal year end isestimated at $290,660. This includes $182,449in encumbered funds and $108,211 in“operating” funds. The Committee alsodiscussed the usage of the encumbered fundsdesignated for high-priority PICES projects(about $143,000), and the recommendations aredescribed under F&A Agenda Item 7.Budget for FY 2008 and forecast budget forFY 2009 (Agenda Item 9f)At PICES XIV, the Committee noted that, fromthe high expectations placed on PICES, a casecould be made to raise the contributions fromContracting Parties. To assess the relevance ofany significant increase in annual contributions,the Executive Secretary was asked to study howthe Organization might finance the anticipatedgrowth in its activities from savings accrued as aresult of reducing current expenditures. Toassist in this analysis, F&A members wererequested to consider which activities could bescaled back in order to operate PICES within thecurrent (or a lower) budget. After extensivediscussion at PICES XV, the Committee agreedthat more work was still required to understandhow PICES could operate within its budget.Canada (Mr. Serge Labonté) agreed to meet withthe Secretariat to prepare options forpresentation at the F&A meeting in 2007.The Committee found the new format for budgetpresentation (F&A Endnote 7) easier to followthan the previous format and recommended itsuse in future Committee meetings. In addition,the Committee noted that the “base” budgetfrom guaranteed sources was sufficient to fundthe salary of one additional member of theSecretariat staff. The Committee recommendedthat the Executive Secretary consider options,and if permanent staffing is desired, present arecommendation to the Committee at PICESXVII in accordance with the Rules of Procedure10(iv). China also requested that additionalinformation on salary scales and adjustments forthe Secretariat staff be presented at PICES XVII,in accordance with Financial Regulations 12(i).Following these discussions, the Committeereviewed the proposed FY 2008 budget of$762,000 (F&A Endnote 7) and recommendedits approval by Council. The Committee alsorecommended a transfer of $96,000 from theWorking Capital Fund to balance the budget,setting the total annual contribution at $666,000,and the 2008 fees at $111,000 per ContractingParty. The 2008 annual fee is 2.3% higher thanin 2007, and this increase was noted to beconsistent with the guideline generally acceptedat the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting (Decision99/A/2(ii)), stating that “the annual contributionwill increase at the rate of inflation in Canada”.The annual Canadian Consumer Price Index(CPI) reported in the middle of the PICES fiscalyear (May–July) is used as a measure ofinflation. The annual CPI provided by the Bankof Canada with a reference to Statistics Canadawas 2.2% in April, May, June and July 2007.The Executive Secretary presented the forecastFY 2009 budget of $778,000 and noted that thisbudget is prepared based on preliminaryinformation available as of August 25, 2007 andis 2.1% higher than the FY 2008 budget. If theinflation rate in Canada stays near 2.5%, thenthe 2009 annual fee should be set at the level of$113,800 per Contracting Party. The totalannual contribution would be $682,800, and atransfer of $95,200 from the Working CapitalFund would be required to balance the budget.68

F&A-2007Schedule and financing of future AnnualMeetings (Agenda Item 10)PICES XVII will be held October 24 –November 2, 2008, in Dalian, China, under thetheme “Beyond observations to achievingunderstanding and forecasting in a changingNorth Pacific: Forward to the FUTURE”(Decision 06/A/7(ii)). The Chinese delegationprovided a brief update on the preparations forthis Annual Meeting and confirmed that theyrequire $40,000 from the General Fund to helpoffset the high costs for the meeting.At the 2007 inter-sessional meeting (April 2007,Yokohama, Japan), Council accepted aninvitation to hold PICES XVII in Korea. TheKorean delegation provided a brief update on thepreparations for the Annual Meeting, which isnow planned for Busan, with the NationalFisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI) as the local organizer. Therecommended date for the Opening Session isOctober 26, 2009.In keeping with the six-year rotation cycle(Decision 94/A/6), the United States of Americashould be invited to explore the possibility ofhosting PICES XIX in 2010, and inform theSecretariat on this matter by March 31, 2008.The U.S. delegation confirmed their willingnessto host PICES XIX. Furthermore, they indicatedinterest in exploring the possibility of a jointICES–PICES Annual Meeting, with sharedscience activities and separate business meetings.At PICES X (October 2001, Victoria, Canada),Council approved the charging of a registrationfee for future Annual Meetings of theOrganization and indicated that the registrationfee structure should be reviewed annually(Decision 01/A/4(iv)). It was agreed that thefees have to be collected by the Secretariat andused to support high priority projects and theIntern Program, and to cover costs associatedwith Annual Meetings; the allocation amongthese three purposes should be flexible anddecided by the Executive Secretary (Decision04/A/5(iv)). The Committee reviewed theregistration fee structure and recommended thatCouncil maintain the same fee structure forPICES XVII in 2008, as for the previous threeAnnual Meetings:Type of registration fee CDN $Regular 225Early 150Student 50Spousal 50At PICES XIV (October 2005, Vladivostok,Russia), Council re-iterated its support for theconcept of inter-sessional Science Boardmeetings with the participation of Councilmembers, but suggested that the need for such ameeting should be evaluated each year and that,given meeting costs (including timecommitment of the members), an inter-sessionalmeeting should be held only if the agenda issubstantive. The Committee re-iterated theseviews in 2007. In particular, China and Koreadid not support an inter-sessional Councilmeeting in 2008.Science Board has already indicated theimportance of having an inter-sessional meetingin 2008, to finalize a Science Plan for the newintegrative scientific program of PICES(FUTURE). It is suggested that this meeting beheld in conjunction with a workshop to developan Implementation Plan for FUTURE. TheUnited States of America offered to host the2008 inter-sessional Science Board meeting inSeattle and proposed the week of April 14, 2008as the most convenient date.PICES Handbook (Agenda Item 11)The approval of the new PICES Rules ofProcedure in 2006 resulted in the necessity ofsubstantial changes in the Handbook(Guidelines) for Chairmen and Convenorsdeveloped in 1999 and amended in 2001. Inaddition, a set of guidelines for future PICEStemporary expert groups was drafted by the POCChairman, Dr. Michael Foreman, based on hisanalysis of the performance of the temporaryexpert groups (Working Groups, Study Groups,Task Teams, and Advisory Panels) establishedsince the inception of the Organization. Thisevaluation was undertaken by Science Board atthe request of Council (Decision 04/S/7(i)) to69

F&A-2007understand whether the current approach of theformation and financing of these groups isworking. At PICES XV, the F&A Committeesuggested that, given the extensive overlapbetween these two documents, they should bemerged and the resulting document should besubmitted for approval at PICES XVI and thenadded to the PICES Handbook.The Committee recommended approval of thedocument “Roles and responsibilities ofChairmen and members of PICES groups”,which is based on the revised Guidelines forChairmen and Convenors and incorporates themost important elements of Dr. Foreman’sanalysis – a summary of the conditions thatmake for productive and successful temporarygroups. The Committee recognized that this wasa work in progress which cannot be finalizeduntil after the FUTURE Implementation Plan iscompleted. However, given the ease and lowcost of replacing documents within the PICESHandbook binder, this document could provideuseful guidance over the next 1–2 years.Administrative matters (Agenda Item 12)The Committee reviewed the progress on thestatus of income tax levies for personnel at thePICES Secretariat. The extension of the tax levypractice for federal taxes to Canadian employeesof the PICES Secretariat has resulted in theincrease of revenue from $22,000–25,000 in FYs2003–2005 to $47,502 in FY 2006 (incompleteyear) and an estimated $67,876 in FY 2007.These amounts are the differences between thelevy in lieu of taxes and tax refund for theExecutive Secretary plus expenses for servicesof Flader & Hale directly related to this tax levy.Space, facilities and services for the PICESSecretariat office (Agenda Item 13)December 15, 1993. In accordance with thisagreement, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO)has hosted the PICES Secretariat at the Instituteof Ocean Sciences (IOS) in Sidney, BritishColumbia, Canada.The agreement between PICES and DFO ongeneral administrative services is expected tocontinue indefinitely with a periodic review, butthe last time the agreement was amended ismore than five years ago (on April 1, 2002), andit does not reflect current arrangements. In FY2007, PICES is to pay an annual sum of $23,500for postage and $2,000 for janitorial/maintenance services. Telephone and fax linesand internet access, previously covered in theamount of $2,500 under the agreement, arecurrently paid by PICES to Telus and Shawdirectly. At the same time, real expenses forpostage are substantially higher, and DFOprovided $15,000 to partially offset theseexpenses. The new agreement between PICESand DFO should take into account thesubstantial increase in mailing costs by CanadaPost and the costs that have shifted to PICES.China offered to work with the Secretariat toupdate its mailing list and assist in minimizingpostage.Other business (Agenda Item 14)No other business was raised.Adoption of the F&A report and recommendationsto Council (Agenda Item 15)The draft report was circulated and approved byall F&A members. All recommendations toCouncil were brought forward by Dr. Richardsat their meeting on November 4, 2007.PICES has a Headquarters Agreement with theGovernment of Canada that entered into force on70

F&A-2007F&A Endnote 1CanadaRobin M. BrownSerge LabontéJapanHideki NakanoYuji Uozumi (advisor)People’s Republic of ChinaHandi GuoShengzhi SunYingren Li (advisor)Gongke Tan (advisor)Dongmei Tang (advisor)Republic of KoreaKwang-Youl ParkParticipation listKyu-Kui Jung (advisor)Jin-Yeong Kim (advisor)RussiaIgor ShevchenkoU.S.A.Justin R. GrubichPatricia LivingstonOtherLaura Richards (F&A Chairman)Tokio Wada (PICES Chairman)Alexander Bychkov (Executive Secretary)George Boehlert (U.S. National Delegate)Brian Voss (IAMSLIC)Janet Webster (IAMSLIC)F&A Endnote 2F&A Committee meeting agenda1. Welcome and opening remarks2. Adoption of agenda and meeting procedures3. Audited accounts for fiscal year 20064. Annual contributions5. Fund-raising activities6. Report on PICES Publication Program7. Financing of PICES high priority projects8. PICES Intern Program9. Budgeta. Estimated accounts for fiscal year 2007b. Interest and other incomec. Relocation and Home Leave Fundd. Trust Funde. Working Capital Fundf. Proposed budget for FY 2008 and forecastbudget for FY 200910. Schedule and financing of future AnnualMeetings11. Additions to PICES Handbook12. Administrative matters13. Space, facilities and services for the PICESSecretariat office14. Other business15. F&A report and recommendations toGoverning Council71

F&A-2007F&A Endnote 3Auditor’s Report (2006) to the OrganizationTo the Council of theNorth Pacific Marine Science OrganizationWe have audited the statement of financial position of North Pacific Marine Science Organization as atDecember 31, 2006 and the statement of operations and changes in fund balances for the year then ended.These financial statements are the responsibility of the organization’s management. Our responsibility isto express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards. Thosestandards require that we plan and perform an audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financialstatements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidencesupporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing theaccounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating theoverall financial statement presentation.In our opinion, these financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position ofthe organization as at December 31, 2006 and the results of its operations and changes in fund balancesfor the year then ended in accordance with Canadian generally accepted accounting principles.Flader & HaleChartered AccountantsBusiness Advisors9768 Third Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3A4Phone: 250 656 3991Fax: 250 656 6486Toll free: 1 800 286 1212E-mail: mail@fladerandhale.caInternet: www.fladerandhale.caSidney, BCApril 5, 200772

F&A-2007NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONSTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITIONAS AT DECEMBER 31, 2006ASSETS2006 2005CURRENT ASSETSCash and short term deposits (note 3) $ 726,512 $ 800,990Accounts receivable 57,538 14,500Prepaid expenses 2,665 2,560$ 786,715 $ 818,050LIABILITIESCURRENT LIABILITIESAccounts payable $ 48,545 $ 56,683Funds held for contracting parties (note 4) 108,500 105,500157,045 162,183FUND BALANCESWORKING CAPITAL FUND (note 3) 414,964 435,867TRUST FUND 110,000 110,000RELOCATION AND HOME LEAVE FUND 104,706 110,000629,670 655,867$ 786,715 $ 818,05073

F&A-2007NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONSTATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND CHANGES IN FUND BALANCESFOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006GeneralFundWorkingCapitalFundTrustFundRelocationand HomeLeave FundFUND BALANCES, beginning of year 730,000 208,401 48,180 2,938 989,519 1,036,408- 446,292 $ - $ 435,867 $ 110,000 $ 110,000 $ 655,867 $ 590,326SOURCES OF FUNDSContributions from Contracting Parties 633,000 - - - 633,000 615,000Budgeted transfer to General Fund (note 5) 97,000 (97,000) - - - -Voluntary contributions and grants (note 6) - 143,952 45,055 - 189,007 304,795Interest and other income (note 7) - 161,449 3,125 2,938 167,512 116,613FUND BALANCES, before expenditures 730,000 644,268 158,180 112,938 1,645,386 1,626,734EXPENDITURESPersonnel services (note 8) 399,572 46,720 - 390,132Annual Meeting 39,060 3,011 - - 42,071 55,434Special meetings 56,719 159,240 - - 215,959 157,442Travel 81,000 - 39,581 - 120,581 132,355Printing 66,242 - - - 66,242 128,523Communication 35,457 - - - 35,457 31,792Equipment 6,868 - - - 6,868 7,374Supplies 7,375 - - - 7,375 9,130Contractual services 15,883 19,200 - - 35,083 37,200Miscellaneous 3,726 - - - 3,726 3,681Intern program - - 26,394 - 26,394 14,459Relocation - - - 8,232 8,232 -Foreign exchange loss (note 9) 1,436 - - - 1,436 3,345713,338 228,171 65,975 8,232 1,015,716 970,867NET FUNDS AVAILABLE 16,662 416,0972006Total2005Total92,205 104,706 629,670 655,867TRANSFER TO WORKING CAPITAL FUND (note 3) (16,662) 16,662 - - - -INTERFUND TRANSFERS (note 5) - (17,795) 17,795 - - -FUND BALANCES, end of year $ - $ 414,964 $ 110,000 $ 104,706 $ 629,670 $ 655,86774

F&A-2007NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDECEMBER 31, 20061. PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONThe North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) is an intergovernmental non-profit scientificorganization whose present members include Canada, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, theRepublic of Korea, the Russian Federation and the United States of America. The purpose of theOrganization is to promote and coordinate marine scientific research in order to advance scientificknowledge of the North Pacific and adjacent seas.2. ACCOUNTING POLICIESThe financial statements are prepared in accordance with the North Pacific Marine Science Organization'sFinancial Regulations and are prepared in accordance with Canadian generally accepted accountingprinciples. The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation ofthese financial statements:(a) Fund AccountingThe Working Capital Fund represents the accumulated excess of contributions provided fromContracting Parties over expenditures in the General Fund. The purposes of the General Fund andWorking Capital Fund are established by Regulation 6 of the Organization Financial Regulation.The Trust Fund was established in 1994 for the purpose of facilitating participation of a broadspectrum of scientists in activities of the Organization.The Relocation and Home Leave Fund was established in 1995 to pay relocation and home leaveexpenses of new employees and their dependents to the seat of the Secretariat and removal afterperiod of employment has ended, and to provide home leave for international staff. This fund is set at$110,000.(b) Capital AssetsCapital assets acquired by the Organization are expensed in the year of acquisition. During the currentyear the organization purchased $6,868 of capital assets.(c) ContributionsContributions from Contracting Parties are recorded in the year in which they relate to. All othercontributions and grants are recorded in the year received.(d) Income TaxThe Organization is a non-taxable organization under the Privileges and Immunities (InternationalOrganizations) Act (Canada).(e) Foreign ExchangeTransactions originating in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate prevailing at thetransaction dates. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are translated to equivalentCanadian amounts at the current rate of exchange at the statement of financial position date.75

F&A-2007(f) Financial InstrumentsThe Organization’s financial instruments consist of cash and short term deposits, accounts receivableand accounts payable. Unless otherwise noted, it is management’s opinion that the Organization is notexposed to significant interest, currency or credit risks.(g) Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with Canadian generally accepted accountingprinciples requires management to make estimates and assumptions that effect the reported amountsof assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenuesand expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.3. WORKING CAPITAL FUNDOf the total amount in the Working Capital Fund, $199,270 is restricted for specific designated projects.Pursuant to decision 06/A/3(ii) of the Governing Council, $94,000 of the funds held in the WorkingCapital Fund will be transferred to the General Fund at the beginning of the 2007 fiscal year to reduce2007 contributions.Pursuant to Financial Regulation 6 (iii), the Working Capital Fund is to be increased/decreased by thesurplus/deficit in the General Fund.4. FUNDS HELD FOR CONTRACTING PARTIESThe funds held for Contracting Parties is an advance contribution from Japan in the amount of $108,500.5. INTERFUND TRANSFERSThe Governing Council approved the transfer of $97,000 at the beginning of 2006 from the WorkingCapital Fund to the General Fund (Decision 05/A/3/ii) in order to facilitate in the reduction of the annualcontribution fee per Contracting Part.The Governing Council approved the transfer of funds from the Working Capital Fund to restore theTrust Fund to $110,000 (Decision 06/A/4/ii). The amount of the transfer was $17,795.76

F&A-20076. VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AND GRANTSWorking Capital Fund Trust FundAFSC (U.S.A.) contribution for ESSAS/PICES Workshop $ 5,643 $ -PIFSC (U.S.A.) contribution for interim meeting 3,003 -Contributions for 2006 CCCC Symposium:GLOBEC 11,380 -GLOBEC (U.S.A.) 13,787 -KORDI (Korea) 3,431 -WPFMC (U.S.A.) 17,361 -DFO (Canada) contribution for 2006 Line-P Symposium 3,975 -GLOBEC contribution for Zooplankton Symposium 5,339 -Korean contribution for position at Secretariat 19,200 -NPRB (U.S.A.) funds for the Bering Sea Indicators Project 44,090 -NPRB (U.S.A.) contribution for young scientists 16,743 -Contributions for Intern Program:AFSC (U.S.A.) - 11,286PIFSC (U.S.A.) - 17,094SCOR travel grants for the CCCC Symposium and PICES XV - 16,675$ 143,952 $ 45,0557. INTEREST AND OTHER INCOMEWorking CapitalFundTrustFundRelocation andHome LeaveFundInterest income $ 12,367 $ 3,125 $ 2,938Income tax levies 47,502 - -GST, PST and WCB rebates 8,110 - -Registration Fees for PICES XV 67,298 - -Registration Fees for CCCC Symposium 12,217 - -Registration Fees for Line-P Symposium 7,855 - -Registration Fees for Zooplankton Symposium 4,491 - -Other income 1,609 - -$ 161,449 $ 3,125 $ 2,9388. PERSONNEL SERVICESThe expenditures from the Working Capital Fund for personnel services in 2006 include retroactive salaryand benefit adjustments for staff members ($14,965) and a lump sum payment to the IFC Pension Plan tocover a deficit ($31,755).9. FOREIGN EXCHANGE LOSSAt year end all funds held in foreign currency (US $73,381) are converted to Canadian dollars using theDecember 31 exchange rate. A foreign exchange loss has been reported on the current year financialstatements; this amount is an unbudgeted item which has been caused by the ongoing fluctuations in theUS dollar (2006 = 1.1653, 2005 =1.1659), and not by the actual purchase or sale of any foreigncurrencies.77

F&A-200710. FINANCIAL STATEMENTSA statement of cash flows has not been presented, as the required information is readily apparent from theother financial statements presented and the notes to the financial statements.F&A Endnote 4Payment schedule of annual contributions, 2000–2007Canada China Japan Korea Russia U.S.A.2000 Feb. 9, 00 Aug. 29, 00 Nov. 30, 99 June 1, 00 Nov. 2, 00 Jan. 18, 002001 Jan. 24, 01 Dec. 10, 01 Dec. 13, 00 Aug. 23, 01 May 18, 01 Jan. 3, 012002 Jan. 21, 02 Oct. 8, 02 Nov. 27, 01 Aug. 26, 02 June 10, 02 Dec. 24, 012003 Jan. 13, 03 Oct. 3, 03 Dec. 11, 02 May 5, 03 Apr. 2, 03 Dec. 6, 022004 Jan. 5, 04 Aug.10, 04 Dec. 26, 03 Mar. 24, 04 Mar. 2, 04 Feb. 9, 042005 Dec. 24, 04 Sept. 22, 05 Mar. 2, 05 Mar. 30, 05 Mar. 31, 05 Jan. 10, 052006 Dec. 28, 05 Aug. 1, 06 Dec. 15, 05 Feb. 8, 06 Feb. 28, 06 Jan. 30, 062007 Jan. 23, 07 July 3, 07 Dec. 5, 06 Apr. 3, 07 Feb. 13, 07 Jan. 10, 07F&A Endnote 5External funding and special contributions received since PICES XVSince PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama, Japan), the following extra-budgetary contributions forvarious activities initiated/sponsored by PICES were received:Special projects• The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan, through the Fisheries Agency(JFA), contributed $184,980 for the first year (from April 1, 2007 – March 31, 2008) of the PICESproject on “Development of the prevention systems for harmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim”. The anticipated duration of the Project is 5 years (from April 1, 2007 – March 31, 2012), witha total funding of $924,900.Symposia/sessions/workshops• The North Pacific Research Board (NPRB, U.S.A.) provided US $5,000 for the ESSAS/PICESworkshops on “Evaluation of climate scenarios for sub-Arctic regions” and “The role of seasonal seaice cover in marine ecosystems” (June 4–6, 2007, Hakodate, Japan), and US $10,000 for the FISworkshop on “Forecasting climate impacts on future production of commercially exploited fish andshellfish” (July 19–20, 2007, Seattle, U.S.A.).• The Fisheries Research Agency of Japan co-sponsored the 2007 inter-sessional Science Board/Governing Council meeting and the workshop to develop a Science Plan for a Future IntegrativeScientific Program (FISP) of PICES (April 16–19, 2007, Yokohama, Japan).• The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) co-sponsored the FIS/CCCC/BIOTopic Session on “Fisheries interactions and local ecology” and the POC/CCCC/MONITOR TopicSession on “Operational forecast of oceans and ecosystems” at PICES XVI, by covering travel costsof some invited speakers for these sessions.78

F&A-2007• The Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Project (GLOBEC) co-sponsored the CCCC/FIS TopicSession on “Towards ecosystem-based management: Recent developments and successes in multispeciesmodeling” at PICES XVI, by covering travel costs of one invited speaker for this session.• The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the U.S. National Aeronauticsand Space Administration (NASA) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) committed US $50,000,US $20,000 and CND $20,000, respectively, to the symposium on “Effects of climate change on theworld’s oceans” (May 19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain).Capacity building• The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and DFO contributed US $15,000 andCDN $10,000, respectively, to the Trust Fund to support the PICES Intern Program.• The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service and the Korean Ocean Research and DevelopmentInstitute (KORDI) provided US $30,000 and US $2,000, respectively, for the ICES/PICES EarlyCareer Scientists Conference on “New frontiers in marine science” (June 26–29, 2007, Baltimore,U.S.A.). [In 2006, the North Pacific Research Board (U.S.A.) allocated US $15,000 for thisConference.]• The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) allocated US $5,000 to support travel ofscientists from countries with “economies in transition” to PICES XVI, and US $7,500 to thesymposium on “Effects of climate change on the world’s oceans” (May 19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain).• GLOBEC offered US $2,500 to cover travel costs of early career scientists to attend GLOBEC-relatedscientific sessions at PICES XVI.• The International Fisheries Section of the American Fisheries Society, the Mexican Chapter of theWestern Division of the American Fisheries Society, and the U.S. NMFS co-sponsored a 3-dayMODEL training workshop (April 26–28, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico) on “Techniques for buildingmulti-trophic level marine ecosystem models, with special emphasis on NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH” for Ph.D.-level Mexican scientists. Drs. Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.) and SalvadorLluch-Cota (Mexico) coordinated the project.Operations of the PICES Secretariat• Korea contributed $19,200 to support a part-time contract position at the PICES Secretariat.• Fisheries and Oceans Canada provided $15,000 to partially offset expenses for postage.Other• Commercial displays set up around the theme of ocean observatories were organized in conjunctionwith the MONITOR/TCODE Topic Session on “Recent advancements in ocean observing systems:Scientific discoveries, technical developments and data management, analysis and delivery” at PICESXVI. Revenue from the displays is estimated at $4,500.79

F&A-2007F&A Endnote 6Action Plan based on 2007 PICES Publications ReviewActions:To be performed by:A. Managing the Publication Workflow1. Establish a new position (if only temporary) to assist with PICES Secretariat/PICES Finance andcarrying out recommended actions and to consolidate and Administration Committeemanage the whole publications workflow.2. Post the PICES Style Manual (Instructions to Authors and PICES Executive Secretary, PICESEditors) to the PICES website. Add similar information to print Database and Web Administrator,publications as appropriate.publishing contractorsB. Increasing Recognition of PICES as a Publisher1. Include recommended citation formats and summaries of PICES Secretariat and publishingpublications on additional series as appropriate.contractors2. Investigate possibilities of branding PICES at the article level in PICES Secretariat/Commercial publishersthe journal special issues.3. Add information on the PICES publications introductory web PICES Database and Web Administratorpage for ordering publications as well as more specific contactinformation for publications.C. Enhancing Access through Library and Indexer Cooperation1. Enhance existing OCLC catalog records with links to current PICES/IAMSLIC cooperative effortdigital versions of PICES publications.2. Establish agreements with select libraries for ongoing print PICES/IAMSLIC/Contracting Partiesarchiving, following surveys under Part D.cooperative effort3. Establish agreements with commercial indexers that insure PICES Secretariat/Commercial indexingindexing of all PICES publications to the article level.partnership4. Add all publications to a searchable digital repository following PICES Secretariatpilot project in Part E.D. Improving Distribution Efficiencies1. Review and enhance data on distribution lists. PICES Secretariat2. Create and conduct surveys of each of the three groups of PICES PICES Secretariat/IAMSLIC cooperativedistribution recipients and Contracting Parties.effort3. Add RSS functionality to website. PICES Database and Web AdministratorE. Increasing Visibility and Ensuring Perpetuity through a DigitalRepository1. Establish a pilot project to develop a collection of PICES PICES/IAMSLIC cooperative effortPublications in the IAMSLIC digital repository ‘AquaticCommons’.2. Retrospectively scan items to complete the collection of digital PICES Database and Web Administratorpublications.3. Negotiate with publishers for the right to deposit appropriateversions of journal articles into the repository and/or on thePICES website.4. Develop a copyright agreement between PICES and all authorsthat grants PICES rights to archive and provide access to digitalcontent.PICES Secretariat/Commercialpublishing partnershipPICES Secretariat80

F&A-2007F&A Endnote 7PROPOSED FY 2008 BUDGETSource AmountAnnual contributions from six Contracting Parties 666,000Guaranteed adjustments 96,000Net income tax levies 70,000Tax (GST, PST) rebates 10,000Interest 16,000Total 762,000Additional income AmountOverhead from MAFF project 18,500Registration fees from Annual Meeting 40,000Encumbered funds from DFO for postage 5,000Total 63,500External funding AmountEncumbered funds for PICES projectsNPESR 22,920CCCC Symposium 10,470High-priority projects 144,060Anticipated funds for PICES projectsNPESR (from NPRB) 52,9202008 Climate Change Symposium 90,000Total 320,370Category Base Additional Income External fundingPersonnel services 500,000Annual Meeting 40,000 10,000Special meetings/travel 116,000 37,500Publications 56,000 11,000Communications 30,000 5,000Office/Administrative expenses 20,000Projects 320,370Total 762,000 63,500 320,37081

SB-IM-2007REPORT OF THE 2007 INTER-SESSIONAL SCIENCE BOARD MEETINGThe fifth inter-sessional Science Board meeting,with the participation of Governing Council, metfrom 9:00–17:30 hours on April 19, 2007 atWork Pia, Yokohama, Japan, following asuccessful 3-day workshop to develop a scienceplan for the new PICES integrative scientificprogram (FUTURE) prior to the inter-sessionalmeeting. Science Board Chairman, Prof. KuhKim, welcomed participants (SB-IM Endnote 1)to the meeting and thanked Chairman-elect, Dr.John E. Stein, for his efforts in organizing andconvening the workshop and those present at theinter-sessional meeting who had participated atthe workshop. The meeting agenda is providedin SB-IM Endnote 2.Mid-term updates (Agenda Items 2 and 14)Biological Oceanography Committee (BIO)BIO Committee Chairman, Dr. Michael Dagg,reported that BIO is sponsoring/co-sponsoring 2topic sessions, 1 paper session and 2 workshopsat PICES XVI and that convenors and invitedspeakers are in place. Dr. Dagg, who is one ofthe convenors of the 4th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium, to be heldin Hiroshima, Japan, May 28–June 1, 2007,reported that the symposium plans wereprogressing well due to the efforts of the majorconvenor, Dr. Shin-ichi Uye, of Japan, and thePICES Secretariat. A total of 469 abstracts weresubmitted for 10 plenary sessions and 3workshops.The North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) isdeveloping a program entitled “Bering SeaIntegrated Ecosystem Research Program”(BSIERP) in which it is providing $14M to becombined with about $10M (plus logisticalsupport) from the National Science Foundation(NSF) BEST program to study the entire BeringSea ecosystem over a 4- to 6-year timeframe. Anattempt is being made to coordinate funding andscience objectives from NPRB and NSF into asingle “ecosystem level” program with NSFfocusing on lower trophic levels and NPRBfocusing on the upper levels. Proposals are beingreviewed. NPRB is also developing a smaller($6M) IERP for the Gulf of Alaska.The Bering Ecosystem Study (BEST) programwent on its first cruise April 11, 2007 to studythe impact of seasonal ice cover on the shelf ofthe eastern Bering Sea. ESSAS (EcosystemStudies of the Sub-Arctic Seas) is planning aseries of PICES co-sponsored workshops andannual SSC meeting for June 4–8, 2007 inHakodate, Japan. About 40 scientists from 7 ormore countries are expected to attend a 2-dayworkshop on “The role of seasonal sea ice coverin marine ecosystems”, co-convened byMONITOR Vice-Chairman, Dr. Sei-Ichi Saitoh,a 1-day workshop on “Evaluation of futureESSAS climate scenarios” convened byPOC/CFAME member, Dr. James E. Overland,and a ½-day discussion of modeling approachesto comparisons of how climate change willaffect the sub-arctic seas and their ability tosupport sustainable fisheries. ESSAS is involvedin helping to organize an activity in the IPYprogram through a sub-program, EcosystemStudies of Subarctic and Arctic Regions(ESSAR), which IPY has chosen to be the leadgroup for about 20 groups. The OceanicEcodynamics Comparison in the SubarcticPacific (OECOS) program, in which the westernand eastern gyres of the subarctic North Pacificwere to be compared, was funded by Japan tostudy the western gyre. The Japanese team, ledby Dr. Tom Ikeda, completed its first,exploratory, cruise (March 6–16, 2007) and asecond, longer cruise is scheduled soon. The U.S.proposal to study the eastern gyre, led by Dr.Charles B. Miller, was submitted to NSF anddeclined. Dr. Miller will look elsewhere forfunding.Dr. Dagg has now received draft terms ofreference from IFEP-AP to form a WorkingGroup with proposed title “Iron Supply and itsImpact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems inthe North Pacific Ocean”. New members fromadditional PICES countries are being considered,83

SB-IM-2007and a new hypothesis on the mechanismscontrolling phytoplankton production in thesubarctic North Pacific is being formulated.IFEP Co-Chairman, Dr. C.S. Wong, is preparinga synthesis manuscript as a contribution to Dr.Atushi Tsuda’s special volume on SEEDS I andII and SERIES.Fishery Science Committee (FIS)FIS Committee Chairman, Dr. Gordon H. Kruse,informed the meeting that FIS will besponsoring/co-sponsoring 5 topic sessions and 2workshops at PICES XVI. PICES ScientificReport No. 33 of the “PICES/NPRB workshop onintegration of ecological indicators of the NorthPacific with emphasis on the Bering Sea” wasfinalized and published in December 2006 and Dr.Kruse has arranged to publish a special issue inthe journal Fisheries Research for PICES XVItopic session S4, “Ecosystem approach tofisheries: Improvements on traditionalmanagement for declining and depleted stocks.”The FIS Committee recommended that PICESco-sponsor the Linking Herring Symposium, tobe held in Galway, Ireland from August 26–29,2008, by funding travel for PICES members, Drs.Brenda Norcross and Prof. Yoshiro Watanabe, toattend. The Committee also recommended thatPICES co-sponsor the CLIOTOP Symposium(see Agenda Item 11).The FIS Committee recommended publicationof the WG 16 report on “Impacts of climate andclimate change on the key species in thesubarctic Pacific” after a FIS sub-committee hadreviewed a revised draft. Prior to publication, anumber of scientific and technical issues must beaddressed by WG 16 report authors. WGmember, Dr. Steven Bograd, will work withreport author, Dr. Richard Beamish, to prepare asynopsis. Science Board raised concerns aboutthe relevancy of a body of work to be publishedin 2008 when the report had been approved byCouncil in 2003. Another concern was that thecontents needed to reflect what was stated in thetitle of the report.ActionDr. Kruse:2.FIS.1 Confirm that Dr. Bograd is workingwith Dr. Beamish on a WG 16 reportsynopsis and that WG 16 reportcontents and title match. Dr. Kruse tosend subcommittee comments to Dr.Beamish to be addressed prior tosubmission to the PICES Secretariat.Dr. Kruse to review the next revision toverify that the final satisfactory editshave been made.Marine Environmental Quality Committee(MEQ)Dr. Glen Jamieson, Chairman of the MEQCommittee informed everyone that he, as Co-Chairman of the Working Group on EcosystembasedManagement Science and its Applicationto the North Pacific (WG 19), had beennominated by PICES to co-convene ThemeSession R, “The ecosystem approach: What isthe impact on marine science, science basedadvice and management of marine ecosystems?”at the ICES Annual Science Conference (ASC)in Helsinki, Finland to be held September 17–21,2007. The Harmful Algal Bloom Section (HAB-S) Co-Chairman, Dr. Vera Trainer, submitted aproposal to Japan to fund an early warningsystem for toxins in seafood and seawater indeveloping countries.Working Group on Non-indigenous AquaticSpecies (WG 21) has been working ondeveloping its links with ICES/IOC/IMOWorking Group on Ballast and Other ShipVectors (WGBOSV) and ICES Working Groupon Introductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms (WGITMO) and all 3 groups willmeet May 24–25, 2007 to forge links betweenPICES and ICES for joint projects. Work hasbeen slow on completing WG 21’s terms ofreference 1–4. WG Co-Chairman, Darlene Smith,did not receive much feedback from China orKorea and suggested that members shouldparticipate throughout the year – not just at theAnnual Meeting. WG21 is involved in 2 topicsessions and 1 workshop at PICES XVI. TheWG had requested a topic session on invasivespecies, but agreed to postpone their requestuntil the Annual Meeting in Dalian, China,owing to the fifth International Conference on“Marine bioinvasions” taking place in May 2007.84

SB-IM-2007The Working Group recommended to ScienceBoard the appointment to Co-Chairman ofWG21 member, Dr. Vasily Radashevsky.Technical Committee on Monitoring(MONITOR)MONITOR Vice-Chairman, Dr. Sei-Ichi Saitoh,reported on the status of the ContinuousPlankton Recorder Survey in the North PacificAdvisory Panel (CPR-AP). The E–W(Vancouver, Canada–Japan) transect has a newCTD fluorometer mounted on the CPR andsampling was completed between March 19–April 3, 2007, with plans to sample twice morein 2007. The N–S transect (Cook Inlet–PugetSound, U.S.A.) was sampled from April 7–11,and will continue to be sampled approximatelymonthly until September 2007. Funding for theN–S transect is in place for the entire 2007 fieldseason but the E–W transect was funded only forthe sampling that just took place. The Sir AlisterHardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS)is prepared to cover the costs of the summer andfall transects in order to ensure that there will beno gaps in sampling, but it is crucial that fundingbe sought beyond 2007. There will be nofunding for either transect beyond 2007, butproposals will be submitted to the Exxon ValdesOil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC) and aproposal to the NSF is being considered.Executive Secretary, Dr. Alexander Bychkov,informed members that the Secretariat and CPR-AP member, Dr. Sonia Batten, are workingtogether to place the E–W database on thePICES website.The GOOS Scientific Steering Committee (SSG-GOOS) has endorsed the North Pacific CPRprogram as an ocean monitoring tool. Theeleventh session of the IOC/WESTPACCoordinating Committee for the NEAR-GOOStook place in Bangkok, Thailand, January 18–19,2007, in which SG-GOOS member, Dr.Vacheslay Lobanov, presented a report onMONITOR and its GOOS-related activities. TheNEAR-GOOS Coordinating Committeeexpressed intentions to keep in close contactwith PICES on developing ocean monitoring inthe North Pacific and its marginal seas. AtPICES XV, SSG-GOOS recommended that theexisting GOOS program should be coordinatedby PICES and a North Pacific GOOS pilotproject should not be initiated. Therefore, termsof reference will need to be revised andproposed at PICES XVI. Dr. Phillip Mundyattended the 10th session of the GOOS SSC(GSSC-X) in Seoul, Korea on March 13–16,2007, and submitted a report of GSSC-X to theSecretariat that will not only initiate theexchange of information between GSSC andPICES entities engaged in ocean observingactivities, but will also serve GSSC as areference to the ocean observing activities ofPICES.MONITOR will be sponsoring 1 topic sessionand co-sponsoring 1 topic session and 1 WS atPICES XVI.ActionDr. Alexander2.MONITOR.1 Contact new Exxon Valdesprogram managers regardingCPR funding.2.MONITOR.2 Check if NSF will fund CPRuntil EVOS can get its fundingin place if there is a fundinggap.Drs. Napp/Saitoh2.MONITOR.3 propose new terms of referencefor GOOS at PICES XVI.Physical Oceanography and ClimateCommittee (POC)POC Committee Chairman, Dr. MichaelForeman, presented his Committee report toScience Board. POC will be sponsoring a papersession and co-sponsoring 3 topic sessions and 1workshop at PICES XVI. Dr. Foreman will be aco-convenor at the ICES/PICES/IOCSymposium on “Effects of climate change on theworld oceans” scheduled for May 19–23, 2008in Gijón, Spain. The Committee’s Action Planhas been updated and in the next 5 years POCwants to address the coordination of carbonrelatedissues in the North Pacific and theevaluation of climate change projections fromthe 4th assessment report of IPCC. POC/WG 20plans to determine the major circulation andphysical/geochemical changes for the North85

SB-IM-2007Pacific and its marginal seas as projected by thelatest global climate models, and plans toprovide a summary of these changes in a mannerthat will be useful to other PICES Committeesand Groups.The Section on Carbon and Climate (CC-S) isprogressing very well and wants to add moremembers (from Canada and Japan). The BestPractices Guide website has been set up andnumerous reviews have been received. Plans areto have the manual ready in June prior to theIOC meeting. CC-S is addressing its first term ofreference by initiating the data synthesis process,and is proceeding as planned. Partial travelsupport was provided to WG 20 members, Drs.Muyin Wang and Enrique Curchitser to attendthe ESSAS workshop (see BIO Committeereport, above) in Hakodate, Japan, from June 4-8,2007. WG 20 members, Drs. Ig-Chan Pang andJai-Ho Oh, will work together to adapt Dr. Oh’shigh-resolution atmospheric model to an oceancirculation model for the Yellow and East ChinaSeas. The Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICESProgram in East Asian Marginal Seas(CREAMS/PICES-AP) will be holding theirinter-sessional meeting in Qingdao, China, onMay 18–19, 2007. Plans are being made to havea second summer school, in Hakodate in 2008.A special issue of the Journal of Marine Systems,arising from selected papers presented in theCREAMS/PICES international workshop on“Model/data intercomparison for the Japan/EastSea”, held August 21–25, 2006 in Busan, Korea,is tentatively scheduled for publication by theend of 2007. A joint Korean–Russian cruise andKorean–Japanese cruise will take place in theJapan/East Sea in 2007.Technical Committee on Data Exchange(TCODE)TCODE Technical Committee Chairman, Dr.Igor Shevchenko, announced that the Committeewill continue to support HAB-S work with theHAE-DAT and required metadata. TheCommittee is sponsoring 1 topic session and isorganizing 1 scientific/e-poster session at PICESXVI. TCODE is collaborating with the ICESWorking Group on Data and InformationManagement (WGDIM) and has 1 TCODEmember (Georgy Moiseenko) who is also amember of WGDIM. TCODE is continuing itsFederated Metadata project. In 2005 Koreabecame a member of the PICES MarineMetadata Federation, and Far East Russiabecame a partner shortly after. In 2006 Japanjoined, completing the Phase II MetadataFederation proposal to include Japan. Phase IIIis being carried out to bring China into theFederation. The PICES Metadata Federationnow includes 5 nodes from 4 countries (Japan,Republic of Korea, Russia, and U.S.A.). AChinese node will be added in 2007. TCODE isinvestigating the utility of an Asian-sidemetadata server. TCODE is continuing to workclosely with the Secretariat on providing adviceon information archiving and e-publishing, andinteracting with MONITOR to coordinate andmanage monitoring data.Climate Change and Carrying CapacityProgram Implementation Panel (CCCC-IP)Program Implementation Panel Co-Chairman,Dr. Harold Batchelder, reported that theMODEL Task Team had reached a milestone byhaving 19 contributions on NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH published in a special issue ofEcological Modelling in February 2007.MODEL has been working with the Secretariatto update its website so that there is publicaccess to all MODEL reports, workshoparchives, and NEMURO model code. MODELwas contacted by Dr. Ivo Grigorov of the Euro-Oceans project for the purpose of including theNEMURO models in the Euro-Oceans onlinedatabase of ocean models and CCCC Co-Chairman, Prof. Michio Kishi, worked with Dr.Grigorov to provide the data. Additionalmaterial relating to other NEMURO-relatedmodels and links to the Eur-Oceans project areplanned for the MODEL webpage on the PICESwebsite. MODEL TT Chairman, Dr. ThomasWainwright, and member, Dr. Shin-ichi Ito,attended an FRA international workshop on“Collaborative studies for ecosystem variationand climate change in the North Pacific” heldon October 21–23, 2006, in Yokohama, whichcompared plankton research in the Odate andCalCOFI regions, and considered the use ofNEMURO and related models as tools for future86

SB-IM-2007studies in the two regions. The project onSoftware framework for integrating marineecosystem model, which was funded by NOAAin 2005, is still in progress, and it is expectedthat the Fortran model code will be available inthe summer of 2007, with documentation andweb interface later in the year. The project willintegrate NEMURO and NEMURO.FISH in theEarth System Modeling Framework (ESMF),provide a web-based interface for the NEMUROand NEMURO.FISH models, and provide users’guides and documentation on the web. MODELTT member, Dr. Francisco Werner, led aproposal to the U.S. NSF Partnership forInternational Research and Education (PIRE)program for the purpose of linking Norwegian,Japanese, and U.S. research on marineecosystems and forecasting. This project willhave a strong emphasis on education as well asresearch, with inclusion of summerschools/workshops to be held in Japan, Norwayand NCAR in the U.S. Research objectivesinclude the study of climate effects on subarcticmarine ecosystems, and thus would be related towork under the ESSAS program. A finaldecision should be made by June 2007.An inter-sessional Climate Forecasting andMarine Ecosystems (CFAME) Task Teamworkshop on “Linking climate-forcingmechanisms to indicators of species ecosystemlevelchanges: A comparative approach” isplanned for May 21–23, 2007, in Seattle, U.S.A.Planning for this workshop, which was to focuson formalizing conceptual mechanisms ofclimate forcing and then apply comparativeapproaches to the California Current system, theSea of Okhotsk, the East China/Yellow Seas,and the Kuroshio/Oyashio Current system, hasbeen slow. Originally intended to complete workbegun at the 2006 ASC, an agenda has not yetbeen developed, the venue was selected onlyrecently, and CFAME national representation ismade up only by Canada, U.S. and Japan.As the CCCC Program is nearing its completion,Dr. Batchelder presented a proposed PICESscientific report outline on the summary of the4Cs Program and stated that any feedback fromScience Board would be welcome. The reportwill take approximately 1½ years to finish.CCCC and/or its Task Teams will be cosponsoring3 topic sessions and 1 workshop, andthe Program will sponsor a paper session atPICES XVI.Report of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting (Agenda Item 3)Dr. Skip McKinnell, PICES Deputy ExecutiveSecretary, presented the findings of the report onthe behalf of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting Chairman, Mr. Robin Brown.From the terms of reference created underScience Board (Decision 06/S/6), the SGdeveloped 4 options for consideration at theinter-sessional Science Board/GoverningCouncil meeting. Science Board was able tonarrow the options down to 2: Incrementalimprovement ESR and integrated ecosystemassessment. Members were divided as towhether the ESR should tie in with FUTURE orcould be started earlier. Dr. Bychkov stated thatfunds were available but that people willing todevote time to the report was an issue. Therewas consensus that the report was a flagshipproduct of PICES and should not be abandoned.ActionSG-ESR3.0 Finalize the report within 1 month and, onbehalf of Science Board, submit to Councilin order to determine what membercountries consider the preferred option.Report of the Study Group on MarineAquaculture and Ranching in the PICESRegion (Agenda Item 4)Tasks were circulated to members of the StudyGroup on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching inthe PICES Region by Study Group Chairman,Dr. Michael Rust, but responses could not becollected and summarized in time to present aprogress report to the inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting in Yokohama.Status of proposed publications (Agenda Item 5)The Executive Secretary reviewed the items thatwere slated for publication or had beenpublished. FIS Chairman, Dr. Kruse, stated that87

SB-IM-2007arrangements had been made with the journalFisheries Research to have a special issue onselected papers from PICES XVI Topic Session,“Ecosystem approach to fisheries:Improvements on traditional management fordeclining and depleted stocks”, and requestedthat this item be added to the PICES list ofproposed publications for 2007 and beyond.Status of proposed inter-sessional workshops/symposia (Agenda Item 6)The proposal by Prof. Kishi for a 4thInternational Workshop on Okhotsk Sea andadjacent areas was deferred from summer 2007to 2008 so that a financial request could be madeat PICES XVI. NOAA has contributed $30Ktowards costs for the Early Career ScientistsConference scheduled for June 26–29, 2007 inBaltimore, U.S.A.Status of preparations for PICES XVI(Agenda Item 7)Good progress is being made on preparations forPICES XVI in Victoria, Canada, with the venueset and invited speakers in place for the ScienceBoard Symposium. The meeting in Victoria willbe 1 day longer because of the addition of theFISP Workshop on FUTURE. At PICES XV inYokohama, Science Board had proposed 4parallel sessions for the meeting in Victoria butCouncil recommended that the sessions bereduced to 3. Science Board was able toimplement the request by adjusting the durationof some sessions. GLOBEC and ICES havecontributed funds to co-sponsor 1 and 2 topicsessions, respectively. Visas to Canada will needto be issued for only Chinese and Russianparticipants.Selection of PICES XVII theme (Agenda Item 8)The Science Board Chairman stated that becausethe proposed theme for PICES XVII in Dalian,China, was received just prior to PICES XV,Science Board did not have time to review it fordiscussion at that time, but the members did notethat the original proposal was too narrow todraw wide participation for the next AnnualMeeting. Since FUTURE will be implemented atPICES XVII, Prof. Kim felt it would beappropriate to make the Science BoardSymposium the occasion to address the finalthemes of FUTURE and highly desirable toinvite speakers to the Science Board Symposiumwho will play a key role in FUTURE. He notedthat a number of key words in China’s originalproposal are the same as those addressed in theFISP planning documents, and considered itreasonable to prepare an abstract in anticipationof those invited speakers although the keyplayers for FUTURE were not yet known. Adraft of the science plan for FUTURE will bepresented at an Open Forum at PICES XVI andit is anticipated that Science Board will have abetter idea of the scope and themes for FUTUREby this time. Prof. Kim therefore proposedfinalizing the theme abstract for PICES XVII atthe Science Board meeting immediately after theclosing of PICES XVI so that the science plandraft could be considered.ActionScience Board:8.0 Finalize the theme abstract by PICES XVI.2007 Wooster Award (Agenda Item 9)Three nominations for the 2007 Wooster Awardwere reviewed and discussed by Science Boardin camera. The recipient will be announced atPICES XVI. The remaining 2 nominations willremain for consideration at next year’s intersessionalmeeting.Capacity building actions (Agenda Item 10)Professor Kishi will undertake the responsibilityto co-ordinate scheduling and venue for a fourthinternational workshop on the “Okhotsk Sea andadjacent areas”, a second OECOS workshop (tobe proposed at PICES XVI), and a secondCREAMS/PICES summer school in 2008. Dr.Bychkov requested that the Secretariat beinformed on details for the second summer schoolas soon as they were known. BrainKorea21, theKorea-PICES, Korea-GLOBEC and China’sSOA support matching funds with PICES toallow the participation of Korean and Chineseearly career scientists, respectively, in PICESAnnual Meetings and workshops/symposia.88

SB-IM-2007ActionProf. Kishi10.1 Co-ordinate scheduling and venue for 3events proposed to take place in 2008 withthe other convenors.Interactions with other organizations(Agenda Item 11)The FIS Committee recommended that PICESco-sponsor the CLIOTOP (CLimate Impacts onOceanic TOp Predators) Symposium to be heldLa Paz, Mexico, from December 3–7, 2007, bysupporting the attendance of 2 plenary speakers,Drs. William Sydeman (or alternate GeorgeHunt) and Nathan Mantua.The Mexican Fisheries Society and the MexicanChapter of the American Fisheries Society willbe holding their first biannual meeting on“Challenges to fisheries and aquatic sciences inMexico” from May 2–4, 2007 in La Paz, Mexico.PICES will use this meeting as a vehicle to bringawareness of PICES activities to the Mexicanscientific community and to encourage interestand participation in potential affiliation withPICES. Dr. Stein will attend a plenary meetingto present information on the vision andactivities of PICES. A stand will be set up todisplay PICES books, special publications,selected Scientific Reports, and recent primaryjournals of interest to Centro de InvestigacionesBiológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). Thepublications will remain with CIBNOR’s librarywhich PICES has added to its mailing list.Science Board declined the North AtlanticSalmon Conservation Organization’s (NASCO)invitation to co-sponsor a symposium on“Salmon at sea – Causes of marine mortality ofPacific and Atlantic salmon and implications fortheir management” scheduled for 2010 mainlybecause the topic was not of interest to allPICES member countries.Science Board endorsed the proposal to cosponsora GLOBEC/Eur-Oceans/FAOsymposium on “Coping with global change inmarine social-ecological systems” scheduled forJuly 2008 in Rome, Italy. Members thought itwould be useful topic for FUTURE to move intoas well as being relevant to the Ecosystem StatusReport.Science Board endorsed the Secretariat’sproposal to mail the WOCE Pacific Ocean Atlasof physical and chemical parameters, compiledby Dr. Lynne Talley of Scripps Institution ofOceanography, to Chinese and Russian libraries.To minimize distribution costs, the atlas will bepresented to Chinese and Russian participants atPICES XVI to take back to their respectivelibraries.ActionDr. Kruse/Secretariat:11.1 Send a letter to NASCO declining theirinvitation.Secretariat:11.2 Provide WOCE atlases to Chinese/Russianlibraries in care of selected scientists whenthey come to PICES XVI.Status of proposed changes in membership(Agenda Item 12)As there was still concern about lack ofmembership or participation in some PICEScategories, the Secretariat will send formalletters of request for members to be appointedfrom Canada, China, and Korea. Dr. Sinjae Yoo,national delegate of Korea, indicated that therewas an expert who expressed interest in joiningMBM-AP.ActionSecretariat:12.1 Send letters of request for members for CC-S and MBM-AP to national delegates.Dr. Yoo:12.2 Ensure that letter from MBM expert ischanneled to the Secretariat.Committee Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen(Agenda Item 13)The Science Board Chairman instructedCommittee Chairmen whose terms were comingto an end to consult with the Secretariat aboutreplacements or extensions so that these could bein place to ensure stability for the implementationof FUTURE. He also asked that an open mind be89

SB-IM-2007kept about having Vice-Chairmen on Committeesthat currently do not have them.Other items (Agenda Item 14)The Study Group on Scientific Cooperation(SG-SC) between PICES and non-membercountries was approved by Council at PICESXV in 2006 (Decision 06/A/6). SG Chairman,Dr. Laura Richards, thanked Science Boardmembers for their comments on the draft reportbeing presented at the inter-sessional meeting.Dr. Richards stated that the purpose of the reportwas to try to identify options and proposemechanisms for scientific cooperation betweenPICES and non-member countries. The SGstrongly urged the same membership to be keptrather than expanding the terms of theConvention. The SG looked at affiliate statusand asked Science Board to consider what kindof roles they would like affiliate countries tohave. Suggested questions included: 1) Whatwould be the processes for selecting an affiliateinstitution? 2) How would PICES interact withscientists from non-affiliate institutions in acountry with a recognized affiliate? 3) What wouldbe the costs to the Secretariat that would beassociated with expanded scientific cooperation?Dr. Bychkov announced that national delegatefor Korea, Dr. Ig-Chan Pang, will make astatement on Korea’s acceptance to host PICESXVIII at Council’s inter-sessioanl meeting,April 20, 2007. The Annual Meeting will takeplace October 2009 in Seoul, Busan, or Yosu.Science Board endorsed the idea of presenting aPICES award certificate to an organization(s),group(s), or individual(s) that have contributedto marine science in the North Pacific throughlong-term monitoring and/or data managementof various ocean conditions and marineresources. Nominations and letters ofrecommendation can be sent to the Secretariat.Recommendation for a recipient(s) will be madeby the MONITOR and TCODE TechnicalCommittees with final approval to be made byScience Board. (Update: On May 6, 2007,Science Board voted to have the award namedthe “PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award(POMA)”. A description of the new award willbe finalized at PICES XVI and the first POMAwill be awarded at PICES XVII.)Dr. Batchelder announced that Professor Kishiwas awarded the Japan Oceanographic Prize ofthe Oceanographic Society of Japan in early2007 and that in the previous year he was therecipient of the Uda Prize, awarded by the JapanSociety of Fisheries Oceanography.ActionDr. Batchelder14.1 Circulate the SG-SC draft report to ScienceBoard for review and comments.Dr. Kim14.2 Circulate proposed titles of a PICES awardcertificate to Science Board for review andfinalization.SB-IM Endnote 1Participation listScience Board membersHarold P. Batchelder (Co-Chairman, CCCC-IP)Michael J. Dagg (Chairman, BIO)Michael G. Foreman (Chairman, POC)Glen Jamieson (Chairman, MEQ)Kuh Kim (Chairman, Science Board)Michio J. Kishi (Co-Chairman, CCCC-IP)Gordon H. Kruse (Chairman, FIS)Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Co-Chairman, MONITOR)Igor I. Shevchenko (Chairman, TCODE)John E. Stein (Chairman-elect, Science Board)Gongke Tan (Representative of People’sRepublic of China)Sinjae Yoo (Representative of Republic of Korea)90

SB-IM-2007Governing Council members and advisorsVera Alexander (Past Chairman, PICES)Lev N. Bocharov (Vice-Chairman, PICES)Anna Karulina (advisor, Russia)Oleg Katugin (advisor, Russia)Kyoung-Jin Kim (alternate delegate, Republic ofKorea)Tokimasa Kobayashi (advisor, Japan)Hideki Nakano (national delegate, Japan)Ig-Chan Pang (national delegate, Republic ofKorea)Samuel Pooley (national delegate, U.S.A.)Laura Richards (national delegate, Canada)Igor Shevchenko (advisor, Russia)Gongke Tan (alternate national delegate,People’s Republic of China)Yuji Uozumi (advisor, Japan)Tokio Wada (Chairman, PICES)PICES SecretariatAlexander Bychkov (Executive Secretary)Christina Chiu (Deputy Executive Secretary onAdministration)Skip McKinnell (Deputy Executive Secretary)SB-IM Endnote 2Science Board/Governing Council Inter-sessional meeting agendaThursday, April 19, 20071. Welcome and introduction2. Mid-term update on activities ofCommittees and CCCC Program and theirsubsidiary bodies2.1 BIO Committee (Michael J. Dagg)2.2 FIS Committee (Gordon H. Kruse)2.3 MEQ Committee (Glen Jamieson)2.4 POC Committee (Michael G. Foreman)2.5 MONITOR Technical Committee (Sei-Ichi Saitoh)2.6 TCODE Technical Committee (IgorShevchenko)2.7 CCCC-IP (Harold Batchelder; MichioKishi)3. Report of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting4. Report of the Study Group on MarineAquaculture and Ranching in the PICESRegion5. Status of proposed publications6. Status of proposed inter-sessionalworkshops/symposia7. Status of preparations for PICES XVI8. Selection of PICES XVII theme (China,2008)9. 2007 Wooster Award10. Capacity building actions11. Interactions with other organizations12. Status of proposed changes in membershipfor committees/program and their subsidiarybodies13. Committee Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen14. Other items91

SB-2007REPORT OF SCIENCE BOARDThe Science Board met from 12:30–14:00 onOctober 28, 2007, to review the agenda and todiscuss items related to the upcoming scientificsessions at the Annual Meeting and other topics.An Open Science Forum on the next integrativescience program of PICES, FUTURE(Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainty and Responses of North PacificMarine Ecosystems), version 4.2, was heldNovember 1 from 17:30–18:30. OnNovember 3, the Study Group on the FutureIntegrative Science Plan met for a 1-dayworkshop to review and discuss commentsreceived from the PICES Committees/Programand broader community and to discuss tasks andschedules of the final draft. Science Boardreconvened November 4 from 9:00–17:30 toaddress the remainder of the agenda. Ms.Rosalie Rutka served as rapporteur for theScience Board meetings (See SB Endnote 1 for alist of participants).October 28, 2007Science Board Chairman, Dr. Kuh Kim,welcomed members and guests and called themeeting to order. The agenda was discussed andadopted as presented in SB Endnote 2.Review of procedures for Science BoardSymposium and Session awards and ClosingSession (Agenda Item 2)Science Board agreed that one Best Oral and oneBest Poster Presentation Award would be givenby each Committee/Program Chairman (theexception being the MONITOR and TCODECommittees, which would split the Best Oraland Best Poster Presentation awards), regardlessof the number of Topic/Contributed PapersSessions sponsored. Committee/ProgramChairmen would select Best Oral Presentationrecipients who were early career scientists fromthese sessions. The Science Board SymposiumBest Oral Presentation Award would be open toeveryone, as would Best Poster PresentationAwards for all sessions. Each Chairman wasresponsible for selecting the award recipients.The Closing Session would consist of a briefsummary by the Science Board Chairman ofhow eligibility for the awards was determined,followed by presentations of awards from eachCommittee and Program. It was agreed thatCommittee/Program Chairmen would encourageaward recipients to remain for the ClosingSession.Relations with specific internationalprograms/organizations (Agenda Item 3)Invited observers, Dr. Francisco E. Werner(Chairman of GLOBEC Scientific SteeringCommittee), R. Ian Perry (Chairman ofGLOBEC Scientific Steering Committee as ofJanuary 1, 2008) and Dr. Adolf Kellermann(Head, ICES Science Programme) gavepresentations on their respective organizations.Drs. Perry and Kellermann invited PICES to cosponsorvarious events. Dr. Bjørn Sundby(President, SCOR Executive Committee) invitedPICES to be involved in a SCOR WorkingGroup and to partner with SCOR in capacitybuilding by establishing an oceanographicschool(s) in developing regions of the world.Members were unanimously in favour ofaccepting affiliates to the North Pacific MarineScience Organization but needed more time toreview and discuss the criteria for acquiringPICES affiliate status. Science Board agreed tocontinue discussions at the next (inter-sessional)meeting.Report of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting (Agenda Items 4 and 13)The Chairman of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting, Mr. Robin Brown, presentedthe final report of the Study Group’s views on93

SB-2007producing the next version of the North PacificEcosystem Status Report (NPESR). At therequest of Governing Council at the 2007 intersessionalScience Board/Governing Councilmeeting, the Study Group augmented its reportto include estimates of the in-direct (in-kind)costs to the Members of preparing electronic andpaper versions of the report.Science Board unanimously endorsedproceeding with the “Incremental Improvement”Ecosystem Status Report which builds on theexperiences of the pilot project. The timelinefor completion of the report is anticipated to be 2years after initiation, based upon estimatesprovided by the Secretariat. The next report isanticipated to require workshops organizedalong disciplinary lines to fill some of theobvious gaps that arose during the developmentof the pilot project. To facilitate bettercomparisons among regions and a morecomprehensive synthesis, greater top-downcontrol of the report will be needed forcontinuity and standardization.The report could be integrated closely withFUTURE since FUTURE and the NPESR wereidentified as high priority activities (at the 2005inter-sessional Science Board/GoverningCouncil meeting in Seattle, U.S.A.). ScienceBoard agreed that $40,000 should be set asidefor FUTURE-related activities and that theremainder of the funds currently designated forhigh priority activities should be used for theNPESR. Science Board also recommended that aportion of the NPESR funds should be set asideto provide ongoing updates to the electronicversion of the report. Dr. Skip McKinnell wasunanimously endorsed by Science Board to leadthe preparation and publication of the nextNPESR. Science Board recognized that Dr.McKinnell could not take on this responsibilitywithout some adjustment to his present dutieswithin the PICES Secretariat.Implementation of Science Board recommendationsand Governing Council decisionsfrom PICES XV and the 2007 inter-sessionalSB/GC meeting (Agenda Item 5)Science Board accepted the report on decisionsand recommendations from PICES XV (see GCEndnote 3) and the 2007 inter-sessional ScienceBoard/Governing Council meeting that were ofrelevance.Status of action items from the 2007 intersessionalSB/GC meeting (Agenda Item 6)Dr. Gordon Kruse, Chairman of the FISCommittee, reported that a third draft of the WG16 report on “Impacts of climate and climatechange on the key species in the fisheries of theNorth Pacific”, for publication as a PICESScientific Report, was delivered to him forreview prior to the PICES Sixteenth AnnualMeeting, and that his final review was pending.MONITOR Committee Chairman, Dr. JeffreyNapp, presented the new terms of reference ofthe Committee (MONITOR Endnote 4) whichwould clarify MONITOR’s role in facilitatingcooperation, communication and coordinationamong all ocean observing systems in the NorthPacific.November 4, 2007Report of elections of new CommitteeChairmen (Agenda Item 7)The following reflects changes andcontinuations in Chairmanship/Vice-Chairmanshipfor Scientific and Technical Committeesand expert groups:• Dr. John Stein to replace Dr. Kuh Kim asScience Board Chairman;• Dr. Michael Dagg to serve a second term asBIO Committee Chairman;• Dr. Michael Foreman to serve a second termas POC Committee Chairman;• Dr. Hiroya Sugisaki to replace Dr. JeffreyNapp as MONITOR Committee Chairman;• Dr. Phillip Mundy to replace Dr. Sei-IchiSaitoh as MONITOR Committee Vice-Chairman;• Dr. Bernard Megrey to replace Dr. IgorShevchenko as TCODE CommitteeChairman;• Dr. Kyu-Kui Jung to replace Dr. BernardMegrey as TCODE Committee Vice-94

SB-2007Chairman;• Dr. Sinjae Yoo to become Vice-Chairman ofScience Board;• Dr. Kerim Aydin to continue as Co-Chairman of CFAME Task Team up to, butnot including, PICES XVII.Reports from Scientific and TechnicalCommittee and IP/EC CCCC ProgramChairmen (Agenda Item 9)Reports were presented by Committee andIP/EC CCCC Program Chairmen to ScienceBoard. Specific details of the individual reportscan be found elsewhere in this Annual Report.Update of Action Plans (Agenda Items 9a and9c)Once the implementation workshop onFUTURE, scheduled for April 2008, has beeninitiated, Action Plans should be updated toalign with the new program.Proposals for inter-sessional activities, includingtravel and publications (Agenda Item 9b)Inter-sessional activities• An inter-sessional meeting of WG 19 onEcosystem-based management science andits application to the North Pacific,February 2008, Seattle, U.S.A.;• An ICES/PICES workshop on “Environmentalinteractions of mariculture”, April2008, Victoria, Canada;• An inter-sessional CFAME workshop on“Linking and visualizing climate forcingmechanisms and marine ecosystem changes:A comparative approach”, April 2008,Honolulu, U.S.A.;• A workshop to develop an ImplementationPlan for future for FUTURE and an intersessionalScience Board/Governing Councilmeeting, April 2008, Seattle, U.S.A.;• An international Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” (cosponsoredby ICES, PICES, IOC, GLOBEC,SCOR and WCRP), May 19–23, 2008,Gijón, Spain;• An international Symposium on “Copingwith global change in marine socialecologicalsystems” (co-sponsored byGLOBEC, EUR-OCEANS, FAO, IRD,SCOR, IMBER and PICES), July 8–11,2008 in Rome, Italy;• A 2nd CREAMS/PICES summer school on“Ecosystem-based management”, August23–25, 2008, Hakodate, Japan;• A 4th International Workshop on “TheOkhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”, August2008, Abashiri, Japan;• An international Symposium on “Herring:Linking biology, ecology and status ofpopulations in the context of changingenvironments” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES and GLOBEC), August 26–29, 2008,Galway, Ireland;• A PICES/CREAMS Workshop on “Fluxstudies in marginal seas”, August 2008,Seoul, Korea;• An ESSAS/PICES workshops at the ESSASAnnual Meeting, September 15–19, 2008,Halifax, Canada;• ICES/PICES Theme Sessions on “Coupledphysical and biological models:Parameterization, validation, and applications”,“Marine spatial planning insupport of integrated management – tools,methods, and approaches”, and “Newmethodology for tracking fish, mammal, andseabird behaviour and migrations” at theICES Annual Science Conference,September 22–26, 2008, Halifax, Canada;• A PICES/ICES Theme Session on “Theeffects of ocean acidification on fisheriesand ecosystems” at the InternationalSymposium on “The Ocean in a High CO 2World – II” (co-sponsored by SCOR, IOC,IAEA and IGBP), October 6–8, 2008,Monaco;• An ICES/PICES/GLOBEC workshop on“Changes in distribution and abundance ofclupeiform small pelagic fish in relation toclimate variability and global change”,November 3–7, 2008, Kiel, Germany;• An International Symposium on “Rebuildingdepleted fish stocks: Biology, ecology,social science and management strategies”(co-sponsored by ICES, PICES and95

SB-2007UNCOVER), November 3–6, 2009,Warnemünde/Rostok, Germany;• An International Symposium on “Collectionand interpretation of fishery-dependentdata” (co-sponsored by ICES, FAO andPICES), summer 2010, Galway, Ireland.Travel requestsPICES XVII• 6 invited speakers for the Science BoardSymposium;• 2 invited speakers for the BIO/OECOSWorkshop;• 1 invited participant to attend the initialmeeting of BIO WG on euphasiids;• 2 invited speakers for MEQ (HAB-S)workshop on Review of selected harmfulalgae in the PICES region: IV. Karenia andProrocentrum;• 1 invited speaker from ICES (ICES to fundspeaker) for the MONITOR/TCODE/BIOTopic Session on “Linking biology,ecology, and physics in our observationalsystems – present status and FUTUREneeds”;• 1 invited speaker for CCCC workshop on“Marine ecosystem model inter-comparisonproject”;• 1 invited speaker for CCCC/POC TopicSession on “Marine system forecastmodels: Moving forward to the FUTURE”.Inter-sessional meetings• 1 MONITOR representative to attend theGOOS Scientific Steering Committeemeeting (GSSC-XI) (April 2008);• $10K for Asian travel to University ofVictoria mariculture workshop (April 14–18, 2008, Victoria, Canada);• A Co-Chairman of WG 20 on Evaluations ofClimate Change Projections, 1 Koreanscientist (Yellow Sea/East China Sea fishexpert) and 1 North American scientist(California Current fish or plankton expert)to attend the CFAME workshop on “Linkingand visualizing climate-forcing mechanismsand marine ecosystem changes: Acomparative approach”, April 15–17, 2008,Honolulu, U.S.A.;• A PICES affiliate member of SCORWorking Group 125 on Global zooplanktoncomparisons to attend the workshop on“Zooplankton and climate: response modesand linkages among regions, regimes, andtrophic levels”, May 18, 2008, Gijon, Spain;• 1 PICES convenor and members of theScientific Steering Committee for theInternational Symposium on “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans”, May19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain;• A PICES member of the Discussion Panelfor the International Symposium on “Copingwith global change in marine socialecologicalsystems”, July 8–11, 2008, Rome,Italy;• 1 invited speaker for the 4th InternationalWorkshop on the “Okhotsk Sea and adjacentareas” (August 2008, Hakodate, Japan);• 1 guest lecturer for a 2nd CREAMS/PICESsummer school on “Biomass-basedmanagement”” (August 23–26, 2008,Hakodate, Japan);• A member of WG 20 and a representative ofthe CCCC Program (an ecosystem modeler)to attend the ESSAS Annual Meeting,September 15–19, 2008, Halifax, Canada;• 1 PICES co-convenor at the ICES AnnualMeeting theme session on “Newmethodology for tracking fish, mammals andmarine seabird migrations and behavior”(September 22–26, 2008, Halifax, Canada);• 1 PICES co-convenor/speaker for an ICESAnnual Meeting theme session on “Coupledphysical and biological models:Parameterization, validation andapplications” (September 22–26, 2008,Halifax, Canada);• 1 PICES co-convenor for ICES AnnualMeeting theme session on “Marine spatialplanning in support of integratedmanagement – tools, methods, andapproaches” (September 22–26, 2008,Halifax, Canada);• A PICES representative and 1 or 2 invitedspeakers to attend the InternationalSymposium on “The ocean in a high CO 2world”, October 6–8, 2008, Monaco;• A PICES convenor for the ICES/PICESWorkshop on “Changes in distribution andabundance of clupeiform small pelagic fishin relation to climate variability and global96

SB-2007change” (November 2008, Kiel, Germany);• A PICES convenor for the symposium on“Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: Biology,ecology, social science and managementstrategies”, November 2–5, 2009,Warnemünde/Rostok, Germany;• A PICES convenor/speaker for theInternational Symposium on “Collection andinterpretation of fishery-dependent data”,summer 2010, Galway, Ireland.PublicationsSpecial issues of primary journals (2008–2009)• Plankton and Benthos Research (2008;Guest Editors: H. Iizumi and K. Ishii) –selected papers from the PICES XV TopicSession on “The human dimension ofjellyfish blooms” (approved in 2006);• Progress in Oceanography (2008; GuestEditors: H. Batchelder and S. Kim) –selected papers from the PICES/GLOBECsymposium on “Climate variability andecosystem impacts on the North Pacific: Abasin-scale synthesis” (approved in 2005);• Journal of Marine Systems (2008; GuestEditors: K.-I. Chang, C. Mooers, J.-H. Yoonand S.-I. Ito) – selected papers from the2006 CREAMS/PICES Workshop on“Model–data inter-comparison for theJapan/East Sea”;• ICES Journal of Marine Science (2008;Guest Editors: M. Dagg, R. Harris, L.Valdez and S.-I. Uye) – Selected papersfrom the 4 th International ZooplanktonProduction Symposium on “Human andclimate forcing of zooplankton populations”(approved in 2007);• Deep-Sea Research II (2008; Guest Editors:W. Peterson and S. Kawaguchi) – Selectedpapers on krill from the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium on“Human and climate forcing of zooplanktonpopulations” (approved in 2007);• ICES Journal of Marine Science (2008;Guest Editors: F. Mueter and E. North) –Selected papers from the ICES/PICES EarlyCareer Scientists Conference on “Newfrontiers in marine science” for a section thethe regular issue (approved in 2007);• Deep-Sea Research II (2008; Guest Editors:A. Tsuda, M. Wells, M. Uematsu and H.Saito) – Selected papers from the SEEDS-IIexperiment;• Journal of Northwest Atlantic FisheryScience (2008; Guest Editors: R.D. Brodeur,M. Dickey-Collas and E. Trippel) – Selectedpapers from the International Symposium on“Reproductive and recruitment processes ofexploited marine fish stocks”;• Fisheries Research (2008; Guest Editors:G.H. Kruse, Y. Ishida, T. Perry, V.Radchenko and C.-I. Zhang) – Selectedpapers from the PICES XVI Topic Sessionon “Ecosystem approach to fisheries:Improvements on traditional managementfor declining and depleted stocks”;• Journal of Oceanography (2008/9; GuestEditors: T. Saino, J.R. Christian, K. Lee andTBA) – selected papers from the PICES XVTopic Session on “Decadal changes incarbon biogeochemistry in the NorthPacific” (approved in 2007);• Deep-Sea Research II (2009; Guest Editors:S. McKinnell, W. Sydeman, S. Minobe) –selected papers on results of PICES XVITopic Session on “Phenology and climatechange in the North Pacific: Implications ofvariability in timing of zooplanktonproduction to fish, seabirds, marinemammals and fisheries (humans)”;• Progress in Oceanography (2009; GuestEditors: B.A. Megrey, J.S. Link and E.Moksness) – selected papers from the ICES/PICES Theme Session on “Comparativemarine ecosystem structure and function:Descriptors and characteristics” at the 2007ICES Annual Science Conference.PICES Scientific Report series (2008–2009)• Report of 2007 FIS workshops on“Forecasting climate impacts on fishproduction” (2008; Editors: A. Hollowed,R. Beamish and M. Schirripa);• Final report of WG 16 on Climate ChangeShifts in Fish Production, and FisheriesManagement (approved in 2002 forpublication in 2004; delayed until early 2008pending review of third draft by FIS;Editors: R. Beamish and A. Yatsu);97

SB-2007• Results of annual HAB workshops on“Review of selected harmful algae in thePICES region”: Alexandrium and Pseudonitzchia(2005), Cochlodinium andDinophysis (2006) and Heterosigma (2007)(2008/2009; Editors: TBD);• Final report of WG19 on Ecosystem-basedmanagement science and its application tothe North Pacific (early 2009; Editors: G.Jamieson, P. Livingston and C.-I. Zhang);• Final report for the CCCC Program (2009;Editor: M. Kishi);• A summary of the activities of the CFAMETask Team (may be merged with CCCCreport).PICES Technical Report series (2008)• An updated version of “Metadata federationof PICES member countries”.Other publications• Summary paper of SEEDS I, II, andSERIES in Eos (2008; S. Takeda);• WG 19 Brochure on “Ecosystem-basedmanagement science and its application tothe North Pacific” (late 2008; G. Jamieson,P. Livingston and C.-I. Zhang);• Results from the CCCC Program distributedamong several chapters of the GLOBECSynthesis Book (2009/2010; H. Batchelderand S. Kim);• Announcement, poster and Book ofAbstracts for PICES XVII;• Two issues of PICES Press (newsletter);• PICES 2008 Annual Report.Other• Rental of web services co-sponsored byTCODE/MONITOR Committees to testPICES web resources capability forFUTURE-related events ($2.5k for 12months).Standing list of international and regionalorganizations and programs (Agenda Item 9d)The Standing List of International Organizationsand Programs facilitates PICES interactions withother programs and indicates high priorityorganizations/programs to whose meetingsPICES should pursue collaborative issues with(see SB Endnote 3 for a revised list).Report of the Study Group on MarineAquaculture and Ranching in the PICESRegion and recommendations for newworking groups and other subsidiary bodiesand (Agenda Items 8 and 10)Dr. Michael Rust, Chairman of the Study Groupon Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in thePICES Region (SG-MAR) presented his group’sfinalized report that addressed the StudyGroup’s four terms of reference. Feedback fromformer WG 18 on Mariculture in the 21stCentury – The Intersection between Ecology,Socio-economics and Production was solicitedas to why the WG had limited success inachieving its terms of reference. Responsesincluded 1) none of the members had input tothe terms of reference, 2) the expertise of themembers were not in synchrony, 3) a lack ofexisting personnel relationships among theWorking Group, and 4) the isolated position ofaquaculture within the larger framework ofPICES. Based on the responses of each PICESmember country, the Study Group developed alist of highest priority needs of marineaquaculture and/or ocean ranching science forthe next 5 to 10 years. Based on the priorities,the Study Group recommended the formation oftwo working groups in marine aquaculture forjoint activities in PICES.Science Board recommended waiting until aftera 2008 ICES/PICES-co-sponsored workshop atthe University of Victoria, Canada, to assesswhether or not there was sufficient interest towarrant establishing a Working Group onEnvironmental Risk Assessment and Interactionsof Marine Aquaculture and a Working Group onTechnology and Management for ProductionAquaculture.Science Board recommended establishing:• a new Working Group on Iron Supply andIts Impact on Biogeochemistry andEcosystems in the North Pacific Oceansubject to adding two additional term ofreferences.98

SB-2007• a new Working Group on Euphausiapacifica in Continental Shelf and SlopeWaters around the Pacific Rim and changingthe species title to the more generic “krill”.Science Board recommended deferring theproposal to form a Study Group on Indicators ofHuman Well-being by MEQ until the nextScience Board inter-sessional meeting whenplans for the Study Group, following a proposedMEQ session on this topic in Dalian (see below),were more fully developed. Science Boardrecommended deferring the proposal for a FISWorking Group on Management Strategies toAddress the Implications of Climate Variabilityand Climate Change on Trends in Fish andShellfish Production until next Annual Meetingso that POC/WG 20 could be involved.PICES XVII theme and description, draftschedule of scientific sessions and workshops(Agenda Item 11)Science Board agreed that the theme for PICESXVII, to be held in Dalian, China, from October23 to November 2, 2008, should be “Beyondobservations to achieving understanding andforecasting in a changing North Pacific:Forward to the FUTURE”. During PICES XVI,Prof. Kuh Kim appointed members, Drs. HaroldBatchelder, Michael Dagg and MichaelForeman, to edit the existing draft of the themefor better comprehension and clarity and to havethe final version prepared for the November 3Science Board meeting (see SB Endnote 4). Thefollowing sessions and workshops, in order ofCommittee/Program, were recommended to beconvened.1-day Science Board SymposiumBeyond observations to achieving understandingand forecasting in a changing North Pacific:Forward to the FUTURE1-day BIO Topic SessionEnd-to-end foodwebs: Impacts of a changingocean½-day BIO/MEQ Topic SessionSeabirds and marine mammals as environmentalindicators½-day BIO Contributed Paper Session1-day BIO WorkshopOceanic ecodynamics comparison in thesubarctic Pacific½-day FIS Topic SessionEffects of fisheries bycatch and discards onmarine ecosystems and methods to mitigate theeffects¾-day FIS Topic SessionInstitutions and ecosystem-based approaches forsustainable fisheries under fluctuating marineresources1-day FIS Contributed Paper Session1-day MEQ Topic SessionConsequences of non-indigenous speciesintroductions½-day MEQ Topic SessionHuman dimension sciences relevance for PICES(later renamed to Connecting the human andnatural dimensions of marine ecosystems andmarine management in the PICES context)½-day MEQ Topic SessionEnvironmental regulation of species succession:The use of long-term data sets to understandHAB species dominance (later renamed toSpecies succession and long-term data setanalysis pertaining to harmful algal blooms)¾-day MEQ/FIS Topic SessionMariculture technology and husbandry foralternate and developing culture species1-day MEQ WorkshopReview of selected harmful algae in the PICESregion: IV. Karenia and Prorocentrum and a ½-day lab demonstration.1-day MONITOR/ TCODE/BIO Topic SessionLinking biology, chemistry, and physics in ourobservational systems – present status andFUTURE needs1-day MONITOR/ESSAS WorkshopStatus of marine ecosystems in the sub-Arctic99

SB-2007and Arctic seas – Preliminary results of IPYfield monitoring in 2007 and 2008¾-day POC Topic SessionCoastal upwelling processes and theirecological effects1-day POC Contributed Paper Session1-day CCCC/POC Topic SessionMarine system forecast models: Moving forwardto the FUTURE1-day CCCC/ESSAS WorkshopMarine ecosystem model inter-comparisons1½-day CCCC/POC/FIS WorkshopClimate scenarios for ecosystem modeling (II)The description of the PICES Ocean MonitoringService Award (POMA) was endorsed byScience Board. (See GC Appendix D)Selection of PICES XVIII theme anddescription (Agenda Item 12)Science Board agreed in principle with theproposed theme for PICES XVIII in Busan,Korea in 2009, entitled “Understandingecosystem dynamics, pursuing ecosystemapproaches to management”.High Priority activities (Agenda Item 13)Science Board updated the list of high priorityactivities, identified at the third inter-sessionalScience Board/Governing Council meeting inSeattle, U.S.A. in 2005, to: (1) Implementation(formerly “Development”) of PICES futureintegrative scientific program, (2) North PacificEcosystem Status Report, and (3) Internationalexchange and capacity building.Next inter-sessional Science Board meeting(Agenda Item 14)Science Board recommended holding the nextinter-sessional Science Board meeting in thethird week of April, 2008 in Seattle, U.S.A., tocoincide with the implementation of the scienceprogram of FUTURE.Other business (Agenda Item 15)Dr. Glen Jamieson, Chairman of the MEQCommittee, presented a brief update of theJapanese-funded PICES projects onDevelopment of the prevention systems forharmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim, scheduled to run for 5 years. Funding forthe first year was to be split between the Sectionon Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB-S) sub-projectand the Marine/Estuarine Invasive Species(MIS) sub-project. As a capacity buildingactivity, HAB-S will conduct a trainingworkshop in Vietnam to develop methodologiesin year 1. Inter-sessional WG 21 experts areplanning to meet in late February or early March2008, in Korea to evaluate proposed AISdocumentation protocols and reach finalagreement on standards, data elements and dataentry templates for the MIS (Marine/EstuarineInvasive Species) Database for the PICESproject on “Development of the preventionsystems for harmful organisms’ expansion in thePacific Rim”. Each member country will provideinformation on a pilot MIS taxon (bivalves) thatwill be entered into an MIS database for furtherdevelopment.Best Presentation and Poster AwardsDr. Muyin Wang (U.S.A.) received the BestPresentation Award at the Science BoardSymposium for her paper (co-authored withJames E. Overland) on Future climate of NorthPacific projected by IPCC models. The otherAwards can be found in Committees andProgram.Dr. Kim thanked Dr. Foreman for organizing thecurling event, as the host country sport, and allthe Committee Chairmen for working welltogether.100

SB-2007SB Endnote 1MembersParticipation ListInvited ObserversHarold P. Batchelder (Co-Chairman, CCCC-IP)Michael J. Dagg (Chairman, BIO)Michael G. Foreman (Chairman, POC)Glen Jamieson (Chairman, MEQ)Kuh Kim (Chairman, Science Board)Michio J. Kishi (Co-Chairman, CCCC-IP)Gordon H. Kruse (Chairman, FIS)Jeffrey M. Napp (Chairman, MONITOR)Igor I. Shevchenko (Chairman, TCODE)John E. Stein (Chairman-elect, Science Board)Fangli Qiao (Science Board, representative ofChina)Sinjae Yoo (Science Board, representative ofKorea)Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell (Deputy ExecutiveSecretary, PICES)Francisco E. Werner (Chairman, GLOBECScientific Steering Committee)R. Ian Perry (Ex-officio member, GLOBECScientific Steering Committee)Adolf Kellermann (Head, ICES ScienceProgramme, ICES)Bjørn Sundby (President, SCOR ExecutiveCommittee)SB Endnote 2Science Board meeting agendaSunday, October 28, 2007 (12:30 – 14:00)1. Welcome and adoption of agenda2. Review of procedures for Science BoardSymposium and Session awards, FISP andClosing Session3. Relations with specific internationalprograms/organizations4. Report of the Study Group on EcosystemStatus Reporting5. Implementation of Science boardrecommendations and Governing Councildecisions from PICES XV and the 2007inter-sessional SB/GC meeting6. Status of Action items from the 2007 intersessionalSB/GC meetingSaturday, November 3, 2007FISP Open ForumSunday, November 4, 2007 (9:00–18:00)7. Report of elections of new CommitteeChairmen8. Report of the Study Group on MarineAquaculture and Ranching in the PICESRegion9. Reports from Scientific and TechnicalCommittees and CCCC Program10. Recommendations for new working groupsand other subsidiary bodies11 PICES XVII (2008, China) theme anddescription, draft schedule of scientificsessions and workshops12 Selection of PICES XVIII (2009, Korea)theme and description13 High priority activities14 Next inter-sessional Science Board meeting15 Other business101

SB-2007SB Endnote 3Revised Standing List of International and Regional Organizations and ProgramsPICES is expanding its relationships with international scientific organizations of regional and globalscale, and with regional scientific and monitoring efforts in the North Pacific that are aligned with thePICES ecosystem research focus. These regional programs may involve several PICES membercountries and cover international areas of high ecological importance. Annually, the Science Boardexamines and revises the Standing List of International and Regional Organizations and Programs.Additionally, it selects a subset of organizations and programs that are considered to have the highestpriority (marked by *) for PICES with respect to scientific cooperation and facilitation in the comingyear.The 2007 addition to the list, below, was:PAGPacific Arctic GroupThis list will be used, in part, to assist the Executive Secretary and Science Board in decisions regardingtravel to meetings of other international organizations.ACIAAFSCARAMAPAOOS*APEC-MRC*APEC-FWG*APFICAPNArgo*BEST*CLIVAR*CoML*CREAMS*DBCPECORESSAS*FAOGCOS*GEM*GEOSSGESAMPGIPMEGLOBEC*GOOS*IAMSLICIASCIATTCICES*ICSUIGBP*IGOSSIMBER*Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Program (ACIA of AMAP)American Fisheries Society Program on Climate and Aquatic ResourcesArctic Monitoring and Assessment ProgramAlaska Ocean Observing SystemMarine Resources Conservation WG, Asia Pacific Economic CooperationFisheries Working Group, Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAsia-Pacific Fisheries CommissionAsia-Pacific Network for Global Change ResearchInternational Program for deployment of profiling floats (linked with GOOS)Bering Ecosystem StudyClimate Variability and Predictability ProgramCensus of Marine LifeCirculation Research in the East Asian Marginal SeasData Buoy Cooperation PanelEngineering Committee on Oceanic ResourcesEcosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic SeasFood and Agriculture OrganizationGlobal Climate Observing SystemGulf of Alaska Ecosystem Monitoring and Research Program of Exxon Valdez Oil SpillTrustee Council (EVOS)Global Earth Observing System of SystemsGroup of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine PollutionGlobal Investigation of Pollution in the Marine EnvironmentGlobal Ocean Ecosystem DynamicsGlobal Ocean Observing SystemInternational Association of Marine Science LibrariesInternational Arctic Science CommitteeInter-American Tropical Tuna CommissionInternational Council for the Exploration of the SeaInternational Council of Scientific UnionsInternational Geosphere-Biosphere ProgramIntegrated Global Ocean Services SystemIntegrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Research (former OCEANS)102

SB-2007IMOInternational Maritime OrganizationIOC*Intergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionIODE International Oceanographic Data and Information ExchangeIPCC* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPHCInternational Pacific Halibut CommissionIWCInternational Whaling CommissionNAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries OrganizationNANOOS-IOOS Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems – Integrated OceanObserving SystemNASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation OrganizationNEAR-GOOS* North East Asian Regional GOOSNOWPAP* Northwest Pacific Action PlanNPAFC* North Pacific Anadromous Fish CommissionNPFMC North Pacific Fishery Management CouncilNPRB* North Pacific Research BoardPaCOOS* Pacific Coast Observing SystemPAGPacific Arctic GroupPORSEC Pacific Ocean Remote Sensing ConferencePSAPacific Science AssociationPSCPacific Salmon CommissionPSGPacific Seabird GroupSAHFOS* Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean ScienceSCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the EnvironmentSCOR* Scientific Committee on Oceanic ResearchSOLAS* Surface Ocean Low Atmosphere StudySPCSouth Pacific CommissionSPREP South Pacific Regional Environmental ProgramSTART South Asian Regional Committee for the System for Analysis, Research and TrainingUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramWCRP World Climate Research ProgramWESTPAC* Cooperative Study of the Western Pacific, IOC Sub Committee for the Western PacificWMO World Meteorological OrganizationSB Endnote 4Theme for PICES XVII (Dalian, China)Beyond observations to achieving understanding and forecasting in a changing North Pacific:Forward to the FUTUREFUTURE (Forecasting and UnderstandingTrends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific Marine Ecosystems), the new ScienceProgram undertaken by PICES Member Nationsand their affiliates, has the broad goals ofi) understanding the responses of marineecosystems in the North Pacific to climatechange and human activities at basin-wide andregional scales, ii) providing forecasts of whatmight be expected based on a currentunderstanding of how nature works, andiii) communicating this information effectivelyto its Members and to society in general. Pastadvances in understanding marine ecosystems inthe North Pacific have been largely based eitheron the direct analysis of observations, or thedevelopment of conceptual and numericalmodels that help describe the processesunderlying the observations. Though theseactivities will continue to play an important rolein FUTURE, the provision of forecasts andestimates of their associated uncertaintiesnecessitates moving beyond observationallybased understanding so that ecosystem responses103

SB-2007to natural and anthropogenic changes can beanticipated and communicated effectively tosociety.The Science Board Symposium at PICES XVIIinvites presentations to address the goals ofFUTURE and the three key research questionsthat it identifies, specifically:1. What determines an ecosystem’s intrinsicresilience and vulnerability to natural andanthropogenic forcing?2. How do ecosystems respond to natural andanthropogenic forcing, and how might theychange in the future?3. How do human activities affect coastalecosystems and how are societies affected bychanges in these ecosystems?Presentations addressing other components ofthe FUTURE program such as i) communicatingscientific information to governments, policymakers, and society at large, and ii) forgingpartnerships with social scientists, are alsowelcome.104

BIO-2007REPORT OF BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY COMMITTEEThe Biological Oceanography Committee(hereafter BIO) met from 16:00–19:30 hours onOctober 31, 2007. The Chairman, Dr. MichaelJ. Dagg, called the meeting to order andwelcomed the participants (BIO Endnote 1).The proposed agenda was reviewed andapproved without additions (BIO Endnote 2).Progress reports of existing subsidiary bodies(Agenda Item 3)Presently, the following three expert groupsreport only to BIO: the Advisory Panel onMarine Birds and Mammals (MBM-AP), theAdvisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling IntercalibrationExperiment (MIE-AP), and theAdvisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experimentin the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (IFEP-AP). TheSection on Carbon and Climate (CC-S) is a jointexpert group under BIO and POC. The fullprogress reports of all these subsidiary bodiesare included elsewhere in this Annual Report.A brief report of MBM-AP activities was givenby Dr. Hidehiro Kato, MBM-AP Co-Chairman.He focused on the results of the PICES XVIBIO/FIS/POC Topic Session on “Phenology andclimate change in the North Pacific” (S11) andon a proposal for MBM-AP to update the PICESScientific Report No. 14 (2000) on “Predationby marine birds and mammals in the subarcticNorth Pacific Ocean” produced by PICESWorking Group 11 on Consumption of MarineResources by Marine Birds and Mammals by2010. The Panel also proposed a ½-dayBIO/MEQ Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Seabirds and marine mammals as environmentalindicators” (MBM-AP Endnote 4). Dr. Kato hasattended the International Whaling Commission(IWC) Scientific Committee meetings for thepast several years. He requested and receivedendorsement from BIO to continue serving as aliaison between PICES and IWC.A summary report of IFEP-AP activities wasgiven by Dr. Shigenobu Takeda, IFEP-AP Co-Chairman. At the final meeting of the Panelheld on October 30, it was agreed that IFEP-APhad completed its terms of reference and shouldbe disbanded. A new Working Group on IronSupply and its Impact on Biogeochemistry andEcosystems in the North Pacific Ocean has beenproposed under the direction of BIO (IFEP-APEndnote 4).Neither of the MIE-AP Co-Chairmen, Drs. EvgenyPakhomov or Dr. Orio Yamamura, was present tomake a report to BIO. A written report from thePanel was received after the Annual Meeting.A report from CC-S was given by Dr. ToshiroSaino, CC-S Co-Chairman. He summarizedbriefly the successful PICES XVI POC/BIOTopic Session on “Decadal changes in carbonbiogeochemistry in the North Pacific” (S2), andprovided an update on the progress in integrationof Pacific carbon data and preparation of the“Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO 2Measurements”. Changes to the terms ofreference for CC-S were proposed to include“ocean acidification” (CC-S Endnote 4). Themodified terms of reference will be circulatedfor review and discussion to BIO members andwill be finalized and presented for approval atthe 2008 inter-sessional Science Board meeting.Proposals for new subsidiary bodies (AgendaItem 4)A Working Group on Iron Supply and its Impacton Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems in theNorth Pacific Ocean was proposed on behalf ofIFEP-AP by Dr. Takeda (IFEP-AP Endnote 4).Development of this Working Group has beenongoing for the past year. The draft terms ofreference were presented at the inter-sessionalScience Board meeting in April 2007 andrevised based on the recommendations from theBIO Chairman. BIO endorsed this WorkingGroup and recommended Drs. Fei Chai (U.S.A.)and Shigenobu Takeda (Japan) as Co-Chairmen.105

BIO-2007A Working Group on Comparative Ecology ofKrill in Coastal and Oceanic Waters around thePacific Rim was proposed by Dr. William T.Peterson (BIO Endnote 3). This Working Groupwill build on PICES activities related toeuphausiids that have been conducted over thepast several years. This Working Group wasalso endorsed by the Committee. Proposed Co-Chairmen are Drs. Peterson (U.S.A.), HiroakiSaito (Japan) and Song Sun (China).Dr. Young-Shil Kang (Korea) will lead thepreparation of a report on methodology andstandards for sampling giant jellyfish. Thisjellyfish is an increasing problem in coastalwaters of the western Pacific. The report will begiven to BIO at PICES XVII.Summaries of sessions and workshops atPICES XVI (Agenda Item 5)Summaries written by convenors of each sessionand workshop can be found in the SessionSummaries chapter of the Annual Report. Thelist of BIO-sponsored events at PICES XVIincluded:• a 1-day BIO/POC Topic Session (S2;Oct. 30) on “Decadal changes in carbonbiogeochemistry in the North Pacific”; Co-Convenors: James Christian (Canada) andToshiro Saino (Japan);• a 1-day BIO/FIS/POC Topic Session (S11;Nov. 2) on “Phenology and climate changein the North Pacific: Implications ofvariability in the timing of zooplanktonproduction to fish, seabirds, marinemammals and fisheries (humans)”; Co-Convenors: Elizabeth A. Logerwell (U.S.A.),David L. Mackas (Canada), Shoshiro Minobe(Japan) and William J. Sydeman (U.S.A.);• a 1-day BIO Contributed Paper Session(Nov. 1); Co-Convenors: Michael J. Dagg(U.S.A.), Michio J. Kishi (Japan) andAngelica Peña (Canada);• a ½-day BIO Workshop (W1; Oct. 28) on“Lessons learned during MIE-1 and MIE-2:Reconciling acoustics and trawl data”; Co-Conveners: Evgeny A. Pakhomov (Canada)and Orio Yamamura (Japan);• a ½-day MONITOR/BIO Workshop (W5;Oct. 27) on “Measuring and monitoringprimary productivity in the North Pacific”;Co-conveners: Paul J. Harrison (Canada)and Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan).Drs. Michio Kishi, Angelica Peña, PatriciaWheeler and Atsushi Yamaguchi selected thewinners for the BIO Best Presentation Awardand the BIO Best Poster Award from amongthose given at the S11 Topic Session and theBIO Contributed Paper Session (POC handledthe joint POC/BIO Topic Session S2). The BIOBest Presentation Award was given to TakumiNonomura (University of Tokyo, Japan) for hispaper (co-authored by Atsushi Tsuda, IchiroYasuda and Shuhei Nishida) on “Distributionpatterns of Calanus sinicus and C. jashnovi(Copepoda: Calanoida) in the westerntemperate North Pacific: Relations with theKuroshio Extension”. Dr. Goh Onitsuka(National Fisheries University, Japan) won theBIO Best Poster Award for his poster (coauthoredby Itsushi Uno, Tetsuo Yanagi andJong-Hwan Yoon) on “Effect of atmosphericnitrogen on the lower trophic ecosystem in theJapan/East Sea”.Symposia and workshops (Agenda Item 6)(a) Completed eventsDr. Dagg provided a brief report on the highlysuccessful PICES/ICES/GLOBEC-sponsored,4 th International Zooplankton ProductionSymposium held in May 2007, in HiroshimaJapan. Dr. Kuh Kim, Chairman of ScienceBoard, had previously presented a summary ofthis symposium in his remarks at the OpeningSession. More details are available in the mostrecent issue of PICES Press (Vol. 15, No. 2).(b) Upcoming eventsBIO scientific sessions at PICES XVIIThe next PICES Annual Meeting (PICES XVII)will be held October 24–November 2, 2008, inDalian, China. The theme for this meeting is“Beyond observations to achievingunderstanding and forecasting in a changingNorth Pacific: Forward to the FUTURE”. TheCommittee recommends that the following106

BIO-2007scientific sessions (in order of priority) beconvened at PICES XVII:• a ½-day or 1-day BIO Contributed PaperSession with papers focused on biologicalaspects of the meeting theme;• a ½-day BIO/MEQ Topic Session on“Seabirds and marine mammals asenvironmental indicators” (MBM-APEndnote 4);• a 1-day BIO Topic Session “End-to-endfood webs: Impacts of a changing ocean”(BIO Endnote 4); if approved, a possibilityof co-sponsorship by IMBER for the sessionwill be explored;• a 1-day MONITOR/TCODE/BIO TopicSession on “Linking biology, chemistry, andphysics in our observational systems –present status and FUTURE needs”(MONITOR Endnote 6);• a 1-day BIO/FIS Topic Session on“Ecosystem status in the North PacificOcean: Mechanisms and prediction”.BIO-sponsored workshops for 2008A 1-day workshop on “Oceanic ecodynamicscomparison of subarctic Pacific” (OECOSworkshop) at PICES XVII was proposed byDr. Atsushi Yamaguchi (BIO Endnote 5). Afterdiscussion about how to get some east–westcomparisons as originally intended, the workshopwas endorsed. It was decided to invite someparticipants from the Eastern Pacific region whohave recently done related types of research, eventhough the eastern component of OECOS was notfunded.BIO also supported a 3-day 4 th PICES workshopon “The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”proposed by Dr. Kishi (BIO Endnote 6). Thiswas initially proposed at PICES XV, butpostponed for 1 year after discussion. Theworkshop will be held in late August 2008, inAbashiri, Japan, and its goals are: (a) toexchange and share most recent and basicknowledge on the sea; (b) to identify keyscientific questions; (c) to identify gaps ofknowledge and necessary approaches; (d) todevelop the Okhotsk Sea component of PICESFUTURE Program.2008 PICES Summer SchoolIn August 2006, the 1 st PICES Summer Schoolon “Ocean circulation and ecosystem modeling”was organized in Busan, Korea. More than 30students from 9 countries (including all PICESmember countries) attended lectures, seminarsand practical exercises. After this successfuleffort, PICES members at Hokkaido University(Drs. M. Kaeriyama, M.J. Kishi, Y. Sakurai andS.-I. Saitoh) proposed to hold the 2 nd PICESSummer School in August 2008 (immediatelyprior to the workshop on “The Okhotsk Sea andadjacent areas”), in Hakodate, Japan. Thetheme is “Biomass-based management” (BIOEndnote 7). BIO strongly supported this activity.Theme for PICES XVIIIThe theme proposed by Korea for PICES XVIII(2009), “Understanding ecosystem dynamics,pursuing ecosystem approaches to management”,was discussed and endorsed by BIO.Relationships with international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 7)Dr. George L. Hunt provided brief informationon the status of a U.S. program titled “BeringSea Integrated Ecosystem Research Plan”(BSIERP), jointly supported by the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) and the North PacificResearch Board (NPRB). Detailed informationis available at http://bsierp.nprb.org/index.htm.Dr. Takeda gave a short presentation on theSOLAS (Surface Ocean Low AtmosphereStudy) program, highlighting several potentialareas for linkages between BIO and SOLAS,including potential collaboration with theproposed Working Group on Iron Supply and itsImpact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems inthe North Pacific Ocean.Dr. Julie Hall briefly reviewed the overall goalsand activities of the IMBER (Integrated MarineBiogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research)program, highlighting the many areas ofpotential collaborations between PICES andIMBER and identifying some possible activities107

BIO-2007with BIO. An IMBER sponsorship has beenproposed for the BIO Topic Session on “End-toendfood webs: Impacts of a changing ocean” atPICES XVII.Dr. Hunt gave a short presentation on theactivities of a GLOBEC regional program onEcosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS)planned for the next year, emphasizing aworkshop on “Ecosystem models” at the ESSASAnnual Meeting to be held September 15–19,2008, in Halifax, Canada, immediately prior tothe ICES Annual Science Conference (ASC).There was brief discussion of the ICES ASC tobe held September 22–26, 2008, in HalifaxCanada, and possible participation by PICES inone or more of their Theme Sessions. The mostrelevant session was deemed to be “Coupledphysical and biological models”, and it wasdecided to request that PICES provide travelsupport for one BIO member to attend.Dr. Kato requested and received endorsement byBIO to continue serving as a liaison betweenPICES and IWC. A report of the 59 th IWCScientific Committee meeting was submitted(MBM-AP Endnote 5).Financial requests (Agenda Item 8)Financial requests associated with proposed BIOactivities for the next year were discussed andlisted in order of priority (this does not includeinvited speakers for BIO-sponsored scientificsessions at PICES XVII):• 2 invited speakers for the PICES XVIIOECOS workshop;• 1 participant, probably a student, to attendthe initial meeting of the Working Group onComparative Ecology of Krill in Coastaland Oceanic Waters around the Pacific Rimat PICES XVII;• 1 invited speaker for the 4 th PICES workshopon “The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”;• 1 guest lecturer for the 2 nd PICES SummerSchool on “Biomass-based management”;• 1 participant for the ESSAS workshop on“Ecosystem models” at the 2008 ESSASAnnual Meeting;• 1 co-convenor for the joint ICES/PICESTheme Session on “Coupled physical andbiological models” at the 2008 ICES ASC;• Travel for Dr. Andrey Suntsov (MIE-AP)from Newport (U.S.A.) to Vancouver(Canada) to complete identification of fishfrom the MIE-1 cruise;• 1 MIE-AP Co-Chairman (Dr. EvgenyPakhomov) to attend PICES XVII.Publications (Agenda Item 9)New publicationsA special volume of a peer-reviewed scientificjournal has been proposed as an outlet for paperspresented at the BIO/FIS/POC Topic Session on“Phenology and climate change in the NorthPacific: Implications of variability in the timingof zooplankton production to fish, seabirds,marine mammals and fisheries (humans).” Thesession convenors will be the Guest Editors.Previously approved• Selected papers from the PICES XVBIO/FIS Topic Session on “The humandimensions of jellyfish blooms” will bepublished in a special volume of Planktonand Benthos Research (Guest Editors: H.Iizumi and H. Ishii) in early 2008.• 25–30 papers from the 4 th InternationalZooplankton Production Symposium will bepublished in a special volume of the ICESJournal of Marine Science (Guest Editors:M. Dagg, R. Harris, L. Valdés and S. Uye)in mid 2008.• About 15 papers on krill from the samesymposium will be published in a specialvolume of Deep-Sea Research II (GuestEditors: W. Peterson and S. Kawaguchi) inlate 2008.• A special issue of Deep-Sea Research II(Guest Editors: A. Tsuda, M. Wells, M.Uematsu and H. Saito) from the SEEDS-IIexperiment is anticipated to be published in2008. The manuscript submission deadlinewas mid-October 2007. Sixteen papers havebeen submitted as of today, and 2 papers areexpected shortly.108

BIO-2007BIO Action Plan (Agenda Item 10)The current version of the BIO Action Plan wasdistributed prior to PICES XVII. The BIOChairman agreed to incorporate the actionsproposed at this meeting into the Action Planand circulate it to Committee members. It willthen be posted on the PICES website.FUTURE Science Plan (Agenda Item 11)Opportunity was provided for BIO Committeemembers to comment on the most recent version(4.2) of the Science Plan for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responsesof North Pacific Ecosystems), that had beencirculated prior to the meeting. On behalf ofBIO, Dr. Dagg will present these suggestions atthe upcoming Open Forum on November 1 and atthe FISP workshop on November 3.Chairmanship of BIO (Agenda Item 12)Dr. Skip McKinnell (PICES Secretariat)conducted a brief discussion about the status ofthe Chairmanship of BIO, noting that the term ofDr. Dagg expires after this Annual Meeting. Anelection was held, and Dr. Dagg was elected byacclamation for a second 3-year term.Other items (Agenda Item 13)There were no other issues brought forward.BIO Endnote 1MembersMichael J. Dagg (U.S.A., Chairman)Richard D. Brodeur (U.S.A.)Young Shil Kang (Korea)Michio J. Kishi (Japan)Angelica Peña (Canada)Vladimir Radchenko (Russia)Patricia A. Wheeler (U.S.A.)Atsushi Yamaguchi (Japan)Sinjae Yoo (Korea)Ming Yuan Zhu (China)Participation listObserversHarold P. Batchelder (U.S.A.)Fei Chai (U.S.A.)Seok-Gwan Choi (Korea)Justin Grubich (U.S.A.)Julie Hall (IMBER)George L. Hunt, Jr. (U.S.A.)Hidehiro Kato (Japan)Hideki Nakano (Japan)William T. Peterson (U.S.A.)Christopher Sabine (U.S.A.)Toshiro Saino (Japan)Hiroaki Saito (Japan)Shigenobu Takeda (Japan)Tom Wainwright (U.S.A.)Shuichi Watanabe (Japan)C.S. Wong (Canada)BIO Endnote 21. Welcome and introductions2. Approval of agenda3. Progress reports of subsidiary bodies:• MIE-AP• MBM-AP• IFEP-APBIO meeting agenda• CC-S4. Proposals for new subsidiary bodies:• Working Group on iron supply• Working Group on euphausiids• Group to develop appropriate standardsfor sampling giant jellyfish109

BIO-20075. Summaries of scientific sessions/workshopsat PICES XVI6. Symposia and workshops(a) Completed events:• 4 th International Zooplankton ProductionSymposium(b) Upcoming events:• BIO scientific sessions at PICES XVII• BIO sponsored workshops in 2008• 2 nd PICES Summer School• Science Board Symposium at PICESXVII – suggestions for invited speakers• Theme for PICES XVIII (2009, Korea)• ESSAS workshops7. Relationships with other internationalprograms and organizationsa. BSIERPb. SOLASc. IMBERd. ESSASe. ICESf. IWC8. Financial requests9. Publications for upcoming year10. BIO Action Plan update11. FISP update12. BIO Chairmanship13. Other itemsBIO Endnote 3Proposal for a Working Group onComparative Ecology of Krill in Coastal and Oceanic Waters around the Pacific RimDuration: October 2007–October 2011Parent Committee: BIOBackgroundEuphausiids are among the most important linksin coastal and oceanic food webs, transferringenergy from primary and secondary producers tohigher trophic level animals such as salmon,herring, sardines, mackerel, Pacific whiting,sablefish, many rockfish species, auklets,shearwaters and whales. Given their importancein the food chain, euphausiids may beconsidered keystone sentinel species. Onespecies of euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, is ofspecial interest because it ranges from the coolupwelling regions off Baja California, Mexico,California, Oregon, Washington and BritishColumbia, into the downwelling environment ofthe Gulf of Alaska, and across the Pacificthrough the Transition Zone, then south throughthe western Pacific from Russia to China. In thewestern Pacific this species inhabits waterswhere temperatures range from sub-arctic tosub-tropical (the Oyashio, the Kuroshio, theJapan/East Sea, and the East China and YellowSeas). There are few species that occupy such awide variety of ecosystems and such a widerange of latitudes. Thus, we ask, “What are theunique characteristics of the life history of thiscosmopolitan euphausiid species that allows itnot only to populate but dominate such a widevariety of ecosystems?”Surprisingly little information is available on theseasonal cycles of abundance, feeding,reproduction or growth rates of these animals.Comparative studies are needed to understandtheir trophic status, their adaptations whichallow them to prosper in so many differentregions, and to learn how climate change mayaffect their population dynamics. Given thatmany scientists within PICES have made greatprogress in applying NEMURO and ECOSIMmodels to the study of ecosystem dynamics,PICES scientists would benefit greatly frombetter estimates of euphausiid biomass and vitalrates so as to properly parameterize theeuphausiid component of these models.Improvements to the models will result in a toolthat will allow us to investigate quantitativelythe role of euphausiids in food chain dynamics.PICES scientists are also uniquely capable ofincreasing our understanding of euphausiidsbecause many oceanographic stations andmonitoring lines are routinely sampled forhydrography and zooplankton. PICES scientistscould easily incorporate sampling of euphausiidsinto these existing monitoring programs (bysampling at night) and, with some instructionsand basic supplies, could learn how to collect110

BIO-2007living animals at night to make measurements ofreproduction, molting and growth rates.Studies which focus on this single species,Euphausia pacifica, will provide a commonstarting point for international exchanges andpartnerships. Another genera, Thysanoessa isalso of particular interest because of dominanceby several species in the Bering Sea, the Sea ofOkhotsk, and coastal upwelling waters of theCalifornia Current. Scientists from the PICESmember countries have much information andexperience to share, and all would benefit froman increased understanding of this species.Moreover, scientific exchanges involvingresearch cruises or visits to laboratories willfurther foster an exchange of ideas and willpromote long-term collaborations among studentsas well as established research scientists.Terms of reference1. Assemble lists of existing data (includingmetadata) that contribute to an analysis ofthe comparative ecology of Euphausiapacifica and Thysanoessa species. Identifygaps in our understanding of krill ecology,life history and population dynamics.2. Prepare a research plan to help fill gaps in ourunderstanding and aid regional collaborativeresearch efforts. Explore ways and means offacilitating exchange of scientists betweenlaboratories and on research cruises.3. Convene “hands-on” practical workshopswith krill biologists (including students andestablished scientists) from PICES membercountries to help them initiate and carry outkrill research programs. These workshopscould be convened before each PICESmeeting, or at other times as appropriate.Protocols for experimental work have beenalready published on the PICES website at:http://www.pices.int/projects/Euphasiid/PICES%20Protocols%20COMPLETE.pdf.4. Initiate euphausiid research programs inPICES member countries which will includesampling on a regular basis (biweeklymonthly)to determine seasonal cycles ofspawning and growth, and incubations oflive animals for measurement of brood sizeand molting rates.5. Work with modelers to better parameterizeeuphausiids in the NEMURO and othermodels so as to explore their role in coastaland oceanic food chains.6. Convene a krill workshop at the GLOBECOpen Science Meeting (June 2009).7. Organize a Krill Symposium or a TopicSession at PICES XX in 2011, and submit aset of krill synthesis papers for a specialissue of a scientific peer-reviewed journal.Recommended membershipCanadaDavid L. Mackas (Institute of Ocean Sciences)ChinaSun Song (Institute of Oceanology, CAS; Co-Chairman)Huilian Liu (Institute of Oceanology, CAS)JapanMichio Kishi (Hokkaido University)Yuji Okazaki (Tohoku National FisheriesResearch Institute)Hiroaki Saito (National Research Institute of FarSeas Fisheries; Co-Chairman)Kenji Taki (National Research Institute of FarSeas Fisheries)KoreaSe-Jong Ju (Korea Ocean Research andDevelopment Institute)Young-Shil Kang (National Fisheries Researchand Development Institute)Hyoung-Chul Shin (Korea Polar ResearchInstitute)RussiaAnatoly Volkov (TINRO-Center)U.S.A.Michael J. Dagg (Louisiana Universities MarineConsortium)William T. Peterson (Hatfield Marine ScienceCenter; Co-Chairman)Alexei Pinchuk (University of Alaska)Tracy Shaw (Cooperative Institute for MarineResources Studies)111

BIO-2007TimetableOctober 2007–October 2008• Appoint members;• Have each member work on compiling data(with metadata) available;• Chairman to prepare a “proposal” for howwe will (a) fill gaps in our understanding,and (b) how to facilitate scientist exchangeprograms.October 2008–October 2009• Discuss data/metadata at PICES XVII(2008): What kinds of data do we all have?Are there unpublished theses and otherunpublished data available?• Ratify a research plan that is designed to fillgaps in our understanding;• Discuss joint efforts with the MODEL TaskTeam;• Discuss ways and means of implementingscientific exchanges;• Co-convene a joint PICES/GLOBEC KrillWorkshop at the GLOBEC Open ScienceMeeting (May 2009).October 2009–October 2010• Convene a workshop at PICES XVIII (2009)to review status of research and modeling ofkrill dynamics.October 2010–October 2011• Convene a workshop at PICES XIX (2010);• Discuss results of research• Convene a Krill Symposium or a TopicSession at PICES XX (2011) to include (ifpossible) the Antarctic Krill community ofscientists;• WG ends at PICES XX in October 2011.BIO Endnote 4Proposal for a 1-day BIO Topic Session at PICES XVII on“End-to-end food webs: Impacts of a changing ocean”A holistic end-to-end approach is needed tostudy the impacts of global change in marinefood webs, including the influences onbiogeochemistry and feedbacks to climate. Thisapproach is encapsulated by the term “end-toendfood webs”, which is defined as “feedinginteractions, nutrient flows and feedbacks in anend-to-end food web of primary producers,consumers and decomposers”. This food webapproach retains the energy transfer and nutrientcycles of traditional food webs, but emphasizesthe importance of understanding food webdynamics simultaneously at all levels and scales.To achieve an integrated understanding of endto-endfood web dynamics requires a merging ofknowledge from many marine-related disciplines,including those concerned with global climate,marine food webs, marine ecosystems, marinebiogeochemistry and biodiversity.Recommended convenors: Hiroaki Saito (Japan),Sinjae Yoo (Korea) and TBD (HTL expert).Potential Co-sponsor: IMBER.BIO Endnote 5Proposal for a 1-day workshop at PICES XVII on“Oceanic ecodynamics comparison of subarctic Pacific”OECOS (Oceanic Ecodynamics COmparison inthe Subarctic Pacific) is a PICES project,originally aiming to advance our understandingof the dynamics of lower trophic levels in thepelagic systems of the subarctic Pacific througha comparison of the east–west regions at a newlevel of detail. The first OECOS workshop washeld in May 2005, at Oregon University(U.S.A.), and participants from Japan (westernPacific region) and the U.S. and Canada (easternPacific region) discussed gaps in our knowledgeabout ecosystem dynamics of both eastern andwestern sectors of the subarctic Pacific, and newcoordinated approaches for future research112

BIO-2007activities (PICES Scientific Report No. 32,2006). In March–April 2007, the western group(OECOS WEST) conducted two cruises to theOyashio region before and during massivespring phytoplankton blooms. In both cruises,high-frequency samplings were made of variousbiological components (bacteria, phytoplankton,micro-, meso- and macrozooplankton, andmicronekton) and nutrients (including iron). Toaid analysis of the origin and history of watermasses at the study sites, frequent CTD castsand satellite monitoring of SST and water colorwere made. Drifting sediment traps weretracked to collect setting particles from the upperlayers. At this workshop, recent achievementsof OECOS WEST will be presented anddiscussed along with new OECOS WEST andEAST research prospects.Recommended convenors: Charles B. Miller(U.S.A.) and Atsushi Yamaguchi (Japan).BIO Endnote 6Proposal for a 3-day 4 th PICES workshop on “The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”BackgroundThe Okhotsk Sea is one of the most biologicallyproductive regions in the world with highfisheries production. Several previous reportsindicate that primary productivity in the OkhotskSea is very high especially on the continentalshelf (Saitoh et al., 1996; Sorokin and Sorokin,1999). The Okhotsk Sea is also well known asone of the southernmost zones of seasonal seaice in the Northern Hemisphere. The mostimportant factor required to characterize spatialand temporal variability of spring blooms wasthe timing of sea ice retreat (Matsumoto et al.,2004), while a secondary factor was theadjustment of insolation. The beginning of thespring bloom in the Okhotsk Sea depends on theadjustment of the light environment, and thepresence of sea ice controls light intensity in thesurface water and thereby the timing of thespring bloom (Okunishi et al., 2005). There islittle information on iron concentration in theOkhotsk Sea, but Fe(III) solubility in the surfacemixed layer is generally high and variable (0.3-0.7nM) in the southern Okhotsk Sea (Tani et al.,2003). The concentration of inorganic nitrogenvaried in the upper mixed layer from 1-3 µM inthe center of Okhotsk Sea in summer (Sorokinand Sorokin, 1999). Nitrate can be depletedafter the spring phytoplankton bloom in thewestern region of the Okhotsk Sea (Nakatsuka etal., 2004). These facts suggest that iron supplyis higher in the Okhotsk Sea than in the westernsubarctic Pacific, and that phytoplankton growthis not limited by iron availability in the OkhotskSea. The main source of iron in the Okhotsk Seais not known. At least along the coast ofHokkaido, the Okhotsk Sea is well known for itsscallops, Hanasaki crab, chum salmon andherring resources. An important considerationin the region is that the food for benthic animalsis mainly supplied by the ice algae and thespring bloom after the ice floes are removed.Consequently, goals of this workshop are:• to exchange and share most recent and basicknowledge on the sea;• to identify key scientific questions;• to identify gaps of knowledge and necessaryapproaches;• to develop the Okhotsk Sea component ofPICES FUTURE Program.Dates and durationA full 3-day workshop in late August 2008(temporally from August 27–29)Venue and transportationOkhotsk campus of the Tokyo University ofAgriculture Yasaka 196, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2422 Japan (Airplane from Tokyo Haneda toMemanbetsu, 90 min; Bus airport–campus, 30 min).Program structure (draft)Day 1• Invited presentations on what is known(potential invited speakers (without their113

BIO-2007agreement): K.I. Ohshima, J.E. Overland,V.I. Radchenko)• Submitted/selected papers on what is known• Invited papers on gaps of knowledge andnecessary approaches (potential invitedspeakers (without their agreement): G.Kantakov, T. Hirawake, F. Mueter)Day 2 (morning)• Invited presentations on key scientificquestions and elements of the program(potential invited speakers (without theiragreement): H. Mitsudera, T. Okunishi, Y.Sakurai, S. Taguchi, K. Tateyama, M. Fujii,S. McKinnell)• Submitted/selected papers on elementprogram proposalsDay 2 (afternoon)• Group discussions on: (1) climate and oceanography(including sea-ice); (2) chemical andbiological oceanography; (3) fisheries;(4) modeling studies; and (5) data andmonitoring.Day 3• Plenary session for proposal synthesisEstimated number of participantsDomestic participants: ~50Overseas participants: ~30Required arrangements• One large lecture room for plenary sessions(~100 participants)• At least 5 small lecture rooms for groupdiscussions (~20 participants)• Internet connections• Coffee break facilities• Lunch room and services• Transportation between hotelsInternational Scientific Steering Committee• Angelica Peña (BIO, Canada)• Gordon H. Kruse (FIS, U.S.A.)• Vyacheslav B. Lobanov (POC, Russia)• Sei-Ichi Saitoh (MONITOR, Japan)• Vladimir I. Radchenko (Russia)• Yuri I. Zuenko (Russia)Local Organizing Committee• Akihiro Shiomoto (Tokyo University ofAgriculture)• Masahide Kaeriyama (Hokkaido University)• Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Hokkaido University)• Atsushi Yamaguchi (Hokkaido University)ReferencesMatsumoto, C., Saitoh, S., Takahashi, H. andWakatsuchi, M. 2004. Use of multi-sensorremote sensing to detect seasonal andinterannual variability in chlorophyll adistribution in the Sea of Okhotsk.Proceedings of the third workshop on theOkhotsk sea and adjacent areas. PICESScientific Report 26, pp. 151–154.Okunishi T., Kishi, M.J., Shiomoto, A., Tanaka,H. and Yamashita, T. 2005. An ecosystemmodeling study of spatio-temporal variationsof phytoplankton distribution in the OkhotskSea. Continental Shelf Research 25: 1605–1628Saitoh, S., Kishino, M., Kiyofuji, H., Taguchi S.and Takahashi, M. 1996. Seasonalvariability of phytoplankton pigmentconcentration in the Okhotsk Sea. Journal ofthe Remote Sensing Society of Japan 16:86–92.Sorokin, Y.I. and Sorokin P.Y. 1999. Productionin the Sea of Okhotsk. Journal of PlanktonResearch 21: 201–230.Tani, H., Nishioka, J., Kuma, K., Takata, H.,Yamashita, Y., Tanoue, E. and Midorikawa,T. 2003. Iron(III) hydroxide solubility andhumic-type fluorescent organic matter in thedeep water column of the Okhotsk Sea andthe northwestern North Pacific Ocean.Deep-Sea Research I 50: 1063–1078.Nakatsuka, T., Fujimune, T., Yoshikawa, C.,Noriki, S., Kawamura, K., Fukamach, Y.,Mizuta, G. and Wakatsuchi, M. 2004.Biogenic and lithogenic particle fluxes in thewestern region of sea of Okhotsk:implications for lateral material transportand biological productivity. Journal ofGeophysical Research 109: C09S13doi:10.1029/2003JC001908114

BIO-2007BIO Endnote 7Proposal for a PICES/CREAMS Summer School on “Biomass-based management”Background and objectivesIn August 2006, the 1 st PICES Summer Schoolon “Ocean circulation and ecosystem modeling”was organized in Busan, Korea. More than 30students from 9 countries (including all PICESmember countries) attended lectures, seminarsand practical exercises. At the conclusion of theschool, it was recommended to hold a followingsummer school within a couple of years. PICESmembers at Hokkaido University, Drs. M.Kaeriyama, M.J. Kishi, Y. Sakurai and S.-I.Saitoh, discussed this matter and proposed tohold the 2 nd PICES Summer School in August2008 (immediately prior to the workshop on“The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas”), inHakodate, Japan. The theme is “Biomass-basedmanagement.Dates and durationA full 3-day event in late August 2008(temporarily from August 23–25)VenueHakodate campus of Hokkaido University orOhnuma Seminar house (both potential venuesare located near Hakodate airport)Program structure (tentative)Day 0 (Aug. 22, Fri.)Registration and Welcome ReceptionDay1 (Aug. 23, Sat.)09:00–09:30 Information from convenors,09:30–11:00 Lecture on “Ecological Footprint”(lecturer to be supported byPICES is not decided yet;potential invitees are SusannahBuchan, William Rees, MathisWackernagel)11:00–15:00 Practical class on calculation ofecological footprint15:30–17:00 Discussion on the resultsDay 2 (Aug. 24, Sun.)09:00–10:00 Invited lecture on “Biomass basedmanagement” (lecturer to besupported by FRA is not decidedyet, but someone from FRA,Japan)10:00–12:00 Discussion on ecological-basedmanagement: What should we do?13:00–14:00 Discussion on what software wecan use14:00–17:00 Practical class on ecosystembasedmanagement planning (e.g.,on whales, salmon, herring, etc.);making a flowchart of modelingDay 3 (Aug. 25, Mon.)09:00–14:00 Using NEMURO.FISH, Footprintsoftware, or the other tools ofnumerical models, practicing ofimaginary ocean ecological-basedmanagement or ecological footprint14:00–16:00 Presentation by each group17:00–19:00 Farewell partyDay 4 (Aug. 26, Tues.)09:00–16:30 Excursion to fishermen’s villageand discussions with fishermen09:00 Departure to Abashiri for theOkhotsk Sea workshop (for whosewho are planning to attend)115

FIS-2007REPORT OF FISHERY SCIENCE COMMITTEEThe meeting of the Fishery Science Committee(hereafter FIS) was held from 16:00–19:30hours on October 31, 2007. The FIS Chairman,Dr. Gordon H. Kruse, called the meeting to orderand welcomed the participants. The meeting wasattended by 14 FIS members and 24 observersrepresenting all PICES member countries (FISEndnote 1). Dr. Anne B. Hollowed served as therapporteur. The draft agenda was reviewed andaccepted without changes (FIS Endnote 2).Implementation of PICES XV decisions(Agenda Item 3)At PICES XVI, FIS sponsored• a 1-day CCCC/FIS Topic Session (S3) on“Towards ecosystem-based management:Recent developments and successes in multispeciesmodeling”;• a 1-day FIS Topic Session (S4) on “Ecosystemapproach to fisheries: Improvements ontraditional management for declining anddepleted stocks”;• a ¾-day FIS/CCCC/BIO Topic Session (S5)on “Fisheries interactions and local ecology”;• a ½-day MEQ/FIS Topic Session (S7) on“Coldwater biogenic habitat in the NorthPacific”;• a 1-day BIO/FIS/POC Topic Session (S11)on “Phenology and climate change in theNorth Pacific: Implications of variability inthe timing of zooplankton production to fish,seabirds, marine mammals and fisheries(humans)”;• a 1-day FIS Contributed Paper Session;• a 1-day FIS Workshop (W2) on “Methodsfor standardizing trawl surveys to ensureconstant catchability”; and• a 1-day FIS/MEQ Workshop (W3) on“Comparative analysis of frameworks todevelop an ecosystem-based approach tomanagement and research needed forimplementation”.Summaries of these sessions and workshops canbe found in the Session Summaries chapter ofthis Annual Report.During the past year, FIS was very active ininternational symposia:• The symposium on “Reproductive andrecruitment processes of exploited marinefish stocks” (co-sponsored by NAFO, PICESand ICES) was held October 1–3, 2007, inLisbon, Portugal. The PICES Co-convenorwas Dr. Richard D. Brodeur (U.S.A.) andScientific Steering Committee memberswere Drs. Suam Kim (Korea) and Jie Zheng(U.S.A.).• Drs. Nathan Mantua and William Sydeman(U.S.A.) were invited by the organizers asPICES-sponsored speakers at the CLIOTOP(CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TopPredators) Symposium that was convenedDecember 3–7, 2007, in La Paz, Mexico.• Drs. Brenda Norcross (U.S.A.) and YoshiroWatanabe (Japan), were selected to join theScientific Committee for the upcomingInternational Symposium on “Linkingherring biology, ecology, and status ofpopulations in a changing environment”(co-sponsored by ICES, PICES andGLOBEC), to be held August 26–29, 2008in Galway, Ireland.At PICES XV, FIS identified Drs. Kruse,Mikhail Stepanenko, Elizabeth Logerwell, andYukimasa Ishida as reviewers of the seconddraft of the Working Group 16 final report on“Impacts of climate and climate change on thekey species in the fisheries in the North Pacific”.In June 2007, the reviews were provided toDr. Richard J. Beamish and additional revisionswere sought prior to publication. The reviewteam found that most of the substantivecomments from a previous review had beenaddressed, except for those related to fisherieson the U.S. West Coast. Most other commentsdealt with the need to standardize formats,correct spelling errors, and find missingreferences, etc. The report was revised, and thethird draft (322 pages) was delivered to the FISChairman in late September 2007. That finalreview was completed in December 2007. It117

FIS-2007was determined that many of the substantialcomments had been addressed, although the lackof information on the California Current Systemcontinues to be a significant gap. Although alarge number of editorial issues remained, thereport was forwarded to the PICES Secretariatfor copy editing and publication. This reportrepresents a tremendous amount of work. Oncepublished, it will provide useful information ofwide interest to an international audience.2007 FIS Best Presentation and Poster Awards(Agenda Item 4)While the FIS Best Presentation Award isavailable to early career scientists only, the FISBest Poster Award is open to all scientists. Therecipient must be the senior author of the posterand must have attended the Annual Meeting.The awards for 2007 were selected from the FISContributed Paper Session and FIS TopicSession S4. Drs. Kruse and Michael Schirripaselected the best paper while the best poster wasselected by Drs. Elizabeth A. Logerwell andBeamish. Naoki Tojo (Hokkaido University,Japan) won the FIS Best Presentation Award forthe paper (co-authored by Akira Nishmura,Satoshi Honda, Tetsuichiro Funamoto, SeijiKatakura and Kazushi Miyashita) on “Marineenvironment induced spatial dynamics ofrecruited walleye pollock juveniles (Theragrachalcogramma) and interactions with prey andpredators along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido,Japan”. The FIS Best Poster Award was givento Dongwha Sohn (Oregon State University,U.S.A.) for the poster (co-authored LorenzoCiannelli, Janet Duffy-Anderson, Ann Matareseand Kevin M. Bailey) on “Distribution and driftpathways of Greenland halibut, Reinhardtiushippoglossoides, during early life stage in theeastern Bering Sea”.Workshops on “Forecasting climate impactson future production of commercially exploitedfish and shellfish” (Agenda Item 5a)Dr. Hollowed reported on two FIS workshops on“Forecasting climate impacts on futureproduction of commercially exploited fish andshellfish”, co-sponsored by PICES and NPRB.The first workshop was held July 19–20, 2007,in Seattle, U.S.A., and the second follow-upworkshop was convened on October 30, 2007, atPICES XVI. The proceedings of bothworkshops will be combined into one report tobe published by PICES.Progress report of the Study Group onMarine Aquaculture and Ranching in thePICES Region (Agenda Item 5b)Dr. Toyomitsu Horii reported on the progress ofa Study Group on Marine Aquaculture andRanching in the PICES Region (SG-MAR).Working Group 18 on Mariculture in the 21 stCentury – The Intersection between Ecology,Socio-economics and Production was notsuccessful in achieving its terms of reference.After this Working Group was disbanded atPICES XV, SG-MAR was formed under thedirection of Science Board to evaluate how tomake progress in this area of interest. Afterreviewing the factors inhibiting the progress ofWG 18, SG-MAR recommended the formationof two Working Groups on: 1) EnvironmentalRisk Assessment and Interactions of MarineAquaculture, and b) Technology and Managementfor Aquaculture. It was proposed that thefirst Working Group, if approved, wouldsponsor a Topic Session on “Mariculturetechnology and husbandry for alternate anddeveloping culture species” at PICES XVII.The session would highlight flatfish culturetechniques, and breeding and diseasemanagement of Atlantic salmon stocks inNorway. It was also proposed that the secondWorking Group, if approved, would sponsor aTopic Session and a workshop in conjunctionwith PICES XVII in China, and a follow-upTopic Session at PICES XVIII in Korea.Progress report of WG 19 on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and its Application to theNorth Pacific (Agenda Item 5c)Ms. Patricia Livingston reviewed activities ofMEQ/FIS Working Group on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and its Application to theNorth Pacific (WG 19). The Working Groupreceived contributions from each nation, exceptChina, regarding approaches to describe andimplement a standard reporting format for EBMinitiatives. These contributions are currently118

FIS-2007under review. The Working Group assessedcurrent national definitions of “eco-regions” butalso noted that the World Wildlife Federation isleading a global effort to define eco-regions.Members of WG 19 will closely monitor thisactivity. Dr. Christopher Harvey, WG 19member, is working with Dr. Elizabeth (Beth)Fulton (Australia) on a related effort.The Working Group has also identified a list ofquantitative ecosystem indicators and will reporton the status of the development of theseindicators within each of the PICES membercountries. It was noted that human indicatorshave not been examined in detailed. WG 19reviewed a draft Science Plan for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainties andResponses of North Pacific Marine Ecosystems),and noted that ecosystem indicators should beadded to the list of deliverables.A major gap in preparing the WG 19 final reportis a lack of Chinese submissions and lack ofparticipation from this country to date. Threeoptions were proposed to complete the report:• Get Chinese participation in an intersessionalmeeting in February 2008;• Extend the Working Group for one moreyear and meet with Chinese scientists at thenext PICES Annual Meeting in Dalian;• Finalize the report without Chinese input.PICES XVI workshop (W2) on “Methods forstandardizing trawl surveys to ensure constantcatchability” (Agenda Item 5d)Dr. Kruse reported on the outcomes of the FISworkshop (W2) on “Methods for standardizingtrawl surveys to ensure constant catchability”.There were 27 participants representing allPICES countries. A full report of the workshopcan be found in the Session Summaries sectionof this Annual Report. It was recommended thatFIS should consider options about how thetheme of fishing gear research and surveytechnology can be continued by PICES in thefuture. Several approaches were discussed toaddress this issue, including holding a FIS TopicSession at PICES XVII and the formation of aWorking/Study Group patterned after the ICESWorking Group on Fishing Technology and FishBehaviour.PICES XVI workshop (W3) on “Comparativeanalysis of frameworks to develop anecosystem-based approach to management andresearch needed for implementation” (AgendaItem 5e)WG 19 sponsored a workshop (W3) prior toPICES XVI in Victoria. This workshop noted thelack of socio-economic information to track thehuman dimension and received input regardingapproaches currently underway to develop riskassessment frameworks in Australia and throughuse of the ATLANTIS model as a framework formanagement strategy evaluations. It wasrecommended that a Study Group on Indicatorsof Human Well-being: Benefits, Health andChoice be formed. A Topic Session for PICESXVII was proposed with a tentative title “Humandrivers, indicators, and other human dimensionsin the marine environment”. A full report of theworkshop can be found in the Session Summariessection of this Annual Report.Relations with other international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 6)Dr. Steven Hare reviewed the research activitiesof the International Pacific Halibut Commission(IPHC). He described the Commission’s annualsurveys and offered opportunities for collaborationwith PICES from these survey platforms.Dr. Shigehiko Urawa described the researchactivities of the North Pacific Anadromous FishCommission (NPAFC). He noted their plans tohold a scientific symposium on the scientificfindings of the BASIS (Bering-Aleutian SalmonInternational Surveys) program in November2008, titled “Climate change, production trends,and carrying capacity of Pacific salmon in theBering Sea and adjacent waters”. NPAFC isplanning, jointly with the North Atlantic SalmonConservation Organization (NASCO), a majorsymposium on salmon for 2010, and PICES cosponsorshipis invited. He also mentioned thatthe proceedings of the 2005 NPAFC–PICESjoint symposium on “The status of Pacificsalmon and their role in North Pacific Marine119

FIS-2007Ecosystems” has been just published as NPAFCBulletin No. 4 (http://www.npafc.org).Dr. Beamish discussed a new NPAFC-sponsoredeffort to assess how salmon production is likelyto change under a changing climate. NPAFCreceived substantial funding from the MooreFoundation to put together a group of 22 expertsto meet and report on the future of salmonproduction in the North Pacific.Mr. Robert Day discussed the research focus ofthe APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)Fisheries Working Group. APEC operates acooperative, multilateral economic and tradeforum. He noted that collaborations with APECcould address the human dimension of thePICES FUTURE program. He emphasize that,within the Fisheries Working Group, there is aresearch program focused on “Ecosystem,Production, Processing, Trade and Markets”and that scientists involved in this program aredeveloping models to create an ensemble ofscenarios of future trends in fisheries. He alsoinquired whether there was an opportunity tofoster an organization similar to PICES thatwould address issues in the South Pacific.FIS member, Dr. Alexander Glubokov, reportedon a new fisheries management organization thathas been formed with four consultativeparticipants: Japan, Korea, Russia and U.S.A.The tentative name of this organization is “NewPrincipals of Regulation of Bottom Fishes”. Thegeographic region covered by the organizationand its terms of reference are under discussion.The Committee received proposals for PICESco-sponsorship of upcoming symposia withinternational organizations, and these proposalswere discussed under Agenda Item 9.Future Integrative Science Program (AgendaItem 7)Dr. Kruse reviewed the history and status ofdevelopment of the new PICES integrativescientific program, FUTURE. The Committeediscussed the most recent version (4.2) of theFUTURE Science Plan and made the followingrecommendations:• FIS supports the overall plan andappreciates the efforts of the Writing Team.• FUTURE should consider setting prioritiesas the program is very ambitious, andpriorities should be set to establish the mostimportant items to be accomplished.• Given the stated FUTURE challenges toinvolve social scientists and to communicatewith policy makers, both areas in whichPICES has limited expertise, FUTUREshould emphasize collaboration with otherprograms and organizations with expertisein these areas.• In order to be policy-relevant to businessand other public sectors, PICES needs tocommunicate its research findings morerapidly, in addition to peer-reviewedpublications.• FIS can contribute to this need by ensuringthat the FIS-related portions of FUTUREfocus on emerging fishery science issues.• The FISP Writing Team should consult withpolicy makers to ensure that FUTUREincludes research themes that are directlyrelevant to their needs.• The PICES Secretariat can contribute to thiseffort by improving their approach tocommunication and dissemination ofscience to the public.• Given the emphasis on human activities andaquaculture in FUTURE, PICES shouldconsider the formation a MaricultureCommittee, as expertise in this area withinPICES is currently limited.Review of FIS Action Plan (Agenda Item 8)Dr. Kruse proposed revisions of the FIS ActionPlan and distributed them to the Committee forreview on September 19, 2007. Comments werereceived from a number of FIS members, and anupdated draft was prepared and sent to theCommittee on October 18, 2007. This secondrevised version was discussed at the FISmeeting. The Committee accepted the changesproposed so far and recommended that the planbe reviewed carefully again next year afterFUTURE has been adopted. The revised FISAction Plan has been posted on the PICESwebsite. FIS is going to consider developingpriorities in their Action Plan next year.120

FIS-2007Proposals for PICES co-sponsorship of futureinternational symposia and workshops(Agenda Item 9)A number of proposals were received for PICESto co-sponsor international symposia andworkshops.Dr. Jürgen Alheit presented a proposal for anICES/PICES/GLOBEC-SPACC workshop on“Changes in distribution and abundance ofclupeiform small pelagic fish in relation toclimate variability and global change” to beheld in November 2008, in Kiel, Germany. FISplaced a high priority on this effort and endorsestravel support for a PICES co-convenor. FISrecommended that, if supported, considerationshould be given for a co-convenor from thewestern North Pacific; to be resolved bycorrespondence.Dr. R. Ian Perry described the InternationalSymposium on “Coping with global change inmarine social-ecological systems” (cosponsoredby GLOBEC, EUR-OCEANS, FAO,IRD, SCOR, IMBER and PICES) to beconvened July 8–11, 2008 in Rome, Italy. Thiseffort was given a high priority because itcomplements new and existing efforts. FISdiscussed the level of PICES involvement andsuggested 1–2 potential invited speakers fromthe North Pacific.Dr. Kruse briefly reviewed the InternationalSymposium on “Effects of climate change onthe world's oceans” (co-sponsored by ICES,PICES, IOC, GLOBEC, SCOR and WCRP) tobe held May 19–23, 2008, Gijón, Spain. Cosponsorshipof this symposium was approved in2006, and PICES is represented among theconvenors, Scientific Steering Committee(SSC), and invited speakers. Two of itsscientific sessions may be of greater interest toFIS members: Theme Session 4.2 on “Impactsof climate change on marine ecosystems –Impacts on upper trophic levels” and ThemeSession 5 on “Scenarios-mitigation-reduction ofimpact of future climate change on the marineenvironment – from regional to global scale”.In conjunction with the symposium, there willbe a workshop on “Linking climate to trends inproductivity of key commercial species in theWorld's oceans”. The workshop convenorsrequested support for 1–2 scientists from PICESto attend, and FIS endorsed this request.FIS discussed the International Symposium on“Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems:Integrative and comparative approaches” (cosponsoredby GLOBEC, IMBER, SOLAS, EUR-OCEANS and IRD) to be held June 2–6, 2008,Las Palmas, Spain. PICES was invited to jointhis effort after the SSC was already formed.Members from the North Pacific include Drs.Jack Barth (MONITOR) and Cynthia Tynan. FISdid not give a high priority to this event.FIS was informed that the 4 th PICES workshopon “The Okhotsk Sea and adjacent areas” wouldbe convened in late August 2008, in Abashiri,Japan. However, no other information wasavailable. FIS advice on co-convenors will bedeveloped subsequently by correspondence.FIS was informed that the 2 nd CREAMS/PICESSummer School on “Biomass-based management”would be held in late August 2008, inHakodate, Japan. However, no additionalinformation was available.ICES requested PICES sponsorship forInternational Symposia on “Issues confrontingthe deep oceans” (April 2009), and “Rebuildingdepleted fish stocks: Biology, ecology, socialscience and management strategies” (autumn2009), and “Collection and interpretation offishery dependent data” (summer 2010).Among these, FIS placed highest priority on thesecond symposium and the next priority on thethird symposium. The level of PICES budgetand other financial obligations may determinewhether PICES would be able to co-sponsor oneor both of these symposia. No priority wasplaced on “Issues confronting the deep oceans”.ICES also requested PICES to co-sponsorTheme Sessions at the 2008 Annual ScienceConference (Halifax). Among these, FIS placedhighest priority on sessions: (1) “Newmethodology for tracking fish, mammals andmarine seabird migrations and behavior”, and(2) “Size is almost everything! Size and trait-121

FIS-2007based processes and models in ecosystems andmanagement”. A third session was of interest toPICES, but the title was too vague to evaluate,namely “The life history, dynamics andexploitation of living marine resources:Advances in knowledge and methodology”.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 10)Proposals for Topic Sessions included:1. “Existing and future institutions forsustainable fisheries management underresource fluctuations” (M. Makino);2. “Fisheries institutions and fishers forecosystem-based management” (M. Makino);3. “Ecosystem status in the North PacificOcean: mechanisms and production”(jointly with BIO);4. “Methods for reducing bycatch anddiscarding in commercial fisheries” (or as aworkshop) (D. Somerton);5. “Mariculture technology and husbandry foralternate and developing culturespecies“ (Jie Kong, jointly with MEQ);6. “Social and human dimensions” (WG 19,jointly with MEQ).FIS recommended that the first two of theproposed sessions should be combined andconsider some elements of the third proposedsession. The merged session was finalized afterPICES XVI and approved as a ¾-day FIS TopicSession titled “Institutions and ecosystem-basedapproaches for sustainable fisheries underfluctuating marine resources” (FIS Endnote 3).FIS discussed the merits of the fourth proposedsession and recommended that this sessionshould emphasize the science, and lesstechnology, of bycatch, as described in ActionItem 2.2 of the FIS Action Plan. The revisedsession was finalized after PICES XVI andapproved as a ½-day FIS Topic Session titled“Effects of fisheries bycatch and discards onmarine ecosystems and methods to mitigate theeffects” (FIS Endnote 4).FIS members expressed concern about thetechnology-only emphasis of the fifth proposedsession and recommended that this sessionshould be modified to include the science of theecosystem impacts of mariculture. The finalizeddescription of the approved ¾-day MEQ/FISTopic Session, completed after PICES XVI,reflects this interest (FIS Endnote 5).Ms. Patricia Livingston informed FIS thatDr. Glen Jamieson was proposing the last TopicSession as an MEQ Topic Session. FIS had nofurther discussion of this proposal.In summary, FIS recommended that three TopicSessions be convened at PICES XVII:• a ¾-day FIS Topic Session on “Institutionsand ecosystem-based approaches forsustainable fisheries under fluctuatingmarine resources”;• a ½-day FIS Topic Session on “Effects offisheries bycatch and discards on marineecosystems and methods to mitigate theeffects”;• a ¾-day MEQ/FIS Topic Session“Mariculture technology and husbandry foralternate and developing culture species.Finally, the Committee unanimously approvedhaving a 1-day FIS Contributed Paper Session atPICES XVII.Proposals for new FIS subsidiary bodies(Agenda Item 11)FIS received a proposal for a Study Group onIndicators of Human Well-being: BenefitsHealth and Choice (recommended by WG 19).FIS recommended that this proposal should bere-visited next year after the symposium on“Coping with global change in marine socialecologicalsystems”.FIS received proposals for the following threeWorking Groups on: (1) Environment RiskAssessment and Interactions of MarineAquaculture, (2) Technology and Management forAquaculture, and (3) Implications of ClimateVariability and Climate Change on Trends inCommercially Important Fish and Shellfish.FIS considered that the objectives of theproposed Working Group on Technology andManagement for Aquaculture could be addressedthrough Topic Sessions at PICES AnnualMeetings without forming a Working Group122

FIS-2007with such limited terms of reference. TheCommittee placed a high priority on two otherproposals. FIS recommended that the WorkingGroup on Environment Risk Assessment andInteractions of Marine Aquaculture could be cosponsoredwith MEQ, as it is consistent with thegoals of WG 19. The proposal to form aWorking Group on Implications of ClimateVariability and Climate Change on Trends inCommercially Important Fish and Shellfish (FISEndnote 6) received strong support from theCommittee. It was indicated that this effort isconsistent with the activities envisioned underFUTURE and that PICES-sponsored work inthis area would provide a good start to this lineof research that is likely to become an ongoingeffort in FUTURE. It was noted that the title ofthe Working Group could be shortened to reflectemphasis on commercially exploited species (sothe title reported here is tentative). It was alsosuggested that a phased approach to initiallyimplement forecasts for those species with themost complete information on climate linkageswould be best. For other species withincomplete information, a scenario approachmay be best until research confirms the nature ofclimate linkages for those species. Dr.Hollowed proposed that if the Working Group isapproved, its first meeting should be held inconjunction with PICES XVII in Dalian.Proposal for FIS inter-sessional meetings(Agenda Item 12)No inter-sessional workshops are planned,except those discussed under Agenda Item 9.Theme for PICES XVIII (Agenda Item 13)The proposed theme for PICES XVIII (2009,Korea) is “Understanding ecosystem dynamics,pursuing ecosystem approaches to management”.Unfortunately, there was insufficient time todiscuss this topic.Proposed publications (Agenda Item 14)It is intended that the final report of WG 16 onClimate Change, Shifts in Fish Production, andFisheries Management will be published as aPICES Scientific Report in 2008.A set of selected papers from the PICES XVIFIS Topic Session on “Ecosystem approach tofisheries: Improvements on traditionalmanagement for declining and depleted stocks”is planned to be published as a special issue ofFisheries Research.Requests for travel support (Agenda Item 15)There was insufficient time to discuss this issuebut it is anticipated that 1 to 2 invited speakerswould be sought for each FIS-sponsored TopicSession at PICES XVII. If two proposedWorking Groups are approved, travel support totheir meetings must be considered. Travel supportto proposed PICES co-sponsored symposia andworkshops was discussed previously.Other business (Agenda Item 16)No other business was raised.123

FIS-2007FIS Endnote 1MembersRichard J. Beamish (Canada)Elena P. Dulepova (Russia)Alexander Glubokov (Russia)Toyomitsu Horii (Japan)Yukimasa Ishida (Japan)Kong Jie (China)Masahide Kaeriyama (Japan)Jin-Yeong Kim (Korea)Gordon H. Kruse (U.S.A., Chairman)Elizabeth A. Logerwell (U.S.A.)Ted Perry (Canada)Laura Richards (Canada)Michael Schirripa (U.S.A.)Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea)ObserversJürgen Alheit (Germany)George Boehlert (U.S.A.)Jung Hwa Choi (Korea)Participation listRobert Day (APEC-FWG)Rick Deriso (IATTC)Caihong Fu (Canada)Garilova Galina (Russia)Steven Hare (IPHC)Anne B. Hollowed (U.S.A.)Suam Kim (Korea)Jacquelynne King (Canada)Tokimasa Kobayashi (Japan)Geoff Krause (Canada)Jae Bong Lee (Korea)Hyun Jeong Lim (Korea)Patricia A. Livingston (U.S.A.)Mitsutaku Makino (Japan)Gordon A. (Sandy) McFarlane (Canada)R. Ian Perry (Canada)Shigehiko Urawa (NPAFC)Mikhail Stepanenko (Russia)Akihiko Yatsu (Japan)Inja Yeon (Korea)Tokio Wada (PICES Chairman)FIS Endnote 2FIS meeting agenda1. Welcome, introductions, and nomination ofa rapporteur2. Adoption of agenda3. Implementation of PICES XV decisions4. 2007 Best Presentation and Poster Awards5. Status reports of FIS-related groups/activitiesa. Workshops on “Forecasting climateimpacts on future production ofcommercially exploited fish andshellfish”b. Study Group on Marine Aquacultureand Ranching in the PICES Regionc. Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and its Applicationto the North Pacificd. PICES XVI workshop on “Methods forstandardizing trawl surveys to ensureconstant catchability” (W2)e. PICES XVI workshop on “Comparativeanalysis of frameworks to develop anecosystem-based approach tomanagement and research needed forimplementation” (W3)6. Relations with other international programsand organizationsa. IPHC (S. Hare)b. NPAFC (S. Urawa, R. Beamish)c. APEC FWG (R. Day)d. Other organizations7. Future Integrative Science Program8. Review of FIS Action Plan9. Proposals for PICES co-sponsorship of futureinternational symposia and workshops10. Planning for PICES XVII11. Proposals for new FIS subsidiary bodies12. Proposals for FIS inter-sessional meetings13. Theme for PICES XVIII (2009, Korea)14. Proposed publications15. Travel support requests16. Other business124

FIS-2007FIS Endnote 3A ¾-day FIS Topic Session at PICES XVII on “Institutions and ecosystem-based approaches forsustainable fisheries under fluctuating marine resources”In PICES member countries, some fisheriesresources are in high abundance and healthy, butothers are decreasing or already depleted. Mostcauses of stock declines can be ascribed toclimate changes and overfishing. Stocks indeclining or depleted conditions require promptmanagement actions based on sound science.This session will provide opportunities toaddress such questions as: (1) how do currentfishery institutions address sustainable fisheriesand what institutional changes may be necessaryto fully implement an ecosystem-based approachto fisheries management? (2) What are the rolesof fishers and government concerningsustainable fisheries under fluctuatingresources? (3) How should fishery managementstrategies recognize and address changes inproductivity prior to, during and after regimeshifts? and (4) What kind of information andresearch activities are needed to supportsustainable fisheries management in anecosystem context, given regime shifts? Thissession encourages papers addressinginstitutions, management strategies, and researchsupporting sustainable fisheries management offluctuating marine resources using ecosystembasedapproaches. Lessons from other marineecosystems are invited for comparison to thePICES region. A publication in a special issueof a primary journal or in the PICES ScientificReport Series is intended as an outcome of thesession.Recommended convenors: David Fluharty(U.S.A.), Xianshi Jin (China), MitsutakuMakino (Japan), Vladimir Radchenko (Russia),Laura Richards (Canada) and Chang-Ik Zhang(Korea).FIS Endnote 4A ½-day FIS Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Effects of fisheries bycatch and discards on marine ecosystems and methods to mitigate the effects”Commercial fisheries using gears, such asbottom trawling, capture both target and nontargetspecies. In some instances, bycatchmortality is sufficiently high to adversely affectthe stock status and productivity of non-targetspecies. To minimize unintended impacts on theenvironment, commercial fisheries should striveto increase their selectivity by reducing thebycatch of birds, mammals, turtles and othernon-target species, as well as by reducing thecatch and discard of undersized commercialspecies. This session will examine themagnitude of bycatch of non-target species,effects of bycatch mortality on the health of nontargetstocks, and recent research onmethodology to reduce bycatch and discards inthe PICES region. Particular emphasis will beplaced on studies that have resulted in changesin commercial fishing practices.Recommended convenors: David A. Somerton(U.S.A.) and Hui Chun An (Korea).125

FIS Endnote 5A ¾-day MEQ/FIS Topic Session on at PICES XVII on“Mariculture technology and husbandry for alternate and developing culture species”After considering the recommendations of theStudy Group on Mariculture, PICESrepresentatives have agreed that they share acommon interest in the development of a highlyefficient, environmentally friendly and diverseaquaculture industry. The diversification ofaquaculture operations through the culture ofnew species and the use of innovative grow outtechnologies is of world-wide interest to bothindustry investors and the agencies responsiblefor ecosystem protection. New species andtechnologies may offer economic opportunitieswhile providing solutions to the perception thatcurrent aquaculture practices threaten naturalhabitat and wild stocks. In many Pacific Rimcountries recent developments of effective andefficient fish feed, development of animalhusbandry protocols to ensure fish health andwelfare, use of biotelemetry procedures to evaluategrow out facilities from the perspective of the fish,and advances in reproductive physiology usingstate-of-the-art molecular techniques showpromise for enabling the socio-economicacceptance of aquaculture operations whilepreventing or mitigating environmental impacts.A variety of tools presently exist that permit themodeling of environmental risk from thesedevelopments and the subsequent incorporation ofrisk into an ecosystem management scheme. Weencourage presentations that highlight scientificdevelopments in the field of mariculture,particularly those that support the diversification ofthe industry and enable sustainable developmentwhile serving to protect natural ecosystems andwild stocks.FIS Endnote 6Proposal for a Working Group on Implications of Climate Variability and Climate Changeon Trends in Commercially Important Fish and ShellfishAn interdisciplinary Working Group to facilitatea coordinated international research effort toforecast climate change impacts on thedistribution and production of major fisheries inthe Northern Hemisphere is proposed. Theobjectives of the Working Group are to:• review the activities of existing programswithin each nation;• examine the evidence for climate impacts onproduction of commercial fish species;• develop medium-term to long-term forecastsof climate impacts on fish production; and• assess the performance of managementstrategies to respond to these changes inproduction.An interdisciplinary team of scientistsrepresenting the fields of climatology (globalclimate modeling), oceanography (physical andbiological oceanography, and coupled biophysicalmodels), fisheries oceanography, fishpopulation dynamics, fisheries assessment,fisheries economics and ecosystem modeling willbe assembled. This team would identify climatescenarios for use in forecasting and then developtools for predicting climate impacts oncommercial fish production. These tools will beused to develop quantitative forecasts of fishproduction around the Pacific Rim. The WorkingGroup will provide a forum for discussion of fourcomponents needed to complete the forecasts in atimely and coordinated fashion including:(1) IPCC scenarios, (2) predictions ofoceanographic impacts, (3) modeling approaches,and (4) scenarios for natural resource use andenhancement.This Working Group builds on the work of theClimate Forcing and Marine Ecosystems TaskTeam (CFAME) and continues collaborationbetween FIS and POC via interactions with theWorking Group 20 on Evaluations of ClimateChange Projections. This effort is directlyresponsive to FUTURE and will encouragetimely completion of early forecasts andassociated management implications that can be126

FIS-2007used by FUTURE Task Teams to formulatecooperative research programs focused onimproving forecasting skill through knowledgeof processes influencing marine fish production.Expected benefits from this effort are as follows:• International consensus could be reached onnew directions for fisheries modeling andtechniques for incorporation of ecosystemindicators and climate forcing in stockassessments.• It is anticipated that the results of thecoordinated research effort will be utilizedby a broad spectrum of individuals outsideof the research community. Stakeholderswho rely on fish and shellfish resources willutilize the forecasts to anticipate changesthat would influence their businesses andcommunities. Fisheries managers willutilize the forecasts to evaluate whetheractions are needed to sustain fisheries intheir regions. Conservation groups will beinterested to better understand the regionaland species-specific risks and challengesthat climate change poses for species ofinterest.The life span of the Working Group is 3 yearsand its milestones are:• October 2008 – Convene an inter-sessionalworkshop to present forecasting results andto introduce techniques for evaluatingmanagement strategy evaluations;• October 2009 – Report on implications ofclimate change and climate variability oncommercial fish species (a contribution tothe North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report);• December 2009 – Finalize manuscript forpublication in peer-reviewed literature.Proposal proponents: Anne B. Hollowed andMichael Schirripa (U.S.A.) and Richard J.Beamish (Canada).127

MEQ-2007REPORT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEEThe meeting of the Marine EnvironmentalQuality Committee (hereafter MEQ) was heldfrom 16:00–19:00 hours on October 31, 2007.The Chairman, Dr. Glen S. Jamieson, called themeeting to order and welcomed the participantsand observers (MEQ Endnote 1). New Japanesemembers, Drs. Shigeru Itakura and YasunoriWatanabe, have recently joined the Committee,although only Dr. Watababe was able to attendPICES XVI. There continues to be an overallissue of having full participation in MEQ by allPICES member countries. At this meeting, only9 of the 17 members of MEQ attended from 5countries. The Committee again expressed itsconcern that there was no official participationby China this year; although 2 observers fromthis country were present.The draft agenda was reviewed and adopted(MEQ Endnote 2). Ms. Darlene Smith served asthe rapporteur.Issues arising from PICES XV decisions(Agenda Item 3)There were no pressing issues for the Committeepending from last year’s meeting in Yokohama(Japan). The Chairman briefly summarized thereport of the inter-sessional Science Board/Governing Council meeting (April 2007,Yokohama, Japan.). The agenda was modified atthis stage to include a report from WG 21 onNon-indigenous Aquatic Species, and AgendaItems 4 and 5 were combined.Progress reports of MEQ subsidiary bodies(Agenda Items 4-5)Section on Ecology of harmful algal blooms inthe North Pacific (HAB-S)Dr. Hak-Gyoon Kim, HAB-S Co-Chairman,reported on the results of their workshop (W4)on “Review of selected harmful algae in thePICES region: III. Heterosigma akashiwo andother harmful radiophytes” and laboratorydemonstrations on rapid detection ofRhapidophytes in natural samples using DNAprobe based assay, and microscopic observationsand detailed analysis of Rhaphidophytetaxonomy; MEQ Topic Session (S6) on “Therelative contributions of offshore and inshoresources to harmful algal bloom development andpersistence in the PICES region”, and the HABSection (HAB-S) business meeting convened atPICES XVI. Summaries of the workshop andTopic Session can be found in the SessionSummaries chapter of this Annual Report.For PICES XVII, HAB-S recommendscontinuing an annual series of workshops todocument the existing knowledge on the ecophysiologyof HAB species that impact all, ormost, countries in the North Pacific. Theproposed topic is “Review of selected harmfulalgae in the PICES region: IV. Karenia andProrocentrum”, with a 1-day workshop and a½-day laboratory demo (HAB-S Endnote 3).Other activities proposed for PICES XVII are: a½-day Topic Session on “Environmentalregulation of species succession: The use oflong-term data sets to understand HAB speciesdominance” (tentative title; HAB-S Endnote 4),and a business meeting with national reports ofHAB events in 2007–2008.Due to changes in key people responsible forHAB data in some PICES member countries,several new people were suggested as primarycontacts for HAE-DAT entry for their countries.These new contacts are: Hao Guo (China), YangSoon Kang (Korea) and Tatiana Morozova(Russia). It was requested that the respectivemember countries consider appointing thesescientists to become HAB Section members (orat least adding them to the HAB-S e-mail list).It was also indicated that the invited speakers ofpast and future workshops on “Review ofselected harmful algae in the PICES region”will be contacted to determine their interest in129

MEQ-2007writing 3- to 5-page summaries and extensivebibliographies based on their presentations. Thegoal is to combine these summaries into areview to be published as a PICES ScientificReport by 2010. The full HAB-S report isincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report.WG 19 on Ecosystem-based Management Scienceand its Application to the North PacificDr. Jamieson, WG 19 Co-Chairman, reported onthe activities of the Working Group and theresults of their successful and well-attendedworkshop (W3) at PICES XVI on “Comparativeanalysis of frameworks to develop an ecosystembasedapproach to management and researchneeded for implementation”. The summary ofthe workshop and the full report of WG 19 areincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report. Itwas noted that, to date, the Working Groupagain has had no participation from China, sothere is no data or input with respect to EBMinitiatives occurring in this country.WG 19 members are expected to submit materialfor the final report by January 1, 2008,whereupon the lead authors and Co-Chairmenwill begin merging the data and information. Asthe lack of Chinese data is a major gap, andinput by Chinese scientists is hoped for, optionsfor completing the report are:1. Achieve Chinese participation in an intersessionalmeeting in February 2009 (inSeattle, U.S.A. or China);2. Extend the Working Group for one more yearand meet with the Chinese scientists at thenext PICES Annual Meeting in Dalian, China;3. Finalize the report without Chinese input(least desirable option).WG 19 hopes to have a draft of the final reportby late January 2008, to send to Chinesescientists prior to a meeting with them, so theycan see what contribution is desired.Following the WG 19 meeting, it was realizedthat a brochure on EBM was to be published in2008. However, this topic was not discussed atthis year’s meeting. The Working Group stillplans to produce a brochure (the concept wasapproved by Science Board last year), but onlywhen the final report is complete. Informationin the brochure will be a subset of informationfrom the full WG 19 report (ocean managementactivities, eco-region definitions, indicators).Discussion of brochure content will occur viae-mail, or at an inter-sessional meeting or at nextyear’s Annual Meeting.WG 19 also considered the possible structureand content of the North Pacific EcosystemStatus Report (NPESR), and suggestedenhancing the next report with information onpollution and socio-economics. Discussionfocused on the need to identify key pressures ineach region, and on how indicators on status andtrends describing human well-being should bedetermined. Further discussion on these topicswill be required.WG 21 on Non-Indigenous Aquatic SpeciesMs. Darlene Smith, WG 21 Co-Chairman,presented a brief report on the activities of theWorking Group and their second meeting atPICES XVI. Dr. Vasily Radashevsky (Russia)was appointed as another WG 21 Co-Chairman.A 1-day MEQ Topic Session on “Consequencesof non-indigenous species introductions” wasproposed for PICES XVII (WG 21 Endnote 4).Travel funds are requested for one invitedspeaker to attend this session.Other activities proposed in conjunction withPICES XVII are: the first rapid assessmentsurvey to be conducted in two locations to beconfirmed, and a 2-day WG 21 business meeting,with emphasis on a MNIS (marine nonindigenousspecies) component of a PICESproject entitled “Development of the preventionsystems for harmful organisms’ expansion in thePacific Rim” supported by a voluntary contributionfrom the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries of Japan.The Working Group also requested to hold aninter-sessional meeting to evaluate the protocolsand reach final agreement on standards, dataelements and data entry templates for the WG 21MNIS database.130

MEQ-2007The full report of Working Group 21 can befound elsewhere in this Annual Report.Study Group on Marine Aquaculture andRanching in the PICES Region (SG-MAR)Dr. Toyomatsu Horii presented a draft of theSG-MAR final report (see MEQ Endnote 4 forSG-MAR terms of reference). The report wasalso given to FIS. The full SG-MAR report isincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report.While it is difficult to say why PICES WG 18 onMariculture in the 21 st Century – TheIntersection between Ecology, Socio-economicsand Production was not fully successful, severalpossibilities were pointed out by its members.These include: (1) the development of the termsof reference; (2) the expertise of the members;(3) the lack of pre-existing personnelrelationships among the group; and (4) theisolated position of aquaculture within the largerframework of PICES.SG-MAR assessed the highest priority marineaquaculture and/or ocean ranching science needsfor the next 5–10 years in each PICES membercountry. From this assessment, two issues hadhighest priority:• development of aquaculture technology andsystems;• management of stocking and supplementedfisheries; and• estimation of the carrying capacity ofcommercial aquaculture activities.To address identified priority areas, SG-MARrecommended formation of two new PICESWorking Groups on: (1) Environmental RiskAssessment and Interactions of MarineAquaculture (WG-ERAIMA; under MEQ/FIS orMEQ) and (2) Technology and Management forAquaculture (WG-TMA; under FIS/MEQ or FIS).If established, WG-ERAIMA would:• hold a joint ICES/PICES meeting in April2008 on “Environmental interactions ofmariculture”;• convene a Topic Session on “Estimation ofenvironmental carrying capacity forcommercial aquaculture” at PICES XVIII(2009, Korea);• develop a white paper on recommendationson how to improve highest risk aspects ofaquaculture.If established, WG-TMA would:• hold a 1-day Topic Session on “Mariculturetechnology and husbandry for alternate anddeveloping culture species” at PICES XVII(2008, China; FIS Endnote 5);• conduct a 1-day laboratory demonstration,tour or workshop on a topic that is special toDalian, China;• convene a Topic Session on “Evaluation ofstocking technologies to rebuild, and sustaincapture fisheries” at PICES XVIII.The Committee has some concerns about whatwas being proposed. Firstly, that it may bedifficult to establish two new Working Groups atthis time because of existing on-going MEQexpert groups (HAB-S, WG 19 and WG 21).Dr. Horii indicated if only one group could beestablished the priority group for MEQ would bethe one on environmental risk assessment(ERAIMA). Secondly, the Committee discussedwhether it might be more appropriate to have aWorking Group on risk assessment approachesin general, i.e., to consider issues broader thanmariculture alone, as risk assessments arealready being done by many, if not all, membercountries on a variety of topics. For example,Canada is conducting peer-reviewed riskassessments on salmon cage culture–environment interactions and shellfish–aquaculture environment interactions, and theUnited States evaluates human health risks as aresult of toxin levels in fish feeds, etc. As riskassessments occur in many fields besidesmariculture, a more comprehensive analysis ofappropriate methodologies and issues may berelevant to PICES. A possible Working Groupcould be, for example, on “Ecological andHuman Risk Assessment Issues”.The issue of marine aquaculture continues to beof great interest to all PICES member countries,so how best to proceed remains an importanttopic. These recommendations should therefore131

MEQ-2007also be considered by MEQ and FIS forinclusion in their Action Plans.Proposals for new subsidiary bodies (AgendaItem 7)Socio-economic issues seem to be integral to theactivities of so many PICES expert groups, andthus WG 19 recommended to establish a StudyGroup on Indicators of Human Well-being:Benefits, Health under Science Board (seeWG 19 report for terms of reference). Thisproposal was supported by MEQ. If the StudyGroup is approved, suggested criteria fornomination of membership are to be qualifiedsocial scientists, primarily those with strongeconomics background, with an understandingof natural science, particularly marine science,who are working on questions relating to marineecosystem approaches and management issues.Discussion on two new Working Groupsproposed by SG-MAR can be found underAgenda Item 4 (see SG-MAR report for mission,strategy and goals of these Working Groups).New PICES integrative scientific program,FUTURE (Agenda Item 8)The Committee again had a good discussion and,overall, endorsed the direction outlined in thecurrent draft Science Plan (version 4.2) for a newPICES scientific program, FUTURE (Forecastingand Understanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems).Members also found that these directions are wellaligned with the objectives of MEQ.Review and discussion of MEQ Action Plan(Agenda Item 9)Because of the on-going development of the nextintegrative scientific program of PICES, theCommittee did not review the MEQ Action Plan(MEQ Endnote 3) as it will likely evolve onceFUTURE is finalized. Nonetheless, theCommittee had spent a considerable amount oftime on the Action Plan in 2005, and thusconcluded that it is reasonably complete andreflects existing objectives of MEQ.MEQ Best Presentation and Poster Awards(Agenda Item 10)The MEQ Best Presentation Award was given toXuelei Zhang (First Institute of Oceanography,China) for his paper (co-authored by Z.J. Xu andM.Y. Zhu) on “Impact of atmospheric dust onphytoplankton growth in the Yellow Sea andwestern Pacific” presented at the MEQ TopicSession on “The relative contributions of offshoreand in-shore sources to harmful algalbloom development and persistence in thePICES region”.Chunjiang Guan (National Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, China) won the MEQ BestPoster Award for his paper (co-authored by HaoGuo and Wen Zhao) on “Accumulation andelimination of Alexandrium tamarense toxins bythe scallop, Argopectens irradias”.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 11)The Committee proposed that the followingTopic Sessions and workshops to be convened atPICES XVII:• a ½-day MEQ Topic Session on“Environmental regulation of speciessuccession: The use of long-term data sets tounderstand HAB species dominance”(tentative title; HAB Endnote 4);• a 1-day MEQ Topic Session on “Humandimension sciences relevance for PICES”(tentative title; MEQ Endnote 5);• a 1-day MEQ Topic Session on“Consequences of non-indigenous speciesIntroductions” (WG 21 Endnote 4);• a 1-day MEQ/FIS Topic Session on“Mariculture technology and husbandry foralternate and developing culture species”(FIS Endnote 5);• a 1-day MEQ workshop on “Review ofselected harmful algae in the PICES region:IV. Karenia and Prorocentrum” preceded bya ½-day laboratory demonstration (HAB-SEndnote 3).Theme for PICES XVIII (Agenda Item 12)No suggestions were provided.132

MEQ-2007PICES web site (Agenda Item 13)No time was spent on this issue at the meeting.Relations with other international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 14)In anticipation that a PICES Working Group onmariculture issues will be established, likely onedealing in some capacity with risk assessment,collaboration with the ICES Working Group onEnvironmental Interactions of Mariculture(WGEIM) is recommended. Some SG-MARmembers thought that a risk assessmentapproach may be too difficult and costly toapply in the PICES region. Nevertheless, theStudy Group recommended that PICES acceptthe opportunity for a joint workshop withWGEIM to be held in April 2008, in Victoria,Canada, and use this opportunity to train PICESscientists in risk assessment.The Committee reviewed activities scheduledfor the 2008 ICES Annual Science Conference(September 23–26, 2008, Halifax, Canada).MEQ recommended that PICES co-convene oneor both of the following Theme Sessions:“Marine spatial planning in support ofintegrated management – tools, methods, andapproaches [ICES convenors: Stuart Rogers(UK), Robert O’Boyle (Canada)]” and “Howmuch habitat is enough? Evaluating habitats interms of their ecosystem function, goods andservices” [ICES convenors: Stephen K. Brown(NOAA, USA), David Conover (JNCC, UK;tentative), Jake Rice (DFO, Canada; tentative)]”.At the WG 21 meeting, Dr. Gil Rilov invitedPICES to co-sponsor, with the U.S. National SeaGrant Office and ICES, the 6 th InternationalConference on “Marine bioinvasions” to be heldin late August or early September 2009, inPortland, Oregon, U.S.A. WG 21 recommendedthat PICES support the conference and requestedthat one of its Scientific Steering Committee(SSC) members be from WG 21. Dr. Yoon Lee(Korea) volunteered to serve on the SSC. MEQendorsed this proposal and suggested thatsupport be at the level previously provided to the5 th International Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” convened in May 2007, inCambridge, MA, U.S.A. This is considerablyless than the amount requested by the organizers(see WG 21 report).Finally, there was discussion by both HAB-Sand WG 21 about their activities under a projecton “Development of the prevention systems forharmful organisms’ expansion in the PacificRim” supported by the very welcome andsignificant Japanese voluntary contribution(~CDN$ 1 million) provided to PICES forPacific harmful algal bloom and invasive speciesstudies during the next 5 years.Items with financial implications (AgendaItem 15)Proposed inter-sessional meetingsThe following inter-sessional meetings wereendorsed:• A 2-day inter-sessional meeting of WG 19on Ecosystem-based Management Scienceand its application to the North Pacific todiscuss progress towards the preparation ofthe WG 19 final report and obtain Chineseinput to the report (February 2008, Seattle,U.S.A.);• A 3-day inter-sessional WG 21 meeting toevaluate the protocols and reach finalagreement on standards, data elements anddata entry templates for the WG 21Marine/Estuarine Invasive Species Database(January 30–31, 2008, in Seattle, U.S.A.);[Update: Dates and location were changedto March 3–5, 2008 in Busan, Korea;]• A 2-day ICES/PICES workshop on“Environmental interactions of mariculture”(April 14–15, 2008, Victoria, Canada).Proposed publicationsThe following publications, mentioned at lastyear’s Annual Meeting are now expected tooccur in 2008–2009:• a paper in a primary journal on national ecoregionapproaches based on the results of thePICES XV workshop on “Criteria relevantto the determination of unit eco-regions forecosystem-based management in the PICESarea” (2008);133

MEQ-2007• a final report of WG19 on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and its Application tothe North Pacific (early 2009);• a WG19 brochure on ecosystem-basedmanagement in a format similar to theFERRRS Advisory Report (2009).Travel requestsTravel support is requested for:• 2 invited speakers for the MEQ workshopon “Review of selected harmful algae in thePICES region: IV. Karenia andProrocentrum” (HAB Endnote 3);• 1 invited speaker for the MEQ TopicSession on “Environmental regulation ofspecies succession: The use of long-termdata sets to understand HAB speciesdominance” (HAB Endnote 4);• 2 invited speakers for the MEQ TopicSession on “Consequences of nonindigenousspecies introductions” (WG 21Endnote 4);• 2 invited speakers, 1 from the westernPacific and 1 from the eastern Pacific, forthe MEQ Topic Session on “Humandimension sciences relevance for PICES”(MEQ Endnote 5).• 2 invited speakers for the MEQ/FIS TopicSession on “Mariculture technology andhusbandry for alternate and developingculture species” (FIS Endnote 5);• A PICES convenor for the ICES/PICESTheme Session on “Marine spatial planningin support of integrated management –tools, methods, and approaches and/or on“How much habitat is enough? Evaluatinghabitats in terms of their ecosystem function,goods and services”.MEQ Endnote 1MembersTatyana Belan (Russia)Glen S. Jamieson (Canada, Chairman)Hak-Gyoon Kim (Korea)Kunio Kohata (Japan)Olga Lukyanova (Russia)Steve Rumrill (U.S.A.)Darlene Smith (Canada)Yasunori Watanabe (Japan)Michael Watson (U.S.A.)Participation listObserversAlexander Bychkov (PICES)Vasily Radashevsky (Russia)Thomas Therriault (Canada)Anastasia Chernove (Russia)Ichiro Imai (Japan)Toyomatsu Horii (Japan)Jie Kong (China)Yoichiro Ishibashi (Japan)Chang-Gu Kang (Korea)Jinhui Wang (China)David Fluharty (U.S.A.)Waldo Wakefield (U.S.A.)Luzviminda Dimaano (Philippines)MEQ Endnote 2MEQ meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. Approval of agenda3. Business from last year’s Annual Meeting4. Progress report of MEQ-related subsidiarybodies:• Section on Ecology of Harmful AlgalBlooms in the North Pacific• MEQ/FIS WG 19 on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and itsApplication to the North Pacific134

MEQ-2007• MEQ WG 21 on Non-Indigenous AquaticSpecies• Study Group on Marine Aquacultureand Ranching in the PICES Region5. Report on “Development of the preventionsystem for harmful organism’s expansion inthe Pacific Rim”; a project supported by avoluntary contribution by the Governmentof Japan:6. Reports on inter-sessional meetings7. Proposals for new subsidiary bodies (requireterms of reference and list of potentialmembers)8. Discussion on the next major PICESscientific program, FUTURE: Roles forMEQ and respective member countries9. Review/discussion of the MEQ Action Plan10. MEQ Best Presentation and Poster Award11. Planning for PICES XVII (Dalian, China)12. Theme for PICES XVIII (Busan, Korea)13. PICES web site – MEQ content14. Relations with other international programsand organizations15. Items with financial implications16. Other business17. Preparation of MEQ report and recommendationsto Science BoardMEQ Endnote 3MEQ Action PlanMission of the MEQ CommitteeThe MEQ Committee will expand its sciencefrom physical/chemical quality as related totoxic contaminants to include: structure, process,and function of the marine system that sustainsboth ecosystem and human health. Ecosystemhealth will ultimately affect human health.Rather than focusing on physical drivers ofecosystem change, MEQ is concentrating onanthropogenic drivers of marine ecosystemhealth. The Committee notes that each nationhas a different approach and managementstructure for insuring marine environmentalquality, which in turn, influences the directionand relative priority for research and scienceadvice. In other words, each culture and societyhas a different view of what quality represents.It is important to make sure that the efforts ofMEQ include, and are useful to, each PICESmember country.Ecological health issues can include:• Disease, biological pollution, bacteria, HABs;• Biodiversity, species introductions andunintentional introductions of exotic species;• Sustainability of the ecosystem, future useof resources;• Integrated coastal zone management,ecosystem-based management;• Predictive models, ecological forecasting.Given the above view of MEQ’s mission, theCommittee made the following revisions to thelist of issues in the current MEQ Action Plan.Issues that were deleted because the focus is toonarrow or they are the purview of anotherPICES Scientific Committee are:• Impacts of climate change on coastalecosystems;• Biogeochemical processes regulating contaminantdynamics in sediments;• Harmonization of existing methods used inPICES countries;Issues remaining unchanged, altered to broadenfocus, or included de novo are as follows:• Mariculture;• Biological and physical transport ofanthropogenic substances in the marineenvironment;• Anthropogenic impacts on benthic habitat(formerly in the Plan as “trawling effects onbenthic habitat”);• Identification and assessment of emergingchemical and biological pollutants(including exotic species), and their impactson marine ecosystems;• Definition of indicators or biologicalmarkers of marine ecosystem health, withrelevance to human health and welfare;• Needing further clarification is a topicaddressing anthropogenic impacts on trophic135

MEQ-2007dynamics and biodiversity that impactsystem sustainability.Strategy of the MEQ CommitteeThe PICES mission has five central themes:A. Advancing scientific knowledge;B. Applying scientific knowledge;C. Fostering partnerships;D. Ensuring a modern organization in supportof PICES activities; andE. Distributing PICES scientific information.Specific goals are identified within each of thesethemes. The Actions of MEQ will seek to meetgoals under each of the themes.Theme AAdvancing scientific knowledgeGoal 1 Understand the physical, chemical, andbiological functioning of marine ecosystemsAction 1.1 Address the substantial need forimproved data and information onthe occurrence and mechanisms ofharmful species in the North Pacific:Task 1.1.1 Conduct a workshop on HABspecies (Dinophysis and Cochlodinium)in 2006;Task 1.1.2 Hold a scientific session on HABresearch in the western Pacific(2006);Task 1.1.3 Initiate discussion of the role ofcnidarians and ctenophores in themarine environment.Action 1.2 Develop a process for conductingholistic assessments of the impact ofhuman activities, and identify a suiteof indicators or variables that willfacilitate the monitoring ofecosystem status:Task 1.2.1 Produce an assessment of the spatialand temporal patterns ofcontaminants for inclusion in theNPESR;Task 1.2.2 In conjunction with 1.2.1, initiateassessment of relationship betweencontaminant levels and their effectson marine ecosystems.Goal 2 Understand and quantify the impacts ofhuman activities and climate on marineecosystemsAction 2.1 Evaluate and increase knowledge inPICES of the potential impacts ofaquaculture on ecosystems of theNorth Pacific:Task 2.1.1 Hold a scientific session on“Aquaculture and the sustainablemanagement of the marineenvironment”;Task 2.1.2 Hold a workshop to train PICESscientists in methods to conduct riskassessments on aquaculture activities(note the ICES Code of Practice forIntroductions and Transfer of MarineOrganisms).Action 2.2 Evaluate and increase knowledge onthe potential impacts of intentionaland accidental introductions of nonnativespecies and their vectors ofintroductions, and collaborate withICES on introductions and transfersof non-indigenous organisms,including genetically modifiedorganisms:Task 2.2.1 Propose a PICES WG on introducedspecies (2006);Task 2.2.2 Participate in the InternationalMarine Bioinvasions Conference(2007);Task 2.2.3 Conduct a joint PICES/ICESworkshop on introduced species(2007/8).Action 2.3 Evaluate and increase under-standingof how human health issues areinextricably linked to oceanconditions, primarily in coastal areas:Task 2.3.1 Conduct a workshop/session on“Oceans and human health” issuesin the North Pacific.Action 2.4 Develop the scientific basis for anecosystem approach to management,including assessments and theprovision of scientific advice:Task 2.4.1 Identify and evaluate the use ofindicators for assessing the136

MEQ-2007achievement of ecosystem-basedmanagement;Task 2.4.2 Continue and expand thedevelopment of ecosystem modelsthat facilitate the assessment ofmonitoring and scientific knowledgeof ecosystem functions in a holisticmanner;Task 2.4.3 Hold a scientific session onapproaches to designating eco-regionsand areas that are ecologically andbiologically significant (2006);Task 2.4.4 Develop country reports onapproaches to ecosystem-basedmanagement (2006);Task 2.4.5 Hold a symposium on the science ofecosystem-based management.Goal 3 Provide advice on methods and tools toguide scientific activitiesAction 3.1 Examine and assess methods formeasuring HAB species and toxinsfor use by scientists and agencies ofPICES member countries:Task 3.1.1 Conduct a workshop at PICES XIVto review methods Pseudo-nitzschiaand Alexandrium;Task 3.1.2 Work to develop capacity for Russianscientists to assess and monitor HABspecies and toxin levels;Task 3.1.3 Conduct a series of laboratorydemonstrations of DSP detection.Theme BApplying scientific knowledgeGoal 4 Provide scientific advice towards wiseuse of the North Pacific OceanAction 4.1 NoneTheme CFostering partnershipsGoal 5 Promote collaboration with organizations,scientific programs, and stakeholders thatare relevant to the PICES goalsAction 5.1 Develop an approach for formallinkages with ICES/IOC/IMOWGBOSV (WG on Ballast andOther Ship Vectors) and/or the ICESWGITMO (WG on Introductionsand Transfers of Marine Organisms)over the long term.Goal 6 Promote collaboration among scientistswithin PICESAction 6.1 Develop and maintain joint activitiesof PICES scientists with IOC indevelopment of an internationalHAB database (HAE-DAT):Task 6.1.1 Prepare event reports for 2001–03.Action 6.2 Provide input to the implementationof activities of GEOHAB and IOCIntergovernmental Panel on HarmfulAlgal Blooms in the PICES area,such as the HAB database (see 6.1).Theme D Ensuring a modern organization insupport of PICES activitiesGoal 7 Provide an effective infrastructure tosupport PICES programsAction 7.1 NoneTheme E Distributing PICES scientificinformationGoal 8 Make the scientific products of PICESaccessibleAction 8.1 Publish Working Group reports:Task 8.1.1 Publish country reports on status ofmariculture in PICES membercountries in the PICES ScientificReport series;Task 8.1.2 Publish inventories on nonindigenousorganisms for PICESmember countries in the PICESScientific Report series;Task 8.1.3 Publish a brochure on ecosystembased management.137

MEQ-2007MEQ Endnote 4Terms of Reference for a Study Group onMarine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES Region1. Review and assess the reasons why PICESWG 18 had limited success in achievingtheir Terms of Reference;2. Develop a list, by PICES member country,of the highest priority (but no more then 10)3. Marine aquaculture and/or ocean ranchingscience needs;4. Develop recommendations of goals andaction items for the next 5–10 years thatcould be included in Action Plans of MEQor FIS.MEQ Endnote 5Proposal for a 1-day MEQ Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Human dimension sciences relevance for PICES”[later renamed to “Connecting the human and natural dimensions of marine ecosystems and marinemanagement in the PICES context”]A complete definition of marine ecosystemsincludes the human components. Considerationof ecosystem-based management, at least withinthe natural sciences, usually leaves out thehuman dimensions, or includes it only as fishingeffort. For ecosystem-based management tosucceed, however, humans need to be included.This session builds on the Science BoardSymposium of 2003 titled “Human dimensionsof ecosystem variability”. Human relationshipsand how humans interact with the ocean havebeen changing in nature and strength over time.Natural variability in marine systems can belarge, but so are socio-economic pressures andconsiderations relating to marine environments.Determining appropriate socio-economicindicators to complement indicators of naturalclimate variability, e.g., for ecosystem-basedmanagement, is an ongoing challenge. Thissession will address these interactions betweennatural and socio-economic issues in the contextof ecosystem-based management. Specifically,it will consider: (1) What are the criteria todetermine relevant socio-economic indicators ofhuman well-being related to marine issues forPICES member countries? (2) What areappropriate indicators to monitor changes inmanagement objectives and human well-beingrelevant to changing ecosystem structure andproduction? (3) How might decisions that aremade to enhance human well-being likely toimpact (positively or negatively) the nature andfunctions of marine ecosystems? This sessiontheme will continue to explore the many waysthat humans interact with marine ecosystemsand the scientific efforts to quantify and predicthuman impacts on the dynamics of suchsystems.Recommended convenors: David Fluharty(U.S.A.), Mitsutaku Makino (Japan), Ian Perry(Canada) and Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea)Request: travel expenses for 2 invited speakers(1 from each of the eastern and western Pacific).138

POC-2007REPORT OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHYAND CLIMATE COMMITTEEThe meeting of the Physical Oceanography andClimate Committee (hereafter POC) was heldfrom 16:00–19:00 hours on October 31, 2007.The Chairman, Dr. Michael G. Foreman, calledthe meeting to order and welcomed membersand observers (POC Endnote 1). Dr. James E.Overland served as the rapporteur. The Chairmanwelcomed Dr. Nathan Mantua as a new memberof the Committee. Several changes were made tothe draft agenda in order to accommodatecancellations and additions to the presentationsfrom international organizations and programs(Agenda Item 6). The revised agenda wasadopted (POC Endnote 2).Completion of PICES XV decisions (AgendaItem 3)a. Two members of WG 20 on Evaluations ofClimate Change Projections, Drs. MuyinWang and Enrique Curchitser, attendedESSAS workshops on “Evaluation of climatescenarios for subarctic regions” and “The roleof seasonal sea ice cover in marineecosystems” held on June 4–6, 2007, inHakodate, Japan, with partial travel supportfrom PICES.b. The BIO/POC Topic Session on “Decadalchanges in carbon biogeochemistry in theNorth Pacific” proposed for PICES XVI wasapproved by Science Board.c. The POC Contributed Paper Session proposedfor PICES XVI was approved by ScienceBoard.d. The POC/CCCC/MONITOR Topic Sessionon “Operational forecasts of oceans andecosystems” proposed for PICES XVI wasapproved by Science Board.e. The BIO/FIS/POC Topic Session on“Phenology and climate change in the NorthPacific: Implications of variability in thetiming of zooplankton production to fish,seabirds, marine mammals and fisheries(humans)” proposed for PICES XVI wasapproved by Science Board.f. The POC/CCCC workshop on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling” proposedfor PICES XVI was approved by ScienceBoard.g. The ICES/PICES Early Career ScientistsConference entitled “New frontiers inmarine science” was successfully held onJune 26–29, 2007, in Baltimore, U.S.A. Thesummary of this conference can be foundelsewhere in this Annual Report.h. Dr. Foreman gave a brief report on theplanning for the ICES/PICES/IOCSymposium on “Effects of climate changeon the world’s oceans” to be held May 19–23, 2008, in Gijón, Spain, and all POC andWG 20 members were encouraged to attend.Dr. Foreman is co-convening a session on“Past and future variability and change inocean climate: Climate model projections”,and a WG 20 meeting will be held if asufficient number of members attend.i. Dr. James R. Christian reported that the“Guide to best practices for ocean CO 2measurements” has been completed and willbe published by the end of this year asPICES Special Publication No. 3/IOCCPReport No. 8.Progress report of the Section on Carbon andclimate (Agenda Item 4a)Dr. Christian, Co-Chairman of the Section onCarbon and Climate (CC-S), briefly reported ontheir successful Topic Session (Agenda Item 3babove) and annual meeting at PICES XVI. Draftchanges to the terms of reference for CC-S werepresented (CC-S Endnote 4) and will be finalizedby the inter-sessional Science Board meeting inApril 2008. Details can be found in the CC-Schapter of this Annual Report.139

POC-2007Progress report of the CREAMS/PICESAdvisory Panel (Agenda Item 4b)Dr. Yasunori Sakurai, Co-Chairman of theAdvisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Programin East Asian Marginal Seas (CREAMS-AP)gave a brief report of activities in the past year,including their annual meeting at PICES XVIand plans for 2008 and beyond. Details can befound in the CREAMS-AP chapter of thisAnnual Report.Progress report of WG 20 on “Evaluation ofClimate Change Projections” (Agenda Item 4c)Dr. Foreman gave a brief report of the activitiesof WG 20 over the last year. The details can befound in the WG 20 chapter of this AnnualReport. Highlights included: i) memberattendance at the ESSAS workshops in Hakodate,Japan (Agenda Item 3a above); ii) a successfulworkshop with CFAME (Agenda Item 3f above)that had approximately 50 attendees on the firstday, 23 on the second and that resulted in therequest for a shopping list of climate variables tobe provided for the CFAME inter-sessionalworkshop in April 2008; iii) a business meetingat PICES XVI in which WG 20’s role in the nextPICES integrative scientific program (FUTURE)was discussed; and iv) a possible inter-sessionalWG 20 meeting at the 2008 Gijón symposium,pending sufficient attendance (Agenda Item 3habove).Relations with other international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 5)Six presentations were given:a. Dr. Hee-Dong Jeong gave a brief summary ofNEAR-GOOS (North-East Asian RegionalGlobal Ocean Observing System) activitiesfor the past year, including the provision ofhistorical and real-time databases, and thoseplanned for 2008.b. Dr. Howard J. Freeland, Co-Chairman of theArgo Science Team, outlined successes andproblems with the Argo program. Fourrecommendations for PICES membercountries were given (POC Endnote 3) andthe Committee unanimously agreed that theybe carried forward to Science Board.c. Dr. William R. Crawford, member of thePacific CLIVAR (Climate Variability andPredictability Program) Panel, summarizedtheir activities for the past year.d. Dr. Kenneth Drinkwater, Co-Chairman ofthe ESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas) Steering Committee, provided asummary of their activities for the past yearand those planned for 2008. He askedPICES to support travel for one WG 20/POC member to attend the next ESSASAnnual Meeting to be held in September2008, in Halifax, Canada.e. Dr. George L. Hunt, Chairman of BEST(Bering Sea Ecosystem Study), reported that8 related sub-projects have been funded(total $35M) by the National ScienceFoundation and North Pacific ResearchBoard for BEST and BSIERP (Bering SeaIntegrated Ecosystem Research) programs.f. Dr. Foreman reported that the InternationalCouncil for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)was looking for PICES support for ThemeSessions at their Annual Science Conferenceto be held in September 2008, in Halifax,Canada. The only session that seemedapplicable to POC was “Coupled physicaland biological models: Parameterization,validation, and application”. It wasrecommended that travel support be given foran interested POC or BIO member to coconvenethis session. (If practical, this couldbe the same person attending the ESSASworkshop since it is just before the ICESAnnual Science Conference.)Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman(Agenda item 6)Dr. Foreman was elected unanimously as POCChairman for the second 3-year term. Dr. IchiroYasuda will also continue to serve as POC Vice-Chairman.POC Action Plan (Agenda Item 7)POC agreed that since the POC Action Plan wasupdated prior to the inter-sessional ScienceBoard meeting in April 2007, it need not bereviewed further at the Annual Meeting.140

POC-2007Discussion of PICES’ next scientific program,FUTURE (Agenda Item 8)This item was moved to the end of the meetingas it was expected to consume as much time aswas available. The Chairman gave a briefsummary of the history leading up to the presentdraft Science Plan (version 4.2) for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems). ThePlan had been sent by e-mail to all committeemembers one month prior to this AnnualMeeting and had also been posted on the PICESwebsite. Dr. Foreman stated that although hehoped that POC would play a stronger role inFUTURE than it did in CCCC, he did not feelthe present document reflected this desire. Hisfeeling was that in the CCCC Program thephysical and geochemical components ofclimate were assumed to be known, and theemphasis was on biological response. As thereis still much to learn about physical/geochemicalvariability in the North Pacific, he did not feelthis was appropriate then, nor is it now. Thus,FUTURE should not follow the CCCC Programin pushing physical and chemical oceanographyinto the background. With this in mind, possiblechanges to the key and secondary questions weresuggested. A lengthy discussion followed andconcluded by endorsing changes that would givemore focus to understanding the physical andgeochemical processes and uncertaintiesassociated with climate patterns and projections.On behalf of POC, Dr. Foreman will presentthese suggestions at the upcoming Open Forumon November 1 and at the FISP workshop onNovember 3.Planning PICES XVII (Agenda Item 9)Dr. Thomas C. Wainwright proposed a 1-dayTopic Session on “Marine system forecastmodels: Moving forward to the FUTURE”, tobe jointly sponsored by MODEL (CCCC) andPOC (MODEL Endnote 3). The Committeesuggested that “models” be deleted from the titlebut otherwise supported the proposal andindicated they would be prepared to requesttravel support for one invited speaker.Two further Topic Sessions were proposed byDr. Fangli Qiao, but after some discussion it wasdecided that only one Topic Session entitled“Coastal upwelling processes and theirecological effects” should be supported (POCEndnote 4). Co-sponsorship from FIS and BIOwould be requested but if not forthcoming, theCommittee decided it could handle it alone.Travel support will be requested for one invitedspeaker.Though not presented in time for the POCmeeting, MONITOR asked POC to co-sponsortheir joint Topic Session with TCODE and BIOentitled “Linking biology, chemistry, and physicsin our observational systems – present statusand FUTURE needs” (MONITOR Endnote 6).At the Science Board meeting, Dr. Foremanagreed to support this proposal along with theassociated request for an invited speaker.The Committee supported holding a 1-day POCContributed Paper Session to be convened byDrs. Foreman and Yasuda; it was indicated thatthis session does not require invited speakers.The Committee also approved the request for ajoint CCCC/POC workshop, tentatively entitled“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling (II)”(CFAME Endnote 4). There will be no invitedspeakers.No names of potential invited speakers for theScience Board Symposium at PICES XVII weresuggested.PICES XVIII theme (Agenda Item 10)The theme proposed by Korea for PICES XVIIIwas not available to be discussed at the meeting.Ranked requests with financial implications(Agenda Item 11)Inter-sessional travel support requestsAfter considerable discussion, the Committeeagreed to forward the following list of rankedrequests for financial support to Science Board:a. WG 20 Co-Chairmen to attend the intersessionalCFAME workshop on “Linking and141

POC-2007visualizing climate forcing and marineecosystem changes: A comparativeapproach” to be convened in April 2008, inHonolulu, U.S.A. (CFAME Endnote 3);b. a guest lecturer for the PICES Summer Schoolon “Biomass-based management” to be held inAugust 2008, in Hakodate, Japan;c. a WG 20/POC member to attend the ESSASworkshop to be held in September 2008, inHalifax, Canada;d. an invited speaker for the PICES/CREAMSworkshop on “Flux studies in marginal seas”,to be held in August 2008, in Seoul, Korea(tentative);e. a PICES convenor for a joint ICES/PICESTheme Session on “Coupled physical andbiological models: Parameterization,validation, and applications” at the ICESAnnual Science Conference in September2008, in Halifax, Canada (could possibly becombined with request c);f. a session convenor to attend the symposiumon “Effects of climate change on the world’soceans” and possible WG 20 inter-sessionalmeeting to be held in May 2008, in Gijón,Spain;g. a member of CC-S to attend the conferenceon “The ocean in a high CO 2 world –II” to beconvened in October 2008, in Monaco.PICES XVII travel support requestsFor PICES XVII, travel support is requested for1 invited speaker for each of the three TopicSessions that POC has agreed to co-sponsor.Proposed publications for 2008 and beyondNothing was foreseen.POC Best Presentation and Best PosterAwards (Agenda Item 12)Drs. Steven Bograd, Christian, Foreman andYasuda acted as judges for the POC BestPresentation Award and the POC Best PosterAward to be given to an early career scientistpresenting in the POC Contributed PaperSession and the BIO/POC Topic Session S2.The recipients were: Hitoshi Kaneko (Universityof Tokyo, Japan) for his paper (co-authored withIchiro Yasuda) on “Current and turbulenceobservations of North Pacific intermediate waterin the Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence region”(POC Contributed Paper Session), and Chun-OkJo (Seoul National University, Korea) for herposter (co-authored with Kyung-Ryul Kim) on“Decadal changes of phytoplankton activityduring spring in the southern East/Japan Sea”(BIO/POC Topic Session S2).Other business (Agenda Item 13)No other business was raised.Adoption of Report and Science BoardRecommendations (Agenda Item 14)The preceding report was circulated and approvedby POC members. All recommendations werebrought forward by Dr. Foreman to ScienceBoard at its meeting on November 4, 2007.142

POC-2007POC Endnote 1MembersSteven J. Bograd (U.S.A.)Kyung-Il Chang (Korea)James R. Christian (Canada)Michael G. Foreman (Canada, Chairman)Shin-ichi Ito (Japan)Hee-Dong Jeong (Korea)Nathan Mantua (U.S.A.)James E. Overland (U.S.A.)Young-Gyu Park (Korea)Elena Ustinova (Russia)Fan Wang (China)Ichiro Yasuda (Japan, Co-Chairman)Yury I. Zuenko (Russia)Participation listObserversWilliam R. Crawford (Canada)Kenneth F. Drinkwater (Norway)Howard J. Freeland (Canada)Akira Nakadate (Japan)Ig-Chan Pang (Korea)Fangli Qiao (China)David Rivas (U.S.A.)Konstatin Rogachev (Russia)Christopher L. Sabine (U.S.A.)Yasunori Sakurai (CREAMS-AP Co-Chairman,Japan)Yasuhiro Yamanaka (WG 20 Co-Chairman,Japan)POC Endnote 2POC meeting agenda1. Welcome, introductions, opening remarks2. Changes to, adoption of, agenda andappointment of rapporteur3. Completion of PICES XV decisions:a. ESSAS workshops on “Evaluation ofclimate scenarios for subarctic regions”and “The role of seasonal sea ice coverin marine ecosystems”, June 4–6, 2007,Hakodate, Japanb. PICES XVI BIO/POC Topic Session“Decadal changes in carbon biogeochemistryin the North Pacific”c. PICES XVI POC Contributed PaperSessiond. PICES XVI POC/MONITOR/CCCCTopic Session “Operational forecasts ofoceans and ecosystems”e. PICES XVI BIO/FIS/POC TopicSession “Phenology and climate changein the North Pacific:…”f. PICES XVI POC/CCCC Workshop on“Climate scenarios for ecosystemmodeling XV”g. Early Career Scientists Conference on“New frontiers in marine science”, June26–29, 2007, Baltimore, U.S.A.h. ICES/PICES/IOC Symposium on“Effects of climate change on the world’soceans”, May 19–23 2008, Gijón (Spain)i. PICES Special Publication No. 3: Guideto best practices for ocean CO 2measurements4. Reports of existing subsidiary bodiesa. Progress report of the Section onCarbon and Climate (Christian/Saino)b. Progress report of the Advisory Panel onCREAMS/PICES Program in East Asianmarginal seas (Sakurai/Kim)c. Progress report of WG20 on“Evaluation of climate changeprojections” (Foreman/Yamanaka)5. Relations with other international programsand organizations:a. NEAR-GOOS (Hee-Dong Jeong)b. Argo (Howard Freeland)c. CLIVAR (William Crawford)d. ESSAS (Kenneth Drinkwater)e. BEST/BSIERP (George Hunt, Jr.)f. ICES6. Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman7. Discussion of the POC Action Plan8. Discussion on the next major PICESscientific program, FUTURE9. Planning PICES XVII in Dalian, China10. Theme for PICES XVIII in Busan, Korea11. Items with financial implications12. POC Best Presentation and Poster Award13. Other business14. Adoption of POC report and recommendationsto Science Board143

POC-2007POC Endnote 3Recommendations to Science Board concerning the Project Argo1. We (POC) recommend that countriescontributing to Argo give seriousconsideration to the possibility that floatsmight be deployed most usefully in locationsremote from their own nation’s territorialwaters.2. We (POC) believe that Argo is valuable forall nations and strongly recommend thatcountries contributing to Argo developfunding systems sufficient to maintain theirnational arrays.3. We (POC) wish to encourage all countries toensure that a plan for completing their owndelayed-mode quality control on Argoprofiles is in place and being executed.4. We (POC) wish to encourage all countries toassure the continued ability of Argo toremain within the terms established by theLaw of the Sea. To this end we encouragecountries that do not presently contribute tothe Argo infrastructure to find a means ofmaking an annual contribution.POC Endnote 4Proposal for a 1-day Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Coastal upwelling processes and their ecological effects”Upwelling is a key process in marine ecosystemslinking physical oceanography, chemistry, andmarine ecology. It brings rich nutrient water tothe upper ocean so it has great impacts uponfisheries in these regions and on the ecologicalenvironment, and may also provide a suitableenvironment for harmful algal blooms. Thissession will focus on three aspects of upwelling:(1) observations, numerical modeling andmechanism analysis of upwelling and relatedprocesses; (2) the quantitative evaluation ofupwelling on marine ecology (biologicalproduction, diversity, etc.); and (3) changes inupwelling systems as a result of climate change.The session should be helpful for the ecosystembasedmanagement of the marine environment.Co-sponsors: POC and potentially FIS and BIO.Recommended convenors: Tal Ezer, (U.S.A.),Vyacheslav Lobanov (Russia) and Xingang Lü,(China).144

TCODE-2007REPORT OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON DATA EXCHANGEThe meeting of the Technical Committee on DataExchange (hereafter TCODE) was held from16:00–19:15 hours on October 31, 2007. TheChairman, Dr. Igor I. Shevchenko, called themeeting to order and welcomed the participants.The meeting was attended by 11 TCODEmembers and 4 observers representing PICESmember countries and international organizations(TCODE Endnote 1). Dr. John Holmes served asthe rapporteur. The Committee reviewed theprovisional agenda and adopted it withoutchanges and additions (TCODE Endnote 2).Review progress on items in the 2006/2007work plan (Agenda Item 3)PICES Federated Metadata Searching ProjectProgress continued to be made with the PICESFederated Metadata Searching Project. AllPICES member countries, except Canada, haveclearinghouse nodes and are contributingmetadata. The latest country brought on-linewas China. In August 2007, a node wasestablished at the National Marine Data andInformation Service of the State OceanographicAdministration in Tianjin. A training course onFGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee)metadata preparation was completedsuccessfully. A suggestion was put forward andsupported that an objective of the FederatedMetadata Searching Project for the next yearshould be to report on how the remote serverservice performs. A progress report for 2007will be provided by Dr. Bernard A. Megrey tothe Secretariat for posting on the PICES website.Canadian participation in the project is probablyabout a year away, and contributions will bethrough Canadian efforts to catalogue internaldata holdings in a searchable database. The delayis related to the extensive IT reorganization that iscurrently occurring and the need for time to makenecessary software improvements to the existinginternal catalogue. Dr. Holmes will report backto TCODE on progress in Canada with respect tometadata records and how to identify parentrecords, i.e., prevent duplication in multiple nodesor catalogues.A proposal to purchase a remote server servicefor one year to consolidate all PICES metadatanodes was discussed. TINRO-Center has usedGeoNetwork and GeoServer software, and ashort presentation on this topic was given byDr. Shevchenko. The software is written in Javaand so can be used in Windows, Linux, andUnix environments. A suggestion was to installGeoNetwork and GeoServer on a consolidationserver and test them in this virtual serverenvironment. Dr. Megrey was asked to refocusthe proposals to reflect discussions at TCODEand consider making them a joint proposal withMONITOR (TCODE Endnote 3).Dr. Shevchenko also reported that in Russia theycannot connect to servers of the several metadataclearinghouses. An experiment was discussedon accessing clearinghouses from differentlocations to see if this is true for other countries.Update TCODE Action PlanSeveral minor changes to the TCODE ActionPlan were discussed and approved. The Planwas updated and posted on the TCODE website(http://tcode.tinro.ru/pices16.html).National annual reports (Agenda Item 4)TCODE members presented national annualreports. These reports include lists of institutesand agencies, key persons contacts, links to dataand metadata sets, ocean observing systems,data and metadata formats and standards,information technologies for collecting,measuring and enumerating marine organisms,marine data management programs that underpinmarine science programs, data polices; softwareapplicable in marine ecosystems studies and145

TCODE-2007modeling, publications on marine datamanagement issues, education materials, etc. Allreports will be posted at the TCODE website.Canada:One addition to the last year’s report is thewebsite for the National Science Data ManagementCommittee (http://intradev.ncr.dfo-mpo.ca/science/nsdmc/index_e.htm). The goal of theCommittee is to guide data managementstrategies and priorities. This activity includesitems of direct interest to TCODE, such as dataand metadata inventories, data and metadatastandards, data access, and data archaeology.Canada has established new funding for CableUnderwater Observatories through the academicfunding system (not through governmentdepartments). There is both a coastal project(VENUS) and an offshore observatory(NEPTUNE). These activities will require ahigh performance Data Management andArchival System (DMAS) to handle the largeamounts of data that may be produced by thesesystems. The NEPTUNE project has recruitedan Assistant Director (Information Systems) tohead up this activity. The candidate comes witha very strong background in astronomical datamanagement, so there may be some interestingopportunities for “cross-fertilization” of ideas,approaches and techniques. VENUS is now“live” at the Patricia Bay node, with real-timedata on-line at www.venus.uvic.ca/data/data_plots.html. Another node is being placedoff Roberts Bank in the Strait of Georgia nowand another ship is laying cable out toEndeavour Ridge hot vents.JapanThe Fishery Agency data management activitiesare focused on the Japan/East Sea. One goal isto put together a modern database and make itsearchable. The database implementation isbehind schedule due to the need to bring in someolder data. It is expected to be finished in thenext year.Three monitoring lines (off Hokkaido, nearTokyo, and in the East China Sea) are used tomonitor the lower trophic levels every season,and the collected data are going into a database.These observations will continue until 2010.There is no a generally accepted approach to themetadata bases design. Many old metadatarecords are in Japanese only. They should betranslated into English, and this is very timeconsuming.ChinaAll activities to join PICES Metadata Federationwere completed. The software tools to supportthe metadata production are being tested. Themain difficulty is to arrange translating metadatafrom Chinese to English.KoreaSeveral agencies operate ocean databases andthe Argo site and are involved in distribution ofthe data. A real-time coastal information systemhas been developed for monitoring aquacultureenvironments. The system is deployed on fishfarms. Measured data (temperature, salinity anddissolved oxygen) play a crucial role innowcasting/forecasting coastal ocean conditionsand in reducing the risk of mass mortalitycaused by an abnormal change of the waterquality. The Korean Ocean Data Center isdeveloping a regional standard for QA/QC of thereal-time data acquired from the seas aroundKorea.RussiaFederal Ocean State System is now in use but isonly available in Russian. The PICES FederatedMetadata Searching Project was advertised byDr. Shevchenko at a workshop held at TINRO-Center. He asked colleagues to use it, especiallyopen-source software. In Russia, the technicalproblems seem to be easily solvable, the challengeis to get scientists to prepare and use metadata.U.S.A.During this year there was a lot of activity interms of building a national profile forconversion to the new ISO 19115 standard.Several conversion programs were constructed146

TCODE-2007to do a cross-walk from FGDC to ISO. URLsare available for these reports. It is still not clearif discipline-specific profiles for ISO have beendeveloped.The WOCE Atlas has been updated in 2007 withphysical and oceanographic parameters. Thisnew version is a big improvement on the old onesince it is friendlier and searchable.Discussion of FUTURE (Agenda Item 5)TCODE has not been actively involved in thedevelopment of a Science Plan for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems), butthis will change at the implementation planningstage. The current statement in planningdocuments concerning data management is notclear on what data management TCODE cancontribute. This activity in FUTURE mayinclude building inventories and improvingaccess to key retrospective datasets, providingon-line access to the PICES publications,Annual Meeting abstracts, etc. All these itemsmay be listed in the Implementation Plan underData and Information Management Services.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 6)TCODE proposed a joint scientific/e-postersession with MONITOR for PICES XVII on“Data requirements and data sources to supportFUTURE”. One of the goals of this session is tobring to the meeting national data repositorymanagers who manage and provide the data. Itis planned to discuss such questions as “what ismetadata and what can be done using thisinformation” and “how to get people involved increating and using metadata”. It was suggestedto have presentations of data centers on whatthey have, can do and how to work bettertogether. Representatives of national datacenters and the ICES Working Group on Dataand Information Management should be invited.After receiving a request from MONITOR to cosponsora Topic Session on “Linking biology,chemistry, and physics in our observationalsystems – present status and FUTURE needs”(MONITOR Endnote 6), it was agreed toincorporate these ideas into the joint session.TCODE nominated Hernan Garcia and AllenMacklin (U.S.A.), Toru Suzuki (Japan) and arepresentative of China (TBD) to serve as coconvenors.Relations with other international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 7)The PICES Standing List of International andRegional Organizations and Programs wasdiscussed. This list is used in part to assistScience Board and the Executive Secretary indecisions regarding sending a representative tomeetings of other international organizations andprograms. It was suggested that the PacificArctic Group (http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/aro/pag/) be added to the list. The Pacific ArcticGroup (PAG) is a loose confederacy of institutesand individuals having a Pacific perspective onArctic Science. PAG themes include climate,contaminants, human dimensions and structureand function of Arctic ecosystems.Elections of TCODE Chairman and Vice-Chairman (Agenda Item 8)Drs. Megrey (U.S.A.) and Kyu-Kui Jung (Korea)were nominated by Dr. Shevchenko (seconded byMr. Robin Brown) and unanimously elected for a3-year term as the new Chairman and Vice-Chairman of TCODE, respectively. Their termswill begin immediately after the closing ofPICES XVI. The Committee expressed itsgratitude to Dr. Shevchenko for his leadershipand valuable contribution to TCODE activitiesover the last six years.PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award(Agenda Item 9)The PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award(POMA) was established last year to recognizeorganizations, groups and outstanding individualsthat have contributed significantly to the progressof marine science in the North Pacific throughlong-term ocean monitoring and management ofdata associated with ocean conditions and marinebio-resources in the region. Dr. Shevchenkorecommended to nominate for the 2008 award theteam led by Dr. Megrey and Mr. Allen Macklin147

TCODE-2007for advancing the PICES Federated MetadataSearching Project. The proposal was secondedby Dr. Holmes and supported by the Committee.Items with financial implications (AgendaItem 10)TCODE requests:• Travel support for 1 invited speaker toattend the joint MONITOR/TCODE/BIOscientific/e-poster session at PICES XVII(MONITOR Endnote 6);• US $2,490 for outsourcing a remote serverfor one year (TCODE Endnote 3).TCODE work plan for 2006/2007 (AgendaItem 12)Based on the discussion of all agenda items, theCommittee adopted the following work plan:• Continue to support HAB-S work withHAE-DAT database and required metadata(Responsibility – R. Brown);• Co-organize scientific/e-poster Topic Sessionon “Linking biology, chemistry, and physicsin our observational systems – present statusand FUTURE needs” at PICES XVII (H.Garcia, A. Macklin, T. Suzuki);• Continue collaboration with ICES WorkingGroup on Data and Information Management(B. Megrey, G. Moiseenko, I. Shevchenko);• Continue Federated Metadata SearchingProject:o Implement remote server proposal (B.Megrey with national representatives);o Run the PICES clearinghouse nodesperformance and experiment onaccessing clearinghouses from differentlocations (B. Megrey with nationalrepresentatives);oReport on metadata recording in Canada(J. Holmes);• Update TCODE Action Plan (B. Megrey, I.Shevchenko);• Coordinate activities with MONITOR (T.Royer).TCODE Endnote 1MembersRobin Brown (Canada)Hernan Garcia (U.S.A.)John Holmes (Canada)Kyu Kui Jung (Korea)Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.)Georgiy Moiseenko (Russia)Thomas C. Royer (U.S.A.)Igor Shevchenko (Russia, Chairman)Participation listToru Suzuki (Japan)Tomowo Watanabe (Japan)Ruguang Yin (China)ObserversKimberly Bahl (U.S.A.)Jixiang Chen (China)Janet Webster (U.S.A.)Emmy Wong (Canada)TCODE Endnote 2TCODE meeting agenda1. Welcome and introduction of members2. Adoption of agenda3. Review progress on items in the 2006/2007workplana. Continue to support HAB-S work withHAE-DAT database and requiredmetadata (Robin Brown)b. Organize a scientific session/e-postersession at PICES XVI (Allen Macklin,Kyu-Kui Jung)c. Develop collaboration with ICESWorking Group on Data and InformationManagement (Georgy Moiseenko,Bernard Megrey, Igor Shevchenko)148

TCODE-2007d. Continue Federated Metadata SearchingProject (Allen Macklin, Bernard Megrey,Igor Shevchenko, Norio Baba)• Complete Phase II report andpromote use of metadata• Carry out Phase III includingcapacity building• Investigate utility of Asian-sidemetadata servere. Update TCODE Action Plan. (RobinBrown, Igor Shevchenko)f. Coordinate activities with MONITOR(Thomas Royer)4. National annual reports5. Discussion of FUTURE6. Planning for PICES XVII7. Relations with other international programsand organizations8. Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman9. PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award10. Items with financial implications11. New business12. TCODE Workplan for 2007/2008TCODE Endnote 3A TCODE/MONITOR proposal to establish a PICES remote serverBackgroundThe need for scientific information within thePICES community is increasing and is expectedto increase further when FUTURE becomesactive. This information can consist of data,metadata, collaboration portals, PICESpublications, direct and supporting material forthe North Pacific Ecosystem Status report, and aweb interface to quickly discover, access, andpreliminarily evaluate this information. Eventhough some of these resources are availabletoday, there is no one-stop PICES web interfaceto accomplish the tasks described above.ProposalWe propose that PICES outsource (rent) aremote server for one year to test PICES webresource, and PICES should consider the cost aspart of the scientific infrastructure of a maturingand quickly expanding PICES scientificprogram. For minimal annual costs PICES canrent a capable remote server with the followingcharacteristics:• Assignment of 16 dedicated IP addresses(needed to register country nodes to themetadatabase clearinghouse); this meansone piece of hardware (the rented remoteserver) could act as 16 different virtualservers which would be more than enough tomeet the needs of PICES;• Multiple login accounts to give PICES usersand developers required access;• Root access for each login (or IP address) toallow installation of custom software and toperform account management;• FTP access to allow transfer of information,data and software to the PICES remoteserver;• Free system repair;• OS updates and patches;• 24/7/365 technical support (by phone andemail); this means that any PICES membercountry, regardless of the time zone onwhich they work, will have access totechnical support.A capable remote server hardware configurationis minimally defined as:• Windows Server 2003 operating system;• Server hardware configuration;• Pentium 2.5-2.8Ghz CPU;• 1 GB RAM;• 2 × 40GB RAID 1 hard disk storage;• 100/1000Mbps CAT6 on 100 Mbps portwith 75GB of Tier 1 internet bandwidth.PICES servicesDevelopment test-bed for a PICES GeoNetworkweb interface:GeoNetwork is a free, open-source softwaresystem that offers many useful scientificservices. It can offer metadata clearinghousefunctions, document library management, mapserver data presentation functions and a datadistribution interface. We propose that one149

TCODE-2007virtual server be allocated as a developmentserver to test the functionality of GeoNetworkand its scientific potential to PICES. TheTINRO-Center laboratory has experience inworking with GeoNetwork.Metadata clearinghouse:The PICES Metadata Federation process has beensuccessful at every incremental step.Participating laboratories have been enthusiasticabout their involvement in the project, and webelieve the clearinghouse has proven to be avaluable resource to PICES scientists. The timeis right for the Organization to consolidate allPICES metadata nodes. We recommend thatPICES assume the responsibility of providing thefederation clearinghouse function, gather valuablePacific-Rim metadata resources under oneumbrella, and give it the unique and prominentPICES name it deserves – a recognizabletrademark that communicates scientificexcellence. We propose that one virtual server beallocated for serving the PICES metadata throughthe already established NSDI (National SpatialData Infrastructure) clearinghouse, and that onevirtual server be assigned to test GeoNetwork as ametadata clearinghouse.PDF files:PICES wants to place their library of large PDFfiles on a server connected to a high bandwidthdata server so as to reduce download times byPICES users. We propose that PICES use onevirtual server for this task.Distribution point for North Pacific CPR valueaddeddata products:MONITOR is proposing to make some valueaddedproducts from the North Pacific CPR(Continuous Plankton Recorder) project availableto the PICES community. We propose to satisfythis need with a remote server and use the CPRdata library in the GeoNetwork test mentionedabove.Support for the North Pacific Ecosystem StatusReport (NPESR):Many people contribute to the NPESR. Wepropose to use a remote server to manage themany aspects of this complex project and, whenpossible, serve chapters and time series as livingdocuments linked to actual data.Cost considerationsThere will be no software costs, as thecommunication software (Isite) and theclearinghouse and web interface software(GeoNetwork) needed for the metadatabasefunction are free open-source software.There will be a direct cost to rent the remoteserver hardware. To approximate the cost, wehave solicited bids from two vendors found onthe World Wide Web, RackSpace and Adhost.The bid from Adhost is the lower of the two andis US $195/month plus a US $150 one-timesetup fee. Using these figures, the annualestimated cost for a 12 month contract totalsUS $2,490. This is a relatively small cost for theservices provided given that PICES hassupported the Federated Metadata SearchingProject for the past 3 years at US $4,000/yr.VendorsMany other options are available, but in ourevaluation, the two bids from RackSpace andAdhost represent typical costs and the state-ofthe-artin server farm service offerings. Serverfarms located in U.S.A. are preferred becausethey adhere to the high Tier 1 standards in termsof reliability, security and internet speed andbecause the internet data infrastructure in U.S.A.meets the highest worldwide standards forreliability. For example, the Adhost Data Centerin Seattle offers the following:• Data Center-physical characteristics,• Dual access redundant power feeds,• Power conditioning through redundant UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply) and powerbackup units,• Redundant cable routing system,• Backup network equipment,• Zoned dry-pipe pre-action fire suppressionsystem,• Power backup provided by multi-mWgenerators fed from diesel reservoirs,150

TCODE-2007• Two emergency wells to supply water tocooling towers if city water becomesunavailable,• Data Center- network,• Redundant Gig-E dedicated leasedconnections to multiple Tier 1 providers ondiverse multiple paths,• Redundant Cisco routers connected toredundant Cisco switches,• 100% switch-based 100/1000 Mbps portsconnected to Cisco switches.Impacts on the PICES SecretariatSince the clearinghouse node will be a rentedremote server, there should be no impact on scareSecretariat resources for the metadata functions.Representatives from each member country willbe responsible for maintaining and updating theirown individual virtual nodes. Other use functionsare already assumed within the Secretariat.Benefits to PICESFor the metadatabase function, renting a remoteserver will consolidate all PICES metadata intoone resource. PICES branding of individualcountry contributions will unite the commitmentto the international effort. The GeoNetworkcould prove to be a useful web tool, facilitatingsupport of PICES scientific activities. FasterPDF downloads, serving valuable CPR data andNPESR living documents would provide avaluable service to the PICES community.Benefits to participating Metadata CentersRenting a remote server will eliminate securityrisk of opening a port though laboratory firewallsto the internet to permit connection of the nodeserver by the clearinghouse server. Metadata willreside with the federation partner and will also beduplicated on the remote server. This additionalbackup of the metadata adds an additional layerof security.151

MONITOR-2007REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON MONITORINGThe Technical Committee on Monitoring(hereafter MONITOR) met from 16:00–19:30hours on October 31, 2007, under thechairmanship of Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp. SevenCommittee members were present, and a total of12 scientists from 5 of the 6 PICES membercountries were in attendance (MONITOR Endnote1). The meeting agenda (MONITOR Endnote 2)was very full and business was conducted at abrisk pace.Best Presentation Awards (Agenda Item 2)MONITOR was assigned responsibility to assessTopic Sessions on “Recent advances in oceanobserving systems: Scientific discoveries,technical developments, and data management,analysis and delivery” (S8/S10) and “Operationalforecasts of oceans and ecosystems” (S9) byScience Board Chairman, Dr. Kuh Kim. TopicSession S8/S10 oral presentations and posterswere reviewed in collaboration with TCODE andTopic Session S9 oral presentations and posterswere reviewed in collaboration with POC andCCCC. The Chairman thanked the volunteers inadvance for their service.The MONITOR Best Presentation Award wasgiven to Hiroaki Tatebe (University of Tokyo,Japan) for his paper (co-authored by IchiroYasuda and Hiroaki Saito) on “Horizontaltransport of Neocalanus copepods in thesubarctic and northern subtropical NorthPacific”. Gitai Yahel (University of Victoria,Canada) won the MONITOR Best Poster Awardfor his poster (co-authored by Ruthy Yahel,Timor Katz, Boaz Lazar, Barak Herut andVerena Tunnicliffe) on “Fish activity, a majormechanism for nutrient and carbon recyclingfrom coastal marine sediments”.Status of FUTURE (Agenda Item 3)Dr. Napp briefed the Committee on the status ofthe new PICES scientific program, FUTURE(Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainty and Responses of North PacificMarine Ecosystems). Included in thepresentation were the next steps in editing,approving, and implementing the Program.Committee members had been asked early in theweek to review a draft Science Plan forFUTURE (version 4.2) available on the PICESwebsite, and bring comments to the MONITORmeeting in preparation for the Open Forum thatwas held on November 1, 2007. A gooddiscussion resulted with many excellentconstructive comments. These were distilledand presented by Dr. Napp at the Open Forum(MONITOR Endnote 3). The FUTURE SciencePlan Writing Team met on November 3 toconsider the comments offered during the OpenForum as well as those sent previously byPICES scientists. MONITOR members wereencouraged to send suggestions whenever newdrafts were released for comment.North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report(Agenda Item 4)Dr. Napp informed the Committee on the recentdiscussion of how to produce future ecosystemstatus reports. In particular, he reviewed therecommendations of the Study Group onEcosystem Status Reporting (SG-ESR) and therecommendation of the Science Board toincrementally improve and expand the printedversion of the report. Current proposals for thereport do not address web publishing of seminaltime series for the PICES region. Since it islikely that a special Editorial Board will beassembled to guide the writing of the report (notMONITOR), ways to contribute were discussed.The Committee supported a suggestion by theChairman that MONITOR design and maintain aPICES ecosystem status web page that wouldfeature seminal time series from the PICESregion. The site would rely on the cooperationof scientists from member countries to volunteersmall sets of existing data from routine153

MONITOR-2007collections, and to annually update them. Thenext step in the process will be to ask theScience Board to provide comments on thissuggestion and tell the Committee if a formalproposal is necessary.Progress report of the Advisory Panel onContinuous Plankton Recorder Survey in theNorth Pacific (CPR-AP) and recommendations(Agenda Item 5)Dr. Sonia D. Batten presented a report of thescientific accomplishments and present status ofthe North Pacific Continuous Plankton Recorder(CPR) project. The project continues to produceoriginal research as well as importantmonitoring results. Since its inception in 1997,seven articles from the CPR data have beenpublished in refereed journals and 3 articles onthe seabird observations along the CPR lineshave been submitted or published. A key areafor ecosystem status and monitoring is theobservation of changing phenology of planktonicorganisms in the North Pacific.Unfortunately, the funding situation is dire andwithout assistance the project will likely endafter collections early in 2008. In the past, theNorth Pacific Research Board (NPRB) hasfunded the east–west transects (including birdand mammal observations), and the ExxonValdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC) hasfunded the north–south transects. EVOSTCdeclined a recent proposal, and NPRB haspromised only half of what was formerly granted.A research proposal to the U.S. National ScienceFoundation (NSF) was pending at the time ofPICES XVI. Dr. Charles B. Miller, Chairman ofCRP-AP, reported on behalf of the Panel andagreed with Dr. Batten’s assessment of theproject (the full CPR-AP report can be foundelsewhere in this Annual Report). CPR-APwholeheartedly endorsed the project as one ofthe premier monitoring efforts in the PICESregion and recommended that MONITORrequest that the Science Board approve theconcept of a “North Pacific CRP consortium”that could distribute the project costs among alarger group of funding sources, while stillallowing each contributor to share therecognition/credit of the scientific achievements.Furthermore, CPR-AP recommended that arequest be made for the Executive Secretary ofPICES send a letter asking the principal fundingentities of monitoring activities in NorthAmerica to join the consortium. The Committeediscussed and approved the proposal.Drs. Batten and Miller were asked to draft aletter, and Dr. Napp will present it to the ScienceBoard at the end of the week.NPAFC contributions to the next EcosystemStatus Report (Agenda Item 6)Dr. James Irvine, Chairman of the NPAFC(North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission)Working Group on Stock Assessment, wasinvited to give a presentation on the potentialcontributions by that Commission to the nextPICES Ecosystem Status Report. A chapterprepared by NPAFC for the pilot reportcontained only information about salmon catchin the North Pacific, but the Commissionrevealed that they would be prepared to providemore data related to the ecology and health ofsalmon stocks, e.g., information about size-atage,marine survival, changes in the timing ofreturns (migration behavior), and oceanicdistributions for the various species. In short,data collected under the auspices of NPAFCcould be used much more effectively to studythe health or status of particular regions of theNorth Pacific Ocean. The Committee thankedDr. Irvine for his presentation and discussedvarious ways that the information could beincorporated into the next report. One waywould be to put all the information into a singlechapter of the PICES Ecosystem Status Report,but MONITOR favored reporting salmoninformation in the regional chapters. TheCommittee recommended involvement NPAFCnational representatives of PICES membercountries so that the information can beintegrated from regional perspectives.Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman(Agenda Item 7)MONITOR held elections for a new Chairmanand Vice-Chairman. Dr. Alexander Bychkov,Executive Secretary of PICES, officiated.Dr. Hiroya Sugisaki (Japan) was nominated by154

MONITOR-2007Dr. Sei-Ichi Saitoh and was unanimously electedfor a 3-year term as the Chairman of MONITOR.Dr. Philip Mundy was nominated by Dr. Nappand was unanimously elected as the Vice-Chairman of MONITOR. The Committeeexpressed its gratitude to Drs. Napp and Saitoh,former Chairman and Vice-Chairman ofMONITOR, for their leadership and valuablecontribution to MONITOR activities over theyears. Drs. Napp and Saitoh pledged to help thenewly elected officers in their new roles.Global Ocean Observing System – GOOS(Agenda Item 8)Dr. Mundy reported that the Study Group todevelop a strategy for GOOS (SG-GOOS) was inthe process of completing their terms of reference(TOR). The final report of the Study Group isincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report and isalso available on the PICES website.The first TOR asked SG-GOOS to identify anddescribe the major observing systems (presentand proposed) in the PICES region, but thisactivity was superseded by a comparable effortled by the Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC) of UNESCO. Rather thanduplicate this effort, SG-GOOS decided to waituntil the IOC report is released and then usetheir information.The second TOR was to provide a recommenddationand justification to MONITOR onwhether or not PICES should propose a NorthPacific GOOS pilot project to internationalGOOS (I-GOOS). This issue was discussedwithin the Study Group and with the GOOSScientific Steering Committee when Dr. Mundyattended the 10 th GOOS SSC meeting in March2007, in Seoul, Korea. A copy of hispresentation to the GOOS SSC is included in the2007 SG-GOOS report (SG-GOOS Endnotes 3and 4) and also posted on the SG-GOOS webpage . The main recommendation of the StudyGroup is that PICES should focus its efforts onproviding a forum for representatives of currentand future observing systems where cross-GOOS Regional Alliances, including observingprojects, observing technologies, and data andinformation sharing protocols, could bedeveloped. MONITOR accepted this recommendationand agreed to forward it to theScience Board. This recommendation, ifapproved, would require changes in the terms ofreference for MONITOR. MONITOR Endnote 4provides the current TOR, the changes suggestedby SG-GOOS and the subsequent modificationsproposed by the Science Board.SG-GOOS also requested that a representative ofMONITOR be sent annually to GOOS SSCmeetings to report on North Pacific monitoringactivities, emphasizing projects that spanobserving regions and international boundaries,progress in establishing sensor technologies forscientifically sound observing systems, andprogress in the use of common informationexchange methods.Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov attended the 11 thSession of the IOC/WESTPAC CoordinatingCommittee for the North-East Asian RegionalGlobal Ocean Observing System (NEAR-GOOS) in January 2007, in Bangkok, Thailand.His report is included in the 2007 SG-GOOSreport (SG-GOOS Endnote 2). He also kindlyprepared a summary of the meeting results thatwas presented by Dr. Mundy. A copy of thispresentation is posted on the SG-GOOS web page.Dr. Napp thanked all SG-GOOS members fortheir service.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 9)MONITOR strongly supported the followingtwo proposals for PICES XVII:• Dr. Saitoh proposed a 1-day MONITORworkshop on “Status of marine ecosystemsin the sub-Arctic and Arctic seas –Preliminary results of IPY field monitoringin 2007 and 2008” to be co-sponsored byESSAS (MONITOR Endnote 5).• Recommended conveners are: Drs. Saitoh(Japan), George Hunt (U.S.A.), KennethDrinkwater (Norway) with representativesfrom China, Korea and Russia to be named.• Dr. Napp proposed a 1-day MONITORTopic Session entitled “Linking biology,chemistry, and physics in our observationalsystems – present status and FUTURE155

MONITOR-2007needs” (MONITOR Endnote 6). The goalsof the session are to: 1) define and specifythe types, frequency, and spatial resolutionof observational data required for ourcurrent numerical models; 2) review existingand emerging advanced technologiescapable of supplying biomass and species orfunctional group information; 3) showcasenovel data assimilation techniques, formalorganization of data or database frameworksthat facilitate the operational use ofobservational data to predict the affects ofanthropogenic and climate forcing on themajor ecosystems of the North Pacific.There was initial interest by Drs. Napp(U.S.A.) and Young Jae Ro (Korea) to beConvenors from MONITOR. A request wassent to POC, BIO, and TCODE to see if theywanted to co-sponsor the session. TCODEand BIO accepted, and TCODE nominatedHernan Garcia and Allen Macklin (U.S.A.),Toru Suzuki (Japan) and a representative ofChina to serve as Co-Convenors.Joint symposia and sessions with ICES(Agenda Item 10)MONITOR examined the provided list of ICESsymposia and scientific sessions. There wasinterest in co-sponsoring a joint Theme Sessionson “Coupled physical and biological models” atthe 2008 ICES Annual Science Conference.PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award(Agenda Item 11)The Chairman announced that a new PICESOcean Monitoring Service Award (POMA) wasestablished last year to recognize organizations,groups and outstanding individuals that havecontributed significantly to the progress of marinescience in the North Pacific through long-termocean monitoring and management of dataassociated with ocean conditions and marine bioresourcesin the region. Nominations will berequested by the Secretariat prior to March 15,2008. MONITOR and TCODE will recommenda recipient, with final approval by the ScienceBoard at their inter-sessional meeting in April2008. The first award will be presented at theOpening Session of PICES XVIII in Dalian,China. The Secretariat will design a nominationform for the award.There was discussion about what entities wouldbe appropriate recipients for the award. Forexample, if a particular ship had been active inthe creation of an important time series would itbe the ship or the sponsoring program thatshould be nominated for the award? Committeemembers felt that the sponsoring program(university or agency) would be the appropriaterecipient.National reports (Agenda Item 12)The following Committee members made shortpresentations on national monitoring activitiesrelevant to PICES:• Canada: Dr. Mackas• Japan: Drs. Saitoh and Sugisaki• Korea: Dr. Ro• United States: Drs. Barth, Mundy, and NappMONITOR Endnote 1MembersJack Barth (U.S.A.)David L. Mackas (Canada)Phillip R. Mundy (U.S.A.)Jeffrey M. Napp (U.S.A., Chairman)Young Jae Ro (Korea)Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan, Vice-Chairman)Hiroya Sugisaki (Japan)Participation listObserversSonia D. Batten (Canada)Alexander Bychkov (PICES Secretariat)Lyse Godbout (Canada)Chuanlin Huo (China)James Irvine (Canada)Charles B. Miller (U.S.A.)Thomas C. Royer (U.S.A., TCODE)156

MONITOR-2007MONITOR Endnote 2MONITOR meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. 2007 MONITOR Best Presentation and BestPoster Awards3. Status of FUTURE and comments on a draftScience Plan (version 4.2)4. North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report: SG-ESR and Science Board recommendations5. Progress report of the Advisory Panel onContinuous Plankton Recorder Survey in theNorth Pacific and recommendations6. NPAFC presentation and discussion oncontribution to the next Ecosystem StatusReport7. Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman8. GOOS-related issuesa. Report from the Study Group on GOOSb. Recommended changes to the terms ofreference for MONITORc. Report on NEAR-GOOS9. Planning for PICES XVII10. Joint symposia and sessions with ICES11. PICES Ocean Monitoring Service Award12. National reports of relevant monitor andobservation activitiesMONITOR Endnote 3MONITOR Comments on a draft Science Plan for FUTURE (version 4.2)Forecasting• More emphasis on data assimilation;TCODE does not have an explicit role in thepresent draft.• More emphasis on real-time disseminationof information from observation networks;Need efficient data QC and analyses,effective alarm and advisory systems forpublic and business sectors.Understanding• Emphasis appears to be on prediction;increase focus on assimilation of data andmechanistic models for better understanding.Trends• Increased emphasis on better integration ofphysical and biological observations. AreGCOOS observations on the correct timeand space scales for biological predictions?• Observation networks often rely on pointestimates and gridded data, but importantprocesses and trophic transfer often occur at“hotspots”;• Seek a balance for observations of meansystem state versus “events”; Allow foradaptive strategies in observation systemsthat enhance our understanding byincreasing observation frequency and spatialresolution during events;• Will the observation systems we rely upontoday be supported tomorrow (e.g., satelliteremote sensing)?Ecosystems• How do we measure ecosystem structure?• Does FUTURE build on existing nationaland regional research plans (e.g., Gulf ofAlaska Ecosystem Monitoring, GOOS,BSIERP)?157

MONITOR-2007MONITOR Endnote 4Recommended modifications to the MONITOR Terms of ReferenceCurrent terms of reference1. Identify principal monitoring needs of thePICES region;2. Develop approaches to meet these needs,including training and capacity building;3. Serve as a forum for coordination anddevelopment of the PICES components ofthe Global Ocean Observing System, GOOS,including possible method development andinter-comparison workshops to facilitatecalibration, standardization and harmonizationof data sets;4. Serve as the senior editorial board of theNorth Pacific Ecosystem Status Report(NPESR), reporting to Science Board;5. Recommend interim meetings to addressmonitoring needs, PICES-GOOS activities,and development of the NPESR;6. Provide Annual Reports to Science Boardand the PICES Secretariat on monitoringactivities in relation to PICES;7. Interact with TCODE on management issuesof monitoring data.SG-GOOS recommended replacing TOR 1, 2, 3and 7 with the following:• Identify principal monitoring needs of thePICES region and approaches to meet theseneeds by serving as a forum for coordinationand development of inter-regional andinternational components of the NorthPacific ocean observing systems, includingthe Global Ocean Observing System, GOOS,and including facilitation of methoddevelopment and inter-comparisonworkshops to facilitate calibration,standardization, and harmonization of datasets;• Provide annual reports to the Science Boardand the PICES Secretariat on monitoringactivities in the PICES areas.After discussion at the inter-sessional Science Board meeting in Yokohama, Japan, the proposal waschanged to the following:Modified terms of reference1. Identify principal monitoring needs of thePICES region, and develop approaches tomeet these needs, including training andcapacity building;2. Serve as a forum for coordination anddevelopment of inter-regional andinternational components of the NorthPacific Ocean Observing Systems, includingthe GLOBAL Ocean Observing System,GOOS. Facilitate method development andinter-comparison workshops to promotecalibration, standardization and harmonizationof data sets;3. Serve as the senior editorial board of theNorth Pacific Ecosystem Status Report,reporting to Science Board; serve as senioreditorial board for PICES web pages onmajor monitoring efforts in the North Pacific,including the annual reporting of importanttime series;4. Recommend interim meetings to addressmonitoring needs and PICES–GOOSactivities;5. Provide annual reports to Science Board andthe Secretariat on monitoring activities inrelation to PICES;6. Interact with TCODE on management issuesof monitoring data.Note that TOR 3 may be further modified basedon the decision of the Science Board on how toproceed with the writing and production of theEcosystem Status Report.158

MONITOR-2007MONITOR Endnote 5Proposal for a 1-day MONITOR workshop at PICES XVII on“Status of marine ecosystems in the sub-Arctic and Arctic seas – Preliminary results of IPY fieldmonitoring in 2007 and 2008”The sub-Arctic and Arctic seas have distinctmarine ecosystems that are affected by seasonalsea ice. During the summer, the water column isstratified by melt water from retreating sea ice,and phytoplankton are found near the seasurface, where the incoming sunlight issufficient for photosynthesis. These summerconditions result in the highest primaryproduction in the world’s oceans and supporthigh levels of fishery resources. Algae that liveon the bottom of sea ice also play an importantrole in maintaining fishery resources by fallingand decomposing on the sea floor in summer.Recently, global climate change has become acause for concern. The greenhouse effect,produced by increasing anthropogenic CO 2emissions, has induced increases in atmosphericand seawater temperatures. The effect of suchincreases on the cryosphere of the Arctic isalready visible, and understanding its direct andindirect effects on the physical and chemicalenvironments and the responses of marineecosystems is critical. However, the knowledgeof most aspects and responses of marineecosystems to global climate change is stillinadequate. PICES nations have conductedseveral field programs in these regions duringthe International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008.This workshop will discuss the features andmechanisms of the responses of marineecosystems to global climate change in theArctic and sub-Arctic seas, based on resultsfrom the IPY cruises in 2007 and 2008.Recommended convenors: Kenneth Drinkwater(Norway), George L. Hunt, Jr. (U.S.A.), Sei-IchiSaitoh (Japan) and others TBD.MONITOR Endnote 6Proposal for a 1-day MONITOR/TCODE/BIO Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Linking biology, chemistry, and physics in our observational systems –present status and FUTURE needs”Numerical models are becoming increasinglycomplex, attempting to integrate vertically andhorizontally ecosystem forcing, processes andpredictions across multiple trophic levels frombacteria to human populations. Datarequirements for daily, seasonal, annual anddecadal predictions differ according to singlespecies, species assemblages or multi-trophiclevel interests. To add to the challenge, thetypes of sensors and frequency of measurementsvary greatly across ecosystem components,particularly the biological sector. This sessionencourages contributions that: (1) define andspecify the types, frequency, duration and spatialresolution of observational data required forcurrent numerical models; (2) review existingand emerging advanced technologies capable ofsupplying biomass and species or functionalgroup information; (3) review existing andemerging data sources and technologies capableof integrating these data with physical andchemical information; and (4) showcase noveldata assimilation techniques and formalorganization of data or database frameworks thatfacilitate the operational use of observationaldata to predict the effects of anthropogenic andclimate forcing on the major ecosystems of theNorth Pacific.Recommended Conveners: Jeffrey M. Napp(U.S.A.) and Young Jae Ro (Korea) fromMONITOR; Hernan Garcia and Allen Macklin(U.S.A.), Toru Suzuki (Japan) and a Chineserepresentative from TCODE.159

CC-S-2007REPORT OF SECTION ON CARBON AND CLIMATEThe meeting of the Section on Carbon andClimate (hereafter CC-S) was held from 09:00–17:00 hours on October 28, 2007. Drs. JamesChristian and Toshiro Saino co-chaired themeeting attended by 13 members and 12observers (CC-S Endnote 1). The draft agendawas reviewed and adopted unanimously (CC-SEndnote 2).Membership (Agenda Item 2)The new member from Canada, Dr. SophiaJohannessen, was introduced to the group.Appointment of additional members from Japanand China was discussed but will be left to thenational delegates to finalize. There may be newCC-S members added later to reflect anintensified focus on the biological impacts ofocean acidification.Methods manual for CO 2 measurements(Agenda Item 3)Dr. Christian provided an update on the progressof the “Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO 2Measurements”. The editors, Dr. Christian,Andrew Dickson and Christopher L. Sabine, andthe PICES Secretariat have finished editing theGuide, and it will be published this year asPICES Special Publication No. 3/IOCCP ReportNo. 8. This publication has been made possibledue to support by PICES, International OceanCarbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) cosponsoredby SCOR (Scientific Committee onOceanic Research) and IOC (IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission of UNESCO), andthe Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center(CDIAC). Interactive web-based communityreview was open for approximately 3 months ona server at CDIAC, and many CC-S membersparticipated.It was suggested that more than the originallyplanned 800 hard copies of the Guide should beprinted, and that an electronic version be hostedat CDIAC. The Guide is envisioned as anevolving document, updated where necessary.Comments and suggestions for use in preparingfuture versions are welcome.There was some discussion of translating theGuide into other languages but no decisionswere made. A partial Japanese translation of the1994 edition exists. The consensus was that thisversion should remain online at CDIAC, but beclearly marked that it is not the current version.Topic Session at PICES XVI and plans forpublication (Agenda Item 4)A 1-day BIO/POC Topic Session on “Decadalchanges in carbon biogeochemistry in the NorthPacific” (S2) was held at PICES XVI. This wasthe first scientific session sponsored by CC-S.Drs. Christian and Saino served as co-convenorsand Dr. Taro Takahashi (U.S.A.) was the invitedspeaker. Two dozen abstracts from all PICESmember countries were submitted (for detailssee the Session Summaries chapter of thisAnnual Report). Selected papers from thissession will be published in 2009 as a specialsection in a regular issue of Journal ofOceanography. Dr. Saino, Editor of the journal,will coordinate this process and select the GuestEditors.Reports on collaborating organizations andagencies (Agenda Item 5)Reports were given on several national andinternational programs relevant to the mandateof CC-S: IOCCP, Global Carbon Project (GCP)and CLIVAR/CO 2 Repeat hydrography by Dr.Sabine; U.S. Ocean and Biogeochemistry Group(US–OCB) by Dr. Richard A. Feely; Japan–SOLAS and Japan–IMBER by Dr. Saino, andCarboOcean by Dr. Robert Key. Dr. Feely alsogave an extensive report from the U.S. ScopingWorkshop on “Ocean acidification research”held October 9–11, 2007, in San Diego.161

CC-S-2007Data integration for synthesis (Agenda Item 6)The carbon data synthesis has been a key focusof CC-S activities, and significant progress hasbeen made in the past year. Drs. Key (U.S.A.)and Nobuo Tsurushima (Japan) were invited toattend the meeting as observers. Dr. Key hasextensive experience in assembling integrateddata sets for GLODAP (Global Ocean DataAnalysis Project) and CARINA (Carbon dioxidein the Atlantic Ocean). Dr. Tsurushima wasselected at PICES XV to lead the synthesiseffort for the Northwest Pacific. Dr. Masao Ishii(Japan) was also invited but was unable toattend. He distributed a proposal for a DataSynthesis Implementation Plan which wasadopted with revisions (CC-S Endnote 3).Presentations from Drs. Alexander Kozyr andToru Suzuki detailed the progress of theirrespective Data Centers, CDIAC and MIRC(JHA’s Marine Information Research Center).Dr. Suzuki provided extensive and detailedstatistics regarding the spatial and temporaldistribution of data, which suggests that this dataset promises substantial progress over what iscurrently available in understanding interannualto-interdecadalvariability. Dr. Suzuki hascatalogued, or been promised by the PrincipalInvestigator, 186 cruises, not including thosewhere only pH was measured, and currentlyholds in his possession the data from around50% of these cruises. Dr. Kozyr has a somewhatsmaller inventory but has actual possession of100% of the data catalogued.The consensus of the Section was that thereneeds to be a date to close data submission,which was tentatively set as January 2009.Dr. Key expressed the opinion that most of thecross-calibration work for synthesis could notbegin until the raw data set was finalized (i.e.,until data submission was closed). Themembers did not see a need to set a format formetadata.The exact strategy for second level qualitycontrol (second QC) was not determined.Regional sub-group leaders have been appointed(see the 2006 CC-S Annual Report) but themembership in these groups is not yetdetermined. Regional sub-groups will need tomeet to determine strategy for second QC.Future activities (Agenda Item 7)Next year’s PICES Annual Meeting will takeplace very close to the international symposiumon “The ocean in a high CO 2 world – II” to beconvened October 6–8, 2008, in Monaco. It wassuggested that the CC-S meeting could be heldthere instead of at PICES XVII in Dalian, China,as it is likely that some members would beunable to attend both events.The Section decided not to have a Topic Sessionat PICES XVII. A Topic Session will beplanned for PICES XVIII (October 2009), withocean acidification as the tentative theme.Terms of reference (Agenda Item 8)The CC-S terms of reference were revisedslightly to reflect an intensified focus on oceanacidification (CC-S Endnote 4). The revisionswere presented at the POC and BIO meetingslater in the week.162

CC-S-2007CC-S Endnote 1MembersJames Christian (Canada, Co-Chairman)Richard A. Feely (U.S.A.)Hernan Garcia (U.S.A.)Sophia Johanessen (Canada)Alex Kozyr (U.S.A.)Kitack Lee (Korea)Lisa A. Miller (Canada)Tsuneo Ono (Japan)Christopher L. Sabine (U.S.A.)Toshiro Saino (Japan, Co-chairman)Toru Suzuki (Japan)Shuichi Watanabe (Japan)Yutaka Watanabe (Japan)Participation listObserversAlexander Bychkov (PICES)Fei Chai (U.S.A.)Michael J. Dagg (U.S.A.)Robert Key (U.S.A.)Skip McKinnell (PICES)Akira Nakadate (Japan)Yukihiko Nojiri (Japan)Taro Takahashi (U.S.A.)Takayuki Tokieda (Japan)Atsushi Tsuda (Japan)Hiromichi Tsumori (Japan)Nobuo Tsurushima (Japan)CC-S Endnote 2CC-S meeting agenda1. Welcome, aims of the meeting, approval ofagenda2. Discussion of CC-S membership andintroduction of new members3. Methods manual for CO 2 measurements4. Topic Session at PICES XVI and plans forpublication5. Reports on collaborating organizations andagencies6. Data integration for synthesis: Whatprogress has been made, what still needs tobe done? Are the original objectives andguiding principles still relevant or needrevisions? What do different memberdelegations need to bring their data into thesynthesis?7. Future activities8. Discussion of revised Terms of ReferenceCC-S Endnote 3Data Synthesis Implementation PlanOverall goals• Create a database of water column CO 2 -related data for the Pacific;• Produce an internally consistent databasethat has gone through a second level qualitycontrol (second QC). Here, we define thefirst level QC as QC by a PI, includingflagging of data, and second level QC asactivities to correct for the offset amongcruises or stations by way of cross-over,MLR analyses, internal consistency amongcarbon parameters, etc;• Bring together research groups that measurewater-column CO 2 -related parameters in thePacific;• Provide a forum for regional working groupsfor data collection and analysis;• Estimate anthropogenic CO 2 and variabilityof ocean carbon chemistry in the Pacificfrom regional-to-basin scales;• Provide data for studies of ocean carbonchemistry.163

CC-S-2007Area• The North Pacific, Equatorial Pacific, SouthPacific, and their marginal seas;• Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean,including south of Australia. These datamay be shared with the Southern OceanCarbon Synthesis group of CARBOOCEANled by M. Hoppema (AWI, Germany).Data• Hydrographic and chemical data setsincluding DIC, alkalinity, pH, pCO 2 , DOC,13 C, 14 C, nutrients, oxygen, and transienttracers such as CFCs, CCl 4 , SF 6 , etc. 3 H/ 3 He,chlorophyll + phaeopigment;• Readable electronic format, preferably WHPexchange format with WHP quality flagsand version (update) information (columnorder cannot be standardized);• Metadata, such as method of analysis andinformation on quality control, and the listof the related publications (citing these helpsthe contributing PIs).Collection and archive• Open data sets available from Data Centerssuch as CCHDO, CDIAC, WDCGG, andwebsites of organizations and programs (PIsmust agree to make their data public,following the first QC);• Data not included in the GLODAP database;• Data sets will be stored at MIRC and/orCDIAC and prepared for the second level QC;• Working synthesis database will bedeveloped and available only to the PIs whosubmitted a data set, and synthesis regionalsub-groups of PICES CC-S. Modelers whoare interested in using the data can accessthe database by contacting a sub-groupmember;• PICES database will be published and willbe open to the public through participatingData Centers;• In PICES database publications, credit willbe given to all PIs who submitted data sets.Action items• Establish PICES database regional subgroupsfor the Northeast Pacific, NorthwestPacific, Equatorial Pacific, and SouthPacific;• Toru Suzuki (MIRC) and Alexander Kozyr(CDIAC) are responsible for PICESdatabase cruise and data inventory;• Target date to compile the first version ofthe data set is January 1, 2009;• Regional working groups will gather asmuch data as possible prior to September 1,2008 deadline. The GLODAP/CARINAmethod for the second QC will be used as aprimary model. Details of how this will becarried out and the final stages of datagatheringwill be discussed at the CC-Smeeting in the fall of 2008;• Second QC will require additional meetingsof regional sub-groups or full CC-S. Fundswill be requested from PICES and IOCCP tosupport this.CC-S Endnote 4Revised terms of reference for the Section on Carbon and ClimateSuggested changes appear in bold.1. Coordinate and encourage ongoing andplanned national and international synthesesof carbon cycle research studies in the NorthPacific and, where necessary andappropriate, for the larger Pacific basin;2. Ensure effective two-way communicationwith other international scientific groupsthat have a responsibility for coordination ofocean carbon studies, such as theInternational Ocean Carbon CoordinationProject (IOCCP), CLIVAR/CO 2 RepeatHydrography and the SOLAS/IMBERimplementation group for carbon research;3. Review the existing information on carboncycling in the North Pacific, includinganthropogenic carbon, the biological pump,impacts of ocean acidification on marinebiota, and possible feedbacks to atmosphericgreenhouse gases; identify gaps in ourknowledge, and make prioritizedrecommendations for future research.164

CC-S-20074. Periodically review the status of themethodology of CO 2 measurementsincluding the preparation of standards andreference materials, and advise on intercalibrationand quality control procedures;5. Identify suitable data sets on the oceanicCO 2 system in the Pacific region as theybecome available, and recommend themechanisms of data and informationexchange;6. Carry out and publish (in the refereedliterature) basin-scale syntheses of carboncycling in the North Pacific, including newdata whenever appropriate, and encouragescientific interpretation of these evolvingdata sets;7. Organize symposiums, workshops, or annualmeeting sessions on the carbon cycle,ocean acidification, and climate studies inthe North Pacific.165

HAB-S-2007REPORT OF SECTION ONECOLOGY OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN THE NORTH PACIFICThe Section on Ecology of Harmful AlgalBlooms in the North Pacific (hereafter HAB-S)met from 09:00–18:00 hours on October 28,2007. The HAB-S meeting was attended bymembers from all PICES member countries and18 observers (HAB-S Endnote 1). The proposedagenda was approved (HAB-S Endnote 2).Overview of WG 15 and review of HAB-Sterms of reference (Agenda Item 3)After presenting an overview of the terms ofreference for Working Group (WG 15) onEcology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the NorthPacific and giving a brief history on the origin ofthis Working Group, Dr. Vera L. Trainerreviewed the terms of reference of HAB-S.Events at PICES XVI (Agenda Item 4)Summaries of the MEQ Topic Session (S6) on“The relative contributions of off-shore and inshoresources to harmful algal bloomdevelopment and persistence in the PICESregion” and the MEQ workshop and laboratorydemonstration (W4) on “Review of selectedharmful algae in the PICES region: III.Heterosigma akashiwo and other harmfulraphidophytes” at PICES XVI can be found inthe Session Summaries chapter of this AnnualReport.Plans for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 5)The Section proposed the following events forPICES XVII:• A 1-day MEQ workshop on the “Review ofselected harmful algae in the PICES region:IV. Karenia and Prorocentrum”, co-convenedby Drs. Trainer (U.S.A.) and Mingyuan Zhu(China). The workshop will be preceded bya ½-day laboratory demonstration onKarenia and Prorocentrum identification anddetection methods, organized by Drs. HaoGuo (China), Zhu, and Trainer (HAB-SEndnote 3). A product from the workshopwill be a list of recommendations to helpguide collaborative HAB research prioritiesin PICES countries over the next 5 years.Travel funds are requested for 2 invitedspeakers to attend the workshop.• A ½-day MEQ Topic Session on“Environmental regulation of speciessuccession: The use of long-term data setsto understand HAB species dominance”[This title was later changed to “Speciessuccession and long-term data set analysispertaining to harmful algal blooms”], coconvenedby Drs. Hak-Gyoon Kim (Korea)and Mark Wells (U.S.A.) (HAB-S Endnote 4).Travel funds are requested for 1 invitedspeaker to attend the session.• A 1-day HAB-S meeting, including nationalreports of HAB events in 2006–2007 and adiscussion of HAE-DAT use. Countries arerequested to input HAB event data directlyonline to HAE-DAT for 2004 and 2005.National reports and Harmful Algal EventDatabase (HAE-DAT) use summary (AgendaItem 6)CanadaDr. Charles Trick stated that Canada has a weakmonitoring program. The Canadian FoodInspection Agency tests seafood sold in stores,and is beginning to talk about accepting HABdata. There is a significant turnover of staffconducting the shellfish testing. Most problemsin Canada are associated with fish killingspecies. The Harmful Algae MonitoringProgram (HAMP) is motivated and funded byfish farmers (Nicky Haugh is the personcurrently working with the fish farmers onVancouver Island). The database for this federalagency may eventually be made available forposting on HAE-DAT.167

HAB-S-2007ChinaDr. Zhu reported that China is divided by seas:Bohai, Yellow, and East China – with the mostfrequent HAB area in the South China Sea. Atotal of 93 bloom events occurred in 2006,(20,000 km 2 ) of which 41 were toxic (less thanhalf yet covering 15,000 km 2 ). The main toxicspecies were Karenia mikimotoi, Phaeocystisglobosa, Cochlodinium, Phaeocystis. There areongoing problems with dense blooms ofMicrocystis in the Three Gorges Dam region,resulting in no drinking water in some areas.The shellfish toxins ASP (amnesic shellfishpoisoning), PSP, DSP are detected in Shanghaimarket seafood. ASP has not been detected yetin China (perhaps 1 report). DSP is a majorproblem. A first phase of the Chinese Ecologyand Oceanography on Harmful Algal Bloomsprogram (CEOHAB) was completed in 2006. Asecond phase will look at the increasing HABtrend, yearly jellyfish blooms and hypoxia. TheNational High Tech Project will develop a HABmonitoring system between 2007 and 2010.JapanDr. Yasunori Watanabe informed that there are39 local governments with coastlines in Japan,but 7 area codes. Each area code includes manyprefectures. The Bureau of Consumption andSafety has no phytoplankton speciesinformation. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)and diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) data arereported by area code. Dr. Watanabe presenteda table of annual occurrences of PSP (from 18 in2000 to 37 in 2006) and DSP (from 4 33 in 1999to 4 in 2005). Deficiencies in data reporting aremade up by the FEIS/Fisheries ResearchAgency. ALOS (Advanced Land ObservingSystem), the Japanese earth observing satelliteprogram, can be used to detect Chattonella andCochlodinium blooms using an advanced visibleand near infrared radiometry. Aerialphotography is also used to monitor for blooms.KoreaDr. Kim reported that Korea’s HAB databasewill be housed at the National FisheriesResearch and Development Institute (NFRDI).The Korean Oceanographic Data Center willprovide most of the data to HAE-DAT.Cochlodinium blooms are the main fish killers.The third largest bloom occurred in 2007 duringwhich 28,000 metric tons of clay were dispersed.Three toxins are monitored as follows: 55stations for PSP (mainly from March–May onthe south coast), 15 stations for DSP, withsporadic sampling, and 40 stations for ASP, butagain, only sporadically. Current researchactivities are looking for Pfisteria-like species inKorea and studying the effects of clay use on thebenthic ecosystems.RussiaDr. Olga Lukyanova informed that shellfishsampling for toxins was done in Peter the GreatBay (Japan/East Sea), near Vladivostok. Testingof several mollusk species for ASP (usingHPLC) and PSP (ELISA) showed that thesetoxins were not over the permitted level.Species monitored are Mytilus trossulus,Crenomytilus grayanus, and Modiolus difficilis.U.S.ADr. Trainer related that various West Coastagencies in Alaska, Washington, Oregon andCalifornia report PSP and toxins. However,there are no reports of phytoplankton. Eachcoastal State has a representative who submitsannual HAE-DAT reports to the National HABoffice in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The5-year ECOHAB Pacific North West programstudying the ecology and oceanography ofPseudo-nitzschia species is coming to a close in2007. A new program, SoundToxins, is aphytoplankton monitoring program in PugetSound, Washington, intended to give fish andshellfish farmers an early warning of HABevents.Joint ICES–PICES Database: HAE-DAT(Agenda Item 7)Dr. Monica Lion gave the HAE-DAT summaryand an online demonstration of the databasehosted by the IODE (International OceanographicData Exchange) Project Office in Oostende,Belgium (http:// www.iode.org/haedat). The168

HAB-S-2007testing period was completed last year by PICESHAB-S together with ICES-WGHABD, IOC-ANCA, and IOC-FANSA. A summary sectionwill be added to the web database to provideinformation on the following:• What is a HAE?• information on HAE-areas;• short descriptions of the national monitoringprograms on which the records of HAE-DAT are based;• addition of legends on the maps;• adjustment of the map minimum zoom tothe whole country (the ability to zoom inand out on the maps like Google maps).There will be only one user name and passwordper country. The national focal point persons(see recommendations to MEQ) will beresponsible for submitting data to HAE-DAT.The next steps are to develop an integratedHarmful Algae Information System (HAIS),building on existing data products by IOC andits partners.Several people were suggested as new primarycontacts for data entry into HAE-DAT. Thiswas necessary due to changes in key peopleresponsible for HAB data in their countries. Thenew contacts are: Yang Soon Kang (Korea) toreplace Hak-Gyoon Kim, Hao Guo (China) toreplace Mingyuan Zhu, and Tatiana Morozova(Russia) to replace Tatiana Orlova. It wasrequested that the respective member countriesconsider appointing these scientists to becomeHAB Section members (or at least adding themto the HAB-S e-mail list).Publications (Agenda Item 8)The invited speakers of the HAB-S workshopson Cochlodinium and Dinophysis, Alexandriumand Pseudo-nitzscha, Heterosigma, Karenia, andProrocentrum will be contacted to determinetheir interest in writing 3- to 5-page summariesand extensive bibliographies based on theirpresentations. The goal is to combine thesesummaries into a Review of selected harmfulalgae in the PICES region and publish thisreview as a PICES Scientific Report by 2010.HAB-S Endnote 1MembersIchiro Imai (Japan)Hak-Gyoon Kim (Korea, Co-Chairman)Olga Lukyanova (Russia)Vera L. Trainer (U.S.A., Co-Chairman)Charles Trick (Canada)Yasunori Watanabe (Japan)Mingyuan Zhu (China)ObserversRobin Brown (Canada)Luzviminda Dimaano (Philippines)Henrik Enevoldsen (IOC)Participation listHao Guo (China)Julian Herndon (U.S.A.)Yoichiro Ishibashi (Japan)Takashi Kamiyama (Japan)Kunio Kohata (Japan)Yoon Lee (Korea)Ruixiang Li (China)Monica Lion (IOC)Jinhui Wang (China)Lijun Wang (China)Quan Weimin (China)Chen Yagu (China)Shi Li Yan (China)Wenxi Zhu (China)Zhaohui Zhang (China)169

HAB-S-2007HAB Endnote 2HAB-S meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. Approval of agenda3. Overview of terms of reference and historyof WG 15, and review of terms of referenceof HAB-S4. Events at PICES XVI5. Plans for PICES XVII6. National reports and HAE-DAT use summary7. Joint ICES-PICES HAE-DAT database8. PublicationsHAB-S Endnote 3Proposal for a 1-day workshop and a ½-day laboratory demonstration at PICES XVII on“Review of selected harmful algae in the PICES region: IV. Karenia and Prorocentrum”This workshop is the fourth of an annual seriesin which harmful algal bloom (HAB) speciesthat impact all or most countries in the NorthPacific are discussed in detail. In 2008, we willfocus on two fish-killing species Karenia andProrocentrum. Karenia mikimotoi is known tokill both wild and cultured fish in China, Koreaand Japan. Although this species is absent, todate, in the eastern Pacific, other species fromthe genus Karenia are known to kill fish in thesoutheastern U.S. Prorocentrum is a “red tide”species that forms dense, colored blooms inChina, Korea and Japan, resulting in economicloss to fisheries due to reduced consumerconfidence. Prorocentrum blooms are relativelyrare in the eastern Pacific, but have beendocumented occasionally in areas of the U.S.and Canada. The integration of informationfrom each country will advance ourunderstanding of these organisms. Topics willinclude modes of toxicity, distribution, impact(differences between toxic and nontoxic strains),as well as physiology and ecology in each of themember countries. In particular, we would liketo identify additional studies needed specificallyto understand the difference in occurrence andtoxicity of these organisms in the eastern andwestern Pacific. The workshop will produce alist of recommendations to help guidecollaborative HAB research priorities in PICESmember countries over the next five years. Theworkshop will be preceded by a half-daylaboratory demonstration on Karenia andProrocentrum identification and detectionmethods.Recommended convenors: Vera L. Trainer(U.S.A.) and Mingyuan Zhu (China).Potential invited speakers: Daniel Baden(U.S.A.), Lu Dou Ding (China), Steven Morton(U.S.A.), Jacob Larsen (Denmark), Song Hui Lu(China), Karen Steidinger (U.S.A.) and Dr.Yamaguchi (Japan). The co-convenors willmake the final decision regarding which expertspeakers to invite.170

HAB-S-2007HAB-S Endnote 4Proposal for a ½-day MEQ Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Environmental regulation of species succession: The use of long-term data sets to understand HABspecies dominance” [ later renamed to “Species succession and long-term data set analysis pertaining toharmful algal blooms”]Increasing numbers of harmful algal bloom(HAB) events in many coastal locations are aresult of significant changes in the dominantspecies compared to earlier periods. Thesechanges may stem from introductions of newspecies or from range extensions, but they seemmore likely to have arisen from changes in theenvironmental conditions that promote thedominance of a particular HAB species. Often,it has been concluded that anthropogenicinfluences on hydrology, land-use, nutrientinputs, etc. are the root cause of these changes,but there are examples of HAB incursions intoregions that lack these pressures. An ecosystemapproach focusing on decadal-scale changes inenvironmental conditions and planktonic speciescomposition may provide some clarity on thecauses of intensified HAB events. Talks onphysical-scale to nutrient-scale factors that mayaffect species succession towards HAB speciesdominance are especially welcome.Recommended convenors: Hak-Gyoon Kim(Korea) and Mark Wells (U.S.A.).Potential invited speakers: Theodor Smayda(U.S.A.) and an Asian scientist (TBD). The coconvenorswill make the final decision regardingwhich expert speakers to invite.171

WG19-2007REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 19 ONECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT SCIENCEThe Working Group on Ecosystem-basedManagement Science and its Application to theNorth Pacific (hereafter WG 19) held its thirdmeeting on October 27–28, 2007, under the cochairmanshipof Drs. Glen Jamieson and Chang-Ik Zhang, and Ms. Patricia Livingston. A list ofparticipants and meeting agenda can be found inWG 19 Endnotes 1 and 2.Description and implementation of a standardreporting format for EBM initiatives (AgendaItem 2)Descriptions received from member countrieswere disparate and are being compiled into asummary. Still missing is a contribution fromChina. WG 19 discussed a conceptual spectrumof the ecosystem-based management (EBM)from single species fishery management tointegrated (multi-sectoral) marine managementand talked about trying to display nationalsituations on the spectrum. Lists of governmentagencies involved in implementing EBM arebeing assembled.Participants from each country were asked toprovide Dr. David Fluharty a few paragraphswhich outline where each nation is located onthe Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM)spectrum (sensu Sainsbury slide), includingendangered species legislation, marine protectedareas (MPA), or heritage site designations.Dr. Fluharty discussed the possibility ofincorporating a list of treaties dealing withtransboundary stock management into the report.This document could be enhanced by addingaquaculture activities and their management.Categories in the report are expected to include:(1) definitions, (2) objectives, (3) legislation andagencies with marine management authority,(4) environmental assessment requirements indecision making, and (5) endangered speciesprotection, marine sanctuaries, national heritageor other MPA designation processes. Targetdate for completion of this chapter of the WG 19final report is the end of December 2007.Definitions of “eco-regions” and criteria fordefining ecological boundaries relevant toPICES (Agenda Item 3)Dr. Christopher Harvey gave an update of the“eco-region” chapter of the WG 19 final report.Currently, the discussion section needs morework and regional figures are not yet in acommon format. There was discussion aboutthe World Wildlife Fund MEOW (MarineEcosystems of the World) initiative and how thismight overlap with PICES efforts to define ecoregions.It was determined that governments ofmember countries are pursuing individualdefinitions and frameworks for eco-regions, asituation that must be highlighted. It is not clearwhether MEOW’s system will be adopted, butnational efforts could be compared with theirregions. Some details and refinement of thediscussion have to be finalized, but this chapterof the report is virtually complete, althoughlacking a contribution from China.Dr. Elizabeth Fulton presented a report on theconsequences of ocean management scenariosthat ignore eco-region boundaries in favour ofnational boundaries. An artificial nationalboundary was generated between States in anexisting model of southeast Australian waters,creating two artificial Exclusive EconomicZones (EEZs). Different management scenarios(loosely based on the range of managementmethods existing in the PICES region) wereimplemented, with contrasting options withinthese two EEZs. This meant that there were twomanagement regions that spanned parts of asingle eco-region – with some but not all speciesmoving across the border between the two quasinations.Results for a range of indicators (drawnfrom the list constructed by Perry et al.) were173

WG19-2007presented. This gave insight into the state of thesystem overall and the relative performance ofthe management methods. Results included:• different levels of production with differentmanagement approaches (although thisresult might not occur in regions with adominant signal from upwelling);• less biomass in forage groups if targetspecies were managed sustainably andhigher trophic levels were conserved;• any kind of management helps maintaintarget species biomass (vs. an unconstrainedbaseline scenario);• for species with even moderate degrees ofmobility (or more), effective management inone “nation” subsidizes catches and biomasstaken by the other, but is still beneficial as italso raises overall system state;• top predators benefit from more prey butthis signal can be diffused by large scale(including seasonal) movements followingrich prey sources/locations;• cephalopods dropped in biomass slightlybecause of increase in top predators;• habitat has the potential to benefit frommanagement, but success is not a given (it issensitive to the magnitude and specificimplementation and types of management);• from an EBM perspective, management inone region is helpful but perhaps not aseffective as if management was coordinatedacross the regions.One question that has not been addressed in thismodeling work to date is whether the benefits seenfrom implementing effective management in onenation’s waters, even if the neighbouring countryis not being as efficient, are cost-effective. Thisresearch will be targeted for publication by Drs.Fulton and Harvey in the peer reviewed literature,however, some illustrative examples and resultswill be incorporated in the WG 19 final report tohighlight ecosystem issues arising from differentialmanagement across boundaries.Evaluation of indicators and summary ofmonitoring efforts (Agenda Items 4 and 5)An overview of the indicators chapter of theWG 19 final report was provided, and discussionpoints were outlined and agreed upon. The nextstep was for each member country to suggestwhether the indicators listed in Table 2 of thechapter had been calculated yet for a particularregion in each nation and whether there are dataavailable to do so. Dr. Perry will coordinate thiseffort. Tables from some countries werefinished at the meeting, but others will needinput from national experts. Most indicatorswere related to effects of fishing and not to thebroader types of impacts from other marinesectors. The participants expanded the thirdrecommendation in the chapter to explore thedevelopment and use of socio-economicindicators. There was discussion about socialindicators such as the spatial distribution andnumbers of jobs. Those data are difficult toobtain in some countries. ICES examples in thatregard can be found in the 2006 Report of theEcosystem Effects of Fishing (Sections 4.2–4.4,pp. 92–106, Tables 4.2.4, 4.4.3). Indicatoravailability tables from each country will becompleted by the end of December 2007 andwill be added to this chapter of the report.FIS/MEQ workshop at PICES XVI (AgendaItem 6)A full report of the FIS/MEQ workshop on“Comparative analysis of frameworks to developecosystem-based approach to management andresearch needed for implementation” (W3) canbe found in the Session Summaries chapter ofthis Annual Report. The workshop madeprogress in highlighting issues related to theimplementation of EBM in PICES membercountries. It was clear from the presentationsthat member countries are in different stages ofEBM implementation. Some are still workingon incorporating an ecosystem approach tofisheries management, while others havenational legislation that provides a mechanismfor implementing cross-sectoral approaches tothe management of marine activities to ensureenvironmental protection. The degree ofadvancement might be related partly to thenature of the different human pressures beingexerted on the marine environment. Even someof the countries that appeared to be moreadvanced in their implementation mentionedproblems in actually making cross-sectoralmanagement work in marine ecosystems.174

WG19-2007Overarching legislation that requires action maybe needed. It was clear that more than oneagency was involved in EBM activities in eachcountry, and a challenge is to get agencies towork together in implementation. It was notedthat the legislation that typically led to crosssectoralimplementation was some form ofendangered species legislation.Data requirements for EBM were discussed.The Australian experience demonstrated thatimplementation could involve both highlyquantitative approaches and models if data areavailable, but could also include methods toevaluate ecosystem status and potential impactsin qualitative ways. The ICES experienceexhibited how highly-evolved data gathering forEBM advice could be, although it was noted thathighly-evolved advice did not necessarilytranslate into the political will to follow suchadvice. MONITOR outlined some of the datarequirements that would necessitate itsinvolvement and that of all of the PICESCommittees. The workshop noted particularlythe lack of socio-economic data to assist indecision-making in an EBM context.Analytical tools are being developed to aid inEBM, and these include the highly structuredrisk assessment framework of Australia thatallows for both quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of risks, and determinations of whenaction is needed. The MODEL Task Teamdescribed a suite of modeling tools that might beused to understand impacts of climate variabilityon marine ecosystems. Models such asATLANTIS can help in the evaluation ofmanagement strategies, and these seem to beimportant tools to further decision-making.Communicating the results of EBM activities isongoing in member countries. Some are usinghighly-structured reporting instruments such asecosystem assessment documents. The ICESadvisory structure communicates EBM advice ina tactical way that is highly evolved, although itssuccess in implementing EBM might not be soadvanced. Reporting of ecosystem status iscrucial but it was recognized that identificationand reporting of ecosystem pressures andecosystem responses to management aresignificant pieces in conveying EBM progress.Communicating measures of human health wasnoted to be essential in this regard. The role ofPICES in communicating EBM was seen to bemore of a strategic one. There is a variety ofpotential scales useful in reporting results.A major outstanding research gap is the need forsocial science indicators and information. Theadvancement of risk assessment frameworks andtools seemed particularly important. PerhapsWorking Groups on Human Dimensions ofImplementing EBM or Evaluation of RiskAssessment Tools and Frameworks might beworthwhile to consider in the future.WG 19 final report and 2008 inter-sessionalmeeting planning (Agenda Item 7)National submissions of the above material aredue to January 1, 2008, after which the leadauthors and Co-Chairmen will begin mergingthe data into a final report. A major gap is a lackof Chinese submissions and lack of participationfrom this country to date. Options relating tofinalization of the WG 19 report are thus:• Get Chinese participation in an intersessionalmeeting in February 2008 (optionsSeattle or China);• Extend the Working Group for one moreyear and meet with Chinese scientists at thenext PICES Annual Meeting in Dalian;• Finalize the report without Chinese input.WG 19 hopes to have a draft of the final reportby late January to send to the Chinese prior tothe inter-sessional meeting, so they can see whatcontribution is desired from them.After the meeting adjourned, it was realized thatWG 19 originally intended to publish a brochureon EBM in 2008 but this topic was not discussedat the meeting. In hindsight, such a publicationwould have been premature as the final reporthas yet to be written. WG 19 still plans toproduce a brochure (the concept was approvedby Science Board last year), but after the finalreport is complete. Its contents would be asubset of information compiled in the finalreport. Discussion of contents of the brochurewill be conducted either via email, at the inter-175

WG19-2007sessional meeting, or at next year’s AnnualMeeting.Structure and content of North PacificEcosystem Status Report and EBM-relatedtopics for inclusion (Agenda Item 8)An incremental improvement version of the2004 pilot report is being recommended byScience Board (SG-ESR Endnote 2). WG 19suggests enhancing the next report withinformation on pollution and socio-economics.The discussion focused on the need to identifykey pressures in each region, and on how shouldindicators on status and trends describing humanwell-being be determined. Further discussion onthese topics will be required.Establishing a PICES Study Group on Indicatorsof Human Well-being: Benefits, Health isrecommended to assist in this effort. Terms ofreference for this group might include:1. Identify potential indicators of human wellbeingand human impacts in relation toPICES marine ecosystem status and trends.Evaluate the Millennium Ecosystem ReportIndicators for their appropriateness.2. How might these measures be quantified andstandardized across member countries? Arethe data available to quantify these?3. How can these measures be used inecosystem models and management strategyevaluation frameworks?4. Identify longer-term issues that might becovered by a Working Group on this topic(governance structures for implementation, etc.).Membership for this Study Group should consistof qualified social scientists, primarily thosewith strong economics background, with anunderstanding of natural sciences, particularlymarine science, who are working on questionsrelating to marine ecosystem approaches andmanagement issues.Comments on FUTURE (Agenda Item 9)The participants evaluated a draft Science Planfor a new PICES integrative scientific programon Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainties and Responses of North PacificMarine Ecosystems (FUTURE) in the context ofadvancing science and communication insupport of EBM. The communications aspect ofthis program is very important and should bediscussed and outlined more clearly with astrategic view of identifying the audiences andappropriate methods of communication. Thestatus and trends information is newsworthy andneeds communication.Models are important to project futureecosystem states, and the program has a heavyemphasis on that aspect. WG 19 membersthought that the deliverables for the programalso have to include status and trend indicatorsand an improved, coordinated monitoringsystem to support indicator data requirements.Society needs to hear about human health, foodsecurity, role of climate, and potential forunanticipated ecosystem change.176

WG19-2007WG 19 Endnote 1MembersElena Dulepova (Russia)David Fluharty (U.S.A.)Christopher Harvey (U.S.A.)Glen Jamieson (Canada, Co-Chairman)Jae Bong Lee (Korea)Patricia Livingston (U.S.A, Co-Chairman.)Mitsutaku Makino (Japan)R. Ian Perry (Canada)Vladimir Radchenko (Russia)In-Ja Yeon (Korea)Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea)Participation listObserversElizabeth Fulton (Australia)Xuewu Guo (PICES Secretariat)Woo-Seok Gwak (Korea)Oleg Katugin (Russia)Kenji Konishi (Japan)Skip McKinnell (PICES Secretariat)Thomas Okey (Canada)Jake Rice (Canada)John Stein (U.S.A.)Mikhail Stepanenko (Russia)Zhaohui Xhang (China)Mingyuan Zhu (China)WG 19 Endnote 2WG 19 meeting agendaOctober 27, 20071. Welcome and introductions2. National definitions of EBM, making sure toexpand beyond EBFM and list agencies thatare involved in broader sectors, other thanfisheries. Brief description of eachcountry’s ocean management report contents3. National reports: Review nationaldefinitions of “eco-regions” and identifycriteria that could be used for definingecological boundaries relevant to PICES4. Evaluation of the indicators from the 2004Symposium on “Quantitative ecosystemindicators for fisheries management” forusefulness and application to EBM in theNorth Pacific, but broaden the terms ofreference to encompass not just Parissymposium, but also NPRB indicatorsproject and the types of indicatorssummarized by Elizabeth Fulton5. National reports on monitoring efforts thataddress the types of indicators described initem 4 above, as well as identify gaps.Member countries will focus on an ecoregionthat is most representative of theirEBM effortsOctober 28, 20076. Discuss content of FIS/MEQ Workshop on“Comparative analysis of frameworks todevelop an ecosystem-based approach tomanagement and research needed forimplementation” (W3) at PICES XVI andincorporate into the report7. Initiate discussion of structure of finalreport, deliverables and time frames;Planning for a 2008 inter-sessional meeting8. Advice on structure and content of the NorthPacific Ecosystem Status Report; suggestEBM-related topics for inclusion in thereport9. Discuss next major PICES scientificprogram, FUTURE, and provide comments177

WG20-2007REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 20 ONEVALUATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONSThe Working Group on Evaluations of ClimateChange Projections (hereafter WG 20) held itssecond meeting from 14:00–18:00 hours onOctober 27, 2007. After introductory formalitiesto members and observers (WG 20 Endnote 1)were conducted by Co-Chairmen, Drs. MichaelG. Foreman and Yasuhiro Yamanaka, the draftagenda was reviewed and adopted withoutchanges (WG 20 Endnote 2). Dr. Muyin Wangagreed to serve as the rapporteur.Discussion of a workshop with CFAME andupdate on terms of reference (Agenda Items 3and 4)The meeting began with a discussion of therecently concluded joint workshop on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling” (W6) with theClimate Forcing and Marine Ecosystems TaskTeam (CFAME). The following was requestedby CFAME from WG 20, preferably by theirinter-sessional meeting in April 2008 andcertainly by their final meeting in October 2008:1. Graphic representations of climate/oceanstates under climate warming for each of thethree ecosystems selected by CFAME. Forthe Kuroshio/Oyashio, this representationwill be based on detailed model resultsavailable from a high-resolution Japaneseglobal climate model to which Dr. Yamanakahas coupled his biological COCO–NEMUROmodel. For the California Current System,this representation will be based on eitherresults from a high-resolution RegionalOcean Model System (ROMS) climatemodel, or if this is not available, fromdownscaled global climate model values. Forthe Yellow and East China Seas, this graphicwill also be based on either regional climatemodel output or downscaled values fromglobal climate models.2. Detailed output from Dr. Yamanaka’sCOCO–NEMURO model simulations forthe Kuroshio/Oyashio region for 2007–2030(or whatever projection time period hechooses).3. A comparison of the atmosphericcomponent in the Japanese high-resolutionModel for Interdisciplinary Research onClimate (MIROC) with other climatemodels to assess the range of variability anddetermine any biases that could potentiallyaffect the results arising from (2) above.4. Climate change variables (such as SST,stratification, circulation) for the CaliforniaCurrent System (north, central and southsub-regions) that have either been takenfrom regional climate models, ordownscaled from global climate models.The second and fourth requests were viewed aspotentially longer-term products that could beincluded in the CFAME final report to providefuture PICES groups with relevant climateparameters. Dr. Foreman will work withregional representatives in coordinating deliveryof the first request. Dr. Yamanaka will work onthe second, Drs. Wang and James E. Overlandwill work on the third, and Dr. Foreman willwork with Drs. Wang, Overland, EnriqueCurchitser, Arthur J. Miller and Emanuele DiLorenzo on the fourth. It was also reported thatCFAME will invite the WG 20 Co-Chairmen toattend their inter-sessional meeting in Honoluluin April 2008 (CFAME Endnote 3) in order toreceive immediate feedback on reviseddescriptions of relevant physical processes forthe three selected ecosystems.In addition to the updates on WG 20 activities,Dr. Miller gave a short presentation on a recentclimate workshop on “The known, unknown, andunknowable“ at the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, and Dr. Young-Gyu Parkprovided an update on his regional FiniteVolume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) for thewaters surrounding Korea.179

WG20-2007Next major PICES scientific program(Agenda Item 5)A lively discussion took place on the latest draft(version 4.2) of a Science Plan for a new PICESintegrative scientific program on Forecastingand Understanding Trends, Uncertainties andResponses of North Pacific Marine Ecosystems(FUTURE). Dr. Foreman felt that physical andgeochemical issues were not given sufficientrecognition in the Science Plan for the role theywill be playing in providing forecasts (andassociated uncertainties) of ecosystems that arechanging due to climate and other anthropogeniceffects. Possible revisions to key and secondaryquestions were discussed and general agreementwas given to a draft presentation by POC at theFUTURE Open Forum on November 1.Future WG 20 workshops and meetings(Agenda Item 6)Dr. Foreman briefly described the upcomingInternational Symposium on the “Effects ofclimate change on the world’s oceans” to beconvened May 19–23, 2008, in Gijón, Spain.PICES has booked a room so that WG 20 canhold an informal meeting at this symposium if asufficient number of members attend. Theinvitation to participate in this meeting was alsoextended to CFAME members.CFAME has expressed interest in holdinganother joint workshop with WG 20 on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling II” at the 2008PICES Annual Meeting (CFAME Endnote 4).Dr. Gordon A. (Sandy) McFarlane (CFAME)will be co-convening the workshop with eitherDr. Foreman or Dr. Yamanaka.Items with financial implications (AgendaItem 7)Travel support was requested for:• one WG 20 member to attend the nextESSAS Annual Meeting to be held inSeptember 2008, in Halifax, Canada;• Dr. Foreman to attend the Gijón Symposiumwhere he will be co-convening a session on“Past and future variability and change inocean climate: Climate model projections”.Other business (Agenda Item 8)No other business was discussed.WG 20 Endnote 1Participation listMembersEnrique Curchitser (U.S.A.)Emanuele Di Lorenzo (U.S.A.)Michael G. Foreman (Canada, Co-Chairman)Hiroyasu Hasumi (Japan)Arthur J. Miller (U.S.A.)Young-Gyu Park (Korea)Muyin Wang (U.S.A.)Elena Ustinova (Russia)Yasuhiro Yamanaka (Japan, Co-Chairman)ObserversYong-Kyu Choi (Korea)Albert J. Hermann (U.S.A.)Phillip R. Mundy (U.S.A.)Thomas C. Royer (U.S.A.)180

WG20-2007WG 20 Endnote 2WG 20 meeting agenda1. Welcome, introductions, opening remarks2. Adoption of agenda and appointment ofrapporteur3. Discussion of, and action items arising from,a workshop with CFAME4. Updates on work related to WG 20 terms ofreference5. Discussion on the next major PICESscientific program, FUTURE: Roles forWG 20 and respective member countries6. Future WG 20 workshops/meetings(i) Climate Change Symposium, Gijón,Spain, May 2008(ii) PICES XVII, Dailan, China, Oct.–Nov.2008(iii) other?7. Items with financial implications(i) Travel support requests:a. ESSAS Annual Meeting, Halifax,September 2008b. Climate Change Symposium, Gijón,Spain, May 2008(ii) Other items8. Other business9. Adoption of report for presentation at POCcommittee meeting181

WG21-2007REPORT OF WG 21 ON NON-INDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIESThe Working Group on Non-Indigenous AquaticSpecies (hereafter WG 21) held its second meetingOctober 26–27, 2007, under the co-chairmanshipof Ms. Darlene L. Smith and Dr. VasilyRadashevsky. A list of participants and meetingagenda can be found in WG 21 Endnotes 1and 2.Country/Agency reports (Agenda Items 2)CanadaFisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is thefederal government agency responsible formarine non-indigenous species in Canada. TheDFO non-indigenous species program consistsof three elements: research, monitoring and riskassessment. DFO has also worked with theNational Science and Engineering ResearchCouncil of Canada to establish a nationalresearch program called the Canadian AquaticInvasive Species Network (CAISN). CAISNincludes scientists from 19 Canadian universitiesand several DFO laboratories. The primaryspecies of concern include: European green crab,tunicates (5–7 species), New Zealand mudsnailand perciform fishes in freshwater.People’s Republic of ChinaIt is estimated that there are about 140 marinealien species in China. Mariculture andinternational shipping are the two main vectorsby which non-indigenous species are introducedto China. Spartina alterniflora and Spartinaanglica were introduced in 1979 to protectedbeaches and had spread extensively causingmajor ecological damage. Mytilopsis sallei hasalso been introduced and is causing seriousdamage to the mariculture industry and nativespecies. Another non-indigenous species isCrepidula onyx which reduces biodiversity andfouls pisciculture cages. Some harmful algaeblooms species are suspected to have beenintroduced to the China seas via ballast water.They have caused economic losses toaquaculture and fisheries operations with seriousenvironmental and human health impacts.China has established the following targets bythe year 2010:• To develop a basic understanding of thepresent status of marine alien invasivespecies in coastal China, such as exoticspecies and their distributions, invasivespecies distribution and impacts, etc.;• To establish prevention and control systemsfor marine alien invasive species;• To establish methods to assess the impactsof marine biological invasions.By the year 2015, through strengthening thestudy of marine exotic invasive species ecology,a basic understanding of mechanisms ofinvasion will be built up. Meanwhile,technologies for elimination and control ofinvasive species will be developed to control orreduce the impacts resulting from a fewdominant invasive species.Republic of KoreaIn 2007, harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurredfrom August–September (a total of 44 days).These included Cochlodinium polykrikoidesfrom the South Sea to Japan/East Sea, andChattonella spp. in Chonsu Bay (Yellow Sea).Total damage was about $US 12 million, mostlyto halibut, red bream, etc.Research activities associated with HABs andinvasive species include:• Rapid detection of Cochlodinium usingsandwich hybridization and whole cellhybridization;• Development of molecular techniques fordetection of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like sp.;• National Census of Marine Ecosystem(conducted by “Law of Marine EcosystemConservation and Management”; the 1 st phase183

WG21-2007is from 2006–2015 (10yrs), and the budget ofUS$1.5 million for 2007);• National Institute of Marine Bioresources(established by “Law of Marine EcosystemConservation and Management”; theconstruction period is from 2007–2013(5yrs), with the total budget of US $150million, and the budget of US$ 25 millionfor 2008);• Marine invasive species: Preparation of“Manual for Field Study”; barnaclemonitoring (Ulsan port, Guryongpo port);general observation at Baekryung Is.(Yellow Sea), Ulreung Is. (Japan/East Sea)and Chuja Is. (South Sea);• Development of ballast water treatment andmonitoring (conducted by KORDI under“Marine Environment Management Law”,with the budget of US$ 0.2 million);• Development of ballast water treatmentsystem and preparation of “Field Manual ofBallast Water Monitoring”.RussiaThe current status of non-indigenous fish speciesdistribution and abundance in Peter the GreatBay was given. There are 19 non-indigenousfish species found in this area. The generalconclusions of this work are:• A composition of non-indigenous fishspecies in the estuaries of Peter the GreatBay was determined. Due to a significantpart in biomass of all the fishes (e.g., 10%and 13% in the ichthyofauna of Artemovkaand Razdolnaya Rivers, respectively), theyare of great importance in the functioning ofestuary ichthyocenes of the rivers.• In the early 2000s, Khanka bitterlingsAcanthorodeus chankaensis, lookup Culteralburnus, lazy gudgeon Sarcocheilchthysczerskii, Sarcocheilchthys sp., Soldatov’scatfish Silurus soldatovi, European pikeperchSander lucioperca and northernsnakehead Channa argus were introducedinto the Razdolnaya River.• Silver carp, bigheads, grass carp andEuropean pike-perch form ephemeral, notnumerous populations that include onlyadult individuals. Rounded gudgeon,Khanka bitterlings, Acanthorodeus sp.,Korean sawbelly, lazy gudgeon, northernsnakehead and lookup have formedindependent populations in RazdolnayaRiver. The quantity of lookup inRazdolnaya River has now reached acommercial value.United States of AmericaThree main agencies in the United States areresponsible for managing marine invasivespecies: National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA), EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service (F&WS). Some of the majorinvaders on the U.S. Pacific Coast are:• European green crab (dominant competitor;regulates the structure of benthiccommunities through predation; at highdensities limits the distribution of somebenthic invertebrates);• Various species of tunicates (high potentialfor environmental and ecosystem damage;overgrow and displace native sea grasses,sponges, hydroids, anemones, limpets,oysters, mussels, scallops, barnacles,bryozoans, and other species of sea squirts;negative effects on aquaculture industry);• Snowflake coral (threatens Hawai’i’s $30-million-a-year black coral industry; hullfouling and aquarium trade).NOAA along with the U.S. F&WS, and the U.S.Maritime Administration, in cooperation withvarious States, conducts research on ballastwater treatment technologies at two facilities,one located at the Great Lakes and one locatedin NOAA’s North West Region.The Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force,headed by NOAA and the U.S. F&WS, supportsdevelopment of management plans for aquaticnuisance species in the United States. Resourcesfor research are limited, with the majority goingtowards management. A major focus now israpid response planning. Hazard Analysis ofCritical Control Point (HACCP) is currentlybeing investigated as a model for responding toinvasive species.184

WG21-2007EPA is focused on the results of a recent courtdecision requiring the Agency to regulate ballastwater discharge, including all boats withoutboard motors. EPA will use the dischargestandards of the International MaritimeOrganization.Dr. Mark Sytsma gave a presentation on thestatus of a Spartina spp. invasion on the Pacificcoast of the United States and provided detailsof the management and eradication programs.Science presentations (Agenda Item 3)Three presentations were given by WG 21members from the People’s Republic of China,the Russian Federation and Japan:• Lijun Wang: Assessment of the geneticimpact of introduced Strongylocentratusintermedius on native sea urchin populations;• Vasily Radashevsky: Studies on invasivespecies in the Far-Eastern Part of Russia;• Hiroshi Kawai: Biogeography and transoceanintroductions of the green algae Ulvaspp. from/to Japan, deduced from theidentifications based on molecular markers.WG 21 terms of reference (Agenda Item 4)WG 21 proposes to amend its terms of referenceto reflect practical constraints on the work andthe two projects funded with the Japanesevoluntary contribution (WG 21 Endnote 3).These were submitted for approval to the MEQCommittee.Joint PICES-ICES meeting summary andfurther co-operation (Agenda Item 5)Dr. Judith Pederson provided the summary ofthe joint meeting of PICES WG 21, ICES WGon Introductions and Transfers of MarineOrganisms (WGITMO) and ICES/IOC/IMOWG on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors,(WGBOSBV) held May 25–26, 2007, inCambridge, U.S.A., with emphasis on thefollowing points:• Potential projects for “Development of theprevention systems for harmful organism’sexpansion in the Pacific Rim”;• Lack of taxonomic expertise limiting ICES-PICES exchange;• Need for the registry of taxonomic experts;• Adding AIS (Aquatic Invasive Species) databased on NISBase;• Use bivalve molluscs for database testing;• Ballast water and biofouling as potentialvectors;• ICES Ballast Water Sampling Guidelines –review of ballast water issues, includingearly detection, rapid response, impacts,costs, successes, and failures from worldwideexamples; role of government andcitizens in an EDRR (Early Detection andRapid Response) system.Suggestions for future co-operation include:• ICES Code of Practice for the Introductionand Transfer of Marine Organisms;• Risk assessments or analysis;• Guidelines for sampling ballast water;• Other areas for joint projects, including hullfouling.Database prototype (Agenda Item 6)The morning session of the second day openedwith a presentation on the WG 21 marine nonindigenousspecies (MNIS) database prototypethat Dr. Henry Lee II and Ms. Deborah Reusserhad developed based on the EPA-USGS PCEIS(Pacific Coast Ecosystem Information System)spatial database. Dr. Lee gave an overview ofthe database that is designed to providebiological, ecological and geo-spatialinformation. Each attendee received a copy ofthe manual and a disk with the program. Theinitial exercise is to enter invasive bivalves ofthe North Pacific for testing the prototypedatabase. With the database, speciesinformation can be entered, edited, and exported.With the input of standardized data across thecountries, the data are easily queried. Themorning session focused on the details of usingthe database and issues that arose during thediscussion. The major items and action items orconclusions that emerged from the discussionare described below.The database uses Microsoft Access as thesoftware for developing relationships among the185

WG21-2007various components, and this poses a problemfor Macintosh users who rely on FileMaker asthe database management software.Action item: Determine how to link File Makerto Access.The prototype is built so that members fromeach PICES country can enter and maintain theirown database. The main menu offers a varietyof options: searching for species, adding/editingspecies, adding publications, exporting andimporting data, documentation, acknowledgements,and exiting. One of the importantdecisions to be made by the group was the levelof biographic detail that would be captured bythe program. The Nature Conservancybiogeography regions were used as the basis formaking decisions. The bio-geographic hierarchyextends from the North Temperate PacificRealm > Provinces > Eco-region > WaterbodyEco-region > Sub-component in Waterbody >Site Specific (latitude/longitude).Consensus decision is to: (1) extend to theWaterbody Eco-region and sub-divisions as thiswould permit analysis of the data appropriate tothe scale for PICES countries; and (2) includelatitudes and longitudes as database fields.Adding a reference with each species, either as apublication or as the name of the person enteringthe data, is required. The program has severalfeatures that make entering the data easier,including options for removing and editing data,accessing publication data, adding relevantecosystem and MNIS data, and viewing andextracting data. In order to test the database, itwas initially suggested that each country wouldinput data on bivalves, however, some countriesmay add other data, e.g., barnacles. Eachcountry will input data and a training workshopon use of the database will be held to walkthrough the revised protocols. For severalcountries, it would take time to identify theindividuals who would input the data.Action item: Each country will input data overthe next couple of months and correspond withMs. Reusser if any problems are encountered.Ideally the data entry should be completedbefore December 31, 2007.Consensus decision is: to hold a workshop toevaluate the protocols and reach final agreementon standards, data elements and data entrytemplates for the MNIS database on January 30–31, 2008, in Seattle, U.S.A.Action item: Each country is to submit names oftwo representatives to be invited to attend theworkshop to Ms. Smith by November 30, 2007,especially countries where visas are needed.Update: Dates and location were changed toMarch 3–5, 2008 in Busan, Korea.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 7)WG 21 proposed a 1-day Topic Session(including posters) on marine non-indigenousspecies to be held at PICES XVII (WG 21Endnote 4). This session will focus onecological and economic impacts of marine nonindigenousspecies and ballast watertechnologies. Potential invited speakers are:David Pimentel, Andrew Cohen, James Carlton,Daniel Simberloff (for the Eastern Pacific) andJiakuan Chen (for the Western Pacific).Work plan for database and taxonomyinitiatives (Agenda Item 8)In April 2007, the Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan,through the Fisheries Agency (JFA) of Japan,provided a voluntary contribution to PICES for aproject entitled “Development of the preventionsystems for harmful organisms’ expansion in thePacific Rim”. The project is anticipated to runfor five years (from April 1, 2007 to March 31,2012). It has two distinct components, one onMNIS and the other on HABs conducted byWG 21 and Section on Ecology of HarmfulAlgal Blooms in the North Pacific (HAB-S),respectively.Within the MNIS sub-project, two initiativeshave been identified: (1) development of aMNIS database; and (2) development of a186

WG21-2007taxonomic system to allow identification anddocumentation of MNIS establishment outsideof their native range. Details for activities underthe Database Initiative are outlined in AgendaItem 6. Under the Taxonomic Initiative, WG 21proposes to conduct a rapid MNIS assessmentsurvey in each PICES member country. Theseassessments will focus on two port locationswithin the member country hosting the PICESAnnual Meeting and be held immediately priorto the Annual Meeting, using taxonomic expertsand students from the host country and PacificRim experts as needed. The first rapidassessment survey is scheduled for October19–23, 2008, in conjunction with PICES XVII.The proposed surveys will be complemented bysub-tidal collectors for biofouling organismsdeployed at selected sites in PICES membercountries. A revised work plan for 2008–2009can be found in WG 21 Endnote 5.Sixth International Marine BioinvasionsConference (Agenda Item 9)Dr. Gil Rilov presented an overview of the 6 thInternational Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” to be held in late August or earlySeptember 2009, at Portland State University(PSU), Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Dr. Sytsmawill serve as the local host.The Marine bioinvasions Conference hasfocused on scientific and management issuesrelated to marine introductions and focused onvectors, distribution, ecological impacts andevolutionary consequences, and related topics.The Conference also continues to identify newtopics and emerging issues. As with the 5 thConference, co-sponsorship by the U.S. NationalSea Grant Office, the International Council forthe Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and PICES iswelcome. Planning for the Conference is still inthe initial stages. WG 21 is interested insupporting the Conference and requested to havea representative on of the Scientific SteeringCommittee (SSC). Dr. Yoon Lee (Korea)volunteered to serve on SSC. It was alsosuggested to propose that a special session onPacific Rim invasive species be included in theprogram. Conference organizers requested thefollowing financial support from PICES:• 2007–08 Fiscal Year $10,000• 2008–09 Fiscal Year $10,000• 2009–10 Fiscal Year $30,000Aquatic invasive species/climate changeconnection (Agenda Item 10)How can WG 21 promote further discussionand/or research regarding the aquatic invasivespecies/climate change connection in the NorthPacific? Dr. Paul Heimowitz raised this as animportant upcoming issue and advised that theAmerican Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Forcewill be discussing this issue at its meeting onNovember 27, 2007. The state of research onthis issue is still in its infancy. The ICESWGITMO has provided some informationrelating invasions to current and temperaturechanges to OSPAR Commission. Discussionconcluded that researchers will have to focus onthis issue in the future and that there will be aneed to distinguish between expansion range ofnon-indigenous species and expansion range ofnative species.Next WG 21 meeting (Agenda Item 11)WG 21 members propose to meet for two daysat PICES XVII in Dalian, China. The purposeof this meeting will be to:• review the draft report due at the end of WG21’s current mandate;• review progress of the database project anddevelop a work plan for Year 3; and• review progress of the taxonomy project(including the rapid assessment survey) anddevelop a work plan for Year 3.The Co-Chairmen closed the meeting bythanking everyone for their full participation,and by giving special thanks to the meetingguests who provided valuable input.187

WG21-2007WG 21 Endnote 1Participation listMembersEvgenyi I. Barabanshchikov (Russia)Blake E. Feist (U.S.A.)Graham E. Gillespie (Canada)Paul Heimowitz (U.S.A.)Hiroshi Kawai (Japan)Henry Lee II (U.S.A.)Sam-Geon Lee (Korea)Yoon Lee (Korea)Vasily Radashevsky (Russia, Co-Chairman)Darlene L. Smith (Canada, Co-Chairman)Mark D. Sytsma (U.S.A.)Thomas W. Therriault (Canada)Lijun Wang (China)Li Zheng (China)ObserversHak Gyoon Kim (Korea)Judith Pederson (U.S.A.)Deborah Reusser (U.S.A.)Gil Rilov (U.S.A.)Greg Ruiz (U.S.A)WG 21 Endnote 2WG 21 meeting agendaOctober 26, 20081. Opening remarks and introductions2. Country/Agency reports (15 minutespresentation + 5 minutes discussion each)3. Science presentations (15 minutespresentation + 5 minutes discussion each)4. WG 21 terms of reference: Discussion onprogress and plans for completion5. Joint PICES-ICES meeting summary andfurther co-operation (J. Pederson)October 27, 20076. Database prototype: presentation (H. Lee IIand D. Reusser) and discussion (All)7. Topic Session on non-indigenous aquaticspecies at PICES XVII (Dalian, China)8. Development of detailed work plan fordatabase and taxonomy initiatives (includingplanning of the 2008 workshop) funded by avoluntary contribution from Japan9. Sixth International Conference on “Marinebioinvasions” (2009): Discussion of PICESWG 21 support/involvement10. How can WG 21 promote furtherdiscussion/research on the aquatic invasivespecies/climate change connection in theNorth Pacific? (P. Heimowitz)11. Next WG 21 meeting and closing remarksWG 21 Endnote 3Proposed revisions to WG 21 terms of reference1. Initiate compilation of an inventory ofmarine non-indigenous species in PICESmember countries together with acompilation of definitions of terms andrecommendations on use of these terms.Summarize the situation on bioinvasions inPICES member countries;2. Increase taxonomic capacity of PICESmember countries through rapid assessmentsurveys and possibly through creation of aweb-based taxonomy tool;3. Initiate compilation of an inventory ofscientific experts on marine non-indigenousspecies subject areas and of the relevantnational research programs and projectsunderway in PICES member countries;4. Summarize existing requirements for ballastwater management (e.g., discharge andmonitoring requirements) in PICES membercountries;5. Summarize research related to impacts ofballast water and best practices for ballast188

WG21-2007water management in PICES membercountries;6. Coordinate activities of the PICES WG 21with related Working Groups in ICESthrough joint meetings of these groups;7. Develop and recommend an approach forformal linkages between PICES and ICESon aquatic non-indigenous species;8. Publish final report summarizing results andrecommendations.WG 21 Endnote 4Proposal for a 1- day Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Consequences of non-indigenous species introductions”Non-indigenous species (NIS) are ubiquitousthroughout the World’s marine, coastal andestuarine waters. There is little doubt that humanmediated dispersal of NIS and subsequentestablishment of NIS has altered biodiversity,species assemblages, food web dynamics, andtrophic structure and interactions in marineecosystems. These alterations have ecological,biological, evolutionary and economicconsequences, especially in coastal and estuarinesystems. It is ironic that mariculture and theglobal shipping trade have been identified as themost affected economically, given that these twoactivities are often identified as the primaryvectors of marine NIS introductions. Thissession will address the impacts of marine NISon the ecosystems in which they have invaded.Examples of impacts include, but are not limitedto, biological, ecological, evolutionary, andeconomic. While abstracts addressing any typeof economic impact will be considered,preference will be given to research projectsfocusing on ballast water and bio-foulingdiagnostic and treatment technologies.Convenors: Blake Feist (U.S.A.) and TBDWG 21 Endnote 5A 2008/2009 work plan for database and taxonomy initiatives ofa marine non-indigenous species (MNIS) project funded by a voluntary contribution from JapanDEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE MNIS DATABASEPrincipal InvestigatorDr. Henry Lee II (Environment and ProtectionAgency, U.S.A.)Database developmentA template for standards and elements ofrelevant scientific data (scientific and commonnames, native range distribution and invasionrange distribution(s), life histories, habitatrequirements, ecological roles, impacts ofinvasions, and management and mitigationmeasures undertaken in invaded countries) willbe developed and documented, based on theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) and the United States Geological Survey(USGS) “Pacific Coast Ecosystem InformationSystem” (PCEIS) spatial database.Beta testing of the databaseFocus will be on entry of data for a pilot NIStaxon (bivalves) by all PICES member countries.In situations where limited NIS bivalve dataexist, another NIS taxa or native data will beused for testing purposes. Potential limitationsidentified through this exercise will be discussedat the proposed inter-sessional meeting.Meeting to obtain consensus on database format,standards and elementsAn inter-sessional meeting of WG 21 will beheld after beta testing is completed (mid-winter2008, in either Seattle, U.S.A. or Korea) toevaluate the database protocol and to reach finalagreement on standards, data elements and dataentry templates.189

WG21-2007RAPID ASSESSMENT SURVEYS IN PICES MEMBER COUNTRIESPrincipal InvestigatorDr. Thomas Therriault (Fisheries and OceansCanada)PurposeNon-indigenous species (NIS) have the potentialto alter habitats and biological diversity and canhave economic and ecological impacts. There isa need for good taxonomy and consistency forsampling approaches in PICES membercountries and other Pacific Rim countries. Tobetter understand MNIS in PICES membercountries, rapid assessment surveys will becarried out to gather and compare speciesinformation among countries. We have a uniqueopportunity at the 2008 PICES Annual Meetingin Dalian, China, to conduct the first rapidassessment survey and include taxonomicexperts and students from each member country.If successful, this would be repeated insubsequent years in each PICES country the yearthey host the PICES Annual Meeting. All datacollected would be entered into the PICESMNIS database being developed by WG 21.Rapid assessment survey scopeTwo separate locations in each country will beselected. Locations will be determined by thehost country and could include areas nearinternational shipping ports and aquaculturefacilities as these are two major vectors for theintroduction of marine non-indigenous species.Within each of the two locations, three differenthabitats will be selected for rapid assessment:• intertidal habitat;• floating docks/structures (e.g., aquaculturefacilities) that support subtidal biofoulingorganisms; and• pilings/piers associated with commercialshipping activities that support biofoulingorganisms.A total of six sampling sites will be assessedduring the survey characterizing both the nativeand non-native species using availabletaxonomic experts. All species encounteredduring the survey (or found on collectors or intraps) will be identified to the lowest taxonomiclevel possible. For 2008, it is suggested to focusthe survey on Dalian Port (Yellow Sea) and BaYu Quan (Bohai Sea) as both are close to theAnnual Meeting site and represent two differentmarine environments. The proposed locationshave to be confirmed by the State OceanicAdministration.MethodsThe proposed project will examine communityassemblages in both intertidal and subtidalhabitats through two components:The first component is sampling native and nonnativespecies in various marine habitats such as:• intertidal shoreline;• commercial shipping piers or docks;• floating structures such as aquaculturefacilities; and• baited traps to sample mobile fauna such asdecopods (e.g., crabs).The second component will capture settlementof biofouling organisms over a period of 6months. To do this we will:• deploy settlement plates and collectors sixmonths prior to the rapid assessment surveyto sample subtidal biofouling communities;• other PICES member countries wishing todo so, may also deploy settlement plates andcollectors at the same time to provideadditional information for comparison.Previous rapid assessment surveys in the UnitedStates have used standardized methods and theymay be referred to for establishing a protocol forPICES member countries. Two examples can befound in the following papers:• Cohen, A.N. et al. (2000) Report of theWashington State Exotics Expedition 2000:A rapid assessment survey of exotic speciesin Elliot Bay, Totten/Eld Inlets and WillapaBay. In: Washington State Department ofNatural Resources, Olympia WA, pp. 46.• Cohen, A.N. et al. (2005) Rapid assessmentsurvey for exotic organisms in southern190

WG21-2007California bays and harbors, and abundancein port and non-port areas. BiologicalInvasions 7: 995–1002.Required resourcesEach rapid assessment survey will require theparticipation of the PICES host country’staxonomic experts representing the variety ofnon-indigenous marine taxa that have hadsignificant negative ecological or economicconsequences. These may include taxonomistsspecializing in ascidians (tunicates), crustaceans(crabs, barnacles, amphipods), mollusks(gastropods, bivalves), worms (polychaetes),cnidarians (hydroids, anemones) and algae.Taxonomic experts and students (primarily fromthe host country) who are familiar with thesegroups will form the bulk of the assessment team.The rest of the team could include experts fromPICES member countries and other Pacific Rimcountries. Representatives from other PICESmember countries who will be involved in futurerapid assessments should also participate. Thisapproach ensures that highly qualified individualsconfirm species identification while allowingtraining for students and taxonomic generalists.The list of experts from the host country shouldbe provided 6 months in advance of the rapidassessment survey to permit sufficient time toidentify additional required experts from othercountries. Judith Pederson, Chairman of theICES Working Group on Introductions andTransfers of Marine Organisms, will serve as aresource person for this project.Vehicles will be needed to transport the rapidassessment survey team to sampling sites. Asmall boat will be required to access potentialfloating/pier sites. The following samplinggears will be needed: (1) standard plankton netsfor sampling phytoplankton and zooplankton;(2) standard traps (Fukui folding traps?) andgroundlines for sampling decapods; and (3) tools(rakes, shovels, screens) to sample intertidalinfaunal organisms. SCUBA divers, if available,could be used to sample subtidal species, but thisis optional. Laboratory facilities with compoundlight microscopes and stereoscopes (dissectingscopes) will be required. Specimens will bephotographed. Preliminary identifications aremade in the field. However, all samples aretaken back to a laboratory for verification andarchiving. Some effort should be made toidentify in advance and provide taxonomicreference books for each country (some mayhave to be purchased).FundingTravel and accommodation expenses fortaxonomic experts and students will be coveredunder the taxonomy initiative of the MNISproject funded by a voluntary contribution fromthe Japanese government.191

SG-GOOS-2007REPORT OF STUDY GROUP ON GOOSDue to scheduling conflicts, a pre-meeting washeld to brief Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp, MONITORChairman, on the report of the Study Group todevelop a strategy for GOOS (hereafterSG-GOOS). Two SG-GOOS members, Drs.Vyacheslav Lobanov and Dong-Young Lee,were unable to attend the Annual Meeting butparticipated by e-mail for the preparation of thereport (SG-GOOS Endnote 1). This report wasdiscussed and recommended for submission toMONITOR.Activities in 2007• Reports for 2006 and 2007 activities areposted on the SG- GOOS web page.• In January 2007, Dr. Lobanov representedPICES at the 11 th Session of theIOC/WESTPAC Coordinating Committeefor the North-East Asian Regional GlobalOcean Observing System (NEAR-GOOS) inBangkok, Thailand (SG-GOOS Endnote 2).• In March 2007, Dr. Phillip R. Mundy,SG-GOOS Chairman, presented a report onactivities of MONITOR at the 10 th GOOSScientific Steering Committee (GOOS SSC)meeting in Seoul, Korea (SG-GOOSEndnote 3). Dr. Dong-Young Lee alsoattended this meeting as GOOS SSC ViceChairman and a member of SG-GOOS. Theresults of the meeting are described inSG-GOOS Endnote 4. The Study Groupwishes to thank GOOS SSC members andits Chairman, Dr. John Field, for theirconsideration of the issues and for theirinvitation for PICES to participate in theGOOS SSC meeting. Special thanks to Dr.Dong-Young Lee, for his support andhospitality during the SSC meeting.RecommendationsIt is recommended that:• Starting in 2007, MONITOR, in cooperationwith TCODE, focus its activities onproviding a forum for representatives of theexisting North Pacific observing systems inwhich cross-GRA (GOOS Regional Alliance)observing projects (inter-regional andinternational), observing technologies, anddata and information sharing protocols wouldbe developed.• The terms of reference of MONITOR bemodified to explicitly include facilitation ofcooperation, communication, and coordinationamong North Pacific ocean observing systems.This affects existing terms of reference 1, 2, 3,and 7. These four terms of reference shouldbe replaced by the following two:a. Identify principal monitoring needs ofthe PICES region and approaches tomeet these needs by serving as a forumfor coordination and development ofinter-regional and internationalcomponents of the North Pacific oceanobserving systems, including the GlobalOcean Observing System (GOOS) andincluding method development andinter-comparison workshops to facilitatecalibration, standardization andharmonization of data sets;b. Provide Annual Reports to ScienceBoard and the PICES Secretariat onmonitoring activities in the PICES area.• A representative of MONITOR be sentannually to GOOS SSC meetings to exchangereports on North Pacific monitoring activities,emphasizing projects that span observingregions and international boundaries (e.g.,such as the Continuous Plankton Recordersurveys), progress in establishing sensortechnologies for scientifically sound observingsystems, and progress in the use of commoninformation exchange methods (e.g., such asthe Global Telecommunications System,GTS). Having a MONITOR representative toattend this meetings will:a. Meet the PICES mission of promotingcooperation and collaboration in marinesciences among member countries; a193

SG-GOOS-2007forum for international collaborationwithin each region is much needed;b. Clarify MONITOR’s terms of referenceto facilitate international cooperation inthe development of observing projects,observing systems and means of datagathering and information exchange;c. Provide a forum to assist in theproduction of the North PacificEcosystem Status Report, which isamong the responsibilities of PICES.Identification of North Pacific observingsystemsThe identification of specific data types byobserving systems has been deferred pending theresults of the Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission (IOC) Circular Letter No. 2199requesting that member states provide “Nationalcontributions to the Global Ocean ObservingSystem” which will be available at PICES XVII,and subsequent reports of MONITOR. Twosummary information tables were provided inthe 2006 SG-GOOS report.SG-GOOS Endnote 1MembersWilliam R. Crawford (Canada)Phillip R. Mundy (U.S.A., Chairman)Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan)Participation listParticipants by correspondenceDong-Young Lee (Korea)Vyacheslav Lobanov (Russia)SG-GOOS Endnote 211 th Session of the IOC/WESTPAC Coordinating Committeefor the North-East Asian Regional Global Ocean Observing System(provided by Dr. Vyacheslav Lobanov)IntroductionIn accordance with the recommendation ofMONITOR that PICES should play a strong rolein the coordination and facilitation of NorthPacific regional GOOS projects and to advancecontacts with the relevant GOOS RegionalAlliances to explore ways in which PICES canenable their development, Dr. VyacheslavLobanov (Russia) was present as an observer atthe 11 th Session of the IOC/WESTPACCoordinating Committee for the North-EastAsian Regional Global Ocean Observing System(NEAR-GOOS-CC-XI). The meeting was heldon January 18–19, 2007, in Bangkok, Thailand,and was organized by the IOC/UNESCORegional Secretariat for the Western Pacific(IOC/WESTPAC), with support from theDepartment of Marine and Coastal Resources(DMCR) of the Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Environment (MNRE), Thailand. Themeeting was attended by the CoordinatingCommittee (CC) members from participatingcountries, NEAR-GOOS working group leaders,observers from regional programs/organizations,and representatives of related Thailand agencies.NEAR-GOOS was initiated in 1996 upon theformal adoption of its Implementation Plan andOperational Manual by the 29 th ExecutiveCouncil of IOC. As a regional pilot project ofGOOS, it has been undertaken in partnershipbetween the Japan, People’s Republic of China,the Republic of Korea and the RussianFederation as a WESTPAC activity. The mostimportant successes of NEAR-GOOS in its firstphase (1996–2003) have been the consolidationof a functional two-mode distributed Internetbaseddatabase structure in the partner countries,and the linkage of this structure with oneRegional Real-Time Database (RRTDB) andone Regional Delayed-Mode Database194

SG-GOOS-2007(RDMDB) responsible for the receipt andmerging of data in this region. The data in theRRTDB include only major physical parameters,while information available through the RDMDBis more diverse. At its 9 th Session in 2004, theCC approved the Strategic Plan for the secondphase of NEAR-GOOS (2004–2008), with thegoal to provide the “Development of a basicintegrated ocean observing and operationalforecasting system in the NEAR-GOOS areaadhering to the GOOS Principles and building onthe data management and exchange mechanismsdeveloped in the first phase through the inclusionof additional parameters, increased coverage inspace and time, the generation of a generic suiteof data products and adequate quality control andquality assurance procedures”.Objectives of the 11 th SessionNEAR-GOOS is governed by the CC whichconsists of two representatives from eachmember country and holds its meetingsannually. The major tasks of the 11 th Sessionwere to:• review the status of NEAR-GOOS and theprogress made during the inter-sessionalperiod, including activity of regional andnational databases and related nationalactivities;• review the activities of NEAR-GOOSWorking Groups (WG on New GenerationSea Surface Temperature and WG on Datamanagement) and to make recommendationsfor their plans as well as to discussformation of two new Working Groups (WGon Monitoring Using Drifter and Buoys andWG on Regional Sea Projects);• discuss the follow-up activities towards thegoals of NEAR-GOOS in its second phase(2004–2008);• identify the role of NEAR-GOOS in globalGOOS development and effective ways tointeract with other GRAs (the 3 rd GOOSRegional Forum, the Global CoastalNetwork, GSSC-X Scientific Workshop,SEA-GOOS, etc.)• exchange information on related programsin the region to identify possible areas incooperation with other related regionalprograms and projects, such as the ODIN-WESTPAC, NOWPAP, Yellow Sea LME,PICES, etc.Status of NEAR-GOOSThe NEAR-GOOS data exchange system,consisting of regional and national databases,continued its operation over the reporting yearquite successfully. The number of registereduses of the RRTDB has been around 105 whilethe number of FTP accesses varied from 3,000to 10,000 hits/month. The total number ofaccesses to the RDMDB top page in 2006 hasincreased by almost 4,000 hits compared withthat in 2005. Forty different types of data arebeing handled by RDMDB: 37 types fromRRTDB and 3 types from other sources. As ofDecember 31, 2006, 35 GB of oceanographic/marine and meteorological data are available –an increase of 10 GB in comparison with theamount reported to the previous session. Furtherimprovements and modifications in nationalNEAR-GOOS databases in China, Korea andRussia were reported. An increase in theamount of data, number of data providers,sources of information and their accessibilitywere presented for most data holdings, however,with varying success. Extensive development ofthe observing system involved in NEAR-GOOSwas demonstrated in Korea, where a growingnetwork of coastal stations, moorings, buoys andopen-sea platforms are to be found. A jointKorean–China activity, the development of aYellow Sea Operational Oceanography System(YOOS), will essentially contribute to NEAR-GOOS. In addition to regional data sets, most ofthe databases are linked with other internationalprojects, such as Argo, GTSPP, and JCOMM.In addition to data, there is a large amount ofmetadata and other oceanographic productsavailable from the databases.Some problems, however, exist in the NEAR-GOOS data exchange system. The restrictionson data exchange, especially in real-time mode,particularly in China and Russia, result in alimited number and sources of available data.Each of the member countries still has nocomplete integrated system which wouldoperationally acquire, hold and provide to usersall oceanographic data on a national level, but195

SG-GOOS-2007progress toward construction of such a system isgoing on in every country. Information on NEAR-GOOS databases is listed in Table 1 below.As a capacity building activity, a training courseon NEAR-GOOS Data Management wasorganized by the Japan Oceanographic DataCenter (JODC). This is the eighth trainingcourse that has been hosted biannually by JODCfor oceanographic data managers andresearchers from WESTPAC countries.Two Working Groups established at the 10 thSession of the NEAR-GOOS CC – WG on DataManagement and WG on New Generation SST –reported on their activities and plans. One of themajor tasks of the WG on Data Management isto include chemical and biological parameters inNEAR-GOOS databases. As the first step, aninventory of in situ chlorophyll and totalsuspended materials data available in the regionwill be prepared along with recommendation oftheir incorporation into an existing dataexchange system.Further development of NEAR-GOOSA brief discussion was focused on establishingother working groups as discussed at previousCC meeting, WG on Monitoring Using Driftersand Buoys and WG on Regional Sea Projects.However, these issues were not properlyprepared for CC consideration, and it wassuggested to postpone the discussion until thenext CC meeting.Another suggestion on the further promotion ofNEAR-GOOS is related to the development ofsatellite ocean color remote sensing. The OceanColor Project is one of the major activities of theIOC/WESTPAC Ocean Remote SensingProgram. It was agreed to support an initiativeof NOWPAP to organize in 2007 the RemoteSensing Training Course on Data Analysis forOceanography and to recommend cosponsorshipof this activity by IOC/WESTPAC.Collaboration with related programs in the regionProgress in other GOOS Regional Alliances(GRAs) and related regional programs/projectssuch as SEA-GOOS, UNEP/NOWPAP, PICES,YSLME, was presented by the observers. Therewas consensus on the importance of closercollaboration with these organizations andprograms/projects in order to share efforts andresources for developing a sustainedoceanographic observing system in the region.In particular, the importance of closernetworking among GRAs and support for therecommendations of the 3 rd GOOS RegionalForum was noted.Joint activity with YSLME on databasedevelopment and linking of databases withNOWPAP was welcomed. The newlyestablished partnership of IOC/WESTPAC withYSLME and PEMSEA was also highlighted. AMemorandum of Understanding with theYSLME Project Management Office and a Letterof Cooperation with the PEMSEA RegionalTable 1NEAR-GOOS databasesCountry DatabaseResponsibleorganizationAddressJapan Regional RTDB JMA http://goos.kishou.go.jpJapan Regional DMDB JODC http://near-goos1.jodc.go.jpChina National RTDB NMEFC http://www.nmefc.gov.cnChina National DMDB NMDISKorea National RTDB KORDI http://near-goos.kordi.re.krKorea National DMDB NFRDI http://kodc2.nfrdi.re.kr:8001/home/eng/near-goosRussia National RTDB FERHRI http://rus.ferhri.ru/esimo/Projects/NeargoosRussia National DMDB POI http://www.pacificinfo.ru196

SG-GOOS-2007Program Office were signed at the 3 rd Meetingof Project Steering Committee of YSLME inNovember 2006 and at the Inaugural PartnershipMeeting of the East Asian Seas Congress inDecember 2006, respectively. Considering theexpertise of NOWPAP, YSLME, IOC/WESTPAC, it was noted that regionalcooperation needs to be further promoted onremote sensing. It was suggested thatIOC/WESTPAC co-sponsor with NOWPAP theRemote Sensing Training Course on DataAnalysis for Oceanography which would bebased on the existing training course currentlyhosted by JODC, with its extension towardinclusion of remote sensing.Recognizing that ocean data and informationrelated activities and networking of theparticipating organizations that carry out majorNEAR-GOOS activities will further the efficientdevelopment and improvement of ocean dataand information capability in the region, theNEAR-GOOS CC supported a pilot projectproposal of an Ocean and Data InformationNetwork for the WESTPAC region (ODIN-WESTPAC-PP) and invited all NEAR-GOOSparticipating organizations to take part in thepilot project when it will be approved by IODE.A presentation was given on PICES and majoractivities of its Technical Committee onMonitoring (MONITOR). PICES’ intention tosupport and coordinate monitoring activity in thenorthern North Pacific and recommendations ofPICES Study Group on GOOS were reported.Also explained was PICES’ vision of its possibleparticipation in GOOS at the current stage as acoordinating body and forum for development ofcross-GRAs observing projects, observingtechnologies, and data and information sharingprotocols. Other monitoring-related activity byPICES, such as the North Pacific ContinuousPlankton Recorder Project, Ecosystem StatusReport and outcomes of PICES XV scientificsessions were also presented. The NEAR-GOOSCC expressed its intention to keep close contactwith PICES on developing ocean monitoring in theNorth Pacific and its marginal seas.Other issuesWith the completion of the 2-year term of Mr.Takashi Yoshida, Ms. Shaohua Lin, Director-General of National Marine Data and InformationServices, State Oceanic Administration, P.R.China was elected as a new chairperson of theCoordinating Committee for NEAR-GOOS fornext two years.Conclusions1. NEAR-GOOS provides access to variousoceanographic data that are useful for thePICES community. Some problems in easyand fast international data exchange stillexist. However, the volume of availabledata, number of parameters, data providersand users have been steadily increasing.The growing number of database accessesproves the usefulness of the data.2. To include chemical/ecological parametersinto NEAR-GOOS databases, as requestedby PICES and other organizations, wouldtake some time. However, several products,such as graphical information, metadata, etc.useful to marine chemists and biologists, inaddition to physical parameters, is becomingavailable on the web pages of NEAR-GOOSpartner-organizations. In some cases it isdone jointly with PICES under TCODEsupportedprojects.3. Over its more than 10-year history, NEAR-GOOS has developed technology in oceanographicdata management, data exchangeand services, and communication with dataproviders and users. This experience wouldbe useful for new ocean observing systemsdeveloping in the eastern PICES area.4. The experience gained in developingobserving systems on the American side ofthe Pacific using comprehensive moderninstruments would help NEAR-GOOS inimproving its observational network.5. NEAR-GOOS is an official component ofGOOS endorsed by IOC, WMO and UNEP.As one of 13 officially recognized GRAs, ithas a well established political backgroundon an international level. However,practical support on a national level for197

SG-GOOS-2007NEAR-GOOS in some countries is seriouslylacking. It may be expected that withincreasing GRA consolidation and sharingresources with related organizations andprograms in the region, this would beimproved.6. Further development of NEAR-GOOSwould require an increased public awarenessof involving more partners/data providers asorganizations and individual scientists.PICES could help in this area by promotingNEAR-GOOS in the PICES community.More details about NEAR-GOOS and its 11 thCC Session can be found at www.ioc-goos.organd westpac.unescobkk.org.SG-GOOS Endnote 3PICES report to the 10 th GOOS Scientific Steering Committee(provided by Dr. Phillip Mundy)Dr. Phillip R. Mundy, SG-GOOS Chairman,presented the following report at the 10 th Sessionof the Global Ocean Observing SystemScientific Steering Committee (GSSC-X) heldMarch 13–16, 2007, in Seoul, Korea.BackgroundThe North Pacific Marine Science Organization(PICES) is an international intergovernmentalscientific organization established by conventionin 1992 to promote and coordinate marinescientific research in the northern North Pacificand adjacent seas. Its current members areCanada, Japan, People’s Republic of China,Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, andthe United States of America. This reportinitiates an exchange of information between theGlobal Ocean Observing System ScientificSteering Committee (GSSC) and PICES. Theexpectation is that the exchange of informationwill be mutually beneficial by furthering theshared goal of developing ocean observingcapabilities in the North Pacific region. Thereport is also intended to serve GSSC as areference to ocean observing activities of PICES.MONITOR Technical CommitteeFollowing the first PICES–GOOS workshop onOctober 8, 1999, in Vladivostok, Russia, it wasproposed that the terms of reference for theMONITOR Task Team of the PICES/GLOBECCCCC (Climate Change and Carrying Capacity)Program be modified to include the requirementfor the Task Team to develop an Action Plan forhow PICES should take an active and leadingrole in further development and implementationof GOOS at a North Pacific level. The ActionPlan would:• identify existing ocean observations in thecoastal and open North Pacific that arerelevant to GOOS;• develop a PICES–GOOS implementationplan based on existing routine observationsand augmented by new observations asappropriate; and• provide a structured plan on how to transferrelevant CCCC Program activities to aPICES–GOOS program.At the recommendation of its Science Board, aTechnical Committee on Monitoring(MONITOR) was established by PICES inOctober 2004 to replace the MONITOR TaskTeam with a standing committee. MONITOR(http://www.pices.int/members/committees/MONITOR.aspx) is charged with identifyingprincipal monitoring needs of the PICES regionand developing approaches to meet these needs,including training and capacity building. Theterms of reference call for MONITOR to serveas a forum for coordination and development ofthe PICES components of the Global OceanObserving System (GOOS), including possiblemethod development and inter-comparisonworkshops. In cooperation with the TechnicalCommittee on Data Exchange (TCODE),MONITOR is to facilitate calibration,standardization and harmonization of data sets.Its members serve as the senior editorial boardof the North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report(NPESR). MONITOR also recommendsmeetings to address monitoring needs, PICES–198

SG-GOOS-2007GOOS activities, and development of theNPESR. MONITOR is also responsible foroverseeing the ocean observing activities ofPICES on vessels of opportunity.SG-GOOS, MONITOR Study Group to developa strategy for GOOSThe Study Group was approved in October 2005for a term of two years. The terms of reference(http://www.pices.int/members/study_groups/SG-GOOS.aspx) call for SG-GOOS to identify anddescribe the major observing systems (presentand proposed) in the PICES region, includingdescription of general data types, contactinformation, and data transmission (real-time vs.delayed), and to provide a recommendation andjustification to MONITOR on whether or notPICES should propose a North Pacific GOOSpilot project to I-GOOS. In its October 2006report to MONITOR, SG-GOOS recommendedagainst the pilot project, but presented a numberof recommendations for closer relations betweenPICES and I-GOOS. Those recommendationsidentified a need to contact the Chairman ofGSSC (Dr. John Field) to make him aware ofPICES’ wish for a closer working relationship.A recommendation was also made to continue toimprove working relationships with existingobserving systems in the North Pacific (i.e.,NEAR-GOOS and IOOS). Dr. VyacheslavLobanov of SG-GOOS attended the (mostrecent) Eleventh Session of IOC/WESTPACCoordinating Committee for NEAR-GOOS(NEAR-GOOS-CC-XI) held January 18–19,2007, in Bangkok, Thailand as a PICESrepresentative. A further recommendation wasfor PICES to be represented at Tenth Session ofGSSC to be held March 13–16, 2007, in Seoul,Korea., which is the impetus for this report. TheVice-Chairman of GSSC (Dr. Dong-Young Lee)is aware of these recommendations, as he is alsoa member of SG-GOOS.Advisory Panel on the Continuous PlanktonRecorder Survey in the North Pacific (CPR-AP)In the late 1990s, funding for a pilot project tooperate a continuous plankton recorder (CPR)survey in the North Pacific was obtained fromthe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council.PICES formed the CPR Advisory Panel inOctober 1998 (http://www.pices.int/members/advisory_panels/CPR.aspx) to review and advisePICES on the most appropriate locations, timingand frequency of CPR routes for “A ContinuousPlankton Recorder Monitoring Program for theeastern North Pacific and Southern Bering Sea”.The terms of reference call for CPR-AP toprovide technical advice on parameters to bemeasured for additional monitoring initiativesand to advise on linkages to other potentialinitiatives in the North Pacific and elsewhere.The experts on CPR-AP have been influential insecuring funding for the project, an elementwhich has been crucial to its success, as thesources of funding have changed several timessince the survey was initiated 1997 by the SirAlister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science,SAHFOS. In addition, the Panel has beenconsulted by program scientists on developingroutes and the types of observations collected.PICES has facilitated the funding and operationof the North Pacific CPR, which is operated bySAHFOS (Sonia Batten) and funded from anumber of sources, including the Exxon ValdezOil Spill Trustee Council and the North PacificResearch Board. Established in 1997, theNPCPR currently occupies two routes, the ATand the VJ. The AT route lies between Tacoma(Washington) and Anchorage (Alaska). In 2005,the Horizon Kodiak made six sets of three towseach on this route, with a total of 7946 nauticalmiles being logged. The VJ route fromVancouver (Canada) to Japan, as towed by theSkaubryn in 2005, executed seven 500-nauticalmile tows. At 3500 nautical miles VJ is thelongest CPR route in the world. In 2005, totallength of VJ tows was 10.500 nautical miles.Information on the NPCPR project can be foundon the SAHFOS and PICES websites(http://192.171.163.165/pacific_project.htm andhttp://www.pices.int/projects/tcprsotnp/CPR_Description.pdf.North Pacific Ecosystem Status ReportPICES will be reporting on North Pacific marineecosystems periodically to review and summarizetheir status and trends, and to consider the factorsthat are causing, or are expected to cause, change199

SG-GOOS-2007in the near future. The first report, “MarineEcosystems of the North Pacific” was publishedin late 2004 (http://www.pices.int/publications/special_publications/NPESR/2005/npesr_2005.aspx).It is based largely on geographic locations andsubjects for which time series data or informationwas readily available. In addition, the reportidentifies locations and subjects where data werecollected but are not yet available.PICES Ocean Observing ContactsDr. Alexander BychkovExecutive SecretaryPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BCCanada V8L 4B2Phone: +1 250 363–6364E-mail: bychkov@pices.intDr. Jeffrey M. NappMONITOR ChairmanAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA – Fisheries7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 4Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349Phone: +1 206 526–4148E-mail: Jeff.Napp@noaa.govDr. Phillip R. Mundy (SG-GOOS Chairman)Auke Bay LaboratoryAlaska Fisheries Science Center NOAA11305 Glacier HwyJuneau, AKU.S.A. 99801-8626Phone: + 1 907 789–6001E-mail: Phil.mundy@noaa.govDr. Dong-Young LeeCoastal Disaster Prevention Research LaboratoryKorea Ocean Research and Development InstituteP.O. Box 29 AnsanRepublic of Korea 400–600Phone: +82 31–400–6341E-mail: dylee@kordi.re.krDr. Vyacheslav B. LobanovV.I.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute43 Baltiyskaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky regionRussia 690041Phone: +7 4232 312–377E-mail: lobanov@poi.dvo.ruWilliam R. CrawfordOcean Sciences DivisionInstitute of Ocean SciencesFisheries and Oceans CanadaP.O. Box 60009860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, B.C.Canada, V8L 4B2Phone : +1 250 363–6369E-mail : crawfordb@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDr. Charles B. MillerCPR Advisory Panel ChairmanCollege of Oceanic & Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityOceanography Administration Bldg.Corvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331–5503Phone: +1 541 737–4524E-mail: cmiller@coas.oregonstate.eduSG-GOOS Endnote 4Results of representation by PICES at the 10 th GOOS Scientific Steering CommitteeBackgroundFollowing the recommendations of MONITOR,as adopted by the PICES Science Board atPICES XV, the Chairman of SG-GOOS, Dr.Phillip R. Mundy, contacted Dr. John Field,Chairman of GSSC, to inform him of theactivities of PICES relevant to internationalGOOS (I-GOOS). Dr. Field subsequently issuedan invitation for PICES to send a representativeto GSSC-X to brief its members on PICES andits activities. In consultation with the Chairmanof MONITOR, Dr. Jeffrey Napp, the Secretariatarranged for Dr. Mundy to represent PICES at200

SG-GOOS-2007GSSC-X. The representation was based on thecontents of a report that is now available on theSG-GOOS page of the PICES website, and onthe GSSC-X website (http://www.ioc-goos.org/gssc10), along with all of the documents andpresentations made at the meeting.SummaryThe GSSC-X meeting was preceded by aworkshop to review global and regional issues indeveloping networks for collecting anddistributing observations on the open ocean andcoastal regions. The presentations from theworkshop provided an overview of 1) coastalobservations, 2) regional marine environmentand ecosystem modeling, and 3) datamanagement and assimilation. In keeping withthe location of the meeting, there was a focus onthe Asia-Pacific region. The presentationsconfirmed the pattern of relatively advancedobserving capabilities in the open ocean andrelatively uncoordinated coastal observingsystems. Nonetheless, significant advances inobserving systems were apparent for the coastsof China, Korea and Japan, and the west coast ofAfrica.To cite one example, Dr. Changsheng Chenpresented a small-scale model of circulationappropriate to complex coastal environments.His presentation, “Ecosystem environment in theEast China Sea: Dense algal bloom and itsimpacts on local and remote ocean systems”,was an example from among severalapplications of the model, which also include anapplication in the Gulf of Alaska. To citeanother example, rapid advances in coastalAfrica have been made possible by the WorldBank’s support of the Benguela Current LargeMarine Ecosystem program (BCLME) off thecoast of South Africa. Some of the work inBCLME is part of an international initiative, theChlorophyll Ocean Globally Integrated Network(ChloroGIN). ChloroGIN aims to improvequality and availability of surface measurementsof chlorophyll and temperature to supportidentification of harmful algal blooms, andenhanced fisheries management off the coasts ofSouth America, Africa and India. Further detailson advances in developing observing systemsare available in the documents on the GSSC-Xwebsite.Two outcomes from the GSSC-X meeting are ofparticular relevance to PICES:• an endorsement of the North Pacific CPR(Continuous Plankton Recorder) survey asan ocean observing tool for measuring longtermchanges, and• a standing invitation for PICES to be presentas an observer in future GSSC meetings.The endorsement of the North Pacific CPRsurvey was not specifically requested byDr. Mundy, but came as an outgrowth of thePICES presentation. GSSC members wereimpressed with this project, enthusiastic aboutits continuation, and disappointed to learn of theuncertain nature of the funding. The GSSC hadpreviously endorsed the CPR as an oceanobserving method, so the extension of theendorsement to the PICES CPR project wasreadily acceptable to all members.The GSSC extended its invitation to PICES toparticipate as an observer in future GSSCmeetings in recognition of PICES’ role inestablishing and coordinating the operation ofobserving projects, such as the CPR, that crossthe boundaries of existing GOOS RegionalAlliances in Northeast Asia and North America.Participation by PICES in I-GOOS, at the levelof scientific discourse, was acceptable to allcommittee members and Dr. Keith Alverson,Director of GOOS Project Office. ICES wasalso invited to provide a permanent observer tothe GSSC in the same action of the GSSC.Details on all the GSSC actions, as well all theinformation presented at the workshop areavailable on the website cited above.201

SG-ESR-2007REPORT OF STUDY GROUP ON ECOSYSTEM STATUS REPORTINGTerms of referenceAt PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama,Japan), Governing Council formed a StudyGroup on Ecosystem Status Reporting (hereafterSG-ESR), under the direction of Science Board(Decision 06/S/6), with terms of reference asfollows:1. To develop options and budgets for paperand electronic versions of the North PacificEcosystem Status Report;2. To provide its report by April 15, 2007, forconsideration at the 2007 inter-sessionalScience Board meeting.MembershipIt was agreed that the SG-ESR membership willinclude one representative from each membercountry and a representative from theSecretariat. Mr. Robin Brown (Canada) wasrecommended by Science Board and appointedby Council as Chairman of the Study Group.The full approved membership is listed below:CanadaChinaJapanKoreaRussiaU.S.A.SecretariatStudy Group processRobin Brown (Chairman)Mingyuan ZhuAkihiko YatsuYoung-Shil KangElena DulepovaPatricia LivingstonSkip McKinnellThe Study Group worked by correspondence.Terms of reference, relevant reports (includingthe output from the 2005 MONITOR Workshop)were reviewed, and approach for preparing thisreport was agreed upon. Through this process,SG-ESR developed the four options presentedhere. Each option describes a variation of theEcosystem Status Report. For each option, thenature of the report, who would do the work, andthe costs, were described, along with a summaryof the advantages and disadvantages of eachapproach. In addition, some options for fundingthis activity were developed.At the 2007 inter-sessional Science Boardmeeting (Yokohama, Japan), the preference wasgiven to the “incremental” improvement” report(Option 2) and the “integrated” ecosystemassessment (Option 4). At the follow-up intersessionalGoverning Council meeting, SG-ESRwas requested to determine the “level of effort”,including the costs borne by member countries,required to complete Option 2. This informationwas compiled in the section on costs.Highlights of optionsOption 1: “Focused” report (SG-ESR Endnote 1)• choose a smaller and more tractableobjective;• identify a smaller team to do the work;• (possibly) base on a much more limited setof indicators.Option 2: “Incremental improvement” report (SG-ESR Endnote 2)• retain the same scope and structure as the2004 report;• attempt to fill some of the identified gaps;• produce a report similar to the pilot version,working (over the years) to improve thecompleteness and quality in steps.Option 3: “Strategic North Pacific ecosystemassessment” (SG-ESR Endnote 3)• produce tightly focused “extracts” ofinformation from regional seas/LMEs;• make structure/focus to be defined by a newintegrative scientific program of PICES.Option 4: “Integrated ecosystem assessment”report (SG-ESR Endnote 4)• develop consistent (or reasonably complete)integrated ecosystem assessments for eachregional sea/LME;203

SG-ESR-2007• assemble North Pacific Ecosystem Statusreport through integration and analysis ofthe products from these ecosystemassessments.CostsThe costs for the four options are summarized inTable 1. The costs for the first ESR (pilot project)are included for comparison. A more completeexplanation of costs is provided with each detaileddescription of the options in the Endnotes.For each of the four options, direct costs wereestimated. These costs included the expenses ofrunning workshops, graphic design, reportproduction and development of web products,but did not include the “in-kind” contributionsby member countries for their scientific staff orthe costs for these scientists to travel toworkshops and other activities. In Table 1 these“costs” were identified in the row labeled“People (in-kind contribution by members)”, butno value was assigned. After receiving a draftreport at the inter-sessional meeting, Councilrequested that SG-ESR provide an estimate ofthe level of effort involved.SG-ESR understands that many scientists inmember countries provide valuable input at theregional workshops and it would be verydifficult to estimate this total contribution.Furthermore, there are usually one or two verydedicated individuals who take on the work ofassembling the input from the regionalworkshops. To estimate the level of effort,SG-ESR used the outline of major chapters fromthe pilot report and focused on the level of effortfor the chapter coordinators (Table 2).In assembling these costs, it should be recognizedthat some regions/chapters were more difficult toproduce based on the practical issues, such as thenumber of countries (and languages) of thePICES nations that border on these regions andthe current availability of “ecosystem-level” dataand analyses for these areas.Funding optionsFunding for new PICES activities is always achallenge. The member countries are generallyresistant to increases in the annual fees thatexceed the rate of inflation. Some strategiesmight include:• “Self-funded” – Member countries agree toprovide the key personnel and their costs(travel, etc.) of participation. While this isthe generalized model for participation inPICES activities, it is not always possiblefor each of the countries to cover the costsof all the relevant experts.• Voluntary contributions – While this optionhas been in place for several years and hasbeen used effectively, relatively few partieshave chosen to contribute in this manner.Table 1Summary of the direct costs (in $K) for each of the four optionsOption 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4Focused Incremental Strategic IEA Pilot ProjectWorkshops and reports 205 248 300 188 130People (In-kind contribution by members) 0Secretariat 115Overhead 0Total 205 248 300 188 245204

SG-ESR-2007Table 2 Workload for lead scientists to prepare the next Ecosystem Status Report (Option 2)Chapter/SectionSynthesisOcean and climate changesYellow Sea/East China SeaJapan/East SeaOkhotsk SeaOyashio/KuroshioWestern Subarctic GyreBering SeaGulf of AlaskaCalifornia CurrentGulf of CaliforniaTransition ZoneTunaHalibutPacific salmonEstimated workload for Chapter coordinators1 person month + 1 person month from the Secretariat1 person month + 1 person month from the Secretariat3 person months3 person months2 person months2 person months3 person months3 person months2 person months2 person months2 person months2 person months(not estimated) provided by the Inter-American Tropical TunaCommission(not estimated) provided by the International Pacific HalibutCommission(not estimated) provided by the North Pacific Anadromous FisheriesCommission• Special levy – Member countries agree tospecial contributions to the Organizationbeing directed to this activity. This mightenable the countries to justify an apparentincrease to the budget for a specificdeliverable/product and a specific (fixed andlimited) time period for funding (not apermanent increase in annual fees).• External funding – PICES has attractedsupport from foundations and the NorthPacific Research Board.• Some blend of the above.RecommendationThe Study Group did not achieve consensus of apreferred option. Options 2 (“Incrementalimprovement” report) and 3 (Strategic NorthPacific ecosystem assessment) were supported.Option 1 (“Focused” report) was considered tobe too narrow to be useful and Option 4(Integrated ecosystem assessment approach) wasconsidered to be a desirable target in the longterm, but impractical at present. The options aredescribed in more detail on the following pages.205

SG-ESR-2007SG-ESR Endnote 1Option 1: “Focused” report1. OverviewPICES would agree to a more focused approach,with a more restricted objective, producing ashorter and less costly ESR, but lacking theinclusive approach of the pilot report. Strategiesfor reducing the focus might include:a. Focus on a much more restricted list ofindicators and species;b. Focus on one part of the ecosystem foreach report (e.g., primary production;marine mammals);c. Focus on a single scale (basin-scaleonly; ignoring the Large MarineEcosystem/enclosed sea scale).2. Reporting intervala. Could be fairly frequent (annual) if thefocus is sufficiently narrow.3. Role of PICES Committees and Secretariata. Science Board – select the focus foreach annual component; identify whichCommittee and/or expert group was tolead the annual activity; take overallresponsibility for progress, completionand quality control;b. Relevant Standing Committee(s) (varieswith subject matter) – assemble andquality control the information; write thereport;c. TCODE – assemble data, includingmetadata;d. PICES Secretariat – provide reportediting, design, production, distributionand website.4. Expectations of Contracting Parties (inaddition to their “normal” PICES activities)a. Ensure that their national appointees onrelevant committees and experts groupsare willing and capable of representingtheir country OR identify alternates.5. Cost implicationsa. Workshops to review and edit nationalcontributions (conducted in conjunctionwith the Annual Meeting);b. Editing, publications and distributioncosts (printed copies);c. Web version.6. Advantagesa. Relatively easy to accomplish;b. Over several years, the workload istransferred around the PICESCommittee structure.7. Disadvantagesa. Does not demonstrate ecosystemlinkages easily;b. Each report will have limited interest;c. It may be difficult to agree on the“constraints” – it is always easier to getpeople to agree to do everything;d. Focusing on a limited set of indicatorswill likely result in a very “commercialfisheries” focus;e. Developing consensus on a limitedrange of indicators has proven to bedifficult in other fora and may inhibitimproved scientific understanding.8. CostsFiscal Year Activity Cost ($K)2009 Symposium 1002009 Synthesis workshop 252010 Graphic design 202010 Printing 302010 Distribution 30Total 205206

SG-ESR-2007SG-ESR Endnote 2Option 2: “Incremental improvement” report1. Overviewa. PICES would repeat the 2004 report,taking advantage of the lessons learnedand existing work, but attempting toaddress some of the identified shortfalls.More effort would be put for obtainingand integrating comparable data fromacross the Pacific and analyzing theassembled information (perhaps evenassembling a dataset that could be usedfor subsequent analyses and scientificpublications);b. The report would be similar to the pilotreport, with information on the regionalseas and an expanded synthesis at theNorth Pacific ecosystem level.2. Reporting intervala. Every five years (?). Based on this thetarget date for the next report would bethe end of 2009.3. Role of PICES Committees and Secretariata. Science Board – provide generaloversight of the report preparationprocess; integrate activities into PICESCommittee Work Plans and into AnnualMeetings; take overall responsibility forprogress, completion and qualitycontrol;b. MONITOR Technical Committee – planand execute workshops; develop (write)chapters; carry out quality control (withassistance from other Committees andexpert groups); report on progress;identify shortfalls and recommendsolutions;c. TCODE – assemble data, includingmetadata;d. PICES Secretariat – assist in organizingregional workshops; provide reportediting, design, production, distributionand website.4. Expectations of Contracting Parties (inaddition to their “normal” PICES activities)a. Ensure that their national appointees onrelevant committees and expert groupsare willing and capable of representingtheir country OR identify alternates.This is a substantial task, and forsuccess, PICES nations will have todevote significant amounts of time fromsome of their key scientists.5. Cost implicationsa. Multiple regional workshops for coastal/marginal seas/LMEs;b. Thematic workshops to fill identifiedgaps in the 2004 report;c. Workshops to review and edit regionalcontributions (in conjunction with theAnnual Meeting, if practical);d. One or more integration/synthesisworkshops to work with the assembleddata series and carry out somepreliminary ecosystem-wide analyses;e. Editing, publications and distributioncosts (printed copies);f. Web version.6. Advantagesa. Provides a comprehensive description ofthe state of ecosystems in the NorthPacific;b. Builds on experience from the pilotreport;c. Is similar to/builds upon some existingnational activities;d. Provides a path for incrementalimprovement;e. Could lead to very interesting analysesand scientific debates from compileddatasets;f. Costs and effort required may decline(slowly) after several report productioncycles.7. Disadvantagesa. Requires strong leadership at theregional seas/LME level and greaterattention to standardizing approaches inpreparation for the data integrationphase;b. Needs support of many scientists fromContracting Parties;207

SG-ESR-2007c. Will be difficult to ensure a consistentlevel of reporting across manyecosystem components and manyregional seas/LMEs;d. Will be expensive;e. “Burst mode” – one intensive year ofwork in a 5-year cycle may be difficultto integrate into the annual focus ofmost PICES activities.8. CostsFiscal Year Activity Cost ($K)2008 Regional workshops 402008 Thematic workshops 502008 Graphic design 302009 Synthesis workshop 602009 Printing 402009 Distribution 232009 Internet 5Total 248SG-ESR Endnote 3Option 3: Strategic North Pacific ecosystem assessment1. Overviewa. PICES would develop a report which isfocused on the North Pacific, basinscalelevel, with reduced contributions/details at the regional seas/ LME scale.More effort would be put on obtainingand integrating comparable data fromacross the Pacific and analyzing theassembled information (perhaps evenassembling a dataset that could be usedfor subsequent analyses and scientificpublications);b. The details of the report structure andfocus would be tightly “bound” to therequirements/direction of the StudyGroup on Future Integrative ScientificProgram(s) (SG-FISP) (which is not yetfully described);c. The report would draw heavily on ecosystemmonitoring/reporting activities inregional seas/LMEs that are beingcarried out by existing national andinternational activities. It may benecessary for PICES to lead this in someregional seas/LMEs where there is nosuch program in place.2. Reporting intervala. Every five years (?). Based on the plansfor development of the next PICESintegrative scientific program, the targetdate for the next report would be the endof 2013 (5 years after the developmentof the FISP Implementation Plan).3. Role of PICES Committees and Secretariata. Science Board – provide generaloversight of the report preparationprocess; integrate activities into FISPStudy Group Work Plans and intoAnnual Meeting;b. FISP (PICES Scientific Program, not yetcreated) – determine the focus, scopeand strategy; lead the process fordefining and developing the requiredinputs and the workshop process fordata integration and analysis; outlinesub-tasks for Standing Committees andexpert groups; write the report;c. Standing Committees and expert groups– execute tasks assigned by FISP,including analyses and written reportson sub-components; carry out reviewand quality control on components;d. TCODE – assemble data, includingmetadata;e. PICES Secretariat – assist in organizingregional workshops; provide reportediting, design, production, distributionand website.4. Expectations for Contracting Parties (inaddition to their “normal” PICES activities)a. Ensure that their national appointees onrelevant committees and expert groupsare willing and capable of representingtheir country OR identify alternates.This is a substantial task, and forsuccess, PICES nations will have to208

SG-ESR-2007devote significant amounts of time fromsome of their key scientists.5. Cost implicationsa. Workshops to define the requirementsfor Ecosystem Assessment, based on theStrategic and Implementation Plansdeveloped for FISP;b. Thematic workshops to fill identifiedgaps in the 2004 report;c. One or more integration/synthesisworkshops to work with the assembleddata series and carry out somepreliminary ecosystem-wide analyses;d. Editing, publications and distributioncosts (printed copies);e. Web version.6. Advantagesa. Provides a comprehensive description ofthe North Pacific ecosystem;b. Provides a shorter report with a tighterfocus;c. Is more closely “bound” to the coreactivity of PICES (FISP);d. Could lead to very interesting analysesand scientific debates from compileddatasets;e. Costs and effort required may decline(slowly) after several report productioncycles.7. Disadvantagesa. Requires strong leadership (from FISPSSC/SG-FISP) to define the objectivesfor the report and strategy for itsdelivery;b. FISP is not yet defined, and this willdelay production;c. Needs support of many scientists fromContracting Parties;d. Less information at the regionalseas/LME level will be presented in thereport;e. It may be a challenge to get an adequatequantity and quality of information forall regional seas/LMEs;f. “Burst mode” – one intensive year ofwork in a 5-year cycle may be difficultto integrate into the annual focus ofmost PICES activities.8. CostsFiscal Year Activity Cost ($K)2008 FISP NP Status workshop 102009 FISP Scientific Report 152009 FISP NP Status workshop 102010 FISP Scientific Report 152010 FISP NP Status workshop 102011 FISP Scientific Report 152011 FISP NP Status workshop 102012 FISP Scientific Report 152012 FISP symposium 1002012 Graphic design 202013 Scientific Report 202013 Printing 302013 Distribution 30Total 300SG-ESR Endnote 4Option 4: Integrated ecosystem assessment approach1. Overviewa. PICES would expand upon the processdeveloped for the 2004 pilot report, bydeveloping times series of suites of keyindicators of ecosystem status. Theseindicators will be assessed, along withmodeling results, to propose referencevalues for the desired state of variousmarine ecosystems, and capability willbe developed to forecast future states ofthe ecosystem resulting from various“perturbations” or pressures (fisheriesremovals, climate change, coastaldevelopment, pollution);b. Each Contracting Party wouldparticipate in producing this informationat the regional seas/LME level, and themain PICES activity would be tointegrate the information for the entireNorth Pacific;c. The actual direction and rate of progresswould be determined by the degree of209

SG-ESR-2007correspondence of this approach withthe activities of FISP.2. Reporting intervala. Every 5 years (?). Based on this thetarget date for the next report would be2009.3. Role of PICES Committees and Secretariata. Science Board – define and approve thescope and structure of the report;provide oversight of the reportpreparation process; integrate activitiesinto PICES Committee Work Plans andinto Annual Meeting;b. Scientific Committees – recommendprocedures and approaches forconducting integrated ecosystemassessments; execute tasks assigned byScience Board, including analyses andwritten reports on sub-components;carry out review and quality control oncomponents;c. MONITOR Technical Committee –develop recommendations for ScienceBoard (workshops, etc.) and reportprogress, identify shortfalls andrecommend solutions; write the report;d. TCODE – assemble data, includingmetadata;e. PICES Secretariat – assist in organizingregional workshops; provide reportediting, design, production, distributionand website.4. Expectations for Contracting Parties (inaddition to their “normal” PICES activities):a. Ensure that their national appointees onrelevant committees and expert groupsare willing and capable of representingtheir country OR identify alternates.This is a substantial task, and forsuccess, PICES nations will have todevote significant amounts of time fromsome of their key scientists;b. This option assumes that PICESContracting Parties will commit to theapplication of some advanced ecosystemassessment processes for national watersand shared regional seas/LMEs.5. Cost implicationsa. Multiple national and regionalworkshops to develop (reasonably)consistent national/regional approachesand capabilities;b. Multiple regional(?) workshops forcoastal/marginal seas/LMEs;c. Workshops to review and edit regionalcontributions (in conjunction with theAnnual Meeting, if practical);d. One or more integration/synthesisworkshops to work with the assembleddata series and carry out somepreliminary ecosystem-wide analyses;e. Editing, publications and distributioncosts (printed copies);f. Web version.6. Advantagesa. Documents the ecosystem status withmany ecosystem components, and manyregional seas/LMEs represented;b. Builds on the experience from the pilotreport;c. Is similar to some national activities;d. Would provide a substantialimprovement in output products(predictions for future states ofecosystems under various scenarios);e. Could lead to very interesting analysesand scientific debates from compileddatasets;f. Would allow for better internationaldecision-making;g. Would be more consistent with otherinternational activities (e.g., IPCCreports);h. Costs and effort required may decline(slowly) over several report productioncycles.7. Disadvantagesa. Requires scientific capacity that may notbe present in all PICES ContactingParties;b. Requires leadership at thenational/regional/LME level and for theintegration phase (North Pacific-wide);c. Needs support of many scientists fromContracting Parties;210

SG-ESR-2007d. Will be difficult to ensure a consistentlevel of reporting across manyecosystem components and manyregional seas/LMEs;e. Will be very expensive;f. Would require a sustained effort overmultiple years to prepare a first version.8. CostsFiscal Year Activity Cost ($K)2008 Planning workshop 402009 Synthesis workshop 502008 Graphic design 302009 Printing 402009 Distribution 232009 Internet 5Total 188211

SG-MAR-2007REPORT OF STUDY GROUP ON MARINE AQUACULTURE ANDRANCHING IN THE PICES REGIONTerms of referenceAt PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama,Japan), a Study Group on Marine Aquacultureand Ranching in the PICES Region (hereafterSG-MAR) was established under the direction ofScience Board (Decision 06/A/6), with terms ofreference as follows:1. To review and access why WG 18 hadlimited success in achieving its terms ofreference;2. To determine the highest priority marineaquaculture and/or ocean ranching scienceneeds (< 10) for the next 5–10 years in eachPICES member country;3. To develop recommendations for jointactivities in marine aquaculture and/or oceanranching using the PICES Action Planformat;4. To provide its draft report by September2007 and be prepared to discuss and finalizethe report at PICES XVI (October 2007,Victoria, Canada).The approved membership of the Study Group isincluded in SG-MAR Endnote 1.Executive SummaryThe Study Group worked over the past 8 monthsby correspondence to address its four terms ofreference. To deal with the first item, an e-mailwas sent to former members of the WorkingGroup on Mariculture in the 21 st Century – TheIntersection between Ecology, Socio-economicsand Production (WG 18 was approved at PICESXII in October 2003 and disbanded at PICESXV in October 2006 due to inadequate progressin achieving its tasks), but very few responseswere received (SG-MAR Endnote 2). Thisreflects WG 18 itself which suffered from lackof participation. Numerous factors may have ledto the low participation and they are presented inthe report below. Low participation is a signthat the work or work products of the WorkingGroup are not relevant to the members. Even ifthese products are a high priority for PICESleadership, they first and foremost have to bemeaningful to the Working Group membersthemselves.To determine the highest priority marineaquaculture and ocean ranching science needsfor the next 10 years, each country was asked todevelop a list independently, and send it toSG-MAR Chairman, Dr. Michael Rust, forconsolidation (SG-MAR Endnote 3). These lists(SG-MAR Endnote 4) were combined into likeitems and then examined to see if any higherorder grouping was possible. Priorities weredivided into two groups, depending on theirrelation to environmental impacts of commercialaquaculture or ranching or to advancements intechnology. Priorities were developed based onthe number of countries listing a given topic.The three top priorities (cited by 6, or 5 of 6countries) were related to:• development of aquaculture technology andsystems;• management of stocking and supplementedfisheries; and• estimation of the carrying capacity ofcommercial aquaculture activities.RecommendationsBased on these priorities, SG-MAR recommendsthe formation of up to two PICES WorkingGroups to foster joint activities on:1. Environmental Risk Assessment and Interactionsof Marine Aquaculture;2. Technology and Management for Aquaculture.Mission, Strategy and Action Plans for eachWorking Group are presented in SG-MAREndnotes 5 and 6. Potential sponsoringcommittees could be: MEQ for #1 and FIS for #2.Alternatively, a new Aquaculture Committee213

SG-MAR-2007could sponsor both Working Groups, or theycould be supported jointly by MEQ and FIS.SG-MAR TOR #1: To review and access whyWG 18 had limited success in achieving itsterms of referenceThe Working Group on “Mariculture in the 21 stCentury – The Intersection between Ecology,Socio-economics and Production” (WG 18) wasapproved at PICES XII (October 2003, Seoul,Korea), with the following terms of reference:1. Review and report on the current status andprojected trends in aquaculture in marineand estuarine regions of PICES thatsubstantively contribute to worldaquaculture;2. Develop an overview of current andemerging issues, with respect toenvironmental and ecosystem function,sustainability of production (e.g., carryingcapacity of ecosystems), and socioeconomics;3. Convene a workshop on “Scientific issuesfor sustainable aquaculture in the PICESregion”. A product from the workshopwould be recommendations for a PICESAction Plan on scientific issues ofmariculture.WG 18 first met at the PICES XIII in Honolulu,U.S.A., then again at PICES XIV in Vladivostok,Russia and PICES XV in Yokohama, Japan. Toits credit, WG 18 had accomplishments. Threescientific sessions were held in Honolulu,Vladivostok and Yokohama. Reports from eachcountry were produced and published by PICES.Had the Working Group continued, it might havebeen possible to have overviews of current andemerging issues developed (TOR #2), based onthe three scientific sessions held. These productsfell largely to SG-MAR by producing this report.To address the first SG-MAR term of reference,an e-mail (SG-MAR Endnote 2) was sent to allthe members of former WG 18 to solicit theirinput on the reasons why the Working Groupwas able to only partially fulfill its terms ofreference. The following is a synthesis of thefew responses that were received.While it is difficult to say why WG 18 was notfully successful, several possibilities exist andwere pointed out by its members. These include:(1) the development of the terms of reference;(2) the expertise of the members; (3) the lack ofpre-existing personnel relationships among thegroup; and (4) the isolated position of aquaculturewithin the larger framework of PICES.Most, if not all the scientists in WG 18 were newto PICES and were invited at the recommenddationof PICES members who did not have abackground in aquaculture. The terms ofreference were also developed by scientists whowere not active in aquaculture, and theusefulness of some of the terms wasquestionable. For example, FAO and variousnational agencies typically have organizations totrack status and trends by country and region(TOR #1) so why would PICES want toduplicate that?There was an initial social inertia as scientistsgot to know each other and the PICES system.This was made more difficult by the diversity ofspecializations among the group and the isolatednature of aquaculture within the larger PICESframework. Much of the rest of PICES is of lowrelevance to aquaculture scientists, andaquaculture is of low relevance to other PICESexpert groups. This combination provided littleincentive for members to attend the AnnualMeetings. Since most scientists have limitedtravel budgets they were forced to choosebetween attending PICES Annual Meetings orinternational aquaculture meetings.In the end, the combination of these factors, andpossibly others, resulted in low participation inthe Working Group. Low participation is a signthat the work or work products of the group arenot relevant to the members. Even if theseproducts are a high priority for PICESleadership, they first and foremost have to bemeaningful to the Working Group membersthemselves.214

SG-MAR-2007SG-MAR TOR #2: High priority marineaquaculture science needs (5–10 years)For this term of reference, each country wasasked (SG-MAR Endnote 3) to provide the topten aquaculture priorities over the next 5–10years. Responses were tallied and groupedwhere similar priorities were identified by morethan one country. They are presented below inorder of the number of countries expressingthem as a priority. The unedited responses areprovided in SG-MAR Endnote 4. Identifiedpriority research areas include:Development of aquaculture technology andsystems (all Contracting Parties):• Development of efficient, environmentallyfriendly,and industry-diversifying culturetechnologies for fish, shellfish, and algalspecies and the polyculture of these groups;• Improvement of technology for open-oceanand multi-tropic level aquaculture;• Technology development should be inclusiveof that needed to increase production and/ordecrease the environmental footprint.Stocking, population dynamics and managementof supplemented stocks (Canada, China, Japan,Korea, U.S.A.):• Evaluation and improvement of stocking;• Assessment of the risks (genetic, harvest,ecological and disease) from interactionbetween cultured (commercial escapes),enhanced (hatchery releases) and wild fish;• Development of technology to minimizewild/cultured fish interactions;• Assessment of efficacy of programs forstock rebuilding and management;• Evaluation of the effect of stocking onresource fluctuation and improvement ofstocking technology;• Application of fisheries management andpopulation dynamics models to marineranching activities.Estimation of carrying capacity for aquacultureactivities (Canada, China, Korea, Russia, U.S.A.):• Development of biological and oceanographicmodels;• Use of models to determine best zones foraquaculture;• Collection of lab and field data to allowprediction of ecological effects (near andfar-field) of aquaculture;• Determination of carrying capacity ofaquaculture areas and for released species;• Monitoring and prediction of the impacts ofglobal climate change on aquacultureindustries;• Development of methods to assess risk toecosystem and industry.Disease treatment development (Canada, China,Russia, U.S.A.):• Investigation of disease transmission (bidirectional)between wild and culturedstocks;• Development of aquaculture vaccines andother effective treatments.Genetic management of aquaculture andreleased stocks (Canada, China, Japan, U.S.A.):• Use of biotechnology, genomics, andgenetics to improve commercially importanttraits (e.g., growth, disease resistance andreproduction) and the assessment ofimprovements;• Development of methods to maintain wildtype genetic diversity in stocking programs.Feeds development (Canada, Japan, U.S.A.):• Development of environmentally friendlyfeeds and cost-effective feeders for marineorganisms.Assessment of the impact of aquaculture onspecies at risk (Canada)Investigation of the potential for fishermen toself-regulate fisheries resources management(Korea):• If they control their capture amount, size andperiods for resources management bythemselves, the marine ranching programmay be more effective (Korea).Development of alternative income sources forfishermen to reduce capture (Korea):• When they have another income source tiedto the ocean, they will make an effort tosustain marine resources. Therefore, weshould investigate developing alternative215

SG-MAR-2007income sources focused on ocean tourismand leisure. Consideration of infrastructureneeds for developing tourist areas shouldalso be considered.These various priorities for aquaculture researchcan also be grouped by general topic aspresented in Table 1. The priorities clearly fallinto three over-arching topics: (1) Technologyimprovement, (2) Environmental carryingcapacity, and (3) Social and economic issues. Inall three topics, there could also be a distinctionbetween aquaculture used for commercialproduction and aquaculture used for resourcemanagement (enhancement or ranching). Thepriorities identified as socio-economic issues arenot unique to aquaculture, but also include thecapture fisheries sector.Table 1Priority aquaculture research areas and numbers of Member Countries interestedTopic Group Specific Topic Nos.Technology developmentDevelopment of husbandry techniquesGenetic management (breeding/improvement)Disease treatmentsFeeds development6443Environmental issuesRisk, Monitoring, Modeling andManagement of released organismsandRisk, Monitoring, Modeling andManagement of commercialEvaluation of stockingCarrying capacityGenetic management (maintaining wild genotypes)Population dynamics and management of stocked populationsImpacts on highly vulnerable resourcesProvision of self-regulation for fisheries resources management554511aquaculture systemsSocio-economic issuesProvision of self-regulation for fisheries resources managementDevelopment of alternative income sources for fishermen11SG-MAR TOR #3: To develop recommendationsfor joint activities in marineaquaculture and/or ocean ranching using thePICES Action Plan formatICES, the older sister organization to PICES, hasa long history of Working Groups dealing withaquaculture. Currently, they have groupsfocused on technology (marine fish, shellfish,genetics and animal welfare) and environmentalinteractions (environmental interactions ofmariculture). Groups that are easily identifiedwith aquaculture make up about 6 of the ~100groups working under ICES. Several morelikely have aspects of their work related toaquaculture (e.g., salmon or basic physiology).Aquaculture-related groups within ICES seem tobe focused on themes that would appeal tospecialists. Given that the PICES region has alarge and more diverse aquaculture sector thanthe Atlantic, it would appear that an effort of asimilar or greater magnitude would be desirable.It is clear from the diversity of topics that areassociated with aquaculture that there is a largedegree of specialization. A symposium couldeasily address any of the 31 topics listed inSG-MAR Endnote 4. Given the priorities ofPICES member countries, there is a pressingneed to: (1) develop, improve and evaluateaquaculture technology, and (2) assess impactsand limits to the environment. The latter wasoften expressed as determining the carryingcapacity for a given aquaculture activity(whether for release or production) andidentifying the environmental risks associatedwith aquaculture. In many ways these twoaspects of aquaculture go hand in hand because,216

SG-MAR-2007as technology improves, the environmentalfootprint of the industry will likely change. Inmost cases, improvements in technology shouldlead to reductions in environmental impacts.For example, improved feeds will pollute lessand utilize fewer marine resources. Improvedvaccines will reduce disease in cultured fish andthe risk of transfer it to wild stocks. Improvedcage designs will reduce the risk of escapes, andimproved hatcheries will reduce the reliance oncatching juveniles in the wild. This has been thecase in the salmon net-pen industry, forexample.We suggest that PICES groups working onaquaculture technology focus on technology andmethods that provide both an economic andenvironmental benefit. This should aid in theiradoption by the end-user groups and reduce thefootprint of aquaculture activities.Several topics are associated with a need tounderstand, assess, and manage risk in variousareas of aquaculture. Risk assessments may beuseful as a common way to approach a wide arrayof issues related to aquaculture and may help toguide and set priorities for the development ofimproved aquaculture technologies and practices.This topic is timely as PICES was asked to joinwith the ICES Working Group on EnvironmentalInteractions of Mariculture (WGEIM) to convenea joint meeting from April 14–18, 2008, inVictoria, Canada. Reports produced over the lastthree years by WGEIM are impressive because ithas developed and applied environmental riskassessment to marine aquaculture. The WorkingGroup’s reports are available from the ICESwebsite. While some SG-MAR members felt thatthe risk assessment approach may be too difficultand costly to apply in the PICES region, theStudy Group recommends that PICES accept theopportunity for a joint workshop, use it to trainPICES scientists in risk assessment, and launch aWorking Group in this area (Environmental RiskAssessment and Interactions of MarineAquaculture – ERAIMA). A proposal alongthese lines is described in greater detail inSG-MAR Endnote 5. The application of riskassessment to issues identified in the PICESregion could not only be a unifying approach forPICES groups focused on aquaculture but alsowith ICES and other international efforts.Given the priorities of PICES member countries,SG-MAR also recommends forming a PICESWorking Group to focus on Technology andManagement for Aquaculture (TMA). A morecomplete description of the proposal appears inSG-MAR Endnote 6.We should wait until after the 2008 ICES/PICESworkshop before adopting final terms ofreference and action plans for either of thesegroups. There would be an emphasis on thedevelopment of technology and an assessment ofthe impacts of those technologies on theenvironment by both groups, with a goal ofencouraging technologies that have both aneconomic and environmental benefit.To avoid the difficulties faced by WG 18, theStudy Group recommends that the terms ofreference for these new groups be finalized bythe members themselves, using the draft termsprovided in SG-MAR Endnotes 5 and 6, and thisreport as a guide. Opportunities may exist atPICES XVII (Dalian, China, October 2008), atthe World Aquaculture Society Meeting (Busan,Korea, February 2008) or at the World FisheriesCongress (Yokohama, Japan, October 2008) toattract aquaculture scientists to these groups.Although a recommendation for reportingrelationships for these proposed Working Groupsis beyond the scope of the terms of reference forSG-MAR, it is included for consideration. TheseWorking Groups could report to the existingPICES Committees, with ERAIMA falling underMEQ, and TMA under FIS. Alternatively, theremay be some advantage of forming a newCommittee focused solely on aquaculture, or theycould have joint support by MEQ and FIS.217

SG-MAR-2007SG-MAR Endnote 1Dmitry Galanin (Russia)Galina S. Gavrilova (Russia)Toyomitsu Horii (Japan)Jie Kong (China)SG-MAR membershipHyun Jeong Lim (Korea)Michael B. Rust (U.S.A., Chairman)Terri Sutherland (Canada)SG-MAR Endnote 2E-mail to members of Working Group 18 onMariculture in the 21 st Century – The Intersection between Ecology, Socio-economics and ProductionDear PICES WG 18 member,I am writing you for two reasons. First to provideyou with a copy of the final reports for the WG18 meeting (with recommendations) and theTopic Session on “Aquaculture and sustainablemanagement of the marine ecosystems” held atPICES XV in Yokohama, Japan. These are bothattached. I am happy to discuss either of thesetwo documents if you have any questions.Second reason is to ask for your thoughts onhow the Working Group could have been moreproductive. As most of you know, WG 18 wasdissolved by the Governing Council at theirmeeting in Yokohama largely due to aperception on the part of MEQ that the groupwas not meeting its terms of reference. A StudyGroup was formed: (1) to determine why theterms were not met, and (2) to recommend whatPICES role in aquaculture should be in thefuture.As the last activity of WG 18, I would appreciatehearing your thoughts on these two items toprovide guidance to this new Study Group. Itwill help PICES become a more effectiveOrganization. I will keep all responsesanonymous and will just provide a general resultwith suggestions to the Study Group. The StudyGroup is formed for only one year and willdeliver its report this fall at the Annual Meetingin Victoria, Canada.Thank you for your time and help with thismatter. It has been a pleasure working on WG 18with you all. I hope we will have a chance towork together again.MikeMichael B. Rust, Ph.D.Northwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Blvd ESeattle, WA 98112 USASG-MAR Endnote 3E-mail to members of Study Group on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES RegionDear Marine Aquaculture Study Group,First of all, let me welcome you all to the PICESStudy Group on Marine Aquaculture. I lookforward to our dialogue over the next 8 months.As a Study Group we have limited time toproduce a document and presentation addressingour terms of reference. According to the PICESRules of Procedure (Rule 15):“A Study Group is established by the Council oran Executive Committee, with the approval ofthe Council, for a period not normally exceedingone year, with specific terms of reference, toconsider any scientific, policy, advisory and/orfinancial issue of interest to the Organizationand to provide recommendations thereon. AStudy Group:(i) shall normally consist of members appointedby the Contracting Parties, and by theCouncil;218

SG-MAR-2007(ii) shall establish one Chairman according toRule 17;(iii) shall be disbanded after submitting theirfinal report and recommendations.”We have been asked by PICES to provide someguidance on what PICES’ role should be inaquaculture science. Specifically our terms ofreference are:1. To review and access why WG 18 hadlimited success in achieving its terms ofreference;2. To determine the highest priority marineaquaculture and/or ocean ranching scienceneeds (< 10) for the next 5–10 years in eachPICES member country;3. To develop recommendations for jointactivities in marine aquaculture and/or oceanranching using the PICES Action Planformat;4. To provide its draft report by September2007 and be prepared to discuss and finalizethe report at PICES XVI (October 2007,Victoria, Canada).I would like to address these one at a time andpropose that we get started as outlined below.Let me know your comments and concerns.TOR #1: To review and access why WG 18had limited success in achieving itsterms of referenceI would like this group to spend the least amountof time on this issue. I have already sent ane-mail to the members of WG 18 asking for theirinput on this. When I hear back from most ofWG 18, I will summarize this and include it inthe report. Those of you who were on WG 18and are also on this SG, please respond to myother e-mail and then help me to review the draftof the report that I will send out this spring, onceI have input from the WG 18 members.TOR #2: To determine the highest prioritymarine aquaculture and/or oceanranching science needs (< 10) for thenext 5–10 years in each PICESmember countryI think this will be the most important andrewarding part of our work. I would like toapproach this in the following manner. By April2 nd , I would like to have each member send me ashort list with justification of the top 10priorities for the next 5–10 years from your owncountries’ point of view. By the end of April, Iwill incorporate these into a draft to circulateback to you. I would then like to have an e-maildiscussion to develop the final list andjustifications. Please feel free to seek the inputof your countrymen and others on this topic. Indiscussions with John Stein, PICES ScienceBoard Chairman, this appears to be the mostimportant part of our work. I would like to bemostly finished with this part by the end of Mayso we have time to devote to TOR 3.TOR #3: To develop recommendations forjoint activities in marine aquacultureand/or ocean ranching using thePICES Action Plan formatFirst of all, I had to look up what the PICESAction Plan format was. I have attached theAction Plans for MEQ and FIS (the originalparent committees for WG 18) for yourinformation. They basically have four parts: 1) aMission Statement, 2) a Strategy Statement, 3) alist of goals and 4) Actions to achieve the goals.The work we do under TOR 2 should relate toour list of goals. So the main effort under thisitem is to come up with actions to achieve thegoals. Once those are in place, the mission andstrategy should be fairly easy to write. I wouldlike to have this part done by the end of June.We should be able to do this with an e-maildiscussion. I will try to capture the ideas andadd them to the draft and have the “complete”first draft by mid-July. This should allow timefor each SG member to circulate the draft,provide input and edits long before the documentis due in September and the presentation inOctober.TOR #4: To provide its draft report bySeptember 2007 and be prepared todiscuss and finalize the report atPICES XVI (October 2007, Victoria,Canada)219

SG-MAR-2007Note the document is due in September. I havea very busy late summer (August–September),so it will be difficult for me to complete thedocument if we delay the time schedule. ThePICES Annual Meeting is in October. I plan onattending, and hope most of the group can alsobe there. If anyone wants to volunteer to givethe presentation let me know. We can work onthe presentation in September.For now the first deliverable that we need to workon is for TOR 2 above. Please compile a list ofthe top 10 priorities for the next 5–10 years fromyour own countries point of view. Then pleaseadd a short explanation of why they are highpriority. You should not feel constrained toconsidering environmental impacts of aquaculturefor this exercise. This is due to me by April 2,2007. I plan on also calling some colleagues inEurope to determine what our sister organization,ICES, has as priorities in aquaculture and willprovide a short summary.Finally, I have attached a copy of the PICESStrategic Plan and added the link to our studygroup at the bottom of this message. The PICESStrategic Plan might help in framing yourthoughts as we get going. Thank you all foragreeing to participate on this Study Group. Ilook forward to hearing your thoughts!Sincerely,Michael B. Rust Ph.D.Northwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Blvd ESeattle, WA 98112 USAhttp://www.pices.int/members/study_groups/SG-MAR.aspxSG-MAR Endnote 4Aquaculture priorities (unedited) for the next ten years provided by PICES member countriesCountries are not identified and no priority isimplied by the order in which the prioritiesappear in the following.Development of efficient technologies to growbivalves, echinoderms, algae, and salmons withadditional commodity output and to restore theabundance of valuable commercial species. Thedevelopment of both intensive (farm) andextensive methods of cultivation is planned. Atthe present stage, hydrocole cultivationtechnique is mastered and the conditions(including trophic ones) for the acceleratedproduction of biomass have been provided.Ecological aspectsFor working-out of strategies of the sustainabledevelopment of marine aquaculture within thecoastal waters, the potentialities of the waterareas should be assessed taking into accounttheir carrying capacity for different trophicgroupings of hydrocoles (filter feeders,detritophages, phytophages). It is also necessaryto perform a zoning of the coast and to providethe possible schemes of poly-cultural farms ofmariculture under different conditions of thecoastal areas.Assessment of risks in the mariculture activitieswhich can be combined into climatic, ecologicaland economic groups.Monitoring of environmental factorsIn these days, global warming is the mostserious problem worldwide. It brought on a lotof changes of environmental factor. Thesechanges also lead to the variation of oceanicecosystem and also produce change of carryingcapacity in specific area. According to thisresult we must choose what species areappropriate releasing species and what kind ofranching we make. Therefore first of all, weneed monitoring of environmental factors.Estimation of carrying capacityTo develop marine ranching places, we have toestimate the carrying capacity of objective area.Because when we know the exact carryingcapacity, we can decide the releasing amount offisheries resources, artificial reefs and also how220

SG-MAR-2007much we have to increase the productivity incoastal area.Estimate the amount of natural resourcesTo perform the marine aquaculture and/or oceanranching, we should estimate the biomass. Wecan determine it by the investigation of thefisheries capture amount, species, and size inwhich we are supposed to make marine ranchingplaces. After those investigations, we can decidethe TAC (Total Allowance Catch) more exactly,and also we can decide the capture size and timeof releasing fisheries resources.Examine the effect of discharged resourcesAt first we have to know appropriate feedsamount for releasing fisheries resources andsustaining ecosystem. We also have to releasethe fisheries resources when they can adjust theirreleasing environment through the adjustmentperiods. If we discharge the resources, we haveto monitor the effect of those releasing seedswhether they have some effect in their releasingregion.Provision of self-regulation for fisheries resourcesmanagementMost of all, to perform the marine ranchingplaces; it is the important thing, which thefisherman has to have provision of self-regulationfor fisheries resources management. If theycontrol their capture amount, size and periods forresources management by themselves, we canperform the marine ranching program veryeffectively.Development of alternative income sources forfishermanTo avoid excessive capture, we needdevelopment of alternative income sources forfisherman. When they have another incomesources in the sea, they will make an effort tosustain ocean resources. Therefore we areconsidering about the developing of alternativeincome sources by formation of ocean tourismand leisure industries in the place of marineranching. It also need infrastructure to maketourist city.Diseases of aquatic organismsInvestigating disease transmission (bi-directional)between wild and cultured stocks and developingaquaculture vaccines.Improve disease diagnostics and controlMedical-prophylactic measures in mariculturefarms and plantations take on special significancein connection with expanded cultivation. Thenecessary research studies are: 1) prophylaxis,diagnostics, treatment of infections and immuneresistance elevation of marine hydrocoles underconditions of the farm cultivation; 2) microbiologicaland eco-toxicological monitoring ofthe coastal waters condition within zones ofcommercial plantations of mariculture.Estimation of physiological state of marinehydrobionts under conditions of aquaculturefarms and wild populations.Modeling aquaculture in the ecosystemDeveloping biological and oceanographicmodels, collecting lab and field data to allowprediction of ecological effects (near and farfield)of aquaculture, and determining carryingcapacity of aquaculture areas.Environmental risk assessmentAssessing the risk of genetic and ecologicalinteraction between cultured, enhanced (e.g.,hatchery) and wild fish, developing technologyto minimize wild/cultured fish interactions, andassessing efficacy of captive breeding programsfor endangered stock rebuilding.Assessing the impact of aquaculture on speciesat riskCulture technology developmentDeveloping high-efficiency, environmentallyfriendly,and industry-diversifying culturetechnologies for salmon, alternate fish, shellfish,and algal species.BiotechnologyUsing biotechnology, genomics, and genetics toimprove commercially important traits (e.g.,growth and reproduction) and assess changesfrom wild type for use in risk assessments.221

SG-MAR-2007Develop and establish technical and economicfeasibility with special emphasis on hatcherydevelopment, land based and offshoreproduction systems to support commercialmarine aquaculture and enhancement of wildstocks.Assess environmental impacts of current marineaquaculture production systems and species,including fish and shellfish for both commercialmarine aquaculture and enhancement of wildstocks.Conduct nutrition research involving alternativeprotein based diets and influence of diet onproduct quality.Develop environmental models and GIS tools toaid site selection for new facilities.Develop technical, hands-on training programsin marine hatchery operations and managementto support commercial marine aquaculture andenhancement of wild stocks.Develop synthesis papers (i.e., executivesummary and journal publication) for thefollowing topics: a) environmental impacts ofmarine production systems; b) alternative proteinfeeds and potential impacts; and c) diseasetransmission from aquaculture to wild stocks andvice versa, and status of ecologically acceptabletreatments and preventives; and genetictechnologies and environmental risk analysis.Improve stock enhancement technology tominimize damage to ecosystems and biodiversity.Evaluate the effect of stocking on resourcefluctuations and improve effectiveness ofstocking.Develop marine polyculture (multi-tropic levelaquaculture) with a combination of finfish,shellfish and seaweeds.Improve seed production (hatchery technology)for difficult species such as eel and greateramberjack.Develop alternatives to fish meal for diets.Develop automated feeding systems to reducecost and improve efficiency.Develop open ocean cage culture technology(off-shore aquaculture).Develop bluefin tuna culture technology.Develop selective breeding technology toimprove disease resistance, improve growth,improve efficiency and so on.SG-MAR Endnote 5Proposal for a Working Group onEnvironmental Risk Assessment and Interactions of Marine Aquaculture – ERAIMAMissionDevelop standard methods and tools to assessand compare likelihood and severity of theenvironmental impacts of aquaculture. Makerecommendations on how to improve highestrisk aspects of aquaculture. Develop models topredict and manage aquaculture activities withinthe carrying capacity of the environment.StrategyTo hold a joint workshop and training sessionwith the ICES Working Group on EnvironmentalInteractions of Mariculture (WGEIM) to developrisk assessment expertise in the PICES region.Hold a follow-up session on carrying capacity ofcommercial aquaculture. The session wouldhighlight models to predict carrying capacity ofcommercial aquaculture that can be used formanagement. Final results to be reported in awhite paper and published as a PICES ScientificReport. Maintain contact with ICES on this topicand consider recurring joint meetings.222

SG-MAR-2007Goals and actions1. To develop and standardize risk assessmentmethods applied to environmental aspects ofaquaculture.2. To hold a joint meeting with ICES in April2008. This meeting will review a number ofissues related to mariculture under the broadthemes of sustainability, climate change andmarine spatial planning. More specifically,some proposed areas of discussion couldinclude:a. Sustainable development – theprecautionary approach, uncertainty andrisk assessment/risk analysis, indicatorsof sustainability;b. How good is our ability to predict farfieldeffects and carrying capacity?c. Opportunity costs associated withdecisions not to allow development;d. Adoption/integration and application ofrisk assessment techniques to PICESregion aquaculture industries.3. To hold a scientific session at PICES XVIII(2009, Korea) on “Estimation of environmentalcarrying capacity for commercialaquaculture” (Convenors TBD). Papersfrom this session to be published in thePICES Scientific Report series or a journal.4. Develop a white paper with recommendationson how to improve highest risk aspectsof aquaculture. The white paper would alsoreview state of knowledge of tools for riskassessment (Impact models? Carryingcapacity models, etc.? Can they be appliedto the North Pacific?) and makerecommendations for the next steps neededto deal with risks from marine aquacultureto the environment. Publish the white paperas a PICES Scientific Report.SG-MAR Endnote 6Proposal for a Working Group on Technology and Management for Aquaculture – TMAMissionTo identify and improve aquaculture technologieswith the potential for economic and environmentalbenefits (eco-effective technologies).StrategyTo hold a joint workshop on technologies andmanagement approaches that has the potential toimprove the economic and environmentalperformance of commercial aquacultureindustries and stocking programs. The WorkingGroup will use focused symposia to articulateand improve such technology and approaches.Goals and actions1. Based on the prioritized areas developedunder SG-MAR TOR #2, hold a symposiumon the top areas for commercial andenhancement aquaculture (technology andhusbandry development and evaluation ofstocking) with the goal of articulating the“state of the art” in each area and providingrecommendations for improving theeconomic and environmental performance ofsuch technologies.2. To convene a Topic Session at PICES XVII(2008, Dalian, China) on “Mariculturetechnology and husbandry for alternate anddeveloping culture species” (Convenors: JieKong and TBD). Papers from this session tobe published in the PICES Scientific ReportSeries or in a journal. Also conduct a 1-daylaboratory demonstration, tour or workshopon a topic that is special to China.3. To hold a session/workshop at PICES XVIII(2009, Korea) on “Evaluation of stockingtechnologies to rebuild, and sustain capturefisheries” (Convenors TBD). Papers fromthis session to be published in the PICESScientific Report series or in a journal.223

SG-SC-2007REPORT OF STUDY GROUP ON SCIENTIFIC COOPERATIONBETWEEN PICES AND NON-MEMBER COUNTRIESTerms of referenceAt PICES XV (October 2006, Yokohama,Japan), a Study Group on Scientific Cooperationbetween PICES and Non-member Countries(hereafter SG-SC) was established under thedirection of Governing Council (Decision06/A/6), with terms of reference as follows:1. The Study Group will identify options andpropose mechanisms for scientificcooperation between PICES and nonmembercountries, within the currentConvention. The options considered willinclude a review of the ICES “AffiliateStatus” arrangement and how it could beadapted to the needs of PICES. Benefits anddrawbacks should be identified for eachoption in terms of the following:• scientific objectives of PICES;• financial/human resources implications;• needed changes to the PICES Rules ofProcedure and Financial Regulations.2. The Study Group will assess the benefitsand challenges in terms of the scientificobjectives of PICES of expanding the “areaconcerned”, as specified under Article II ofthe Convention, to the Southern Pacific, andshould provide a compilation of allcountries’ views on such a change to theConvention.3. The Study Group should provide its reportto Governing Council by August 15, 2007,for consideration at PICES XVI in Victoria(October 2007).MembershipIt was agreed that the Study Group will bechaired by the Chairman of the Finance andAdministration Committee (Dr. Laura Richards),and its membership will include onerepresentative from each Contracting Party, plusa representative from Science Board and arepresentative from the Secretariat. The fullapproved SG-SC membership is listed below:Harold P. Batchelder (Science Board)Alexander Bychkov (PICES Secretariat)Alexandra Curtis (U.S.A.)Chris Hemmingway (Canada)Oleg Katugin (Russia)Seok Jin Kang/Kyoung Jin Kim (Korea)Hideki Nakano (Japan)Laura Richards (Canada, Chairman)BackgroundAtmospheric and oceanic processes in regionsbeyond the PICES area of concern affect NorthPacific marine ecosystems and their dynamics.Many of the issues addressed by PICES are notunique to the North Pacific. These realities ledto an idea that expanded cooperation betweenPICES and scientific institutions in other regionsof the Pacific Ocean might serve their mutualinterests. In recent years, it has become evidentthat scientists from these regions have thebackground and expertise to contribute in ameaningful way to PICES activities.For the past several years, the Organization hasattempted to interest Mexico in acceding to thePICES Convention. Details can be found in the1999–2005 Annual Reports. While Mexicanscientists are enthusiastic, no progress wasmade, perhaps due to economic and otherfactors. Scientists from other countries (e.g.,Australia and New Zealand) also participaterelatively regularly in PICES Annual Meetingsand make valuable contributions to events.However, these countries would not likely beinterested in acceding to the PICES Conventionbecause of the Area of Concern, which isspecified in Article II as:“The area which the activities of theOrganization concern shall be the temperateand sub-Arctic region of the North Pacific225

SG-SC-2007Ocean and its adjacent seas, especiallynorthward from 30 degrees North Latitude,hereinafter referred to as the “areaconcerned”. Activities of the Organization,for scientific reasons, may extend farthersouthward in the North Pacific Ocean.”(emphasis added)While the Convention allows the scientificactivities of PICES to extend beyond the preciseboundaries of the area concerned, the Conventiondoes not expressly address activities south of theNorth Pacific Ocean. Thus, there is limitedincentive for countries bordering the SouthPacific Ocean to become full members of PICESwithout changing the Convention. Of course, ifPICES continues to grow in prominence inPacific marine science, others may become moreinterested in joining in the future.The current Rules of Procedure allow for nonmemberState participation in PICES activitiesas follows:• As ex officio members on Advisory Panelswith the endorsement of Science Board andapproval of Council (Rule 13(iv));• As registered participants at AnnualMeetings, as attendees at meetings of anygroup, except where participation has beenlimited by Council or is limited in theConvention or Rules of Procedure (Rule20(iv));• As attendees at Science Board or Financeand Administration Committee meetingsupon invitation of the Chairman of Councilor the Chairman of Science Board orFinance and Administration Committee,respectively (Rule 20(iii));• Upon invitation by Council or an ExecutiveCommittee, as attendees to all or part of themeeting of Council or Executive Committee(Rule 20(v)).To be explicit, the current rules do not allowscientists from non-member States to bemembers of any group except an AdvisoryPanel. These scientists can attend AnnualMeetings and other events, and participate in thediscussion and influence the decisions of mostcommittees and groups. However, should adecision come to a vote, they are not eligible toparticipate. They are also not eligible forfinancial support from the PICES Trust Fund.SG-SC was established to explore options forbroadening the scope of scientific participationwithin PICES and to consider the consequencesto the Rules of Procedure and/or Convention thatwould be required to facilitate this change. Inparticular, SG-SC was asked to review the ICESmodel of affiliate status for scientific institutionsin non-member States.View on changes to the PICES ConventionBased on responses from Study Group members,there is no interest at this time in pursuing adiscussion around changes to the Convention.SG-SC recommends fully exploring options andmechanisms for broadening participation bynon-member State scientists that are possible“within the current PICES Convention” beforebeginning to explore alternatives that wouldrequire modifications to the Convention.Options for scientific cooperation within thecurrent ConventionExpanding cooperation with other organizationsa. Organization of symposia, workshops, andpublications with appropriate intergovernmentalorganizations (IGOs) or nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) or ontopics of importance to PICES that wouldbenefit from the expertise of that organization;b. Development of Memoranda ofUnderstanding (MOU) with appropriateIGOs or NGOs that focus on other areas ofthe Pacific to allow cooperation on topics ofimportance to PICES that would benefitfrom the expertise of that organization, e.g.,through joint research plans and programs.PICES already has MOUs with ICES, IOC,NPAFC and IPHC.These options are consistent with currentoperating arrangements within PICES. Thedesirability and cost of entering into any sucharrangement are reviewed and approved (orrejected) during the annual planning process ofStanding Committees and Scientific Programs226

SG-SC-2007and their subsidiary groups, Science Board,Finance and Administration Committee andCouncil.Expanding cooperation with non-member Statesa. Inviting scientists of non-member States asspeakers at PICES-sponsored events.PICES may contribute to the cost ofparticipation through the budget allocated tothat specific event. However, the number ofinvited speakers is limited, and PICES maychoose to give priority to scientists frommember States.b. Encouraging scientists of non-memberStates to participate in Annual Meetings andto sit on Advisory Panels as allowed withinthe current Rules of Procedure. In this case,full costs of participation would be borne bythe home State or institute.c. Amending the Rules of Procedure to allowscientists from non-member States to serveas members of Standing Committees andtheir subsidiary groups, Scientific Programsand their subsidiary groups, and StudyGroups, as recommended by Science Boardand approved by Council. The amendedRules should also specify that affiliatemembers not be counted toward the quorumof any group.ICES affiliate modelThe ICES affiliate model, based on oneinstitution per country, could be adapted to thePICES structure and requirements. Theobligations and conditions of affiliate statuscould be similar to those specified in the ICESAffiliate Policy document, including a financialcontribution as approved by Council to defrayadditional costs to the Secretariat. Theprivileges of affiliate status could, with suitableamendments to the Rules of Procedure, includeparticipation on Standing Committees and theirsubsidiary groups, Scientific Programs and theirsubsidiary groups, and Study Groups, except aslimited by Council. Such participation would besubject to the same limits as for ContractingParties on numbers of appointees allowed peraffiliate, and would normally exclude votingprivileges and the ability to hold chairmanshippositions.Under the ICES affiliate status, “a namedinstitute or organization in a country is given theresponsibility of representing the interests ofthat country within ICES, and of making all theadvantages available to all relevant scientists inthat country, not just the people in their owninstitute. The affiliate countries each pay anannual contribution which is about 1/12 of theminimal national contribution for a MemberNation.” There are several privileges conferredby acceptance of affiliate status: 1) scientistsfrom affiliates may participate in mostsubsidiary committees of ICES; 2) participationby scientists representing affiliates in the ICESAnnual Science Conference, symposia andpublications of ICES shall be in accordance withthe same conditions applying to scientists frommember countries; and 3) ICES affiliates shallreceive copies of a large subset of ICESpublications (ICES Annual Report, Researchreports, Study/Working Group reports, and ICESNewsletter).If PICES were to institute a similar “affiliate”status, then a possible scenario is as follows:a. The affiliate institute would make a financialcontribution to PICES to support theoperation of the Organization, but thecontribution could be substantially less thanthe contribution of the six ContractingParties, for example, 10% of the currentannual fee per Contracting Party.b. Scientists from affiliated institutes could bemembers of a Scientific Program (e.g.,CCCC), Scientific Committee (e.g., BIO,FIS, MEQ, POC), or Technical Committee(e.g., TCODE, MONITOR). They could notbe a Chairman.c. Scientists from affiliate institutes could befull members on Sections, Task Teams,Study Groups, and Working Groups ofPICES. They could also chair any of thesegroups. In the case of an affiliate Chairman,however, a Co-Chairmen arrangementwould be preferable with one of the Co-Chairman from a Contracting Party. ForStudy Groups, the Rules of Procedure wouldneed to be amended to allow for Co-227

SG-SC-2007Chairmen (i.e., one Chairman is sufficient ifthat person is from a Contacting Party;otherwise a Co-Chairman should be chosenwho meets the geographic balancerequirements).d. The Rules of Procedure could be amendedto allow scientists from affiliate institutes toparticipate as members of Groups inaddition to Advisory Panels. The specificprivileges of participation would need to beresolved for each type of group, dependingon the needs of the Organization.e. As per the current Trust Fund guidelines(iii), scientists from affiliate institutes wouldnot be eligible to apply for financial supportto participate in PICES activities. Theaffiliate institute would be expected to coverthe costs of their scientists’ participation.228

CCCC-2007REPORT OF IMPLEMENTATION PANEL ONTHE CCCC PROGRAMThe Executive Committee of the ClimateChange and Carrying Capacity ProgramImplementation Panel (hereafter CCCC-IP/EC)met from 14:00–16:30 hours on October 28,2007. The meeting was chaired by Drs. HaroldP. Batchelder and Michio J. Kishi. The Co-Chairmen welcomed the attendees and afterbrief introductions of those present (CCCCEndnote 1), the agenda was reviewed andadopted with slight modifications (CCCCEndnote 2).Business from PICES XV (Agenda Item 3)The minutes from PICES XV (October 2006,Yokohama, Japan) were accepted. No otheritems on-going from last year’s meeting requireddiscussion.Review of procedures for Best PresentationAwards and Closing CeremonyAwards for CCCC best oral and posterpresentations were announced at the ClosingSession. The PICES Secretariat provided a listof oral presentations in CCCC-sponsoredsessions (Topic Sessions S3 and S5 and CCCCContributed Paper Session) that were eligible forthis award. Drs. Kishi and Batchelder agreed toserve as judges to determine the best CCCC oralpresentation. Due to a conflict between theTopic Session S5 and the CCCC ContributedPaper Session (convened by both Co-Chairmen),Dr. Vera Agostini agreed to evaluate the oralpresentations from Session S5. Drs. Suam Kim,Agostini, Thomas C. Wainwright and Batchelderagreed to select the CCCC Best Poster Awardfor PICES XVI. CCCC-IP/EC gave two BestPresentation Awards in 2007; one to TadanoriFujino (Hokkaido University, Japan) for hispresentation on “Regime shift of mesopelagicfish – Long-term biomass index change ofMaurolicus japonicus in the Japan/East Sea”(co-authored by Kazushi Miyashita, YasumaHiroki, Tsuyoshi Shimura, Shinya Masuda andTsuneo Goto) in the CCCC Contributed PaperSession, and the second to Motoko R. Kimura(Hokkaido University, Japan) for herpresentation on “A breakdown of habitatisolation among coastal fish by artificial habitatmodification” (co-authored with HiroyukiMunehara) in the Topic Session S5. ShusakuKobayashi (Hokkaido University, Japan) wonthe CCCC Best Poster Award for his paper on“Brown trout (Salmo trutta) movements betweena stream and the sea in Hokkaido, northernJapan” (co-authored with Takaomi Arai,Kentaro Honda, Yuji Noda and KazushiMiyashita).Documentation of scientific sessions (AgendaItem 4)CCCC-IP/EC discussed responsibilities fordocumenting CCCC-sponsored scientific sessionsand workshops at PICES XVI. Dr. Batchelderreminded the Committee that documentation ofscientific sessions and workshops is requiredfrom session/workshop convenors. At PICESXVI this responsibility rests with: Mr. JakeSchweigert for the CCCC/FIS Topic Session (S3)on “Towards ecosystem-based management:Recent developments and successes in multispeciesmodeling”; Dr. Kerim Y. Aydin (whodelegated responsibility to Dr. Elizabeth A.Logerwell) for the FIS/CCCC/BIO Topic Session(S5) on “Fisheries interactions and localecology”, Dr. Batchelder for the CCCCContributed Paper Session, and Dr. JacquelynneKing for the POC/CCCC workshop (W6) on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling”.These session and workshop summaries wereprovided either to Dr. Batchelder or directly tothe PICES Secretariat by the end of Friday,November 2, and are included in the SessionSummaries chapter of this Annual Report.229

CCCC-2007Progress reports of Task Team activities(Agenda Item 5)CCCC-IP/EC received brief oral reports ofCCCC Task Team activities from the Co-Chairmen or representatives of MODEL(Conceptual/Theoretical and Modeling StudiesTask Team) and CFAME (Climate Forcing andMarine Ecosystem Response Task Team). ByNovember 2, both Task Teams provided writtenreports with a summary of progress made sincePICES XV and recommendations for plannedactivities for 2008 (for details see MODEL andCFAME reports included elsewhere in thisAnnual Report).Items of significance reported for CFAME were:• An overview of the CFAME inter-sessionalworkshop (May 2007) on “Linking climateforcingmechanisms to indicators of speciesecosystem-level changes: A comparativeapproach” where an approach wasdeveloped to enable comparison of climateforcing variables and mechanisms linkingclimate and key species in the CaliforniaCurrent, Oyashio/Kuroshio, and East ChinaSea/Yellow Sea ecosystems;• An overview of the recently completed2-day workshop (October 26–27, 2007) on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling”to develop and facilitate collaborationsbetween CFAME and Working Group 20 onEvaluations of Climate Change Projectionson forecasting the impacts of climate change(as represented by IPCC projectionscenarios) on regional ecosystems andspecies of the North Pacific (the workshopwas well attended, with ca. 50 participantsfrom all PICES member countries);• An 8-step plan for completing CFAMEwork in preparation for the conclusion of theCCCC Program following the 2008 PICESAnnual Meeting (including workshopshighlighted in the next two bullets);• A proposal for an inter-sessional workshop(April 2008) on “Linking and visualizingclimate forcing and marine ecosystemchanges: A comparative approach” toexamine the revisions made in each set ofecosystem mechanism tables for the threeselected ecosystems after the 2007 CFAMEworkshops, and to review draft versions ofthe graphic representations of ecosystemmechanisms and climate/ocean scenariosprovided by WG-20 prior to the workshop(CFAME Endnote 3);• A proposal for a 1½-day workshop at PICESXVII on “Climate scenarios for ecosystemmodeling (II)” to discuss the results fromresearch activities related to applying outputfrom WG 20 regional climate models andIPCC global models to CFAME ecosystemmodels and present them to the broaderPICES community, with an emphasis toleading into FUTURE (CFAME Endnote 4);• Discussion of the FUTURE Science Plan,with the following key recommendations:(1) to sustain the recent momentum intransitioning from the CCCC Program toFUTURE by supporting projects begun byCFAME and MODEL; (2) to give greateremphasis in FUTURE to ocean acidification,since it is viewed as an emerging andimportant societal issue; (3) to link FUTUREto a new U.S. activity on “ComparativeAnalysis of Marine Ecosystem Organization”(CAMEO), which has a strong marineresource management focus.Items of significance reported for MODEL were:• A new project proposed by Dr. Kishi on“Bottom-up ecosystem-based managementmodeling using NEMURO andNEMURO.SAN” (BUMBAM.NEMURO) totransition existing PICES ecosystem modelsinto management analysis, and also to linkNEMURO suite models with managementorientedmodels such as Ecopath withEcosim;• A proposal for a 1-day CCCC/POC TopicSession at PICES XVII on “Marine systemforecast models: Moving forward to theFUTURE” with focus on multi-disciplinarycoupled models designed to forecast marinesystems in the PICES region, including bothstrategic (long-term) and tactical (shortterm)forecasts linking across two or moredisciplines (MODEL Endnote 3);• A new PICES project proposed by Dr.Bernard A. Megrey on “Marine ecosystemmodel inter-comparisons” whose goal isquantitative comparison of different230

CCCC-2007structures and parameterizations ofecosystem models using identical physicalforcing (MODEL Endnote 4);• A proposal for a 1-day CCCC/ESSASworkshop at PICES XVII to launch theproject on “Marine ecosystem model intercomparisons”(MODEL Endnote 5);• Opportunities for collaborative researchunder the pan-regional synthesis phase ofU.S. GLOBEC and a new U.S. CAMEOinitiative.FUTURE Science Plan (Agenda Item 6)CCCC IP/EC members reviewed the draftScience Plan (version 4.2) for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems). Therewas a general consensus that the direction of theproposed program is good, and that the focus isconsistent with past and ongoing activities of theCCCC Program. Two major differencesbetween CCCC and FUTURE are the emphasison forecasting and on education, communicationand outreach in the latter. FUTURE isconsistent with the planned activities ofMODEL and CFAME, and it is envisioned thatthe activities of these two Task Teams couldeasily be transitioned to, or transformed in, somefashion to be a part of the new program. Beloware some specific comments on the FUTUREScience Plan that were presented at the OpenForum during PICES XVI:1. The Science Plan’s generic goals areunderstanding, forecasting, andcommunication. The document needs betterbalance of these three core elements. Thepresent document overemphasizes theforecasting element relative to an apparentunderemphasis on understanding andcommunication.2. The Executive Summary and textoveremphasize “models” as deliverables.Models are a tool to understanding and ameans to provide forecasts; the deliverableshould be scientific assessments of futureconditions through improved understandingof mechanisms and incorporation of thosemechanisms into forecast models.3. Many different types of models areadvocated in the current Science Plan—coupled climate–ocean models; coupledbiophysical models; management models;ecological models that integrate acrossdisciplines; perhaps socio-economicmodeling of potential impacts of climatechange scenarios. The emphasis on modelsof many kinds may require multiplemodeling Task Teams, as in some cases thecommunities of scientists needed to do thismodeling are greatly different or have notbeen previously involved in PICES.4. Lack of mechanistic understanding of howclimate is linked to the biology of key highertrophic level species will limit the ability toestimate impacts on fish from projectedfuture climate scenarios. There should be anincreased emphasis in the Science Plan onsome short-term achievable goals.5. The strategy-specific approach table near theend of the plan (retrospective, monitoring,etc.) is more appropriate to an ImplementationPlan than to a Science Plan. AScience Plan should provide the vision,short- and long-term objectives, andrationale for the projected research thatmight occur under FUTURE. Details shouldbe deferred to the Implementation Plan. TheCCCC IP/EC members suggest deleting thisdetail from the Science Plan.6. CFAME suggests that perhaps “oceanacidification” issues might be emphasizedmore in FUTURE than it is in the presentversion. It is possible (and even suggested)that changes in ocean acidity may beimpacted by source waters, which may be“predictable” from climate projectionscoupled to regional circulation models. Theseverity of acidification-related impacts onocean ecology might therefore bepredictable.7. Focus the early sections of the Science Planon some of the positives rather thanemphasizing the “doom and gloom” aspectsof global warming. Global warming mightlead to conditions that present newopportunities—perhaps new fisheries orexpansions of species into new ranges,which might need scientific advice. Thedocument needs a better balance of positives231

CCCC-2007and negatives (although it is likely thatnegatives will dominate, no matter what).8. PICES scientific programs should, ingeneral, emphasize “ecosystems”, not justthe fish populations within ecosystems. Ithas been difficult to attract and entrainphysical oceanographers into some activitiesof PICES, perhaps because PICES and theCCCC Program are viewed more as a fishprogram than as an ecosystem program. TheFUTURE Science Plan should maintain anemphasis on climate forcing and its impactson marine ecosystems, not just on fish.9. Many other comments received from thediscussions held in the MODEL andCFAME meetings were guidance forimplementation rather than Science Planissues and are not summarized here, butwere provided to the FISP Study Group.Changes in CCCC-IP/EC and Task Teammembership (Agenda Item 7)CCCC-IP/EC thanked Dr. Aydin, current NorthAmerican Co-Chairman of CFAME, foragreeing to continue in this position throughoutthe coming year for the purposes of intersessionalwork. However, he is unlikely toattend PICES XVII, so may ask that hisresponsibilities be delegated to another NorthAmerican for that meeting.MODEL noted that Canadian and Russianmembership is poorly represented, but since theTask Team will be reorganized with the closingof the CCCC Program next year, there is nourgency to request new members at this time.Proposals for new subsidiary bodies (AgendaItem 8)The Executive Committee did not receive anyproposals for new CCCC subsidiary bodies.Planning for PICES XVII (Agenda Item 9)The following sessions and workshops wereproposed:• a 1-day CCCC/POC Topic Session on “Marinesystem forecast models: Moving forward tothe FUTURE” (MODEL Endnote 3);• a CCCC Poster Session (CCCC Endnote 3);• a 1½-day CCCC/POC workshop on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling(II)” (CFAME Endnote 4); and,• a 1-day CCCC/ESSAS workshop on“Marine ecosystem model intercomparisons”(MODEL Endnote 4).Theme proposal for PICES XVIII (AgendaItem 10)CCCC-IP/EC has no specific suggestions for theScience Board Symposium theme at PICESXVIII (Busan, Korea).Review of planned CCCC inter-sessionalactivities and travel support requests/priorities (Agenda Item 11)CCCC-IP endorsed a proposal by CFAME foran inter-sessional workshop on “Linking andvisualizing climate-forcing mechanisms andmarine ecosystem changes: A comparativeapproach” (CFAME Endnote 3).CCCC-IP/EC requests travel support for:• 1 Korean scientist (Yellow Sea/East ChinaSea fish expert) and 1 North Americanscientist (California Current fish or planktonexpert) to attend the CFAME inter-sessionalworkshop on “Linking and visualizingclimate-forcing mechanisms and marineecosystem changes: A comparativeapproach” (priority level 1);• 1 invited speaker for the CCCC/POC TopicSession at PICES XVII on “Marine systemforecast models: Moving forward to theFUTURE”(priority level 1);• 1 invited speaker for the CCCC/ESSASworkshop at PICES XVII on “Marineecosystem model inter-comparisons”(priority level 2);• 1 CFAME member to attend the 2008ESSAS Annual Meeting in Halifax, Canada(priority level 3); it is noted that at least oneCFAME member would already beattending as a current ESSAS member.232

CCCC-2007Report of the April 2006 CCCC Symposium(Agenda Item 12)Dr. Batchelder reported on the status of thespecial issue resulting from the PICES/GLOBEC Symposium on “Climate variabilityand ecosystem impacts on the North Pacific: Abasin-scale synthesis” (Co-conveners: Drs.Harold P. Batchelder and Suam Kim) held April19–21, 2006, in Honolulu, U.S.A. A total of 90scientists from 12 countries met in Hawaii.Nineteen papers were submitted for the specialissue. Several have been rejected by reviewersand ~15 papers should be published, with a mixof papers on each of the three symposium subthemes:(1) Regime shifts; (2) Ecosystemproductivity and structural responses to physicalforcing; and (3) Pan-Pacific comparisons. Thetarget date for submitting the collection ofrecommended papers to the Chief Editor ofProgress in Oceanography is January 2008.CCCC Action Plan (Agenda Item 13)No time was spent on this issue at the meeting,except for Dr. Batchelder suggesting that he willupdate the CCCC Action Plan using informationprovided by CFAME and MODEL.Relations with other international programsand organizations (Agenda Item 14)ICES and regional/national GLOBEC programsremain the highest priority relations for theCCCC Program. CCCC-IP/EC identifiedlinkages with ICES, GLOBEC International, andthe North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) ashigh priorities for the coming year. Also, thereare several regional coastal observing programsin the Northeast Pacific (PaCOOS, PNW-IOOS,AOOS), as well as numerous programs in theNorthwest Pacific (CREAMS, NEAR-GOOS,others), that PICES should maintain connectionswith. CCCC-IP must interact closely withNPAFC to address salmon issues of interest tothe CCCC Program in the North Pacific.Preparation of CCCC report to ScienceBoard (Agenda Item 15)Dr. Batchelder agreed to summarize thediscussions and progress of CCCC for the neartermneeds by Science Board and for the PICESAnnual Report.Other business (Agenda Item 16)Projected CCCC publicationsProceedings from the 2006 PICES/GLOBECSymposium will be published as a special issueof Progress in Oceanography in 2008 (GuestEditors: H. Batchelder and S. Kim).A final report of the CCCC Program is expectedto be published in the PICES Scientific Reportseries. It is likely that this report will becompleted prior to PICES XVII. Drs. Kishi andBatchelder will take the lead on this, butanticipate asking for assistance from many of thepast CCCC and Task Team Chairmen.CCCC Endnote 1MembersParticipation listObserversKerim Y. Aydin (U.S.A.)Harold P. Batchelder (U.S.A., Co-Chairman)William R. Crawford (Canada)Suam Kim (Korea)Michio J. Kishi (Japan, Co-Chairman)William T. Peterson (U.S.A.)Thomas C. Wainwright (U.S.A.)Young-Shil Kang (Korea)Yeong-Hye Kim (Korea)Hyun-Jeong Lim (Korea)233

CCCC-2007CCCC Endnote 2CCCC/IP-EC meeting agenda1. Welcome and opening remarks2. Adoption of agenda3. Business from last year’s meeting4. Review of responsibilities for documentingCCCC Topic Sessions and workshops5. Progress reports of Task Team (CFAME andMODEL) activities6. PICES FUTURE Science Plan: Discussionand recommendations7. Changes in CCCC-IP/EC and Task Teammembership8. Proposals for new CCCC subsidiary bodies9. Planning for PICES XVII10. Theme proposal for PICES XVIII11. Review of planned CCCC inter-sessionalactivities and travel support requests12. Report on the 2006 CCCC Symposium13. CCCC Action Plan—Evaluation foraccuracy; updating for CCCC activities14. Relations with other international programsand organizations15. Preparation of the CCCC report to ScienceBoard16. Other businessCCCC Endnote 3Proposal for a CCCC Poster Session at PICES XVIINorth Pacific ecosystems and their response toclimate variability have experienced intensestudy through GLOBEC and similar programsover the past 10 years. The PICES ClimateChange and Carrying Capacity (CCCC) Programaddressed the question of “how do interannualand decadal variation in ocean conditions affectthe species dominance, biomass and productivityof the key zooplankton and fish species in NorthPacific ecosystems”. Ultimately, a goal of theCCCC Program was to forecast possibleconsequences of climate variability on the NorthPacific ecosystem. As the CCCC Program nearscompletion, it is worthwhile to examine theprogram’s successes on addressing the keyelements: climate change, carrying capacity, andforecasting. This evaluation will provide usefulin moving forward with successor PICESintegrative programs like FUTURE: Forecastingand Understanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems. Weinvite abstracts for posters that infer processesfrom patterns and link climate, ocean physics,populations and ecosystems. Provocativeabstracts that retrospectively examine thesuccesses and shortcomings of the CCCCProgram are welcome, as are more traditionalpresentations on climate, ecosystems andforecasting.Recommended convenors: Harold P. Batchelder(U.S.A.) and Michio J. Kishi (Japan).234

CFAME-2007REPORT OF CFAME TASK TEAMThe Climate Forcing and Marine EcosystemsTask Team (hereafter CFAME) met from 14:00–18:00 hours on October 27, 2007. Attending were10 Task Team members and 6 observers (CFAMEEndnote 1). The agenda was reviewed andadopted without changes (CFAME Endnote 2).Review of accomplishments after PICES XV(Agenda Item 3)May 2007 CFAME inter-sessional workshopDr. Kerim Y. Aydin provided an overview of theCFAME inter-sessional workshop on “Linkingclimate-forcing mechanisms to indicators ofspecies ecosystem-level changes: A comparativeapproach” held May 21–23, 2007, in Seattle,U.S.A., in which a methodology was discussedfor forecasting changes in marine ecosystemsfrom climate models (IPCC scenarios). At theworkshop, an approach was developed forassembling and summarizing tables of forcingvariables and intermediate mechanisms betweenglobal climate and marine species for theCalifornia Current, Oyashio/Kuroshio, and EastChina/Yellow Sea ecosystems. Initial drafts ofthese tables were created at the workshop andreviewed in the interim for presentation at thePOC/CCCC workshop (W6) at PICES XVI.PICES XVI CFAME workshopDr. Jacquelynne R. King provided an overviewof the POC/CCCC workshop on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling” held October26–27, 2007, at PICES XVI in Victoria, Canada.The workshop was attended by 50 participantsfrom all PICES member countries and includedpresentations from China, Korea, Russia, and theUnited States. The objective of this workshopwas to facilitate discussion between CFAMEand Working Group on Evaluations of ClimateChange Projections (WG 20) on potentialcollaborative research on forecasting the impactsof climate change (as represented by IPCCprojection scenarios) on regional ecosystems andspecies of the North Pacific. The workshop wasopened with an overview of the terms ofreference and workplans for CFAME and WG 20by CFAME Co-Chairman, Dr. Aydin and WG 20Co-Chairman, Dr. Michael Foreman. Theoverviews provided the context for overlap inresearch foci between these two groups. CFAMEhas focused on three North Pacific ecosystemsthat represent different dominant physicalprocesses: (1) California Current System(boundary current with upwelling); (2)Kuroshio/Oyashio Current System (boundarycurrents); (3) Yellow Sea/East China Sea region(freshwater input). For each ecosystem, CFAMEhas developed conceptual models of themechanisms relating climate forcing to thepopulation dynamics of key species and toecosystem processes. One of the goals for WG20 is to facilitate analyses of climate effects onmarine ecosystems and ecosystem feedbacks toclimate by, for example, computing an ensembleof the IPCC model projections for the NorthPacific and making these projections available toother PICES groups such as CFAME. Theanalyses could provide forecasts of regionalparameters (such as sea surface temperature, seaice cover, and river discharge) relevant toecosystem processes identified within CFAME’sconceptual models. Details of the workshop canbe found in the Session Summaries chapter ofthis Annual Report.Topic Sessions at PICES XVICFAME co-sponsored two sessions at thisyear’s Annual Meeting: a 1-day CCCC/FISTopic Session on “Towards ecosystem-basedmanagement: Recent developments andsuccesses in multi-species modeling” (S3) and a½-day FIS/CCCC/BIO Topic Session on“Fisheries interactions and local ecology” (S5).Details of the sessions can be found in theSession Summaries chapter of this AnnualReport.235

CFAME-2007Discussion of FUTURE and plan for researchactivities (Agenda Item 4)The response of CFAME members to theScience Plan (version 4.2) for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems) wasextremely encouraging. They felt that it wellreflects PICES and also serves, in principle, asan excellent place to pick up from where theCCCC Program will leave off. However, in theabsence of an Implementation Plan, CFAMEmembers were concerned that there might not bea smooth transition, particularly, that momentumon projects begun by CFAME and MODELmight be delayed or abandoned. To this end,first, at least one “interim” activity was proposedby MODEL and CFAME (MODEL Endnote 4).Second, it was suggested that the OceanAcidification topic within the FUTURE SciencePlan might be ripe enough to pick upimmediately, perhaps through a Working Group,although no specific project was proposed byCFAME.Interactions with other groups on forecasting/future efforts (Agenda Item 5)ESSASDr. George L. Hunt gave a presentation on theEcosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS).ESSAS is a GLOBEC regional program withattention to ecosystems with ice. The programhas a 10-year lifespan and may become part ofIMBER after GLOBEC is completed. TwoESSAS workshops on “Evaluation of climatescenarios for subarctic regions” and “The roleof seasonal sea ice cover in marine ecosystems”were held in June 2007, in Hakodate, Japan, andco-sponsored by PICES. The second workshopresulted in two papers: one on hotspots and oneon thresholds. The continuing theme in ESSASis a modeling comparison of subarctic seasthrough Ecopath. There is also an upcomingUniversity of British Columbia proposal throughFAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) toprovide funding for modeling all the LargeMarine Ecosystems. Several comparativestudies are underway, e.g., NORCANN(Norway–Canada). Upcoming activities includea Theme Session on subarctic seas at the OceanSciences meeting in March 2008, in Orlando,U.S.A. An ESSAS Annual Meeting will be heldin September 2008, in Halifax, Canada, and arequest for travel for a CFAME member to thismeeting was made (see Agenda Item 7).CAMEO and ocean acidification initiativeDr. Aydin gave a summary of some recentefforts and organizations which may be ofinterest to CFAME, including the U.S. NOAACAMEO (Comparative Analysis of MarineEcosystem Organization) program and initiativeson ocean acidification.FIS forecasting workshopsOn behalf of Dr. Anne B. Hollowed, Dr. Aydingave a presentation on the inter-sessional FISworkshop, co-sponsored by PICES and NPRB,on “Forecasting climate impacts on futureproduction of commercially exploited fish andshellfish” (July 19–20, 2007, Seattle, U.S.A) andplans for a follow-up workshop at PICES XVI.It was noted that, while the products of thisworkshop series differed from CFAME goals,and although they were excellent parallel efforts,much of the work plan developed from the firstFIS workshop was similar or identical to workCFAME had performed or was currentlycompleting. It is expected that results will beshared, but it was suggested that the bestapproach would be if FIS proposes a TopicSession leading on from this material at nextyear’s Annual Meeting, and that a CFAMEmember be a co-convenor of this session(Dr. Gordon A. McFarlane was recommended toserve in this capacity). Due to the timing of theCFAME business meeting, no proposal for sucha session was explicitly presented by FIS. Also,concern was expressed by members of WG 20that the substantial work they were alreadyperforming for CFAME in extracting data fromIPCC climate scenario models not be duplicated.236

CFAME-2007Planning for 2008 and beyond (Agenda Item 6)CFAME work planThe following 8-step plan was developed forcompleting CFAME work in preparation for theconclusion of the CCCC Program following nextyear’s Annual Meeting. This plan was endorsedby CFAME members as a way to bring anexcellent finale to this portion of the CCCCProgram. Some of these steps are concurrent.1. Team leaders for each set of ecosystemmechanism tables, Drs. Vera Agostini,Akihiko Yatsu and Young-Shil Kang (or aKorean invitee), will coordinate the review ofdetails, providing explicit description ofprocesses and definition of terms. Initialrevisions can focus on 1–2 species (hake andsardine for the California Current; sardinesand anchovy for the Kuroshio/Oyashio;hairtail and yellow croaker for the EastChina/Yellow Seas), but if possible, a revisionwill be attempted for all species that havealready been completed. Drs. James Overlandand Aydin will aid in this process byreviewing the tables and providing suggestionsfor what needs to be clarified and betterdefined by December 2007. The revisedtables will be completed by April 2008.2. Each ecosystem team will create graphicrepresentations of our current knowledge ofthe physical processes impacting species’population dynamics. One graphicrepresentation will be made for each of thethree ecosystems, showing likely impactsunder climate warming. Drafts will beprepared by April 2008.3. CFAME will request from WG 20:a) Graphic representations of climate/ocean states under climate warming foreach of the three selected ecosystems:This is a short-term request to becompleted preferably prior to a CFAMEinter-sessional workshop in April 2008and certainly by their final meeting inOctober 2008. For the Kuroshio/Oyashiothis representation will be based ondetailed model results available from aJapanese high-resolution global climatemodel coupled with a biological COCO–NEMURO model. For the CaliforniaCurrent System, this representation willbe based on either results from a highresolutionRegional Ocean ModelSystem (ROMS) climate model, or if thisis not available, from downscaled globalclimate model values. For the Yellowand East China Seas, this graphic willalso be based on either regional climatemodel output or downscaled values fromglobal climate models.b) Suggested detailed climate model outputsbased on CFAME revisions ofmechanism tables: This is a long-termrequest to be included as a shopping listin the CFAME final report; it could alsoprovide future PICES expert groups withrelevant output parameters from WG 20models.4. CFAME will hold an inter-sessionalworkshop on “Linking and visualizingclimate forcing and marine ecosystemchanges: A comparative approach” in April2008, in Honolulu, U.S.A. (CFAMEEndnote 3). The purpose of this meeting isto review and finalize the changes made inAction Item 1. In addition, CFAME willreview draft versions of the graphicrepresentations of ecosystem mechanisms(Action Item 2) and, if available, of climate–ocean scenarios (Action Item 3a). CFAMEwill invite the WG 20 Co-Chairmen toattend the workshop in order to receiveimmediate feedback on revised descriptionsof relevant physical processes for the threeselected ecosystems.5. CFAME will hold, jointly with WG 20, a1½-day workshop in conjunction with thePICES Annual Meeting in October 2008(CFAME Endnote 4). The objective of thisworkshop is to finalize the report and tooutline suggested next steps for PICES toundertake in reforming or revising CFAMEunder FUTURE.6. CFAME expresses interest in being invitedto give a synthesis talk of completedresearch at the Science Board Symposium atPICES XVII. Dr. Vera Agostini has agreedto be the presenter.7. CFAME will complete the final report onresearch activities by October 2008.237

CFAME-20078. This final report will include two examplesof the types of climate change forecasts thatcould be provided and incorporated into theprovision of forecasts of ecosystem change:(a) use of high resolution climate–oceancoupled model (COCO-NEMURO) availablefor the Kuroshio/Oyashio Current System;and (b) statistical downscaling from IPCCmodel forecasts for the California CurrentSystem.PICES XVIINo CFAME-led Topic Sessions were proposedfor next year’s Annual Meeting, other than theworkshop listed under Action Item 5 above. Asit was previously mentioned in Agenda Item 5,CFAME would support a session on the jointFIS/CFAME work if FIS takes a lead.Project proposalDr. Bernard Megrey proposed a PICES projecton marine ecosystem model inter-comparisons(MODEL Endnote 4). CFAME felt that thisproject would be excellent: it would serve as agood and timely bridge between the CCCCProgram and FUTURE, and it would be a forumfor interactions with outside groups (e.g.,ESSAS, ICES, etc.). As such, CFAME lendsthis proposal its full support. However, as themechanism for supporting the proposal was stillunder discussion, no specific requests or actionitems were recommended (it is expected thatMODEL will take the lead).PICES XVIIICFAME members were encouraged to proposeTopic Sessions for PICES XVIII (October 2009,Korea), but no sessions are currently suggested.Travel requests for 2008 (Agenda Item 7)Travel support is requested for:• 1 Korean scientist (Yellow Sea/East ChinaSea fish expert) and 1 North Americanscientist (California Current fish or planktonexpert) to attend the proposed inter-sessionalCFAME workshop (CFAME Endnote 3);this was identified as the highest priority forsuccessful completion of the CFAME workplan;• 1 CFAME member to attend the 2008ESSAS Annual Meeting in Halifax, Canada;this was identified as the second priority;while the Task Team felt it is good toencourage the collaboration and demonstratea desire to work with ESSAS, it was notedthat at least one CFAME member (andperhaps others) would already be attendingas a current ESSAS member.New business (Agenda Item 8)No new business was discussed.Rotation of membership (Agenda Item 9)It was clarified that Dr. Aydin would remain Co-Chairman throughout the coming year for thepurposes of inter-sessional work. Although he isunlikely to attend next year’s Annual Meeting,he may delegate Co-Chairman tasks to anotherNorth American scientist for that meeting.Announcements (Agenda Item 10)MODEL members announced the publication ofcollection of papers on NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH in a special issue of EcologicalModelling (March 2007, Vol. 202, Nos. 1–2, pp.1–224) on “Modeling of North Pacific MarineEcosystems” (Guest Editors: M.J. Kishi, B.A.Megrey, S.-I. Ito and F.E. Werner).238

CFAME-2007CFAME Endnote 1MembersVera Agostini (U.S.A.)Kerim Y. Aydin (U.S.A., Co-Chairman)William R. Crawford (Canada)George L. Hunt, Jr. (U.S.A.)Young-Shil Kang (Korea, Co-Chairman)Jacquelynne R. King (Canada)Gordon (Sandy) McFarlane (Canada)Brenda Norcross (U.S.A.)James E. Overland (U.S.A.)Akihiko Yatsu (Japan)Participation listObserversYongkyu Choi (Korea)Kenneth Drinkwater (ESSAS, Norway)Yeonghye Kim (Korea)Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.)Oleg Katugin (Russia)Thomas C. Wainwright (U.S.A.)CFAME Endnote 2CFAME meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. Adoption of agenda3. Review of CFAME accomplishments afterPICES XV:• CFAME inter-sessional workshop on“Linking climate-forcing mechanisms toindicators of species ecosystem-levelchanges: A comparative approach”• POC/CCCC Workshop on “Climatescenarios for ecosystem modeling” atPICES XVI• Elucidating dynamic responses of NorthPacific fish populations to climaticforcing: Influence of life-history strategy• Topic Sessions at PICES XVI4. Discussion of FUTURE5. Interactions with other groups onforecasting/future efforts• ESSAS• CAMEO• Ocean Acidification• FIS forecasting workshop6. Planning for 2008 and beyond7. Travel requests to future meetings8. New business9. Rotation of membership10. Announcements11. AdjournmentCFAME Endnote 3Proposal for a 3-day CFAME inter-sessional workshop on “Linking and visualizing climate-forcingmechanisms and marine ecosystem changes: A comparative approach”This inter-sessional workshop will bringtogether the three CFAME ecosystem teamswhich have been working together since May2007 on each of three selected ecosystems: theCalifornia Current, the Kuroshio/Oyashio, andthe Yellow Sea/East China Sea). Prior to theworkshop, team leaders for each set ofecosystem mechanism tables, Drs. VeraAgostini, Akihiko Yatsu and Young-Shil Kang(or a Korean invitee), will coordinate the reviewof details, providing explicit description ofprocesses and definition of terms. Initialrevisions can focus on 1–2 species (hake andsardine for the California Current; sardines andanchovy for the Kuroshio/Oyashio; hairtail andyellow croaker for the East China/Yellow Seas),but if possible, a revision will be attempted forall species that have already been completed.Other CFAME members will aid in this processby reviewing the tables and providingsuggestions for what needs to be clarified andbetter defined.239

CFAME-2007The purpose of this meeting is to examine therevisions made and review draft versions of thegraphic representations of ecosystemmechanisms and climate/ocean scenariosprovided by WG 20 prior to the meeting. A Co-Chairmen of WG 20 will be invited to attend theworkshop in order to receive immediatefeedback on revised descriptions of relevantphysical processes.At the workshop, each ecosystem team willcreate graphic representations of our currentknowledge of the physical processes impactingspecies’ population dynamics; one graphicrepresentation will be made for each of the threeselected ecosystems, showing likely impactsunder climate warming. This work is intendedfor both scientific publications (PICES ScientificReport and peer-reviewed manuscripts to bedrafted at the meeting) and for distribution to thebroad audience as part of PICES contributions toforecasting future ecosystem states.Date and location: April 2008, Honolulu,U.S.A.Recommended convenors: Kerim Y. Aydin,James E. Overland (U.S.A.) and Young-ShilKang (Korea).Travel request: 1 scientist from Korea (YellowSea/East China Sea fish expert) and 1 scientistfrom North America (California Current fish orplankton expert).CFAME Endnote 4Proposal for a 1½-day CCCC/POC workshop at PICES XVII on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling (II)”This workshop will include presentations frommembers of the CCCC Climate Forcing andMarine Ecosystem Task Team (CFAME) andthe POC Working Group on Evaluations ofClimate Change Projections (WG 20) onresearch activities related to applying outputfrom WG 20 regional climate models, or IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)global models, to CFAME ecosystem models.CFAME is developing conceptual and empiricalmodels of the mechanisms relating climateforcing to the population dynamics of speciesand to ecosystem processes. Their work hasfocused on three North Pacific ecosystems withdifferent dominant physical processes:(1) California Current System (boundary currentwith upwelling); (2) Kuroshio/Oyashio CurrentSystem (boundary currents); and (3) YellowSea/East China Sea region (freshwater input).WG 20 is developing higher resolution regionalcoupled atmosphere–ocean models forced byIPCC global or regional models to provideforecasts of regional parameters (such as SST,sea ice cover, and river discharge) that arerelevant to ecosystem processes.In May 2007 (Seattle, U.S.A.), October 2007(Victoria Canada), and April 2008 (Honolulu,U.S.A.), CFAME and WG 20 collaborated byproducing comparative ecosystem metrics,developing climate scenario downscaling, andinferring predicted ecosystem states fromclimate downscaling and summarized explicitmechanisms linking fish production to climate.This workshop is the culmination of that effort,bringing CFAME and WG 20 members togetherto discuss the results and present them to thebroader PICES community, with an emphasis toleading into the FUTURE integrated scientificprogram.Recommended convenors: Michael G. Foreman(Canada) and Gordon A. McFarlane (Canada).240

MODEL-2007REPORT OF MODEL TASK TEAMThe meeting of the MODEL Task Team(hereafter MODEL) was held from 09:00–12:30hours on October 28, 2007. The Co-Chairman,Dr. Thomas C. Wainwright, called the meetingto order and welcomed the participants (MODELEndnote 1). The other Co-Chairman ofMODEL, Dr. Wei Hao (China), was unable toattend the meeting. The draft agenda wasreviewed and adopted without changes (MODELEndnote 2).MODEL accomplishments after PICES XV(Agenda Item 3)Dr. Shin-ichi Ito reported on the FisheriesResearch Agency (FRA) international workshopon “Collaborative studies for ecosystemvariation and climate change in the NorthPacific” held October 21–23, 2006, at theNational Research Institute of Fisheries Sciencein Yokohama, Japan. The workshop wasconvened by Drs. Hiroya Sugisaki (FRA),Tsuneo Ono (FRA) and Ralf Georicke (ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, U.S.A.), and anumber of MODEL members and associatesparticipated. The goals of the workshop were to:• Compare long-term variation of CalCOFI/CCE-LTER and A-line/ODATE data;• Identify a set of “seeds” for collaborativestudies between A-line/ODATE programsand CalCOFI/CCE-LTER programs;• Examine the meaning of temporal variationsapparent in temporally and regionallyrestricted time-series observation data, withinputs from basin-scale and/or highresolutionmodel studies;• Elucidate potential biases in the data and, ifpossible, make a list of contrivances tocompensate for such biases in the dataanalysis.Follow-up plans from the workshop includecontinued efforts to compare data sets from thetwo areas, and the development of a hypothesizedscenario which is able to explain lower trophiclevel production in the Pacific Basin.Dr. Michio Kishi informed the participants thatthe NEMURO and NEMURO.FISH models arenow documented on the EUR-OCEANS ModelShopping Tool web site (www.eur-oceans.eu).Mr. Jake Schweigert reported on the Tri-nationalSardine Forum held in November 2006, inVancouver, Canada. This was the first time thatCanada has hosted the meeting, which includedrepresentatives from Canada, Mexico and theUnited States. The meeting was composed oftwo focus sessions, one on a coast-wide surveydesign, and a second on the role of sardines inthe ecosystem, which relates to MODEL workon incorporating sardine and anchovy into theNEMURO model suite.Dr. Wainwright presented an update on thecontinuing project “Software framework forintegrating marine ecosystem models” whichwas funded by NOAA in 2005 and is expectedto be completed in the spring of 2008. Theproject is embedding NEMURO code within theEarth Systems Modeling Framework (ESMF)which will make this code easier to integrateinto other U.S. Climate Change research efforts.To date, investigators have completed thedevelopment of an independent set of computercodes that replicates the published NEMUROmodel, created an ODE Solver module thatprovides four distinct solution methods,completed construction and testing of an OceanPhysics gridded component module for stationA7 within ESMF, and are currently embeddingthe NEMURO model into the ESMFsuperstructure.Dr. Yasuhiro Yamanaka reported on recentprogress with NEMURO applications in Japan.As part of a 5-year CREST (Core Research forEvolutional Science and Technology) project,coupled COCO-NEMURO applications withhigh spatial resolution (1/4 × 1/6 degree) weredeveloped for two domains: western NorthPacific (led by Dr. Taketo Hashioka) and global(led by Dr. Hiroshi Sumata). These projects will241

MODEL-2007utilize a number of plankton models, includingNEMURO, eNEMRUO, NEMURO(+Fe),NPZD, and PlankTOM5. These applications arecurrently in the testing stage, with completeanalysis to be finished by 2011. In associationwith this project, Dr. Takeshi Okunishi isbeginning to develop a sardine life-history andmigration model using NEMURO.SAN. Workis also being conducted on a number ofextensions to NEMURO. Dr. Naoki Yoshie iscontinuing to develop eNEMURO. Dr. Maki N.Aita is introducing iron cycles into NEMURO,and so far the results of this model matchSouthern Ocean observations much better thanthe original NEMURO. Dr. S. Lan Smith hasintroduced new multi-nutrient optimal kineticsinto NEMURO for cell quota model(QeNEMURO).Dr. Francisco E. Werner provided informationon the integration of NEMURO into theRegional Ocean Model System (ROMS) modelsuite. The code is still being tested, but seems tobe working properly. The code is available aspart of the current ROMS code downloadpackage (http://www.ocean-modeling.org).At PICES XVI, MODEL was involved withthree events (details can be found in the SessionSummaries chapter of this Annual Report):• A 1-day CCCC/FIS Topic Session (S3) on“Towards ecosystem-based management:Recent developments and successes in multispeciesmodeling”;• A 1-day POC/CCCC/MONITOR TopicSession (S9) on “Operational forecasts ofoceans and ecosystems”; and• a 1½-day POC/CCCC Workshop (W6) on“Climate scenarios for ecosystem modeling”.Discussion of FUTURE (Agenda Item 4)MODEL reviewed the latest available version(version 4.2) of a Science Plan for a new PICESscientific program, FUTURE (Forecasting andUnderstanding Trends, Uncertainty andResponses of North Pacific Ecosystems).Comments from MODEL are related more toimplementation than to the plan itself. Beyondcontinuing the current MODEL Task Teamwork, the following ideas have to be consideredfor FUTURE:• There should be clear linkages betweenlower trophic modeling work and climaterelatedanalyses (such as those of WG 20).There is a need to develop unified physics–biochemical–ecosystem models.• For developing modeling approaches inFUTURE, there is a need to look atforecasting uncertainty as part of a morediverse/flexible modeling approach that isable to respond to “surprises” (unexpectedresults or events that do not fit into existingmodeling approaches) and that can identifyemergent behaviors of the modeled system.“Thinking outside the box”, important torecognize when moving to new approaches,is required.• There is a need to make management a partof modeling by including bio-economicmodels and fish stock dynamics models inthe FUTURE tool suite.• The goal should be to move toward fullyintegrated(end-to-end) Earth Systemsmodels. This will require experts in areas notpresently represented among the PICESmodeling community, and who should beinvited to participate in the coming activities.Planning for 2008 and beyond (Agenda Item 5)Inter-sessional workshopsNo inter-sessional workshops are planned for2008.Topic Sessions at PICES XVIIDr. Wainwright presented a proposal for a 1-dayworkshop on “Assessing and expressinguncertainty in marine ecosystem forecasts:Moving models forward to the FUTURE” to takeplace at PICES XVII in Dalian. However, theTask Team felt that a broader scientific sessionwould be more useful for the transition from theCCCC Program to FUTURE and recommendedconvening a 1-day joint CCCC/POC TopicSession with co-convenors from all PICEScountries to encourage wide participation. Theproposed session is described in MODELEndnote 3.242

MODEL-2007Proposed future scientific workA number of suggestions for future modelingwork within PICES were discussed. These willnot be pursued under the CCCC Program, butcould become part of FUTURE. Dr. Kishi notedthe importance of modeling sea ice dynamicsand its effects on Arctic ecosystems. With theapparent sudden disappearance of Arctic Oceansea-ice, PICES should be prepared for such aneffort. He also suggested a project on “Bottomupecosystem-based management modelingusing NEMURO and NEMURO.SAN(BUMBAM.NEMURO)”. This project wouldtransition existing PICES models intomanagement analysis, and would link theNEMURO suite of models with managementorientedmodels such as Ecopath with Ecosim.Such work should be a high priority.Dr. Werner described opportunities forcollaborative work under U.S. GLOBEC’s panregionalsynthesis phase and the upcoming U.S.CAMEO (Comparative Analysis of MarineEcosystem Organization) program. Both effortsare focused on cross-system ecosystemcomparisons. U.S. GLOBEC pan-regionalsynthesis projects can compare any of the U.S.GLOBEC study areas with other worldecosystems. Proposals are due in January 2008,and total funding for the program is expected to beabout $2 million per year for 3 years. CAMEOhas an explicit management focus, but a higheroverall budget (about $10 million per year for 5years). It is expected that the focus will be onsupporting a few large sustained 5-year projectsrather than a large number of small projects. Thecall for proposals may be issued near the end of2007, with proposals due in the spring of 2008.Dr. Bernard A. Megrey described the EcosystemStudies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS), which isnow a new regional program under GLOBEC.The program has three Working Groups (climatechange, biophysical coupling, and ecosystemmodeling) with substantial PICES memberinvolvement. This is a possible source forcollaboration with MODEL.Dr. Megrey also requested MODEL support forthe creation of a new PICES project on “Marineecosystem model inter-comparisons” (MODELEndnote 4). This was originally written as aworking group proposal, but was modified to aPICES project on advice from the Secretariat.MODEL strongly endorsed the proposed workas necessary for the implementation ofFUTURE, and supports creating an independentproject so that work can proceed beforeFUTURE is fully in place. MODEL suggested a3-year time frame which would be sufficient toaccomplish the initial project goals, but will stillallow the work to be integrated into FUTUREwhen that program is operational. It was furthersuggested that a small planning group be formedimmediately to prepare for an initial workshop,co-sponsored by PICES and ESSAS, to be heldat PICES XVII (MODEL Endnote 5).Other planned meetings/workshopsDr. Kishi is the lead organizer of the secondCREAMS/PICES Summer School to be held inAugust 2008, in Hakodate, Japan. The theme ofthe school is biomass-based management, andlectures will focus on calculation of the “ecologicalfootprint” and how to design an ecosystemmanagement program (BIO Endnote 7).Requests for travel (Agenda Item 6)Travel support is requested for:• 1 invited speaker for the CCCC/POC TopicSession on “Marine system forecast models:Moving forward to the FUTURE” (tentativetitle) at PICES XVII;• 1 invited speaker for the CCCC/ESSASworkshop on “Marine model inter-comparisonproject” at PICES XVII.Rotation of membership (Agenda Item 8)It was noted that MODEL lacks members fromCanada and Russia, and that some membersfrom other countries are not regular attendees atthe meetings. Given that MODEL will bereorganized with the closing of the CCCCProgram next year, there is no urgency torequest new members at this time.243

MODEL-2007MODEL Endnote 1MembersParticipation listObserversShin-ichi Ito (Japan)Michio J. Kishi (Japan)Bernard A. Megrey (U.S.A.)Goh Onitsuka (Japan)Jake Schweigert (Canada)Thomas C. Wainwright (U.S.A., Co-Chairman)Francisco E. Werner (U.S.A.)Yury I. Zuenko (Russia)Vera Agostini (U.S.A.)Fei Chai (U.S.A.)Taketo Hashioka (Japan)Yasuhiro Yamanaka (Japan)MODEL Endnote 2MODEL meeting agenda1. Welcome and introduction2. Adoption of agenda3. Review of MODEL accomplishments afterPICES XV:a. FRA international workshop on“Collaborative studies for ecosystemvariation and climate change in theNorth Pacific” (November 2006,Yokohama, Japan)b. NEMURO model information includedin EUR-OCEANS projectc. Tri-national Sardine Forum (November2006, Vancouver, Canada)d. Status of NOAA project “Softwareframework for integrating marineecosystem models”e. Progress in coupling NEMURO andNEMURO.FISH models with higherresolution ocean circulation modelsunder CREST program (Y. Yamanaka)and within ROMSf. Brief discussion/review/preview ofworkshops and scientific sessions atPICES XVI4. Discussion of FUTURE5. Planning for 2008 and beyonda. Inter-sessional workshopsb. PICES XVII (October 2008, Dalian,China) – proposals for Topic Sessionsand workshops.c. Proposals for future scientific workd. 2008 CREAMS/PICES Summer Schoole. PICES XVIII (October 2009, Korea)6. Requests for travel to future meetings7. Other new business8. Rotation of membership9. Announcements10. AdjournmentMODEL Endnote 3Proposal for a 1-day CCCC/POC Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Marine system forecast models: Moving forward to the FUTURE”As marine system models mature, they areincreasingly used to forecast future conditions,both for understanding potential effects ofclimate change and for projecting systemresponses to management activities. Inparticular, the PICES FUTURE Program isfocused on forecasting and understanding theresponses of North Pacific marine systems toclimate change and human activities. This workwill reach beyond the models currently used bythe PICES community to include models thatprovide system forecasts, assess uncertainty, andlink together multiple levels of systemorganization. Achieving meaningful forecaststhat are useful for management of marineresources will require cross-disciplinary244

MODEL-2007approaches that link processes ranging fromatmospheric and ocean physics, through biologyto socio-economic systems. This session willfocus on multidisciplinary coupled modelsdesigned to forecast marine systems in thePICES region, including both strategic (longterm)and tactical (short-term) forecasts linkingacross two or more disciplines (such as physicaloceanography, climate, ecosystem dynamics,marine resource management, or socioeconomicsystems). Presentations describingapproaches to assessing and communicating thereliability (or uncertainty) of coupled marinesystem forecasts are particularly encouraged.MODEL Endnote 4Proposal for a PICES project on “Marine ecosystem model inter-comparisons”Rational and justificationPast PICES modeling activity has concentratedon the development of the NEMURO family ofmodels. The strategy of NEMURO was todevelop and apply the same model to multiplelocations in order to remove the “model”confounding effect and isolate localized orspecies effects. This process is moving forwardand applications of the NEMURO family ofmodels are progressing in several ecosystems inthe North Atlantic as well as in the North Pacific(NEMURO special volume in EcologicalModelling, Vol. 202, ICES Annual ScienceMeeting, 2007).Alternatively, when a single “correct” modelcannot be identified a priori, a suite of modelscan be applied to the same system to determinenot only which models are appropriate, but alsothe range of outcomes that may be expected.This is similar to the IPCC procedure forevaluating alternative climate models, a processthat has been widely accepted. We propose toimplement the same model evaluation process,except that we plan to use marine ecosystemmodels instead of climate prediction models.Thus, the idea behind the proposed project is toapply multiple ecosystem models to the samelocation/species and to use an ensemble modelforecast to identify and compare predicted andobserved responses of marine ecosystem typesto global changes. To our knowledge thisexercise has not been carried out with marineecosystem models although other recent modelcomparison exercises have been undertakenusing NPZ models (Friedrichs 2001; Friedrichset al. 2007; Friedrichs and Hofmann 2001;Friedrichs et al. 2006; Hood et al. 2006) andEcopath models (Taylor and Wolff 2007). AlsoPlagányi (2007) recently conducted an in depthqualitative analysis of the characteristics, datarequirements and outputs of a large number ofmodels appropriate for addressing managementof fisheries in an ecosystem context.Modeling is a central approach for comparativeanalyses of ecosystems, i.e. concerning thestructures, functioning and impact responses ofmarine ecosystems. It is important for processand modeling studies to identify if interrelationshipsamongst physical and biologicalvariables are the same in different locations orwhether certain relationships vary geographically,or if the conclusions are dependent on theparticular applied modeling tool.The ability to evaluate the range of ecosystemresponse from different modeling approacheswill produce valuable outcomes. Through thisprocess, we hope to be able to identify andcharacterize components of the major marineecosystems which are likely to be affected at anearly stage by global changes, to understand theresponses to global change of each componentof the ecosystem, focusing primarily onzooplankton which provide the prey base forupper trophic level fish species, and to useecosystem models to pinpoint and comparepredicted and observed responses of marineecosystem types to global changes. We will alsobe able to detect which of the candidate modelsare the most successful at hind-casting in each ofthe ecosystems chosen for study.A key outcome of these comparisons will be toidentify “early-warning” indicators of largescaleecosystem changes, and to learn the extent245

MODEL-2007to which these indicators are similar among avariety of ecosystems when multiple systems areanalyzed. Early identification of potentialindicators will provide opportunities formonitoring and assessment through plannedfield and modeling activities.Comparative analysis is a valuable scientificactivity since the size and complexity of marineecosystems precludes conducting controlled insitu experiments. Comparative analysis is also apowerful procedure to underscore importantsimilarities and differences between and amongecosystems.We propose to use several species of copepodsand Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) as themodeled indicator species. Modeling the lowertrophic level with minimally ecologicallycomplex models makes the modeling task easierwith respect to parameterizing and configuringmultiple models. These candidate species arewidely distributed in the North Pacific, are wellstudied, and have what we believe to beecological equivalents in the North Atlantic, thusfacilitating collaboration with North Atlanticcolleagues. For many, there also existsubstantial, high quality time series. The finaldecision of the indicator species on which tofocus will be decided by the working group oncedata sets are assembled and evaluated.Project activities• Prepare terms of reference;• Evaluate and select potential models forcomparison and their data needs. The Eur-Oceans Model Shopping Tool (www.euroceans.eu/WP3.1/shopping_tool/about.php)provides a large array of documentedcandidate models to choose from;• Identify location(s) for comparisons;• Identify comparison protocols;• Compare model data needs against locationdata availability and compatibility;• Identify the most appropriate indicatorspecies, such as krill, to be used as the“metric” for correct model behavior.Appropriate reasons for selection mightinclude: Pacific basin-wide distribution, wellstudied-known life history and biology,abundant data for model validation andcalibration;• Plan “pseudo-controlled” experiment;• Evaluate results;• Make recommendations;• Note implications for resource managers orthose studying the impact of climate changeon marine ecosystems;• Report results in PICES scientific reportsand peer-reviewed scientific papers.ParticipantsThis depends partially on the geographic locationon which the project is going to focus. Weanticipate involvement of a total of 15–20scientists, with one or two from each PICESmember country and other scientists to be selectedbecause of their familiarity with models that haveoriginated outside the PICES region. Additionalexperts on the data sets available and on the lifehistory of chosen organisms may be invited toparticipate during the process of selecting modelorganisms and ecosystem(s) to be modeled.Sponsorship: ESSAS, PICESCritical scientific linkages• ESSAS Working Group on ModelingEcosystem Response,• PICES MODEL Task Team• PICES Working Group on ComparativeEcology of Krill in Coastal and OceanicWaters around the Pacific RimReferencesFriedrichs, M.A.M. 2001. A data assimilativemarine ecosystem model of the centralequatorial Pacific: Numerical twinexperiments. Journal of Marine Research59(6): 859–894.Friedrichs, M.A.M., Dusenberry, J.A.,Anderson, L.A., Armstrong, R.A., Chai, F.,Christian, J.R., Doney, S.C., Dunne, J.,Fujii, M., Hood, R., McGillicuddy, D.J.,Moore, J.K., Schartau, M., Spitz, Y.H., andWiggert, J.D. 2007. Assessment of skill andportability in regional marine biogeochemicalmodels: Role of multiple246

MODEL-2007planktonic groups. Journal of GeophysicalResearch-Oceans 112(C8): doi:10.1029/2006JC003852.Friedrichs, M.A.M., and Hofmann, E.E. 2001.Physical control of biological processes inthe central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 48(4): 1023–1069.Friedrichs, M.A.M., Hood, R.R., and Wiggert,J.D. 2006. Ecosystem model complexityversus physical forcing: Quantification oftheir relative impact with assimilatedArabian Sea data. Deep-Sea Research II53(5-7): 576–600.Hood, R.R., Laws, E.A., Armstrong, R.A.,Bates, N.R., Brown, C.W., Carlson, C.A.,Chai, F., Doney, S.C., Falkowski, P.G.,Feely, R.A., Friedrichs, M.A.M., Landry,M.R., Moore, J.K., Nelson, D.M.,Richardson, T.L., Salihoglu, B., Schartau,M., Toole, D.A., and Wiggert, J.D. 2006.Pelagic functional group modeling:Progress, challenges and prospects. Deep-Sea Research II 53(5-7): 459–512.Plagányi, E.E. 2007. Models for an ecosystemapproach to fisheries. Rome; Food andAgricultural Organization of the UnitedNations, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper477. 108 pp.Taylor, M.H., and Wolff, M. 2007. Trophicmodeling of Eastern Boundary CurrentSystems: a review and prospectus forsolving the “Peruvian Puzzle”. RevistaPeruana Biologia 14(1): 87–100.MODEL Endnote 5Proposal for a 1-day CCCC/ESSAS workshop at PICES XVII on“Marine ecosystem model inter-comparisons”Comparative analysis is a valuable scientificactivity because the size and complexity ofmarine ecosystems precludes conductingcontrolled in situ experiments. It is also apowerful technique for understanding theimportant similarities and differences betweenand among ecosystems. Modelling is a centralapproach to comparative analyses of ecosystemstructure, function and responses. It is importantto understand whether inter-relationships amongphysical, chemical and biological variables varygeographically, and the extent to which anyparticular conclusions depend on the model usedto derive them. The model inter-comparisonproject will use different models to developforecasts of different ecosystems and will usedifferent models to compare forecasts of thesame location/species. The intention of theproject is to develop ensemble model forecaststo compare predicted and observed responses ofmarine ecosystem types to global changes–similar to the widely-accepted approach used bythe IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange) to evaluate alternative climate models.The project will implement the same modelevaluation process with marine ecosystemmodels rather than climate prediction models. Amajor goal of the workshop is to begin planningthe work of the project. Workshop activities willinclude: (1) nomination and discussion ofpotential models (and their data needs) tocompare (the Eur-Oceans Model Shopping Tool,http://www.eur-oceans.eu/WP3.1/shopping_tool/about.php, provides a large array of documentedmodels from which to choose); (2) nominatelocation(s) for comparisons; (3) identifycomparison protocols to compare modelperformance, given data needs against locationdata availability and compatibility; (4) identifythe most appropriate indicator species on whichto base comparisons, such as krill, as the “metric”for correct model behavior; and (5) plan “pseudocontrolled”experiments. Workshop participantsshould have at least one of the followingcharacteristics: (1) be familiar with ecosystemmodels from beyond the PICES region; (2) beknowledgeable about running models; (3) beexperts on the life histories of selected organismsand data associated with them; and (4) have abroad perspective on marine ecosystems.Recommended convenors: Bernard A. Megrey(U.S.A.) and an Asian scientist (TBD).247

CREAMS-AP-2007REPORT OF ADVISORY PANEL ON CREAMS/PICES PROGRAMIN EAST ASIAN MARGINAL SEASThe Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICESProgram in East Asian Marginal Seas (hereafterCREAMS-AP) was established in 2005, and mettwice during 2006. The first meeting wasconvened on April 11–12, 2006, in Seoul,Korea, hosted by the Seoul National University,and the second meeting was held on October 15,2006, at PICES XV in Yokohama, Japan.Recommendations from the 2006 meetings(CREAMS-AP Endnote 1) formed the basis foractivities in 2007.In 2007, the Panel had again two meetings: onMay 18, in Qingdao, China, hosted by the FirstInstitute of Oceanography of the State OceanicAdministration (CREAMS-AP Endnote 2), andon October 27, 2007, at PICES XVI in Victoria,Canada (CREAMS-AP Endnote 4).Both meetings discussed recent results and planson activities related to the CREAMS/PICESprogram in China, Japan, Korea and Russia,needs and possibilities for cooperative researchand the role of PICES in their coordination,collaboration with existing monitoring effortsand other related organizations/programs in thearea, capacity building issues, presentation andpublication of the results (CREAMS-APEndnotes 3 and 5). The following is a summaryof the outcomes from these meetings (and theirrelation to the appropriate recommendations (R)from 2006).Research activities:• The Panel agreed on the need to carry outthe cooperative physical–biological coupledstudy related to the recruitment process ofpelagic fish and squid in the East China Sea,Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea and Japan/East Seaunder the CREAMS/PICES Program. [R1]• Joint Russian–Korean observations along132ºE will continue. The next survey,organized by the Pacific OceanologicalInstitute and Seoul National University, isexpected to take place in May 2007, aboardthe R/V Professor Gagarinsky. [R2]• Three joint Japanese–Korean cruises withsampling for trace elements (as a part of theAsian GEOTRACERS program), aboard theR/Vs Hakuho Maru, Tansei Maru andNagasaki Maru, will cover the major part ofthe Japan/East Sea and the East China Sea in2008/2009. [R1-R3]• A joint Chinese–Korean study of the watercirculation dynamics and its effects on themarine environment of the Yellow Sea willbe proposed to advance our knowledge onthis Large Marine Ecosystem and to furthercooperative research between the twocountries. [R1]Capacity building activities:• The first CREAMS/PICES Summer Schoolon “Ocean circulation and ecosystemmodeling” (co-sponsored by the SeoulNational University, the Korean Ocean andResearch Development Institute, the KoreanMinistry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries,the National Fisheries Research andDevelopment Institute, and the Brain Korea21 (BK 21) Program of the Korean Ministryof Education and Human Resources) washeld in August 2006, in Busan, Korea, inconjunction with the CREAMS/PICESworkshop on “Model-data inter-comparisonfor the Japan/East Sea”. More than 30students from 9 countries (including allPICES member countries) attended lectures,seminars and practical exercises. [R4]• After this successful effort, there is a plan toorganize the second CREAMS/PICESSummer School on “Biomass-basedmanagement and ecosystem approach” to beheld from August 23-26, 2008 (tentativedates), at Hokkaido University, in Hakodate,Japan. Potential co-sponsors include: theJapanese Society for Promotion of Science(JSPS), the Hokkaido University Sustainable249

CREAMS-AP-2007Government Project and the Asia PacificNetwork. There is an intention to invite tothis school young scientists not only fromPICES member countries, but also fromSouth East Asian countries. [R4]• Planning is also in progress for the firstCREAMS/PICES Winter School on “Fieldsurvey of sea ice area”. Originally, theschool was proposed to be organized in lateFebruary or early March 2008, inVladivostok, Russia, but it will be postponedfor 1 year to resolve funding and logisticalproblems. [R4]• The third CREAMS/PICES Summer Schoolon “Recent methods of investigating red-tideorganisms and controlling red tides” wasplanned for August 2009, in Busan, Korea.It is now possible that the theme will changeto “Satellite oceanography”. In 2009, aKorean satellite will be launched so timing forthis event is good. [R4]New funding:• In order to get financial support for theCREAMS/ PICES international research andcapacity building activities, a jointJapanese–Korean–Chinese project entitled“Marine ecosystem response related toclimate change in East Asian marginal seas”was proposed under the A3 ForesightProgram (August 2007–July 2010) to JSPS,KOSEF (Korean Science and EngineeringFoundation) and NSF (National ScienceFoundation) of China. Unfortunately, theproposal was rejected by JSPS, but will bere-submitted next year. [R1-R4]Publications:• A book on “Fisheries Oceanography in theJapan Sea” will be published by the end of2007 in Russian, with figure captions andtables in both Russian and English. Itcould be useful to translate this book intoEnglish sometime later.• Manuscripts submitted for a special issueof Journal of Marine Systems (GuestEditors: K.-I. Chang, S.-I. Ito, C. Mooersand J.-H. Yoon) resulting from theCREAMS/PICES workshop on “Model/data inter-comparison for the Japan/EastSea” are under review. It is expected thatthe volume will be published in 2008.CREAMS/PICES Program as a component ofFUTURE:• Plans of the CREAMS/PICES Program asan international integrated multidisciplinaryresearch of the East Asia marginal seas arein accordance with directions for the PICESnew PICES scientific program, FUTURE(Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainty and Responses of North PacificEcosystems). The major contribution of theCREAMS/PICES program to FUTURE is acoordination of international activities on aregional level.Next meetings:• Two CREAMS-AP meetings are expected tobe held in 2008. A spring meeting wasplanned for April or May in Vladivostok,but will be likely moved to another venuedue to funding constraints. A fall meetingwill be held at PICES XVII (Dalian, China).CREAMS-AP Endnote 1Recommendations from 2006 CREAMS-AP meetingsR1 To support continuation and development ofexisting national observational programsand, when possible, their coordination,including exchange information on cruiseschedules, and data, samples, personnel andequipment sharing;R2 To continue Russian–Korean observationsalong the repeated north–south sections inthe Japan/East Sea (JES), and to start(beginning 2007) Korean–Japanese observationsalong the repeated west–eastsections in the southern part of JES; moreecological parameters should be added to theobservational programs;R3 To implement a comprehensive internationalbasin-scale survey of JES and adjacent areasin summer 2009; the survey should includehydrographic, chemical and biological250

CREAMS-AP-2007observations, sampling for trace elements(as a part of the Asian GEOTRACERSprogram), and observations carried outunder regional national programs;R4 To develop a CREAMS/PICES CapacityBuilding Program that will provide on-sitetraining through international research ateducational laboratories, training camps,inter-calibration centers, etc., and toorganize summer and winter schools forstudents and young researchers;R5 To collaborate with NEAR-GOOS on thedevelopment of an observing system,expansion of observational parameters anddata sources (e.g., more satellite data), andimprovement of international data exchangein the region;R6 To strongly support PICES activities relatedto the development of the GOOS componentfor the North Pacific;R7 To provide frequent updates on progress ofthe CREAMS/PICES Program via thePICES website, and to publish in 2006 briefinformation on the program in a specialissue of Oceanography (by TOS).CREAMS-AP Endnote 2Third CREAMS-AP meeting: Participation list (May 18, 2007, Qingdao, China)MembersToshitaka Gamo (Japan)Kyung-Ryul Kim (Korea, Co-Chairman)Sumei Liu (China)Yasunori Sakurai (Japan, Co-Chairman)Fei Yu (China)Yury I. Zuenko (Russia)CREAMS-AP Endnote 3Third CREAMS-AP meeting agenda (May 18, 2007, Qingdao, China)1. Opening remarks2. Approval of previous reports and agenda ofthe meeting3. National reports on activities and plansrelated to CREAMS/PICES program4. Progress on international cooperation onJapan/East Sea studies• Japan-Korea cooperation• Korea-Russia cooperation5. Discussion on role of PICES in researchcoordination6. Capacity building activities• 2008 CREAMS/PICES Summer School• CREAMS/PICES International Researchand Educational Laboratory7. Discussion on existing monitoring and dataexchange systems in the region• NEAR-GOOS, GOOS, GRAND, GEOSS• GEOTRACES8. CREAMS-AP role in FUTURE: EAST-II9. Miscellaneous items• Special publications• A3 proposal• Next CREAMS-AP meeting and others10. ClosureCREAMS-AP Endnote 4Fourth CREAMS-AP meeting: Participation list (October 27, 2007, Victoria, Canada)MembersYasunori Sakurai (Japan, Co-Chairman)Sinjae Yoo (Korea)Yury I. Zuenko (Russia)ObserversKyung Il Chang (Korea)Dong-Jing Kang (Korea)Kuh Kim (Korea)Michio Kishi (Japan)251

CREAMS-AP-2007CREAMS-AP Endnote 5Fourth CREAMS-AP meeting agenda (October 27, 2007, Victoria, Canada)1. Opening remarks (Y. Sakurai)2. National reports on activities and plansrelated to CREAMS/PICES program:• Korea EAST-1 program: Workshop onthe Korean EAST-I Program (June orJuly 2008, in Seoul)• Russian surveys• Recent activities of Japan-GLOBEC andprojects related to the CREAMS/PICESprogram3. Capacity building activities:• Korea-China-Japan GLOBEC symposium(December 2007, Hakodate, Japan)• CREAMS/PICES Summer School onBiomass-based management (August2008, Hakodate, Japan)• CREAMS/PICES Winter School on“Field survey of sea ice area” (Februaryor March 2009, Vladivostok, Russia)• Workshop on “Flux studies in marginalseas” (spring 2009)• CREAMS/PICES Summer School onRecent methods of investigating red-tideorganisms and controlling red tides(planned for 2009 or 2010, Korea)• CREAMS/PICES International Researchand Educational Laboratory4. CREAMS-AP role in FUTURE5. Miscellaneous items:• Book on “Fisheries Oceanography inthe Japan Sea”• Special issue of Journal of MarineSystems on “Model-data intercomparisonfor the Japan/East Sea” –set of selected papers from the 2006CREAMS/PICES workshop• 4 th PICES workshop on “The OkhotskSea and adjacent areas” (August 2008,Abashiri, Japan)• A3 proposal and other proposals• Next CREAMS-AP meeting and others6. Closure252

CPR-AP-2007REPORT OF ADVISORY PANEL ON CONTINUOUS PLANKTONRECORDER SURVEY IN THE NORTH PACIFICThe Advisory Panel on Continuous PlanktonRecorder Survey in the North Pacific (hereafterCPR-AP) met from 18:00–20:00 hours onOctober 28, 2007, under the chairmanship ofDr. Charles B. Miller. The list of participantsand the meeting agenda can be found in CPR-APEndnotes 1 and 2.Funding for the North Pacific CPR project(Agenda Item 1)The Advisory Panel focused on the increasingfinancial strain on the North Pacific CPRproject, details of which were presented byDrs. Sonia D. Batten (Principal Investigator ofthe project) and William J. Sydeman (PrincipleInvestigator of bird observations along the CPRlines).Funding of the east–west CPR transect(Vancouver–Yokohama) by the North PacificResearch Board (NPRB) has been reduced tohalf of the level for 2007, enough for just onefull CPR line in 2008. The seabird programfunding has not yet been renewed, althoughsome residual funds may support the write-up ofthe completed transects. The status of theseresidual funds, if any, is uncertain because of thedeparture of Dr. Sydeman from the Point ReyesBird Observatory. It is also not clear wherefurther seabird observing funding may comefrom since the current NPRB RFP does notinclude an appropriate category. Funding of thenorth–south CRP transect (Cook Inlet–Vancouver) will be terminated by the ExxonValdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC)after 2007. A proposal to National ScienceFoundation (NSF) has not yet received adecision from that agency. That proposal withuncertain prospects required participation by aU.S. investigator, and Dr. Russell Hopcroft(University of Alaska, Fairbanks) is a Co-Principal Investigator on the proposal. Insummer 2007, Dr. Batten had also approachedFisheries and Oceans Canada, and there is apossibility of some support after April 2008. Ifthe NSF proposal fails, the plan for 2008 is thatthe CPR parent agency, the Sir Alister HardyFoundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), mayitself support a few north–south runs in 2008 toavoid losing continuity in the time series, but itcannot support work-up of the collectedsamples. Other funding must be found for that.It was agreed that the Advisory Panel continueto endorse the CPR project, for which 2008 willbe the eighth year, and proposed that acombination of agencies in the United States andCanada supporting marine science activities inthe North Pacific be asked to form a consortiumto fund the continuation of the CPR project.Member agencies of this consortium wouldcontribute modest sums totaling to minimalfinancial support of the CPR project, and wouldreceive recognition for its future scientificaccomplishments. A draft letter was preparedafter the meeting, presented to the ScienceBoard by Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp (MONITORChairman), revised according to the ScienceBoard’s recommendations, and sent to suitableagencies by the PICES Executive Secretary.Scientific activities of the project (AgendaItem 2)A report on current scientific efforts and resultsfor North Pacific plankton was presented byDr. Batten at the meeting of MONITOR onOctober 31, 2007. The content of her talk issummarized in the minutes from that meeting.Strength of the North Pacific CPR project is thatits results are not shelved for eventual evaluationbut are promptly analyzed and published.Dr. Sydeman reported on potential papers thathe, working with Dr. David Hyrenbach andMr. Michael Henry, will generate from the birdobservations along the east–west transect.253

CPR-AP-2007Advantages of this data set are that allobservations were made by one observer(Michael Henry), rigorous routines and modes ofquantification were developed in advance of thestudy, and the wide geographic range and habitatvariation (e.g., shelf waters to oceanic reaches)of the observations demonstrated strong andrecurring shifts in the seabird community. TheAdvisory Panel urged that this reporting becompleted with all deliberate speed.CPR-AP Endnote 1MembersSonia D. Batten (Canada, SAHFOS)David L. Mackas (Canada)Charles B. Miller (U.S.A., Chairman)Jeffrey M. Napp (U.S.A.)Vladimir I. Radchenko (Russia)Participation listObserversWilliam R. Crawford (Canada)Michael Henry (U.S.A.)David Hyrenbach (U.S.A.)Phillip R. Mundy (U.S.A.)William J. Sydeman (U.S.A.)Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan)CPR-AP Endnote 2CPR-AP meeting agenda1. Funding for the North Pacific CPR project 2. Scientific activities of the project.254

IFEP-AP-2007REPORT OF ADVISORY PANEL ON IRON FERTILIZATIONEXPERIMENT IN THE SUBARCTIC PACIFIC OCEANThe final meeting of the Advisory Panel on IronFertilization Experiment in the Subarctic PacificOcean (hereafter IFEP-AP) was held from19:00–21:00 hours on October 30, 2007. ThePanel Co-Chairmen, Drs. Shigenobu Takeda andC.S. Wong called the meeting to order andwelcomed the participants (IFEP-AP Endnote 1).The draft agenda was reviewed and adopted(IFEP-AP Endnote 2). As the Advisory Panelhas completed its terms of reference and will bedisbanded in 2007, the Co-Chairmen expressedappreciation to the IFEP-AP members and to allscientists involved in international collaborativemeso-scale iron enrichment field experimentsdeveloped, through the Advisory Panel, underthe umbrella of PICES. SERIES (SubarcticEcosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study)was performed in the eastern subarctic Pacific insummer of 2002, and SEEDS-I and SEEDS-II(Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment forEcosystem Dynamics Study) were conducted inthe western subarctic Pacific in the summers of2001 and 2004, respectively.Publications (Agenda Item 3)Important new findings from the first two ironenrichment field experiments were published inScience (SEEDS-I: Tsuda et al., 2003, 300:958–961) and Nature (SERIES: Boyd et al.,2004, 428: 549–553). More detailed resultsfrom these experiments were communicated inspecial issues of Progress in Oceanography,2005, Vol. 64, Nos. 2-4, pp. 91–324 (SEEDS-I)and Deep-Sea Research II, 2006, Vol. 53, Nos.20-22, pp. 2005–2454 (SERIES).A synthesis paper on SEEDS-II entitled“Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazingreduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLCecosystem to iron enrichment in the westernsubarctic Pacific” by Tsuda et al. will bepublished in the Journal of Oceanography inDecember 2007 (Vol. 63, pp. 983–994).A special issue of Deep-Sea Research II onSEEDS-II is under preparation and is expectedto be published in 2009 (Guest Editors: AtsushiTsuda, Mark L. Wells, Mitsuo Uematsu andHiroaki Saito). Sixteen papers have beensubmitted for this volume and 2 more paperswill be submitted soon.Papers related to SEEDS and SERIES that havebeen published in, or are being submitted to,peer-reviewed journals are listed in IFEP-APEndnote 3.Proposal of a new Working Group (AgendaItem 4)IFEP-AP discussed and finalized the title, termsof reference and potential membership of a newPICES Working Group on Iron Supply and itsImpact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems inthe North Pacific Ocean (IFEP-AP Endnote 4).The new Working Group should includeexperimentalists and modelers working on ironbiogeochemistry and its impact on biologicalproductivity and marine ecosystems.Atmospheric scientists have to be part of thegroup because atmospheric dust deposition isone of the key iron supply processes to the NorthPacific Ocean. Iron could be a potentialregulator of harmful algal blooms (HABs) incoastal ecosystems, and relevant experts shouldbe included. The new Working Group will beproposed at the BIO Committee meeting.255

IFEP-AP-2007IFEP-AP Endnote 1MembersPaul J. Harrison (Canada)Jun Nishioka (Japan)Hiroaki Saito (Japan)Shigenobu Takeda (Japan, Co-Chairman)Atsushi Tsuda (Japan)C.S. Wong (Canada, Co-Chairman)Participation listObserversFei Chai (U.S.A.)James Christian (Canada)Masa Fujii (Japan)Tsuneo Ono (Japan)Vera Trainer (U.S.A.)Emmy Wong (Canada)IFEP-AP Endnote 21. Welcome and opening remarks2. Adoption of agendaIFEP-AP meeting agenda3. Recent publications4. Proposal of a new working groupIFEP-AP Endnote 3IFEP-AP PublicationsSpecial issue: “Results from the SubarcticPacific Iron Experiment for EcosystemDynamics Study (SEEDS-I)”Progress in Oceanography, 2005, Vol. 64, Nos.2–4, pp. 91–324 (Guest Editor: A. Tsuda).P.J. Harrison. Editorial. pp. 91–93.S. Takeda and A. Tsuda. An in situ ironenrichmentexperiment in the westernsubarctic Pacific (SEEDS): Introduction andsummary. pp. 95–109.D. Tsumune, J. Nishioka, A. Shimamoto, S.Takeda and A. Tsuda. Physical behavior ofthe SEEDS iron-fertilized patch by sulphurhexafluoride tracer release. pp. 111–127.M. Kinugasa, T. Ishita, Y. Sohrin, K. Okamura,S. Takeda, J. Nishioka and A. Tsuda.Dynamics of trace metals during thesubarctic Pacific iron experiment forecosystem dynamics study (SEEDS2001).pp. 129–147.Y. Noiri, I. Kudo, H. Kiyosawa, J. Nishioka andA. Tsuda. Influence of iron and temperatureon growth, nutrient utilization ratios andphytoplankton species composition in thewestern subarctic Pacific Ocean during theSEEDS experiment. pp. 149–166.K. Suzuki, A. Hinuma, H. Saito, H. Kiyosawa,H. Liu, T. Saino and A. Tsuda. esponses ofphytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria inthe northwest subarctic Pacific to in situ ironfertilization as estimated by HPLC pigmentanalysis and flow cytometry. pp. 167–187.A. Tsuda, H. Kiyosawa, A. Kuwata, M.Mochizuki, N. Shiga, H. Saito, S. Chiba, K.Imai, J. Nishioka and T. Ono. Responses ofdiatoms to iron-enrichment (SEEDS) in thewestern subarctic Pacific, temporal andspatial comparisons. pp. 189–205.I. Kudo, Y. Noiri, K. Imai, Y. Nojiri, J. Nishiokaand A. Tsuda. Primary productivity andnitrogenous nutrient assimilation dynamicsduring the Subarctic Pacific Iron Experimentfor Ecosystem Dynamics Study. pp. 207–221.H. Saito, K. Suzuki, A. Hinuma, T. Ota, K.Fukami, H. Kiyosawa, T. Saino and A.Tsuda. Responses of microzooplankton to insitu iron fertilization in the western subarcticPacific (SEEDS). pp. 223–236.A. Tsuda, H. Saito, J. Nishioka and T. Ono.Mesozooplankton responses to ironfertilizationin the western subarctic Pacific(SEED S2001). pp. 237–251.256

IFEP-AP-2007N. Ramaiah, S. Takeda, K. Furuya, T.Yoshimura, J. Nishioka, T. Aono, Y. Nojiri,K. Imai, I. Kudo, H. Saito and A. Tsuda.Effect of iron enrichment on the dynamicsof transparent exopolymer particles in thewestern subarctic Pacific. pp. 253–261.T. Aono, M. Yamada, I. Kudo, K. Imai, Y.Nojiri and A. Tsuda. Export fluxes ofparticulate organic carbon estimated from234Th/238U disequilibrium during theSubarctic Pacific Iron Experiment forEcosystem Dynamics Study (SEEDS 2001).pp. 263–282.N. Yoshie, M. Fujii and Y. Yamanaka.Ecosystem changes after the SEEDS ironfertilization in the western North Pacificsimulated by a one-dimensional ecosystemmodel. pp. 283–306.M. Fujii, N. Yoshie, Y. Yamanaka and F. Chai.Simulated biogeochemical responses to ironenrichments in three high nutrient, lowchlorophyll (HNLC) regions. pp. 307–324.Special issue: “Canadian SOLAS: SubarcticEcosystem Response to Iron Enrichment(SERIES)”Deep-Sea Research II, 2006, Vol. 53, Nos. 20–22, pp. 2005–2454 (Guest Editors: P.J.Harrison, P.W. Boyd, M. Levasseur, A. Tsuda,R.B. Rivkin, S.O. Roy and W.L. Miller).Dedication to Dr. Moire Wadleigh. p. 2005.P.J. Harrison. SERIES (subarctic ecosystemresponse to iron enrichment study): ACanadian–Japanese contribution to ourunderstanding of the iron–ocean–climateconnection. pp. 2006–2011.C.S. Law, W.R. Crawford, M.J. Smith, P.W.Boyd, C.S. Wong, Y. Nojiri, M. Robert,E.R. Abraham, W.K. Johnson, V. Forslandand M. Arychuk. Patch evolution and thebiogeochemical impact of entrainmentduring an iron fertilisation experiment in thesub-Arctic Pacific. pp. 2012–2033.D.A. Timothy, C.S. Wong, Y. Nojiri, D.C.Ianson and F.A. Whitney. The effects ofpatch expansion on budgets of C, N and Sifor the Subarctic Ecosystem Response toIron Enrichment Study (SERIES). pp. 2034–2052.C.S. Wong, D.A. Timothy, C.S. Law, Y. Nojiri,L. Xie, S.K. Emmy Wong and J.S. Page.Carbon distribution and fluxes during theSERIES iron fertilization experiment withspecial reference to the fugacity of carbondioxide (fCO2). pp. 2053–2074.C.S. Wong, W.K. Johnson, N. Sutherland, J.Nishioka, D.A. Timothy, M. Robert and S.Takeda. Iron speciation and dynamicsduring SERIES, a mesoscale ironenrichment experiment in the NE Pacific.pp. 2075–2094.A. Marchetti, N.D. Sherry, H. Kiyosawa, A.Tsuda and P.J. Harrison. Phytoplanktonprocesses during a mesoscale ironenrichment in the NE subarctic Pacific: PartI—Biomass and assemblage. pp. 2095–2113.A. Marchetti, P. Juneau, F.A. Whitney, C.S.Wong and P.J. Harrison. Phytoplanktonprocesses during a mesoscale ironenrichment in the NE subarctic Pacific: PartII—Nutrient utilization. pp. 2114–2130.A. Marchetti, N.D. Sherry, P. Juneau, R.F.Strzepek and P.J. Harrison. Phytoplanktonprocesses during a mesoscale ironenrichment in the NE subarctic Pacific: PartIII—Primary productivity. pp. 2131–2151.C.S. Wong and D.W. Crawford. Evolution ofphytoplankton pigments in an in-situ ironenrichment experiment in the subarctic NEPacific. pp. 2152–2167.H. Saito, A. Tsuda, Y. Nojiri, J. Nishioka, S.Takeda, H. Kiyosawa, I. Kudo, Y. Noiri, T.Ono, Y. Taira, K. Suzuki, T. Yoshimura andP.W. Boyd. Nutrient and phytoplanktondynamics during the stationary anddeclining phases of a phytoplankton bloominduced by iron-enrichment in the easternsubarctic Pacific. pp. 2168–2181.M.G. Scarratt, A. Marchetti, M.S. Hale, R.B.Rivkin, S. Michaud, P. Matthews, M.Levasseur, N.D. Sherry, A. Merzouk,W.K.W. Li and H. Kiyosawa. Assessingmicrobial responses to iron enrichment inthe Subarctic Northeast Pacific: Domicrocosms reproduce the in situ condition?pp. 2182–2200.I. Kudo, Y. Noiri, J. Nishioka, Y. Taira, H.Kiyosawa and A. Tsuda. Phytoplankton257

IFEP-AP-2007community response to Fe and temperaturegradients in the NE (SERIES) and NW(SEEDS) subarctic Pacific Ocean. pp. 2201–2213.J.A. Needoba, A. Marchetti, M.F. Henry, P.J.Harrison, C.S. Wong, W.K. Johnson andT.F. Pedersen. Stable nitrogen isotopedynamics of a mesoscale iron enrichmentexperiment in the NE Subarctic Pacific. pp.2214–2230.M.S. Hale, R.B. Rivkin, P. Matthews, N.S.R.Agawin and W.K.W. Li. Microbial responseto a mesoscale iron enrichment in the NEsubarctic Pacific: Heterotrophic bacterialprocesses. pp. 2231–2247.N.S.R. Agawin, M.S. Hale, R.B. Rivkin, P.Matthews and W.K.W. Li. Microbialresponse to a mesoscale iron enrichment inthe NE Subarctic Pacific: Bacterialcommunity composition. pp. 2248–2267.A.R. Sastri and J.F. Dower. Meso-zooplanktoncommunity response during the SERIESiron enrichment experiment in the subarcticNE Pacific. pp. 2268–2280.A. Tsuda, H. Saito, J. Nishioka, T. Ono, Y. Noiriand I. Kudo. Mesozooplankton response toiron enrichment during the diatom bloomand bloom decline in SERIES (NE Pacific).pp. 2281–2296.S. Takeda, N. Yoshie, P.W. Boyd and Y.Yamanaka. Modeling studies investigatingthe causes of preferential depletion of silicicacid relative to nitrate during SERIES, amesoscale iron enrichment in the NEsubarctic Pacific. pp. 2297–2326.K.L. Denman, C. Voelker, M.A. Peña and R.B.Rivkin. Modelling the ecosystem responseto iron fertilization in the subarctic NEPacific: The influence of grazing, and Si andN cycling on CO 2 drawdown. pp. 2327–2352.M. Levasseur, M.G. Scarratt, S. Michaud, A.Merzouk, C.S. Wong, M. Arychuk, W.Richardson, R.B. Rivkin, M. Hale, E. Wong,A. Marchetti and H. Kiyosawa. DMSP andDMS dynamics during a mesoscale ironfertilization experiment in the NortheastPacific—Part I: Temporal and verticaldistributions. pp. 2353–2369.A. Merzouk, M. Levasseur, M.G. Scarratt, S.Michaud, R.B. Rivkin, M.S. Hale, R.P.Kiene, N.M. Price and W.K.W. Li. DMSPand DMS dynamics during a mesoscale ironfertilization experiment in the NortheastPacific–Part II: Biological cycling. pp.2370–2383.R.-C. Bouillon, W.L. Miller, M. Levasseur, M.Scarratt, A. Merzouk, S. Michaud and L.Ziolkowski. The effect of mesoscale ironenrichment on the marine photochemistry ofdimethylsulfide in the NE subarctic Pacific.pp. 2384–2397.R.M. Moore and L. Wang. The influence of ironfertilization on the fluxes of methyl halidesand isoprene from ocean to atmosphere inthe SERIES experiment. pp. 2398–2409.L. Phinney, W.R. Leaitch, U. Lohmann, H.Boudries, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, D.Toom-Sauntry, M. Wadleigh, S. Sharma andN. Shantz. Characterization of the aerosolover the sub-arctic north east Pacific Ocean.pp. 2410–2433.N. Steiner, K.L. Denman, N. McFarlane and L.Solheim. Simulating the coupling betweenatmosphere–ocean processes and theplanktonic ecosystem during SERIES. pp.2434–2454.Special issue on SEEDS-II: (under preparation)Deep-Sea Research II (Guest Editors: A. Tsuda,M. Wells, M. Uematsu and H. Saito).Other SEEDS-I publicationsTsuda, A., Takeda, S., Saito, H., Nishioka, J.,Nojiri, Y., Kudo, I., Kiyosawa, H.,Shiomoto, A., Imai, I., Ono, T., Shimamoto,A., Tsumune, D., Yoshimura, T., Aono, T.,Hinuma, A., Kinugasa, M., Suzuki, K.,Sohrin, Y., Noiri, Y., Tani, H., Deguchi, Y.,Tsurushima, N., Ogawa, H., Fukami, K.,Kuma, K., Saino, T. A mesoscale ironenrichment in the western Subarctic Pacificinduces a large centric diatom bloom. 2003.Science, 300(5621), 958–961.Saito, H., T. Ota, K. Suzuki, J. Nishioka and A.Tsuda 2006. Role of heterotrophicdinoflagellate Gyrodinium sp. in the fate ofan iron-enrichment induced diatom bloom.Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09602, 10.1029/2005GL025366258

IFEP-AP-2007Other SERIES publicationsBoyd P. W., Strzepek R., Takeda S., Jackson G.,Wong C. S., McKay R. M., Law C.,Kiyosawa H., Saito H., Sherry N., JohnsonK., Gower J., and Ramaiah N. 2005. Theevolution and termination of an iron-inducedmesoscale bloom in the northeast subarcticPacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1872–1886.Boyd, P.W., Law, C.S., Wong, C.S., Nojiri, Y.,Tsuda, A., Levasseur, M., Takeda, S.,Rivkin, R., Harrison, P.J., Strzepek, R.,Gower, J., McKay, R.M., Abraham, E.,Arychuk, M., Barwell-Clarke, J., Crawford,W., Hale, M., Harada, K., Johnson, K.,Kiyosawa, H., Kudo, I., Marchetti, A.,Miller, W., Needoba, J., Nishioka, J.,Ogawa, H., Page, J., Robert, M., Saito, H.,Sastri, A., Sherry, N., Soutar, T., Sutherland,N., Taira, Y., Whitney, F., Wong, S.-K.E.,Yoshimura, T. 2004. The decline and fate ofan iron-induced subarctic phytoplanktonbloom. Nature 428, 549–553.Various SEEDS II PublicationsSasakawa, M., U. Tsunogai, S. Kameyama, F.Nakagawa, Y. Nojiri, and A. Tsuda. Inpress. Carbon isotopic evidence for theorigin of excess methane in subsurfaceseawater. J. Geophys. Res.Nishioka, J., T. Ono, H. Saito, T. Nakatsuka, S.Takeda, T. Yoshimura, K. Suzuki, K. Kuma,S. Nakabayashi, A. Tsuda. 2007. Iron supplyto the western subarctic Pacific: Importanceof iron export from the Sea of Okhotsk. J.Geophys. Res. 112, C10012, doi:10.1029/2006JC004055Sato, M., S. Takeda and K. Furuya. 2007. Ironregeneration and organic iron(III)-bindingligand production during in situ zooplanktongrazing experiment. Mar. Chem. 106(3-4),471–488.Tsuda, A., S. Takeda, H. Saito, J. Nishioka, I.Kudo, Y. Nojiri, K. Suzuki, M. Uematsu,M.L. Wells, D. Tsumune, T. Yoshimura, T.Aono, T. Aramaki, W.P. Cochlan, M.Hayakawa, K. Imai, T. Isada, Y. Iwamoto,W.K. Johnson, S. Kameyama, S. Kato, H.Kiyosawa, Y. Kondo, M. Levasseur, R.Machida, I. Nagao, F. Nakagawa, T.Nakanishi, S. Nakatsuka, A. Narita, Y.Noiri, H. Obata, H. Ogawa, K. Oguma, T.Ono, T. Sakuragi, M. Sasakawa, M. Sato, A.Shimamoto, H. Takata, C.G. Trick, Y.Y.Watanabe, C.S. Wong, N. Yoshie. 2007.Evidence for the grazing hypothesis:Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses ofthe HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment inthe western subarctic Pacific (SEEDS II). J.Oceanogr. 63, 983–994.Nakatsuka S., Sohpjn Y., Norisuye K., OkamuraK., Takeda S., Nishioka J. 2007.Physicochemical speciation of trace metalsduring the mesoscale iron enrichment(SEEDS II) in the western North Pacific.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71(15), A704–A704 Suppl. S, 2007.Synthesis publicationsdeBaar, H., P.W. Boyd, K. Coale, M.R. Landry,A. Tsuda, P. Assmy, D.C.E. Bakker, Y.Bozec, R.T. Barber, M.A. Brezinski, K.O.Buesseler, M. Boye, P.L. Croot, F. Gervais,M.Y. Gorbunov, P.J. Harrison, W.T.Hiscock, P. Laan, C. Lancelot, C.S. Law, M.Lavasseur, A. Marchetti, F.J. Milero, J.Nishioka, Y. Nojiri, T. van Oijen, U.Riebesell, M.J.A. Rikenberg, H. Saito, S.Takeda, K.R. Timmermans, M.J.W.Veldhuis, A.M. Waite and C.S. Wong. 2005.Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments:From the iron age in the age ofenlightenment. J. Geophys. Res., 110,C09S16, doi:10.1029/2004JC002601.Boyd, P.W., T. Jickells, C.S. Law, S. Blain, E.A.Boyle, K.O. Buesseler, K.H. Coale, J.J.Cullen, H.J.W. de Baar, M. Follows, M.Harvey, C. Lancelot, M. Levasseur, R.Pollard, R.B. Rivkin, J. Sarmiento, V.Schoemann, V. Smetacek, S. Takeda, A.Tsuda, S. Turner and A.J. Watson. 2007.Mesoscale iron-enrichment experiments1993–2005: Synthesis and future directions.Science, 315, 612–617.259

IFEP-AP-2007IFEP-AP Endnote 4Proposal for a Working Group onIron Supply and its Impact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems in the North Pacific OceanDuration: October 2007 – October 2010Parent Committee: BIOThe primary goals of the Working Group are:a) to promote better understanding of natural andanthropogenic iron supplies to the North Pacificand their impact on biogeochemistry andecosystems; and b) to facilitate closer ties amongvarious research communities (aerosol, physicaloceanography, biology, chemistry andmodeling) to better integrate new findings and toprovide needed feedback to help coordinateresearch activities.Terms of reference1. Compile and synthesize available ironbiogeochemistry data in the North Pacific;2. Review the past and ongoing laboratory,field and modeling studies on ironbiogeochemistry and its impact onbiological productivity and marineecosystems in the North Pacific Ocean;3. Determine the natural supplies of iron to theNorth Pacific, which includes atmosphericdust transport and movement of ironenrichedwaters, and examine linkagesbetween iron supply and ecosystemresponses;4. Identify gaps and issues related toexperimental and modeling activities,encourage and plan national andinternational scientific programs on ironbiogeochemistry and its impact on marineecosystems in the North Pacific;5. Elucidate the role of iron as a potentialregulator of harmful algal bloom (HAB) incoastal ecosystems of the North Pacific.Proposed membersCanadaJames ChristianWilliam R. CrawfordPaul J. HarrisonMaurice LevasseurCharles TrickC.S. WongJapanJun NishiokaHiroaki SaitoShigenobu Takeda (Co-Chairman)Mitsuo UematsuYasuhiro YamanakaChinaLiqi ChenXiuren NingGuangyu ShiKoreaKyung-Ryul KimKitack LeeRussiaVladimir M. ShulkinU.S.A.Fei Chai (Co-Chairman)William P. CochlanNatalie MahowaldSuzanne StromMark L. Wells260

MBM-AP-2007REPORT OF ADVISORY PANEL ON MARINE BIRDS AND MAMMALSThe seventh meeting of the PICES AdvisoryPanel on Marine Birds and Mammals (hereafterMBM-AP) was held from 19:00–21:30 hours onOctober 30, 2007. Drs. Hidehiro Kato andWilliam J. Sydeman, MBM-AP Co-Chairmen,called the meeting to order and welcomed themembers and observers (MBM-AP Endnote 1).The participants reiterated the need for the Panelwhich serves to generate interest in marine birdsand mammals within the PICES community, andhas been active in coordinating and facilitatingmulti-disciplinary investigations, symposia, andworkshops for PICES (see MBM-AP Endnote 2).The draft agenda was reviewed and approved(MBM-AP Endnote 3).PICES XVII Topic Session (Agenda Item 3)The BIO/FIS/POC Topic Session on “Phenologyand climate change in the North Pacific:Implications of variability in the timing ofzooplankton production to fish, seabirds, marinemammals and fisheries (humans)” (S11) washeld two days after the MBM-AP meeting.Seventeen oral papers and 2 posters werepresented. The session was expanded from ½day to a full day due to high subscription. It wasdesigned to be multi-disciplinary, includingpresentations on phytoplankton, zooplankton,fish and birds. A positive response frompotential contributors is anticipated aboutpublishing papers from the session in a specialissue of a primary journal to be decided.Updates to WG 11 report on marine birds andmammals and publications from previousMBM-AP workshops (Agenda Item 4)The Panel discussed publications arising fromprevious MBM-AP workshops on time series ofpredator diets in the North Pacific held at PICESXIII and PICES XIV. This issue was discussedat last year’s meeting as well. No progress hasbeen made to publish these data as acompendium or theme section in a journal.Some material has been published independentlyby the contributors. Therefore, it was decidedthat this idea would not be pursued further.The Panel spent a great deal of time consideringthe possibility of updating and revising thePICES Scientific Report on “Predation bymarine birds and mammals in the subarcticNorth Pacific Ocean” (Hunt et al., 2000)produced by PICES Working Group (WG 11) onConsumption of Marine Resources by MarineBirds and Mammals. It was agreed that thisreport is extremely valuable to the PICEScommunity and that new data are available foran update. MBM-AP thought that providing anew report to the PICES community by 2010would be a reasonable goal but that funding forthe project would probably be necessary toupdate the document as envisioned. There aremany excellent new datasets on both populationsand diet that could be brought to the report toimprove estimates of prey consumption. ThePanel supported this idea as a high priorityproject, and will be seeking external support forupdating the WG 11 report.Various MBM-AP members volunteered tospeak with members of the PICES modelingcommunity to ascertain their needs, and tocoordinate the update of the WG 11 report withmodelers. The possibility of an inter-sessionalPICES-sponsored MBM-AP/CFAME workshopto facilitate use of prey consumption estimatesby modelers was discussed.Activities at PICES XVII (Agenda Item 5)MBM-AP proposed to convene a ½-day TopicSession on “Seabirds and marine mammals asenvironmental indicators” at PICES XVII(MBM-AP Endnote 4). The development of thesession will be coordinated with BIO and MEQ.Other potential Topic Sessions or workshopswere “migration” and “birds and mammals as261

MBM-AP-2007oceanographers”. These will be addressed in thefuture.Participation in MBM-AP (Agenda Item 6)There has been good participation on the Panelby Canada, Japan and the United States, and aKorean scientist attended the meeting on behalfof Panel member, Dr. Zang-Guen Kim. ThePanel is concerned by the lack of nationalparticipation in its activities and recommendsthat:• China be requested to assign experts onmarine birds and mammals to the Panel; and• Canada and Korea be asked to nominateseabird expert to serve on the Panel.Report of the Pacific CPR: Marine Bird andMammal Project (Agenda Item 7)Dr. Sydeman reported on the accomplishmentsof the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)Marine Bird and Mammal Project. The projecthas conducted 16 surveys of the North Pacificbetween June 2002 and June 2007. Funding forthe project has been provided by the NorthPacific Research Board. A number of papershave been published or are in preparation. Areport on this project was also presented at theCPR-AP meeting on October 28, 2007. TheMBM-AP recommends continuation of theproject and hopes that existing and new fundingcan be procured.National reports on climate change andmarine birds and mammals (Agenda Item 8)Due to time constraints, the Panel did notreceive country reports on these activities.Cooperation with IWC (Agenda Item 9)Last year, Dr. Kato was nominated to serve as aliaison between PICES and the InternationalWhaling Commission (IWC). His report of the2007 IWC Scientific Committee meeting isincluded as MBM-AP Endnote 5.Terms of Reference (Agenda Item 10)The terms of reference were discussed (MBM-AP Endnote 2) and supported as written.Vision statement (Agenda Item 11)There was no discussion on this topic.Other matters (Agenda Item 12)Content of the PICES website on activities ofMBM-AP requires some revision. The Panelmembers agreed to review the website and makesuggestions for improving it.There was discussion about the PICES NorthPacific Ecosystem Status Report, and approachfor its update (similar discussions were held lastyear). MBM-AP members and observers plan tocontribute to the revision of this report.MBM-AP Endnote 1MembersParticipation listObserversHidehiro Kato (Japan, Co-Chairman)Rolf Ream (U.S.A.)William J. Sydeman (U.S.A., Co-Chairman)Andrew Trites (Canada)Yutaka Watanuki (Japan)Douglas F. Bertram (Canada)*Seok-Gwan Choi (Korea)* former MBM-AP Co-Chairman262

MBM-AP-2007MBM-AP Endnote 2MBM-AP Terms of Reference1. Provide information and scientific expertiseto the Biological Oceanography Committee,the CCCC Program, especially the ClimateForcing and Marine Ecosystems (CFAME)Task Team, and when necessary, to otherScientific and Technical Committees withregard to the biology and ecological roles ofmarine mammals and seabirds;2. Identify important problems, scientificquestions, and knowledge gaps in assessingthe roles of marine mammals and seabirds inmarine ecosystems;3. Assemble relevant information on thebiology of marine mammals and sea birdsand disseminate it to the PICES communitythrough scientific reports and symposia;4. Develop strategies to improve collaborative,interdisciplinary research with marinemammal and seabird researchers and thePICES scientific community.MBM-AP Endnote 3MBM-AP meeting agenda1. Welcome and introductions2. Adoption of agenda3. Review of upcoming BIO/FIS/POC TopicSession on “Phenology and climate changein the North Pacific” (S11)4. Discussion of revision to the WG 11 finalreport and publication of results arising fromprevious MBM-AP workshops (PICES XIIIand PICES XIV) on time series of predatordiets in the North Pacific5. Planning for PICES XVII (Dalian, China)6. Participation in MBM-AP from membercountries7. Report of the Pacific CPR Program: MarineBird and Mammal Project8. Country reports – climate change andmarine birds and mammals9. Cooperation with the International WhalingCommission (IWC)10. MBM-AP terms of reference – review11. Vision statement – review12. Other mattersMBM-AP Endnote 4Proposal for a ½-day BIO/MEQ Topic Session at PICES XVII on“Seabirds and marine mammals as environmental indicators”Marine birds and mammals have been shown tobe sensitive indicators to changes in marineecosystems. As highly visible upper trophiclevel secondary and tertiary consumers withhigh metabolic rates, changes in food webs andhuman impacts on marine environments areoften amplified and revealed in the biology ofthese predators. For this session, we seek papersthat: (1) demonstrate how and when marinebirds and mammals can be used to monitor andevaluate ecosystem status and “health” (e.g.,HABs, contaminants, prey fields); (2) addressnew studies to improve the concept of seabirdsand marine mammals as ecosystem indicators;and (3) present case studies on how thisapproach and information is and/or can beapplied to pressing management andconservation questions.Recommended convenors: Hidehiro Kato(Japan), Rolf Ream (U.S.A.) and Andrew Trites(Canada).Recommended invited speakers: WilliamMontevecchi (Canada) and Peter Ross (Canada).263

MBM-AP-2007MBM-AP Endnote 5PICES observer report on the 59 th IWC Scientific Committee Meeting(Hidehiro Kato, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan)The 59 th Scientific Committee (SC) meeting ofthe International Whaling Commission (IWC)was held May 7–18, 2007, in Anchorage,Alaska. A total of 224 participants from 32countries, including 64 invited experts,participated. A total of 13 internationalorganizations (CMS, ICES, IATTC, ICCAT,CCAMLR, SO-GLOBEC, NAMMCO, IUCN,FAO-COFI, PICES, CITES, ECCO and SPAW)sent their observers to the meeting. PICES wasespecially welcomed by the IWC/SC.There are seven sub-committees (Revisedmanagement procedure; Aboriginal SubsistenceWhaling Management Procedure; Bowhead,Right and Gray whales; In-depth assessment;Southern Hemisphere whales; Small cetaceans;Whale watching) and six working groups(Aboriginal whaling management procedure;Stock definition; Bycatch and other humaninducedmortality; Environmental concerns;Ecosystem modeling; Special permit) under theScientific Committee. Every substantial issuehas to be discussed by the sub-committee or theworking group, and then forwarded to plenary ofthe committee. The Scientific Committee hasworked mainly on comprehensive assessments(CA) of whale stocks, on implementation trialsof Revised Management Procedure (RMP) afterthe cessation of commercial whaling, and agreedon the scientific base of RMP in 1996.This year, the Scientific Committee focusedespecially on reviewing stock status of SouthernHemisphere humpback whales, Antarctic andNorth Pacific minke whales under the CA, aswell as Western North Pacific gray whales withsome concerns of recent entanglements. For arenewal of catch quota by aboriginal andsubsistence whaling, there were comprehensivereviews on stock structure and other populationparameters of bowhead whale stocks. Alsodiscussions on JARPA (the Japanese scientificpermit program in the Antarctic) reviewworkshop were highlighted. The ScientificCommittee also continued work on the generalRMP issue, including implementation trials forWestern North Pacific Bryde’s whales andNorth Atlantic fin whales.Under environmental issues, emerging andresurging diseases, handling of cetaceanentanglements were mainly dealt with by theWorking Group on Environmental Concerns, inaddition to a review of pollution (Pollution2000+) and cetacean habitats (SOCER – State ofCetacean Environment Report) programsincluding collaboration with SOWS andCCAMLR. It is also planned to have aworkshop on “Climate change and cetaceans” inthe near future.This year, the Scientific Committee establishedan ecosystem modeling sub-group with focus onmodeling of krill–krill predators in the Antarctic(in cooperation with CCAMLR) and ecologicalinteraction (in cooperation with FAO).The next annual Scientific Committee meetingwill be held June 1–13, 2008, in Santiago, Chile.264

MIE-AP-2007REPORT OF ADVISORY PANEL ON MICRONEKTON SAMPLINGINTER-CALIBRATION EXPERIMENTA subset of the Advisory Panel on MicronektonSampling Inter-calibration Experiment (hereafterMIE-AP) and several observers (MIE-APEndnote 1) met on the evening of October 28,2007, immediately after the BIO workshop on“Lessons learned during MIE-1 and MIE-2:Reconciling acoustics and trawl data”. Details ofthis workshop (W1) can be found in the SessionSummaries chapter of this Annual Report.Discussion topics of the MIE-AP meeting arelisted in MIE-AP Endnote 2.Developments in micronekton quantification(Agenda Item 1)Models were developed to predict backscatteringvolume to allow for comparisons betweenacoustic data and the net data. The new system,J-QUEST, was shown to quantify the epipelagicmicronekton and nekton but appeared to beinefficient in detecting the mesopelagic fishes,and myctophids in particular. The discussionrevolved around the possibility of using a redlight or another part of the light spectrum towhich myctophids are less sensitive.Experimental trials indicated that myctophidswere able to detect and avoid J-QUEST while itused red light.After briefly reviewing current sampling gears,present information points to the Matsuda–Oozeki–Hu Trawl (MOHT) gear as being amongthe most reliable and cost effective micronektongears to date. It provides high quality andquantity micronekton sampling. Dr. HiroyaSugisaki reported that the development of aclosing/opening mechanism is underway (trialsare to be conducted within months). EquippingMOHT with the opening/closing mechanism onthe codend could put this gear in the position tobecome a standard micronekton gear worldwide,and in the North Pacific, in particular.Comparison between ICES and PICES intercalibrationexperiments (Agenda Item 2)After a brief review of both ICES and PICESmicronekton inter-calibration experiments, thePanel concluded that it is generally impossible toundertake a comparison of these experimentsdue mainly to incomparable gears used forsampling, and because the ICES experimentconcentrated on mesozooplankton in a fjordsystem in Norway.Progress on acoustic data analyses (AgendaItem 3)Acoustic data from the MIE-2 cruise (Oyashiowaters off Japan, September 27–October 3, 2005)are mostly analyzed and reconciled with the trawldata. Acoustic data collected during the MIE-1cruise (off the west side of Oahu Island, Hawaii,October 6–13, 2004) still require some work andcleaning. Data collected during the MIE-3 cruise(the eastern Bering Sea, September 18–27, 2007)have yet to be released by the U.S. colleagueswho provided the vessel. The data will beanalyzed jointly by Japanese and U.S. scientists.Compatibility of acoustic and trawl data(Agenda Item 4)Preliminary results indicate that the comparabilityof the trawl and acoustic estimates is low. Thispoints to problems associated with both samplingtechniques, which have been discussed. Theclosest results were obtained between MOHT andacoustics. MIE-AP felt that research to improvethe acoustics estimates should be continued.Overview of MIE-3 (Agenda Item 5)The third micronekton inter-calibrationexperiment (MIE-3) was carried out onboard the265

MIE-AP-2007R/V Oscar Dyson in the eastern Bering Sea,from September 18–27, 2007. The ship wasengaged in the BASIS (Bering-Aleutian SalmonInternational Surveys) program under NPAFC,(North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission)operated by the Auke Bay Laboratory,NOAA/NMFS. Dr. Jim Murphy kindly donatedthe ship time for the micronekton experiment.This experiment was led by Dr. Orio Yamamura(Hokkaido National Fishery Research Institute,Japan). Other participants included: Drs. HirokiYasuma (Hokkaido University, Japan) andAndrey Suntsov (Northwest Fisheries ScienceCenter, U.S.A.).The sampling gears planned to be comparedwere the 1.8-m Isaacs–Kid mid-water trawl(IKMT), MOHT and Cantrawl 300/262 ropetrawl. However, due to the limited timeavailable for the experiment, only IKMT andMOHT were used. A comparison betweenIKMT and MOHT was essential because thereare so much historical data collected with anIKMT. Aside from the sampling gears,backscattering data were recorded using aSimrad EK-60 echosounder with 15, 38, 70, 120and 200 kHz transducers.Due to rough seas, the ship time assigned for theexperiment was reduced to 24 hours. Therefore,the nets were deployed at a 60-m depth stationnear St. Paul Island instead of near the shelfbreak of the eastern Bering Sea. The samplingwas in a day/night sequential design, withdifferent gears towed sequentially at eachlocation, with triplicate samples collected duringdaylight and night at the same ship speed(3 knots).The catch was exclusively dominated by age-0walleye pollock (>99%), offering a goodopportunity for gear comparison. The netsshowed similar catchability during daytime(1.1 times larger for MOHT in density estimate),but MOHT showed significantly highercatchability in night sampling (2.8 times higher).In the comparison of body length frequencydistribution, MOHT caught slightly larger fishthan IKMT, suggesting net avoidance from thelatter net.The echo sounding data are yet to be released bythe U.S. colleagues and will be analyzed jointlyby Japanese and U.S. scientists.Future activities (Agenda Item 6)The members of MIE-AP felt that there will beno further inter-calibration experiments. Itappears to be extremely difficult to obtain shiptime, and the Panel expressed its gratitude to themember countries that donated the ship time toconduct three experiments. The participants alsoconcluded that much of the data have beenworked up at this point, and some encouragingresults were obtained.There was unanimous agreement for thesuggestion that it was time to prepare the finalMIE-AP report and to write related publicationsin the peer-reviewed literature. It was suggestedthat some travel funds should be requested tofacilitate the data analysis. In particular, theidentification of fish and crustaceans collectedduring the MIE-1 cruise should be completedbefore writing the final report. In this regard,MIE-AP requested PICES to cover travelexpenses for Dr. Suntsov to come from theNorthwest Fisheries Science Center (Newport,Oregon) to the University of British Columbia(Vancouver) for 7–10 days to assist with fishidentification. Furthermore, the MIE-3 cruisedata need to be worked up.Realistically, an advanced report on the MIE-APactivities could be available at the next PICESAnnual Meeting in Dalian, China. Most of thework has been divided between groups ofexperts, and MIE-AP Co-Chairmen werecharged with the task of overseeing the progress.To facilitate the development of the final report,MIE-AP requested financial support for one ofCo-Chairmen (Dr. Evgeny Pakhomov) to travelto Dalian.Below is a preliminary draft of the MIE-AP finalreport structure (the names listed in parenthesesare responsible for writing each section):1. Introduction, background, major idea ofmicronekton inter-calibration experiments(Brodeur, Pakhomov, Yamamura)266

MIE-AP-20072. MIE-1• Description of the experiment• Composition and diversity indices of thesamples: crustaceans (Pakhomov,Brodeur), fish (Suntsov), squid (Seki)• Abundance and (biomass) of themicronekton• Size structure (Pakhomov)• Acoustic data (Domokos)• Inter-comparison between gears andbetween gears and acoustics (All, lead:Pakhomov, Domokos)3. MIE-2• Description of the experiment• Composition and diversity indices of thesamples: crustaceans (Yamamura), fish(Yamamura), squid (Yamamura)• Abundance and (biomass) of themicronekton• Size structure (Yamamura)• Acoustic data (Yasuma)• Inter-comparison between gears andbetween gears and acoustics (lead:Yamamura)4. MIE-3• Description of the experiment• Composition and diversity indices of thesamples: crustaceans (Yamamura), fish(Suntsov, Yamamura), squid (Yamamura)• Abundance and (biomass) of themicronekton (Yamamura)• Size structure (Yamamura, Suntsov)• Acoustic data (Yasuma)• Inter-comparison between gears andbetween gears and acoustics (lead:Yamamura)5. General conclusions and recommendations.MIE-AP Endnote 1Participation listMembersRichard D. Brodeur (U.S.A.)Kazushi Miyashita (Japan)Evgeny A. Pakhomov (Canada, Co-Chairman)Orio Yamamura (Japan, Co-Chairman)ObserversSeok-Gwan Choi (Korea)Reka Domokos (U.S.A.)Yasuzumi Fujimori (Japan)Hideki Hamaoka (Japan)Julian A. (Tony) Koslow (U.S.A.)Todd W. Miller (U.S.A.)A. Jason Phillips (U.S.A.)Hiroaki Saito (Japan)Hiroya Sugisaki (Japan)Andrei V. Suntsov (U.S.A.)Hiroki Yasuma (Japan)MIE-AP Endnote 2MIE-AP meeting agenda1. New developments in the field ofmicronekton quantification: Could acousticsbe the way forward?2. Is it possible to undertake a comparisonbetween ICES and PICES inter-calibrationexperiments?3. How far are we in the acoustic data setanalyses?4. Compatibility of acoustic and trawl data:Caveats, problems and solutions5. Lessons from the MIE-3 cruise6. An inter-sessional workshop to look at thedata from 3 inter-calibration experimentsand to discuss drafting of the MIE-AP report(schedule, contents and allotment of writers)267

Publication Program Review-20072007 Review of PICES Publication ProgramBrian Voss, NOAA Libraries, Seattle, WAJanet Webster, Oregon State University Libraries, Newport, ORSeptember 19, 2007ContentsExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. Review of recommendations from 2003 review3. Assessing usage of PICES publicationsa. Scientific Reportsb. PICES special issues of primary journals4. Current indexing of PICES publications5. Current collecting and archiving of PICES publicationsa. Printed publicationsb. Digital publications6. Recommendations7. Summary8. References9. AppendicesA. PICES publications: Information on compiling, printing and distribution costsB. Overlap between various indexing toolsC. Suggestions for survey of PICES and North Pacific IAMSLIC members on librarypracticesD. Condition of libraries at PICES member sites with recommended actionsE. Descriptions of and recommendations for PICES publication seriesExecutive SummaryBackgroundThe North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) was established in 1992 to promote andcoordinate marine scientific research and data sharing challenges in the North Pacific Ocean. To fulfillthis mission, a vigorous publications program has grown out of the crucial need for efficientcommunication with a highly varied audience. PICES publications are a record of the activities andscientific findings of the Organization. The following list describes the kinds of publications and theirrole(s):• Annual Reports are the official administrative record of the Organization and they describe thevarious activities of PICES, including its meetings, expenditures, and planning, by calendar year.269

Publication Program Review-2007• The Scientific Report series is used primarily to document PICES workshops and to provide apublishing venue for final reports of PICES Working Groups on given topics as well as planningreports as appropriate.• Special Publications and books are published irregularly, tending to be of broader interest to a wideraudience.• Abstract Books provide brief summaries of presentations and posters at Annual Meetings and othersymposia (co-) organized by PICES.• Special Issues are collections of peer-reviewed articles in a variety of primary scientific journals,arising from symposia or topic sessions, occasionally published in collaboration with otherorganizations, using commercial publishers to extend the reach of PICES-related work.The PICES Finance and Administration (F&A) Committee directed the Executive Secretary to undertakean external review of its publications program. Publishing is an expensive and time-consuming activity;however, the products generated are important in fulfilling the Organization’s mission. PICES relies on asmall, dedicated staff and the efforts of individual volunteers and organizational members to accomplishits publishing goals. In 2003, a similar program review was commissioned, so the current review providesan opportunity to consider options for the future with special consideration of electronic publishing and toevaluate the efficacy of the 2003 recommendations.ObjectivesThe PICES Executive Secretary asked the International Association of Aquatic and Marine ScienceLibraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC) to examine strategies to maintain the vitality of the PICESpublications program while being mindful of costs and emerging options for communications. InFebruary 2007, Brian Voss (NOAA Libraries) and Janet Webster (Oregon State University Libraries) metwith Drs. Alex Bychkov and Skip McKinnell to plan the review. The following was agreed:1. Create a matrix of PICES publications that covers the following factors:a. Printing and distribution costs (Appendix A)b. Options for creating in digital format (Appendix E)c. Options for archiving in both digital and print formats (Appendix E)d. Current distribution (Section 3. Data provided to Secretariat)e. Current coverage in indexing and abstracting services (Section 4)2. Explore the impact of PICES publications on the scientific and management community.3. Examine impacts of moving the existing print distribution system to an increased reliance on digitalformats and explore mitigation measures to rectify any resulting distribution problems.4. Examine impacts on Secretariat infrastructure and document archival processes.5. Discuss impacts of any changes on each of the Contracting Parties.6. Recommend options and Action Plan to the F&A Committee.We examined the efficiency of the program primarily in terms of distribution and archiving practices andthe degree to which PICES is reaching its intended audience in a timely fashion. We found thatrecommendations from a 2003 review were largely acted upon, with the major exception of addingdedicated staff to the publications activity: however, it may be too soon to see the full impact of thosechanges with regard to a more effective and efficient publications program.FindingsIn the course of the review, the variability in effective solutions for each audience or each publicationseries revealed a complexity that, in some cases, warrants further investigation. To most succinctlysummarize our findings according to the preceding objectives, the following questions and answersoutline the recommendations in the report and the associated action plan:270

Publication Program Review-2007• What are the options for transition to electronic publications by series?Transition to electronic only versions of the Annual Reports represents the most significantopportunity for transition. With the exception of PICES Press, a reduction in print distribution ofother series would result in negligible reduction in cost of print production and complete transition toelectronic only production is not recommended at this time. Appendix E describes these options inmore detail.• What impacts on the existing distribution system (libraries; commercial distributors, etc.) will thistransition have?We recommend conducting surveys of each distribution list (Individuals, Institutions, and Libraries)that recognize each group’s differing function. The surveys will reveal necessary detail about theimpacts on recipients of PICES publications as these groups and individuals are the primary“customers”. Preferences for using print versus electronic versions as well as network infrastructureto support consistent access to electronic publications are crucial aspects of maintaining highsatisfaction among PICES publications readers. Appendices C and D offer some suggestions forsurvey questions and possible actions based on results. In light of the recommendations, the PICESSecretariat has described potential impacts on printers and distributors as negligible.• What mitigation measures (if any) are needed to rectify distribution problems resulting from thistransition?We foresee libraries playing a crucial role as depository libraries in mitigating impacts from reducedprint distribution. The customer survey is recommended to better identify measures required as aresult of the initial stages of the transition and to better identify a timeframe for further opportunitiesto continue the transition in the future.• What impacts on Secretariat infrastructure and document archival processes will this transition have?Short-term assistance via contractor or intern staffing would address the anticipated temporaryincrease in workload resulting from completion of the Action Plan. The proposed PICES/IAMSLICcooperative digital repository pilot project using the existing IAMSLIC repository installation,Aquatic Commons, is intended to help test-drive many of the more significant changes that would beassociated with additional archiving of electronic publications while having the least impact on thecurrent work flow.• How will this transition impact each of the Contracting Parties?The customer surveys and dialogue with the Secretariat would best identify these impacts as well asidentify depository libraries in regions where collected data is lacking.Across all series, we found that the publications program is effective in supporting the PICES mission inseveral ways:• According to citation patterns and website use, all PICES publications are contributing to scientificdialogue, although more consistent and comprehensive indexing in Fish and Fisheries Worldwide andAquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) would enhance the visibility of PICESpublications.• Continued partnerships with commercial publishers are encouraged, especially if the rights to storedigital copies of all articles on the PICES website are negotiated.271

Publication Program Review-2007Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) would enhance the visibility of PICESpublications.• Continued partnerships with commercial publishers are encouraged, especially if the rights to storedigital copies of all articles on the PICES website are negotiated.• Print versions of PICES publications are currently collected and archived at several key institutions,but distribution practices should be reviewed to focus on those institutions and to ensure that allappropriate institutions are archiving the print publications.• Access to Special Issues of primary journals is adequate in the United States and Canada, but may beproblematic in other PICES member countries.• PICES publications are more accessible through the revamped PICES website. Usage data suggestthat digital copies of existing publications are used and a variety of institutions and organizations linkto the PICES website.• Efforts should be made to convert the remaining publications to searchable PDF format.Additionally, PICES publications should be archived in an open access digital repository, allowingmore robust, permanent digital access and archiving.• The Secretariat manages the current level of publication adequately, reporting only occasional delaysin production (Fig. 1). It has no capacity to expand. As PICES activity grows, it is anticipated thatpublication activity will expand. Increased staff or contractor time devoted to the publications processwould ensure that publications are of a consistent quality, timely, well publicized, appropriatelydistributed, and digitally archived even as the program expands.Throughout our review, it became apparent that PICES publications have a high value. They provide theprimary conduit for basic communication of the science of the North Pacific Ocean by documentingconditions, examining problems, and proposing approaches. The communication of approaches andrecommendations will be critical for future research directions as well as possible policy considerations.On a practical level, the PICES publications document the work and history of the organization and theypromote international collaboration through the writing and editing process. PICES publications providea record of the international research on and thinking about key scientific problems of the North Pacific.1. IntroductionThe report that follows describes our approach and clarifies our findings. We recommend options forstrengthening the publications program in terms of efficiency and impact within the context of anorganizational need to consider more reliance on electronic-only publication as a means to minimizeprinting and distribution costs. The first section evaluates the Organization’s performance with respect tothe recommendations from the 2003 Publication Review. The second section provides an overview ofcitation patterns as one means of assessing usage of PICES publications by the scientific community. Thethird and fourth sections explain alternatives for collecting, archiving, and indexing of PICESpublications, as all are indicators of access. The final section summarizes our recommendations,addressing areas where efficiency may be gained in the production and distribution of print publicationsand positioning the organization for a smooth transition into a more robust digital production anddistribution program. These recommendations focus on workflow changes, branding of the PICES name,and key partnerships with libraries and commercial indexers to help PICES ensure that print and digitalarchives are thorough, growing, and accessible. In addition, Appendix E contains the detailedcharacterizations of each published series used to inform the general recommendations, as well asadditional recommendations for print and electronic distribution specific to each series.272

Publication Program Review-20072. Review of recommendations from 2003 reviewIn September 2003, W.L. Hobart (NOAA NMFS Scientific Publications Program) and G.J. Duker(Publications Program, NOAA NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center) reviewed the PICES publicationsprogram at the request of the PICES F&A Committee. Their charge was to examine the costs, methods,and possible efficiency of producing and distributing PICES publications. They made a variety ofrecommendations, most of which have been implemented (North Pacific Marine Science Organization,2005). The major recommendations are listed below, describing the situation in 2003 and the actionstaken:1. PICES Secretariat was overloaded and publishing duties contributing to the overload. Theyrecommended the addition of editorial staff or contracting for editorial assistance.Action: No editorial staff was added due to budgetary constraints; however, a successful contractingrelationship has been in place since 2005. Workload is causing delays in some areas (Fig. 1).2. PICES lacked a style manual and did not promote related editorial standards.Action: This manual has been compiled and is shared with authors and chairs of PICES workinggroups as appropriate. Secretariat staff uses in-house production guidelines for PICES Press and theScientific Reports. The reports now have a consistent citation format as well as information on allPICES publications as a standard part of the report.3. Some PICES publications lacked visible corporate identity so the Organization may not have beenrecognized for its support of the work.Action: While the PICES published series maintain a constant visual identity, the special journalissues remain problematic in terms of branding. Some (Progress in Oceanography) allow PICES toprint the PICES logo on the cover while others do not. In either case, this visual clue does not persistin a digital environment. Additionally, authors’ affiliations are associated with their home institutionwith rare mention of PICES affiliation.4. PICES was not actively archiving its publications in a digital format.Action: Most PICES publications are available as PDF files on the PICES website.5. The PICES website was out of date, making it difficult to access publications.Action: The website was completely revised to offer a clean, accessible venue.6. PICES staff used Microsoft Word for much of its publication production and could benefit from anupgrade to a more robust, current desktop publishing platform.Action: This was not implemented due to the steep learning curve associated with specializedsoftware and an inability to hire additional staff with these skills.Since the 2003 report, the PICES publications program has continued with current staff providing theeditorial guidance. The publications are more accessible through the PICES website as well as majorcommercial journals. Meanwhile, the information landscape continues to evolve.273

Publication Program Review-200776Month of Publication543210199819992000200120022003Year2004200520062007Figure 1 Trend in month of publication of the PICES Annual Report following the close of a fiscal year(month 0).3. Assessing usage of PICES publicationsUsage is a significant justification to continue the PICES publications program. Assessing usage,however, is not trivial and has inherent limitations, especially with grey literature (Webster and Collins,2005). PICES Scientific Reports undergo varying levels of peer and editorial review, but are notrecognized as peer-reviewed journals, and thus do not receive the same level of attention in commercialliterature indexes. This limits their exposure and consequent use. With this as an explicit caveat,examining citation patterns can still be a useful indicator of usage by, and impact on, the scientificcommunity. Other PICES publication series generally undergo even less peer review. Therefore, they areless often found in the commercial literature indexes.Two indexes, Web of Science and Scopus, feature tools to assess impact by compiling citation rates toindividual publications. Google Scholar is beginning to do this, but as yet is not very sophisticated. Thesetools focus on the peer-reviewed journal literature as their core data. Citations to grey literature appear ifthat literature is cited within the journal literature. For example, a citation to a PICES Scientific Reportwill appear if an article in one of the indexed journals cited it. However, the publications cited in a PICESScientific Report will not appear as a matter of standard practice. Web of Science and Scopus weresearched for citations to papers in PICES special journal issues as well as any PICES publications such asthe Scientific Reports.3a. Scientific ReportsConsidering the “grey” nature of the report series, it is heartening to report that they are cited quite well(Table 1), especially in comparison to other grey literature report series (Cordes, 2002/2003; McDonald,Cordes and Wells, 2007). Eighteen of the first thirty reports are cited at least once in Web of Sciencewhile twenty-three are cited according to Scopus. Scopus claims to include a broader suite of sourcepublications, hence the higher numbers of citations. The three most cited Scientific Reports are Numbers2, 6, and 10, and all address the Okhotsk Sea. Perhaps this demonstrates a unique role of PICES in274

Publication Program Review-2007covering a geographic area that was neglected previously in the English language scientific literature. Thediminishing number of citations to more recent reports is expected given the lag time for a publicationgetting into circulation.Table 1Number of citations to PICES Scientific Reports in two indexing servicesScientificReportWeb ofScienceScopusno.1 4 10no.2 13 61no.4 1 2no.5 1 3no.6 6 36no.8 – 1no.10 11 37no.12 7 28no.14 3 7no.15 13 14no.16 4 6no.17 2 1no.18 3 9no.19 – 1no.20 3 5no.22 1 1no.23 – 2no.24 – 2no.25 2 2no.26 1 1no.27 – 1no.28 3 3no.30 2 2Total 80 2353b. PICES special issues of primary journalsCitation rates of the special journal issues provide strong validation of the value of publishing in peerreviewed,commercially published journals. Table 2 shows the total number of articles in each issue aswell as the number of citations in both Web of Science and Scopus. Given that most scientific papers arenot cited (some say up to 90% (Meho, 2007)), these numbers indicate that many PICES-sponsoredarticles are read and used.275

Publication Program Review-2007Table 2Citations to PICES Special Issue articlesSpecial Issue# ofArticles# of citations inWeb of Science# of citations inScopusProgress in Oceanography v.43 n.2-4 (1999) 11 227 364Progress in Oceanography v.47 n.2-4 (2000) 13 75 654Progress in Oceanography v.49 n.1-4 (2001) 33 340 495Journal of Oceanography v.58 n.5 (2002) 12 55 98Progress in Oceanography v.55 n.1-2 (2002) 17 123 202Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. v.59 n.12 (2002) 15 120 159Deep Sea Research Part II v.49 n.24-25 (2002) 28 221 423Journal of Oceanography v.59 n.4 (2003) 10 78 99Progress in Oceanography v.57 n.3-4 (2003) 13 102 N/AMarine Environmental Research v.57 n.1-2 (2004) 10 28 50Journal of Oceanography v. 60 n.1 (2004) 13 85 74Progress in Oceanography v.61 n.2-4 (2004) 10 21 28ICES J. of Marine Science v.61 n.4 (2004) 28 108 125Journal of Marine Systems v.50 n.1-2 (2004) 7 33 41ICES J. of Marine Science v.62 n.3 (2005) 40 108 246Deep Sea Research Part II v.52 n.5-6 (2005) 10 97 31Progress in Oceanography v.64 n.2-4 (2005) 14 29 81Deep Sea Research Part II v.53 n.3-4 (2006) 13 3 6Progress in Oceanography v.68 n.2-4 (2006) 12 15 29Deep-Sea Research Part II v.53 n.20-22 (2006) 25 0 1Ecological Modelling v.202 n.1-2 (2007) 18 70 70Total number of articles 352Total number of citations 1938 3276Of course, some articles have more impact than others. Table 3 shows the most heavily cited in each ofthe special journal issues with older articles having more time to generate additional citations. Mostarticles have a classic citation pattern as illustrated by Figure 2 using citations to Minobe’s 2000 article.Table 3Most cited PICES journal articlesArticle cited # of citations in Web of Science # of citations in ScopusProg. Oceanogr. 43 (1999) Harrison 83 96Prog. Oceanogr. 47 (2000) Minobe 54 69Prog. Oceanogr. 49 (2001) Hollowed 52 50J. Oceanogr. 58 (2002) Whitney 27 29DSR 49 (2002) Honda 34 50Prog. Oceanogr. 55 (2002) Hunt 24 26J. Oceanogr. 59 (2003) Yasuda 24 28Prog. Oceanogr. 57 (2003) Denman 20 N/AICES 61 (2004) Heath 12 16Prog. Oceanogr. 61 (2004) Yamada 9 8ICES 62 (2005) Rice 20 22DSR 52 (2005) Whitney 11 9Prog. Oceanogr. 64 (2005) Tsuda 7 16Prog. Oceanogr. 68 (2006) Demaster 7 7276

Publication Program Review-2007PO 47 (2000) Minobe1816141210864201999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Figure 2 Web of Science Citations to Minobe 2000Website usage statistics are another means of assessing usage of publications. While they have a uniqueset of limitations, they can still provide an indication of the effectiveness of the current digital distributionmechanism. Statistics gathered and provided by Julia Yazvenko, PICES Database and WebAdministrator, indicated that over the past three years, PICES Special Publication No.1 (MarineEcosystems of the North Pacific) and Scientific Report No. 23 (Harmful Algal Blooms in the PICESRegion of the North Pacific) were the most frequently accessed publications on the website. Otherfrequently accessed publications were Scientific Report No. 22 (PICES Science: the first ten years and alook to the future), and Scientific Report No. 16 (Environmental Assessment of Vancouver Harbour; DataReport for the PICES Practical Workshop) following No. 23 in popularity. Other notably popularpublications were the Abstract Book from the 13th annual meeting (Honolulu) and Shark abundanceincreases in the Gulf of Alaska in PICES Press (July 2000). Each publication series resides in its owndirectory on the PICES web server, so by comparing website usage statistics for each directory, it seemsthat series popularity can be ranked from highest to lowest as follows: Scientific Reports, PICES Press,Special Publications, Annual Reports, Brochures, and Abstract Books. Primary journal special issues arenot included in this list because the articles are not available on the PICES website.Overall, PICES publications contribute to the scientific dialogue. While the Special Issues of primaryjournals appear to have more impact on the scientific community, the Scientific Reports are serving animportant role as well. Additionally, the PICES book, Dynamics of the Bering Sea, has been cited 128times according to the Web of Science, demonstrating its value. Even articles in PICES Press have beencited, as have some annual meeting abstracts. A more thorough analysis of citation patterns is required toascertain who is using the PICES publications. This may assist with questions of distribution ofpublications as well as marketing. Also, the data could be used to investigate patterns of internationalcollaboration, another element of the PICES mission. At this point, we can safely say that many PICESpublications are used and add value to the science of the North Pacific Ecosystem.277

Publication Program Review-20074. Current indexing of PICES publicationsPeople use information they can find easily. If PICES publications are not well indexed or cataloged,they are not as accessible and their impact on the scientific community will be limited. PICESpublications are discovered through word-of-mouth, and by searching tools such as library catalogs, websearch engines, and specialized literature databases.We examined some finding tools that are important in the marine science field. We looked at how wellPICES publications were indexed in these resources as a reflection of how easily a person could identifyPICES materials. Our search strategy focused on PICES or North Pacific Marine Science Organization asa publisher or corporate author. This allowed us to see if the tools acknowledged PICES as a corporateauthor, publisher, or sponsor of publications. These results would not include the journal special issuesunless PICES is included as an author or publisher.Excluding the 411 Special Issue articles, we found 514 items listed as PICES publications, includingmany articles that were published within the Scientific Reports. Table 4 indicates the variability in levelof indexing of PICES published material. The difference between the Total Hits and Relevant Hits revealsthe problem of precision with searching PICES as an author or publisher. Five of these tools arecommercial indexes with the sixth, WAVES, being the library catalog for the Canadian Department ofFisheries and Oceans Libraries. Typically, we would expect fewer records in a library catalog than thecommercial indexes as the catalog rarely covers materials to the article level.Table 4Indexing of PICES publications excluding journal articlesIndex/Database searched Total hits Relevant hitsAquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 258 159BIOSIS 6 4Fish and Fisheries Worldwide 399 360WAVES (Catalog of DFO libraries) 80 64Web of Science 21 20Zoological Record (CSA) 77 39There is little overlap among the various indexing tools, which suggests differing policies towardindexing, differing awareness of PICES publications, or both (Appendix B). The two major tools,Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) and Fish and Fisheries Worldwide, share only 22records, for instance. This is partly a distribution issue, and steps could be taken to ensure that theseindexing entities receive copies of PICES publications. More importantly, in an effort to improvecoverage the discrepancy may reflect a particular format bias of certain indexes (e.g., Zoological Recordand Web of Science) or a priority given to the reports by others (e.g., ASFA).An additional issue with indexing is the level of granularity (resolution). For example, many of theScientific Reports include papers by various authors, yet few of the Scientific Reports are indexed at theresolution of the individual article, making those papers invisible. Table 5 summarizes the coverage ofthe Scientific Reports and their multiple articles by the indices. It reinforces the evidence for gaps indistribution, and the inconsistency of coverage within an index. It was interesting to note the variabilityin indexing of articles within a given Scientific Report. ASFA and Fish and Fisheries Worldwide havehigher numbers than the others. However, neither index resolved all Scientific Reports to the article level,nor indexed the same ones. In general, Fish and Fisheries Worldwide covered more reports and withmore depth than the other indices. It also indexes PICES Press more thoroughly at the article level.278

Publication Program Review-2007Table 5Indexing of Scientific ReportsIndex or Catalog (Vendor)Reports indexedas individual titles# Reports indexedin some form (t=32)Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries1-10 10 98Abstracts (CSA)BIOSIS (Ovid) 0 0 0Fish and Fisheries Worldwide (NISC) 1,8,9,11,13-16,22 19619-21, 25, 27-30# Report articlesindexed (t≈302)WAVES (DFO) 32 32 0Zoological Record (CSA) 19, 30, 32 3 10Web of Science (WOS) 0 0 0Our examination of the current level of indexing of PICES publications reveals some significant areas ofconcern. Visibility and hence usage of PICES publications, in part, relies on consistent and thoroughcoverage in the major tools used by marine scientists. While libraries appear to collect the publications,access through commercial indexes is problematic. Scientists have to use multiple tools to identifyPICES materials, and still would not find all items published under the auspices of PICES. Our concernsinclude consistency of coverage of the Scientific Reports at the report level as well as the depth ofindexing at the article level. Underused publications caused by lack of granular access via commercialindexes may subsequently affect collection development decisions in the libraries as well.5. Current collecting and archiving of PICES publications5a. Printed publicationsWe gathered and examined data on archiving practices of libraries as a method of assessing access toprint versions of PICES publications. Some libraries may link to digital copies in their catalog records,however, we wanted to ascertain the stability of print archives before introducing the concept of digitalarchives. Selected libraries provide satisfactory access to print and digital versions of PICESpublications via their local catalogs. These are shared through the international, cooperative librarycatalog, WorldCat, provided by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). This provides exposure ofthe publications to the broader library community. People can use the OCLC database through its webinterface that is freely available from http://www.worldcat.org. This tool provides good, open access toPICES material.We used OCLC WorldCat as our primary data source, but we also reviewed the IAMSLIC membership tohelp identify additional collections not found in OCLC WorldCat, but likely to be in archives of memberlibraries located outside of North America. These two resources provide the means for libraries toenhance their services by sharing records to build their local catalogs, and supporting the lending andborrowing of items. Libraries voluntarily maintain memberships with these groups and can freelydetermine their level of participation. WorldCat data reveals a bias toward more active participation onthe part of North American libraries. Together, these cooperative catalogs provide an efficient andsomewhat effective method to obtain a picture of print archiving and access.Table 6 suggests that PICES publications in print are adequately collected, and hence accessible toreaders in North America. The exceptions are the Annual Meeting abstracts that are inconsistentlycollected by libraries, probably due to the distribution process. Access to publications via librarieslocated outside of North America is unclear. In part, this is a limitation of the OCLC WorldCat andindicates the need for more data on the collection policies of PICES Contracting Parties in Korea, China,279

Publication Program Review-2007Japan, and Russia. In Appendix C, we address the issues and limitations in the form of suggested surveyquestions for PICES Contracting Parties. In Appendix D, based on geographic data collected on PICESdistribution to libraries, identifiable holdings in OCLC WorldCat, and IAMSLIC affiliation, theorganizations are characterized and selected as examples for various actions. The practices andpreferences found via survey of PICES membership in these regions would have significant impacts onPICES’ ability to migrate from print based publication toward greater reliance on electronic distribution.Table 6Number of libraries holding PICES publications displayed in WorldCatPublication# OCLC librariesAnnual Report Series 20Scientific Reports Series 19no.1 8no.2 10no.3 9no.4 12no.5 13no.6 13no.7 12no.8 13no.9 16no.10 11no.11 13no.12 12no.13 15no.14 15no.15 13no.16 14no.17 14no.18 15no.19 8no.20 11no.21 11no.22 12no.23 13no.24 11no.25 15no.26 13no.27 16no.28 15no.29 12no.30 11no.31N/Ano.32 5no.33 6Special Publication Series 2no.1 23no.2 14280

Publication Program Review-2007Publication# OCLC librariesBrochure(s) 6PICES Press 16BooksDynamics of the Bering Sea 60Historical Atlas of the North Pacific Ocean 252The Journey to PICES 39Annual Meeting Abstracts1997 8Primary Journal LiteratureProgress in Oceanography 611Journal of Oceanography 87Canadian Journal of Fisheries andAquatic Sciences 609Deep Sea Research Part II 214Marine Environmental Research 192ICES Journal of Marine Science 176Journal of Marine Systems 88Ecological Modelling 281Access to print PICES publications appears somewhat robust; however, access is strongly dependent onwhere a user is geographically located and with which organization he/she is affiliated. For those notaffiliated with PICES or an institution supporting a library with a PICES print collection, alternativemeans of acquiring copies are required. Resource sharing (interlibrary loan) is the primary means bywhich libraries augment their collections, and association memberships provide the means to makeborrowing requests. So, we examined the PICES distribution system in terms of library affiliation, as thiscould be an indicator of access through resource sharing as well as local collections. Currently, there are63 libraries on the PICES libraries distribution list and 69 on the PICES institution distribution list. Thereappear to be 14 PICES institutions on the current distribution list that have libraries affiliated with theirOrganization, but those libraries are not on the PICES library distribution list. Half of those 14 librarieshave IAMSLIC affiliations. Half of the 63 libraries that receive PICES distribution and whose parentinstitutions receive PICES distribution as well have IAMSLIC affiliations. While geographic distributionand need for print distribution requires further examination, there is an opportunity for IAMSLIC and itsnetwork to not only help balance geographic distribution of PICES publications where needed, but also tohelp fill the gap as needed through resource sharing.Collecting patterns in WorldCat demonstrate a strong commitment to print archiving among certainlibraries. Approximately 35 of the 63 libraries receiving PICES distribution have some form of OCLCaffiliation. Twenty-one of those libraries also have IAMSLIC affiliation. Those libraries are also includedin the approximately 80 OCLC Libraries that hold at least one PICES publication and display thoseholdings on WorldCat. This reinforces the concept that IAMSLIC member libraries are committed tocollecting and archiving PICES publications.Several libraries are cataloging digital copies of PICES Scientific Reports in conjunction with the printcopies, facilitating access through library catalogs. Our collection and archiving concerns include notonly the robustness of the PICES digital archive and the current format of PICES digital documents, butalso open access to journal articles and issues sponsored by PICES but hosted on commercial publishingwebsites.281

Publication Program Review-2007While collection of, and access to, PICES published items appears adequate, challenges arise whenconsidering the commercially published journal issues. Collecting these major commercial journals isexpensive and many smaller institutions cannot afford the subscription cost for either print or electroniccopies. Access is controlled by subscription, either institutional or personal. Furthermore, copyrightissues generally prevent libraries from lending or copying an entire issue of a given journal.Consequently, this significant component of the PICES publication program may not be adequatelyaccessible to all PICES members or other interested parties. Solutions exist, including negotiation withpublishers for the right to archive articles in an open digital repository, or publishing in a non-commercialvenue without copyright restrictions, such as the PICES special publications series. The CreativeCommons (http://creativecommons.org/) and Scholarly Publishing and Academic Research Coalition(http://www.arl.org/sparc/) provide examples of ways to work with copyright agreements so authors’rights are respected and publishers’ work acknowledged yet access is more open. The degree to whichpublishers pursue adherence to copyright restrictions is often determined by the publisher’s need tomaintain profitability. PICES, as a publisher, may choose to take a less restrictive stance on copyright asa means to increase accessibility to its publications.5b. Digital publicationsThe availability of almost all PICES publications in digital format from the PICES website is positive.This assumes, however, that most people interested in a PICES publication can identify it and then haveadequate computer and network capability to download files.One indicator of access to, and use of, electronic versions of PICES publications is to examine thenumber and location of organizations linking to the PICES site on the web. We used a Googleapplication to identify websites that linked to the PICES website (Table 7). Only two sites, a Chinesemirror of PICES (mari-biotech.nstl.gov.cn) and the Center for Global Environmental Research (Japan,www-cger.nies.go.jp), have a specific link to the PICES publications page (www.pices.int/publications/).Many more link to the PICES website (www.pices.int). As Google does not index data contained withinlibrary catalogs and literature databases, these results do not reflect organizations providing links toPICES publications from within their organizational databases.Table 7Websites of organizations linking to the PICES websiteInternational organizationsIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCOPICES Technical Committee for Data ExchangeUNEP Regional Seas ProgrammeNOWPAP (Northwest Pacific Action Plan)International Pacific Halibut CommissionInternational Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic TunasClimate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) of the World ClimateResearch ProgrammeUnited Nations Atlas of the OceansInternational Whaling CommissionNorth Pacific Research BoardCanadaDepartment of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaScientific Committee on Problems in the Environment (University of Victoria)Watershed Watch Salmon Society (British Columbia)ioc.unesco.orgtcode.tinro.ru/www.unep.org/regionalseas/www.nowpap.orgwww.iphc.washington.eduwww.iccat.eswww.clivar.org/www.oceansatlas.comwww.iwcoffice.orgwww.nprb.org/web.uvic.ca/ceor/scopewww.watershed-watch.org282

Publication Program Review-20072WE Marine and Coastal Environmental Consultants (Canada)Institute for Social Ecological Studies (University of Victoria)JapanAgriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council of JapanBiophilia JournalJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and TechnologyFisheries Oceanography Division, TNFRIOcean Research Institute of the University of TokyoFisheries Agency of JapanEnvironmental Information and Communication NetworkUnited StatesUS National Oceanic atmospheric Administration Pacific MarineEnvironmental LabUS National Oceanic atmospheric Administration Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenterUS National Invasive Species InformationInterenvironment (California Institute of Public Affairs)Joint Global Ocean Flux Studywww.2weassociates.comweb.uvic.ca/ceor/ises/kokushi.job.affrc.go.jpwww.biophilia.jpwww.jamstec.go.jpcse.fra.affrc.go.jpcod.ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpwww.jfa.maff.go.jpwww.invasivespeciesinfo.govwww.pmel.noaa.govwww.afsc.noaa.govwww.invasivespeciesinfo.govwww.interenvironment.orgijgofs.whoi.eduThis breadth of linking suggests the importance of a well organized, current website that encouragesusage and stimulates interest. However, the lack of links to the PICES website from Korean, Chinese,and Russian institutions is troublesome. There may be institutional barriers to linking. This is anotherissue that the PICES membership may be able to address.6. RecommendationsWe used the recommendations of the 2003 Review as background because some of the concerns remainin 2007 and it is important to reiterate them in light of the current information climate. We also reflect onthe importance of positioning PICES to respond to the changes in scientific communication in the nearandlong-term future. We framed the recommendations around general issues and suggested actions toaddress them:A. Managing the publication workflowB. Increasing recognition of PICES as a publisherC. Enhancing access through library and indexer cooperationD. Improving distribution efficiencyE. Increasing visibility and ensuring perpetuity through a digital repositoryA. Managing the publication workflowDuties from editing to layout are shared among Secretariat staff and contractors. This work demands asignificant time commitment from key staff. The 2003 Review recommended hiring a full-time editorand part time webmaster. We also recognize the need for additional staffing either through addedcontracts or incorporation of current contractors into the PICES staff.Recommendation A1: Establish a new position to consolidate and manage the whole workflow from thecall for papers to archiving.Recommendation A2: Post the PICES Style Manual to the PICES website highlighting the Instructions toAuthors and Editors sections. As contact information changes and procedures change, time spent283

Publication Program Review-2007answering questions will be minimized if contributing authors can find current procedures onlineincluding clear instructions to authors/editors. Print publications should also include instructions toauthors or references to instructions on the website as appropriate.Recommendation A3: As part of the workflow, continue to convert publications to text- searchablePDFs. This is the current standard used by PICES as it allows comprehensive searchability andaccessibility to the blind community.Financial Implications: Recommendation A1 requires discussion of financial consequences, as there areseveral options. Currently, $20,000 in funds is used to contract for publishing assistance, which coverspart of the publishing activity. Additional staff time is currently dedicated to the endeavor, although this isdifficult to quantify. Contractual help is cost effective in this situation, but funds would need to besecured to ensure an ongoing contract and increase that contract as needed. One option may be a shorttermcontract that manages and documents the implementation of the other recommendations. Takenindividually, the majority of the other recommendations can be carried out with existing staff, butcollectively represent a significant amount of staff time in the short term. Done successfully, this mayallow staff and contractors to return to existing levels and work with greater efficiency and effectivenessin the long term. While contract staff continue to play a large role in the publications process,documented procedures are crucial in retaining institutional knowledge in the event of staff turnover.Recommendations A2 and A3 have little financial impact and can be accomplished with existing staff.B. Increasing recognition of PICES as a publisherIt is important to have PICES listed as the publishing or sponsoring body on all of its publications. Thisincreases awareness of PICES in the scientific community. To accomplish this, PICES should be listedon each publication in a way that it will be entered as a searchable name in literature databases and librarycatalogs. This will not only increase the visibility of the PICES name within resources used by thescientific community, but will also make an easier task of tracking distribution and archiving.Recommendation B1: Include a recommended format for the item citation in every publication. Aspreviously recognized, this has been done in the Scientific Report and Special Publication series, but mayalso be of value in the remaining publications.Recommendation B2: Include the summary of publications currently appearing on the Scientific Reports,in the remaining series. If a back cover summary is not appropriate, perhaps an additional summary couldbe added to the “About PICES” section in other publications.Recommendation B3: Investigate the possibility of branding PICES at the article level in the SpecialIssues. Options to consider include a logo on the article page, inclusion of PICES as a sponsor orcorporate author, or an acknowledgment of PICES sponsorship. Such branding will make PICES morerecognizable in the online environment. This element is also of concern when considering a digitalrepository implementation as discussed below.Recommendation B4: Add information on the PICES publications introductory web page for orderingpublications as well as more specific contact information for publications.Financial Implications: Recommendations B1, B2 have little financial impact and can be accomplishedwith existing staff. Recommendation B3 could be investigated by existing staff and would have littlefinancial impact in terms of staffing. Commercial publishing agreements may require additional fees forspecialized publishing needs. Recommendation B4 has little negative financial impact in terms as it canbe accomplished with existing staff. It may have a positive financial impact if it is determined that sellingpublications is an appropriate and feasible source of revenue.284

Publication Program Review-2007Additional note: We considered a recommendation to explore a PICES journal as a means of controllingbranding, image, and content. While intriguing, especially in the digital environment, it requiressignificant further investigation on the part of the PICES Secretariat, with both commercial and non-profitpublishers, as to the organizational needs to viably market and support a regularly published journal. ThePICES Secretariat has also indicated some investigation of this option in the past. Rather, we recommendcontinuing to work with selected journals to incrementally achieve greater visibility.C. Enhancing access through library and indexer cooperationAs shown above, identifying PICES publications and obtaining copies are not optimal due to inconsistentindexing and collecting. The primary searchable sources for literature related to the subject contentcovered by PICES publications are Fish and Fisheries Worldwide, and Aquatic Sciences and FisheriesAbstracts (ASFA), OCLC WorldCat (cooperative library catalog) and IAMSLIC Libraries. So, PICESshould focus on these entities to strengthen coverage of PICES publications.Recommendation C1: Enhance existing OCLC catalog records with links to current digital versions ofPICES publications. This is quite simple if working with a willing cataloger.Recommendation C2: Establish agreements with select libraries for ongoing, dedicated print archiving.These libraries should be selected through consultation with PICES national partners as well asrecognition of historic collection commitments.Recommendation C3: Ensure indexing of all PICES publications to the article level. Options of thisinclude becoming an ASFA partner, contracting with a library to do the indexing for inclusion in ASFA,or negotiating with NISC for ongoing indexing for Fish and Fisheries Worldwide.Recommendation C4: Add all publications to a searchable digital repository. While PICES posts theScientific Reports and PICES Press in multiple parts, it is worthwhile to have other digital copiesavailable both for improved access and greater security.Financial Implications: Recommendation C1 would have little financial impact and can be accomplishedthrough agreement(s) with an IAMSLIC member(s). Recommendation C2 would have little financialimpact and can be accomplished through partnerships among the PICES Secretariat, IAMSLIC, andPICES national partners. Recommendation C3 would likely require some financial commitment tobecome an ASFA partner or to establish a long-term commitment with library staff to do the indexing.Recommendation C4 requires discussion of financial consequences, as there are several options. Atminimum, a partnership with IAMSLIC to use their digital repository, Aquatic Commons, may requiresome funding for contract services. An in-house repository would require equipment, staffing, and sometraining. More detail would be available regarding financial impact following the pilot project discussedin Recommendation E1.D. Improving distribution efficienciesA related element to improved visibility is more efficient distribution of both print and electronicpublications. While mailing is used for print distribution, alerting technology is useful for electronicdistribution.Recommendation D1: Review the three distribution lists to identify duplicate addresses. Add emailaddresses, distribution preferences, and library affiliation to member records as a basis for upcomingsurveys as well as to facilitate future electronic distribution.285

Publication Program Review-2007Recommendation D2: Review distribution of PICES publications to look for areas to reduce costs whileenhancing geographic coverage and archival commitment. Survey Contracting Parties, libraries,individuals and institutional representatives with specific questions and requests. The chart in AppendixD, based on data collected on PICES library and organizational members, their geographic location andtheir identifiable holdings in OCLC WorldCat, suggests a possible approach to this survey.Recommendation D3: Add Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed capability to the PICES website. Thisis a means to instantly notify the user of new content on a website or in a repository and can containsummary information and links to the new content at the site. This may help convince some to drop printdistribution. RSS feeds are XML (Extensible Markup Language) files created automatically by blog orrepository software, which are regularly checked by a user’s RSS reader.Recommendation D4: When adding new names to any distribution list, identify affiliations to existingrecipients, willingness to receive email alerts, RSS feeds, and electronic versions of new publications.Give existing members an opportunity to use an electronic alerting and delivery option. Consider fees forprint option.Financial Implications: Recommendation D1 has little financial impact and can be accomplished withexisting staff. Recommendation D2 has little financial impact. Existing staff could accomplish the initialreview, but short-term intern or contract staff, along with IAMSLIC assistance, is recommended tomanage a survey. Recommendations D3 and D4 have little financial impact and can be accomplished withexisting staff.E. Increasing visibility and ensuring perpetuity through a digital repositoryThe revision of the PICES website following the 2003 Publication Review was a major step towardincreased electronic accessibility to PICES publications. Given recent developments in digital archivepractice, we suggest serious consideration of participation in a digital repository, an online service tocollect, archive and provide access to the electronic information. Repository software provides apermanent handle or item address that makes linking to individual items stable even through servermigrations and other potentially disruptive upgrades to technology. Use of a digital repository willincrease the accessibility of publications through standard metadata that improves searching. Metadata isdata such as the title, author, format, and content that describe a publication. A structured metadatarecord allows a user to search more effectively and efficiently by using assigned keywords instead ofsearching an entire full-text database. For example, the user can retrieve only publications that aresignificantly about phytoplankton instead of retrieving any publication with the word, phytoplankton. Astandard metadata format allows different repositories to seamlessly search, harvest, and share records.While digital repositories are attractive for the number of benefits they provide with regard to archiving,access, and distribution costs must be considered before deciding on an ideal implementation. Hosting aunique instance of a repository provides the most flexibility in terms of presentation and control ofcontent yet, represents the highest cost in equipment, network needs, and staff. Contributing to anexisting digital repository negates the need for onsite servers and appropriate software. The cost for thisalternative is in staff time to contribute items (e.g., 5 to 15 minutes per entry). PICES editors, authors,and partner libraries could share this effort. Digital repositories are designed to have the lowest possiblethreshold to author submissions in order to encourage contribution.Repositories generally employ a standard protocol for harvesting metadata and repository content thatbuilds off a standard metadata format. This standardization makes an institution’s publications equallyaccessible regardless of the repository software used. The IAMSLIC digital repository, AquaticCommons, may be an ideal resource for digital archiving of PICES publications for its pre-existing286

Publication Program Review-2007technical support and adherence to the standards that optimize access and distribution. Branding ofPICES publications should be possible within the repository through development of an introductory pageand the addition of a PICES publisher/sponsor field in the metadata on every item.Recommendation E1: Establish a cooperative pilot project with IAMSLIC to develop a collection ofPICES publications in the IAMSLIC Aquatic Commons. This could be done on contract with IAMSLICor in-house with willing staff. Components of such a project would include development of policies forwhat to include, discussion of workflow, and graphic design that conveys a PICES presence.Recommendation E2: Retrospectively scan items to complete the collection of digital publications.Retrospective scanning is an important consideration for any digital collection. The sheer number ofpages being considered is perhaps the primary consideration when planning a retrospective scanningproject. Current office technology can often handle scanning and OCR tasks on a small scale but largecollections may require contract work. In either case, the value of a complete collection should not beoverlooked.Recommendation E3: Negotiate with publishers for the right to deposit appropriate versions of journalarticles into the repository or on the PICES website. Journal literature written by numerous authors fallsunder an array of copyright restrictions. If journal literature is to be added to a digital repository, policiesand procedures should be in place to insure that copyright is not violated.Recommendation E4: Develop a copyright agreement between PICES and all authors that grants PICESrights to archive and distribute to digital content. This could be a relatively simple form that authors signat the Annual Meeting or when submitting a section of a scientific report. Some care should be taken tofile completed agreements, although this could be done electronically.Financial Implications: Recommendation E1 requires discussion about financial consequence as itinvolves partnership with IAMSLIC on either a contract or joint project basis. Further discussion wouldalso clarify the workload required by either partner. Given the apparently small amount of scanningneeded for a complete digital collection, Recommendation E2 has little financial impact and can beaccomplished with existing staff. Recommendations E3 and E4 have little financial impact and can beaccomplished with existing staff.7. SummaryThe PICES Publication program is critical to the mission of PICES as it promotes the organization,encourages international collaboration, and communicates important science to the world. Thepossibilities for enhancing PICES publications are many and vary in cost and effort. The aboverecommendations reflect this and run from the mundane to the complex. IAMSLIC is interested incontinuing to work with PICES to ensure better access to PICES publications through stable printarchiving, targeted distribution, consistent indexing, and improved use of the electronic environment. Wesuggest these four cooperative actions as one response to this review that will control costs whileimproving use of PICES publications.287

Publication Program Review-2007Proposed cooperative actions between PICES and IAMSLIC:• Create a PICES collection within the IAMSLIC digital repository, Aquatic Commons, beginning withthe PICES Scientific Reports.• Survey those on the PICES libraries distribution list to complete assessment of collection policies.• Develop memorandum of understanding with selected libraries on establishment of print archives ofPICES publications.• Complete the addition of links to electronic versions of PICES publications in existing WorldCatrecords.8. ReferencesCordes, Ruth. 2002/2003. Is grey literature ever used?: Using citation analysis to measure the impact ofGESAMP, an international marine scientific advisory body. The Canadian Journal of Information andLibrary Science 27 (3): 109–127.MacDonald, Bertrum, Cordes, Ruth, and Wells, Peter G. 2007. Assessing the diffusion and impact of greyliterature published by international intergovernmental scientific groups: the case of the Gulf of MaineCouncil on the Marine Environment. Eighth International Conference on Grey Literature: Harnessingthe Power of Grey, 4-5 December 2006, edited by D.J. Farace and J. Frantzen. Amsterdam: TextRelease,January 17, 2007. GL-conference series, ISSN 1386-2316; No. 8.Meho, Lokman I. 2007. The rise and rise of citation analysis. Physics World 20(1). Available online:http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1703/01/PhysicsWorld.pdfNorth Pacific Marine Science Organization. 2005. Report of the Finance and Administration Committeein Annual report 2004: PICES 13th Annual Meeting, October 14-24, 2004, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A..pp. 55–71. Available online: http://www.pices.int/publications/annual_reports/ Ann_Rpt_04/and_rep_2004.aspxWebster, Janet G. & Jean Collins. 2005. Fisheries Information in Developing Countries: Support to theImplementation of the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular No.1006. Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.: Rome. 127 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/222288

Publication Program Review-20079. AppendicesAppendix A. PICES publications: Information on compiling, printing and distribution costs 1,2No. Type of publication # Printed # MailedCost of compilingand design Cost of printing Cost of mailing 131 PICES Press (32-40 pp) 1600-1700 ~1500 1,200-1,700 6,800-8,9002 Annual Reports (~300 pp) 400 ~400 3,400-4,000 8,000-9,5003 Scientific Reports (~50-190 pp) 400 3 ~400 500-5,800 4 3,800-13,300 44 Special Publications (~280/50) 5 600/450 ~450 14,500/3,900 40,750/10,2505 Brochures (12 pp) 6 2,000 ~1,500 3,500 4,2506 AM Announcement (12 pp) 7 1,600-2000 ~1,500 1,250-1,550 3,400-4,2007 AM Poster 600-800 ~500 500-850 8 2,400-3,3008 AM Book of Abstracts 9 400-550 None10 ~600 11 5,600-9,0009 Primary journals 12 Determined by publisher50-100 None None12345678910111213Information for 2004-2007 was used to prepare this table.All costs are in Canadian dollars.Standard run; in special cases up to 550 copies.Costs are highly variable depending on total number of pages and color graphics.Limited experience (PICES has produced only two very different Special Publications).Limited experience (PICES has produced only one brochure so far).AM stands for the Annual Meeting.Includes right to reproduce image(s).Since 2003, the Abstract Book has been printed by the AM host country, with or without financial support from PICES.Distributed at the Annual Meeting.The PICES Database and Web Administrator and the Intern perform the majority of work.PICES purchases copies and mails them to PICES members with the relevant expertise and to libraries in Russia and China.A fixed annual sum of $23,500 is paid for postage under the agreement between PICES and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.289

Publication Program Review-2007Appendix B. Overlap of records between various indexing tools (The lack of significantoverlap indicates inconsistent coverage.)Overlap between indices ASFA BIOSIS FFW WAVES WOS ZOOAquatic Sciences and FisheriesAbstracts (CSA)– 1 22 16 1 1BIOSIS (Ovid) 1 – 1 1 1 2Fish and Fisheries Worldwide (NISC) 22 1 – 23 2 4WAVES (DFO) 16 1 23 – 2 8Web of Science (WOS) 1 1 1 1 – 2Zoological Record (CSA) 1 2 4 8 2 –Appendix C. Suggestions for survey of PICES and North Pacific IAMSLIC members onlibrary practices1. How is a given library using their OCLC/IAMSLIC membership? If their holdings are notfully reflected in WorldCat, are they shown in the local catalog? If they have non-lenderstatus in WorldCat, do they offer lending services through other means? If so, to whom?2. Member symbols can represent one library system with several physical locations or they canrepresent individual units. If a symbol represents a system with wide geographic range, moreresearch into actual holdings may be necessary to determine actual archive access.3. Libraries may catalog a series like the Scientific Report series, as one title (the series title)with several volumes or analytically with a separate record for each report in the series. If alibrary catalogs in the former manner, more research into actual holdings may be necessary todetermine actual archive access.4. While both OCLC and IAMSLIC are open to international membership, the majority ofactive participation is centered on the North American continent. What is the culture andpractice of cataloging and sharing in organizations or countries with little or no OCLC orIAMSLIC membership?5. Do some PICES Members use library resources and services from other geographicallyadjacent organizations?6. Are PICES Members or individuals regularly contributing their distribution copies toaccessible collections for use by others within their community?7. What are the differences between publications in terms of the need for archive access toPICES member/stakeholder readers versus non-stakeholders or the general public?8. How are links to outside websites determined for an institutional website? Is this a way toincrease access to PICES publications?290

Publication Program Review-2007Appendix D. Condition of libraries at PICES member sites with recommended actionsSummary of Condition Recommended action PICES Member sitesLibraries have no or very few identifiableholdings, but may support work ofContracting Parties.Libraries have no or very few identifiableholdings. Unlikely to support work ofContracting Parties or other work in theNorth Pacific. Other libraries in the regiondo thorough archiving.Further inquiry into archiving andaccess practices warranted.Address the option of eliminatingdistribution copies to these sites.• TINRO• KORDI• Hokkaido University• Scripps Institution of Oceanography (duplication of holdingswith other West Coast U.S. libraries more actively archiving)• Institute for Oceanology Academia Sinica• University of British Columbia• University of Alaska Fairbanks• Bedford Institute of Oceanography• National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research(NIWA)Reasonable numbers of identifiable libraryholdings show dedication to archiving andsupport of PICES research.Libraries have no or very few identifiableholdings, but may support work ofContracting Parties or other work in theNorth Pacific. Institutional or individualPICES members may be associated withthese libraries. Institutions haveassociated libraries but are not PICESmembers on the library distribution list.There is generally a regional lack of libraryholdings.Continue print distribution andestablish MOU to insure dedication toarchiving.Address those organizations/librariesto determine their interest inincreasing support of PICES researchthrough more active archiving.• Oregon State University• University of Washington• NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service (perhaps a subsetof actual library members)• Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) (regional distributionneeds may require further inquiry• Global Carbon Project/ Earth Observation Centre• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission• International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project• Food and Agriculture Organization of UN291

Publication Program Review-2007Appendix E.Descriptions of and Recommendations for PICES publication seriesANNUAL REPORTSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• An electronic copy should also be archived in an open access repository in addition to thecopy available on the PICES website.• Continue distribution online with current digital format, which breaks document into sectionsfor smaller files sizes online and stores as searchable PDF.• Digital only publication and distribution may save production and mailing costs while havingminimal impact on intended audience.• Offer email alerts, RSS feeds, when new reports are available online.General description• Primary audience – Representatives of PICES Members Nations.• Secondary audience – Interested scientists in PICES or supporting organizations as well asthe North Pacific research community and science historians.• Average length – 300 pages• Level of citation – Not generally cited in the scientific literature. Not peer reviewed.• Currency – Initially of immediate use to primary audience, however, quickly becomesadministrative record for all audiences. Not included in current alerting services, however,not needed. Digital repository can provide necessary level of alerting.Distribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Approximately 400 copies are printed and mailed to PICES members andlimited institutional distribution list. Also available online.• Indexing – Inconsistently indexed. Issues after 1998 do not appear in the major indices.• Library holdings – Twenty libraries report holdings in OCLC including major PICESpartners.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive.Cost• Approximately $12,450.00 per run of 400. $31.13 per report and $0.10 per page, withadditional mailing costs at a percentage of the annual sum for postage under the PICES-DFOagreementOther recommendations• Additional limited print archive in key libraries co-located with members of the primaryaudience would be desirable.• Limit print copies given the length and purpose.SCIENTIFIC REPORTSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• An electronic copy should also be archived in an open access repository in addition to thecopy available on the PICES website.• Continue distribution online with current digital format, which breaks document into sectionsfor smaller files sizes online and stores as searchable PDF.• Offer email alerts, RSS feeds, when new reports are available online.292

Publication Program Review-2007General description• Primary audience – Scientific community of North Pacific Ocean researchers.• Secondary audience – Administrators at funding institutions in the North Pacific scientificcommunity and researchers focusing on other regions.• Average length – Approximately 120 pages• Level of citation – These are proceedings of workshops, reports from scientific workinggroups, data reports and planning reports that undergo some peer review, but not at the levelof primary journal literature. Most cited PICES publication outside of special issues in theprimary journal literature.• Currency – Of timely use to primary audience. Portions may eventually becomeadministrative record to all audiences. Not included in current alerting services, but may beof value. Digital repository can provide necessary level of alerting.Distribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Approximately 400 copies are printed and mailed to PICES members andlimited institutional distribution list. Also available online.• Indexing – Inconsistently indexed. Nature of grey literature causes these reports to frequentlyfall between the primary realms of books and journal articles. Lack of authoritative citationformat creates difficulty in tracking citations.• Library holdings – Print archive currently at an average level of 12 OCLC holdings per reportincluding major PICES partners.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive.Cost• Approximately $11,200.00 per run of 400. $28.00 per report and $0.23 per page, withadditional mailing costs at a percentage of the annual sum for postage under the PICES-DFOagreementOther recommendations• Assess needs for holdings in additional key libraries co-located with members of the primaryaudience.• Limit number of print copies given length and interested audience.• Limiting print distribution to PICES library members may save little in production andmailing costs, but increase efficiency while having minimal impact on intended audience.• Make additional print copies available from PICES for a fee to help recover costs.SPECIAL PUBLICATIONSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• An electronic copy should also be archived in an open access repository in addition to thecopy available on the PICES website.• Continue distribution online with current digital format, which breaks document into sectionsfor smaller files sizes online and stores as searchable PDF.• Offer email alerts, RSS feeds, when new publications are available online.General description• Primary audience – Administrators at funding institutions in the North Pacific, scientificcommunity and researchers focusing on other regions. Lay audience interested in NorthPacific ecosystems.• Secondary audience – Scientific community of North Pacific Ocean researchers.• Level of citation – Not generally cited in the scientific literature. Not peer reviewed.293

Publication Program Review-2007• Currency – Of timely use to primary and secondary audiences. Will continue to provide asolid overview of North Pacific ecosystem and the scientific challenges it presents. Notincluded in current alerting services. Digital repository can provide necessary level ofalerting.• Average length – Approximately 163 pages (n = 2)Distribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Approximately 525 copies are printed and 450 mailed to PICES members andlimited institutional distribution list. Also available online.• Indexing – Inconsistently indexed.• Library holdings – An average of 19 (n = 2) libraries report holdings in OCLC includingmajor PICES partners.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive.Cost• Approximately $34,700.00 per run of 525. $66.10 per report and $0.40 per page, withadditional mailing costs at a percentage of the annual sum for postage under the PICES-DFOagreement.Other recommendations• Assess needs for holdings in additional key libraries collocated with members of the primaryaudience as well as geographic coverage for secondary audience would be desirable.• Continue to use full-color. Though expensive, it remains an effective marketing tool.• Print distribution should include all stakeholder parties as well as additional libraries andorganizations where marketing may be effective.• Make additional print copies available from PICES for a fee to help recover costs.BOOKSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• Investigate feasibility of hosting full-text on PICES website and offering access for a fee torecoup costs.• If some form of electronic full-text access is considered desirable, distribute online withcurrent digital format, which breaks document into sections for smaller files sizes online andstores as searchable PDF.• Offer email alerts, RSS feeds, when new books are available.General description• Primary audience – Scientific community of North Pacific Ocean researchers.• Secondary audience – Administrators at funding institutions in the North Pacific scientificcommunity and researchers focusing on other regions.• Level of citation – Infrequently cited in the scientific literature when compared to journalspecial issues, though level of peer review and quality is equal.• Currency – Of timely use to primary audience and secondary audiences. Will continue toprovide solid scientific background of North Pacific ecosystem and the scientific challenges itpresents. Not included in current alerting services. Digital repository can provide necessarylevel of alerting.294

Publication Program Review-2007Distribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Variable numbers of copies are printed and mailed to PICES members andlimited institutional distribution list. Available for purchase through commercial venues.Portions available online but not complete text.• Indexing – Inconsistently indexed due to policies of commercial indexes that focus on journalliterature.• Library holdings – An average of 156 (n = 2) libraries report holdings in OCLC includingmajor PICES partners.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive.Cost• Production costs vary and additional mailing costs are a percentage of the annual sum forpostage under the PICES-DFO agreement.Other recommendations• Additional limited print archive in key libraries collocated with members of the primaryaudience would be desirable.• Length makes limited print copies desirable.• Print distribution remains limited to paying customers. Price should be set to recover costs ofproduction and mailing at minimum.PICES PRESSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• An electronic copy should also be archived in an open access repository in addition to thecopy available on the PICES website.• Continue distribution online with current digital format, which breaks document into sectionsfor smaller files sizes online and stores as searchable PDF.• Offer email alerts, RSS feeds, when new issues are available online.General description• Primary audience – Planning members of the PICES organization and supportingorganizations, scientific community of North Pacific Ocean researchers, lay audience, andresearchers focusing on other regions.• Secondary audience – N/A.• Level of citation – Not generally cited in the scientific literature. Not peer reviewed.• Currency – Of timely use to entire audience as it serves a current update and marketingfunction. Not included in current alerting services, however may not be needed. Digitalrepository and/or email distribution can provide necessary level of alerting.• Average length – Approximately 36 pages.Distribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Approximately 1650 copies are printed and 1500 mailed to PICES membersand limited institutional distribution list. Also available online.• Indexing – Inconsistently indexed.• Library holdings – Sixteen libraries report holdings in OCLC including major PICESpartners.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive.295

Publication Program Review-2007Cost• Approximately $9,300 per run of 1650. $5.64 per report and $0.16 per page, with additionalmailing costs at a percentage of the annual sum for postage under the PICES-DFO agreement.Other recommendations• Additional limited print archive in key libraries collocated with members of the primaryaudience would be desirable.• Continue to publish in print as needed as length makes this feasible at relatively low cost.Numbers needed may diminish if members elect electronic distribution.• At 1650 copies, the print run of PICES Press is the only series for which a reduction, but notelimination, of the print run will provide any significant cost savings.• Additional print copies or subscriptions available from PICES free of charge may helpincrease the effectiveness of the marketing aspect of this publication.PRIMARY JOURNALSRecommendations for transition to electronic format• Include PICES acknowledgement and branding at the article level where possible.• Following negotiations with publishers, an electronic copy of copyright compliant articlesshould be archived in an open access repository in addition to the PICES website.General description• Primary audience – Scientific community of North Pacific Ocean researchers.• Secondary audience – Administrators at funding institutions in the North Pacific scientificcommunity and researchers focusing on other regions.• Level of citation – Peer reviewed primary scientific journal literature. Cited regularly in astandard format used by literature indexing services.• Currency – Of timely use to primary and secondary audience. Science will continue to bevalid and useful into the future. Included in current alerting services, but digital repositorycan provide addition level of alerting. Twenty-one special issues over eight years.• Average length – N/ADistribution, indexing and archiving• Distribution – Not automatically distributed to PICES distribution lists though small numbermailed by PICES per request. Also available online through institutional licenses tocommercial publisher websites.• Indexing – Thorough indexing in all of the appropriate commercial index services.• Library holdings – 24 PICES member libraries also in OCLC hold an average of 3.375 of the8 journal titles publishing special issues.• The Secretariat maintains a print archive. Journals generally well distributed to and archivedby libraries in a wide geographic range.Cost• No production cost. 50 to 100 issues mailed at a percentage of the annual sum for postageunder the PICES-DFO agreement.Other recommendations• Continue to publish PICES special issues as they are of interest to a wide audience and are anefficient alternative to introduction of a PICES journal to the market.296

Expert Group Guidelines-2007Guidelines for PICES Temporary Expert GroupsContentsExecutive Summary1. Introduction2. Group Definitions3. Group Creation4. Terms of Reference5. Membership and Chairmen or Co-Chairmen6. Group Activities7. Deliverables8. Financial Support for Research9. Responsibilities and Functions of the Chairman or Co-Chairmen10. Collaboration with Outside Organizations11. Key Ingredients to a Successful Expert Group12. Appendices1. Expert Group Survey Recipients2. Sample Letter Sent to Chairmen/Co-Chairmen of Expert Groups3. PICES Expert Group Assessment Report, September 8, 20054. Bjørn Sundby’s Evaluation of SCOR Working Groups1. IntroductionThe purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for the creation of PICES Working Groups, StudyGroups, Sections, Task Teams and Advisory Panels, and to describe the duties and responsibilities of theChairman (or Co-Chairmen) and the members of these groups. It outlines necessary tasks and workingprocedures and provides advice on the organization and completion of tasks in order to facilitate the workof the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Many of these guidelines were adapted fromthree documents published by PICES or the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES):“North Pacific Marine Science Organization – Rules of Procedure”, “Matters of practical interest toChairmen of PICES Groups and Session Convenors” and “Guidelines for Chairs of ICES Committees andExpert Groups”.2. Group DefinitionsA Working Group is a group of scientists, generally established by a Scientific Committee, with theendorsement of the Science Board and approval of the Council, for a period of typically three years, toundertake specific terms of reference and to report to the Organization on their findings. A WorkingGroup:(a) shall consist of members appointed by the Contracting Parties, after considering anyrecommendations concerning membership by the Science Board;(b)(c)shall establish Co-Chairmen, according to Rule 17 in the PICES Rules of Procedure;shall be disbanded either after preparing their final report, or, as determined by the ScienceBoard, for inadequate progress in achieving their tasks.297

Expert Group Guidelines-2007A Study Group is established by the PICES Council, or an Executive Committee, with the approval of theCouncil, for a period not normally exceeding one year. It has specific terms of reference to consider anyscientific, policy, advisory and/or financial issue of interest to the Organization and to providerecommendations thereon. A Study Group:(a) shall normally consist of members appointed by the Contracting Parties, and by the Council;(b) shall establish one Chairman according to Rule 17 in the PICES Rules of Procedure;(c) shall be disbanded after submitting their final report and recommendations.A Section is an ongoing sub-committee established by a Scientific Committee, with the endorsement ofthe Science Board and approval by the Council, to consider in greater detail, topics of sufficient generalimportance to the Organization to warrant ongoing attention, but only when sufficient expertise is lackingon a Scientific Committee. A Section:(a) shall consist of members appointed by the Contracting Parties, after considering anyrecommendations concerning membership by the Science Board;(b) shall establish Co-Chairmen according to Rule 17 in the PICES Rules of Procedure;(c) be responsible to, and be reviewed regularly by the parent Scientific Committee.A Task Team is a group of scientists established with the endorsement of the Science Board and approvalby the Council with a specific focus to conduct the work of a Scientific Program. A Task Team:(a) shall consist of members, appointed by the Contracting Parties;(b) shall establish Co-Chairmen according to Rule 17 in the PICES Rules of Procedure.An Advisory Panel is a group of scientists established with the endorsement of the Science Board andapproval by the Council to coordinate and provide scientific advice on a field or experimental activities ofa Scientific Committee or Scientific Program. An Advisory Panel:(a) shall consist of members appointed by the Contracting Parties, after considering anyrecommendations concerning membership proposed by the Science Board;(b) may, with the endorsement of the Science Board and approval of the Council, include exofficio members from other organizations and/or non-Contracting Parties;(c) shall establish Co-Chairmen according to Rule 17 in the PICES Rules of Procedure;(d) shall be disbanded after the work is complete.3. Group CreationThe first step in creating any of these groups is drafting the terms of reference (TOR) and there areseveral ways that this can be done. Three successful approaches are:(a) organizing a special session or workshop at a PICES Annual Meeting wherein the problem(s)of study is discussed and the TOR are drafted;(b) having an individual draft the TOR and post them on the PICES website for comment;(c) having an individual draft the TOR and present them to the supporting committee formodification and approval.In each case, the outcome needs to be the TOR that have been approved by at least one supportingcommittee. Once this is done, the proposal can be forwarded to the Science Board for their endorsement.4. Terms of ReferenceThe TOR should either be linked to the PICES Strategic Plan and/or the supporting Committee’s ActionPlan, or identify and fill a gap in one of those plans. These TOR need to be clear, focused, and achievablewithin the lifetime of the group. See links within http://www.pices.int/members/working_groups/default.aspx for some TOR examples. The expert group life span, often three years, should be specifiedas part of the TOR. The TOR must be approved by the Science Board.298

Expert Group Guidelines-20075. Membership and Chairmen or Co-ChairmenPotential expert group members are usually, but not always, suggested by the group organizers. Thereshould be at least one member from each of the PICES Contracting Parties, and in cases when theorganizers have not suggested members from a country, the respective national delegates are requested todo so. All members need to be approved by their respective national delegates, and these delegates arenot bound to follow the suggestions of the group organizers. However, the Contracting Parties areobliged to ensure that:a) the members they approve are committed to working toward the goals of the group, andb) there is funding for the members to attend group meetings and workshops. The number ofmembers in an expert group typically ranges between fifteen and twenty-four.A Chairman or Co-Chairmen is/are recommended by the Science Board for approval by the Council andshall assume office when group membership has been confirmed by the Executive Secretary. They areoften, but not always, the organizers of the group. With the exception of Sections, a Chairman or Co-Chairmen usually serve(s) for the lifetime of the group. As is the practice with most PICES bodies, it isrecommended that if there are two Co-Chairmen, they be from opposite sides of the Pacific. If groupmembers need to be replaced, either by their own choosing or if the Chairman/Co-Chairmen feel they arenot contributing to the group activities, the Chairman/Co-Chairmen must notify the respective nationaldelegates and the PICES Secretariat, and if possible recommend replacements.6. Group ActivitiesGroups are free to set their own schedule for activities. They usually have meetings or workshops at thetime of the PICES Annual Meeting (as most members will be attending) and often schedule at least oneother meeting between these sessions. The PICES Secretariat can provide support to help organize theseactivities. Expenses for group members to attend PICES Annual Meetings have to come from nationalsources. Requests to provide partial funding to support the travel costs of invited speakers tomeetings/workshops (either annual or inter-sessional) should be made annually though the supportingPICES Committee and must be approved by the Science Board. Additional funds to cover inter-sessionalmeeting/workshop expenses and to carry out the research specified in the TOR need to be raised by thegroup members, either by submitting proposals to national or international agencies, or from availableresources at their home institutions.Regular electronic communication among members is a key for the group to be effective. The PICESwebsite maintains e-mail address lists for each expert group and has created a facility for sendingcorrespondence to all group members. In addition, a password-protected web page can be created tofacilitate the exchange of opinions, files and data.7. DeliverablesExpert groups must submit annual reports that will be included in the PICES Annual Report. If they holdinter-sessional meetings or workshops, it is also recommended that they submit an article for the PICESPress newsletter and consider publication of a report in the PICES Scientific Report series. A final reportmust also be submitted at the end of the expert group’s lifetime and this is usually reviewed and publishedas a formal PICES publication (Annual or Scientific Report, book, or brochure).299

Expert Group Guidelines-20078. Financial Support for ResearchThough PICES can provide funding to support some travel to, and infrastructure to help organize,workshops, it does not provide funding to carry out the research itself. If such funding is needed, it mustbe found from international or national organizations, usually through a proposal process.9. Responsibilities and Functions of the Chairman or Co-ChairmenThe Chairman or Co-Chairmen of Working Groups, Study Groups, Sections, Task Teams and AdvisoryPanels should:• preside over meetings of the group concerned and regulate their procedure, and assign anappointment to draft minutes;• prepare an agenda for each meeting of the group, and circulate to all members before the meeting;• ensure the successful completion of the TOR of the group within the timeframe approved by theGoverning Council;• maintain good communication among members;• maintain good communication with the parent Committee(s) by:o preparing written progress reports for their parent Committee (at most twice annually),o attending meetings of the parent committee(s), as required;• plan and implement activities of the group;• provide a final draft agenda to the Secretariat at least one month before the meeting;• Prepare final reports to the parent Committee(s) for review at the end of the assignment.Typically, these are published as a PICES Scientific Report.10. Collaboration with Outside OrganizationsThough not necessary, collaboration with organizations outside PICES is encouraged. This provides awider perspective for the research, the opportunity for joint activities, and in some cases the opportunityto access additional resources.11. Key Ingredients to a Successful Expert GroupAt the inter-sessional PICES Science Board Meeting in April 2005, Dr. Michael Foreman was asked toprepare an assessment report of previous PICES expert groups. Letters were sent to all past and presentChairmen or Co-Chairmen (Appendices 1 and 2) asking them to address the following issues: i) specificsuccesses, failures and impacts of the group; ii) the overall expert group concept, processes, proceduresand how they could be improved; iii) the influence of the expert group on the direction of the science thatwas its focus; iv) the key ingredients for a successful expert group; and v) other relevant comments. Asummary of the results was presented at the Science Board Meeting at PICES XIV and is given inAppendix 3. For comparative purposes, Bjorn Sundby’s evaluation of SCOR Working Groups isincluded as Appendix 4.In particular, the key ingredients for a successful working group were found to be:a) A clear mandate,b) Resources (funding and time),c) Collaboration with other organizations outside PICES,d) Leadership,e) Enthusiasm,f) Active and dedicated members,g) Frequent communications.300

Expert Group Guidelines-2007Appendix 1: Expert Group Survey RecipientsPositionE-mail address1 Lynne D. Talley WG 1 Chairman ltalley@ucsd.edu2 Richard Addison WG 2 Chairman rfaddison@saltspring.com3 Tokio Wada WG 3 Co-Chairman, wadat@affrc.go.jpWG 16 Co-Chairman,REX Co-Chairman4 John R. Hunter WG 3 Co-Chairman John.Hunter@noaa.gov5 Stewart McKinnell WG 4 Co-Chairman mckinnell@pices.int6 Al. Tyler WG 5 Chairman tyler@sfos.uaf.edu7 Brent Hargreaves WG 6 Co-Chairman hargreavesb@dfo-mpo.gc.ca8 Takashige Sugimoto WG 6 Co-Chairman sugimoto@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp9 Paul H. LeBlond WG 7 Co-Chairman leblond@gulfislands.com10 Masahiro Endoh WG 7 Co-Chairman endoh@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp11 Ming-Jiang Zhou WG 8 Co-Chairman mjzhou@ms.qdio.ac.cn12 John Stein WG 8 Co-Chairman John.E.Stein@noaa.gov13 Kimio Hanawa WG 9 Co-Chairman hanawa@pol.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp14 Bruce A. Taft WG 9 Co-Chairman, bat65@aol.comMONITOR Co-Chairman15 Sang-Kyung Byun WG 10 Co-Chairman skbyun@kordi.re.kr16 C.N.K. Mooers WG 10 Co-Chairman cmooers@rsmas.miami.edu17 Hidehiro. Kato WG 11 Co-Chairman, katohide@affrc.go.jpMBM-AP Co-Chairman18 George.L. Hunt, Jr. WG 11 Co-Chairman glhunt@uci.edu19 Vitaly E. Rodin WG 12 Co-Chairman root@tinro.marine.su20 Robert S. Otto WG 12 Co-Chairman Robert.S.Otto@noaa.gov21 Yukihiro Nojiri WG 13 Co-Chairman nojiri@nies.go.jpWG 17 Co-Chairman22 Richard A. Feely WG 13 Co-Chairman Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov23 Nikolay V. Parin WG 14 Co-Chairman npar@fish.comcp.msk.su24 Richard D. Brodeur WG 14 Co-Chairman Rick.Brodeur@noaa.gov25 F.J.R (Max) Taylor WG 15 Co-Chairman maxt@unixg.ubc.ca26 Tatiana Yu. Orlova WG 15 Co-Chairman torlova@whoi.edu27 Richard J. Beamish WG 16 Co-Chairman, BeamishR@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caBASS Co-Chairman28 Akihiko Yatsu WG 16 Co-Chairman, yatsua@fra.affrc.go.jpBASS Co-Chairman,CFAME Co-Chairman29 Andrew G Dickson WG 17 Co-Chairman adickson@ucsd.edu30 Ik-Kyo Chung WG 18 Co-Chairman ikchung@pusan.ac.kr31 Carolyn S. Friedman WG 18 Co-Chairman carolynf@u.washington.edu32 Glen Jamieson SG & WG 19 Co-Chairman JamiesonG@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca33 Chang-Ik Zhang SG & WG 19 Co-Chairman cizhang@pknu.ac.kr34 Ian Perry NP Ecosystem Status Report, perryi@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMODEL Co-Chairman,Science Board Chairman35 Jacquelynne R. King FERRRS Chairman KingJac@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca36 Patricia Livingston Science Board Chairman Pat.Livingston@noaa.gov37 Gordon A. McFarlane BASS Co-Chairman mcfarlanes@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca301

Expert Group Guidelines-2007PositionE-mail address38 Kerim Y. Aydin BASS Co-Chairman Kerim.Aydin@noaa.govCFAME Co-Chairman39 Andrei S. Krovnin BASS Co-Chairman akrovnin@vniro.ru40 Makoto Terazaki BASS Co-Chairman terazaki@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp41 Shin-ichi Ito MODEL Co-Chairman goito@affrc.go.jp42 Michio J. Kishi MODEL Co-Chairman mjkishi@nifty.com43 Sinjae Yoo MODEL Co-Chairman sjyoo@kordi.re.kr44 Bernard A. Megrey MODEL Co-Chairman Bern.Megrey@noaa.gov45 Francisco E. Werner MODEL Co-Chairman cisco@unc.edu46 Tokimasa Kobayashi REX Co-Chairman tokikoba@affrc.go.jp47 Yoshiro Watanabe REX Co-Chairman ywat@affrc.go.jp48 Vladimir I. Radchenko REX Co-Chairman vlrad@sakhniro.ru49 Anne B. Hollowed REX Co-Chairman Anne.Hollowed@noaa.gov50 William T. Peterson REX Co-Chairman Bill.Peterson@noaa.gov51 David L. Mackas MONITOR Co-Chairman Mackasd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca52 Kaouru Nakata MONITOR Co-Chairman may31@affrc.go.jp53 Sei-Ichi Saitoh MONITOR Co-Chairman ssaitoh@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jp54 Yasunori Sakurai MONITOR Chairman sakurai@fish.hokudai.ac.jp55 Phillip R. Mundy MONITOR Co-Chairman mundy@gci.net56 Charles B. Miller CPR-AP Chairman cmiller@coas.oregonstate.edu57 C.S. Wong IFEP Co-Chairman WongCS@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca58 Shigenobu Takeda IFEP Co-Chairman atakeda@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp59 William J. Sydeman MBM Co-Chairman wjsydeman@prbo.org60 Evgeny Pakhomov MIE Co-Chairman epakhomov@eos.ubc.ca61 Orio Yamamura MIE Co-Chairman orioy@fra.affrc.go.jp62 Harold Batchelder CCCC Co-Chairman hbatchelder@coas.oregonstate.edu63 Suam Kim CCCC Co-Chairman suamkim@pknu.ac.kr302

Expert Group Guidelines-2007Appendix 2: Sample Letter Sent to Chairmen/Co-Chairmen of Expert GroupsNorth PacificMarine ScienceOrganizationProf. Paul H. LeBlondleblond@gulfislands.comJune13, 2005Dear Paul:The Science Board of the North Pacific Marine ScienceOrganization (PICES) is in the process of evaluating the performance of itsworking groups, study groups, and task teams. As you were the Co-Chairman of WG 7 on the Modeling of the subarctic North Pacificcirculation, we welcome your comments on the successes, failures, andimpacts of that group, as well as the overall working group concept andprocesses.Secretariatc/o Institute of OceanSciencesP.O. Box 6000,Sidney, B.C.,Canada, V8L 4B2Phone: (250) 363-6366Fax: (250) 363-6827E-Mail: secretariat@pices.intInternet: www.pices.intCharimanVera AlexanderVice-ChairmanTokio WadaExecutive SecretaryAlexander S. BychkovWe are also interested in your opinions on the influence that WG 7had on the direction of the science that was its focus. In other words, whatwere the less tangible results of the groups’ activities and publications,such as the opening of new areas of research, or the development of newresearch collaborations, specific new research programs, or relatedpublications by other groups? Please consider any international and/ornational results of which you are aware. Your response does not need tobe long (e.g., one page or shorter), but please be specific. This informationwill be used to help PICES examine how its working groups haveinfluenced different disciplines of oceanography and should help us planfor the success of future working groups. In this latter regard, we are alsointerested in your thoughts on how the working group processes andprocedures could be improved and what you feel are the key ingredientsfor a successful working group.I will be providing a summary of your responses, along with thosefrom other working group leaders, to the PICES Science Board at our nextannual meeting in Vladivostok in early October. In order to allowsufficient time to compile and organize the survey results, I wouldappreciate a response (via mail, fax, or email) by August 1, 2005. Pleasecc this response to Julia Yazvenko at the PICES secretariat.PICES thanks you for previous and continuing contributions toNorth Pacific marine science and in particular, for assistance in this survey.Sincerely,Michael ForemanChair, Physical Oceanography and Climate CommitteeNorth Pacific Marine Science Organizationforemanm@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caFax: 250-363-6746303

Expert Group Guidelines-2007Appendix 3: PICES Expert Group Assessment Report, September 8, 2005On June 13, 2005, sixty-three letters were sent out to past and present Chairmen or Co-Chairmen ofPICES Working Groups, Study Groups, Task Teams, and Advisory Panels. A sample letter and thecomplete list of the recipients are included as Appendices 1 and 2. As of August 15, 2005 twelve replieswere received. They have not been included here as one participant requested confidentiality. Asummary of the responses, with reference to the specific questions that were posed, follows.1. Specific successes, failures, and impacts of expert Groups1. Symposia, workshops, reports, books: Almost all responses listed one or more of these as anotable success. Workshops enhanced continuing collaboration among participants (WG2,Addison).2. The Batchelder letter listed numerous successes for each of the four CCCC task teams: REX,BASS, MONITOR, and MODEL.3. Not all of the PICES member nations were actively involved in all group activities. The nonparticipationin the early stages of CCCC will probably mean that an education, outreach andtraining effort will be needed in the future (Batchelder).4. The most notable success of WG14 was the spinoff of the Micronekton Intercalibration AdvisoryPanel which conducted a successful international cruise and is planning another. In collaborationwith other groups, two Symposia were held and proceedings published.5. WG14 brought in some people who had not previously been involved with PICES and now theyare active members of the organization.6. The most valuable success of the MODEL Task Team is the NEMURO model (Ito). Thisincludes NEMURO.FISH (with REX), a version coupled to ECOPATH/ECOSYM (with BASS,and another coupled with a population dynamics model to provide biomass estimates. A failuremight be the lack of strong contributions from several PICES countries until the last year. Thisfailure is mainly caused by the different interests within PICES countries; U.S., Canada and Japanare interested in the open ocean, but other countries are more interested in their marginal seas.7. The WG 7 report was a realistic summary of the state of the art in numerical modeling of theNorth Pacific at that time and set realistic constraints to the ecological modeling dreams of theCCCC Program. The Working Group participants developed lasting contacts and learned fromeach other in the process of exchanging information and preparing a report (LeBlond).8. WG 4 recommended that its objectives were more clearly suited to an ongoing organizationalentity within PICES, and GC/SB established the first Technical Committee on Data Exchange(TCODE).9. PICES distributed a publication (Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada) Technical Report)containing previously unpublished, detailed Station Papa zooplankton data (WG 4, McKinnell).10. The Science Board and the North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report Working Group were verysuccessful – the former for collectively providing a scientific leadership role and perhaps a senseof direction, forward momentum, and a shared goal for PICES science, and the latter for buildinga group of talented and capable scientists also with a shared goal and the enthusiasm to developsomething new (Perry).11. The successful aspect of the MODEL Task Team is that it made a substantial progress in defininga lower trophic model structure and developing codes. The lower trophic model has been named“NEMURO”, which includes a maximum of 15 compartments. The NEMURO model is gainingvisibility among researchers interested in ecosystem responses to climate forcing as well as in themodeling community (Yoo).12. The unsuccessful side of MODEL is that it did not catch up with the CCCC timeline. CCCC willbe 10 years old in 2006 and is now in its concluding phase. The methods to couple the LTL and304

Expert Group Guidelines-2007HTL have been studied for the past years by the Task Team. Although there was some progressbut the results are not yet fully applicable (Yoo).13. Participation at the last WG19 meeting in 2004 was not so satisfactory; only a few membersattended. No members participated from three countries (Zhang).2. Overall expert group concept, processes, procedures and how they could be improved1. Active Participation of all Members: The overall Working Group concept is good but PICES andthe member nations need to ensure that all members of the Working Group come to the meetingsand actively participate in activities, including reports (Brodeur).2. Continued Participation: Many in WG 5 felt that there was no direct place for them in organizedactivities of PICES after the Working Group dissolved. Most continued to attend PICES meetingswhen they could get funding, and they contributed research papers. But the Bering Sea ceased tobe a focus of any group within PICES (Tyler).3. Influence of the expert group on the direction of the science that was its focus1. Discussions and collaborations stimulated interest in topics that otherwise would not have beenviewed as a high priority by some member countries (Addison).2. Though not all the original CCCC proposals were achieved, CCCC has significantly advanced,either directly or indirectly, our understanding of the impacts of climate variability on marineorganisms and productivity of the North Pacific, and some of the mechanisms involved(Batchelder).3. Most PICES Working Groups spend their time consolidating information from various countrieson a topic of interest and do not make significant advances in science direction. It is importantfor Working Groups to spend their initial time together because it helps them have a commonframe of reference with regard to what is presently known or not known about their topic ofinterest. If Working Groups had more time to work beyond this initial phase of inquiry, theycould have more scientific influence. Working Groups take a while to get established, formworking relationships, and get common ideas for future work together. Working Group membershave been known to express regret that their Working Group was being disbanded in order tomake way for another Working Group (Livingston).4. In terms of broader influences, the scientific fields opened by Science Board (and coming fromthe scientists of PICES themselves with perhaps some steering by Science Board) will prove to beimportant to PICES and are at the forefront of scientific themes developing worldwide. Theseinclude ecosystem-based approaches, harmful algal blooms, climate variability and climatechange impacts to living resources and the provision of concise scientific advice on this topic, andthe characteristics and comparisons of recent marine ecosystem conditions throughout the NorthPacific (Perry).5. Most of the scientists of WG 5 have continued to carry out research on the Bering Sea, and theWorking Group was very important in shaping the work of these individuals. The contacts madeduring workshop meetings continued to be very valuable. The book that resulted (Dynamics ofthe Bering Sea) has continued to be an enormous source of information for those involved inresearch programs (Tyler).6. Typical ecosystem modeling activities involve physics and the lower trophic level. There havenot been many attempts that aimed at physics-LTL-HTL modeling as a whole. The mostimportant impact that the MODEL Task Team has had on the community is that it specificallyaimed at those links with some novel approaches. The NEMURO model-related papers have beenpublished in good journals including “Ecological Modelling” and a special issue covering theoutputs from the Task Team activities is now underway (Yoo).305

Expert Group Guidelines-20074. What are the key ingredients for a successful expert group?1. Focus, clear mandate:i. The Working Group needs a well-defined focus that is truly relevant for all membercountries. The WG 2 Chairman stated that “the real problem for this Group was that there isno urgent trans-Pacific (“quasi-hemispheric”) issue that demanded a co-ordinatedinternational response in the way that (perhaps) there are fisheries management or large-scaleoceanographic process issues. The closest we had to a trans-Pacific MEQ issue is that oflong- range transport of certain pollutants, and I suppose that if I had to do it all over againI’d push for a focus on that.” Due the large geographic expanse of the North Pacific, issuesin one sub-region may not be relevant in others. Consequently, most governments (and theirscientists) see environmental issues as being mainly (but not exclusively) “regional” ratherthan “quasi-hemispheric” and so see no real need for harmonisation over a large geographicscale (Addison).ii. The initial terms of reference for WG 4 were far too general and their scope too broad to beeffective as an assignment of 2–3 years duration (McKinnell).iii. A clear mandate, with clear terms of reference, goals, and deliverables are necessary forWorking Group success. It is preferable that this comes initially (at least) from the scientistsrather than being dictated by “the hierarchy”, although some refinement and direction from“the hierarchy” will likely be needed (Perry).2. Resources (funding and time):i. PICES provides a structure for international co-operation but ultimately its activities dependlargely on the “volunteer” efforts of its members. These are generally either governmentscientists, or university professors who are funded through government grants. Ifgovernments do not see the Working Group issue as being a high priority, then any initiativeto address that issue is unlikely to attract government funding. The bottom line is that ifPICES wants to focus on a trans-Pacific issue it must find appropriate funding (Addison)!ii. A key factor for the success of the MODEL task team was funding support (Ito).iii. Governments appointed their representatives then failed to provide funds to attend WorkingGroup meetings (whether they were inter-sessional or during the Annual Meeting)(McKinnell).iv. Funding from the Gulf Ecosystem Monitoring (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trust Fund) for theContinuous Plankton Recorder Program is likely to disappear after 2007. Funding is alsoavailable from the North Pacific Research Board but its long term viability “remains to betested”. PICES support has helped, and will continue to be needed, to sustain the program(Miller, CPR-AP).v. Without sufficient money, the members of the Group never get a chance to meet as a fullgroup. Without sufficient time on the part of the participants, they never get anything done –this is partly connected to the participants’ enthusiasm for the work of the Group, andwhether they have been “appointed’ or actively “requested” to join (Perry).vi. The key factor for a successful Working Group is the active participation of all countries. Weneed to look for some ways to promote participation by, for example, supporting travelmoney for key members from each country (Zhang).3. Collaboration with other organizations outside PICES:i. Cross fertilization between the CCCCs Program and the U.S. GLOBEC Northeast PacificProgram benefited both groups (Batchelder).ii. PICES interactions with ICES, NPAFC, and the international (IGBP/SCOR/IOC) GLOBECprogram were particularly noteworthy in the success of the Ecosystem Status Report WorkingGroup (Perry).306

Expert Group Guidelines-20074. Leadership:i. The energy, creativity, interest, and time-devotion of the leaders of each of the CCCC TaskTeams were keys to their productivity. Vested, proactive leadership led to the success of theTask Team activities and to that of the CCCC group overall (Batchelder).ii. Strong leadership is perhaps the most important ingredient for a successful Working Group.A strong leader needs to inspire enthusiasm and provide a vision or goal for the Group, butalso should not overly dominate the Group – i.e., the participants need to “buy into” thevision provided by the leader(s). A strong leader to some extent can overcome the drawbacksof not having a clear mandate (Perry).5. Enthusiasm:i. Scientists should be enthusiastic and the Working Groups should promote not only scientificactivity but also introduce techniques and educate new scientists (Ito).ii. Enthusiasm for the topic, preferably from more than one scientist from more than onemember nation, is needed. Again, this usually comes from the scientists, but not exclusively:all of us recognize and can get excited about a stimulating idea (Perry).6. Active and dedicated members:i. Probably most important is a Chairman who is able to divide the tasks up in a meaningfulway. The biggest problem are members who are not committed to the Working Group or toobusy to do the assigned tasks. A solution might be changing the way members arenominated. Having national delegates actively screening the interest and ability of nominatedWorking Group members might help. The delegates could poll prospective Working Groupmembers regarding their ability to meet the time commitments involved. Working Groupscould also focus their work more at mini-workshops where most of the work is done, insteadof expecting members to work on tasks National delegates need to verify that there will befinancial support from the member’s country to pay for their travel to these Working Groupmeetings (Livingston).ii. The Working Groups not only need a strong leader but also cooperative members. TheWorking Group membership recommendation from each PICES country is important (Ito).7. Frequent communications, both amongst the members of the group, but also with its parentgroup: The former is needed to develop the shared vision and goal, and to keep activity at somecontinuous level for the duration of the group; the latter is necessary to ensure the group is ontrackwith the objectives initially established by the parent group, and to be plugged into the“larger picture” (Perry).5. Other relevant comments:1. Richard Addison listed the following notable differences between PICES and ICES that has led toPICES needing to operate in quite a different way.i. ICES has a formal role to provide scientific advice to its members especially on issues whichcross international boundaries; PICES has no such role (yet);ii.ICES deals generally and mostly with the NE Atlantic–North Sea–Baltic area (even thoughCanada and the U.S.A. are members); in practice this means that ICES' interests are focusedon “regional scale” issues (in contrast to the focus of PICES which is on the North Pacific —almost a hemispheric focus; well, a much larger scale than ICES’ focus, anyway);iii. ICES has a much larger membership than PICES, but ICES’ membership is much moreculturally homogenous (all essentially northern European) and probably at a much moresimilar level of economic and scientific development (though that latter statement may not bequite true now that the Baltic states have joined …)307

Expert Group Guidelines-20072. The main focus of PICES should be on essential physical and ecosystem studies rather thanfishery management as the fish species in PICES countries do not overlapped exactly. Also, if weonly focus on the fishery management, it will restrict the funding resources. Therefore, I considerthat “physical and ecosystem response to the climate changes including the global change in theNorth Pacific” is a preferable theme for PICES in the next decade, although it is not so differentfrom the current CCCC’s objective. Fishery management should be treated as one of theecosystem problems (Ito).Appendix 4: Bjørn Sundby’s Evaluation of SCOR Working GroupsIn 2002–2003, the SCOR Secretariat sent letters to former chairs and/or members of SCOR WorkingGroups 66 to 105. This set of Working Groups was selected because most of the Chairs and memberswere still living, and because their work was concluded sufficiently long ago that some may have bornefruit beyond their final publications. This group of respondents might produce positively biasedinformation; nevertheless, it seemed like the group most likely to answer.The groups were queried about (1) the influence of their Working Groups on the direction of the sciencethat was the focus of the group and (2) the less-tangible results of the groups’ activities and publications,such as the opening of new areas of research, or the development of new research collaborations, specificnew research programs, or related publications by other groups. SCOR also asked for thoughts abouthow the Working Group processes and procedures could be improved. Responses were received frommembers of 25 of the 38 Working Groups considered.Impact of Working GroupsThe following are some of the positive comments about SCOR Working Groups.• WG 59 (Mathematical Models in Biological Oceanography) and WG 73 (Ecological Theory inRelation to Biological Oceanography): Regarding the less tangible results of our WG activities, Ibelieve that the most important influence was on JGOFS. All four of the Working Group’s booksgreatly influenced JGOFS in its strategy for sampling the ocean, since they bear on uncertainty ofnatural systems in the ocean and the need to link physics and biology in a whole systemsapproach.• WG 71 (Particulate Biogeochemical Processes): The deliberations and recommendations ofWG 71 had a very positive influence in contributing to the development of programs on MarineBiogeochemistry.• WG 78 (Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments in Seawater): The book that was published bythe WG a number of years ago is now a standard in most laboratories and on the desk of many(most) researchers. The chapters of the book cover practically all aspects of pigment studies thatone can imagine. A very useful work, for beginners and experts. It is still up-to-date, whichindicates that the Working Group did the best job that could be done.• WG 83 (Wave Modelling): The monograph Dynamics and Modeling of Ocean Waves was widelyused as a standard reference work on ocean modeling.• WG 91 (Chemical Evolution and Origin of Life in Marine Hydrothermal Systems): At times I talkabout our SCOR Working Group with my fellow co-authors. We still think the report is very up todate and are proud of its contents. We very much appreciate the support we received from SCOR.A month ago I attended the 13 th International Conference on the Origin of Life and 10 th ISSOLMeeting in Oaxaca, Mexico. The ‘Hydrothermal Model’ for life’s origin was referred to in everysecond contribution, both with regard to Earth, Mars as well as Jupiter’s moon Europa. I like to308

Expert Group Guidelines-2007believe that one reason for this ongoing paradigm change is due to the publication of our SCORreport ten years ago.• WG 105 (The Impact of World Fisheries on the Stability and Biodiversity of Marine Ecosystems):It is my impression that the ICES Journal of Marine Science issue on the “ecosystem effects offishing” is a landmark synthesis of this broad issue. Having essentially all of the most up-to-dateinformation together in a single volume is very timely. The recognition by the global scientificcommunity that marine fishing activities have had a broad range of impacts on ecosystemstructure and function is an important first step in changing the conservation objectives of thissector. In addition to having an influence on marine policy issues for fisheries management theactivities of the Working Group have contributed to the generation of international teams that areaddressing specific research questions.These comments provide a snapshot of the general success of SCOR Working Groups and the WorkingGroup model. Not all Working Groups have been successful, as shown by the following comments.• The word ‘working’ suggests activity and production. Where the objective of Working Groups hasbeen to provide a synthesis of a subject area, my personal impression has been that the outputshave been disappointing, perhaps because committees do not construct lively and really criticaltexts. There are some tasks which do require Working Groups (and perhaps such matters as thedevelopment of measurement protocols, undertaking inter-comparison tests and setting of qualitystandards may be in this category). There may also be areas which lead to the subsequentrelease of funding, but few of us are sufficiently farsighted to identify seedling subjects whichrequire the nurture and encouragement which a SCOR WG might provide in time to be effective.Some Working Groups “failed” because• They never met. From WG 87 (Fine-scale Distribution of Gelatinous Planktonic Animals): Tomy knowledge this working group never met and never did anything!! This was upsetting to thoseof us who were supposed to be involved.• They lost interest: “As you know, WG 94 (Altimeter Data and In-situ Current Observations)essentially dissolved after its first year. My recollection is that we decided that most of the workrelated to this would be done without the need for a Working Group.”• Time passed – things changed: “WG 80 (Role of Phase Transfer Processes in the Cycling of TraceMetals in Estuaries) was formed in 1986 and worked initially via correspondance. By the time weheld our first meeting in Plymouth UK in October 1989 just over half the first draft manuscriptshad been received. By the time we were able to schedule the second meeting (April 1991) severalproblems had arisen. The fall of the former USSR and political problems in China had madecommunication difficult and several members of the group had serious health problems. Inaddition, authors who had drafted chapters and submitted them early in the process requestedthat they be returned for updating. The material was therefore not ready for publication. In theevent, the good intentions of the authors at Jekyll Island did not convert into completedmanuscripts…I have no doubt that the participants, and their science programmes, benefitedsignificantly from the formation of the Working Group. It is a matter of great regret that we wereunable to share these benefits with the wider scientific community through the publication of ourdeliberations.” WG 104 (The Role of Wave Breaking on Upper Ocean Dynamics) alsodisbanded without a product for a similar reason.Lessons LearnedSome lessons can be learned from the performance of past Working Groups, particularly the failures:• The focus of the WG has to be sharp, and the (minimum) deliverables have to be specified:309

Expert Group Guidelines-2007“I have reviewed the papers I have on file from WG 90 (Chemical and Biological OceanographicSensor Technology), and was surprised to re-read the terms of reference, which are notparticularly clearly defined: comparison with the experience of getting WG 109(Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater) approved, and with discussions at recent SCOR meetings Ihave attended suggest that SCOR has become much more aware of the need for clearly definedand achievable terms of reference. Interestingly, no deliverable (report, book, review article…)was identified in SCOR’s decision to set up the Working Group. Again, this is in contrast tocurrent practice where SCOR is rightly very keen to see that the expected output of the WorkingGroup is defined from the beginning.”It is important that the Group finish their work within the expected four years, so as to not losemomentum and leadership. In order for a Group to finish in four years, its terms of referencemust be clear and achievable and SCOR should ensure that it has enough funding available forannual meetings of its Working Groups. The topic should truly be a “hot topic” that the WorkingGroup can help to advance significantly.• The success of a Working Group depends critically on the Chair, who must be chosen with greatcare. The Chair must be passionate about the topic and known to be organized and productive.Working Groups are not merely discussion groups.• Members must be told explicitly what is expected of them.• Make sure that the members have the necessary expertise. For example, in relation to WG 89 (SeaLevel and Erosion of the World’s Coastlines): I suggested several names for potential committeemembers based on their research on the topic of WG 89, and a few of them were appointed.SCOR selected other members, mainly from third-world countries, individuals I had not knownpreviously. This resulted in a somewhat schizophrenic committee, with half of the membershaving a reasonable scientific knowledge of how coasts respond to sea-level changes, the focus ofWG 89. The other members were concerned mainly with the social impacts of sea-level rise, andalthough of interest as the background motivation for WG 89, these members were only able tomake limited contributions when we dealt with the scientific and engineering issues.• The timeline is important. The Working Group should be monitored closely and produce annualprogress reports, as opposed to activity reports.Visibility of SCOR WG productsAn important issue that was raised by past participants in SCOR working groups relates to the visibility ofthe group’s products.• WG 71 (Particulate Biogeochemical Processes): I must add that the “visibility” of our report hasbeen low. This is reflected in the very low citation the report has received in various types ofpublications. The impact of WG 71 (and perhaps other Working Groups) would have been moreif its reports and recommendations were brought to the attention of more scientists working in thefield. SCOR should explore avenues to increase the visibility and profile of its Working Groups.SCOR Working Group reports of earlier years were often published in the “gray literature” as technicalreports and sometimes only in the SCOR Proceedings! Visibility has increased in recent years as the finalproduct of many Working Groups is often a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal, which presumablyreaches other scientists who work on that topic. Slightly less visible are books by major publishers,which may be priced too high for the average scientist or library to purchase.310

Expert Group Guidelines-2007The visibility and accessibility of SCOR Working Group products could be increased by:• Making working group products available for downloading on the SCOR Web site;• Making working group products available on CDs;• Favoring publishers who are willing to allow open access to Working Group products (e.g.,ASLO);• Finding other ways to spread the word about the working group results, such as funding WorkingGroup Chairs to present the Working Group’s findings at international meetings.311

Session Summaries-2007SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS AND WORKSHOPSScience Board Symposium (S1)The changing North Pacific: Previous patterns, future projections, and ecosystem impactsCo-Conveners: Kuh Kim (SB), Michael J. Dagg (BIO), Gordon H. Kruse (FIS), Glen Jamieson (MEQ),Jeffrey J. Napp (MONITOR), Michael G. Foreman (POC), Igor I. Shevchenko (TCODE), Harold P.Batchelder (CCCC), Michio J. Kishi (CCCC) and Fangli Qiao (China)BackgroundThe PICES Special Publication, “MarineEcosystems of the North Pacific”, concluded that“during the past five years profound changeshave occurred in the North Pacific climatesystem, in the composition, abundance anddistribution of its living marine resources, and inthe human societies that depend on the NorthPacific Ocean and its resources”. Thissymposium has built on studies of climatevariability and other anthropogenic impacts inthe North Pacific and its marginal seas, the latestNorth Pacific climate projections (whose resultshave been summarized in the Fourth AssessmentReport of the Inter-governmental Panel forClimate Change), future scenarios for directhuman forcing by population growth andfishing, and the combined impacts that thesechanges have already had, and can be expectedto have, on North Pacific ecosystems. Thesymposium addressed issues such as: 1) trendsversus variability; 2) synergisms betweenclimate and direct human forcing; 3) ecosystemindicators and their applicability in the future; 4)impacts arising from regional changes (e.g., lessice-cover in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk,aquatic bioinvasions); 5) the effects of terrestrialclimate change (e.g., river discharge); 6) howprojected global change and anthropogenicimpacts may alter sustainability of the NorthPacific; and 7) what the key messages should befor policy makers regarding sustainability of theNorth Pacific. Talks describing links withclimate change in the Arctic and the InternationalPolar Year Projects were also welcome.Summary of presentationsThe Science Board Symposium was held onMonday, October 29, 2007 and consisted of 14oral presentations (including 1 keynote and 6invited talks) plus 9 posters. It was intended tobuild on studies of climate variability and otheranthropogenic impacts in the North Pacific andits marine seas, including the latest North Pacificclimate projections, future scenarios for directhuman forcing by population growth and fishingand the combined impacts that these changeshave already have or can be expected to have onthe North Pacific marine ecosystems. Thekeynote talk by Kenneth Denman (also recipientof the 2007 Wooster Award) set the stage for thesession by introducing the core observations andprojections from the Fourth Assessment Reportof the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC). Included in his presentationwere the key results of many of the talks thatfollowed in this session. Dr. Denmandemonstrated the connectedness of the manycomponents in a marine ecosystem and he urgedthe audience to consider them as a system, not asisolated components. He also compared thetime course of global change to that of evolutionand asked if organisms would be able to adaptgiven the magnitude of change expected duringthe next 100 years.The remaining talks were very diverse in theirapproach and focus, and reflected the breadth ofPICES interest and national representation.Richard Feely focused on how absorption ofatmospheric CO 2 by the oceans has begun tochange the chemical buffering of the oceans,how rapidly some of these changes haveoccurred, and what changes in ocean chemistrymay be expected in the future. He speculated onhow fundamental changes to the pH andcarbonate systems may change the structure andfunction of a variety of marine ecosystems from313

Session Summaries-2007deep water corals to coastal food webs. He alsoemphasized that while the chemical equationsgoverning the state of the oceans were wellknown, the subtle effects on the biologicalsystems will be difficult to predict. Issues suchas how genetics, physiology of individualspecies, community responses and biologicalfeedbacks will respond to acidification areuncertain. Greg Flato provided backgroundinformation necessary to understand theevolution of the IPCC reports and gave asummary of results from the Fourth AssessmentReport, which included the many differentleading indicators used by the panel. Oneobservation to note is that the disappearance ofsea ice from the Arctic is occurring more rapidlythan predicted by the suite of IPCC globalmodels. William Merryfield focused on howchanging climate has altered the structure of theupper water column through changes to themixed layer depth. Mixed layer depth is afundamental property of the upper oceans, and itaffects processes such as exchange of heat andgas with the atmosphere and nutrientreplenishment for biological production.Observed decreases in the mixed layer depth atOcean Station Papa are comparable to thechange predicted by the ensemble of modelsused by the previous speakers. The modelsprojected about a 20% decrease in the mixedlayer volume that will be available to interactwith the atmosphere between 1990 and 2090.This may act as a negative feedback, slowing therate at which oceans absorb new CO 2 , resultingin a faster rate of increase of atmospheric carbondioxide. Muyin Wang used the IPCC - A1Bscenario to predict the future climate of theNorth Pacific Ocean. They focused on severalleading indicators or processes: sea ice,upwelling, PDO–Aleutian Low and uncertainty.In their projections the Aleutian Low willdeepen and move slightly northward between2050 and 2100 altering the storm tracks acrossthe North Pacific Ocean and the patterns ofprecipitation across North America. YasunoriSakurai took a different approach. He beganwith the life history of a single, commerciallyimportant species (Japanese common squid,Todarodes pacificus) and speculated on howhypothesized changes in the temperature andcurrents around Japan would affect the survivaland recruitment of this important species.Included in his presentation was a new methodto predict recruitment and catch of squid oneyear prior to recruitment. Steven Murawskiexplained how the major fisheries agency in theUnited States was proposing to use integratedecosystem assessments as a first step towardsecosystem-based management of living marineresources. He discussed the objective of havingknowledge of the state of ecosystems on equalfooting with population assessments and thenecessity to develop ecosystem governancesystems that would be equipped to managetradeoffs, and apply adaptive approaches. TheUnited States National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) will begintwo pilot projects on the west coast of NorthAmerica, in the California Current and Alaskalarge marine ecosystems, to try to applyIntegrated Ecosystem Assessment. Chang-IkZhang, in a talk later in the session, presented aparallel case for application of Ecosystem-BasedManagement (EBM) for the Republic of Korea.They emphasized the dual action ofanthropogenic (fishing) and climate changethreats to the sustainability of fisheries,particularly when an ecosystem is alreadystressed or damaged. They presented the recentactions taken by the Republic of Korea to helpimplement EBM and institute environmentallysound management practices. Francisco Wernerfocused on tools for examining future changes tolower trophic levels and individual fish speciesthrough coupled physical–biological modelssuch as NEMURO. He urged the audience toconsider ways to link quantitative modelsdirectly to whole ecosystems and human use ofthose systems. They proposed the followingthree goals: 5 years – models are fullyintegrated; 10 years – models will bridgeecology and biogeography; 15 years –quantitative predictions for ecosystems,including human uses of ecosystems throughincorporation of bio-economic models. DavidPreikshot found that their assessment models forNorth Pacific salmon worked best when climateand environmental indices were added to theassessment. Emmanuele DiLorenzo investigatedmechanisms to explain sources of variability inobservations of nutrients, salinity, andchlorophyll in the eastern North Pacific Ocean.314

Session Summaries-2007Their new index, the North Pacific GyralOscillation (NPGO) is related to the strength ofthe subarctic and subtropical gyres in the NorthPacific. Yaqu Chen documented theanthropogenic pressures placed on the YangtzeRiver estuary in China. They presented methodsused successfully to restore the health of thesystem. Gregory Ruiz provided the audiencewith background information on patterns andtrends in bio-invasions along the west coast ofNorth America and then speculated on howthose patterns and trends might respond to theeffects of climate change in the future such asopening of the Arctic to year round shipping.Lastly, Thomas Okey closed the session with apresentation on Imaginative Synthesis Groups asa strategic collaboration among scientists ofvarious disciplines to assess climate impacts.He asked for input from the audience oninnovative tools and assessments that includedboth western science and traditional educationand knowledge that could be used in the futureto assess impacts and vulnerability ofecosystems to climate change.List of papersOral presentationsGregory M. Flato (Invited)A brief summary of results from the IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportEmanuele Di Lorenzo and Niklas SchneiderA North Pacific gyre-scale oscillation: Mechanisms of ocean’s physical-biological response to climate forcingGregory M. Ruiz (Invited)Biogeography of marine invasions: Current status and future predictionsWilliam J. Merryfield and Suelji KwonChanges in North Pacific mixed layer depth in the 20th and 21st centuries as simulated by coupled climate modelsDave Preikshot and Nathan MantuaComparisons of modeled climate and lower trophic level time series for the North Pacific from 1950 to 2002Francisco E. Werner, Bernard A. Megrey, Michio J. Kishi, Kenneth A. Rose, Shin-ichi Ito, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, MakiNoguchi-Aita and Taketo HashiokaExtensions of the NEMURO models for use in studies of future climate scenariosMuyin Wang and James E. OverlandFuture climate of North Pacific projected by IPCC modelsSteven A. Murawski (Invited)Integrated ecosystem assessments: The first step in ecosystem-based management of living marine resourcesYaqu Chen, Zhijie Hu, Weifeng Gu, Yonghua Jiang, Weimin Quan and Liyan ShiLong-term change and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River estuarine ecosystem in past decadesChang-Ik Zhang, Suam Kim and Jae Bong Lee (Invited)Marine ecosystems, fisheries and the ecosystem-based resource management in KoreaRichard. A. Feely, Christopher L. Sabine, Victoria Fabry, Robert Byrne, J. Martin Hernandez-Ayon, Debby Ianson andBurke Hales (Invited)Ocean acidification: Present status and future implications for marine ecosystems in the North PacificYasunori Sakurai and Michio J. Kishi (Invited)Prediction of life strategy and stock fluctuation of the Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, related to climate changeduring the 21st centuryThomas A. OkeyThe changing Pacific: A strategic collaboration for assessing climate impacts and developing effective policy for adaptationKenneth Denman (Keynote)The North Pacific, human activity, and climate changePostersValentina V. KasyanBioaccumulation of heavy metal in zooplankton (Copepoda) from the Amursky Bay, Japan/East SeaVladimir I. Ponomarev and Elena V. DmitrievaChanging global-regional linkages in the Northwest Pacific and Northeast Asia315

Session Summaries-2007K. David Hyrenbach, Ken H. Morgan, Mike F. Henry, Chris Rintoul, Gary Drew, John Piatt and William SydemanDocumenting changes in the distribution and abundance of warm-water gadfly petrels (Pterodroma spp.) in the subarctic NorthPacific using vessels of opportunity (2002 - 2006)Inga A. NemchinovaImpact of towed airgun arrays, used in seismic exploration, on marine zooplankton from the northeastern Sakhalin shelf coastalwatersAlexander V. Moshchenko, Anastasia S. Chernova and Tatyana S. LishavskayaLong-term changes in the marine environment in apex parts of Amur Bay (Peter the Great Bay in the Japan/East Sea)Olga N. Lukyanova, Margarita D. Boyarova and Andrey P. ChernyaevSeabirds as bioindicators of POPs in the marginal seas of northwestern PacificBIO/POC Topic Session (S2)Decadal changes in carbon biogeochemistry in the North PacificCo-Convenors: James Christian (Canada) and Toshiro Saino (Japan)BackgroundThis session was the first effort by the PICESSection on Carbon and Climate to synthesizethe current understanding on inter-relationshipbetween the carbon cycle and climate in thePacific. Emphasis was placed on decadal changein carbon cycling, e.g., anthropogenic carbon,air–sea exchange of CO 2 , the biological pump,impacts of increasing levels of carbon dioxideon carbonate chemistry and marine biota, andpossible feedbacks to atmospheric greenhousegases. We expected that the session will enableus to update our understanding of therelationships between the carbon cycle, marinebiota, and climate in the Pacific, and to identifygaps in our knowledge for future research inareas of importance for the PICES Section onCarbon and Climate.Summary of presentationsThis session focused on decadal (“lowfrequency”)variability of biogeochemical cyclesin the North Pacific. Topics ranged widelycovering pCO 2 , DIC (dissolved inorganiccarbon), nutrients, phytoplankton, models andobservations, and coastal and open ocean areas.The keynote speaker was Taro Takahashi(U.S.A.), who described the progressiveconstruction of a global surface pCO 2 data setand trends observed in the data as moretimeseries information becomes available. Theglobal mean rate of growth of ocean surfacepCO 2 is similar to the growth of atmosphericCO 2 . C.S. Wong and Sophia Johannessen(Canada) showed a detailed time series for theNortheast Pacific (Gulf of Alaska) where theoceanic trend is similar to the global mean,although in some parts of the northern NorthPacific the trend is very different from the globalmean. Kitack Lee (Korea) showed that uptake ofanthropogenic CO 2 by the Japan/East Sea has allbut stopped in recent years due to reducedefficiency of the mechanisms that transport CO 2to the deep ocean. Tsuneo Ono (Japan)examined regional trends in surface silicate andphosphate concentrations and concluded that upto half of currently nutrient-replete surfacewaters in the North Pacific could becomenutrient depleted this century if these trendscontinue. There were four modelling talks andan excellent integration of modelling withobservationally based presentations. AnandGnanadesikan (U.S.A.) presented a provocativehypothesis about the ventilation of the NorthPacific thermocline, based on modelling studies,but apparently robust to exactly which oceanmodel is used. Chun-Ok Jo (Korea) was giventhe best poster award (selected from among allposters contributed to the POC Paper Sessionand several other POC-sponsored sessions) forher poster “Decadal changes of phytoplanktonactivity during spring in the southern East/JapanSea”. This was a very successful inaugural topicsession for the Carbon and Climate Section (CC-S) and the research presented shows that CC-Sobjectives are being addressed by scientists inPICES nations.316

Session Summaries-2007List of papersOral presentationsDebby Ianson, Richard A. Feely, Chris L. Sabine and J. Martin Hernandez-AyonAnnual carbon fluxes in the coastal Northwest PacificTaro Takahashi, Stewart C. Sutherland, Rik Wanninkhof, Colm Sweeney, Richard A. Feely, Burke Hales, GernotFriederich, Francisco Chavez, Andrew Watson, Dorothee C.E. Bakker, Ute Schuster, Nicolas Metzl, Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue, Masao Ishii, Takashi Midorikawa, Christopher Sabine, Mario Hopemma, Jon Olafsson, Thorarinn S. Arnarson,Bronte Tilbrook, Truls Johannessen, Are Olsen, Richard Bellerby, Hein J.W. de Baar, Yukihiro Nojiri, C.S. Wong,Bruno Delille and N.R. Bates (Invited)Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2 , and net sea–air CO 2 flux over the global oceansYutaka W. WatanabeDecadal change in N/P/Si ratio over the North Pacific subpolar regionChristopher L. Sabine, Richard A. Feely, Frank Millero, Andrew Dickson, Chris Langdon, Sabine Mecking, Jim Swiftand Dana GreeleyDecadal changes in Pacific Ocean inorganic carbonTsuneo Ono and Akihiro ShiomotoDecadal trend of summer nutrient content in the North Pacific HNLC regionMakio Honda (presented by Shuichi Watanabe)Interannual variability of the biological pump in the northwestern North PacificAkira Nakadate, Hitomi Kamiya, Takashi Midorikawa, Masao Ishii and Toshiya NakanoInterannual variability of winter oceanic CO 2 along 137°E in the western North PacificKitack Lee and Guen-Ha ParkNo recent uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 by the East/Japan SeaKimio Hanawa and Shusaku SugimotoReemergence of winter SST anomalies and spring chlorophyll-a concentration in the central North PacificHernan E. Garcia, Tim P. Boyer, Sydney Levitus, John I. Antonov and Ricardo A. LocarniniSeasonal to decadal variability in phosphate in the upper oceanNobuo Tsurushima, Koh Harada and Yutaka W. WatanabeSpatial distribution and temporal change of dissolved inorganic carbon in the western North PacificMasahide Wakita, Shuichi Watanabe, Akihiko Murata, Nobuo Tsurushima, Makio Honda, Yuichiro Kumamoto, HajimeKawakami and Kazuhiko MatsumotoTemporal variability of dissolved inorganic carbon at the K2 and KNOT time-series stations in the western North PacificShinichi S. Tanaka and Yutaka W. WatanabeThe effect of bubble injection on concentrations of N 2 and Ar in the western North PacificJames R. Christian, Kenneth L. Denman and Konstantin ZaharievThe North Pacific Ocean in the enhanced greenhouseC.S. Wong, Shau-King Emmy Wong, Sophia Johannessen, Liusen Xie and John PageTime-series of pCO 2 (partial pressure of CO 2 ) at Station P / Line P in the sub-arctic Northeast Pacific OceanHiromichi Tsumori and Yukihiro NojiriTrend analysis of ocean pCO 2 and the air–sea CO 2 flux in the North PacificFei Chai, Guimei Liu, Huijie Xue, Lei Shi and Yi ChaoVariability of the carbon cycle and productivity in the China Seas during 1960-2006: A three-dimensional physicalbiogeochemicalmodeling studyAnand Gnanadesikan and Keith B. RodgersVentilation variability in the North Pacific as simulated by a coupled climate modelPostersMasahiko Fujii, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Michio J. Kishi and Fei ChaiComparison of seasonal characteristics in carbon biogeochemistry among the subarctic North Pacific stations described with aNEMURO-based marine ecosystem modelChun-Ok Jo and Kyung-Ryul KimDecadal changes of phytoplankton activity during spring in the southern East/Japan SeaAkihiko Murata, Yuichiro Kumamoto, Ken’ichi Sasaki, Shuichi Watanabe and Masao FukasawaDecadal increases of anthropogenic CO 2 in the subtropical and tropical oceans along the WOCE P10 line317

Session Summaries-2007Yukihiro Nojiri, Hitoshi Mukai, Hiromichi Tsumori, Takeshi Egashira, Katsumoto Kinoshita and Hideshi KimotoDevelopment of pCO 2 measuring buoy in the surface oceanTakayuki Tokieda, Masao Ishii, Shu Saito, Daisuke Sasano, Takashi Midorikawa and Akira NakadateEvaluation of changes in ocean circulation and anthropogenic CO 2 storage based on CFCs age in the western North PacificPete Davison, David M. Checkley, Jr. and Tony KoslowIs diel vertical migration important to oceanic carbon export flux?Ruixiang Li, Yan Li and Mingyuan ZhuLong term variation of phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea in springTakeshi Yoshimura, Jun Nishioka, Koji Suzuki, Hiroshi Hattori, Hiroshi Kiyosawa, Daisuke Tsumune, Kazuhiro Misumiand Takeshi NakatsukaResponses of phytoplankton assemblage and organic carbon dynamics to CO 2 increaseHongbo Li, Tian Xiao, Wuchang Zhang, Sanjun Zhao and Ruihua LvSpatial and temporal variation of bacterioplankton population in the southern Yellow Sea, ChinaCCCC/FIS Topic Session (S3)Towards ecosystem-based management: Recent developments and successes in multi-species modelingCo-Convenors: Vera Agostini (U.S.A.), Shin-ichi Ito (Japan), Jae-Bong Lee (Korea) and Jake Schweigert(Canada)BackgroundEcosystem-based management is becoming afocus for many fisheries and their managementagencies worldwide. Much of the success of thisinitiative will require improvements inunderstanding the interactions and linkagesamong species at both the lower trophic level(LTL) and higher trophic level (HTL) withinregional ecosystems. The recent success ofmodeling tools such as NEMURO.FISH inlinking LTL forcing to the forecasting of fishgrowth for a number of pelagic forage species isencouraging. Ecosystem-based management willrequire the extension of this and/or similarapproaches to multi-species systems. A varietyof modeling tools is already in wide use toaddress this issue, including Ecopath/Ecosim,NEMURO, various IBM models, and others.This session focused on contrasting differentapproaches to multi-species modeling andevaluating their performance as a vehicle forassessing and forecasting the effects of climatechange on ecosystem function. Presentationsthat highlighted critical ecosystem interactionsrelevant for fishery management wereencouraged, as well as discussions on howknowledge of these interactions will move uscloser to ecosystem-based fishery management.Summary of presentationsThe session had three invited speakers whoprovided overviews of different approaches toecosystem description and modelling. Theyranged from Ecopath/Ecosim to an individualbasedmodel (IBM) approach in OSMOSE to asmall scale, two-species model without lowertrophic level (LTL) inputs. The contributedpapers described approaches that are attemptingto model ecosystems, with the ultimate goal ofproviding management advice. Approachesranged from complex network models thatinclude several trophic levels to simplerapproaches that focus on interactions betweentwo to many species of fish. The models wereeither coupled or uncoupled from LTL inputs.Increasingly, there have been efforts toincorporate more complex geophysical forcingin the models with bottom-up LTL inputs. Acommon theme in the discussion was the need toinclude more data fitting (in a statistical sense)rather than driving the models with fixed orassumed parameter values. It was evident fromthe session discussion that no individualapproach was preferred and each had strengthsand weaknesses, depending on the question thatwas being addressed. A few papers presentedresults of comparing ecosystem indicators318

Session Summaries-2007generated from a couple of different ecosystemmodels in the vein of the IPCC approach toclimate modelling. It is likely that futureresearch in this area will include further intercomparisonof ecosystem modelling tools thatwill ultimately lead to more accurate and usefuldescriptions of ecosystem processes.List of papersOral presentationsTakeshi Okunishi, Yasuhiro Yamanaka and Shin-ichi ItoA migration model of Japanese sardine using artificial neural networkJake Rice“Charmingly simple models” – Adding climate to size-based fish community modelsMotomitsu Takahashi, Hiroshi Nishida, Akihiko Yatsu and Yoshiro WatanabeContrasting growth responses to climate-ocean regimes develop alternative population dynamics between anchovy and sardine inthe western North PacificYunne Shin and Morgane Travers (Invited)Coupling ROMS-NPZD and OSMOSE models for an end-to-end modelling of the Benguela upwelling ecosystemVilly Christensen, Joe Buszowski, Robyn Forrest, Fang Gao, Carie Hoover, Joe Hui, Sherman Lai, Jeroen Steenbeek,William Walters and Carl Walters (Invited)Ecopath with Ecosim 6: New generation ecosystem modeling packageZach A. Ferdaña and Michael W. BeckEcosystem-based management for the seas: A planning application using spatial information on marine biodiversity and fisheryproductionIvonne Ortiz, Robert Francis and Kerim AydinEffects of space and scale in the marine food-web structure of the Aleutian ArchipelagoJeremy S. Collie, Kiersten L. Curti and John H. SteeleEnd-to-end models of the Georges Bank ecosystem: Implications for ecosystem-based fisheries managementKray Van Kirk, Terrance J. Quinn II and Jeremy CollieEstimating predation mortality with a three-species model in the Gulf of AlaskaJason S. Link, Laurel Col, William Overholtz, John O’Reilly, Vincent Guida, Jack Green, David Dow, Debra Palka,Chris Legault, Joseph Vitaliano, Carolyn Griswold, Michael Fogarty and Kevin FriedlandEvaluating the role of small pelagics in the Gulf of Maine: EMAX scenarios of energy flowShin-ichi Ito, Taizo Morioka, Yasuhiro Ueno, Satoshi Suyama and Masayasu NakagamiExperimental approaches to improve the accuracy of NEMURO.FISH saury growth modelSarah Gaichas, Garrett Odell, Robert Francis and Kerim AydinFishing the Gulf of Alaska marine food web: Do predator prey interactions imply ecosystem thresholds?Michio J. Kishi, Kenneth A. Rose, Shin-ichi Ito, Bernard A. Megrey, Francisco E. Werner, Maki Noguchi-Aita, TaketoHashioka, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Yasuko Kamezawa, Kazuto Nakajima and Daiki MukaiOverview of application of the NEMURO-bioenergetic coupled model on north-western Pacific fishesYoung Il Seo, Joo Il Kim, Taek Yun Oh, Sun Kil Lee, Chang Ik Zhang, Jae Bong Lee and Jung Hwa ChoiStock assessment of small yellow croaker considering the impact of yellow goosefish predation in the East China Sea of KoreaN. Taylor, D. Preikshot, N. Mantua, R. Peterman, B. Dorner, G. Ruggerone, C. Walters, K. Myers, T. Walker and R.HilbornThe effects of ocean carrying capacity, density-dependent growth and mortality on Pacific salmonMaki Suda (Invited)Two-species population dynamics model for Japanese sardine and chub mackerel using object oriented modellingPostersFumitake Shido, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Shin-ichi Ito, Taketo Hashioka, Daiki Mukai and Michio J. KishiA two-dimensional fish model simulating biomass and population of Pacific saury319

Session Summaries-2007FIS Topic Session (S4)Ecosystem approach to fisheries: Improvements on traditional management for declining and depletedstocksCo-Convenors: Yukimasa Ishida (Japan), Gordon H. Kruse (U.S.A.), Ted Perry (Canada), Vladimir I.Radchenko (Russia) and Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea)BackgroundAn ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF)recognizes the complexity of ecosystems and theinterconnections between its component partsand is being advocated by many fisheriesmanagement bodies. In PICES countries, somefisheries resources are healthy and in highabundance, but others are decreasing or alreadydepleted. Most causes of stock declines can beascribed to climate change and overfishing.Stocks in declining or depleted conditionsrequire prompt appropriate management actions,perhaps including ecosystem approaches. Thissession considered papers that examined: (1)major factors responsible for the status of fishstocks, particularly those that are decreasing ordepleted; (2) limits to traditional fisherymanagement measures to address causes ofstock declines; (3) new perspectives on fisherymanagement that promote sustainable fisherymanagement from an ecosystem perspective;and (4) case studies of rebuilding plans fordepleted stocks – their successes and failures.Summary of presentationsThe session consisted of 13 oral and 15 posterpresentations. The invited paper by StratisGavaris (Canada) described the steps in fisheriesmanagement planning and decision making andthe science needed to support planning anddecisions, in order to conserve productivity,biodiversity and habitat. There are manystrategies to work on and priority should begiven to fishing mortality, incidental mortalityand habitat disturbance. He also pointed out thatthe ecosystem approach is about managinghuman activities, not the ecosystem. The secondinvited paper by Alan Sinclair (Canada) showedthat Atlantic cod in eastern Canada recoveredrapidly from a low level during the 1970s due tohigh juvenile survival rates and high growthrates. However, recovery since low populationlevels in the early 1990s has been poor due to alow recruitment and growth rates, and highnatural mortality rates. Consequently, the stocksmay not be sustainable even at zero fishingmortality. Other species, especially crab andshrimp, have increased in the absence of cod.Natural mortality can change over time.Fishing, especially high exploitation rates, canaffect fish size at age and productivity.Ian Perry (Canada) reviewed a number of studiesthat illustrated how the combined effects offishing and climate change are multiplicativerather than additive. He concluded that fishingcan simplify population, community andecosystem structure, making them moresusceptible to climate change. Managementapproaches need to maintain the resilience of theecosystem and its components to the interactingeffects of climate and fishing.Other contributed papers reported case studies indifferent species and different regions of theNorth Pacific. For example, Hee Park (Korea)described an approach to move towardecosystem-based assessment and managementfor Korean fisheries by 2010. He outlined theuse of indicators for sustainability, biodiversityand habitat reference points to evaluateimprovements in fisheries management, and tocompare the state of species, fisheries, andecosystems. Inja Yeon reported that Koreanblue crab declined dramatically from the late1980s through 2006 despite traditional fisherymanagement measures. Broader ecosystemconsiderations are now being applied, includinghabitat improvement especially by removal ofghost fishing gear, an extended spawning periodclosure and better enforcement of closures.Tetsuichiro Funamoto (Japan) described thebenefit of increasing the spawning stockbiomass in order to rebuild two Japanesewalleye pollock stocks, one for which declinesare related to recruitment rate per spawner, the320

Session Summaries-2007other for which declines are related torecruitment rate per spawner as well as thespawning stock biomass. Gordon Kruse(U.S.A.) showed how a fishery closure in 1983for Bristol Bay red king crab due to lowabundance failed to maintain a healthy stockthrough the mid 1990s. A rebuilding plan wasdeveloped in 1996 to include an effectivespawning biomass target, and a fishery thresholdabove which exploitation could be increased asabundance increased. Additional ecosystembasedmanagement actions included limits oncrab bycatch in other fisheries and habitatprotection by banning mobile bottom-contactgear in an area important for juvenile red kingcrab rearing and another important for adultcrabs. The convenors are planning to publish aspecial issue of the journal, Fisheries Research,containing peer-reviewed papers from thesession.List of papersOral presentationsAshleen J. Benson, Sean P. Cox and Aaron SpringfordAn evaluation of stock structure in Pacific herringHiroshi Nishida, Masayuki Noto, Atsushi Kawabata and Chikako WatanabeAssessment of the Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) stock in the northwestern Pacific for Japanese management systemAlan Sinclair and Doug Swain (Invited)Collapse and lack of recovery of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Northwest Atlantic: Lessons for fisheries managementJae Bong Lee, Anne B. Hollowed and Chang-Ik ZhangComparing ecosystem variations between eastern and western North Pacific using ecosystem indicatorsKevin T. HillDecline and recovery of Pacific sardines along the Pacific coast of North America: The roles of climate and fishingHee Won Park, Chang-Ik Zhang, Suam Kim, Donald Gunderson, Jae Bong Lee and Jong Hee LeeEcosystem-based fisheries resource assessment and management system in KoreaThomas C. Wainwright, William T. Peterson, Peter W. Lawson and Edmundo CasillasEnvironmental indicators and Pacific salmon conservationMelissa A. Haltuch, André E. Punt and Martin W. DornEvaluating biomass reference points in a variable environmentInja Yeon, Mi Young Song, Myoung Ho Shon, Hak Jin Hwang and Yang Jae ImPossible new management measures for stock rebuilding of blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus (Miers), in western KoreanwatersVladimir I. RadchenkoProblems of TAC forecast development for multi-species fisheries in the Sakhalin-Kuriles regionGordon H. Kruse and Jie ZhengRecovery of the Bristol Bay stock of red king crabs under a rebuilding planStratis Gavaris (Invited)Science support for fisheries management decisions in an Ecosystem Approach contextR. Ian Perry, Benjamin Planque, Simon Jennings, Keith Brander, Philippe Cury and Christian MöllmannSensitivity of marine systems to climate and fishing: Concepts, issues and management responsesTetsuichiro Funamoto, Satoshi Honda, Keizo Yabuki and Akihiko YatsuSuggestion of management measures for two walleye pollock stocks around northern JapanMasahide Kaeriyama and Hideaki KudoSustainable fisheries management of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on the ecosystem approachRonald W. TanasichukThe effects of variations in euphausiid and Pacific hake biomasses on the productivity of British Columbian stocks of Pacificherring (Clupea pallasi)Weimin Quan, Liyan Shi and Yaqu ChenThe food web in the Yangtze River estuary: A synthesis of existing knowledgePostersPeter S. Rand, Peter A. McHugh and Matthew GoslinA global assessment of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) status using IUCN criteria321

Session Summaries-2007Toyomitsu Horii and Yoshiyuki NakamuraAn approach to recover abalone resources by TAC control based on RPS trends calculated with production modelInja Yeon, C.I. Zhang, M.H. Shon, Y.J. Im and H.J. WhangAn ecosystem-based assessment of the blue crab stock and management strategy in the Yellow SeaWilliam R. Bechtol and Gordon H. KruseEnvironmental constraints to rebuilding of Kodiak red king crabLiyan Shi, Weimin Quan and Yaqu ChenFaunal utilization of created inter-tidal oyster reef in the Yangtze River estuaryCarrie A. Holt, André Punt and Nathan MantuaIncorporating climate information into rebuilding analyses for overfished groundfish stocksYongjun TianInterannual-interdecadal variations in the abundance of spear squid Loligo bleekeri in the southwestern Japan/East Sea: Impactsof the late 1980s climatic regime shift and trawl fishing with recommendations for managementTodd W. Miller, Koji Omori, Hideki Hamaoka and Hidejiro OnishiMarine versus terrestrial sources of production to the Seto Inland Sea, JapanSun Kil Lee, Young Il Seo, Joo Il Kim, Taek Yun Oh and Won Seok YangRebuilding stock of the Yeo-Ja Bay ecosystem in the Southern Sea of Korea – Dominant group and ecosystem structure of theYeo-Ja BayYukimasa Ishida, Tetsuichiro Funamoto, Satoshi Honda, Keizou Yabuki, Hiroshi Nishida and Chikako WatanabeReview of Japanese sardine, chub mackerel, and walleye pollock fisheries management from the view point of ecosystemapproachCaihong Fu, Beiwei Lu and Jake SchweigertSearching for major factors responsible for the decline of the eulachon population in the Fraser River using artificial neuralnetworksChang-Ik Zhang, Jae Bong Lee, Sun Kil Lee and Bernard A. MegreyStructure and function of three marine ecosystems in Korea: A comparative studyFIS/CCCC/BIO Topic Session (S5)Fisheries interactions and local ecologyCo-Convenors: Kerim Y. Aydin (U.S.A.), Masahide Kaeriyama (Japan), Jason Link (U.S.A.) andElizabeth A. Logerwell (U.S.A.)Co-sponsored by ICESBackgroundEcosystem models are often employed toevaluate the effects of fishing and to distinguishnatural variability from human impacts. Thesemodels typically operate at large spatial andtemporal scales, which are appropriate for theirgoals and objectives. However, these modelswould benefit from better information on localscaleprocesses as there are likely to bebottlenecks at short time scales and small spatialscales that are critical to understandingrecruitment variability. Similarly, there may becritical foraging interactions that happen at localscales, particularly for central place foragerssuch as marine mammals and seabirds. Smallscaleeffects of fishing such as “localizeddepletion” may have ecosystem-levelconsequences. More information on local-scalesurvival, foraging, movement, reproduction andpelagic habitat selection would allow food-weband population dynamics modelers to makebetter scenarios of the effects of naturalvariability and/or fishing on ecosystems. Paperswere solicited on the following topics: (1)current ecosystem models and the assumptionsthat require further research; (2) techniques forassessing climate impacts on predator-preyinteractions at top trophic levels; (3) techniquesfor assessing local-scale dynamics of survival,foraging, movement, reproduction and pelagichabitat selection; and (4) techniques forassessing prey field response to fishing.322

Session Summaries-2007Summary of presentationsThe session consisted of 13 oral presentationsand 15 posters describing both field andmodeling studies. Field studies examinedecological interactions, such as habitat use,predation mortality, survival and local fishingimpacts. The modeling studies addressed theeffects of climate on processes such as survivaland predator-prey interactions. One presentationon use of habitat by fish showed how artificialhabitat modifications can break down habitatisolation and lead to inter-specific hybridization.Another emphasized how the extent to whichfishing disturbs fish habitat depends on habitattype, species, and changing climatic conditions.Self-organizing maps indicated patterns ofspecies diversity that could be driven bydifferent habitat or environmental conditionsamong regions. Pelagic habitat use was thefocus of a study of the physical processes thatdrive variability in fur seal foraging areas.Studies of predation mortality showed thatmortality for the species of interest (pollock andshrimp) was higher than previously expectedand could have important implications forrecruitment and abundance. A study of salmonsurvival indicated that long periods of low watertemperatures in coastal areas is associated withlower survival of salmon. Water temperature,along with zooplankton biomass was also foundto influence the catch of Pacific cod off Korea.Diurnal changes in vertical distribution ofzooplankton were found to be important for thefeeding ecology of Pacific salmon. Studies ofthe effects of fishing on prey availability for toppredators (i.e., sea lions) indicated that localizedtrawl exclusion zones would prevent preydepletion for locally abundant and non-mobilefish but for other more mobile fish species localmanagement measures would be less effective.Two modeling studies described innovativeapproaches to study ecological interactions. Onestudy examined basin-scale climate forcing butnarrowed the observed local response and modeldynamics to reflect local conditions andminimize differences in model formulations ineach region. The other used path analysis toarrive at a “middle ground” between correlativemodels and complete understanding of allmechanisms driving ecological responses (suchas reproductive success).List of papersOral PresentationsMotoko R. Kimura and Hiroyuki Munehara (Invited)A breakdown of habitat isolation among coastal fish by artificial habitat modificationIkue Mio, Hideaki Kudo and Masahide KaeriyamaAre foraging habits of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) reflected in food habits in the North Pacific?Orio Yamamura (Invited)Assessment of predation mortality of juvenile pollock in the coastal areaJung Hwa Choi, Jong Hwa Park, Dae Soo Chang, Jung Nyun Kim, Hak Jin Hwang, Mi Young Song, Joo Il Kim, Young IlSeo, Sung Il Lee and Sang Chul YoonDesigning fish management boundaries in Korean waters using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM)Susanne F. McDermott, Elizabeth A. Logerwell, Ivonne Ortiz and V. HaistFishery interaction and availability of Atka mackerel prey for Steller sea lions: Results from local abundance and movementstudy of Atka mackerelMichel J. Kaiser, Jan G. Hiddink and Hilmar Hinz (Invited)Fishing and climate modifies habitat use and availability for fishM. Elizabeth Conners and Peter T. MunroLocalized depletion experiment for Bering Sea Pacific codJason S. Link and Josef IdoineMortality of shrimp Pandalus borealis: Local influence of predation in the Gulf of MaineSangdeok Chung and Suam KimRelationship between Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) catch and environmental factors off eastern KoreaMitsuhiro Nagata, Yasuyuki Miyakoshi, Takanori Iwao and Masahide KaeriyamaSurvivals of Hokkaido chum salmon affected by coastal seawater temperature during their early ocean life323

Session Summaries-2007Jeremy T. Sterling, Rolf R. Ream, Devin S. Johnson and Thomas S. GelattThe role of physical processes in the summertime life of the northern fur sealB.K. Wells, J.C. Field, J.A. Thayer, C.B. Grimes, S.J. Bograd, W.J. Sydeman, F.B. Schwing and R. HewittUntangling the relationships between climate, prey, and top predators in an ocean ecosystemBernard A. Megrey, Kenneth A. Rose, Shin-ichi Ito, Douglas E. Hay, Francisco E. Werner, Michio J. Kishi, YasuhiroYamanaka, Maki Noguchi-Aita, Jake F. Schweigert and Matthew B. FosterUsing model experiments to explore the impact of basin-scale climate forcing on localized upper-trophic-level marine ecosystemproductionPostersL. Godbout, M. Trudel, J. Irvine, C. Wood, K. Larsen, K. McKeegan, M. Grove and A. SchmittA stable isotope method to discriminate the orgin of nerkids (Oncorhynchus nerka) in BC lakesSung Il Lee, Hyung Kee Cha, Sang Chul Yoon, Young Seop Kim, Dae Soo Chang and Jae Hyeong YangAge and growth of Arctoscopus japonicus in the East/Japan SeaPaige Drobny, Brenda Norcross and Nate BickfordAge, growth and movement of the squid species Berryteuthis magister in the Eastern Bering SeaJarrod A. Santora, Christian S. Reiss and Richard R. VeitAnnual spatial variability of krill influences seabird foraging behavior near Elephant Island, AntarcticaShusaku Kobayashi, Takaomi Arai, Kentaro Honda, Yuji Noda and Kazushi MiyashitaBrown trout (Salmo trutta) movements between a stream and the sea in Hokkaido, northern JapanSungtae Kim, Sukgeun Jung and Jinyoung KimDistribution, feeding and growth of Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) in the southern Korean seaZhaohui Zhang, Shufeng Ye and Mingyuan ZhuEcosystem services valuation of coastal aquacultureKimberly RandLongitudinal growth differences in Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius): Using a bioenergetic model to identifyunderlying mechanismsKenji Konishi, Tsutomu Tamura and Koji MatsuokaRecent feeding habits of sei whale Balaenoptera borealis in pelagic waters of the western North Pacific based on data collectedfrom 2002 to 2006Sandi Neidetcher and Elizabeth A. LogerwellSpatial and temporal patterns in Pacific cod reproductive maturity in the Bering SeaOleg A. Ivanov and Vitaly V. SukhanovSpecies structure of epipelagic nekton of the Okhotsk SeaFeng-ao Lin and Jingfeng FanThe analysis of reasons for mass-death of culturing pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) caused by 0# light oil spilled on the seaV.F. Bugaev, B.B. Vronsky, L.O. Zavarina and Zh. Kh. ZorbidiThe analysis of the interactions between generations of the Kamchatka River salmons including sockeye, chinook, chum andcohoRichard D. Brodeur and Cheryl A. MorganThe Columbia River plume as an ecotone and habitat for juvenile chinook salmonV.F. BugaevThe correlation between the abundance of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka of the Kamchatka River by periods of differentstate of stock abundance dynamics of Kamchatkan pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha324

Session Summaries-2007MEQ Topic Session (S6)The relative contributions of off-shore and in-shore sources to harmful algal bloom development andpersistence in the PICES regionCo-Convenors: Hao Guo (China) and Vera L. Trainer (U.S.A.)BackgroundThere is increasing recognition that someharmful algal blooms (HABs) affecting coastalwaters may not have local origins but areadvected from offshore waters. This sessionhighlighted recent advances in studying theprocesses involved in near-shore versus offshoredevelopment and transport of harmfulalgal blooms in the coastal waters of the PICESregion. Of particular interest were field studieswhere the relative importance of local versusremote development of HABs has been assessed.The session invited papers describing knownoff-shore and near-shore initiation sites,seedbeds, and the physical factors that facilitatetransport of HABs to coastal sites where theymay impact fisheries.Summary of presentationsThis session highlighted what is known aboutinitiation and transport processes that result inHAB impacts on coastal fisheries. Off the coastof Washington State, the Juan de Fuca eddy isan initiation site for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschiablooms. This unique upwelling site is aretentive feature that is formed by estuarineflow, winds and tides. Use of models allows usto determine which physical, biological andchemical factors are important in thedevelopment of the Juan de Fuca eddy and in itsability to retain particles (cells). In the easternPacific, HAB species retention in frontal zoneswas a mechanism for overwintering. Suchoverwintering allowed HAB species to surviveuntil the next growing season. Moderateupwelling conditions during the summerfollowed by late season storms were conditionsleading to shellfish closures due to HABs inWashington State. In China, physical processessuch as the timing of the monsoon, watercolumn stability and the advance of currentsplay an important role in the formation ofdinoflagellate blooms. Anthropogenic factorsare thought to influence HAB occurrence in thePhilippines. Possible impacts of climate changeon the development of certain HABs werediscussed. Because estuarine flow and upwelledwater properties may change, the intensity ofHABs will also be influenced by climate changein the future.List of papersOral presentationsAngelica Peña and Michael ForemanBiophysical modeling of the Juan de Fuca Eddy in the Pacific NorthwestDouding Lu and Dedi Zhu (Invited)Blooms of dinoflagellates in the East China Sea – Possible linkages to physical processesMingyuan Zhu, Mingjiang Zhou and Ruixiang Li (Invited)HAB process in the coastal water of Zhejiang province, East China SeaXuelei Zhang, Z.J. Xu and M.Y. ZhuImpact of atmospheric dust on phytoplankton growth in the Yellow Sea and western PacificMichael Foreman, Wendy Callendar, Amy MacFadyen, Barbara Hickey, Vera Trainer, Angelica Peña, Richard Thomsonand Emanuele Di Lorenzo (Invited)Juan de Fuca Eddy generation and its relevance to harmful algal bloom development along the outer Washington coastLuzviminda M. Dimaano, Lewelen A. Arcaya, Joseph Chester M. Malaca, Francis Martin M. Mirasol and Mark JosephD. TanThe distribution of three toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates as potential bioindicators of anthropogenic pollutants in the reefs of SanFernando, La Union, PhilippinesAmoreena MacFadyen, Barbara Hickey, Vera Trainer and William CochlanThe Juan de Fuca Eddy – An initiation site for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms impacting the Washington coast325

Session Summaries-2007PostersChunjiang Guan, Hao Guo and Wen ZhaoAccumulation and elimination of Alexandrium tamarense toxins by the scallop, Argopectens irradiasZongling Wang, Ruixiang Li, Mingyuan Zhu, Xiao Liu, Yanju Hao and Xihua YouThe density-dependent interspecific competition between Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarenseYaobing Wang, Binxia Cao, Yan Yin and Hao GuoThe relationship between algical bacteria and Alexandrium tamarenseMEQ/FIS Topic Session (S7)Coldwater biogenic habitat in the North PacificCo-Convenors: Glen S. Jamieson (Canada), J. Anthony Koslow (U.S.A.) and Jin-Yeong Kim (Korea)BackgroundSome of the marine fauna that are mostvulnerable to physical disturbances are the longlived,slow growing and physically fragilespecies (corals and sponges) that providebiogenic habitat in deep water. It is increasinglyrecognized worldwide that deep-water biogenichabitat protection needs protection, so itsconsideration by PICES is timely. Conservationof such habitat has become a high priority in theeastern North Pacific in particular, and largeareas have recently been established to excludebottom trawling to protect deep-water corals andsponges. Considerable effort is being expendedin American waters at least to identify anddetermine coral distributions and to assess theirecological role as fishery habitat.Summary of presentationsThis session included presentations thatdescribed: 1) distributions of deep-waterbiogenic habitat in the Pacific and particularly,the eastern North Pacific; 2) the ecological roleof biogenic structures such as habitat forcommercial and other species; and 3) some ofthe management measures currently applied orbeing considered to conserve these species andthe habitat they provide. The invited speaker,Alexander Rogers (United Kingdom) discussedfactors influencing overall coral spatialdistribution – aragonite saturation, oxygenconcentration and % saturation, depth,temperature, and high nutrient levels (negativeinfluence). Deep-water corals are concentratedon the peaks of sea mounts and on continentalmargins and slopes, down to about 1000 m.Locations are likely largely determined by thepresence of current jets (moderate to high) alongcontinental margins, internal wave influences,iceberg plow tracks, and the availability of hardsubstrata. Association of deep-water corals andsponges with other species seems to be largelymutalistic to accidental, but studies are few. Theapplication of fishery management measures tovulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) wasdiscussed by a number of papers, and it waspointed out that many gear types can havenegative impacts, and that a coral or spongebycatch is often the first indicator of thepresence of deep-water biogenic habitat. Otherpapers listed known regional coral species andtheir distributions, and fishing stressors affectingtheir distribution. The only paper from thewestern North Pacific considered dominantbiogenic habitat species in Korean communities,the importance of biogenic structure there, andongoing efforts to recover biogenic habitat.Nearshore barren areas were observed to beabundant, so seaweed bed recovery is now aparticular priority.List of papersOral presentationsEdward J. Gregr and Glen S. JamiesonAn ecological classification of sponge and coral habitat in Pacific Canadian waters326

Session Summaries-2007Alex D. Rogers (Invited)Biogenic habitats in the deep sea: Biodiversity and interactions with fisheriesCurt E. Whitmire and M. Elizabeth ClarkeCensus of deep-sea/cold-water corals off the western coast of the United StatesGlen S. JamiesonDeep-water biogenic habitat in Pacific Canada: Challenges to its conservationW. Waldo Wakefield and Brian N. TissotEcological associations between structure-forming invertebrates and demersal fishes on Heceta Bank, OregonJeffrey B. Marliave and Donna M. GibbsEcological function as rockfish nursery habitat of cloud sponges in Howe Sound and Strait of Georgia, British ColumbiaJin-Yeong Kim, Hyung-Kee Cha, Kwang-Ho Choi, Jong-Hwa Park and Sukgeun JungLong-term change in dominant fishery species and their cold-water habitats in the Korean coastal watersDoug Woodby, Dave Carlile and Lee HulbertPredictive modeling of coral and sponge distribution in the central Aleutian IslandsMalcolm Clark, Derek Tittensor and Alex D. RogersSeamounts, deep-sea corals, and fisheries in the Pacific OceanPostersSung Eun Park, Won Chan Lee, Hyun Taik Oh, Sok Jin Hong, Rae-Hong Jung and Sang Pil YoonNumerical experiments on the stably stratified flow over a shallow seamount in a channelJessica L. Finney, E.J. Gregr, Glen S. Jamieson and S. PattonPredicting suitable habitat for deep sea coral in British ColumbiaMONITOR/TCODE Topic Session (S8/S10)Recent advances in ocean observing systems: Scientific discoveries, technical developments, and datamanagement, analysis and deliveryCo-Convenors: John (Jack) Barth (U.S.A.), Kyu Kui Jung (Korea), S. Allen Macklin (U.S.A.), YoungJae Ro (Korea) and Verena Tunnicliffe (Canada)BackgroundGiven the rapid development of ocean observingsystems across the North Pacific, it is timely todiscuss their use for scientific discovery andecosystem research, and to describe the technicaladvancements in ocean sensors, observationalplatforms, and improvements in datamanagement and exchange. By providingsustained interdisciplinary observations ofatmospheric and oceanic processes, observingsystems can capture important eventsinfluencing ocean ecosystems. Advancedsensors and platforms are creating newopportunities for deciphering ecosystemdynamics. With the increase in data returnacross observatories, it is critical that datamanagement and interchange be addressed.Papers were welcomed on: scientific discoveriesmade possible by ocean observing systems;observed climate impacts on ocean ecosystemsand fisheries; advanced ocean sensors includingoptical, acoustic and genomic devices;autonomous platforms including underwatervehicles and vertical profilers; data managementand exchange; and interoperability among oceanobservatories. The intention was to have amixture of scientific and technical talks on oceanobserving systems.Summary of presentationsThis session combined the ocean observingtopics originally proposed as Topic Session S8with the data management topics proposed underS10. The combination was mutually beneficialand led to much interest at PICES XVI. BernardA. Megrey (U.S.A) ably stood in as a coconvenorin Allen Macklin’s absence. TheS8/S10 session included 16 oral presentations,five of which were invited, and there were 16posters, four of which were electronic (“E-327

Session Summaries-2007posters”). The session was also accompanied byweek-long displays by AXYS Technologies Inc.,the Victoria Experimental Network Under theSea (VENUS), the Canadian ScientificSubmersible Facility, NEPTUNE Canada andRoper Resources, Ltd. John Dower (Canada)led off the session by reviewing the advantagesof real-time, continuous (“always on”) oceanobserving versus previous, mostly ship-based(weather limited) and satellite remote sensed(surface only). He pointed out that oceanobserving is interdisciplinary and thatcontinuous sampling allows the detection ofevents and adaptive sampling. As an example,Dr. Dower reviewed the VENUS observingsystem, in particular the use of a high datavolume Zooplankton Acoustic Profiler (ZAP).This system was recently used to detect“bioturbulence.” He concluded by saying thatrecent ocean observing efforts will be a“revolution,” but will we be ready for it? MairiBest and Benoit Pirenne (Canada) reviewed thescience and data management, respectively, ofthe NEPTUNE Canada ocean observatorypresently being installed off the shelf and deepocean to the west of Vancouver Island. Dr. Bestpointed out how the scientific communitycontributed to the design of the NEPTUNECanada network. Dr. Pirenne described the threetasks for a data management system: dataacquisition and storage; data access; andinstrument and infrastructure control andmonitoring. The latter is linked to the eventdetection and reaction, intended to be performedautomatically with computers as much aspossible in the era of “always on” oceanobserving. Dr. Pirenne concluded by pointingout that it was perfectly reasonable to store (twocopies in different locations!) data from theobservatory (~100 Terabytes/year), but that aclose look was needed at data compression.David Foley (U.S.A.) described the use ofsatellite remote sensed data to create ocean“products,” for example, maps of preferred fishhabitat based on temperature. He pointed outthat we are in the “Golden Age” of satelliteremote sensing, but that after 2012 it cannot beguaranteed which satellites will still be in orbit.Dr. Foley described data access methods thattransparently deliver data to “clients” likeMatlab, R, IDL, GIS and Linux programs. Heconcluded by asking for advice on potentialproducts and assessing methods.The next three talks described ocean observingsystems in Japan and Korea aimed at improvingour understanding and ability to predict thebehavior of ocean ecosystems. HidekatsuYamazaki (Japan) described a system forobserving and modeling red (and blue!) tide inTokyo Bay. Toshiro Saino (Japan) presentedresults using a new profiling mooring systemequipped with bio-optical sensors for the studyof primary production. Young Jae Ro (Korea)detailed an ocean observing system for thesouthern coast of Korea targeted at societallyimportant questions about aquaculture andhypoxia in semi-enclosed seas.Jack Barth (U.S.A.) summarized the use of newautonomous underwater vehicle gliders tocontinuously sample coastal waters for physical,chemical and bio-optical properties. The glidersallow vertical sections of ocean properties to bereturned in near real-time for monitoring ofocean conditions and inclusion in dataassimilatingcoastal circulation and ecosystemmodels. Two talks focused on underwateracoustics, led off by an excellent overview bySvein Vagle (Canada). He described the bioacousticssystem deployed on VENUS andemphasized the importance of event detection totrigger the full capabilities of a high-bandwidthacoustic system. David Welch (Canada)reviewed the Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking(POST) program, in particular its high degree ofsuccess in both maintaining hydrophone nodesand in tracking acoustically tagged fish incoastal waters.Steven Rumrill (U.S.A.) reviewed an estuarineobserving system in South Slough NationalEstuarine Research Reserve, southern Oregon,U.S.A, and emphasized the importance ofdesigning a science-driven observatory. Twotalks focused on using long, cross-Pacifictransects to monitor ocean ecosystems. SoniaBatten (representing SAHFOS) reviewed thestatus of the North Pacific Continuous PlanktonRecorder observing effort and Michael Henry(U.S.A.) described the repeated seabirdobservations made from a voluntary observing328

Session Summaries-2007ship transiting the North Pacific between Canadaand Asia.Graduate students contributed to the sessionincluding Hanna Na, from Seoul NationalUniversity, who investigated the accuracy andutility of land-based coastal radar for measuringocean currents, and Liying Wan, from theChinese National Marine EnvironmentalForecasting Center, who described the use of anadvanced Kalman filter for combining data withocean circulation models. The session benefitedfrom a number of excellent poster presentations,including descriptions of new technology(underwater cabled observatories, verticalprofilers) and electronic-posters demonstratingdata management systems, ocean atlases and thevisualization of three-dimensional, timedependentocean model output.List of papersOral presentaionsLiying Wan, Jiang Zhu, Changxiang Yan, Hui Wang, Laurent Bertino and Zhanggui WangA “dressed” ensemble Kalman filter for data assimilation using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean ModelSteven S. RumrillA question-based approach to environmental monitoring within the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Oregon,USAHanna Na, Kuh Kim and Kyung-Il ChangAccuracy of surface current velocity measurements obtained from HF radar along the east coast of KoreaToshiro Saino (Invited)An ocean observing system for carbon cycle studiesJohn A. Barth, R. Kipp Shearman, Anatoli Erofeev, Tristan Peery, Murray D. Levine, Walt Waldorf and Craig RisienAutonomous underwater glider observations off central Oregon and the Oregon Coastal Ocean Observing System (OrCOOS)Svein Vagle (Invited)Continuous monitoring of marine mammals, natural and man made noise in Georgia Strait and Saanich Inlet using the VENUSobservatoryDavid G. FoleyDelivery and application of oceanographic satellite data in the era of integrated ocean observing systemsHidekatsu Yamazaki, Yuji Kitade and Yusaku Kokubu (Invited)Developing a diagnostic system to assess red tide of Tokyo BayJohn Dower, Ian Beveridge and Richard Dewey (Invited)Drinking from the fire hose: Moving from the limitations of under-sampled field data to the prospect of “always on” data streamsYoung Jae Ro and Kwang Young JungIntegrative approach for the coastal dynamics and ecosystem in the Kangjin Bay, South Sea, KoreaTodd D. O’Brien, David L. Mackas, Mark D. Ohman and remaining WG-125 membersIssues and methods for analyzing zooplankton time series – Sample applications of the SCOR WG125 toolkitMairi M.R. Best, B.D. Bornhold, S.K. Juniper and C.R. BarnesNEPTUNE Canada regional cabled observatory: Science planDavid W. Welch and George JacksonPOST – A permanent continental-scale ocean observing array for fisheries research: Performance and scientific relevanceSonia D. BattenThe CPR: Antique technology observing today’s oceansMike F. Henry, Sonia D. Batten, K. David Hyrenbach, Ken H. Morgan and Bill J. SydemanThe meso-scale response of subarctic North Pacific seabird community structure to lower trophic level abundance and diversityBenoît Pirenne (Invited)The NEPTUNE Canada Cabled Observatory Data Management System: Capturing and delivering terabytes of data each dayPostersJoon-Yong Yang, Kyu-Kui Jung, Hee-Dong Jeong, Young-Sang Suh and Chang-Su JungA real-time coastal information system for aquaculture environmental monitoringJohn A. Barth, Murray D. Levine, Walt Waldorf, Andrew Barnard, Bruce Rhoades, Alex Derr, John Koegler and DanielWhitemanA vertical profiling mooring for coastal observations: Coastal Autonomous Profiling and Boundary Layer System (CAPABLE)329

Session Summaries-2007Susan BanahanAn overview of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) networkYong Yao and Shenglin YeApplication of satellite altimeter data in analysis and prediction of the sea surface wind and wave fields over the China Sea andWestern Pacific OceanJohn A. Barth, R. Kipp Shearman, Anatoli Erofeev, Tristan Peery, Murray D. Levine, Walt Waldorf and Craig RisienAutonomous underwater glider observations off central Oregon and the Oregon Coastal Ocean Observing System (OrCOOS)Thomas C. Royer and Chester E. GroschCoastal freshwater discharge in the Northeast Pacific using an updated hydrology modelElena Dmitrieva, Vladimir Ponomarev, Natalia Rudykh, Nina Savelieva and Igor RostovData integration from different sources for the study of long-term variability in the ocean - Atmosphere system over theJapan/East Sea (E-Poster)Yoshiyuki KanedaDense Ocean floor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET)Chuanlin Huo, Zhengxian Yang, Quan Wen and Daoming GuanDevelopment and implementation of a multi-sectoral marine environmental monitoring programme for Bohai SeaGitai Yahel, Ruthy Yahel, Timor Katz, Boaz Lazar, Barak Herut and Verena TunnicliffeFish activity, a major mechanism for nutrient and carbon recycling from coastal marine sedimentsAlbert J. Hermann, Christopher W. Moore, Sarah Hinckley, Carolina Parada, Elizabeth L. Dobbins and Dale B.HaidvogelImmersive visualization online: A modern approach for the rapid exploration of Eulerian and individual-based models (E-Poster)E.D.Vjazilov, N.N. Mikhailov, I.D. Rostov, N.I. Rudykh, V.I. Rostov and E.V. DmitrievaNational unified system of information on the World Ocean condition of Russia: Improvement and operational details (E-Poster)Igor Rostov, Natalia Rudykh, Vladimir Rostov, Alexander Pan, Anton Gavrev, Elena Dmitrieva, Valentina Moroz andOlga TrusenkovaNew electronic atlases on oceanography of the Eastern Asia seas (E-Poster)S. Allen Macklin, Bernard A. Megrey, Kimberly Bahl and Ruguang YinPacific-wide marine metadata management and delivery: The PICES Metadata FederationJie Su, Yaobing Wang and Di YangResearch on the stability of Escherichia coli as an indicator for detecting fecal pollution in seawaterPeter G. Phibbs and Stephen LentzTechnology for cabled ocean observatories and their vertical profiler systemsPOC/CCCC/MONITOR Topic Session (S9)Operational forecasts of oceans and ecosystemsCo-Convenors: Michael G. Foreman (Canada), Shin-ichi Ito (Japan), Skip McKinnell (PICES) andFrancisco E. Werner (U.S.A.)BackgroundNumerical models of ocean dynamics arebecoming increasingly sophisticated and arenow used to forecast future ocean states. Theforecasts vary in geographic scale from localembayments to the global ocean, and ontemporal scales, from one day to several years.Improvements in ocean forecasting willcontribute directly to forecasts of fisheries wherethe linkages between ocean dynamics, fishmigration, and fishery ground formation areunderstood. Likewise, lower trophic level (LTL)ecosystem models have been coupled tonumerical models of ocean circulation and testedat many sites. LTL models can now anticipatethe production of planktonic prey and biomasswhen the state of the ocean is capturedaccurately by ocean circulation models.Moreover, fish growth and recruitment modelsare starting to be coupled to LTL ecosystemmodels. The growing interest in ecosystembasedmanagement, and the need to develop amanagement/decision policy will no doubt rely330

Session Summaries-2007upon forecasts from coupled physical–ecosystem models. To fully realize the potentialof model-based products for ecosystem-basedmanagement, a relatively high predictability ofocean structures is essential. This session willreview the current status of operational oceanprediction models, discuss the ability of physicalmodels to forecast ecosystem state and clarifythe approaches needed for future studies andimprovements. Ideally, we seek papersdescribing operational forecasts of oceans and/orecosystem-state and, more importantly,evaluations of their performance. Operationalforecasts can be based on numerical or statisticalmodels, and comparisons of these twoapproaches are welcome.Summary of presentationsFrom the presentation by invited speakerMasafumi Kamachi of the Japan MeteorologicalResearch Institute, the participants learned howchanges in the path of the Kuroshio along thePacific coast of Japan can be forecast fromnumerical models with lead times of one to twomonths. The development of a major meander inthis current has significant effects on the catchesof fishes such as skipjack and mackerel.Sensitivity tests with this model indicated thatthe inclusion/exclusion of hydrographic datafrom Project Argo had the greatest influence onthe accuracy of the forecast. Assimilation ofhydrographic data from prefectural fisheriesinstitutes in Japan provided importantimprovements to the model results in the JapanCoastal Ocean Predictability Experiment(JCOPE) and JCOPE2. These data had nottraditionally been assimilated into coastalmodels but a data system has now beenestablished to facilitate this. It was interesting tonote, however, that an intimate connection tocurrent data is required to keep the models ontrack. Research activities and modeling byUniversity of British Columbia scientists fromthe Strait of Georgia Ecosystem Modelling(STRATOGEM) project have seen thedevelopment of a capacity for accurate forecastsof the timing of the spring bloom in the Strait ofGeorgia during the last two years. Invitedspeaker, Alain Vézina from the Bedford Instituteof Oceanography, Canada, discussed generalissues associated with developing complexityand simplicity in modeling frameworks. Welearned from William Crawford (Canada) howthe classical global warming signal for thenorthern hemisphere is not strongly evident inall parts of the hemisphere; it is relatively weakin the northeastern Pacific as a consequence ofchanging wind patterns. The progress ofoperational oceanography and forecasting variessignificantly among regions. In some locations,program objectives have focused on thegeneration of hypotheses but elsewhere, greateradvances have been made in the implementationof operational strategies. Einar Svendsen fromNorway/ICES described in an invitedpresentation the current state of operationalinfrastructure in European countries,complementing the presentation by MasafumiKamachi of Japan. Taken in combination, thesediscussions suggest that greater cooperationbetween ICES and PICES in developingoperational oceanography might lead to theaccelerated development of capacity in this area.List of papersOral PresentationsAlain F. Vézina, Charles Hannah and Mike St. John (Invited)A top-down approach to modelling marine ecosystems in the context of physical-biological modellingMasafumi Kamachi, Toshiya Nakano, Satoshi Matsumoto, Norihisa Usui, Yosuke Fujii and Shiroh Ishizaki (Invited)An example of operational ocean data assimilation and predictionWilliam Crawford and Ian PerryEastern Gulf of Alaska: Climate variability, future projections and ecosystem impactsHiroaki Tatebe, Ichiro Yasuda and Hiroaki SaitoHorizontal transport of Neocalanus copepods in the subarctic and northern subtropical North PacificWei Cheng, Al Hermann, Sarah Hinckley and Ken CoyleInterannual variability in the Gulf of Alaska: A perspective based on a coupled bio-physical model331

Session Summaries-2007George V. Shevchenko and George G. NovinenkoMonitoring of temperature conditions in the Sea of OkhotskEinar Svendsen (Invited)Operational oceanography and the ecosystem approachAlbert J. Hermann, Thomas M. Powell, Wei Cheng and Sarah HinckleyPerformance of NEMURO with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) for the Coastal Gulf of AlaskaShin-ichi Ito, Shigeho Kakehi, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Takashi Setou, Kosei Komatsu, Manabu Shimizu, Akira Kusaka,Kazuyuki Uehara, Yugo Shimizu, Akira Okuno and Hiroshi KurodaPredictability of location of the Kuroshio Extension and the Oyashio First Branch by JCOPESusan E. Allen, A. Kathleen Collins, Douglas J. Latornell and Rich PawlowiczPredicting the timing of the spring bloom in the Strait of GeorgiaEdmundo Casillas and William PetersonRecent high-frequency variability in the PDO and ocean conditions in the northern California Current: Impacts on ecosystemstructure and salmon growth and survivalElena I. Ustinova and Yury D. SorokinStatistical forecasting of ice cover in the Far-Eastern SeasYury I. Zuenko, E.I. Ustinova, V.N. Vdovin, V.A. Nuzhdin, Z.G. Ivankova and N.T. DolganovaTemporal lags between changes of climatic indices and some components of the Japan/East Sea ecosystemYasumasa Miyazawa, Takashi Kagimoto and Kosei KomatsuWater mass structure in the Kuroshio-Oyashio mixed water region reproduced by JCOPE2PostersYong-Kyu Choi, Young-Sang Suh, Ki-Tack Seong, Sang-Woo Kim, Won-Deuk Yoon, Woo-Jin Go, In-Seong Han andJoon Yong-YangBimonthly variation of synoptic features in hydrography and nutrient in the Southern Sea of KoreaJ.J. Colbert, Thomas C. Wainwright and Bernard A. MegreyLinking the NEMURO suite into the Earth Systems Modeling FrameworkBIO/FIS/POC Topic Session (S11)Phenology and climate change in the North Pacific: Implications of variability in the timing ofzooplankton production to fish, seabirds, marine mammals and fisheries (humans)Co-Convenors: Elizabeth A. Logerwell (U.S.A.), David L. Mackas (Canada), Shoshiro Minobe (Japan)and William J. Sydeman (U.S.A.)BackgroundEcosystems of the North Pacific Ocean arecharacterized by strong seasonal variability inproductivity. The Inter-governmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) projections indicate thatsubstantial changes in phenology (timing events)and the biological interactions that depend onthe seasonal cycle are likely. Severalmechanistic hypotheses have been set forth toexplain changes in fish production in relation tophenology, including “match-mismatch” and“optimal environmental window”, yet there havebeen few tests of these ideas. In light of climatechange predictions and recent changes inphenology in some North Pacific ecosystems(e.g., late upwelling in the California Current in2005/2006), the session focused on theimplications of changes in the timing of seasonalzooplankton production to upper trophic levelorganisms through changes in their trophicecology, physiology and behavior. Physicalenvironmental changes that influence phenologyalso were within the scope of this session.Papers which test hypotheses, present newtheoretical treatments, and/or provide models oflife history variation were encouraged. Inparticular, integrated, multi-trophic level, multidisciplinaryanalyses were sought. We anticipatepublication of the papers from this topic sessionin primary literature.332

Session Summaries-2007Summary of presentationsOn November 2, 2007, as part of the PICESSixteenth Annual Meeting and under theauspices of the BIO/FIS/POC Committees, weheld a topic session entitled “Phenology andclimate change in the North Pacific:Implications of variability in the timing ofzooplankton production to fish, seabirds, marinemammals and fisheries (humans)”. Theunderlying reason for hosting this topic was thatmost marine ecosystems of the North PacificOcean are characterized by strong seasonalvariability in productivity. IPCC projectionsindicate that one of the likely consequences ofclimate change and global /ocean warming maybe substantial changes in “phenology” (i.e.,timing) of key ecological events. If climatechange causes changes in the relative timing ofproductivity between trophic levels, many of thebiological interactions that depend onsynchronicity in abundance, availability and/orspatial distribution may be disrupted. Severalmechanistic hypotheses have been put forth thatdeal with within-season variation in oceanclimate, primary and secondary productivity andtrophic interactions between predators and prey.Such hypotheses, including “match-mismatch”(Cushing, Lack) and “optimal environmentalwindow” (Cury and Roy), have been used toexplain variability in the fish and seabirdrecruitment, yet there have been comparativelyfew tests of these ideas despite its apparentapplication to many temperate and sub-arcticseas.In light of IPCC predictions and observations ofremarkable and unprecedented phenologicalchanges in many northern hemisphere marineecosystems (e.g., delayed upwelling in theCalifornia Current in 2005), we sought toaddress the possible ubiquitous nature of thematch-mismatch hypothesis, in particular, inseasonal seas of the northern hemisphere. Withsubstantial contributions for colleagues bothwithin and outside the PICES community, weaddressed patterns, causes, consequences, andmanagement implications of changes in thetiming of oceanographic process from primaryproduction to top predators through changes intheir trophic ecology, physiology and behavior.We sought and received a series of multi-trophiclevel, multi-disciplinary contributions that madefor one of the most thought-provoking anddynamic topic sessions of PICES XVI. We arenow in the process of collating manuscripts for aspecial volume in Deep-Sea Research II, basedin large part on this topic session.The topic session opened with a brilliant invitedpresentation by Joel Marcel Durant (Universityof Oslo, Norway), in which he provided acompelling overview of the match-mismatchhypothesis and its potential application in globalclimate change biology. Yutaka Watanuki(Hokkaido University, Japan) provided a secondoutstanding invited presentation on preyswitchingin a seabird relative to climatevariability in the Japan Sea. In total, 17 oralpresentations and 1 poster presentation werecontributed. Papers in the session covered manyaspects of seasonal timings in the ocean, but themost striking characteristic of all contributionswas the extent of vertical integration in each ofthe marine ecosystems under consideration, bothof the overall session dimensions and withinindividual papers. A rough classification of thedatasets and results among the six ‘trophiclevels’ considered (temperature to othermodes of the physical environment and physicalforcing; phytoplankton; zooplankton; fish;seabirds) showed a minimum of two, an averageof three, and a maximum of five trophic levelsconsidered per paper. Multi-trophic levelrelationships between climate variability and theseasonality of phytoplankton and zooplanktonproduction was considered in detail by about onethird of the contributors (Sonia Batten and DavidMackas, Sanae Chiba and Kosei Sasaoka, RanaEl-Sabaawi et al., Yulia Tananaeva and MaratBogdanov, Kazuaki Tadakoro et al., andAndrew Thomas et al.). Interrelationships forthe upper trophic levels included work onjellyfish (Jennifer Purcell), cod (BenjaminLaurel et al.), salmonids (Christine Abraham etal., Richard Beamish et al., Ronald Tanasichuk,and William Peterson et al.), sardines (RubénRodriguez et al. and Atsushi Tsuda et al.), andseabirds (Steven Bograd et al., Douglas Bertramet al., Joël Durant, and Yutaka Watanuki et al.).Overall, this fortuitous balanced approach tocomplex material resulted in a highly successful333

Session Summaries-2007topic session; the convenors were delighted withevery presentation.Finally, it was noteworthy that while this topicsession was held on the last day of PICES XVI,attendance was considerable. Approximately 70conference participants filled the room tocapacity, a testament to the general interest in thetopic session and quality of the contributions.Indeed, with “standing room only” in themorning, the session was subsequently moved toa larger venue for the afternoon contributions.List of papersOral presentationsBenjamin J. Laurel, Thomas P. Hurst and Lorenzo CiannelliAn experimental examination of temperature interactions in the ‘match-mismatch’ hypothesis for Pacific cod larvaeDouglas F. Bertram, Anne Harfenist and April HeddCassin’s Auklet nestling diet reveals latitudinal variation in surface timing of Neocalanus cristatus prey biomass in BC:Mismatch likelihood is greater in warmer, southern watersSonia D. Batten and David L. MackasChanges in development timing and cohort width of Neocalanus plumchrus / flemingeri copepods in the eastern North PacificSanae Chiba and Kosei SasaokaClimatic forcing and phytoplankton phenology over the North Pacific 1997-2006Kazuaki Tadokoro, Yuji Okazaki and Hiroya SugisakiDecadal scale variations in developmental timing of Neocalanus copepod populations in the Oyashio waters, western NorthPacificJennifer E. PurcellEffects of temperature and light on the phenology of jellyfishAtsushi Tsuda, Takumi Nonomura, Mitsuhiro Toratani and Sachihiko ItohFood availability for Japanese sardine larvae in the Kuroshio extension areaAndrew Thomas, Peter Brickley and Stephanie HensonLarge-scale time and space patterns of chlorophyll phenology in the NE PacificRichard J. Beamish, Ruston M. Sweeting and Chrys M. NevilleManaging a Strait of Georgia ecosystemJoël M. Durant (Invited)Match-mismatch, trophic interactions and climate changeWilliam T. Peterson, Leah Feinberg, Tracy Shaw, Jennifer L. Menkel and Jay PetersonPhenology of coastal copepod species: Implications for productivity at various trophic levels in the Oregon upwelling zoneRubén Rodríguez-Sánchez, Marlene Manzano, Héctor Villalobos, Mati Kahru, Daniel Lluch-Belda and Sofía Ortega-GarcíaPossible mechanisms underlying abundance changes of Pacific sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) in the California Current Systemduring the last warming regime (1980-1997)Rana W. El-Sabaawi, Akash R. Sastri and John F. DowerPotential consequences of interannual variability in lower trophic level dynamics on energy transfer in the Strait of GeorgiaYulia N. Tananaeva and Marat A. BogdanovSST and ice conditions’ variability in different parts of North West Pacific, its influence on phytoplankton production and fisheryresourcesRonald W. TanasichukThe effect of variations in timing and magnitude of euphausiid productivity on return variability of Somass River sockeye(Oncorhynchus nerka) salmonSteven J. Bograd, William J. Sydeman and Christine AbrahamThe phenology of coastal upwelling in the California Current SystemYutaka Watanuki, Motohiro Ito, Tomohiro Deguchi and Shoshiro Minobe (Invited)Timing of breeding and prey switching in Rhinoceros Auklets; match-mismatch of the phenology explains between year variationof chick growthPostersChristine L. Abraham, William J. Sydeman and G. Vernon ByrdSeabird-sockeye salmon co-variation in the eastern Bering Sea: Phenology as an ecosystem indicator and salmonid predictor?334

Session Summaries-2007BIO Paper SessionCo-Convenors: Michael J. Dagg (U.S.A.), Michio J. Kishi (Japan) and Angelica Peña (Canada)BackgroundThe theme of PICES XVI is “The changingNorth Pacific: Previous patterns, futureprojections, and ecosystem impacts”. In thissession, we welcomed papers on biologicalaspects of the PICES XVI theme as well aspapers on other aspects of biologicaloceanography in the North Pacific and itsmarginal seas. Young scientists were especiallyencouraged to submit papers to this session.Summary of presentationsThe BIO Paper session this year was a full dayof oral presentations on aspects of biologicaloceanography in the North Pacific Ocean,complemented by 12 poster presentations.Contributions were made from all PICEScountries. As expected in such an open session,topics ranged widely across many aspects ofbiological oceanography. Presentations weremade on iron limitation, on dimethyl sulphide(DMS) production and fates, on the Changjiangriver plume, on long-term patterns in NorthPacific surface chlorophyll, on the spatial andtemporal variability of chlorophyllconcentration and zooplankton biomass andcomposition in the western North Pacific and itsrelationship to physical characteristics, and onaspects of the biology of North Pacific biota,including copepods, euphausiids, fish, squid,and whales. Rounding out the total was acontribution on NPZ modeling and apresentation on an invasive sessile tunicate. Theconvenors made a special effort to encourageyoung scientists and this resulted in 8 of the 18talks being given by persons with their PhDsawarded within the past 5 years. We willcontinue to encourage young marine biologiststo present their science at the BIO session nextyear.List of papersOral presentationsBrie J. Lindsey and Harold P. BatchelderA Euphausia pacifica bioenergetic model for the California Current SystemShigenobu Takeda, Atsushi Tsuda, Philip W. Boyd, Paul J. Harrison, Isao Kudo, Maurice Levasseur, Jun Nishioka,Yukihiro Nojiri, Hiroaki Saito, Koji Suzuki, Mark Wells and C.S. WongBiogeochemical responses of planktonic ecosystems during three meso-scale iron enrichment experiments in the subarctic NorthPacificAi Ueda, Toru Kobari and Deborah K. SteinbergBody allometry and chemical composition of interzonally migrating copepods in the subarctic Pacific OceanJeffrey J. Polovina, Melanie Abecassis and Evan A. HowellChanges in oceanic surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific over the past decade: Is the North Pacific getting bluer?Nadja Steiner and Ken DenmanDevelopment of a mechanistic DMS model – Parameter sensitivities in a single columnToru Kobari, Ai Ueda, Deborah K. Steinberg, Minoru Kitamura and Atsushi TsudaDevelopment of ontogenetically migrating copepods in the Western Subarctic GyreRyosuke Okamoto, Tsutomu Tamura, Kenji Konishi and Hidehiro KatoDifferences in foods and feeding habits in common minke and sei whales in the western North Pacific based on samples collectedunder the JARPN II survey projectTakumi Nonomura, Atsushi Tsuda, Ichiro Yasuda and Shuhei NishidaDistribution patterns of Calanus sinicus and C. jashnovi (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the western temperate North Pacific: Relationswith the Kuroshio ExtensionShin-ichi Ito, Kenneth A. Rose, Naoki Yoshie, Bernard A. Megrey, Michio J. Kishi and Francisco E. WernerEvaluation of an automated approach for calibrating the NEMURO nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton food web modelHiroshige Tanaka, Seiji Ohshimo and Ichiro AokiFeeding habits of mesopelagic fishes off the coast of western Kyushu, Japan335

Session Summaries-2007Suguru Okamoto and Sei-ichi SaitohImpact of the Kuroshio Extension on spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll a concentrationAtsushi Yamaguchi, Naonobu Shiga, Tsutomu Ikeda, Yoshihiko Kamei and Keiichiro SakaokaInterannual/latitudinal variations in abundance, biomass, community structure and estimated production of epipelagaicmesozooplankton along 155°E longitude in the western North Pacific during springOlga Yu. Tyurneva, Vladimir V. Vertyankin, Yuri M. Yakovlev, Valery A. Vladimirov and Vladimir N. BurkanovOccurrence of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) of the endangered western population off the east coast of the KamchatkaPeninsulaOleg N. Katugin, Gennady A. Shevtsov, Mikhail A. Zuev and Anna V. DakusPatterns of size structure and ecology in the northern gonate squid (Boreoteuthis borealis) in the Okhotsk Sea and northwesternPacific OceanThomas W. Therriault, Leif-Matthias Herborg and Cathryn L. ClarkePredicted changes in the distribution of the non-indigenous tunicate Styela clava along the west coast of North America withemphasis on Canadian watersJun Nishioka, Tsuneo Ono and Hiroaki SaitoSeasonal variability of micro-nutrient concentrations in the Oyashio regionJinhui Wang, Yutao Qin, Caicai Liu, Haofei Zhang, Yawei Sun and Lian CaoVariability of sand transport flux in the Changjiang River and its influence on the ecosystem and resources of the East China SeaPostersAlexander V. Zavolokin, Natalya S. Kosenok and Igor I. GlebovAbundance, distribution and feeding habits of jellyfish in the upper epipelagical of the western Bering SeaA. Jason Phillips, Richard D. Brodeur and Andrey SuntsovCommunity structure of micronekton in the Northern California Current SystemHyung-Ku Kang, Chang Rae Lee and Sinjae YooComparison of vertical distribution of suspended fecal pellets and production of copepod fecal pellets in the Ulleung Basinbetween 2005 and 2006Tatyana A. Belan, Elena M. Latkovskaya and Alexey V. BerezovComposition and distribution pattern of benthic communities of Chayvo Bay (Northeast Sakhalin Island)Goh Onitsuka, Itsushi Uno, Tetsuo Yanagi and Jong-Hwan YoonEffect of atmospheric nitrogen input on the lower trophic ecosystem in the Japan/East SeaVladimir I. RadchenkoEstimation of diurnal vertical migration rate of the Sea of Okhotsk zooplankton with assumption of net avoidanceElena Dulepova and Vladimir DulepovLong-term fluctuation of zooplankton bioproductivity in the western Bering SeaPung Guk Jang, Kyoungsoon Shin, Dong Hyun Shon, Woong-Seo Kim and Dongsup LeeSpatial and temporal distribution of inorganic nutrients and nutrient ratios as controls on composition of phytoplankton in thewestern channel of the Korea StraitGuoying Du, Yunhee Kang, Moonho Son, Jaeran Hwang, Soonmo An and Ikkyo ChungSpatio-temporal variation of intertidal microphytobenthos in the Nakdong Estuary, KoreaKoji Omori, Hidejiro Ohnishi, Toru Fukumoto, Shunsuke Takahashi, Hideki Hamaoka, Miyuki Ohnishi, Kenji Yoshino,Genkai Kato and Todd W. MillerTwo sources of primary production of sand bank ecosystems in Seto Inland Sea, Japan336

Session summaries-2006CCCC Paper SessionCo-Convenors: Harold P. Batchelder (U.S.A.) and Michio J. Kishi (Japan)BackgroundNorth Pacific ecosystems and their response toclimate variability have experienced intensestudy through GLOBEC and similar programsover the past 10 years. The PICES ClimateChange and Carrying Capacity (CCCC) Programaddressed the question of “how do interannualand decadal variations in ocean conditions affectthe species dominance, biomass and productivityof the key zooplankton and fish species in NorthPacific ecosystems?”. Ultimately, a goal of theCCCC Program was to forecast possibleconsequences of climate variability on the NorthPacific ecosystem. As the CCCC Program nearscompletion, it is worthwhile to examine theprogram’s successes on addressing the keyelements: climate change, carrying capacity, andforecasting. This evaluation will provide usefulinformation for moving forward with successorPICES integrative programs like FUTURE:Forecasting and Understanding Trends,Uncertainty and Responses of North PacificEcosystems. We invited abstracts that inferprocesses from patterns and link climate, oceanphysics, populations and ecosystems.Provocative abstracts that retrospectivelyexamine the successes and shortcomings of theCCCC Program were welcomed, as were moretraditional presentations on climate, ecosystemsand forecasting.List of papersOral presentationsJames J. Ruzicka, Thomas C. Wainwright and William T. PetersonA simple production model for the Oregon upwelling ecosystem: Investigating the effect of interannual variability in copepodcommunity compositionRichard D. Brodeur, William T. Peterson, Toby D. Auth, Heather L. Soulen, Maria M. Parnel and Ashley A. EmersonAbundance and diversity of coastal fish larvae as indicators of recent changes in ocean and climate conditions in the Oregonupwelling zoneGeorge D. Jackson, B.R. Ward, R.S. McKinley and D.W. WelchApplication of the POST acoustic array to a critical marine conservation problem for juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) in British ColumbiaWilliam T. Peterson, Thomas C. Wainwright and James J. RuzickaClimate change scenarios for continental shelf waters of the Northern California Current: Potential impacts of changes inupwelling, stratification, seasonal cycles of production and the PDO on pelagic ecosystemsSuam Kim, Sukyung Kang, Hyunju Seo, Eunjung Kim and Minho KangClimate variability and chum salmon production and survival in the North PacificC. Tracy Shaw, Leah R. Feinberg and William T. PetersonInterannual variability in abundance, growth and spawning of the euphausiids Euphausia pacifica and Thysaonessa spinifera offNewport, OR, USASachihiko Itoh, Ichiro Yasuda, Haruka Nishikawa, Hideharu Sasaki and Yoshikazu SasaiModelling the transport and environmental variability of larval Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and Japanese anchovy(Englaulis japonicus) in the western North PacificDavid L. Mackas and Jackie KingMultivariate classification of zooplankton life history strategiesJennifer L. Menkel, William T. Peterson, Jesse F. Lamb, Julie E. Keister and T. O’HigginsNorthern California Current (WA, OR, northern CA) hot spots of abundance for Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spiniferaBrigitte Dorner, Randall M. Peterman, Cindy Bessey and Franz J. MueterNorth-south location of the North Pacific Current and its influence on temporal variation in recruits per spawner in northeasternPacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) populationsTadanori Fujino, Kazushi Miyashita, Yasuma Hiroki, Tsuyoshi Shimura, Shinya Masuda and Tsuneo GotoRegime shift of mesopelagic fish – Long-term biomass index change of Maurolicus japonicus in the Japan/East Sea337

Session Summaries-2007Harold P. Batchelder, Brie J. Lindsey and Brendan ReserRetentive structures, transport and connectivity in coastal ecosystems: Using a quantitative particle tracking metric to describespatio-temporal patternsNandita Sarkar, Thomas C. Royer and Chester E. GroschSeasonal and interannual variability of mixed layer depths along the Seward Line in the Northern Gulf of AlaskaJulie E. Keister, William T. Peterson and P. Ted StrubZooplankton populations and circulation vary interannually to effect cross-shelf advection of biomass in the northern CaliforniaCurrentPostersYoung-Shil Kang, In-Seong Han and Donghyun LimClimate-related variations in oceanographic condition and mesozooplankton in the southwestern East China Sea after the mid1990sXan Augerot, Ray Hilborn, Nathan Mantua, Kate Myers, Randall Peterman, Dave Preikshot, Peter Rand, GregRuggerone, Daniel Schindler, Jack Stanford, Nathan Taylor, Trey Walker and Carl WaltersThe salmon MALBEC project: A North Pacific scale study to support salmon conservation planningFIS Paper SessionConvenor: Gordon H. Kruse (U.S.A.)BackgroundFishery science is a broad field in the PICESregion, owing in part to the diversity of species,water masses, and fisheries of the North PacificOcean. The FIS Paper Session enhances FISactivities in PICES by fostering participation bymore fisheries scientists with different interestsin annual meetings. The FIS paper sessioninvited topics in fisheries science and fisheriesoceanography in the North Pacific and itsmarginal seas.Summary of presentationsThe FIS Paper Session in 2007 included 19 oralpresentations and 24 posters that covered a widevariety of fish species from five PICES-membercountries plus Mexico and Romania. Taxacovered during presentations included gadids,salmon, invertebrates (e.g., crab, shrimp, squid),small and large pelagic fish species, and marinemammals. Novel methods included the use offractals to study time series of fish catches, aGeographic Information System approachtoward stock assessment, integration ofenvironmental data into marine mammal stockassessment, acoustic measurements ofSargassum beds, and whole ecosystemcomparisons. Processes that were investigatedincluded spawning migrations (e.g., sockeyesalmon), larval drift (e.g., squid paralarvae,Greenland halibut), age and growth (e.g., spinydogfish, Pacific cod, salmon), predator–preyinteractions (e.g., pollock), range extensions(e.g., Pacific hake), and environmental effectson the distribution of species and fisheries (e.g.,tuna, saury, northern anchovy, sea lion prey).Classical fishery research studies remainimportant, but this session represented acontinuing trend in recent years towardecosystem-based research of exploited fish andinvertebrates in the PICES region. Based on thenumber of presentations and posters and the highquality of the presentations, the FIS papersession at PICES XVI was very successful.List of papersOral presentationsSarah Gaichas, Georg Skaret, Jannike Falk-Petersen, Jason S. Link, William Overholtz, Bernard A. Megrey, HaraldGjøsæter, William Stockhausen, Are Dommasnes and Kerim AydinA comparison of community and trophic structure in four marine ecosystems based on energy budgets and system metrics338

Session Summaries-2007Marc Trudel, David L. Mackas and Asit MazumderAssessing the effects of ocean conditions on the growth and survival of Pacific salmon in British Columbia and AlaskaFranz J. Mueter, Cecilie Broms, Ken Drinkwater, Kevin Friedland, Jon Hare, George Hunt Jr., Webjørn Melle andMaureen TaylorComparison of 4 Northern Hemisphere regions: Ecosystem responses to recent oceanographic variabilityToby D. AuthDistribution and community structure of ichthyoplankton from the northern and central California Current in May 2004–2006Sayaka Nakatsuka, Akinori Takasuka, Hiroshi Kubota and Yoshioki OozekiEstimating daily ration of skipjack tuna on larval and juvenile anchovy in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region in earlysummerWoo-Seok GwakGenetic approach for the assessment of a stock enhancement of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)Mikhail A. Stepanenko, Elena V. Gritsay and Svetlana Yu. GlebovaImpact of environment and exploitation on the interannual variability eastern Bering Sea pollock: Abundance and distributionJohn R. Brandon, André E. Punt, Paul R. Wade, Wayne L. Perryman, Richard D. Methot, Mark N. Maunder and GeorgeM. WattersIntegrating environmental data into marine mammal stock assessments: Application to the eastern North Pacific gray whaleNaoki Tojo, Akira Nishmura, Satoshi Honda, Tetsuichiro Funamoto, Seiji Katakura and Kazushi MiyashitaMarine environment induced spatial dynamics of recruited walleye pollock juveniles (Theragra chalcogramma) and interactionswith prey and predators along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, JapanRodrigo M. Montes, R. Ian Perry, E.A. Pakhomov and J.A. BoutillierNovel time series methods (fractals) applied to Eastern Pacific fisheriesAlexander I. GlubokovPopulation structure of the Bering Sea pollock and functional structure of it range in recent decadesEdward J. Gregr, Rowenna Flinn, Mathew Bermann and Gaku IshimuraPredicting the relative abundance of pinniped prey in the Gulf of AlaskaNanami Kumagai, Hidetada Kiyofuji, Hideaki Kidokoro and Sei-Ichi SaitohPrediction and of Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) fishing grounds using generalized additive models in theJapan/East SeaInja Yeon, Myoung Ho Sohn, Mi Young Song, Hak Jin Hwang and Yang Jae ImResearch program for stock rebuilding of blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in the western sea of KoreaLeonardo Huato-Soberanis and Martha J. Haro-GaraySpawning migrations in fish: A case study of the sockeye salmon from the Fraser River in British ColumbiaYou Jung Kwon, D.H. An, C.I. Zhang and D.Y. MoonStandardization of CPUE for bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) tunas of Korean longline fishery in theIndian OceanJung Jin Kim, Suam Kim and Hwa Hyun LeeSummer occurrence and transport process of common squid (Todarodes pacificus) paralarvae in the East China SeaMichael J. SchirripaTesting two methods of including environmental factors into stock assessmentsOleg Bulatov, Boris Kotenev, Georgiy Moiseenko and Vladimir BorisovThe GIS method application for the stock assessment of the walleye pollock and the Northeast Arctic codPostersJong Hee Lee and Chang-Ik ZhangA study on the assessment of the large purse seine fishery off Korea based on principles of the Marine Stewardship CouncilKenji Minami, Kazushi Miyashita, Akira Hamano, Takeshi Nakamura, Yuta Maruoka and Hiroki YasumaAcoustic measurement of Sargassum beds in coastal area of western Honshu, JapanYeong Hye Kim, Dong Woo Lee, Seon Jae Hwang, Byung Kyu Hong, Soo Ha ChoiAge and growth of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus in the East/Japan SeaCindy A. Tribuzio and Gordon H. KruseAn alternative approach to estimating worn annuli for aging of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) spinesEugene V. Samko, Nafanail V. Bulatov and Alexander V. KapshiterAnticyclonic eddies of various origin southeastward from Hokkaido and their influence on saury fishery339

Session Summaries-2006Joo-il Kim, Young-il Seo and Sukgeun JungDaily biomass and production of Pacific anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, in the southern coastal area of KoreaMasakazu Shinto, Hideaki Kudo and Masahide KaeriyamaDevelopment of the olfactory organ in chum salmon (Oncorynchus keta) during migrationDongwha Sohn, Lorenzo Ciannelli, Janet Duffy-Anderson, Ann Matarese and Kevin M. BaileyDistribution and drift pathways of Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, during early life stage in the eastern BeringSeaMarisa N.C. Litz, Robert L. Emmett, Selina S. Heppell and Richard D. BrodeurEcological considerations for northern anchovy abundance and distribution in the northern California CurrentYuya Yokoyama, Hideaki Kudo and Masahide KaeriyamaEstimating escapement and spawning capacity of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) at rivers in the Shiretoko WorldNatural Heritage areaSukgeun Jung, Sun-do Hwang, Joo-il Kim, Young-il Seo and Jin-yeong KimFecundity and growth-dependent mortality of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus)Andrey Suntsov and Richard BrodeurFeeding ecology of three dominant lanternfish species (Myctophidae) off OregonRyota Yokotani, Naotaka Imai, Hideaki Kudo and Masahide KaeriyamaGenetic differentiation between early-run and late-run populations of the Yurappu River chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta usingthe mitochondrial DNA analysisCarrie J. Johnson, Robert L. Emmett and Gordon McFarlaneJack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) abundance, distribution, diet, and associated relationships to oceanographic conditions inthe northern California CurrentRodrigo M. Montes, R. Ian Perry, E.A. Pakhomov and J.A. BoutillierLong-term patterns in sea surface temperature (SST) and smooth pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) catches off the west coast ofVancouver Island, CanadaNikolina Petkova KovatchevaMaintenance of red king crab stocks in the North Pacific using mariculture methodsA. Jason Phillips, Stephen Ralston, Richard D. Brodeur, Toby D. Auth, Robert L. Emmett, Carrie J. Johnson and VidarG. WespestadRecent pre-recruit Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) occurrences in the northern California Current suggest a northwardexpansion of their spawning areaBernard A. Megrey, Jon Hare, Are Dommasnes, Harald Gjøsæter, William Stockhausen, William Overholtz, SarahGaichas, Georg Skaret, Jannike Falk-Petersen, Jason S. Link and Kevin FriedlandRecruitment variation in functionally equivalent fish stocks: A cross-ecosystem comparisonRichard D. Brodeur, E. Howell, J. Polovina, L. Ciannelli, W.G. Pearcy, R.M. Laurs and J. ChildersSpatial and temporal variations in albacore habitat in the Northeast Pacific using remotely-sensed environmental dataGalina V. BelovaSpawning and fecundity of highly abundant fishes of the family Bathylagidae in the Russian Far Eastern seas and adjacent watersof the northwestern Pacific OceanDae Sun Son, Chae Woo Ma and Wongyu ParkSurvival rate and growth of larval swimming crab, Portunus trituberculartus, in the laboratoryJie ZhengTemporal changes in size at maturity and their implications for fisheries management for eastern Bering Sea Tanner crabJun Yamamoto, Miyuki Hirose, Tetsuya Ohtani, Katashi Sugimoto, Kazue Hirase, Nobuo Shimamoto, Tsuyoshi Shimura,Natsumi Honda, Yasuzumi Fujimori and Tohru MukaiTransportation of organic matter to the sea floor by carrion falls of the giant jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai) in the Japan/EastSeaSukgeun JungYield-per-recruitment of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in Korean coastal waters340

Session Summaries-2007POC Paper SessionCo-Convenors: Michael G. Foreman (Canada) and Ichiro Yasuda (Japan)BackgroundPapers were invited on all aspects of physicaland biogeochemical oceanography and climatein the North Pacific and its marginal seas.Summary of presentationsThe session consisted of 33 oral presentationsand 15 posters covering a wide range of physicaland biogeochemical oceanographic research.Ichiro Yasuda, Steven Bograd and Fangli Qiaoassisted Mike Foreman in chairing sub-sessionsover the 2-day presentation period. The first dayincluded interesting talks related to 1) climatechanges in the North Pacific (James Overland,Howard Freeland) and sub-Arctic seas (KennethDrinkwater), 2) the role of surface wave-inducedmixing in climate models (Fangli Qiao), 3)effects of the 18.6 year nodal tidal cycle in theKuril Island passages (Ichiro Yasuda, SatoshiOsafune), 4) breathing and bifurcation modes inthe North Pacific (Patrick Cummins), 5) featuresoff the Kuril Islands (Alexander Rabinvich,George Shevchenko) and Sakhalin (ViachesalvMakarov), 6) eddies in various regions of theNorth Pacific (Konstantin Rogachev, HiromichiUeno, and Carol Ladd), 7) the structure of theCalifornia Undercurrent (Maxim Krassovski),and viii) seasonal variability off the west coastof Baja California (Oleg Zaitsev).Apart from one presentation on Ekman pumpingalong the Seward line off Alaska (IsaacSchroeder), another on the role of wind stresserrors in data assimilation (TsuyoshiWakamatsu), and a third on gas exchanges atStation Papa, the second day of talks focused onthe eastern Pacific. It included talks on 1)turbulence measurements in Bussol Strait andthe Kuroshio/Oyashio confluence region(Masahiro Yagi, Hitoshi Kaneko), 2) variousfeatures in the Japan/East (Young-Gyu Park,Oleg Trusenkova, Natalia Rudykh) and Yellowand East China (Ig-Chan Pang, Byung-Ho Lim)Seas, 3) aggregation mechanisms in AcademyBay (Konstantin Rogachev), 4) the role ofSiberian Rivers and Bering Strait water in thecirculation of the Arctic Ocean (Victor Kuzin),5) physical features of harmful algal blooms offsouthern Korea, 6) Argo data and the baroclinicstructure of the subarctic gyre (Masatoshi Sato),7) mixing in the Oyashio (Tokihiro Kono), 8)internal tide generation (Dejun Dai), and 9)possible roles of biota in climate change (VadimNavrotsky).All speakers were commended for interestingpresentations and posters.List of papersOral presentationsTokihiro Kono, Masatoshi Sato and Tsutomu IkedaA mixing process of the Oyashio water as revealed by sequential observations off southeast Hokkaido, Japan (OECOS-WEST)Hiromichi Ueno, H.J. Freeland, W.R. Crawford, H. Onishi, E. Oka and T. SugaAnticyclonic eddies in the Alaskan StreamMasatoshi Sato and Tokihiro KonoBaroclinic structure in the subarctic gyre of the North Pacific from the Argo float CTD dataSatoshi Osafune and Ichiro YasudaBidecadal variation in the region south of Japan and relation between the large meander of the Kuroshio and the 18.6-year periodnodal tidal cycleRichard E. Thomson, Georgy V. Shevchenko and Alexander B. RabinovichCoastally trapped diurnal waves observed along the South Kuril IslandsKenneth F. Drinkwater, Cecilie Broms, Kevin Friedland, Jon Hare, George Hunt Jr., Webjørn Melle, Franz J. Mueterand Maureen TaylorComparison of 4 Northern Hemisphere regions: Physical oceanographic responses to recent climate variability341

Session Summaries-2007Hitoshi Kaneko and Ichiro YasudaCurrent and turbulence observations of North Pacific intermediate water in the Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence regionCarol Ladd, W.R. Crawford, W.K. Johnson, N.B. Kachel, P.J. Stabeno and F. WhitneyEddies in the eastern Gulf of AlaskaIsaac D. Schroeder, Thomas C. Royer and Chester E. GroschEkman pumping along the Seward Line in the Northern Gulf of AlaskaNadja Steiner, Svein Vagle, Ken Denman and Craig McNeilGas exchange at Station Papa – Simulated and observed O 2 , N 2 and CO 2 cyclingKonstantin A. Rogachev, Eddy C. Carmack and Michael ForemanMechanisms of lateral circulation in Academy and other bays of the Shantar Archipelago, Sea of OkhotskHoward J. Freeland, P.G. Myers and M. LiMixed-layer depths along Line-P - The annual cycle and recent variabilityByung-Ho Lim, Kyung-Il Chang, Mark Wimbush, Jae-Hun Park, Magdalena Andres and JongJin ParkNear 60-day variation of the Kuroshio observed in the East China SeaPhyllis J. Stabeno and James E. OverlandNew climate states during the last decade in the North PacificVictor I. Kuzin, Elena N. Golubeva and Gennady A. PlatovNumerical simulation of the propagation of the Bering Sea and Siberian river waters to the Arctic – North AtlanticTsuyoshi Wakamatsu, Michael Foreman, Patrick Cummins and Josef CherniawskyOn the influence of random wind stress errors on the four-dimensional, mid-latitude, ocean inverse problemVadim V. NavrotskyOn the World Ocean as the primary natural cause of Global Climate ChangeHee-Dong Jeong, Yeong Gong, Yang Ho Choi and Chang Su JeongPhysical oceanographic features of HABs in the southern coast of KoreaNatalia RudykhSalinity variability in the Japan/East SeaIg-Chan Pang and Jae-Hong MoonSeasonal circulation in the Yellow Sea and the East China SeaOleg Zaitsev, Carlos J. Robinson and Orzo Sanchez-MontanteSeasonal variability of oceanographic conditions on the Pacific continental shelf of the southern Baja California peninsulaGennady I. Yurasov and Natalia I. RudykhSome features of Peter the Great Bay hydrological regime in the fall–winter periodOlga Trusenkova, Vyacheslav Lobanov and Dmitry KaplunenkoSST anomalies related to wind stress curl patterns in the Japan/East SeaViacheslav G. Makarov, Valentina D. Budaeva and Oleg V. ZaitsevSummer density distribution near the north-eastern coast of Sakhalin based on the parametric modeling of vertical structureIchiro YasudaThe 18.6-year nodal tidal cycle and bidecadal ENSO/PDOMaxim V. Krassovski and Richard E. ThomsonThe California Undercurrent off the west coast of Vancouver IslandYoung-Gyu Park and Sang-Wook YehThe effects of the Tsushima Warm Current on the East/Japan SeaFangli Qiao, Yongzeng Yang, Zhenya Song, Guohong Fang and Yeli YuanThe role of the ocean in East Asian climate changeDejun Dai, Fangli Qiao and Yeli YuanUsing the transform method to study the generation of internal tidesPatrick Cummins and Howard FreelandVariability of the North Pacific Current and its bifurcationMasahiro Yagi and Ichiro YasudaVariability of vertical diffusivity at the eastern gap of the Bussol’ StraitGeorge V. Shevchenko and Alexander A. RomanovWave structure of tidal motions near the North Kuril Islands as revealed from the satellite altimetry measurementsKonstantin RogachevZonal jet streams in the Pacific western subarctic342

Session Summaries-2007PostersVladimir Ponomarev, N.I. Savelieva and E.V. DmitrievaAmur River discharge, ice cover of the Okhotsk Sea, Tatar Strait and the atmospheric indices of the Asia-Pacific region – Theassessment of relationshipsNandita Sarkar, Thomas C. Royer and Chester E. GroschAre deepening mixed layers responsible for transporting deep nutrients into surface waters in the northern Gulf of Alaska?Antonina M. PolyakovaAtmospheric circulation over the Northern PacificTsuyoshi Wakamatsu and Michael ForemanData assimilation studies at the Institute of Ocean Sciences for estimating the North Pacific Ocean circulationAntonina M. PolyakovaExtreme distribution of floating ice in the NW PacificGalina A. VlasovaInfluence of atmospheric processes on water circulation in the 200-m layer of the Sea of Okhotsk on the basis of modellingSachiko Oguma, Tsuneo Ono and Akira KusakaInterannual variation of the water mass mixing ratio in spring revealed by δ13C-δ18O distribution in the coastal region offeastern HokkaidoViacheslav G. Makarov and Sergei N. BulgakovModeling of barotropic eddy evolution near a chain of islandsLarisa S. MuktepavelSpatial-temporaral variability of shore polynias in the northern Sea of OkhotskAlexander A. Nikitin and Genady I. YurasovSurface thermal fronts in the Japan/East SeaValentina V. Moroz and K.T. BogdanovThe water structure and circulation variability in the Komandor-Kamchatka areaIchiro Yasuda, Sachihiko Itoh, Masahiro Yagi, Satoshi Osafune, Hitoshi Kaneko, Hideo Nagae, Takeshi Nakatsuka andJun NishiokaTurbulence observations around the Kuril StraitsSung-Tae Jang, Jae Hak Lee, Chang-Woong Shin and Chang-Su HongVertical mixing in the Ulleung Basin in the East/Japan SeaTalgat R. Kilmatov and Vera A.PetrovaWhy and when is the jet of the Kuroshio Extension destroyed?Hong Sik Min, Young Ho Kim and Cheol-Ho KimYear-to-year variability of cold water in the southwestern region of the East/Japan SeaPosters from International Organizations/ProgramsHoward J. FreelandArgo – An ocean observing system for the 21st centuryKenneth F. Drinkwater and George L. Hunt Jr.Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS)Clarence Pautzke, W. Wiseman and F. WieseNorth Pacific Research Board and National Science Foundation partner in comprehensive study of eastern Bering Sea ecosystemGeorge L. Hunt Jr. and K. David HyrenbachThe Bering Sea Ecosystem Study (BEST): A new program for the eastern Bering SeaObserver Poster SessionPosters providing general information and highlighting scientific objectives and recent activities ofscientific organizations, programs and monitoring efforts of regional and global scale were presented.343

Session Summaries-2007List of postersHoward J. Freeland and the Argo Steering TeamArgo – An ocean observing system for the 21 st centuryKenneth F. Drinkwater and George L. Hunt, Jr.Ecosystem Studies of sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS)Clarence Pautzke, W. Wiseman and F. WieseNorth Pacific Research Board and National Science Foundation partner in comprehensive study of eastern Bering Sea ecosystemGeorge L. Hunt, Jr. and K. David HyrenbachThe Bering Sea Ecosystem Study (BEST): A new program for the estern Bering SeaBIO Workshop (W1)Lessons learned during MIE-1 and MIE-2: Reconciling acoustics and trawl dataCo-Convenors: Evgeny A. Pakhomov (Canada) and Orio Yamamura (Japan).BackgroundMicronekton is one of the important but largelyunderstudied components of marine ecosystemsfunctionally linking small zooplankton andhigher trophic levels. Recent advances inacoustic devices and efforts to standardizesampling gears undertaken by both PICES andICES communities have made the sampling ofmicronekton more precise. Nevertheless, theissue of inter-calibrating the growing number ofmicronektonic gears is still unresolved. ThePICES Advisory Panel on MicronektonSampling Inter-calibration Experiment (MIE-AP) organized two field experiments (offHawaii in 2004 and off Japan in 2005) to collectcomparative data for several micronektonsampling gears and a wealth of acousticinformation. The main objective of thisworkshop was: (1) to finalize the analysis and tocompare MIE-1 and MIE-2 data sets; (2) topresent and discuss acoustic data sets from bothcruises; (3) to compare ICES and PICES intercalibrationexperiments; and finally (4) todiscuss new developments in the field ofmicronekton quantitative techniques.Summary of presentationsTwo contributions on the analysis of acousticdata described attempts to compare acoustic datawith the densities of micronekton estimated bytrawling during MIE-1 and MIE-2 cruises. Themain conclusion was that the acoustic datarepresented an important technique to quantifymicronekton. While showing some significantprogress, both failed to reconcile the acousticand trawl data. The main problems wereassociated with:• additional noise induced by other acousticsystems during the MIE-1 experiment;• absence of target strength measurements forthe micronekton species (particularly forMIE-1); and• undersampling the micronekton due to netavoidance or loss of gelatinous zooplankton(both MIE-1 and MIE-2).J-Quest technology for observing andquantifying micronekton using acoustics andvideo appeared to be very advantageous forresolving some outstanding issues betweenacoustic and trawl density assessments, althoughit still has some difficulties in speciesidentification of micronekton. AP-MIEconcluded that using acoustics in a diversecommunity (e.g. MIE-1) requires numerousmeasurements of the individual species targetstrengths. The absence of such measurementstranslates into large discrepancies betweenacoustic and trawl density estimates. At thesame time, when only a few species dominatethe micronekton community (e.g. MIE-2), it ispossible to achieve reasonable agreementbetween acoustic and trawl density estimates. Itwas concluded that a newly developed MOHTnet appears to be consistently the best sampling344

Session Summaries-2007gear for micronekton and perhaps should berecommended as a standard gear for use byPICES nations to collect micronekton.After looking at the intercomparison of gearsused during the MIE-1 and MIE-2 cruises, MIE-AP concluded that when a small number ofspecies (or a single species) was dominant inmicronekton community, the intercalibrationbetween gear types appeared to be a relativelystraight forward exercise. The catchability ratiosbetween gear types produced comparabledensities. However, in a highly diversecommunity, as it was during MIE-1, only thesize composition data of large taxonomic groupslumped into 10-mm size intervals can becompared quantitatively with any success. Thisapproach allowed the calculation ofintercalibration coefficients between three geartypes used during MIE-1 and yielded relativelyaccurate (within 12–30%) intercomparison ofmicronekton densities obtained by differentgears.List of papersOral presentationsRéka Domokos, Evgeny A. Pakhomov, Michael P. Seki and Jeffrey J. Polovina (Invited)Acoustic characterization of the mesopelagic community off the Leeward coast of Oahu, HawaiiHiroki Yasuma, Kazushi Miyashita and Orio YamamuraAcoustic monitoring of a lanternfish Diaphus theta in the northwestern PacificEvgeny A. Pakhomov, M.P. Seki, A.V. Suntov, R.D. Brodeur and K.R. OwenInter-comparison of three sampling gears during the first Micronekton Intercalibration Experiment (MIE-1): Size compositionapproachHiroya Sugisaki and Koichi Sawada (Invited)Introduction to J-QUEST research project: Quantification of micronekton using an integrated system of echosounder and stereoTV camerasFIS Workshop (W2)Methods for standardizing trawl surveys to ensure constant catchabilityCo-Convenors: David A. Somerton (U.S.A.), Jin-Yeong Kim (Korea) and Greg Workman (Canada)BackgroundStandardization in the gear and methodologyused to conduct pelagic and bottom trawlsurveys is essential for a correct interpretation ofcatch per unit effort as a measure of relativeabundance. In the United States, standardizationproblems stemming from inaccuratemeasurement of the towing warps on a NOAAsurvey vessel resulted in a thorough review ofstandardization methodology and thedevelopment of the National Bottom TrawlSurvey Protocols (http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/tm/tm65.pdf) governing the operation of allNOAA-sponsored surveys. Subsequently, ICESformed the Study Group on Trawl SurveyStandardization to examine the same issue forICES-sponsored multinational surveys, and toformulate a similar set of standardized operatingprotocols expected to be published in the fall of2007. The proposed workshop will review thevarious pelagic and bottom trawl surveysconducted by PICES member countries, with afocus on the operational protocols used to ensurethat survey catchability remains constant overtime. Topics to be discussed likely wouldinclude a consideration of various instruments tomonitor trawl performance, such as acoustictrawl measurement systems, bottom contactsensors and speed through water sensors, as wellas trawl design and operation procedures thatallow trawl catchability to be robust toenvironmental variation.345

Session Summaries-2007Summary of presentationsThe workshop had 27 participants representingall PICES countries. Initial talks described theefforts by the U.S. (David Somerton) and ICES(David Reid) to standardize trawl design andtrawling procedures to minimize changes incatchability over time and differences incatchability between vessels. This was followedby descriptions of the standardization protocolsused by various surveys conducted around thePacific, including: California to Washington(Aimee Keller), Canada (Greg Workman),Alaska coastal (Dan Urban), Alaska offshore(Kenneth Weinberg), Russia (MikhailStepanenko) and Korea (Jung Hwa Choi). Thiswas followed by talks describing ongoingresearch intended to reveal additional methodsfor trawl survey standardization includingstatically analyses of trawl performance (StanKotwicki), experiments on the affect of scoperatio on footrope contact (Yasuzumi Fujimori)and methodology to estimate relativecatchability of alternate survey fishing gear(Yamamura).The discussion following these talks focused onthe need to ensure sampling consistency overtime and the advantages of standardization inmultinational surveys. The experience of ICESin its support of several international surveyswas considered, especially with respect to thedifficulty to control the tendency of individualnations to differ in their interpretation of trawlconstruction plans and sampling methodology.Such divergence in national style has led todivergence in the catchabilities of the variousvessels employed and greater variance in therelative abundance estimates produced from thesurvey data. It was emphasized that, if PICEScountries developed cooperative surveys in thefuture, attention to standardization at the outsetwould lead to better consistency and mighteliminate the need for extensive and expensiveinter-vessel calibration experiments.The subject of the workshop then turned to theestimation of survey catchability so that sweptarea estimates of relative abundance can be usedas estimates of absolute abundance. Exampleswere provided for flatfishes in Alaska(Somerton) and monkfish in Scotland (Reid).Discussion was focused on the issue thatcatchability estimation is important in situationswhen either the survey time series is short orwhen the commercial catch data is too poor tosupport catch-at-age models, both of which arecommon in the North Pacific.Several participants expressed interest incontinuing a dialogue on issues related tosurveys and fishing gear. One possibility is theformation of a working/study group patternedafter the ICES Working Group on FishingTechnology and Fish Behaviour, which focuseson issues such as bycatch reduction and sizeselection in commercial fishing operations, andthe impacts of fishing gear on the bottom, aswell as stock assessment, surveys. It wasrecommended that the Fishery ScienceCommittee should consider options about howthe theme of fishing gear research and surveytechnology can be continued by PICES in thefuture.List of papersOral presentationsDan Urban, Nicholas Sagalkin and Kally SpalingerAlaska Department of Fish and Game trawl surveys in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Aleutian IslandsM.A. Mizyurkin (presented by Mikhail A. Stepanenko), A.I. Shevchenko and S.E. AstafyevApproach of research trawl surveys certificationOrio YamamuraCatch efficiency of a small-sized Danish seineYasuzumi Fujimori, Kazushi Miyashita and Satoshi HondaConsideration of bottom contact effect on the catch of demersal species in a trawl survey in JapanGreg Workman, Norm Olsen and Rick StanleyDevelopment of a standardized Fisheries Independent bottom trawl Survey program (FIS) off the west coast of Canada346

Session Summaries-2007David A. SomertonDevelopment of the NOAA national bottom trawl survey protocolsD.G. Reid, R.J. Kynoch, I. Penny and K. PeachEstimation of catch efficiency in a new angler fish survey trawlJung Hwa Choi, Hui Chun An and Bong Jin ChaIntroduction of Korean survey bottom-trawl and catchability methodAimee Keller, Victor Simon and Beth HornessMethods for standardizing the U.S. west coast groundfish trawl surveyKenneth L. WeinbergProtocols for conducting Alaska Fisheries Science Center bottom trawl surveysDave Reid (Invited)Survey trawl standardizationStan Kotwicki and Michael H. MartinThe effects of improving accuracy and precision of area swept estimates on relative biomass estimation and stock assessmentDavid A. Somerton, Peter T. Munro and Kenneth L. WeinbergWhole-gear efficiency of a benthic survey trawl for flatfishFIS/MEQ Workshop (W3)Comparative analysis of frameworks to develop an ecosystem-based approach to management andresearch needed for implementationCo-Convenors: Glen Jamieson (Canada), Patricia Livingston (U.S.A.) and Chang-Ik Zhang (Korea)BackgroundAn ecosystem-based approach to management(EBM) is an integrated approach to managementof land, water, and living resources thatpromotes conservation and sustainable use overa broad range of human activities in anecosystem. Implementation of an EBM formarine ecosystems in the North Pacific Oceanrequires a number of steps and activities. Anexplicit framework that outlines the objectives,legal mandates, and institutional roles andresponsibilities is essential. Data requirementsand analytical tools need to be developed. Thisworkshop invited papers to: 1) highlight existingnational and international frameworks forimplementation of an ecosystem approach tomanagement; 2) outline the data requirementsfor such an approach; 3) describe the analyticaltools being developed; 4) show the progress incommunicating results of EBM activities; and 5)discuss outstanding research gaps for makingprogress. The workshop was organized to allowtime for keynote summaries of PICES WorkingGroup 19 results, invited contributions fromother PICES groups, insights by otherorganizations involved in providing integratedecosystem advice, talks on governance issuesand difficulties, socioeconomic issues, etc.During a discussion period, participants werewelcomed to advise the convenors on thedesirability of publishing the results of theworkshop in a leading primary scientific journal.Summary of presentationsThe workshop made progress in highlightingissues related to the implementation of EBM inPICES member countries. It was clear from thepresentations that member countries are indifferent stages of implementation with respectto EBM. Some countries are still working onincorporating an ecosystem approach to fisheriesmanagement while others have nationallegislation that provides a mechanism forimplementing a cross-sectoral approach to themanagement of marine activities to ensureenvironmental protection. The degree ofadvancement might be partly related to thenature of the different human pressures beingexerted on the marine environment. Even wheresome countries appeared to be more advanced intheir implementation, there were problems inactually making cross-sectoral management347

Session Summaries-2007work in marine ecosystems. The need foroverarching legislation that requires action maybe needed. It was clear that more than oneagency was involved in EBM activities in eachcountry and a challenge is to get agencies towork together in implementation. It was alsonoted that the main type of legislation thatforced cross-sectoral implementation wasspecies-at-risk legislation.Data requirements for EBM were discussed tosome extent. The Australian experiencedemonstrated that implementation could involveboth highly quantitative approaches and modelsif data are available but the framework couldalso include methods to evaluate ecosystemstatus and potential impacts even in qualitativeways. The ICES experience demonstrated howhighly evolved data gathering for EBM advicecould be, although it was noted that highlyevolved advice did not necessarily translate intothe political will to follow such advice. TheTechnical Committee on Monitoring outlinedsome of the data requirements that would requireits involvement along with the involvement ofall the PICES committees. The workshopparticularly noted the lack of socio-economicdata to aid in decision-making in an EBMcontext.Analytical tools are being developed to aid inestablishing EBM frameworks. Highlystructured risk assessment frameworks inAustralia allow both quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of risks and definitions of whenactions are needed. The MODEL Task Teamdescribed a suite of modeling tools that might beused to understand impacts of climate variabilityon marine ecosystems. Models, such asAtlantis, to aid in the evaluation of managementstrategies seem to be important tools to helpEBM decision-making.Communicating the results of EBM activities isongoing in member countries. Some are usinghighly structured reporting instruments such asecosystem assessment documents. ICESadvisory structure for communicating EBMadvice in a tactical way is highly evolvedalthough reporting its success in implementingEBM might not be so advanced. Reporting ofecosystem status is important but it wasrecognized that identification and reporting ofecosystem pressures and ecosystem responses tomanagement are important pieces ofcommunication of EBM progress.Communicating measures of human health wasnoted to be important in this regard. The PICESrole in communicating EBM was seen to bemore of a strategic one. There seemed to be avariety of scales that are potentially useful forreporting results.A major outstanding research gap is the need forsocial science indicators and information. Theadvancement of risk assessment frameworks andtools seemed particularly important. Perhapsworking groups on the human dimensions ofimplementing EBM or evaluation of riskassessment tools and frameworks might beimportant to consider in the future.List of papersOral presentationsR. Ian Perry, William R. Crawford and Alan F. SinclairComparative analysis of Canadian Pacific North Coast and Strait of Georgia marine ecosystemsPhil R. MundyData requirements for implementing an ecosystem approach to management from a PICES perspectiveJake RiceEcosystem approaches to management – Where to start?Mitsutaku Makino and Tatsu KishidaEcosystem-based management in Japan: Its status and challengesVladimir I. RadchenkoEcosystem-based principles in the contemporary fisheries management on the Russian Far EastJake RiceICES frameworks and processes for science advice in an ecosystem approach348

Session Summaries-2007Glen S. JamiesonIntegrated management in Canada’s Pacific North Coast: Challenges in determining ecological objectivesBernard A. Megrey, Michio J. Kishi, Shin-ichi Ito, Kenneth A. Rose, Francisco E. Werner and members of the MODELTask Team and the NEMURO MafiaModeling multi-trophic level marine ecosystems using the NEMURO family of models: Climate change applications in theboreal North Pacific and scientific potential for ecosystem-based managementChang Ik Zhang, Suam Kim, Donald Gunderson, Jae Bong Lee, Inja Yeon, Hee Won Park and Jong Hee LeeProgress in the development of an ecosystem-based approach to assess and manage fisheries resources in KoreaDavid L. FluhartyRealizing ecosystem based management through integrated ecosystem assessment and regional collaboration in the United StatesKeith Sainsbury (Invited)Sustainable use of marine ecosystems – The search for practical ways to support and implement ecosystem-based fisheriesmanagement and regional developmentInja Yeon, H.J. Whang, M.H. Shon, Y.J. Im, J.G. Myoung and WWF YSEPP project partnersYellow Sea marine ecoregion for implementation of ecosystem-based management in marine capture fisheriesMEQ Workshop (W4)Review of selected harmful algae in the PICES region: III. Heterosigma akashiwo and otherharmful raphidophytesCo-Convenors: Charles G. Trick (Canada) and Ichiro Imai (Japan)BackgroundThis workshop was the third of an annual seriesin which harmful algal bloom (HAB) species thatimpact all or most countries in the North Pacificwere discussed in detail. In 2007, we focused onone species of raphidophytes, in particular,Heterosigma akashiwo. This species is distributedthroughout the PICES region and has causedserious damage to finfish aquaculture, resulting insevere economic losses in PICES membercountries. The integration of information fromeach country will advance our understanding ofthis organism. Topics included modes of toxicity,distribution, impact (differences between toxicand nontoxic strains), as well as physiology andecology in each of the member countries. Inparticular, we wanted to identify additionalstudies needed specifically to define H.akashiwo’s mode of toxicity. Comparison withsimilar raphidophytes, namely Chattonella andFibrocapsa, were also included. The workshopwas preceded by a half-day laboratorydemonstration on Heterosigma cell and toxindetection.Summary of presentationsA summary of raphidophyte taxonomy helped toclarify some recent changes in nomeclatureamong the raphidophytes and will in future,assist with indentification of somemorphologically similar species. This workshopfeatured primarily Heterosigma and Chattonella,species that are present in both the eastern andwestern Pacific. However, while Heterosigma isknown to kill fish reared in aquaculture in bothBritish Columbia and Washington State, noknown fish mortalities have occurred in thewestern Pacific. The life cycles of Heterosigmaand Chattonella were described, highlighting thepossibility that some of the more toxic smallHeterosigma cells observed in Washington Statemight be recently excysted cells.The mechanism of raphidophyte toxicity wasdiscussed and also whether Heterosigma andChattonella are toxic by the same means.Toxicity may occur through synergistic effectsof reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and ahemolytic toxin. The action of reactive oxygenspecies might affect the gill surface thatdischarges glycocalyx during a toxic event. Thehemorrhagic toxin may be a porphyrinderivative. However, it is likely not involved infish killing activity because ruptured Chattonellacells don’t kill fish. The expression of hemolyticactivity and exoprotease activity in Heterosigmaappear to be linked.349

Session Summaries-2007Heterosigma’s nutrient requirements werediscussed, including that importance of ironavailability on the level of exoenzyme (apossible toxin) release. The nitrogenrequirements of Heterosigma may give it acompetitive advantage over other phytoplanktonin that this cell can grown well on ammoniumsources. Hemolytic activity, peroxidase activity,grazer defense and anti-algal activity allappeared to be related to nutrient availability.Sites in Washington State and British Columbiawaters that are important in Heterosigma bloominitiation were described. Blooms in the Straitof Georgia and north Puget Sound are believedto be associated with their proximity to theFraser River. Another initiation site is believedto be in central Puget Sound. In Japan, the useof the MPN (most probably number) method forcyst detection has been used as an important toolto determine potential initiation sites forraphidophyte blooms. This tool may be helpfulin further pinpointing Heterosigma initiationsites in the eastern Pacific, leading to betterforecasting of these harmful events.Finally, remote detection of Heterosigma (andother harmful species) blooms is now possibleusing a moored observing system called theEnvironmental Sampling Platform (ESP). TheESP uses specific molecular probes toHeterosigma in a sandwich hybridization formatfor remote and sensitive detection of thisorganism. Use of this platform will allow forfurther warning of potential fish-killing blooms.List of papersOral presentationsJack E. Rensel and K. BrightBloom dynamics of Heterosigma akashiwo in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de FucaJinhui Wang and Yutao QinBlooms of Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella marina in Chinese coastal watersDesmond J. Johns and Patricia GlibertCharacterization of nitrogen uptake by Heterosigma akashiwo grown in turbidostat culture under two light intensitiesTakashi KamiyamaEffects of Heterosigma akashiwo blooms on planktonic food webs: Responses of microbial loop componentsCharles G. Trick, M. Klein and C. LingEnvironmental parameters regulate exoenzyme and haemolysin production in Heterosigma akashiwoTatsuya Oda (Invited)Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by Chattonella marina as a possible factor responsible for the fish-killingmechanismIchiro Imai, Shigeru Itakura and Mineo Yamaguchi (Invited)Life cycle strategies and occurrences of red tides of Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella spp. in temperate coastal seaCarmelo R. TomasMicroscopic observations and detailed analysis of raphidophyte taxonomyJulian Herndon and William P. CochlanNitrogen utilization by the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo: Growth and uptake kinetics in unialgal cultures and naturalassemblages of San Francisco BayRoman Marin III, Nilo Alvarado and Christopher A. ScholinRapid detection of Heterosigma akashiwo in natural samples using DNA probe based assayRoman Marin III, Scott Jensen, Brent Roman, Eugene Massion, Christina Preston, Dianne Greenfield, William Jones,Gregory Doucette, Tina Mikulski, Kristen King, Mike Parker, Mark Brown and Chris ScholinRoutine rapid detection of Heterosigma in natural samples using DNA probesCarmelo R. Tomas (Invited)The Raphidophyceae: Enigmas in taxonomy, identification and morphologyHakgyoon Kim, Samgeun Lee, Changkyu Lee, Kyongho An, Wolae Lim, Sookyang Kim, Youngtae Park and Yoon LeeTwo decadal changes of Heterosigma akashiwo blooms in Korean coastal watersPosterLi Zheng, Xiaotian Han, Xiuchun Guo, Ping Han, Zhiming Yu and Xiaoru WangStudy on algicidal activity of marine bacteria to two HAB species Heterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum micans350

Session Summaries-2007MONITOR/BIO Workshop (W5)Measuring and monitoring primary productivity in the North PacificCo-Convenors: Paul J. Harrison (Canada/Hong Kong) and Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan)BackgroundMarine net primary productivity is a key metricof ecosystem health and carbon cycling and iscommonly a function of plant biomass, incidentsolar flux, and a scaling parameter that accountsfor variations in algal physiology. Net primaryproductivity is defined as the amount ofphotosynthetically fixed carbon available to thefirst heterotrophic level and is the relevantmetric for addressing environmental questionsranging from trophic energy transfer to theinfluence of biological processes of carboncycling. Long-term monitoring of primaryproductivity is a high priority for PICES nationsbecause it is one of the essential parameters forthe understanding of marine ecosystems andbiogeochemistry. Recently, measurementtechnology of primary production has becomeextremely advanced through the application offast repetition rate fluorometers, satellites,buoys, etc. However, inconsistencies between insitu measurements and satellites still exist andthere are some differences between the valuesobtained with 13 C and 14 C isotopic methodology.This workshop discussed the state-of-the-art ofprimary productivity measurement technologyand its application to understanding primaryproductivity in the North Pacific. Presentationsat this workshop addressed techniques formeasuring primary productivity, comparing insitu and satellite measurements of primaryproductivity, demonstrating the utility of longtime series measurements in understandingecosystem variability, and describing theapplication of primary productivity studies tomarine ecosystems and biogeochemistry.Summary of presentationsThe workshop had 2 invited speakers and 4contributed speakers and 1 poster. MichaelBehrenfeld (U.S.A.) gave an excellent overviewof the uncertainties in converting chlorophyll tonet primary productivity. Three environmentalparameters influence the chl:C ratio: light,nutrients and temperature, and of these, lightappears to be the most important factor. Heraised a number of questions for future studieswhich are highlighted in the recommendationsof the workshop, below.Toshiro Saino (Japan) explained his new in situocean primary productivity profiling system thatwas developed to measure ocean primaryproductivity for real time validation of satellitederivedprimary productivity estimations. Thesystem uses fast repetition rate flourescence(frrf) installed on a profiling buoy tethered to anunderwater winch. The frrf measurements ofgross primary productivity were compared withthe oxygen-17 anomaly in dissolved oxygen. Itreflects the net primary productivity over timescales of weeks.Sinjae Yoo (Korea) reported on the challengesof measuring chlorophyll and primaryproductivity in the very turbid Yellow Sea. Hedivided the Yellow Sea into different zones andseasons. In the center of the Yellow Sea insummer, estimates were more accurate than inwinter when the Yellow Sea is very turbid due towind mixing which produces a large overestimate of chlorophyll. Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Japan)showed that typhoons increase primaryproductivity several weeks after the passage ofthe typhoon. Slow passage of a typhoon andstrongest winds give the highest primaryproductivity. The number of typhoons hasincreased in the last 15 years and averageprimary productivity has increased also. Thisincrease may be related to the warming of thesea surface. Typhoons appear to be morefrequent in warmer El Niño years. AkihiroShiomoto (Japan) discussed primaryproductivity in the North Pacific. He reportedthat primary productivity in winter was 2 to 3times lower at Station KNOT (NW Pacific) dueto lower light, compared to Station P. The depthof the photic zone at Stn. P is deeper (80 m vs 55m at Stn. KNOT). Primary productivitysaturated at about 3 Ein m –2 d –1 at Stn. P and351

Session Summaries-2007around 18 Ein m –2 d –1 at Stn. KNOT. In summer,Stn. P has about 1.6 times greater primaryproductivity than Stn. KNOT. Paul Harrisonreviewed the variability in chlorophyll andprimary productivity in the NE Pacific. Whilechlorophyll appears to be relatively constant atabout 0.4 μg/L over the annual cycle, smallblooms greater than 1 μg/L have been observedin June and August/September and some of theblooms are sub-surface. Blooms ofcoccolithophores also occur and cause problemsfor remote sensing estimates of chlorophyll.While the NE Pacific appears to have arelatively constant chlorophyll and only a factorof 2 or 3 seasonal increase in primaryproductivity, larger episodic variations could becaused by eddies moving offshore and injectionsof iron from dust deposition and some verticalmixing.Recommendations and research questions1) The operational lifespan of SeaWiFS isuncertain. MODIS could take over fromSeaWiFS if it fails, but beyond MODISthere are no other satellites planned withsimilar capabilities to SeaWiFS andMODIS. Therefore, there is a serious needto develop a satellite to continue the timeseries started in the 1980s with the coastalzone color scanner.2) How good is the chlorophyll to net primaryproductivity conversion? Temperatureshould not be used as a proxy for thephysiology of phytoplankton.3) A carbon-based approach is needed. Is itpossible to use back scattering to get thechl:C ratio.4) How much variability is occurring under theclouds and during the long periods whenthere are no images?5) Is it necessary to know remotely-sensedinformation of species/functional groups andtheir particle size to have a betterunderstanding of the ecosystem?6) Re-evaluating the utility of frrfmeasurements as a proxy for primaryproductivity measurements in required.7) Time series measurements in the westernand eastern Pacific are required since thesedata can provide valuable ground-truthingfor satellites and observations of episodicevents that may occur during cloud cover.List of papersOral presentationsMichael Behrenfeld (Invited)A satellite view of North Pacific primary productionAkihiro ShiomotoComparison of daily primary production between east and west in the subarctic North Pacific: A review from a new anglePaul J. Harrison, Michael Lipsen and Adrian MarchettiPhytoplankton biomass and primary productivity at Stn P and along Line P: Long-term variability over decades and duringepisodic eventsSinjae Yoo and Jisoo ParkPrimary productivity of the Yellow SeaToshiro Saino (Invited)Satellite monitoring and in situ validation of ocean primary productivityEko Siswanto, Joji Ishizaka, Mitsuhiro Toratani, Toru Hirawake and Sei-Ichi SaitohThe effect of tropical cyclones on primary production enhancement – Some results from the W-PASS (Western Pacific Air-Seainteraction Study) projectPosterJeong-Min Shim, Suk-Hyun Yun, Jae-Dong Hwang, Hyun-Gook Jin, Yong-Hwa Lee, Young-Suk Kim and Un-Gi HwangSeasonal variability of picoplankton in the middle part of East/Japan Sea352

Session Summaries-2007POC/CCCC Workshop (W6)Climate scenarios for ecosystem modelingCo-Convenors: Jacquelynne R. King (Canada) and Michael G. Foreman (Canada)BackgroundThe objective of this workshop was to facilitatediscussion between CFAME and WorkingGroup on Evaluations of Climate ChangeProjections (WG 20) on potential futurecollaborative research on forecasting the impactsof climate change (as represented by IPCCprojection scenarios) on regional ecosystems andspecies of the North Pacific. The workshopbegan with overviews of the Terms of Referenceand workplans for CFAME and WG 20 by theirCo-chairmen, Kerim Aydin (CFAME) andMichael Foreman (WG 20). The overviewsprovided the context for overlap in research focibetween these two groups. CFAME has focusedon three North Pacific ecosystems that representdifferent dominant physical processes: 1)California Current System (boundary currentwith upwelling); 2) Kuroshio/Oyashio CurrentSystem (boundary currents); 3) Yellow Sea/EastChina Sea Region (freshwater input). For eachecosystem, CFAME has developed conceptualmodels of the mechanisms relating climateforcing to the population dynamics of keyspecies and to ecosystem processes. One of thegoals of WG 20 is to facilitate analyses ofclimate effects on marine ecosystems andecosystem feedbacks to climate by, for example,computing an ensemble of the IPCC modelprojections for the North Pacific and makingthese projections available to other PICESgroups such as CFAME. The analyses couldprovide forecasts of regional parameters (such assea surface temperature, sea ice cover, and riverdischarge) relevant to ecosystem processesidentified within CFAME’s conceptual models.Summary of presentationsThirteen talks were presented by CFAME andWG 20 members from Canada, Japan, Koreaand the United States. Presentations wereorganized by the three ecosystems that CFAMEhas focused on. For each ecosystem a briefoverview was presented by a CFAME member,providing a summary of the key processes thatdefine the seasonal or temporal variability inphysical parameters. In addition, eachpresentation quickly introduced some of the keyspecies in the lower and higher trophic levels ofeach system.CFAME members presented the conceptualmodels that they have developed for themechanisms linking physical processes topopulation dynamics. Following thesepresentations, WG 20 members presented resultsof recent climate and oceanographic modellingefforts relevant to each of the three ecosystems.To wrap up the information portion of theworkshop, a presentation on synthesis, andsummary of the key climate and oceanographicfactors required for ecosystem projections givenclimate change, was made, followed by apresentation on the uncertainties in climatemodel ensemble projections.Discussion on the first day highlighted the needfor CFAME to define geographic regions (e.g.,spawning areas, zone within an ecosystem) andto provide the important physical parametersthat affect population dynamics (e.g.,stratification in the California Current System).Despite the broad definitions used in theecosystem conceptual models, key processeswere identified for each ecosystem. For theCalifornia Current System, temperature and itsspatial variability, stratification, transitiontiming to upwelling, upwelling intensity, andeddies/meanders in the alongshore current.Characteristics of upwelling could berepresented by upwelling favourable winds.Characteristics of currents will be a difficultfeature to provide from existing climate/oceanmodelling efforts because of their coarseresolution. In the Kuroshio/Oyashio System,key physical processes included temperature andits spatial variability, location of the southernbranch of the Oyashio, location of the Kuroshioand its eddies/meanders. In addition, a keypredator (Japanese common squid) is impacted353

Session Summaries-2007by temperature and salinity (i.e., pycnocline) inthe East China Sea. High resolution climatemodels have been developed for theKuroshio/Oyashio System and these parameters,including characteristics in the Kuroshio (i.e.,extent of meanders), could be forecasted. TheEast China Sea is not well represented byclimate models, mainly because of the dominantinfluence of freshwater input. Key processesidentified for the Yellow Sea/East China Seasystem included temperature and salinity. Onthe second day of the workshop CFAME andWG 20 met separately to discuss the previousdays’ discussion and to formulate workplans,and the outcomes are reported in the annualreports of each group.List of papersOral presentationsEmanuele Di Lorenzo (WG 20 member, Invited) and Niklas SchneiderA North Pacific gyre-scale oscillation: Mechanisms of ocean’s physical-biological response to climate forcingGordon McFarlane (CFAME member, Invited)Conceptual mechanisms linking physical and biological oceanography to population dynamics of key species in the CaliforniaCurrent SystemAkihiko Yatsu, Yoshiro Watanabe (CFAME members, Invited), M. Kaeriyama, Y. Sakurai and A. Nishimura (Presented byJacquelynne King)Conceptual mechanisms linking physical and biological oceanography to population dynamics of key species in theKuroshio/Oyashio Current SystemYeong Hye Kim (Invited)Conceptual mechanisms linking physical and biological oceanography to population dynamics of key species in the YellowSea/East China SeaJinhee Yoon, K.-I. Chang, Takashi T. Sakamoto, Hiroyasu Hasumi and Young Ho KimEffects of global warming on the East/Japan Sea heat balance using a global climate model (MIROC3.2-hires)Enrique Curchitser (WG 20 member, Invited)Embedding a high-resolution California Current climate model into the NCAR global climate modelTaketo Hashioka, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Takashi T. Sakamoto and Maki N. AitaFuture projection with a 3-D high-resolution ecosystem modelMichael Foreman (WG20 member, Invited)Future winds off the BC coastVera Agostini (CFAME member, Invited)Overview of the California Current SystemAkihiko Yatsu (CFAME member, Invited), Tsuneo Ono, Kazuaki Tadokoro (CFAME member), Akira Nishimura, Shin-ichiIto, Sanae Chiba and Yasunori SakuraiOverview of the Kuroshio/Oyahsio Current SystemYoung Shil Kang (CFAME Co-Chairman, Invited)Overview of the Yellow Sea/East China SeaJames Overland (CFAME member, Invited)Synthesis and summary of key climate and oceanographic factors identified by CFAME and required for ecosystem projectionsgiven climate changeMuyin Wang (W20 member, Invited)Uncertainties in climate model ensemble projections354

Early Career Scientists-2007REPORT OF THE ICES/PICES CONFERENCEFOR EARLY CAREER SCIENTISTSBackground and objectivesJointly sponsored by ICES and PICES, withgenerous support from the U.S. National MarineFisheries Service and the North Pacific ResearchBoard, the “New frontiers in marine science”Conference for Early Career Scientists was heldfrom June 26–29, 2007, near Baltimore,Maryland, U.S.A. The objective of theconference was to encourage scientists who areat the beginning of their careers to shareknowledge and to begin to build networks acrossdisciplines and international borders.The University of Maryland Center forEnvironmental Science (UMCES) was host tonearly 100 early career scientists from 20nations. Participation was by invitation only,based on criteria established by the ScientificSteering Committee (SSC). Lodging and mealswere provided by the organizers at no cost to allparticipants. In addition, travel costs werecovered for approximately 40 selected scientists.PICES SSC members were Drs. Franz Mueter(U.S.A.), Julie Keister (U.S.A.) and SukyungKang (Korea), and ICES SSC members includedDrs. Jens Floeter (Germany) Angel Lopez-Urrutia (Spain) and Elizabeth W. North(U.S.A.). Drs. Skip McKinnell (PICESSecretariat) and Adi Kellermann (ICESSecretariat) served as coordinators for theconference. Ms. Jane Hawkey (UMCES) wasresponsible for local logistics and designed theconference logo. Ms. Julia Yazvenko createdand maintained the conference website and thedatabase, communicated with potentialparticipants and convenors, and prepared (withJane Hawkey) the book of abstracts.The conference featured six theme sessions, fora total of 65 talks and 33 posters. Presentationsspanned all of the marine science disciplines ontopics ranging from estuaries to the deep ocean,and from bacteria and phytoplankton to whalesand humans. Reflecting the conference’sinternational character, theme sessions wereintroduced by six keynote speakers from fivenations from Europe, Asia and North America,with a mixture of senior scientists andaccomplished early career scientists. The six“New frontiers” included:• Biodiversity and productivity of marineorganisms from pole to pole;• Processes at ocean margins;• The last frontier: Processes in the deep sea;• The role of behavior in marine biologicalprocesses;• The effect of climate on basin-scaleprocesses and ecosystems;• Humans and the marine environment.In addition to the theme sessions, two workshopson “Effective science communication” and“Integrated environmental assessment” were ledby staff from the UMCES Integration andApplication Network. A mini-symposium on“International and interdisciplinary collaboration”included invitees from seven internationaloceanographic organizations and programs(ICES, PICES, SCOR, GLOBEC, IMBER, EUR-OCEANS, and EAST-1).A brief summary of the conference waspublished in PICES Press (Vol. 15, No. 2,2007). The conference was a success. Muchnew knowledge was gained from many excellentpresentations, but the most immediate and longlastingbenefit for most participants was thedevelopment of personal and institutionalcontacts that will persist for decades.355

Early Career Scientists-2007Biodiversity and Productivity of Marine Organisms from Pole to Pole (Session 1)Convenor: Sukyung Kang, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 424-1, Songhyun-ri,Sonyangmyeon, Yangyang, Gangwondo 215-821, Republic of KoreaInvited Speaker: Hyung-Chul Shin (Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea)BackgroundMarine biological diversity and productivity playa vital role in the global climate and carbon cycle,and provide much of the world’s protein. Marinebiodiversity also is recognized as an importantsource of medicines and raw materials.Understanding diversity and productivity iscritical to the conservation and management ofliving marine resources. This session willaddress regional to large-scale patterns indiversity and productivity at all trophic levelsfrom bacteria to marine mammals. Preferencewill be given to papers addressing (1) globalpatterns in diversity and productivity and theprocesses that give rise to them, (2) diversity inpoorly sampled regions such as the deep sea andthe polar seas, (3) effects of fisheries and climatechange on marine biodiversity and ecosystemfunction, and (4) innovative theories, samplingtechniques, indicators, and statistical models forassessing diversity and productivity.Summary of presentationsDr. Shin from the Korea Polar Research Institutegave a keynote speech. He highlighted theAntarctic marine ecosystem as a driver, detector,and depository of global changes by explainingthe sensitivity of biological productivity anddiversity to environmental changes in theSouthern Ocean. A total of 10 oral and 6 posterpresentations and heated discussions boosted thedynamic fever of the frontier spirits throughoutthe whole session. Session presentations coverednot only the various niches of the ecosystemfrom the productivity and diversity ofphytoplankton to those of sharks but also broadgeographic diversities from Antarctica to BeringSea and Chukchi Sea. The Session seemed toconclude that interdisciplinary collaboration ofresearches is the essence of the futureconstruction to build a broad and deep marinescience.List of papersOral presentationsHyoung Chul Shin (Invited)Polar marine ecosystems; driver, detector and depository of global changes and their recordsMamoon M.D. Al-Rshaidat, Tracy A. Villareal, Heather Singler, Rob M. Sherrell and R. Michael L. McKayIron physiological autecology of the vertically migrating diatoms Ethmodiscus spp. and Rhizosolenia spp. in the Central NorthPacific (CNP) gyreA. Berenike S. Diekmann, Robert W. Campbell, Myron A. Peck and Michael A. St JohnSignificance of Algal Bloom Temporal Dynamics on Zooplankton Vital Rates – Variation in diatom biochemical compositionduring a simulated bloom and its effect on copepod reproductionSusan M. DippenaarThe diversity of symbiotic Siphonostomatoida (Copepoda) of marine fish from southern AfricaYan JiaoModeling population dynamics of Hammerhead Shark complex using a hierarchical Bayesian production modelAnastasia M. KhrustalevaApplication of microsatellite analysis to the study of the population structure and population assignment of Asian sockeye salmon(Oncorhynchus nerka)Hui Liu and Russell R. HopcroftModeling copepod growth rates in the northern Gulf of AlaskaKohei Mizobata and Jia WangPhytoplankton Dynamics fluctuated by the Ice-Ocean Circulation in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas356

Early Career Scientists-2007Michelle J. PaddackFunctional diversity in coral reef herbivores and impact upon ecosystem structureTaeKeun Rho, Sei-Ichi Saitoh and Terry E. WhitledgeSpatial and temporal variation of primary production in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf: Merging field data and satelliteestimatesSazlina Salleh and Andrew McMinnEffect of temperature on photoinhibition of Antarctic benthic microalgaePostersPedro R. Costa, Susana Garrido and Maria João BotelhoHarmful algal bloom events and detection of marine biotoxins in sardines (Sardina pilchardus)Verena Häussermann and G. FörsterraA hotspot in the cold – outstanding biodiversity in the Chilean Patagonian fjord regionAngel Lopez-Urrutia, Elena San Martin, Roger P. Harris and Xabier IrigoienScaling the metabolic balance of the oceansSara E. Miller, James N. Ianelli and Terrance J. Quinn IIEstimation of movement in a spatially-explicit stock assessment of Eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragrachalcogramma)Svetlana V. Piyanova and Andrey F. PetrovThe oogenesis characteristics of Antarctic tootfish Dissostichus mawsoni Norman 1937 (Perciformes Nototheniidae) caught bythe bottom longline in the Ross SeaDace Zilniece, Maris Plikss, Danute Uzars, Didzis Ustups and Barbel Muller-KarulisThe structure and dynamics of fish communities in the coastal zone of the central-eastern Baltic SeaProcesses at Ocean Margins (Session 2)Convenor: Julie Keister, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University,Corvallis, OR, 97331 U.S.A.Invited Speaker: John Simpson (School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, UK)BackgroundOcean margins play a key role in the globalecosystem by supporting the majority of theworld’s fisheries, while being directly impactedby multiple human uses. These boundary areasare critical habitat for many species and areimportant in the transfer of energy and materialsbetween oceans and continents. Ocean marginsare areas where biological, physical, andchemical processes are tightly coupled andwhere multidisciplinary research is essential.This session aims to provide a forum for suchinterdisciplinary discussion and invitescontributions covering all areas of nearshore andcontinental shelf research. Topics may includethe effects of circulation on sediment transport,chemistry, and biology, interaction betweenestuaries and the nearshore environment, effectsof river plumes on coastal oceans, characterizationof the nearshore ecology and environment, oceanmargin productivity, and the mechanisms ofenergy transfer between the nearshore and the deepocean. Contributions may address processes thatoccur on scales from tens of meters to thousandsof kilometers, from the very nearshore to thecontinental slope region. Especially encouragedare interdisciplinary contributions.Summary of presentationsDr. John Simpson of the University of Wales,Bangor (U.K.) kicked off the first session of theconference, “Processes at Ocean Margins” bychallenging the early career scientists tocontinue some of his groundbreaking researchon the dynamical processes that occur at thecontinental slope – the critical transition areabetween the shelf and the deep sea. The sessioncontinued with talks on physical and biologicalprocesses on mudflats, in estuaries, on rockyintertidal shores, in the transition area betweenthe nearshore and the continental shelf, and overthe shelf. Posters extended the domain seaward357

Early Career Scientists-2007to the continental slope and shoreward intoembayments. A diversity of topics was addressed.Highlights included debunked paradigms and testsof long-standing hypotheses, demonstrating theenthusiasm, critical-thinking, and challengingnature of the conference participants.List of presentationsOral presentationsJohn H. Simpson (Invited)Transport and Mixing at the Shelf Edge: a key Challenge for OceanographersMelanie J. Bishop, Brendan P. Kelaher, Ralph Alquezar, Paul H. York, Peter J. Ralph and C. Greg SkilbeckCul-de-sacs of detritus-based food-webs: large gastropods, Pyrazus ebeninus, short-circuit trophic transferSarah E. Dudas, Brian A. Grantham, Anthony K. Kirincich, Bruce A. Menge, Jane Lubchenco and Jack A. BarthThe influence of nearshore current reversals on intertidal invertebrate recruitment along the central Oregon coastStephanie A. Henson and Andrew C. ThomasPhysical-biological interactions in the coastal Gulf of AlaskaYong Hoon Kim and George VoulgarisRole of lateral circulation on suspended sediment transport in estuariesAnthony R. Kirincich and John A. BarthSpatial and temporal variability of inner-shelf circulation along the central Oregon coast during summerChaolun Li, Shiwei Wang, Song Sun and Bo YangSeasonal variations in reproduction of a planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus related to the physical and biological environmentsin the Yellow Sea, ChinaCindy M. Palinkas and Andrea S. OgstonEvent-scale analysis of shelf sedimentary processesGil RilovBenthic-pelagic decoupling in the rocky intertidal by subtidal predators: The effect of seascape on species interactions andonshore recruitmentRyan R. Rykaczewski and David M. Checkley Jr.From physics to fish: Influence of wind-stress curl on Pacific sardineAfonso Souza and Tamara K. PeaseEffect of organic enrichments on bacterial potential hydrolytic activity in organic-poor estuarine sedimentsMichael S. Wetz and Hans W. PaerlImpact of large storms (hurricanes, tropical disturbances) on phytoplankton and microzooplankton in a large estuarine ecosystem:a glimpse into the effects of a period of elevated hurricane activityJuan P. Zwolinski, Paulo B. Oliveira, Alexandre Morais, Victor Quintino and Yorgos StratoudakisSardine potential habitat and environmental forcing off western PortugalPostersDaisuke Goto and William G. WallaceThe importance of metal storage by prey and digestive processes in predators to metal trophic transfer in coastal benthic foodchainsAlan F. Koropitan, Motoyoshi Ikeda, Ario Damar and Yasuhiro YamanakaInfluences of physical processes on the ecosystem of Jakarta bay: a coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem model experimentHyunju Seo, Suam Kim, Sukyung Kang, Kibeik Seong, Hideaki Kudo and Masahide KaeriyamaVariability in growth and survival of chum salmon in relation to environmental changes in the western Pacific OceanDi Wu and Meng ZhouZooplankton offshore transport and population dynamics in California Current off Oregon in June 2002358

Early Career Scientists-2007The Last Frontier: The Deep Sea (Session 3)Convenor: Angel Lopez-Urrutia, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía,Avda. Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, E-33212 Gijón, Asturias, SpainInvited Speaker: S. Kim Juniper (University of Victoria, BC, Canada)BackgroundThe deep sea is regarded by many as theultimate frontier for marine research. Neworganisms and geochemical processes arecontinuously being discovered at the deepseafloor and in extreme ocean environments. Atthe same time, there has been a rapid increase indeep sea trawling and hydrocarbon explorationin these largely unknown ecosystems, which arenow believed to be much more dynamic anddiverse than previously assumed. A betterunderstanding of the geochemical processes, lifeforms, and community dynamics in theseenvironments, from the continental rise to theabyssal zone, is urgently needed. Recentadvances in submersibles (e.g., smart sensors)and marine communication (e.g., telemetry forremote exploration) have greatly improved ourability to sample and monitor extreme systems.We invite contributions on the geological,geochemical, biochemical, and biologicalprocesses that shape the deep sea environment.Examples include, but are not limited to, seismicand volcanic activities at mid-ocean ridges,chemosynthetic food webs at hydrothermalvents, adaptations of deep sea organisms, andunique microbial communities at cold vents andin subseafloor sediments.Summary of presentationsIt appears that the last of the new frontiers inmarine science will remain for a while longer.The session attracted the fewest number ofabstracts at the conference but the enthusiasmwas high. Especially by Prof. Juniper, theinvited speaker, who described a new world ofcabled underwater ocean observing systems thatare being deployed off the west coast of Canada.The VENUS project is focusing on two coastalloops while the larger project NEPTUNE willhave undersea cables running off the continentalshelf, down the slope, and into the deep ocean.New research opportunities in the last frontierare emerging in the northeastern Pacific.List of papersOral presentationsS. Kim Juniper (Invited)The Neptune Canada seafloor observatory projectGünter Försterra and V. HäussermannWhere the deep sea comes into reach – deep-water emergence in the Chilean fjord regionTadanori Fujino, Kazushi Miyashita, Hiroki Yasuma, Tsuyoshi Shimura, Shunichi Shimoyama and Shinya MasudaSeasonal change in distribution characteristics of mesopelagic fish in the Sea of JapanHenry A. Ruhl and Kenneth L. Smith Jr.Surface Climate and Megafauna Community Change in the Abyssal NE Pacific359

Early Career Scientists-2007The Role of Behavior in Marine Biological Processes (Session 4)Convenor: Elizabeth W. North, Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center forEnvironmental Science, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge, MD 21613 U.S.A.Invited Speaker: Mark Baumgartner (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, U.S.A.)BackgroundFrom single-cell plants to marine mammals,behavior in response to physical, chemical andbiological cues is a common trait whosesignificance is increasingly recognized.Behaviors as simple as vertical migration cancause differential transport and aggregations infrontal zones, with implications for predatorpreyinteractions and energy transfer in oceanecosystems. Complex behaviors such asschooling and long-distance spawningmigrations affect vulnerability to predation,exploitation, reproductive potential, stockstructure, and an ability to recover fromoverharvest and habitat loss. Advances in insitumeasurement capabilities (e.g., acoustics,tagging, laser and video optical methods,holography), coupled bio-physical and biogeochemicalnumerical models, and otolith andgenetic approaches provide insights into thecomplexity of behavior, its role in structuringpopulations and ecosystem processes, and itsimpact on survey design and sample variability.Contributions were sought to improveunderstanding of the role of behavior in marinebiological processes with an emphasis onmethods that apply recent advances intechnology.Summary of presentationsMark Baumgartner began with an excitingplenary talk that demonstrated how newtechnologies can significantly advance ourunderstanding of the interactions betweenphysical conditions, whales and their prey. Notonly did his lecture provide an excellentintroduction to progress in behavior-relatedresearch, but it also provided valuableexperience-based advice for early-careerscientists.A major theme of this session concerned thevertical distribution of organisms. Manytechniques were presented for identifying factorsthat influence vertical distributions, such asinnovative net designs, acoustics techniques,remotely operated vehicles, laboratory studies,video plankton recorders, pop-up satellite andimplantable archival tags, and directobservations of the plankton. Participants heardhow copepods use foray behavior, depthfacilitates retention of siphonophores in fjords,lobster larvae remain above the 12°C isotherm,coral reef fish larvae regulate depth in responseto pressure, sprat move vertically in response totemperature, temperature gradient, oxygen andlight, and how bluefin tuna make verticalexcursions that vary in depth according tochanges in prey distributions. Numericalmodeling studies were also used to gain insighton the role of behavior in marine processes,indicating that small differences in the depth oflarval fish and oysters can result in largedifferences in dispersal, and that the timing andlocation of adult spawning can have a significantinfluence on larval dispersal and settlement.Participants also described and discussed theimplications of different horizontal distributionsof organisms. Separate migration patterns ofindividual stocks were discovered (in a speciespreviously considered to be of mixed stockcomposition) using elemental and isotopicsignatures in fish otoliths. Otolith analysis wasalso used to demonstrate that the distribution ofeels along a salinity gradient affected the degreeof parasite infection. One of the highlights of thesession was an appreciation of the fine-scalepicture that Video Plankton Recorders produceof the correspondence between biological andphysical features in frontal regions, despite themany challenges associated with imageinterpretation.360

Early Career Scientists-2007List of papersOral presentationsMark Baumgartner (Invited)Comparative studies of baleen whale foraging ecologyAnik Brind’Amour, Daniel Boisclair, Stéphane Dray and Pierre LegendreMulti-scale assessment of the functional relationship between species traits and environmental conditions for littoral fishcommunitiesRobert W. Campbell and Morten Holtegaard NielsenMeso- and small-scale distributions of plankton and marine snow in the southeastern northTomas Didrikas and Sture HanssonEffects of light intensity on the vertical distribution and activity of pelagic fish–Studies with a seabed-mounted echo sounderKaren P. Edwards, Jonathon A. Hare and Francisco E. WernerMarine population connectivity and dispersal: The role of spawning behaviors, or why do parents know best?Susana Garrido, Ana Marçalo, Juan Zwolinski and Carl D. van der LingenLaboratory investigations on the effect of prey size and concentration on the feeding behavior of Sardina pilchardusEva Jakob, Karsten Zumholz and Reinhold HanelHabitat dependent parasite infestations and virus infections of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) in northern GermanySarah E. Kolesar, Kenneth A. Rose and Denise L. BreitburgThe effect of hypoxia on intraguild predation in an estuarine food web: An individual-based model of ctenophores, fish larvae,and copepodsGareth L. Lawson, Andre M. Boustany, Andreas Walli, Steven L.H. Teo and Barbara A. BlockDistribution and movements of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the northwestern Atlantic studied using electronic tagsJames J. Pierson, Bruce W. Frost and Andrew W. LeisingForay foraging behavior in marine copepodsDaniel Stepputtis, Uwe Böttcher, Thomas Neumann and Jörn SchmidtDistribution of Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) – observations, models and consequencesFrode Vikebo, Trond Kristiansen, Gert Dingsor, Svein Sundby, Christian Jorgensen and Oyvind FiksenDrift, growth and distribution in northeast Arctic cod during the 1980s – predictions from a biological individual-based modelembedded in a general circulation modelBenjamin D. Walther and Simon R. ThorroldMarine migratory patterns of immature anadromous fish: An otolith chemistry approachPostersEric R. AnnisIn situ swimming behavior of lobster postlarvae: implications for transport and settlementAino Hosia and Ulf BåmstedtVertical distribution of physonect siphonophores in western Norwegian fjordsKlaus B. HuebertCan pelagic coral reef fish larvae regulate their swimming depths via hydrostatic pressure cues?Trond Kristiansen, Frode Vikebø, Svein Sundby, Geir Huse and Øyvind FiksenGrowth and feeding of larval cod (Gadus morhua) in large-scale latitudinal environmental gradientsJoel K. Llopiz and Robert K. CowenTrophodynamics of larval billfishes and tunas: Are the constraints of the low-latitude open ocean actually constraining?Klas O. Moeller, Robert W. Campbell, Morten Holtegaard Nielsen and Michael A. St. JohnIn situ distribution and vertical migration of plankton in the North Sea (German bight)Elizabeth W. North, Z. Schlag, R.R. Hood, M. Li, L. Zhong, T. Gross, and V.S. KennedyThe influence of larval behavior on oyster larvae transport and settlement: A numerical approachSusan E. Parks, Christopher W. Clarkm and Peter L. TyackEvidence for a long-term change in the acoustic behavior of the North Atlantic right whale (Eublalena glacialis) in response tonoiseDidzis Ustups and Maris PlikssThe influence of environmental conditions on the year-class strength of the Eastern-Gotland flounder (Platichthys flesus) in theBaltic SeaYi Xu, Fei Chai, Lei Shi, Yi Chao, Kenneth Rose, Francisco Chavez, and Richard T. BarberSeasonal cycle, interannual and decadal variability of Peruvian anchovy population dynamics: A model study361

Early Career Scientists-2007The Effect of Climate on Basin-scale Processes and Ecosystems (Session 5)Convenor: Jens Floeter, Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Hamburg University,Olbersweg 24, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany, andJulie Keister, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University,Corvallis, OR 97331 U.S.A.Invited Speaker: Emanuele Di Lorenzo (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, U.S.A.)BackgroundRecent advances in earth monitoring systems andglobal climate models indicate that basin-scalephenomena profoundly influence physical,geochemical and biological systems in theworld’s oceans. Interacting processes between theoceans and the atmosphere, such as El Niños anddecadal-scale oscillations, impact circulationpatterns, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem structureand productivity within and across basins. In thissession, we welcome contributions that applyglobal datasets and recent technological advances(e.g., satellites, gliders and floats, and globalclimate models) to further our understanding ofthese basin- and global-scale processes. Inparticular, we invite papers that address effects oflarge-scale climate forcing on physical andchemical processes, mechanistic linkagesbetween climate forcing and the dynamics ofmarine ecosystems, and advances in modelingand predictive capabilities for oceanic ecosystemsat basin-wide scales.Summary of presentationsThe session was jump-started with a spiritedkeynote address by Emanuele DiLorenzo, anearly career scientist himself. Dr. DiLorenzoculminated his talk with advice for the audiencedrawn from his own experiences transitioningfrom Ph.D. candidate to the head of an activeresearch laboratory. Further talks and postersaddressed climate controls on fisheries,zooplankton communities, food web dynamics,carbon cycling, harmful algal blooms, variabilityin SST, and circulation. Throughout the excellentpresentations, the importance of climate on theprocesses explored was a strong connectingtheme. The session accentuated the need for longtime series of observations and realistic models toaddress the potential consequences of changingclimate on the world’s ecosystems.List of papersOral presentationsEmanuele DiLorenzo (Invited)Linking North Pacific ocean climate variability to ecosystem changes: The interplay between a gyre-scale mode and the PacificDecadal OscillationEmmanuel Chassot, Sylvain Bonhommeau, Frédéric Mélin, Olivier Le Pape and Didier GascuelWorld fish catch driven by primary productionDmitry D. Kaplunenko, Olga O. Trusenkova and Viacheslav B. LobanovFeatures of seasonal and intra-annual variability of Japan Sea SST from satellite data.David G. Kimmel, W. David Miller, Lawrence W. Harding, Edward D. Houde and Michael R. RomanRegional scale climate forcing of Chesapeake Bay ecosystem dynamicsGuimei LiuA Three-Dimensional Physical-Biogeochemical Modeling Study on Productivity and Carbon Cycle in South China SeaStephanie K. Moore, Nathan J. Mantua, Vera L. Trainer and Barbara M. HickeyClimate impacts on Puget Sound oceanography and harmful algal bloomsOlav A. Ormseth and Brenda L. NorcrossLatitude, temperature, and growth: Implications for life history strategies of cod in the Pacific and Atlantic OceansMark D. Scheuerell and John G. WilliamsForecasting climate-induced shifts in the marine survival of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)362

Early Career Scientists-2007Robert M. SuryanEnvironmental forcing of life history strategies: Multi-trophic level response at ocean basin scalesPostersHongsheng Bi, William T. Peterson, Jesse Lamb and Edmundo CasillasCharacterizing pelagic ocean habitat for juvenile salmon using generalized linear mixed modelSukyung Kang and Suam KimClimate-induced variation in the distribution and abundance of mackerels in the Northwestern PacificJulie E. Keister, William T. Peterson, P. Ted Strub and Timothy J. CowlesClimate effects on zooplankton biomass, species composition, and cross-shelf delivery of carbon in a coastal upwelling system.Yong-Woo Lee, Bernard A. Megrey and S. Allen MacklinDevelopment of environment-based recruitment forecasting models and evaluation of forecast accuracy using a resamplingstrategyYulia N. Tananaeva and Marat A. BogdanovSST and ice conditions’ variability, its influence on primary production and fishery resources of North West PacificHumans and the Marine Environment (Session 6)Convenor: Franz J. Mueter, Sigma Plus Consulting, 697 Fordham Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99709 U.S.A.Invited Speaker: Philippe Cury (Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, IRD,Sète Cedex, France)BackgroundThe marine environment is subject to a varietyof human impacts including the introduction ofcontaminants, habitat disturbance, speciesinvasions, and effects of increasing CO 2 levelsin the atmosphere. These impacts result fromactivities both on land and in the ocean such asincreased coastal development, oil and gasexploration, fishing, and shipping. This sessionexplored how people affect the oceans, howchanges in the oceans affect the lives andlivelihoods of people, and how these can bemanaged to ensure both healthy oceans andhealthy human societies in the future. Paperswere sought to: (1) quantify large-scale impactsof human activity on ocean ecosystemsincluding novel ways to monitor and assess suchimpacts, (2) provide examples of howcommunities and societies are impacted bychanges in the ocean, and (3) develop newapproaches to support ecosystem-basedmanagement, including the development ofecosystem indicators and reference points.Summary of presentationsA session on “Humans and the marineenvironment” set out to explore how peopleimpact the oceans, how changes in the oceansimpact the lives and livelihoods of people, andhow these impacts can be managed to ensureboth healthy oceans and healthy human societiesin the future. While all presentations addressedimpacts from human activities on the ocean, fewpresentations touched on the impacts ofmanagement or natural changes on coastalcommunities. This may simply reflect the factthat the marine sciences are dominated byenvironmental scientists, rather than socialscientists. Nevertheless, the number of multiauthorpapers and the breadth of topics covered,with many speakers addressing new approachesto fisheries and ocean management, suggest thatmarine science in the 21 st century is no longeraligned along traditional disciplines.Reflecting this interdisciplinary approach, thewide-ranging and thought-provoking keynoteaddress by Dr. Philippe Cury explored thescientific challenges of implementing anecosystem approach to marine resources. Thesechallenges range from basic ecological issuessuch as the processes that determine whether acommunity is dominated by bottom-up or topdowncontrols, over management challengesassociated with developing suitable system-levelreference points, to a need for ethical guidelines363

Early Career Scientists-2007(a “hippocratic oath”) for marine scientists.Contributed papers and posters focusedprimarily on fisheries issues, but alsodocumented the impacts of pollutants (inparticular hydrocarbons), introduced species,coastal development, and climate change.Human impacts from fishing on all componentsof the marine ecosystem appear to remainamong the main concerns of the next generationof marine scientists. A variety of innovativeapproaches to measuring and modeling fishingimpacts were presented, including thedocumentation of discarding practices, modelingof species interactions across multiple exploitedsystems, evaluation of single-species assessmentand management strategies, development ofnovel system-level reference points, and aspatially explicit ecosystem model to explore theconsequences of introducing marine protectedareas.Presentations highlighted the multitude ofchallenges faced by marine scientists andresource managers working at the interfacebetween marine ecosystems and the humans thatdepend on these systems. If there was an overarchingmessage, it may be that the complexityof ecological interactions, the multiple levels atwhich humans interact with the marineenvironment, and the sometimes conflictinggoals for marine stewardship require a crossdisciplinaryperspective as well as a broadawareness of ecological, economic, and socialscience principles in order to define and achievesustainable relationships with the marineenvironment.List of papersOral presentationsPhilippe Cury (Invited)Scientific challenges to respond to a shared vision: the ecosystem approach to marine resourcesZ. Teresa A’mar, A.E. Punt and M.W. DornThe Management Strategy Evaluation Approach and the Fishery for Walleye Pollock in the Gulf of AlaskaAndrey P. ChernyaevDistribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in Ussuriyskiy Bay (Japan/East Sea)Jason M. Cope and André E. PuntDrawing the lines: Resolving fishery management units with simple fisheries dataMichelle L. Davis and Brian R. MurphyHarvest Impacts on Population Dynamics of Sex-Changing FishesPaul. A. de Bruyn, M.H. Schleyer and C.L. MoloneyA novel application of Operational Management Procedures in the fisheries management of the oyster (Striostrea margaritacea)in KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaMelissa A. Haltuch, Andre E. Punt and Martin DornEvaluating alternative estimators for fisheries biomass reference points: How close are we?Chih-hao Hsieh, Christian S. Reiss, Roger P. Hewitt and George SugiharaSpatial analysis shows fishing enhances the climatic sensitivity of marine fishesHae-Cheol Kim, Xuyong Li, Charles L. Gallegos, Donald E. Weller, Thomas E. Jordan and Patrick J. NealePredicted ecological responses of subestuarine ecosystems to different watershed loadings in the Chesapeake Bay: A modelingstudyJae Bong Lee, Anne Hollowed and Chang-Ik ZhangComparing ecosystem variations between the eastern and western North Pacific using size-based indicatorsCoilín Minto, Joanna Mills Flemming, Boris Worm and Ransom A. MyersMeta-analytical approaches to understanding species interactionsBarbara Paterson, Coleen L. Moloney, Astrid Jarre, Tracy Fairweather, Carl van der Lingen, Lynne J. Shannon, andJohn G. FieldA fuzzy logic expert system for monitoring the implementation of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Southern BenguelaJohn R. Peter and Victor M. PeddemorsResponses of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins to active acoustic devices (pingers) in South Africa364

Early Career Scientists-2007Jennifer N. Putland and Richard L. IversonEcology of microzooplankton in a subtropical estuary and implications of river water diversionDawit Yemane, Yunne-J. Shin and John G. FieldExploring the consequences of introducing Marine Protected Areas for the dynamics of fish communities in the southernBenguela ecosystem: an Individual Based Modelling approachPostersSvetlana A. AleshkoAntioxidant defense system in fish and mussels from polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay (Japan/East Sea)Susana Barbosa, Ana C. Fernandes, Laura Wise, Dina Silva and Graça PestanaFishing and discarding practices in the Portuguese trawl, longline and purse seine fleetClaudia F. Bravo, Joseph Dietrich, Deborah Boylen, Bernadita Anulacion, Gina Ylitalo, Frank J. Loge, Tracy K. Collierand Mary R. ArkooshTranscriptional patterns in head kidney of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) exposed fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchustshawytsha) challenged with the marine pathogen Listonella anguillarumSuchana Chavanich, Larry G. Harris, Jong-Geel Je and Rae-Seon KangDistribution pattern of the green alga Codium fragile in its native range, Korea: is it similar to invaded habitats?Robert Enever, A. Revill and A. GrantDiscarding around the UK - New information and analyses: English Channel, Western Approaches, Celtic & Irish Sea (ICESsubarea VII)Kathleen R. Murphy, Gregory M. Ruiz, W.T.D. Dunsmuir and T. David WaiteVerification of mid-ocean ballast water exchange using fluorescence spectroscopyMichael J. Wilberg and James R. BenceUse of Bayesian model selection to improve stock assessment adviceEffective Science Communication (Workshop 1)Instructor: Tim Carruthers (UMCES, Cambridge, MD, U.S.A.)To have an impact, even excellent science needsto be effectively communicated. This workshopdealt with how to incorporate visual elementsinto print and electronic media-to expand ontraditional peer reviewed journal formats-andmore effectively communicate to managers, thegeneral public, as well as fellow scientists.Participants were introduced to conceptualdiagrams, one of the key tools used to synthesizeinformation and therefore facilitate effectivecommunication.Integrated Environmental Assessment (Workshop 2)Instructor: Bill Dennison (UMCES, Cambridge, MD, U.S.A.)In our current scientific climate of mass datacollection and a large and productive scientificcommunity, the challenge is how to synthesize amass of diverse information to answerapparently simple questions such as “howhealthy is a system?” and “is the system gettingbetter or worse?'” This workshop consideredtools for syntheses and provided examples ofwhere these approaches have been effective.Such issues as how to choose metrics, how todetermine thresholds and how to combinemetrics were discussed and presented inpractical exercises.365

Early Career Scientists-2007International and Interdisciplinary Collaboration (Overview and Panel Discussion)Moderator: Franz Mueter (Sigma Plus Consulting, Fairbanks, AK, U.S.A.)Panel Members: Kyung-Il Chang (EAST-1), Philippe Cury (EUR-OCEANS), Elizabeth Gross (SCOR),Adi Kellerman (ICES), Skip McKinnell (PICES), Michael Roman (IMBER), SusanWeiler (invited speaker), Franciso E. Werner (GLOBEC)International oceanographic organizations andresearch programs play an important role incoordinating marine research activities, sharinginformation, knowledge, and technology, andsetting research priorities for collaborativeresearch across borders and disciplines. Thismini-symposium features speakers from variousregional or global organizations to provide avery brief overview over their goals andactivities. More importantly, speakers willdiscuss how their organization can help earlycareer scientists get involved in collaborativeresearch, provide suggestions on what newinvestigators can do to get involved, and sharetheir personal insights and advice on effectiveinternational collaborations. Individualpresentations will be followed by a paneldiscussion on the challenges of successfulcollaborative research and on approaches toovercoming these challenges.366

Membership-2007MEMBERSHIP (as of October 2007)CanadaSonia D. Batten (CPR)Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science4737 Vista View CrescentNanaimo, BC, Canada V9V 1N8E-mail: soba@sahfos.ac.ukRichard J. Beamish (FIS, CCCC)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: BeamishR@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caRobin M. Brown (F&A, TCODE, SG-ESR)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: brownro@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJames Christian (POC, CC-S, WG 20)CC-S Co-ChairmanCanadian Centre for Climate Modelling and AnalysisEnvironment Canadac/o University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2E-mail: jim.christian@ec.gc.caWilliam R. Crawford (CCCC, CFAME, SG-GOOS)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: CrawfordB@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMichael G. Foreman (SB, POC, WG 20, SGFISP)POC Committee Chairman, WG 20 Co-ChairmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: ForemanM@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caGraham E. Gillespie (WG 21)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: GillespieG@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caChris Hemmingway (SG-SC)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaS&T Science Sector200 Kent Street, 8th Floor, Office: 8W150Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E6E-mail: HemmingwayC@dfo-mpo.gc.caJohn Holmes (TCODE)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7Glen Jamieson (SB, MEQ, WGEBM)MEQ Chairman, WGEBM Co-ChairmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: JamiesonG@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caSophia Johannessen (CC-S)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: Johannessens@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJacquelynne R. King (CFAME, FISP-WT)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: KingJac@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caSerge Labonté (GC, F&A)Fisheries and Oceans Canada200 Kent Street, Office: 8W135Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E6E-mail: labontes@dfo-mpo.gc.caDavid L. Mackas (BIO, MONITOR, CPR)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: MackasD@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca367

Membership-2007Jennifer Martin (HAB-S)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. Andrews Biological Station531 Brandy Cove RoadSt. Andrews, NB, Canada E5B 2L9E-mail: martinjl@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.caGordon Alexander McFarlane (CFAME)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: mcfarlanes@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caLisa Miller (CC-S)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: millerli@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caRobert O'Boyle (WGEBM)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyP.O. Box 1006Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 4A2E-mail: oboyler@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.caEvgeny Pakhomov (MIE)MIE-AP Co-ChairmanEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RoadVancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4E-mail: epakhomov@eos.ubc.caAngelica Peña (BIO)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: PenaA@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caIan Perry (WGEBM)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: PerryI@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caTed Perry (FIS)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7Canadacoperry@telus.netNeil M. Price (IFEP)Department of BiologyMcGill University1205 Avenue Docteur PenfieldMontreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1E-mail: neil.price@mcgill.caJake Rice (SGFISP, FISP-WT)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaCanadian Science Advisory Secretariat200 Kent Street, STN 12S015Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E6E-mail: RiceJ@dfo-mpo.gc.caLaura Richards (GC, F&A, FIS, SG-SC)F & A Committee Chairman, SG-SC ChairmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: RichardsL@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJake Schweigert (MODEL)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: schweigertj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDarlene Loretta Smith (MEQ, WG 21)WG 21 Co-ChairmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaFederal Government of Canada200 Kent Street, STN 12S025Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0E6E-mail: smithdar@dfo-mpo.gc.caTerri Sutherland (SG-MAR)Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental ResearchUniversity of British Columbia4160 Marine DriveWest Vancouver, BC, Canada V7V 1N6E-mail: sutherlandt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caThomas W. Therriault (WG 21)Fisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7E-mail: TherriaultT@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caCharles Trick (HAB-S)Schulich School of MedicineUniversity of Western OntarioN. Campus Bldg., 1151 Richmond Street N.London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7E-mail: trick@uwo.ca368

Membership-2007Andrew W. Trites (MBM)Marine Mammal Research ConsortiumUniversity of British ColumbiaRoom 247, AERL, 2202 Main MallVancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4E-mail: trites@zoology.ubc.caChi Shing (C.S.) Wong (POC, IFEP)IFEP Co-ChairmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2E-mail: WongCS@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJapanSanae Chiba (CFAME)Ecosystem Change Research ProgramFrontier Research Center for Global Change, JAMSTEC3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-kuYokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 236-0001E-mail: chibas@jamstec.go.jpYasuwo Fukuyo (WG 21)Asian Natural Environment Science CenterUniversity of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo, Japan 113-8657E-mail: ufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jpToshio Furota (WG 21)Faculty of ScienceToho UniversityMiyama 2-2-1Funabashi, Chiba, Japan 274-8510E-mail: furota@bio.sci.toho-u.ac.jpToshitaka Gamo (CREAMS-AP)Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-kuTokyo, Japan 164-8639E-mail: gamo@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpShinichi Hanayama (WG 21)Ocean Policy Research FoundationToranomon 1-15-16, Minato-kuTokyo, Japan 105-0001E-mail: s-hanayama@sof.or.jpHiroyasu Hasumi (WG 20)Center for Climate System ResearchUniversity of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba, Japan 277-8568E-mail: hasumi@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jpKozo Honsei (GC, F&A until October 19, 2007)International Science Cooperation DivisionMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy Bureau2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, Japan 100-8919E-mail: kouzou.honsei@mofa.go.jpToyomitsu Horii (FIS, SG-MAR)Fisheries Research AgencyNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science6-31-1 NagaiYokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan 238-0316E-mail: thorii@fra.affrc.go.jpNaoki Iguchi (CREAMS-AP)Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute1-5939-22 Suido-choNiigata, Japan 951-8121E-mail: iguchi@affrc.go.jpIchiro Imai (HAB-S)Graduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityOiwakecho, Kitashirakawa, SakyoKyoto, Japan 606-8502E-mail: imai1ro@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jpYukimasa Ishida (FIS, SGFISP)Project Management DivisionTohoku National Fisheries Research Institute3-27-5, Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi, Japan 985-0001E-mail: ishiday@fra.affrc.go.jpShigeru Itakura (HAB-S, MEQ from Oct. 2007)Resources Enhancement Promotion DepartmentFisheries Agency1-2-1 KasumigasekiChiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100-8907E-mail: itakura@affrc.go.jpShin-ichi Ito (POC, MODEL, FISP-WT)Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, FRA3-27-5, Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi, Japan 985-0001E-mail: goito@affrc.go.jpMasahide Kaeriyama (FIS, CFAME)Graduate School of Fisheries ScienceHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 041-8611E-mail: salmon@fish.hokudai.ac.jp369

Membership-2007Hidehiro Kato (MBM)MBM Co-ChairmanLaboratory of Cetaceans and Marine MammalsFaculty of Marine ScienceTokyo University of Marine Science and Technology4-5-7 Konan, Minato-kuTokyo, Japan 108-8477E-mail: katohide@kaiyodai.ac.jpHiroshi Kawai (WG 21)Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas1-1 Rokkodai, NadakuKobe, Hyogo, Japan 657-8501E-mail: kawai@kobe-u.ac.jpMichio J. Kishi (SB, BIO, CCCC, MODEL)CCCC Program Co-ChairmanGraduate School of Environmental ScienceHokkaido UniversityN10 W5Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0810E-mail: mjkishi@nifty.comKunio Kohata (MEQ)Water and Soil Environment DivisionNational Institute for Environmental Studies16-2 OnogawaTsukuba, Japan 305-8506E-mail: kohata@nies.go.jpIsao Kudo (IFEP)Graduate School of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido UniversityKita13, Nishi 8Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0813E-mail: ikudo@fish.hokudai.ac.jpMitsutaku Makino (WGEBM)Fisheries Research AgencyNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science2-12-4 Fukuura, KanazawaYokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 236-8648E-mail: mmakino@affrc.go.jpShoshiro Minobe (FISP-WT)Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of SciencesHokkaido UniversityNHS, Rigaku-8-goukan 1F, N-10, W-8Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0810E-mail: minobe@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jpKazushi Miyashita (MIE)Laboratory Of Marine Ecosystem Change AnalysisHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 041-8611E-mail: miyashi@fish.hokudai.ac.jpHideki Nakano (F&A, BIO, SG-SC)Fisheries Agency1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, Japan 100-8907E-mail: hnakano@affrc.go.jpHideaki Nakata (MEQ, WGEBM)Laboratory of Oceanography, Faculty of FisheriesNagasaki University1-14 Bunkyo-choNagasaki, Japan 852-8521E-mail: nakata@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jpJun Nishioka (IFEP)Institute of Low Temperature ScienceHokkaido UniversityN19 W8 Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0819E-mail: nishioka@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jpGoh Onitsuka (MODEL)Department of Fisheries Information and ManagementNational Fisheries University2-7-1 Nagata-HonmachiShimonoseki, Japan 759-6595E-mail: onizuka@fish-u.ac.jpTsuneo Ono (CC-S)Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography DivisionHokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, Hokkaido, Japan 085-0802E-mail: tono@fra.affrc.go.jpToshiro Saino (CC-S)CC-S Co-ChairmanHydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center (HyARC)Nagoya UniversityFuro-cho, Chikusa-kuNagoya, Aichi, Japan 464-8601E-mail: tsaino@hyarc.nagoya-u.ac.jpHiroaki Saito (SGFISP, FISP-WT, IFEP)Biological OceanographyTohoku National Fisheries Research InstituteFisheries Research Agency3-27-5, Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi, Japan 985-0001E-mail: hsaito@affrc.go.jpSei-Ichi Saitoh (MONITOR, SG-GOOS)MONITOR Vice-ChairmanGraduate School of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 041-8611E-mail: ssaitoh@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jp370

Membership-2007Yasunori Sakurai (CCCC, CREAMS-AP)CREAMS-AP Co-ChairmanMarine Bioresource and Environment ScienceGraduate School of Fisheries Sciences, HokkaidoUniversity3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 041-8611E-mail: sakurai@fish.hokudai.ac.jpTakashige Sugimoto (CPR)Ocean Research InstituteTokai University3-20-1 Shimizu-OridoShizuoka, Japan 424-8610E-mail: sugimoto@scc.u-tokai.ac.jpHiroya Sugisaki (MONITOR)National Research Institute of Fisheries Science2-12-4 Fukuura, KanazawaYokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 236-8648E-mail: sugisaki@affrc.go.jpToru Suzuki (TCODE, CC-S)Marine Information Research Center (MIRC), JapanHydrographic AssociationTsukiji Hamarikyu Bldg., 8F, 5-3-3, Chuo-kuTokyo, Japan 104-0045E-mail: suzuki@mirc.jha.jpMasahiro Takasugi (GC, F&A starting October 19,2007)International Science Cooperation DivisionForeign Policy Bureau Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan2-2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, Japan 100-8919E-mail: masahiro.takasugi@mofa.jpShigenobu Takeda (IFEP)IFEP Co-ChairmanDepartment of Aquatic BioscienceUniversity of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo, Japan 113-8657E-mail: atakeda@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jpHiroyasu Tokuda (MEQ)Global Environmental Issues DivisionGlobal Environment Bureau, Ministry of the Environment1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, Japan 100-8975Atsushi Tsuda (IFEP)Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-kuTokyo, Japan 164-8639E-mail: tsuda@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpYuji Uozumi (GC)Resource Enhancement Promotion DepartmentJapan Fisheries Agency1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, Japan 100-8907E-mail: uozumi@affrc.go.jpTokio Wada (GC)PICES ChairmanProject Planning DepartmentFisheries Research AgencyQueen's Tower B 15F, 2-3-3 Minato Mirai, Nishi-kuYokohama, Japan 220-6115E-mail: wadat@affrc.go.jpShuichi Watanabe (CC-S)Mutsu Research GroupMutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO)Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology690 KitasekineSekine, Mutsu, Japan 035-0022E-mail: swata@jamstec.go.jpTomowo Watanabe (TCODE)National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries5-7-1 Orido, Shimizu-kuShizuoka, Japan 424-8633E-mail: wattom@affrc.go.jpYasunori Watanabe (HAB-S, MEQ starting October 12,2007)National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environmentof Inland SeaFisheries Research Agency2-17-5, MaruishiHatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan 739-0452E-mail: ywat@affrc.go.jpYoshiro Watanabe (CFAME)Living Marine Resources, Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-kuTokyo, Japan 164-8639E-mail: ywatanab@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpYutaka Watanabe (CC-S)Faculty of Earth Environmental ScienceHokkaido UniversityKita10 Nishi5 Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0810E-mail: yywata@ees.hokudai.ac.jpYutaka Watanuki (MBM)Graduate School of Fisheries SciencesHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 040-8611E-mail: ywata@fish.hokudai.ac.jp371

Membership-2007Atsushi Yamaguchi (BIO)Marine Biology Laboratory (Plankton)Hokkaido University3-1-1 MinatomachiHakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 041-8611E-mail: a-yama@fish.hokudai.ac.jpOrio Yamamura (MIE)MIE-AP Co-ChairmanHokkaido National Fisheries Research Instutute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, Hokkaido, Japan 085-0802Yasuhiro Yamanaka (WG-20)WG-20 Co-ChairmanFaculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversityN10W5Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 060-0810E-mail: galapen@ees.hokudai.ac.jpIchiro Yasuda (POC)POC Vice-ChairmanOcean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-kuTokyo, Japan 164-8639E-mail: ichiro@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpAkihiko Yatsu (CFAME, SG-ESR)Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, Hokkaido, Japan 085-0802E-mail: yatsua@fra.affrc.go.jpPeople’s Republic of ChinaLiqi Chen (CCCC)Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration (CAA)Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA178 Daxue RoadXiamen, FujianPeople’s Republic of China 361005E-mail: lchen203@263.netYaqu Chen (BIO)East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS300 Jungong RoadShanghaiPeople’s Republic of China 200090Zhixin Chen (F&A until October 22, 2007)Department of International CooperationMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: chenzhixin@agri.gov.cnDaoming Guan (MEQ)National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, LiaoningPeople’s Republic of China 116023E-mail: dmguan@nmemc.gov.cnHao Guo (WG 21)National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, LiaoningPeople’s Republic of China 116023E-mail: hguo@nmemc.gov.cnHandi Guo (F&A) (F&A starting October 22, 2007)Department of International CooperationDivision of American and Ocean AffairsMinistry of Agriculture, 11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: guohandi@agri.gov.cnDaji Huang (MODEL, CFAME)Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA36 Baochubei RoadHangzhou, ZhejiangPeople's Republic of China 310012E-mail: djhuang@sio.zj.edu.cnXianshi Jin (FIS, CFAME, WGEBM)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: jin@ysfri.ac.cnJie Kong (FISP-WT, SG-MAR)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: kongjie@ysfri.ac.cnHaiqing Li (GC) (GC until 22 Oct. 2007)Department of International CooperationState Oceanic Administration1 Fuxingmenwai AvenueBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100860E-mail: hqli@soa.gov.cn372

Membership-2007Qiufen Li (HAB-S)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: liqf@ysfri.ac.cnZhengdong Li (GC) (GC starting October 22, 2007)Department of International CooperationMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: lizhengdong@agri.gov.cnXuezheng Lin (WG-21)First Institute of Oceanography, SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266061E-mail: linxz@fio.org.cnQianfei Liu (F&A) (F&A until October 22, 2007)International Cooperation Division, Bureau of FisheriesMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: inter-coop@agri.gov.cnSumei Liu (CREAMS-AP)College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringOcean University of China5 Yushan RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266003E-mail: sumeiliu@mail.ouc.edu.cnXiaoping Lu (GC) (GC until October 22, 2007)Department of International CooperationMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: luxiaoping@agri.gov.cnXiuren Ning (IFEP)Marine Ecosystem and BiogeochemistrySecond Institute of Oceanography, SOA36 Baochubei RoadHangzhou, ZhejiangPeople’s Republic of China 310012E-mail: ning_xr@126.comFangli Qiao (SB, WG 20, SGFISP)First Institute of Oceanography, SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266061E-mail: qiaofl@fio.org.cnXinqiang Shen (MEQ)East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS300 Jungong RoadShanghaiPeople’s Republic of China 200090E-mail: esrms@public2.sta.net.cnSun Song (BIO, CCCC, CPR)Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sci.Institute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: sunsong@ms.qdio.ac.cnShengzhi Sun (F&A) (F&A starting October 22, 2007)Bureau of FisheriesDivision of International CooperationMinistry of Agriculture, 11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100026E-mail: inter-coop@agri.gov.cnLing Tong (TCODE)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: tongling@ysfri.ac.cnFan Wang (POC, WG-20)Key Lab of Ocean Circulation and WavesInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: fwang@ms.qdio.ac.cnLijun Wang (WG-21)National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, LiaoningPeople’s Republic of China 116023E-mail: ljwang@nmemc.gov.cnQingyin Wang (FIS)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: wangqy@ysfri.ac.cnRong Wang (CCCC)Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sci.Institute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: wangrong@ms.qdio.ac.cn373

Membership-2007Hao Wei (CCCC, MODEL, WGEBM)MODEL Task Team Co-ChairmanCollege of Physical and Environmental OceanographyOcean University of China5 Yushan RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266003E-mail: weihao@ouc.edu.cnQuan Wen (MONITOR)National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, LiaoningPeople’s Republic of China 116023E-mail: qwen@nmemc.gov.cnDexing Wu (MEQ)Ocean University of China5 Yushan RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266003E-mail: dxwu@ouc.edu.cnLixin Wu (WG 20)College of Physical and Environmental OceanographyOcean University of China5 Yushan RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266003E-mail: lxwu@ouc.edu.cnDongfeng Xu (CREAMS-AP)Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA36 Baochubei RoadHangzhou, ZhejiangPeople’s Republic of China 310012E-mail: dfxu@sio.zj.edu.cnRuguang Yin (TCODE)National Marine Data and Information Service, SOA93 Liuwei Road, Hedong DistrictTianjinPeople’s Republic of China 300171E-mail: yrg@mail.nmdis.gov.cnFei Yu (CREAMS-AP)Physical Oceanography DivisionFirst Institute of Oceanography, SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266061E-mail: yuf@fio.org.cnZhanhai Zhang (GC) (GC starting October 22, 2007)Department of International CooperationState Oceanic Administration1 Fuxingmenwai AvenueBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100860E-mail: tdm@soa.gov.cnJinping Zhao (POC)College of Physical and Environmental OceanographyOcean University of China5 Yushan RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266003E-mail: jpzhao@ouc.edu.cnXianyong Zhao (MONITOR, MIE)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: zhaoxy@ysfri.ac.cnLi Zheng (WG 21)First Institute of Oceanography, SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266061E-mail: zhengli@fio.org.cnMingyu Zhou (POC, IFEP)National Marine Environmental Forecasting Centre, SOA8 Dahuisi Road, Haidian DistrictBeijingPeople’s Republic of China 100081E-mail: mzhou@ht.rol.cn.netMingyuan Zhu (BIO, HAB-S, SG-ESR)Key Lab for Marine EcologyFirst Institute of Oceanography, SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266061E-mail: myzhu@public.qd.sd.cnZhimeng Zhuang (CPR)Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, ShandongPeople’s Republic of China 266071E-mail: zhuangzm@ysfri.ac.cn374

Membership-2007Republic of KoreaKyung-Il Chang (POC, FISP-WT)School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanaka-kuSeoulRepublic of Korea 151-742E-mail: kichang@snu.ac.krKyu-Dae Cho (IFEP)College of Envir. and Marine Sci. and Tech.Pukyong National University559-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-guBusanRepublic of Korea 608-737Jung-Hwa Choi (FISP-WT)Fisheries Resources Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902Woo-Jeung Choi (MODEL)Ocean and Marine Environment DepartmentNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902Young-Jean Choi (MONITOR)Forecast Research LaboratoryMeteorological Research Institute, KMA460-18 Shindeabang-dong, Dongjak-guSeoulRepublic of Korea 156-720E-mail: yjchoi@metri.re.krGi-Hoon Hong (IFEP)Korea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: ghhong@kordi.re.krHee-Dong Jeong (POC)Marine Environment Research TeamSouth Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI347 Anpo-ri, Hwayang-myonYeosuRepublic of Korea 556-823E-mail: hdjeong@nfrdi.re.krKyu-Kui Jung (TCODE)South Sea Fisheries Research InstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF347 Anpo-ri, Hwayang-myonYeosuRepublic of Korea 556-823E-mail: kkjung@nfrdi.re.krHae-Seok Kang (TCODE)Ocean Data and Information DepartmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)391 Jangmok-ri, Jangmok-myonGeojeRepublic of Korea 656-830E-mail: hskang@kordi.re.krHyung-Ku Kang (CFAME, CPR)Marine Environment Research DepartmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: kanghk@kordi.re.krYoung-Shil Kang (BIO, CCCC, CFAME, SG-ESR)CFAME Co-ChairmanMarine Ecology Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-705E-mail: yskang@nfrdi.re.krHak-Gyoon Kim (MEQ, HAB-S)HAB-S Co-Chairman, MEQ Vice-ChairmanDepartment of OceanographyPukyong National University559-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-guBusanRepublic of Korea 612-847E-mail: hgkim7592@yahoo.co.krJin-Yeong Kim (FIS)Headquarter for Fisheries ResourcesNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-705E-mail: jiykim@nfrdi.re.krKee-Hyun Kim (MEQ)Department of OceanographyChungnam National University220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-guDaejeonRepublic of Korea 305-764E-mail: khkim@cnu.ac.krKuh Kim (SB, SGFISP)Science Board ChairmanSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanaka-kuSeoulRepublic of Korea 151-742E-mail: kuhkim@snu.ac.kr375

Membership-2007Kyoung-Jin Kim (SG-SC)Marine R&D Division, Marine Policy BureauMinistry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF)140-2 Gye-dong, Jongno-guSeoulRepublic of Korea 110-793E-mail: kjkim80@momaf.go.krKyung-Ryul Kim (CC-S, CREAMS-AP)CREAMS-AP Co-ChairmanSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanaka-kuSeoulRepublic of Korea 151-742E-mail: krkim@snu.ac.krSuam Kim (CCCC, SGFISP, CREAMS-AP)Department of Marine BiologyPukyong National University559-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-guBusanRepublic of Korea 608-737E-mail: suamkim@pknu.ac.krWoong-Seo Kim (BIO)Marine Resources Research DepartmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: wskim@kordi.re.krYeong-Hye Kim (CCCC)Fisheries Resources Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: yhkim@nfrdi.re.krZang-Guen Kim (MBM)Fisheries Resources Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: zgkim@nfrdi.re.krChang-Kyu Lee (HAB-S)Marine Harmful Organisms TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: cklee@nfrdi.re.krDong-Young Lee (SG-GOOS)Coastal Disaster Prevention Research LaboratoryKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29AnsanRepublic of Korea 400-600E-mail: dylee@kordi.re.krJae-Bong Lee (WGEBM)Fisheries Resource ResearchNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: leejb@nfrdi.re.krJae-Hak Lee (MODEL, CREAMS-AP)Marine Environment Research DepartmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 426-170E-mail: jhlee@kordi.re.krKi-Tack Lee (CC-S)School of Environmental Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologySan 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-guPohangRepublic of Korea 790-784E-mail: ktl@postech.ac.krSam-Geon Lee (WG-21)Fisheries Resources and Environment DivisionSouth Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI347 Anpo-ri, Hwayang-myonYeosuRepublic of Korea 558-820E-mail: sglee@nfrdi.re.krTong-Sup Lee (CC-S)Department of Marine SciencePusan National UniversityChangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-kuPusanRepublic of Korea 609-735E-mail: tlee@pusan.ac.krYoon Lee (WG-21)Marine Harmful Organisms Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: yoonlee@momaf.go.krDong-Hyun Lim (WG-21)Marine Harmful Organisms Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: oithona@momaf.go.krHyun-Jeong Lim (SG-MAR)Researching Planning TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: hjlim@nfrdi.re.kr376

Membership-2007Jai-Ho Oh (WG 20)Environmental Atmospheric SciencesPukyong National University559-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-guBusanRepublic of Korea 608-737E-mail: jhoh@pknu.ac.krIg-Chan Pang (GC, WG-20)Ocean EnvironmentNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 609-902E-mail: pangig@cheju.ac.krKwang-Youl Park (GC, F&A)Marine Research and Development TeamMinistry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF)140-2 Gye-dong, Jongno-guSeoulRepublic of Korea 110-793E-mail: pky0701@yahoo.co.krYoung-Gyu Park (POC, WG-20)Ocean Climate and EnvironmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: ypark@kordi.re.krYoung-Jae Ro (MONITOR)College of Natural SciencesChungnam National University220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-guDaejeonRepublic of Korea 305-764E-mail: royoungj@cnu.ac.krHyoung-Chul Shin (FIS)Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDISongdo Techno-Park, Songdo-dong -, Yeonsu-guIncheonRepublic of Korea 406-840E-mail: hcshin@kopri.re.krKyoung-Soon Shin (WG-21)Southern Coastal EnvironmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)391 Jangmok-ri, Jangmok-myonGeojeRepublic of Korea 656-830E-mail: ksshin@kordi.re.krYoung-Sang Suh (MONITOR)Ocean and Marine Environment DepartmentNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-900E-mail: yssuh@nfrdi.re.krDong-Beom Yang (MEQ)Korea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: dbyang@kordi.re.krSang-Wook Yeh (WG 20)Ocean Climate and EnvironmentKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29AnsanRepublic of Korea 425-600E-mail: swyeh@kordi.re.krIn-Ja Yeon (WGEBM)Fishery Resources TeamWest Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI707 Eulwang-dong, Jung-guInchonRepublic of Korea 400-420E-mail: ijyeon@nfrdi.re.krSinjae Yoo (SB, BIO, CCCC, MODEL, FISP-WT,CREAMS-AP)Climate Change Research DivisionKorea Ocean R&D Institute (KORDI)Ansan P.O. Box 29SeoulRepublic of Korea 426-170E-mail: sjyoo@kordi.re.krWon-Duk Yoon (MIE)Ocean Science TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute, MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gunBusanRepublic of Korea 619-902E-mail: wdyoon@nfrdi.re.krChang-Ik Zhang (FIS, CCCC, WGEBM)WGEBM Co-ChairmanMarine Production ManagementPukyong National University559-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-guBusanRepublic of Korea 608-737E-mail: cizhang@pknu.ac.kr377

Membership-2007RussiaAndrey G. Andreev (CC-S)V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS43 Baltiyskaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: andreev@poi.dvo.ruYuri B. Artukhin (MBM)Far East Department of Russian Academy of SciencesKamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (KamchatNIRO)Rybakov pr., 19-aPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, KamchatkaRussia 683024Evgenyi I. Barabanshchikov (WG 21)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: barabanshchikov@tinro.ruTatyana A. Belan (MEQ)Department of Oceanography and Marine EcologyFar Eastern Regional Hyrdometeorological ResearchInstitute (FERHRI)24 Fontannaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690091E-mail: Tbelan@ferhri.ruAlexander A. Belov (IFEP)Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140E-mail: belov@vniro.ruGalina V. Belova (MIE)Laboratory of Pelagic ResourcesPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: belova@tinro.ruVladimir A. Belyaev (FIS)Interdepartamental Ichthyological ComissionTverskaya 27/1MoscowRussiaLev N. Bocharov (GC)PICES Vice-ChairmanPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: bocharov@tinro.ruElena P. Dulepova (FIS, WGEBM, SG-ESR)Laboratory of Applied BioceonologyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: dep@tinro.ruDmitry Galanin (SG-MAR)Sakhalin Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(SakhNIRO)196 Komsomolskaya StreetYuzhno-SakhalinskRussia 693000E-mail: galanin@sakhniro.ruGalina S. Gavrilova (SG-MAR)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: gavrilova@tinro.ruAlexander I. Glubokov (FIS)Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140E-mail: glubokov@vniro.ruElena V. Gritsay (MONITOR)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: gritsay@tinro.ruOleg A. Ivanov (WGEBM, MIE)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: oliv@tinro.ru378

Membership-2007Gennady A. Kantakov (MODEL, HAB-S)Sakhalin Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(SakhNIRO)196 Komsomolskaya StreetYuzhno-SakhalinskRussia 693023E-mail: okhotsk@sakhniro.ruOleg N. Katugin (CCCC, FISP-WT, SG-SC)Fisheries Resources of the Far Eastern SeasPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: katugin@tinro.ruNina G. Klochkova (HAB-S)Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (KamchatNIRO)18 Naberezhnaya StreetPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, KamchatkaRussia 683000E-mail: klochkova@kamniro.ruNikolai V. Kolpakov (WG 21)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950Sergei Kornev (MBM)Fishery AgencyKamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (KamchatNIRO)18 Naberezhnaya StreetPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, KamchatkaRussia 683000E-mail: kornev@kamniro.ruBoris N. Kotenev (BIO)Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140Andrei S. Krovnin (CCCC)Laboratory of Climatic Bases of BioproductivityRussian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140E-mail: akrovnin@vniro.ruVyacheslav B. Lobanov (POC, MONITOR, SG-GOOS,CREAMS-AP)V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS43 Baltiyskaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: lobanov@poi.dvo.ruOlga N. Lukyanova (MEQ, HAB-S)Lab of Applied Ecology and EcotoxicologyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: onlukyanova@tinro.ruGeorgiy S. Moiseenko (TCODE)Information Systems LaboratoryRussian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140E-mail: georgem@vniro.ruVadim V. Navrotsky (WG 20)General OceanologyV.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS43 Baltiyskaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: navrotskyv@poi.dvo.ruVictor A. Nazarov (WG 21, SGFISP)International DepartmentPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: nazarov@tinro.ruAlexei M. Orlov (BIO)Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography (VNIRO)17 V. Krasnoselskaya StreetMoscowRussia 107140E-mail: orlov@vniro.ruTatiana Yu. Orlova (HAB-S)HydrobiologyInstitute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS17 Palchevskogo StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: torlova@whoi.edu379

Membership-2007Vasily Radashevsky (WG 21)WG-21 Co-ChairmanInstitute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS17 Palchevskogo StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: vasily@ufpr.brVladimir I. Radchenko (BIO, WGEBM, CPR)Sakhalin Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(SakhNIRO)196 Komsomolskaya StreetYuzhno-SakhalinskRussia 693023E-mail: vlrad@sakhniro.ruVadim F. Savinykh (MIE)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: savinykh@tinro.ruIgor I. Shevchenko (F&A, SB, TCODE, SGFISP)TCODE ChairmanInformation TechnologyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: igor@tinro.ruVladimir M. Shulkin (IFEP)Pacific Geographical InstituteFar Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Science7 Radio StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: shulkin@tig.dvo.ruVjatcheslav P. Shuntov (MBM)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: interdept@tinro.ruMikhail Simokon (HAB-S)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950Pavel Ya. Tishchenko (CC-S, CREAMS-AP)Head, Hydrochemistry LaboratoryV.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS43 Baltiyskaya StreetVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690041E-mail: tpavel@poi.dvo.ruElena I. Ustinova (POC, WG-20)Laboratory of Fisheries OceanographyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: eustinova@mail.ruAnatoly F. Volkov (CPR)Laboratory HydrobiologyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: vaf_413@tinro.ruIgor V. Volvenko (CFAME)Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: volvenko@tinro.ruYury I. Zuenko (POC, MODEL, CREAMS-AP)Japan Sea and North-West Pacific OceanographyPacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography(TINRO-Center)4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky kraiRussia 690950E-mail: zuenko@tinro.ru380

Membership-2007U.S.A.Vera N. Agostini (CFAME)Pew Institute for Ocean ScienceRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of Miami4600 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FLU.S.A. 33149E-mail: VAgostini@rsmas.miami.eduVera Alexander (GC)PICES Past ChairmanSchool of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksP.O. Box 757220Fairbanks, AKU.S.A. 99775-7220E-mail: vera@sfos.uaf.eduKerim Y. Aydin (CCCC, CFAME)CFAME Co-ChairmanAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-0070Jack A. Barth (MONITOR, FISP-WT)College of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331-5503E-mail: barth@coas.oregonstate.eduHarold P. Batchelder (SB, CCCC, SGFISP, SG-SC)CCCC Program Co-ChairmanCollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331-5503E-mail: hbatchelder@coas.oregonstate.eduRobert Richard Bidigare (IFEP)Oceanography DepartmentUniversity of Hawaii1000 Pope RoadHonolulu, HIU.S.A. 96822E-mail: bidigare@hawaii.eduGeorge W. Boehlert (GC)Hatfield Marine Science Center, CIMRSOregon State University2030 SE Marine Science DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365-5296E-mail: george.boehlert@oregonstate.eduSteven James Bograd (POC)NOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-ERD1352 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove, CAU.S.A. 93950E-mail: steven.bograd@noaa.govRichard D. Brodeur (BIO, CPR, MIE)Fish Ecology DivisionHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365E-mail: Rick.Brodeur@noaa.govDavid M. Checkley (CREAMS-AP)Integrative Oceanography DivisionScripps Institution of Oceanography9500 Gilman DriveLa Jolla, CAU.S.A. 92093-0218E-mail: dcheckley@ucsd.eduKenneth Coale (IFEP)Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesCalifornia State University8272 Moss Landing RoadMoss Landing, CAU.S.A. 95039E-mail: coale@mlml.calstate.eduWilliam P. Cochlan (HAB-S, IFEP)Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental StudiesSan Francisco State University3152 Paradise DriveTiburon, CAU.S.A. 94920-1205E-mail: cochlan@sfsu.eduEnrique N. Curchitser (WG 20)Institute for Marine and Coastal SciencesRutgers University71 Dudley RoadNew Brunswick, NJU.S.A. 08901381

Membership-2007Michael J. Dagg (SB, BIO, SGFISP)BIO Committee ChairmanLouisiana Universities Marine Consortium8124 Highway 56Chauvin, LAU.S.A. 70344E-mail: mdagg@lumcon.eduEmanuele Di Lorenzo (WG 20)School of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of Technology311 Ferst DriveAtlanta, GAU.S.A. 30332Andrew G. Dickson (CC-S)Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa Jolla, CAU.S.A. 92093-0244Steven R. Emerson (CC-S)School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonP.O. Box 357940Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98195-6000Richard A. Feely (CC-S)Ocean Climate Research DivisionPacific Marine Environmental Laboratory7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: Richard.A.Feely@noaa.govBlake Edward Feist (WG 21)Northwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattle, WAU.S.A. 98112E-mail: Blake.Feist@noaa.govDavid Lincoln Fluharty (WGEBM, FISP-WT)School of Marine AffairsUniversity of Washington3707 Brooklyn Avenue NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98105E-mail: fluharty@u.washington.eduHernan Eduardo Garcia (TCODE, CC-S)Ocean Climate LaboratoryNOAA-NODCSSMC-III, E/OC5, Room 42301315 East-West HighwaySilver Spring, MDU.S.A. 20910-3282E-mail: Hernan.Garcia@noaa.govJustin R. Grubich (F&A, SG-SC)Office of Marine Conservation / Office of Oceans AffairsDepartment of StateRoom 5806, 2201 C Street NWWashington, DCU.S.A. 20520E-mail: GrubichJR@state.govChristopher J. Harvey (WGEBM)Northwest Fisheries Science CenterNOAA Fisheries2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98112E-mail: Chris.Harvey@noaa.govPaul Heimowitz (WG 21)U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1911 NE 11th Avenue, 6EPortland, ORU.S.A. 97232-4181paul_heimowitz@fws.govSelina HeppellDepartment of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331Anne B. Hollowed (FISP-WT)National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAAAlaska Fisheries Science Center7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: Anne.Hollowed@noaa.govGeorge L. Hunt, Jr. (CFAME)School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonP.O. Box 355020Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98195Alexander Kozyr (CC-S)Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)Oak Ridge National Lab., U.S. Dept. of EnergyBldg. 1509, Mail Stop 6335Oak Ridge, TNU.S.A. 37831-6335E-mail: kozyra@ornl.govGordon H. Kruse (SB, FIS)FIS ChairmanUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneau Center11120 Glacier HighwayJuneau, AKU.S.A. 99801-8677E-mail: Gordon.Kruse@uaf.edu382

Membership-2007Henry Lee II (WG-21)Pacific Coastal Ecology BranchU.S. EPA2111 SE Marine Science DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365E-mail: lee.henry@epa.govPatricia Livingston (F&A, WGEBM, SG-ESR)WGEBM Co-ChairmanAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA Fisheries7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: Pat.Livingston@noaa.govElizabeth A. Logerwell (FIS)Resource Ecology and Fishery ManagementAlaska Fisheries Science CenterP.O. Box 15700 F/AKC2Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98115E-mail: Libby.Logerwell@noaa.govNathan Mantua (POC)School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonP.O. Box 355020Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98195-5020Bernard A. Megrey (TCODE, CCCC, MODEL)Alaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: Bern.Megrey@noaa.govArthur J. Miller (WG 20)Climate Research DivisionScripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCaliforniaNierenberg Hall, Room 439, (SIO-UCSD 0224)La Jolla, CAU.S.A. 92093-0224E-mail: ajmiller@ucsd.eduCharles B. Miller (CPR)CPR Advisory Panel ChairmanCollege of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331-5503E-mail: cmiller@coas.oregonstate.eduBruce C. Mundy (WG 21)NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center2570 Dole StreetHonolulu, HIU.S.A. 96822E-mail: Bruce.Mundy@noaa.govPhillip R. Mundy (MONITOR, SG-GOOS)SG-GOOS ChairmanAuke Bay Laboratories/TSMRIAlaska Fisheries Science Center NOAA17109 Point Lena Loop RoadJuneau, AKU.S.A. 99801Jeffrey M. Napp (SB, MONITOR, SGFISP, CPR)MONITOR ChairmanAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA - Fisheries7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 4Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: Jeff.Napp@noaa.govBrenda L. Norcross (CCCC, CFAME)School of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksP.O. Box 757220Fairbanks, AKU.S.A. 99775-7220E-mail: norcross@ims.uaf.eduJames E. Overland (POC, CFAME)NOAAPacific Marine Environmental Laboratory7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: James.E.Overland@noaa.govWilliam T. Peterson (CCCC)NOAA-FisheriesHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365E-mail: Bill.Peterson@noaa.govSamuel G. Pooley (GC)U.S. Department of CommerceNOAA/NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center2570 Dole StreetHonolulu, HIU.S.A. 96822-2396E-mail: samuel.pooley@noaa.gov383

Membership-2007Rolf R. Ream (MBM)National Marine Mammal LaboratoryNational Marine Fisheries Service7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 4Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98115E-mail: rolf.ream@noaa.govThomas C. Royer (TCODE)Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Center for CoastalPhysical OceanographyOld Dominion UniversityResearch Bldg. #1Norfolk, VAU.S.A. 23529E-mail: royer@ccpo.odu.eduSteve Rumrill (MEQ)Department of BiologyUniversity of Oregon63466 Boat Basin DriveCharleston, ORU.S.A. 97420E-mail: jeanne.cureton@verizon.netMichael B. Rust (SG-MAR)REUTNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98112E-mail: Mike.Rust@noaa.govChristopher L. Sabine (CC-S)Pacific Marine Environmental LabNOAA7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WAU.S.A. 98115-6349E-mail: chris.sabine@noaa.govMichael J. Schirripa (FIS)Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2032 South East OSU DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365E-mail: Michael.Schirripa@noaa.govMichael P. Seki (MIE)Pacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterNOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service2570 Dole StreetHonolulu, HIU.S.A. 96822-2396E-mail: Michael.Seki@noaa.govJohn E. Stein (SB, MEQ, SGFISP, FISP-WT)SB Chairman-electNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)2725 Montlake Boulevard, EastSeattle, WAU.S.A. 98112-2097E-mail: John.E.Stein@noaa.govWilliam J. Sydeman (MBM)MBM Co-ChairmanFarallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem ResearchP.O. Box 750756Petaluma, CAU.S.A. 94975E-mail: wsydeman@comcast.netMark D. Sytsma (WG-21)Aquatic Bioinvasion Research and Policy InstitutePortland State UniversityEnvironmental Science and Resources, P.O. Box 751Portland, ORU.S.A. 97207-0751E-mail: sytsmam@pdx.eduVera L. Trainer (HAB-S)HAB-S Co-ChairmanNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service2725 Montlake Boulevard, EastSeattle, WAU.S.A. 98112E-mail: Vera.L.Trainer@noaa.govThomas C. Wainwright (CCCC, MODEL)MODEL Task Team Co-ChairmanNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service2032 South East OSU DriveNewport, ORU.S.A. 97365-5296E-mail: thomas.wainwright@noaa.govMuyin Wang (WG 20)JISAOUniversity of Washington7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 3Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98115E-mail: muyin.wang@noaa.govC. Michael Watson (MEQ)Office of Environmental AssessmentUS EPA Region 101200 Sixth Ave., OEA-095Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98101E-mail: watson.michael@epa.gov384

Membership-2007Mark L. Wells (HAB-S, IFEP)School of Marine SciencesUniversity of Maine5741 Libby HallOrono, MEU.S.A. 04469E-mail: mlwells@maine.eduFrancisco E. Werner (MODEL)Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of North Carolina340 Chapman Hall, CB# 3300Chapel Hill, NCU.S.A. 27599-3300E-mail: cisco@unc.eduPatricia A. Wheeler (BIO)College of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, ORU.S.A. 97331E-mail: pwheeler@coas.oregonstate.eduWarren S. Wooster (CPR)1325 N. Allen Place, Apt. 137Seattle, WAU.S.A. 98103wooster@u.washington.edu385

Participants-2007PARTICIPANTSAustraliaElizabeth Ann FultonCSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearchGPO Box 1538Hobart, Tasmania 7001Australiabeth.fulton@csiro.auKeith SainsburyCSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearchGPO Box 1538Hobart, Tasmania 7001Australiaksainsbury@netspace.net.auCanadaBernadette SloyanCSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearchGPO Box 1538Hobart, Tasmania 7001Australiabernadette.sloyan@csiro.auSusan E. AllenEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RoadVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadasallen@eos.ubc.caMary Needler AraiFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadaaraim@island.netSonia D. BattenSir Alister Hardy Foundation forOcean Science4737 Vista View CrescentNanaimo, BC V9V 1N8Canadasoba@sahfos.ac.ukRichard J. BeamishFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaBeamishR@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caAshleen Julia BensonSchool of Resource andEnvironmental ManagementSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A 1S6Canadaajbenson@sfu.caDouglas F. BertramCanadian Wildlife Servicec/o Institute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadabertramd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMairi M.R. BestNEPTUNE CanadaUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadammrbest@uvic.caRobin M. BrownFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesOcean Sciences DivisionP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadabrownro@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDon BryanAXYS Technologies Inc.P.O. Box 22192045 Mills RoadSidney, BC V8L 3B8Canadadbryan@axys.comJoachim (Yogi) CarolsfeldWorld Fisheries Trust204-1208 Wharf St.Victoria, BC V8W3B9Canadayogi@worldfish.orgVilly ChristensenFisheries CentreUniversity of British Columbia2202 Main MallVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadav.christensen@fisheries.ubc.caJames ChristianFisheries and Oceans CanadaCanadian Centre for ClimateModelling and AnalysisP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadajim.christian@ec.gc.caAaron Arthur ComeaultBiologyUniversity of Victoria1661 Blair AveVictoria, BC V8N 1M6Canadaaaronc@uvic.caWilliam R. Crawford*Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaCrawfordB@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca*representative of CLIVAR/WCRPKenneth Edward CrippsCoastal PlanningCoastal First Nations - TurningPoint Initiative1410 Fisher RoadGabriola Island, BC V0R 1X6Canadacrippsk@shaw.ca387

Participants-2007Patrick CumminsFisheries and Ocean CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadacumminsp@dfo-mpo.gc.caJanelle CurtisPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadacurtisj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caKim DarlingFisheries and Oceans Canada8W133, 200 Kent StreetOttawa, ON K1A 0E6Canadadarlingk@dfo-mpo.gc.caKenneth L. DenmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaCanadian Centre for ClimateModelling and Analysisc/o University of VictoriaBox 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2CanadaKen.Denman@ec.gc.caRichard DeweyVENUS ProjectUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadardewey@uvic.caJohn F. DowerSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciencesand Department of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 3055, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 3P6Canadadower@uvic.caAndrew EdwardsFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay Rd.Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaEdwardsAnd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caRana W. El-SabaawiBiology DepartmentUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 3020, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 3N5Canadarana@uvic.caLeslie ElliottNEPTUNE CanadaUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadaneptune@uvic.caJessica L. FinneySchool of Resource andEnvironmental ManagementSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A 1S6Canadajfinney@sfu.caGregory M. FlatoEnvironment CanadaCanadian Centre for ClimateModelling and AnalysisP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadagreg.flato@ec.gc.caRowenna FlinnMarine Mammal Research UnitUniversity of British ColumbiaRoom 247, AERL, 2202 Main MallVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadar.flinn@fisheries.ubc.caLinnea A. FlostrandFisheries and Oceans CanadaSimon Fraser University, REMstudent966 Eberts StreetNanaimo, BC V9S 1P8CanadaLborealis@hotmail.comMichael G. ForemanFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaForemanM@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caHoward J. Freeland*Fisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaFreeland.H@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca*representative of ArgoCaihong FuFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaFuC@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMoira Donald GalbraithFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadagalbraithm@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMaeva GauthierEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Victoria#314, 1345 Pandora AvenueVictoria, BC V8R 6N9Canadamaevagauthier@hotmail.comStratis GavarisFisheries and Oceans CanadaGovernment of Canada531 Brandy Cove RoadSt. Andrews, NB E5B 2L9CanadaGavarisS@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.caGraham E. GillespieFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaGillespieG@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caLyse GodboutFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaGodboutl@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca388

Participants-2007Ming GuoInstitute of Ocean Sciences39304-2375 Lam CircleVictoria, BC V8N 6K8Canadamingguo88@gmail.comEdward James GregrMarine Mammal Research UnitUniversity of British ColumbiaRoom 247, AERL, 2202 Main MallVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadagregr@zoology.ubc.caDamian GrundleDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty RoadVictoria, BC V8P 5C2Canadadgrundle@uvic.caNicky HaighMalaspina University-CollegeRm. 201, Bldg. 373900 Fifth StreetNanaimo, BC V9R 5S5Canadahaighn@mala.bc.caRoberta Claire HammeSchool of Earth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaPetch Bldg., Room 179AP.O. Box 3055Victoria, BC V8W 3P6Canadarhamme@uvic.caDoug Hay2510 Holyrood DriveNanaimo, BC V9S 4K9Canadahay.doug@shaw.caMike Henry7-1335 Bernard OuestOutremont, QC H2V 1W1Canadamhenry@eos.ubc.caJohn HolmesFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadaholmesj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caKaren HunterFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay Rd.Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadahunterk@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDebby IansonFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadaiansond@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caGeorge David JacksonUniversity of Tasmania/POST2926 Benson View RoadNanaimo, BC V9R 6W7Canadageorge.jackson@utas.edu.auGlen JamiesonFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaJamiesonG@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caSophia JohannessenFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean Sciences9860 West Saanich RoadP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaJohannessens@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMichiyo KawaiFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean Sciences9860 West Saanich RoadSidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadakawaim@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJacquelynne R. KingFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaKingJac@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMaxim KrassovskiFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaKrassovskiM@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caGeoff Krause807 Stellys Cross RoadBrentwood Bay, BC V8M 1J4Canadagkrause@shaw.caSerge LabontéFisheries and Oceans Canada8W135 - 200 Kent StreetOttawa, ON K1A 0E6Canadalabontes@dfo-mpo.gc.caPaul Henri LeBlondPacific Fisheries ResourceConservation CouncilS42,C7, RR#2Galiano Island, BC V0N 1P0Canadaleblond@gulfislands.comMaurice LevasseurBiologie (Québec-Océan)Université LavalPavillon Alexandre-VachonQuébec, QC G1K 7P4CanadaMaurice.levasseur@bio.ulaval.caDavid L. MackasFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaMackasD@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJeffrey B. MarliaveMarine ScienceVancouver AquariumP.O. Box 3232Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8Canadajeff.marliave@vanaqua.orgRobert Scott McKinleyAnimal ScienceUniversity of British Columbia4160 Marine DriveWest Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6Canadamckin@interchange.ubc.ca389

Participants-2007William J. MerryfieldEnvironment CanadaCanadian Centre for ClimateModelling and AnalysisUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadabill.merryfield@ec.gc.caAnissa MerzoukEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia1461 - 6270 University BoulevardVancouver, BC V6T1Z4Canadaamerzouk@eos.ubc.caRodrigo Marco MontesEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RoadVancouver, BC V6T1Z4Canadarmontes@eos.ubc.caIan MurdockCanadian Scientific SubmersibleFacilityc/o Institute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadaoperations@ropos.comThomas Anthony OkeyBamfield Marine Science Centre100 Pachena RoadBamfield, BC V0R 1B0Canadatokey@bms.bc.caEvgeny PakhomovEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RoadVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadaepakhomov@eos.ubc.caBadal Pal2162 Kingbird Dr.Victoria, BC V9B6V7Canadabadal.Pal@ec.gc.caSarah Gabrielle PattonCanadian Parks and WildernessSociety410-698 Seymour StreetVancouver, BC V6B 3K6Canadasarah@cpawsbc.orgAngelica PeñaFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaPenaA@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caIan PerryFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaPerryI@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caTed PerryFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadacoperry@telus.netCandace PiccoLiving Oceans Society1405-207 West Hastings StreetVancouver, BC V6B 1H7Canadacpicco@livingoceans.orgBenoît PirenneNEPTUNE CanadaUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadabpirenne@uvic.caDave PreikshotFisheries CentreUniversity of British Columbia3012 Westview StreetDuncan, BC V9L 2C5Canadad.preikshot@fisheries.ubc.caMelanie QuennevilleFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadaquennevillem@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caAlexander B. RabinovichFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaRabinovichA@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJake RiceFisheries and Oceans CanadaCanadian Science AdvisorySecretariat200 Kent Street, STN 12S015Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6CanadaRiceJ@dfo-mpo.gc.caLaura RichardsFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaRichardsL@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caMarie RobertFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 60009860 West Saanich RoadSidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaRobertM@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caChris RoperRoper Resources Ltd.984 St. Patrick StreetVictoria, BC V0N 2M0Canadachris@RoperResources.comAkash SastriDepartment of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 3020 STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 3N5Canadaasastri@uvic.ca390

Participants-2007Jake SchweigertFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadaschweigertj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caAlan SinclairFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9R 5K6CanadaSinclairAl@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDarlene Loretta SmithFisheries and Oceans Canada200 Kent Street, STN 12S025Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6Canadasmithdar@dfo-mpo.gc.caAaron SpringfordResource and EnvironmentalManagementSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A 1S6Canadaaspringf@sfu.caCandice Victoria St. GermainUniversity of Victoria4416 Torquay Dr.Victoria, BC V8N 3L4Canadacstgerma@uvic.caNadja Stefanie SteinerEnvironment CanadaCanadian Centre for ClimateModelling and Analysisc/o University of VictoriaP.O. Box 1700, STN CSCVictoria, BC V8W 2Y2Canadanadja.steiner@ec.gc.caTerri SutherlandCentre for Aquaculture andEnvironmental ResearchUniversity of British Columbia4160 Marine DriveWest Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6Canadasutherlandt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caRon TanasichukFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9R 5K6CanadaTanasichukR@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caJonathan TharPOSTP.O. Box 3232Vancouver, BC V6B 3X8Canadajonathan.thar@vanaqua.orgThomas W. TherriaultPacific Biological StationFisheries and Oceans Canada3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7CanadaTherriaultT@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caRichard E. ThomsonFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaThomsonR@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caLaura Tremblay-BoyerFisheries CentreUniversity of British Columbia2329 West Mall VancouverVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4Canadal.boyer@fisheries.ubc.caCharles TrickSchulich School of MedicineUniversity of Western OntarioDepartment of Biology1151 Richmond StreetLondon, ON N6A 5B7Canadatrick@uwo.caMarc TrudelFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadatrudelm@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caVerena TunnicliffeDepartment of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaP.O. Box 3020Victoria, BC V8W 3N5Canadaverenat@uvic.caJennifer Tyler632 Cornwall St.Victoria, BC V81 4L4Canadajentyler24@gmail.comSvein VagleFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadavagles@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caAlain F. VezinaEcosystem Research DivisionBedford Institute of Oceanography1 Challenger DriveDartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2Canadavezinaa@dfo-mpo.gc.caTsuyoshi WakamatsuFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2Canadawakamatsut@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caDavid WelchKintama Research Corp.10-1850 Northfield RoadNanaimo, BC V9S 3B3Canadadavid.welch@kintamaresearch.orgMichelle WheatleyFisheries and Oceans Canada501 University CrescentWinnipeg, MB R3T 2N6Canadahebertk@dfo-mpo.gc.caBob Wilson2WE Associates Consulting Ltd.4660 Vantreight DriveVictoria, BC V8N 3X1Canadarwilson@2weassociates.com391

Participants-2007C.S. WongFisheries and Oceans CanadaClimate Chemistry LaboratoryInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2CanadaWongCS@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caShau-King Emmy WongFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadawongs@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caGreg WorkmanFisheries and Oceans CanadaPacific Biological Station3190 Hammond Bay RoadNanaimo, BC V9T 6N7Canadaworkmang@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caLiusen XieFisheries and Oceans CanadaInstitute of Ocean SciencesP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadaxiel@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.caFranceYunne ShinIRDAvenue Jean MonnetBP 171Sète, 34203Franceshin@ird.frGermanyJuergen AlheitBaltic Sea Research InstituteSeestrasse 15Warnemuende, 18119Germanyjuergen.alheit@io-warnemuende.deToste TanhuaMarine BiogeochemistryLeibniz Institute of Marine SciencesDuesternbrooker Weg 20Kiel, 24105Germanyttanhua@ifm-geomar.deHong KongPaul J. HarrisonAMCE ProgramHong Kong University of Scienceand TechnologyClear Water BayKowloon, Hong Kongharrison@ust.hkIsraelGitai YahelThe School of Marine Sciences andMarine EnvironmentRuppin Academic CenterMichmoret, 40297IsraelYahel@Maritime.co.il392

Participants-2007JapanSanae ChibaEcosystem Change ResearchProgramFrontier Research Center for GlobalChange3173-25 Showa-machiKanazawa-kuYokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001Japanchibas@jamstec.go.jpMasahiko FujiiCreative Research InitiativeHokkaido UniversitySustainability Governance ProjectSapporo, Hokkaido 0600809Japanmfujii@sgp.hokudai.ac.jpYasuzumi FujimoriDivision of Marine Bioresourcesand Environmental ScienceHokkaido University3-1-1 MinatoHakodate, Hokkaido 0418611Japanfujimori@fish.hokudai.ac.jpTadanori FujinoLaboratory of Marine Environmentand Resource SensingHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanfnori@fish.hokudai.ac.jpMasao FukasawaInstitute of Observational Researchfor Global ChangeJapan Agency for Marine-EarthScience and Technology2-15 Natsushima-choYokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061Japanfksw@jamstec.go.jpTetsuichiro FunamotoHokkaido National FisheriesResearch Institute, FRAKushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802Japantetsuf@fra.affrc.go.jpHideki HamaokaCenter for Marine EnvironmentalStudiesEhime Univeristy2-5 Bunkyo-choMatsuyama, Ehime 790-8577Japanjako-ten@mail.goo.ne.jpKimio HanawaDepartment of GeophysicsTohoku University Graduate Schoolof Science6-3 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-kuSendai, Miyagi 980-8578Japanhanawa@pol.geophys.tohoku.ac.jpTaketo HashiokaEcosystem Change ResearchProgramFrontier Research Center for GlobalChange3173-25 Showa-machiKanazawa-kuYokohama 236-0001Japanhashioka@jamstec.go.jpHiroyasu HasumiCenter for Climate System ResearchUniversity of Tokyo5-1-5 KashiwanohaKashiwa, Chiba 277-8568Japanhasumi@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jpToyomitsu HoriiNational Research Institute ofFisheries Science, FRA6-31-1 NagaiYokosuka, Kanagawa 238-0316Japanthorii@fra.affrc.go.jpIchiro ImaiGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityOiwakecho, Kitashirakawa, SakyoKyoto, 606-8502Japanimai1ro@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jpYoichiro IshibashiEnvironmental Risk AssessmentUnitJapan NUS Co., Ltd.Loop-X Bldg. 8F, 3-9-15 KaiganMinato-ku, Tokyo 108-0022Japanishibashi@janus.co.jpYukimasa IshidaProject Management DivisionTohoku National Fisheries ResearchInstitute3-27-5, Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi 985-0001Japanishiday@fra.affrc.go.jpMasao IshiiGeochemical Research DepartmentMeteorological Research Institute1-1 NagamineTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052Japanmishii@mri-jma.go.jpShin-ichi ItoTohoku National Fisheries ResearchInstitute, FRA3-27-5 Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi 985-0001Japangoito@affrc.go.jpSachihiko ItohFisheries EnvironmentalOceanography DivisionOcean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-kuTokyo, 164-8639Japanitohsach@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpMasahide KaeriyamaGraduate School of FisheriesScienceHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japansalmon@fish.hokudai.ac.jp393

Participants-2007Masafumi KamachiOceanographic ResearchDepartmentMeteorological Research Institute1-1 NagamineTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052Japanmkamachi@mri-jma.go.jpTakashi KamiyamaCoastal Fisheries and AquacultureDivisionTohoku National Fisheries ResearchInstitute, FRA3-27-5, ShinhamaShiogama, Miyagi 985-0001Japankamiyama@affrc.go.jpYoshiyuki KanedaJapan Agency for Marine-EarthScience and TechnologyDONET Group2-15 Natsushima-choYokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061Japankaneday@jamstec.go.jpHitoshi KanekoOcean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoB346, 1-15-1, Minamidai, NakanoTokyo, 164-8639Japankaneko@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpHidehiro Kato*Laboratory of Cetaceans and MarineMammalsFaculty of Marine ScienceTokyo University of Marine Scienceand Technology4-5-Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8477Japankatohide@kaiyodai.ac.jp*representative of IWCHiroshi KawaiKobe University Research Centerfor Inland Seas1-1 Rokkodai, NadakuKobe, Hyogo 657-8501Japankawai@kobe-u.ac.jpMotoko R. KimuraEnvironmental ScienceHokkaido UniversityUsujiri Fisheries Station152 Usujiri, HakodateHokkaido 041-1613Japanm-kimura@fish.hokudai.ac.jpMichio J. KishiGraduate School of FisheriesSciencesHokkaido Universityc/o Cho-tatsu-kaN13 W8, Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido 060-0813Japanmjkishi@nifty.comToru KobariBiological OceanographyFaculty of FisheriesKagoshima University4-50-20 ShimoarataKagoshima, 890-0056Japankobari@fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jpShusaku KobayashiGraduate School of EnvironmentalScienceHokkaido UniversityHakuto, 0490111Japanshusaku5050@yahoo.co.jpTokimasa KobayashiNational Research Institute of FarSeas Fisheries, FRA5-7-1, Orido, Shimizu-kuShizuoka, 424-8633Japantokikoba@affrc.go.jpKunio KohataWater and Soil EnvironmentDivisionNational Institute for EnvironmentalStudies16-2 OnogawaTsukuba, 305-8506Japankohata@nies.go.jpFumika KomatsuApt. Villa N19 5022-1-41 N10 W9 Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido 001-0019Japanfumika_komatsu@hotmail.comKenji KonishiInstitute of Cetacean Research4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-kuTokyo 104-0055Japankonishi@cetacean.jpTokihiro KonoMarine Science and TechnologyHokkaido Tokai UniversityMinamiku, Minamisawa5jo 1chome 1-1Sapporo, Hokkaido 005-8601Japantkono@dm.htokai.ac.jpHideaki KudoGraduate School of FisheriesSciencesHokkaido University3-1-1, Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanhidea-k@fish.hokudai.ac.jpNanami KumagaiGraduate School of FisheriesSciencesHokkaido University3-1-1, Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japankumagai@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jpMitsutaku MakinoNational Research Institute ofFisheries Science, FRA2-12-4 Fukuura, KanazawaYokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648Japanmmakino@affrc.go.jpTodd William MillerCenter for Marine EnvironmentalStudiesEhime University2-5 Bunkyo-choMatsuyama, Ehime 790-8577Japantoddomiller@gmail.comKenji MinamiGraduate School of EnvironmentalScienceHokkaido UniversityW202, LMECA3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanminami@ees.hokudai.ac.jpShoshiro MinobeGraduate School of SciencesHokkaido UniversityRigaku-8-goukan 1F, N-10, W-8Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810Japanminobe@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp394

Participants-2007Ikue MioHokkaido UniversityHokusinryo, 1-9-1, NakamitiHakodate, Hokkaido 041-0853Japanmioikue1@fish.hokudai.ac.jpKazushi MiyashitaLaboratory of Marine EcosystemChange AnalysisHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanmiyashi@fish.hokudai.ac.jpYasumasa MiyazawaFrontier Research Center for GlobalChangeJapan Agency for Marine-EarthScience and Technology3173-25, Showa-machiKanazawa-ku, YokohamaKanagawa 236-0001Japanmiyazawa@jamstec.go.jpMitsuhiro NagataEast Research BranchHokkaido Fish HatcheryMaruyama 3-1-10Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido 086-1164Japannagatam@fishexp.pref.hokkaido.jpAkira NakadateGlobal Environment and MarineDepartmentJapan Meteorological Agency1-3-4, Otemachi, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, 100-8122Japana_nakadate@met.kishou.go.jpHideki NakanoFisheries Agency1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, 100-8907Japanhnakano@affrc.go.jpSayaka NakatsukaFisheries Research Agency2-12-4, Fukuura, Kanazawa-kuYokohama, Kanagawa 236-8684Japannakatsuk@affrc.go.jpHiroshi NishidaNational Research Institute ofFisheries ScienceFuku-ura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-kuYokohama 236-8648Japanhnishi@affrc.go.jpJun NishiokaInstitute of Low TemperatureScienceHokkaido UniversityN19 W8 Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819Japannishioka@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jpYukihiro NojiriCenter for Global EnvironmentalResearchNational Institute for EnvironmentalStudies (NIES)16-2 OnogawaTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506Japannojiri@nies.go.jpTakumi NonomuraUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 MinamidaiNakano-kuTokyo, 164-8639Japannonomura@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpTatsuya OdaFaculty of FisheriesNagasaki UniversityBunkyo-machi 1-14Nagasaki 852-8521Japant-oda@nagasaki-u.ac.jpRyosuke OkamotoCourse of Applied MarineEnvironmental StudiesTokyo University of Marine Scienceand Technology4-5-7-8-401 Konan, Minato-KuTokyo, 108-8477Japand062002@kaiyodai.ac.jpSuguru OkamotoGraduate School of FisheriesSciencesHokkaido University3-1-1, Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanoka@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jpTakeshi OkunishiGraduate School of EnvironmentalScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628Japanokunishi@eng.hokudai.ac.jpGoh OnitsukaDepartment of FisheriesInformation and ManagementNational Fisheries University2-7-1 Nagata-HonmachiShimonoseki, 759-6595Japanonizuka@fish-u.ac.jpTsuneo OnoSubarctic Fisheries OceanographyDivisionHokkaido National FisheriesResearch Institute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, 085-0802Japantono@fra.affrc.go.jpSatoshi OsafuneLiving Marine ResourcesOcean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoB346, Minamidai 1-15-1Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8639Japanosafune@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpToshiro SainoHydrospheric AtmosphericResearch CenterNagoya UniversityFuro-cho, Chikusa-kuNagoya, Aichi 464-8601Japantsaino@hyarc.nagoya-u.ac.jpHiroaki SaitoBiological OceanographyTohoku National Fisheries ResearchInstitute, FRAShinhama-cho 3-27-5Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001Japanhsaito@affrc.go.jpSei-Ichi SaitohGraduate School of FisherySciencesHokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanssaitoh@salmon.fish.hokudai.ac.jp395

Participants-2007Yasunori SakuraiGraduate School of FisherySciences, Hokkaido University3-1-1 Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japansakurai@fish.hokudai.ac.jpMasatoshi SatoTokai 73-1027-3-3-7 Kawazoe, MinamikuSapporo, Hokkaido 005-0807Japan06sgb105@gbs.htokai.ac.jpFumitake ShidoGraduate School of EnvironmentalScienceEnvironmental ScienceDevelopmentHokkaido UniversityC306, N10W5, Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810JapanAkihiro ShiomotoTokyo University of Agriculture196 YasakaAbashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493Japana3shiomo@bioindustry.nodai.ac.jpMaki SudaNational Research Institute ofFisheries Science2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-kuYokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648Japanmsuda@affrc.go.jpHiroya SugisakiNational Research Institute ofFisheries Science2-12-4 Fukuura, KanazawaYokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648Japansugisaki@affrc.go.jpToru SuzukiMarine Information ResearchCenterJapan Hydrographic AssociationTsukiji Hamarikyu Bldg., 8F5-3-3, Tsukiji, Chuo-kuTokyo, 104-0045Japansuzuki@mirc.jha.jpKazuaki TadokoroStock Productivity SectionTohoku National Fisheries ResearchInstitute3-27-5 Shinhama-choShiogama, Miyagi 985-0001Japanden@affrc.go.jpShigenobu Takeda*Department of Aquatic BioscienceUniversity of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo, 113-8657Japanatakeda@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp*representative of SOLASHiroshige TanakaSeikai National Fisheries ResearchInstitute, FRA1551-8 TairaNagasaki, Nagasaki 851-2213Japantanakahs@affrc.go.jpShinichi S. TanakaHokkaido University108, AP26, 26, N6, E11, ChuoukuSapporo, 060-0006Japanshinichi@ees.hokudai.ac.jpHiroaki TatebeCenter for Climate System ResearchUniversity of Tokyo5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-haKashiwa, Chiba 277-8568Japantatebe@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jpYongjun TianJapan Sea Fisheries ResourcesDivisionJapan Sea National FisheriesResearch Institute1-5939-22, Suidou-choNiigata, Niigata 951-8121Japanyjtian@fra.affrc.go.jpNaoki TojoLaboratory of Marine EcosystemChange AnalysisHokkaido University3-1-1, Minato-choHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japanntojo@ees.hokudai.ac.jpTakayuki TokiedaGeochemical Research DepartmentMeteorological Research Institute1-1 NagamineTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052Japanttokieda@mri-jma.go.jpAtsushi TsudaOcean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoMinamidaiNakano, Tokyo 164-8639Japantsuda@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpHiromichi TsumoriNational Institute for EnvironmentalStudiesTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506Japantsumori.hiromichi@nies.go.jpNobuo TsurushimaInstitute for EnvironmentalManagement TechnologyNational Institute of AdvancedIndustrial Science and TechnologyOnogawa 16-1Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569JapanAi UedaFaculty of FisheriesKagoshima UniversityKagoshima 890-0056Japanmf107005@ms.kagoshima-u.ac.jpHiromichi UenoInstitute of Observational Researchfor Global ChangeJapan Agency for Marine-EarthScience and Technology2-15 Natsushima-choYokosuka, 237-0061Japanuenohiro@jamstec.go.jpYuji UozumiResource Enhancement PromotionDepartmentJapan Fisheries Agency1-2-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, 100-8907Japanuozumi@affrc.go.jp396

Participants-2007Shuichi WatanabeMutsu Research GroupMutsu Institute for OceanographyJapan Agency for Marine-EarthScience and Technology690 KitasekineSekine, Mutsu 035-0022JapanTomowo WatanabeNational Research Institute of FarSeas Fisheries5-7-1 Orido, Shimizu-kuShizuoka, 424-8633Japanwattom@affrc.go.jpYasunori WatanabeNational Research Institute forFisheries and Environment of InlandSea, FRA2-17-5, MaruishiHatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452Japanywat@affrc.go.jpYutaka WatanabeFaculty of Earth EnvironmentalScienceHokkaido UniversityKita10 Nishi5 Kita-kuSapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810Japanyywata@ees.hokudai.ac.jpYutaka WatanukiGraduate School of FisherySciencesHokkaido UniversityMinato-cho 3-1-1Hakodate, Hokkaido 040-8611Japanywata@fish.hokudai.ac.jpMasahiro YagiMinamidai 1-15-1-B346, NakanoTokyo, 164-8639Japanyagi@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpAtsushi YamaguchiMarine Biology LaboratoryHokkaido University3-1-1 MinatomachiHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611Japana-yama@fish.hokudai.ac.jpJun YamamotoField Science CenterHokkaido University3-1-1 MinatoHakodate, Hokkaido 041 8611Japanyamaj@fish.hokudai.ac.jpOrio YamamuraHokkaido National FisheriesResearch Instutute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, 085-0802Japanorioy@affrc.go.jpYasuhiro YamanakaFaculty of Environmental EarthScienceHokkaido UniversityN10W5, Sapporo, 060-0810Japangalapen@ees.hokudai.ac.jpHidekatsu YamazakiDepartment of Ocean SciencesTokyo University of Marine Scienceand Technology4-5-7 Konan, Minato-kuTokyo, 108-8477Japanhide@kaiyodai.ac.jpIchiro YasudaOcean Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo1-15-1 Minamidai, NakanokuNakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8639Japanichiro@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpHiroki YasumaField Science Centre for theNorthern BiosphereHokkaido University3-1-1 MinatoHakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611JapanANB52615@nifty.comAkihiko YatsuHokkaido National FisheriesResearch Institute116 KatsurakoiKushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802Japanyatsua@fra.affrc.go.jpRyota YokotaniGraduate School of FisheriesSciencesHokkaido University3-1-1 MinatochoHakodate, Hokkaido 049-0111Japanvalley@fish.hokudai.ac.jpTakeshi YoshimuraEnvironmental Science ResearchLaboratoryCentral Research Institute ofElectric Power Industry1646 Abiko, Chiba 270-1194Japanytakeshi@criepi.denken.or.jpMéxicoMartha Haro-GarayFisheries EcologyCentro de InvestigacionesBiologicas del Noroeste, S.C.Mar Bermejo No. 195,Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita,La Paz, Baja California Sur 23090Méxicomharo@cibnor.mxLeonardo HuatoEcología PesqueraCIBNOR, SCMar Bermejo No. 195, Col. PlayaPalo de Santa Rita ApdoLa Paz, Baja California Sur 23090Méxicolhuato@cibnor.mxViacheslav G. MakarovOceanography DepartmentInterdisciplinary Center of MarineSciencesAv. Inst. Politecnico Nacional S/NCol. Playa Palo de Santa RitaLa Paz, Baja California Sur 23096Méxicosmakarov@ipn.mx397

Participants-2007Rubén Rodríguez-SánchezFisheries DepartmentCentro Interdisciplinario deCiencias MarinasAv. Inst. Politecnico Nacional S/NCol. Playa Palo de Santa RitaLa Paz, Baja California Sur 23000Méxicorrodrig@ipn.mxOleg ZaytsevOceanology DepartmentCentro Interdisciplinario deCiencias MarinasAv. Inst. Politecnico Nacional S/NCol. Playa Palo de Santa RitaLa Paz, Baja California Sur 23096Méxicoozaytsev@ipn.mxNew ZealandMalcolm R. ClarkDeepwater FisheriesNIWAPrivate Bag 14-901Wellington, 6021New Zealandm.clark@niwa.co.nzRosemary Jane ClucasDepartment of Mathematics andStatisticsUniversity of OtagoP.O. Box 56Dunedin, Otago 9010New Zealandrosemary.clucas@stonebow.otago.ac.nzNorwayJoël M. DurantCEES, Departement of BiologyUniverity of OsloP.O. Box 1066 BlindernOslo, NO-0316Norwayjoel.durant@bio.uio.noEinar SvendsenInstitute of Marine ResearchP.O. Box 1870Nordnes, Bergen N-5817Norwayeinar.svendsen@imr.noPeople’s Republic of ChinaJixiang ChenMarine Data CenterNational Marine Data andInformation Service, SOA93 Liuwei Road, Hedong DistrictTianjin, 300171People’s Republic of Chinachenjx@mail.nmdis.gov.cnYaqu ChenEast China Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute, CAFS300 Jungong RoadShanghai, 200090People’s Republic of Chinayaquchen@yahoo.com.cnDejun DaiFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinadjdai@fio.org.cnJingqing FangNational Marine Data andInformation Service, SOA93 Liuwei Road, Hedong DistrictTianjin, 300171People’s Republic of Chinajingqingfang@yahoo.com.cnChunjiang GuanNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinafb4680@people.com.cnHandi GuoDepartment of InternationalCooperationDivision of American and OceanAffairsMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijing 100026People’s Republic of Chinaguohandi@agri.gov.cn398

Participants-2007Hao GuoNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinahguo@nmemc.gov.cnChuanlin HuoMarine Environment ChemistryDivisionNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinaclhuo@nmemc.gov.cnJie KongYellow Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute, CAFS106 Nanjing RoadQingdao, Shandong 266071People’s Republic of Chinakongjie@ysfri.ac.cnHongbo LiNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinamarinepico@126.comRuixiang LiKey Lab for Marine EcologyFirst Institute of Oceanography,SOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinaliruixiang@fio.org.cnYingren LiDivision of InternationalCooperationChinese Academy of FisherySciences150 Qingtacun, Fengtai DistrictBeijing, 100039People’s Republic of Chinaliyr@cafs.ac.cnFeng-ao LinNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinafalin316@126.comDouding LuMarine Ecosystem andBiogeochemistrySecond Institute of OceanographySOA36 Baochubei RoadHangzhou, Zhejiang 310012People’s Republic of Chinadoudinglu@126.comXingang LüKey Lab of Marine Science andNumerical ModelingFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinalxg@fio.org.cnFangli QiaoFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinaqiaofl@fio.org.cnWeimin QuanEast China Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute, CAFS300 Jungong RoadShanghai, 200090People’s Republic of Chinaquanweim@163.comLiyan ShiLaboratory of Marine and EstuarineFisheries, MOAEast China Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute, CAFS300 Jungong RoadShanghai, 200090People’s Republic of Chinaquanweim@hotmail.comJie SuDalian Maritime University1 Linghai RoadDalian, Liaoning 116026People’s Republic of Chinasunnysnow-1218@163.comShengzhi SunDivision of InternationalCooperationBureau of FisheriesMinistry of Agriculture11 Nongzhanguan NanliBeijing 100026People’s Republic of Chinainter-coop@agri.gov.cnGongke TanFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinagongke_tan@fio.org.cnLiying WanNational Marine EnvironmentalForecasting Center, SOA8 Dahuisi Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing, 100081People’s Republic of Chinawanly@nmefc.gov.cnFan WangKey Lab of Ocean Circulation andWavesInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai RoadQingdao, Shandong 266071People’s Republic of Chinafwang@ms.qdio.ac.cnJinhui WangMarine Ecological LabEast China Sea EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA630 Dongtang RoadPudong New DistrictShanghai, 200137People’s Republic of Chinawfisherd@online.sh.cnLijun WangNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinaljwang@nmemc.gov.cnYaobing WangNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinawang_yaobing@163.comYuyin WangNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of ChinaLindsay_1966@hotmail.com399

Participants-2007Zongling WangFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinawangzl@fio.org.cnChangshui XiaPhysical Oceanography DivisionFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinaxiacs@fio.org.cnRuguang YinNational Marine Data andInformation Service, SOA93 Liuwei Road, Hedong DistrictTianjin, 300171People’s Republic of Chinayrg@mail.nmdis.gov.cnXuelei ZhangFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinazhangxl@fio.org.cnZhaohui ZhangKey Lab for Marine EcologyFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinazhang@fio.org.cnDongzhi ZhaoMarine Environment RemoteSensingNational Marine EnvironmentalMonitoring Center, SOA42 Linghe Street, Shahekou DistrictDalian, Liaoning 116023People’s Republic of Chinadzzhao@nmemc.gov.cnLi ZhengFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinazhengli@fio.org.cnMingyuan ZhuKey Lab for Marine EcologyFirst Institute of OceanographySOA6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-Tech ParkQingdao, Shandong 266061People’s Republic of Chinamyzhu@public.qd.sd.cnPhilippinesLuzviminda Montallana DimaanoDepartment of Biological SciencesCollege of Science, University ofSanto TomasIpil Residence HallUniversity of the PhilippinesQuezon, 1101Philippineslmdimaano@mnl.ust.edu.phRepublic of KoreaKyung-Il ChangSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-guSeoul, 151-742Republic of Koreakichang@snu.ac.krJung-Hwa ChoiFisheries Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-upBusan, 619-902Republic of Koreachoijh@momaf.go.krSeok-Gwan ChoiCetacean Research InstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute,MOMAF139-29, Maeam-Dong, Nam-guUlsan, 680-050Republic of Koreasgchoi@nfrdi.re.krYong-Kyu ChoiOcean Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup,Gijang-gunBusan, 619-705Republic of Koreaykchoi@nfrdi.re.krSang-Deok ChungMarine BiologyPukyong National University559-1, Daeyon-3-dong, Nam-guBusan, 608-737Republic of Koreagadus@pknu.ac.krYoung Hyo ChungMinistry of Maritime Affairs &Fisheries (MOMAF)National Oceanographic ResearchInstitute (NORI)1-17, Hang-Dong 7-Ga, Jung-guIncheon, 400-800Republic of Koreaj03y27@momaf.go.kr400

Participants-2007Guo-Ying DuDepartment of Marine SciencePusan National UniversityBusan, 609-735Republic of Koreadgydou@yahoo.com.cnWoo-Seok GwakDivision of Marine BioscienceGyeongsang National UniversityTongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160Republic of Koreagwakws@yahoo.comPung-Guk JangMarine SciencePusan National University391 Changmok-ri Changmok-myonKoje-shi, Kyoungnam 656-830Republic of Koreapgjang@kordi.re.krSung-Tae JangOcean Climate and EnvironmentResearch DivisionKorea Ocean R&D InstituteP.O. Box 29Ansan, 425-600Republic of Koreastjang@kordi.re.krHee-Dong JeongMarine Environment ResearchTeamSouth Sea Fisheries ResearchInstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute347, Anpo-ri, Hwayang-MyeonYeosu 556-823Republic of Koreahdjeong@nfrdi.re.krChun-Ok JoSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National University19-116, Seoul, 151-747Republic of Koreacojo@tracer.snu.ac.krKyu-Kui JungSouth Sea Fisheries ResearchInstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute347 Anpo-ri, Hwayang-myeonYeosu, 556-823Republic of Koreakkjung@nfrdi.re.krDong-Jin KangSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanaka-kuSeoul, 151-742Republic of Koreadjocean@snu.ac.krHyung-Ku KangMarine Environment ResearchDepartmentKorea Ocean R&D InstituteAnsan P.O. Box 29Seoul, 425-600Republic of Koreakanghk@kordi.re.krYoung-Shil KangMarine Ecology Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-upGijang-kunBusan, 619-705Republic of Koreayskang@nfrdi.re.krHak-Gyoon KimDepartment of OceanographyPukyong National UniversityLotte Nakchondae Apt. 102Dong1405 Ho, BusanJung-dong, Haeundae-gu 612-847Republic of Koreahgkim7592@yahoo.co.krJin Sub KimMinistry of Maritime Affairs &Fisheries (MOMAF)National Oceanographic ResearchInstitute (NORI)1-17, Hang-Dong 7-Ga, Jung-guIncheon, 400-800Republic of Koreakjs8232@hanmail.netJin-Yeong KimHeadquarter for Fisheries ResourcesNational Fisheries R&D InstituteShirang ki, Kijang Eup, Kijang kunBusan, 619-705Republic of Koreajiykim@nfrdi.re.krJung-Jin KimDepartment of Marine BiologyPukyong National University559-1, Daeyon-3-dong, nam-guBusan, 608-737Republic of Koreatheocean81@hotmail.comSuam KimDepartment of Marine BiologyPukyong National University599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-guBusan, 608-737Republic of Koreasuamkim@pknu.ac.krYeong-Hye KimFisheries Resources Research TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1, Shirang-ri, Gijang-upGijang-gun, Busan, 619-902Republic of Koreayhkim@nfrdi.re.krYou-Jung KwonPukyong National UniversityDaeyon3-dong, Nam-guBusan, 608-737Republic of Koreayoujungkwon@gmail.comJae Bong LeeFisheries Resource ResearchNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-upGijang-gun, Busan, 619-905Republic of Korealeejb@nfrdi.re.krJong-Hee LeePukyong National UniversityDaeyeon3-dong, Nam-guBusan, 608-737Republic of Koreafrancis@pknu.ac.krKi-Tack LeeSchool of Environmental Scienceand EngineeringPohang University of Science andTechnologySan 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-guPohang, 790-784Republic of Koreaktl@postech.ac.krSam-Geon LeeMarine Environment DivisionAquaculture Environment Institute,NFRDI361 Yeongun-ri, Sanyang-upTongyeong, Kyeongnam 650-943Republic of Koreasglee@nfrdi.re.kr401

Participants-2007Sung-Il LeeFisheries Resources Research TeamEast Sea Fisheries ResearchInstitute30-6, Dongduk-Ri, Yeongok-MyeonGangnung, 210-861Republic of Koreasilee@momaf.go.krSun-Kil LeeFisheries Management TeamSouth Sea Fisheries ResearchInstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute#347, Anpori, HwayangmeonYeosu, 556-823Republic of Korealeesk@momaf.go.krYoon LeeMarine Harmful OrganismsResearch TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute,MOMAF408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up,Kijang-gunBusan, 619-902Republic of Koreayoonlee@momaf.go.krByung-Ho LimSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National University19-207A, SEES, San 56-1Shillim-dong, Gwanak-guSeoul, 151-742Republic of Koreabyungho.lim@gmail.comHyun-Jeong LimResearching Planning TeamNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1, Shirang-ri, Kijang-eupBusan, Kijang-gun 619-902Republic of Koreahjlim@nfrdi.re.krHong-Sik MinKorea Ocean R&D InstituteAnsan P.O. Box 29Seoul, 425-600Republic of Koreahsmin@kordi.re.krHanna NaSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul, 151-742Republic of Koreahanna.ocean@gmail.comIg-Chan PangOcean EnvironmentNational Fisheries R&D Institute408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-gunBusan, 609-902Republic of Koreapangig@cheju.ac.krHee-Won ParkMarine Production ManagementPukyong National UniversityBusan, 608-737R. Koreahwpark@pknu.ac.krYoung-Gyu ParkOcean Climate and EnvironmentResearch DivisionKorea Ocean R&D InstituteAnsan P.O. Box 29Seoul, 425-600Republic of Koreaypark@kordi.re.krYoung-Jae RoCollege of Natural SciencesChungnam National University220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-guDaejon-si, 305-764Republic of Korearoyoungj@cnu.ac.krJeong-Min ShimMarine BiologyNational Fisheries R&D InstituteGangneung, Gangwon-do 210-861Republic of Koreasjmred@hanmail.netIn-Ja YeonFishery Resources TeamWest Sea Fisheries ResearchInstituteNational Fisheries R&D Institute707, Eulwang-dong, Jung-guInchon, 400-420Republic of Koreaijyeon@nfrdi.re.krSin-Jae YooClimate Change Research DivisionKorea Ocean R&D InstituteSa-dong 1270Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-170Republic of Koreasjyoo@kordi.re.krJin-Hee YoonSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National UniversitySillim San 56-1Seoul, 151-742Republic of Koreajiny.yoon@gmail.comChang-Ik ZhangDepartment of Marine ProductsManagementPukyong National University599-1 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-guBusan, 608-737R. Koreacizhang@pknu.ac.krRussiaEvgenyi I. BarabanshchikovTINRO-Center4, Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky Territory690950Russiabarabanshchikov@tinro.ruTatyana A. BelanDepartment of Oceanography andMarine EcologyFar Eastern RegionalHydrometeorological Res. InstituteFontannaya Street 24Vladivostok,Primorsky Region 690091RussiaTbelan@ferhri.ruLev Nikolaevich BocharovAdministrationTINRO-CentreVladivostok, Prymorsky Region690950Russiakarulina@tinro.ru402

Participants-2007Victor F. BugaevKamchatNIRONaberezhnaya Street 18Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683000Russiabugaevv@kamniro.ruOleg A. BulatovBilogical Resources Laboratory ofFar East Seas, VNIRO17 Verkhnyaya KrasnoselskayaMoscow, 107140Russiaobulatov@vniro.ruAnastasia ChernovaFar Eastern RegionalHydrometeorological ResearchInstituteFontannaya Street 24Vladivostok, Primorsky Region690091Russiaachernova@ferhri.ruElena P. DulepovaLaboratory of AppliedBioceonologyTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky Region690950Russiadep@tinro.ruGalina S. GavrilovaHydrobiology DepartmentTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky Region690950Russiagavrilova@tinro.ruAlexander I. GlubokovVNIRO17 Verkhnyaya KrasnoselskayaMoscow, 107140Russiaglubokov@vniro.ruErvin N. KalininRAECENL8, MilitceyskayaYuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin693000Russiaervin.kalinin@exxonmobil.comOleg N. KatuginFsheries Resources of the FarEastern SeasTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorye 690950Russiakatugin@tinro.ruNikoliona Petkova KovatchevaCrustacean ReproductionLaboratoryVNIRO17 Verkhnyaya KrasnoselskayaMoscow, 107140Russianikolinak@mail.ruVictor I. KuzinMathematical Modeling of theAtmosphere and Ocean PhysicsSiberian Division of the RussianAcademy of Sciences6 Lavrentieva AvenueNovosibirsk-90, 630090Russiakuzin@sscc.ruOlga N. LukyanovaLab of Applied Ecology andEcotoxicologyTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, 690950Russiaonlukyanova@tinro.ruGeorgiy S. MoiseenkoInformation Systems LaboratoryVNIRO17 V. KrasnoselskayaMoscow, 107140Russiageorgem@vniro.ruVadim V. NavrotskyV.I. Il’ichev Pacific OceanologicalInstitute, FEB RASBaltiyskaya Street 43Vladivostok, 690041Russianavrotskyv@poi.dvo.ruVasily RadashevskyInstitute of Marine BiologyFEB RASPalchevsky Street 17Vladivostok, 690041Russiavasily@ufpr.brVladimir I. RadchenkoSakhNIROKomsomolskaya Street 196Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693023Russiavlrad@sakhniro.ruKonstantin A. RogachevV.I. Il’ichev Pacific OceanologicalInstitute, FEB RASBaltiyskaya Street 43VladivostokPrimorsky Region 690041Russiarogachev@poi.dvo.ruNatalia Ivanovna RudykhV.I. Il’ichev Pacific OceanologicalInstitute, FEB RAS64 Kirov Street, Apt. 338Vladivostok, Primorsky Region690068Russiarudykh@poi.dvo.ruGeorge V. ShevchenkoSakhNIROKomsomolskaya Street 196Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693023Russiashevchenko@sakhniro.ruIgor I. ShevchenkoInformation TechnologyTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok 690950Russiaigor@tinro.ruMikhail StepanenkoTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok 690950Russiastepanenko@tinro.ruYulia N. TananaevaLaboratory of Climate Bases ofBioproductivity, VNIRO17 Verkhnyaya KrasnoselskayaMoscow, 107140Russiajulian9@mail.ruTatiana Illarionovna TolstiakKamchatNIRONaberedznaya Street 18Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683000Russiagrohotova@kamniro.ru403

Participants-2007Olga O. TrusenkovaLaboratory of PhysicalOceanographyV.I. Il’ichev Pacific OceanologicalInstitute, FEB RASBaltiyskaya Street 43Vladivostok, Primorsky Region690041Russiatrolia@poi.dvo.ruOlga Yurievna TyurnevaInstitute of Marine BiologyFEB RASOceanskiy Prospect 98-65Vladivostok, 690002Russiaolga-tyurneva@yandex.ruElena I. UstinovaLaboratory of FisheriesOceanographyTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, 690950Russiaeustinova@mail.ruYury I. ZuenkoJapan Sea and North-West PacificOceanographyTINRO-Center4 Shevchenko AlleyVladivostok, Primorsky Region690950Russiazuenko@tinro.ruU.S.A.Vera N. AgostiniPew Institute for Ocean ScienceRosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric ScienceUniversity of Miami4600 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149U.S.A.VAgostini@rsmas.miami.eduAnthony Paul Allison5221 38th Ave NESeattle, WA 98105U.S.A.anthonyallison@comcast.netToby Daniel AuthCIMRSHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.toby.auth@noaa.govKerim Y. AydinAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-0070U.S.A.Kerim.Aydin@noaa.govKimberly Y. BahlJISAOUniversity of Washington7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.kimberly.bahl@noaa.govSusan BanahanJoint Oceanographic Institutions1201 New York AvenueWashington, DC 20005U.S.A.sbanahan@joiscience.orgJack A. Barth*College of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97331-5503U.S.A.barth@coas.oregonstate.edu*representative of NANOOSHarold P. BatchelderCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97331-5503U.S.A.hbatchelder@coas.oregonstate.eduJessica BeetzSAFSUniversity of Washington1226 N 46th StreetSeattle, WA 98103U.S.A.jbeetz@u.washington.eduWilliam R. BechtolSchool of Fisheries and OceanSciences, Juneau CenterUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks11120 Glacier HwyJuneau, AK 99801U.S.A.b.bechtol@uaf.eduMichael BehrenfeldDept. of Botany and PlantPathologyOregon State University2082 Cordley HallCorvallis, OR 97331U.S.A.mjb@science.oregonstate.eduBrian D. BillNOAA Fisheries2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.brian.d.bill@noaa.govSteven James BogradNOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-ERD1352 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove, CA 93950U.S.A.steven.bograd@noaa.govJohn BrandonSchool of Aquatic and Fishery Sci.University of Washington1122 NE Boat StreetSeattle, WA 98105U.S.A.jbrandon@u.washington.edu404

Participants-2007Richard D. BrodeurFish Ecology DivisionNWFSC/NMFSHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.Rick.Brodeur@noaa.govEd CasillasNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNMFS, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.edmundo.casillas@noaa.govFei ChaiSchool of Marine SciencesUniversity of Maine5706 Aubert HallOrono, ME 04469U.S.A.fchai@maine.eduM. Elizabeth ClarkeDOC/NOAA/NMFSNWFSC/FRAM2725 Montlake Blvd E, F/NWC4Seattle, WA 98112U.S.A.Elizabeth.Clarke@noaa.govJim ColbertCooperative Institute for MarineResources StudiesOregon State University2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.jim.colbert@oregonstate.eduJeremy Steven CollieGraduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansestt, RI 02882U.S.A.jcollie@gso.uri.eduM. Elizabeth ConnersAlaska Fisheries Science CenterREFM/NMFS7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.liz.conners@noaa.govEnrique N. CurchitserInstitute for Marine and CoastalSciencesRutgers University71 Dudley RoadNew Brunswick, NJ 08901U.S.A.enrique@marine.rutgers.eduMichael J. DaggLouisiana Universities MarineConsortium8124 Highway 56Chauvin, LA 70344U.S.A.mdagg@lumcon.eduEmanuele Di LorenzoSchool of Earth and AtmosphericSciencesGeorgia Institute of Technology311 Ferst DriveAtlanta, GA 30332U.S.A.edl@gatech.eduReka DomokosPacific Islands Fisheries ScienceCenterNMFS, NOAA2570 Dole StreetHonolulu, HI 96822-2396U.S.A.reka.domokos@noaa.govPaige DrobnySFOSUniversity of Alaska FairbanksP.O. Box 83209Fairbanks, AK 99708U.S.A.fsspd@uaf.eduRichard A. FeelyOcean Climate Research DivisionPacific Marine EnvironmentalLaboratory7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.Richard.A.Feely@noaa.govBlake Edward FeistNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.Blake.Feist@noaa.govZach A FerdanaConservation ScienceThe Nature Conservancy1917 First AvenueSeattle, Washington 98101U.S.A.zferdana@tnc.orgJerome FiechterOcean SciencesUniversity of California, Santa Cruz1156 High StreetSanta Cruz, CA 95064U.S.A.fiechter@ucsc.eduDavid Lincoln FluhartySchool of Marine AffairsUniversity of Washington3707 Brooklyn Avenue NESeattle, Washington 98105U.S.A.fluharty@u.washington.eduDavid FoleyJoint Institute for Marine andAtmospheric ResearchUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaNOAA SWFSC/ERD1352 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove, 93950U.S.A.dave.foley@noaa.govSarah K GaichasREFM DivisionNMFS Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenter, Bldg. 47600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Sarah.Gaichas@noaa.govHernan Eduardo GarciaOcean Climate LaboratoryNOAA-NODCSSMC-III, E/OC5, Room 42301315 East-West HighwaySilver Spring, MD 20910-3282U.S.A.Hernan.Garcia@noaa.govAnand GnanadesikanBiospheric Processes GroupNOAA GFDLPrinceton UniversityForrestal Campus201 Forrestal RoadPrinceton, NJ 08549-6649U.S.A.Anand.Gnanadesikan@noaa.gov405

Participants-2007Justin R. GrubichOffice of Marine Conservation /Office of Oceans AffairsDepartment of StateRoom 5806, 2201 C St. NWWashington, DC 20520U.S.A.GrubichJR@state.govMelissa Ann HaltuchNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration2725 Montlake Boulevard EastSeattle, WA 98112-2097U.S.A.melissa.haltuch@noaa.govChristopher J. HarveyNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNOAA Fisheries2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.Chris.Harvey@noaa.govPaul HeimowitzU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceRegion 1911 NE 11th Avenue 6EPortland, OR 97232-4181U.S.A.paul_heimowitz@fws.govAlbert Joseph HermannJoint Institute for the Study ofAtmosphere and OceanUniversity of WashingtonPacific Marine EnvironmentalLaboratory7600 Sand Point way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Albert.J.Hermann@noaa.govJulian HerndonRomberg Tiburon Center forEnvironmental StudiesSan Francisco State University3192 Paradise DriveTiburon, CA 94920U.S.A.jherndon@sfsu.eduKevin T. HillSouthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service8604 La Jolla Shores DriveLa Jolla, California 92037U.S.A.Kevin.Hill@noaa.govAnne B. HollowedNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNOAAAlaska Fisheries Science Center7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.Anne.Hollowed@noaa.govCarrie A. HoltSchool of Aquatic and FisherySciencesUniversity of WashingtonBox 355020Seattle, WA 98195U.S.A.caholt@u.washington.eduGeorge L. Hunt, Jr.*School of Aquatic and FisherySciencesUniversity of WashingtonBox 355020Seattle, WA 98195U.S.A.geohunt2@u.washington.edu*representative of BESTK. David HyrenbachSchool of Aquatic and FisherySciencesUniversity of WashingtonBox 355020Seattle, WA 98195U.S.A.khyrenba@duke.eduDesmond JohnsUniversity of Maryland Center forEnvironmental Sciences2020 Horns Point RoadBox 775Cambridge, MD 21613U.S.A.djohns@hpl.umces.eduCarrie JohnsonCIMRSOregon State University2030 S Marine Science DriveHatfield Marine Science CenterNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.Carrie.Johnson@oregonstate.eduGregory C JohnsonNOAA/PMEL/OCRD, Bldg. 37600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.gregory.c.johnson@noaa.govJulie E. KeisterCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97370U.S.A.jkeister@coas.oregonstate.eduAimee KellerNWFSC, FRAMDNOAA/NMFS2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.aimee.keller@noaa.govRobert KeyAOS ProgramPrinceton University300 Forrestal RoadSayre HallPrinceton, NJ 08544U.S.A.key@princeton.eduJulian Anthony (Tony) KoslowCalifornia Cooperative OceanicFisheries InvestigationsScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, S.D.La Jolla, California 92093-0218U.S.A.tkoslow@ucsd.eduStan KotwickiAFSC/NOAA7600 Sand Point Way NEBldg. 4Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.stan.kotwicki@noaa.govAlexander KozyrCarbon Dioxide InformationAnalysis CenterEnvironmental Science DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryU.S. Department of EnergyBldg. 1509, Mail Stop 6335Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335U.S.A.kozyra@ornl.govGordon H. KruseUniversity of Alaska FairbanksJuneau Center11120 Glacier HighwayJuneau, AK 99801-8677U.S.A.Gordon.Kruse@uaf.edu406

Participants-2007Carol LaddNOAA/PMEL7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Carol.Ladd@noaa.govBenjamin J. LaurelNOAA FisheriesHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.ben.laurel@noaa.govHenry Lee IIPacific Coastal Ecology BranchU.S., EPA2111 SE Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.lee.henry@epa.govBrie LindseyCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR 97331U.S.A.blindsey@coas.oregonstate.eduJason LinkFood Web Dynamics ProgramNOAA Fisheries166 Water StreetWoods Hole, MA 02543U.S.A.jason.link@noaa.govMarisa Norma Chantal LitzFisheries and WildlifeOregon State University2030 S Marine Science DriveHatfield Marine Science CenterNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.litzm@onid.orst.eduPatricia LivingstonAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA Fisheries7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.Pat.Livingston@noaa.govElizabeth A. LogerwellResource Ecol. and Fish. Mngmt.Alaska Fisheries Science CenterP.O. Box 15700 F/AKC2Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Libby.Logerwell@noaa.govAmoreena MacFadyenSchool of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonBox 3Seattle, WA 98195U.S.A.amoreena@ocean.washington.eduNathan MantuaSchool of Aquatic and FisherySciencesUniversity of WashingtonBox 355020Seattle, WA 98195-5020U.S.A.nmantua@u.washington.eduBrad MardenSchool of Aquatic & FisheriesSciencesUniversity of Washington1122 Boat StreetSeattle, WA 98195U.S.A.bmarden@u.washington.eduRoman Marin IIIResearch and DevelopmentMBARI7700 Sandholdt RoadMoss Landing, CA 95039U.S.A.maro@mbari.orgSusanne Finckh McDermottAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service7600 Sand Point Way NE F/AKC2Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Susanne.Mcdermott@noaa.govBernard A. MegreyAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceNOAA7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.Bern.Megrey@noaa.govJennifer L. MenkelCIMRSOregon State UniversityHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.jennifer.menkel@oregonstate.eduArthur J. MillerClimate Research DivisionScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaNierenberg Hall, Room 439La Jolla, CA 92093-0224U.S.A.ajmiller@ucsd.eduCharles B. MillerCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97331-5503U.S.A.cmiller@coas.oregonstate.eduFranz Josef MueterSigma Plus697 Fordham DriveFairbanks, AK 99709U.S.A.fmueter@alaska.netPhillip R. MundyAuke Bay Laboratories/TSMRIAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA17109 Point Lena Loop RoadJuneau, AK 99801U.S.A.Phil.mundy@noaa.govSteven A. MurawskiOffice of the AssistantAdmininstratorNOAA Fisheries Service1315 East-West Highway, SSMC#Room 14659Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282U.S.A.Steve.Murawski@noaa.govJeffrey M. NappAlaska Fisheries Science CenterNOAA - Fisheries7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 4Seattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.Jeff.Napp@noaa.govSandi NeidetcherAlaska Fisheries Science Center7600 Sand Point Way, F/Ak 2Seattle, Wa 98155U.S.A.Sandi.Neidetcher@noaa.gov407

Participants-2007Brenda L. NorcrossSchool of Fisheries and OceanSciencesUniversity of Alaska FairbanksP.O. Box 757220Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220U.S.A.norcross@ims.uaf.eduIvonne OrtizNOAA FisheriesNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.ivonne@u.washington.eduJames E. OverlandNOAAPacific Marine EnvironmentalLaboratory7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.James.E.Overland@noaa.govJudith PedersonMIT Sea Grant College ProgramMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology252 Main Street, Room E38-300Cambridge, MA 02139U.S.A.jpederso@mit.eduTristan PeeryOSU104 Ocean Admin. Bldg.Corvalis, OR 97330U.S.A.tpeery@coas.oregonstate.eduWilliam T. PetersonNOAA-FisheriesHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.Bill.Peterson@noaa.govA. Jason PhillipsCooperative Institute for MarineResources StudiesOregon State University2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.anthony.phillips@noaa.govSamuel G. PooleyU.S. Department of CommerceNOAA/NMFS Pacific IslandsFisheries Science Center2570 Dole StreetHonolulu, HI 96822-2396U.S.A.samuel.pooley@noaa.govJennifer E. PurcellShannon Point Marine CenterWestern Washington University1900 Shannon Point RoadAnacortes, Washington 98221U.S.A.purcelj3@wwu.eduKimberly RandUniversity of WashingtonNOAA/Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenter7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, 98115U.S.A.kimberly.rand@noaa.govPeter S. RandState of the SalmonWild Salmon Center721 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 300Portland, OR 97209U.S.A.prand@wildsalmoncenter.orgRolf R. ReamNational Marine MammalLaboratoryNational Marine Fisheries Service7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 4Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.rolf.ream@noaa.govJ.E. Jack RenselRensel Associates Aquatic Sciences4209 234th Street NEArlington, WA 98223U.S.A.jackrensel@att.netGil RilovZoology DepartmentOregon State UniversityCordley 3029Corvallis, OR 97331-2914U.S.A.rilovg@science.oregonstate.eduDavid A. Rivas CamargoCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97331-5503U.S.A.drivas@coas.oregonstate.eduThomas C. RoyerOcean, Earth and AtmosphericSciencesCenter for Coastal PhysicalOceanographyOld Dominion UniversityResearch Bldg. #1Norfolk, VA 23529U.S.A.royer@ccpo.odu.eduGregory M. RuizSmithsonian EnvironmentalResearch CenterSmithsonian InstitutionP.O. Box 28Edgewater, Maryland 21037U.S.A.ruizg@si.eduSteve RumrillDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Oregon63466 Boat Basin DriveCharleston, OR 97420U.S.A.jeanne.cureton@verizon.netMichael B. RustREUTNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.Mike.Rust@noaa.govJames J. RuzickaCooperative Institute for MarineResources StudiesOregon State UniversityHatfield Marine Science Center2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.jim.ruzicka@noaa.govChristopher L. Sabine*Pacific Marine Environmental LabNOAA7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.chris.sabine@noaa.gov*representative of GCP408

Participants-2007Nicholas SagalkinADFandG211 Mission RoadKodiak, AK 99615U.S.A.nick.sagalkin@alaska.govJarrod SantoraDepartment of BiologyCollege of Staten Island-CUNY2800 Victory BoulevardStaten Island, NY 10314U.S.A.jasantora@gmail.comNandita SarkarEnvironmental Research DivisionNMFS, NOAA1352 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove, CA 93950U.S.A.nandita.sarkar@noaa.govMichael J. SchirripaFishery Resource Analysis andMonitoring DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science Center2032 Southeast OSU DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.Michael.Schirripa@noaa.govIsaac Dale SchroederSouthwest Fisheries Science CenterEnvironmental Research DivisionNOAA1352 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove, CA 93950U.S.A.Isaac.Schroeder@noaa.govCaroline Tracy ShawCIMRSOregon State University2030 S Marine Science DriveHatfield Marine Science CenterNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.tracy.shaw@noaa.govVictor SimonNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNOAA Fisheries Service2725 Montlake Blvd.Seattle, WA 98103U.S.A.victor.simon@noaa.govDongwha SohnCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State University104 COAS Admin. Bldg.Corvallis, OR 97331-5503U.S.A.dsohn@coas.oregonstate.eduDavid A. SomertonRACEAlaska Fisheries Science Center7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.David.Somerton@noaa.govJohn E. SteinNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112-2097U.S.A.John.E.Stein@noaa.govJeremy Todd SterlingNOAANational Marine MammalLaboratory7600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Jeremy.Sterling@noaa.govAndrei V. SuntsovNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNOAA2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.asuntsov@mail.ruWilliam J. SydemanPRBO Conservation Science3820 Cypress Drive # 11Petaluma, CA 94954U.S.A.wsydeman@comcast.netMark D. SytsmaAquatic Bioinvasion Research andPolicy InstitutePortland State UniversityEnvironmental Science andResourcesP.O. Box 751Portland, OR 97207-0751U.S.A.sytsmam@pdx.eduMotomitsu TakahashiIntegrative Oceanography DivisionScripps Institution of Oceanography9500 Gilman DriveLa Jolla, CA 92039-0218U.S.A.takahamt@coast.ucsd.eduTaro TakahashiLamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityP.O. Box 100061 Route 9WPalisades, NY 10964-8000U.S.A.taka@ldeo.columbia.eduNathan G. TaylorSchool of Fisheries and AquaticSciencesUniversity of WashingtonBox 355020Seattle, WA 98103-5020U.S.A.ngtaylor@u.washington.eduAndrew ThomasSchool of Marine SciencesUniversity of Maine5706 Aubert HallOrono, ME 04469-5706U.S.A.thomas@maine.eduLouise TiemanSaigene Corporation3110 Judson St. PMB 45Gig Harbor, WA 98335U.S.A.Louise@saigenelabs.comCarmelo R. TomasCenter for Marine ScienceUniversity of North CarolinaWilmington, NC 28409U.S.A.tomasc@uncw.eduVera L. TrainerNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112U.S.A.Vera.L.Trainer@noaa.govCindy Ann TribuzioSch. Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks11120 Glacier HighwayJuneau, AK 99801U.S.A.ftcat@uaf.edu409

Participants-2007Dan UrbanAlaska Department of Fish andGame211 Mission RoadKodiak, Alaska 99615U.S.A.dan.urban@alaska.govKray Van KirkJuneau School of Fisheries andOcean SciencesUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks1015 Arctic CircleJuneau, Alaska 99801U.S.A.ftkv@uaf.eduThomas C. WainwrightNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service2030 S Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365-5296U.S.A.thomas.wainwright@noaa.govW. Waldo WakefieldNOAA National Marine FisheriesService, Northwest FisheriesScience Center2032 SE OSU DriveNewport, OR 97365U.S.A.waldo.wakefield@noaa.govMuyin WangJISAOUniversity of Washington7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg. 3Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.muyin.wang@noaa.govC. Michael WatsonOffice of EnvironmentalAssessmentU.S., EPA Region 101200 Sixth AvenueOEA-095Seattle, WA 98101U.S.A.watson.michael@epa.govKen WeinbergResource Assessment andConservation Engineering DivisionNOAA, Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenter7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg 4Seattle, WA 98115U.S.A.Ken.Weinberg@noaa.govBrian K. WellsNOAA Fisheries110 Shaffer RoadSanta Cruz, CA 95060U.S.A.brian.wells@noaa.govFrancisco E. Werner*Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of North Carolina340 Chapman Hall, CB# 3300Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300U.S.A.cisco@unc.edurepresentative of GLOBECPatricia A. WheelerCollege of Oceanic andAtmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityOcean Administration Bldg. 104Corvallis, OR 97331U.S.A.pwheeler@coas.oregonstate.eduCurt E. WhitmireFRAMDNOAA Fisheries/NWFSC2725 Montlake Boulevard EF/NWC4Seattle, WA 98112-2097U.S.A.Curt.Whitmire@noaa.govDoug WoodbyCommercial Fisheries DivisionAlaska Department of Fish andGameP.O. Box 115526Juneau, Alaska 99811-5526U.S.A.doug.woodby@alaska.govJie ZhengAlaska Department of Fish andGameDivision of Commercial FisheriesP.O. Box 115526Juneau, AK 99811-5526U.S.A.jie.zheng@alaska.govUnited KingdomMichel J. KaiserSchool of Ocean SciencesUniversity of Wales-BangorMenai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5ABUnited Kingdommichel.kaiser@bangor.ac.ukDave ReidFishing Rechnology and FishBehaviourFRS Marine LaboratoryP.O. BOX 101375 Victoria RoadAberdeen, Scotland AB11 9DBUnited Kingdomreiddg@marlab.ac.ukAlex David RogersInstitute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonRegent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RYUnited KingdomAlex.Rogers@ioz.ac.ukBeth E. ScottSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenTillydrone AvenueAberdeen, Scotland AB24 2TZUnited Kingdomb.e.scott@abdn.ac.uk410

Participants-2007OrganizationsRepresentatives of organizations who are primarily involved in PICES scientific activities are listed here by name only. Theircontact information can be found under their respective countries.APEC-FWGRobert DayFisheries and Oceans Canada200 Kent StreetOttawa, ON K1A 0E6Canadadayr@dfo-mpo.gc.caArgoHoward J. FreelandBESTGeorge L. Hunt, Jr.CLIVAR/WCRPWilliam R. CrawfordESSASKenneth DrinkwaterInstitute of Marine ResearchBox 1870, NordnesBergen, N-5817Norwayken.drinkwater@imr.noGCPChristopher L. SabineGLOBECFrancisco E. WernerIAMSLICBrian VossNOAA Seattle LibraryE/OC43 - Bldg. 37600 Sand Point Way NESeattle, WA 98115-6349U.S.A.brian.voss@noaa.govJanet WebsterHatfield Marine Science CenterOregon State University2030 S. Marine Science DriveNewport, OR 97365USAJanet.webster@oregonstate.eduIASCMartin BergmannDepartment of Fisheries and Oceans501 University CrescentWinnipeg, MB R3T 2N6CanadaIATTCRichard DerisoInter-American Tropical TunaCommission8604 La Jolla Shores DriveLa Jolla, Ca 92037U.S.A.rderiso@iattc.orgICESGerd HuboldICESH.C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46Copenhagen, DK 1553Denmarkgerd@ices.dkAdolf Karl KellermannScience ProgrammeICESH.C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46Copenhagen V, 1553Denmarkadi@ices.dkIMBERJulie A. HallNIWAP.O. Box 11-15Hillcrest, Hamilton, 2001New Zealandj.hall@niwa.co.nzIOCCPMaria HoodIntergovernmental OceanographicCommission-UNESCO1 rue MiollisParis, Cedex 15 75015Francem.hood@unesco.orgIOC/GOOSHenrik EnevoldsenIntergovernmental OceanographicCommission of UNESCOIOC Science and CommunicationCentre on Harmful AlgaeUniversity of CopenhagenO. Farimagsgade 2DCopenhagen 1353 KDenmarkh.enevoldsen@unesco.orgIPHCBruce Michael LeamanInternational Pacific HalibutCommissionP.O. Box 95009Seattle, WA 98145-2009U.S.A.bruce@iphc.washington.eduSteven R. HareInternational Pacific HalibutCommissionP.O. Box 95009Seattle, WA 98145-2009U.S.A.hare@iphc.washington.eduIWCHidehiro KatoNPAFCShigehiko UrawaNorth Pacific Anadromous FishCommissionSuite 502, 889 West Pender StreetVancouver, BC V6C 3B2Canadasecretariat@npafc.orgJim IrvineNorth Pacific Anadromous FishCommissionSuite 502, 889 West Pender StreetVancouver, BC V6C 3B2Canadasecretariat@npafc.orgNPRBCarrie EischensNorth Pacific Research Board1007 West Third Avenue, Suite 100Anchorage, AK 99501U.S.A.carrie.eischens@nprb.orgClarence PautzkeNorth Pacific Research Board1007 West 3rd Avenue, Suite 100Anchorage, AK 99501U.S.A.cpautzke@nprb.org411

Participants-2007NPRBFrancis Karl WieseNorth Pacific Research Board1007 W 3rd AvenueSuite 100Anchorage, AK 99501U.S.A.francis.wiese@nprb.orgNANOOSJack A. BarthPaCOOSUsha VaranasiPaCOOS, National Marine FisheriesService, NOAA2725 Montlake Boulevard ESeattle, WA 98112-3217U.S.A.SCORBjørn SundbySCORDepartment of Earth and PlanetarySciencesMcGill University3450 University StreetMontreal, QC H3A 2A7CanadaBjorn_Sundby@uqar.qc.caSOLASShigenobu TakedaWESTPACWenxi ZhuUNESCO-IOC/WESTPACRegional Secretariatc/o Department of Marine andCoastal Resources92 PhahBangkok, 10400Thailandz.wenxi@unescobkk.orgWPRFMCMarcia HamiltonWestern Pacific Fishery RegionalManagement Council1164 Bishop Street #1400Honolulu, HI 96813U.S.A.Marcia.Hamilton@noaa.govPICESTokio WadaPICES ChairmanFisheries Research AgencyQueen’s Tower B 15F2-3-3 Minato Mirai, Nishi-kuYokohama 220-6115, Japanwadat@affrc.go.jpVera AlexanderPICES Past ChairmanSchool of Fisheries and OceanSciences, University of AlaskaFairbanks,P.O. Box 757220Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220U.S.A.vera@sfos.uaf.eduKuh KimScience Board ChairmanSchool of Earth and EnvironmentalSciencesSeoul National UniversitySan 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanaka-kuSeoul 151-742R. Koreakuhkim@snu.ac.krAlexander BychkovExecutive SecretaryPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadabychkov@pices.intChristina ChiuDeputy Executive Secretary onAdministrationPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadachristina@pices.intStewart (Skip) M. McKinnellDeputy Executive SecretaryPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadamckinnell@pices.intXuewu GuoPICES InternPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadaguo@pices.intRosalie RutkaPICES Administrative AssistantPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadarrutka@pices.intJulia YazvenkoDatabase and Web AdministratorPICES SecretariatP.O. Box 6000Sidney, BC V8L 4B2Canadasecretariat@pices.int412

PICES Acronyms-2007LIST OF PICES ACRONYMSBASS (TT) Basin Studies Task Team (Oct. 1995 – Oct. 2004)BIOBiological Oceanography CommitteeCCCC-IP/EC Executive Committee of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity ProgramImplementation PanelCC-SSection on Carbon and ClimateCFAME (TT) Climate Forcing and Marine Ecosystem Response Task Team (Oct. 2004 – )CPR-AP Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North PacificCREAMS-AP Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal SeasF&AFinance and Administration CommitteeFERRRS Study Group on Fisheries and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Regime Shifts (Oct.2003 – Oct. 2004)FISFishery Science CommitteeFUTURE Forecasting and Understanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responses of the North PacificEcosystemGCGoverning CouncilHAB-S Section on Harmful Algal BloomsIFEP-AP Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic PacificMBM-AP Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and MammalsMEQMarine Environmental Quality CommitteeMIE-AP Advisory Panel on Micronekton Inter-calibration ExperimentMODEL (TT) Conceptual/Theoretical and Modeling Studies Task Team (Oct. 1995 – )MONITOR Formerly Task Team on Monitoring (Oct. 1997 – Oct. 2004), renamed to TechnicalCommittee on Monitoring (Oct. 2004 – )NEMURO North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional OceanographyNEMURO.FISH NEMURO For Including Saury and HerringNEMURO.SAN NEMURO for Sardine and Anchovy populationsNEXT (TT) NEMURO Experimental Plan Task Team (Oct. 2002 – Oct. 2003)NPDB-AP North Pacific Data Buoy Advisory Panel (Oct. 2001 – Oct. 2006)NPESR Working Group on North Pacific Ecosystem Status Report (Oct. 2002 – Oct. 2004)PICES North Pacific Marine Science OrganizationPOCPhysical Oceanography and Climate CommitteeREX (TT) Regional Experiments Task Team (Oct. 1996 – Oct. 2004)RHLF Relocation and Home Leave FundSBScience BoardSG-CB Study Group on PICES Capacity Building (Oct. 2002 – Oct. 2003)SG-COM Study Group on PICES Communication (Oct. 2007 – )SG-EBM Study Group on Ecosystem-based Management Science and its Application to theNorth Pacific (Oct. 2003 – Oct. 2004)SG-ESR Study Group on Ecosystem Status Reporting (Oct. 2006 – )SG-FISP Study Group on Future Integrative Scientific Program(s) (May 2005 – )SG-GOOS Study Group to develop a strategy for GOOS (Oct. 2006 – )SG-MAR Study Group on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES Region (Oct. 2006 –2007)SG-RPFR Study Group on PICES Rules of Procedure and Financial Regulations (Oct. 2004 –Oct. 2006)SG-SC Study Group on Scientific Cooperation between PICES and Non-member Countries(Oct. 2006 – )413

PICES Acronyms-2007SISG Study Group on PICES Strategic Plan (Oct. 2003 – Oct. 2004)TCODE Technical Committee on Data ExchangeTRFTrust FundWCFWorking Capital FundWG-1 Working Group on Okhotsk Sea and Oyashio Region (Oct.1992 – Oct. 1993)WG-2 Working Group on Development of Common Assessment Methodology for MarinePollution (Oct.1992 – Oct. 1994)WG-3 Working Group on Dynamics of Small Pelagics in Coastal Ecosystems (Oct.1992 –Oct. 1995)WG-4 Working Group on Data Collection and Quality Control (Oct.1992 – Oct. 1994)WG-5 Working Group on Bering Sea (Oct.1992 – Oct. 1996)WG-6 Working Group on Subarctic Gyre (Oct. 1992 – Oct. 1994)WG-7 Working Group on Modeling of the Subarctic North Pacific Circulation (Oct. 1993 –Oct. 1995)WG-8 Working Group on Practical Assessment Methodology (Oct. 1994 – Oct. 2000)WG-9 Working Group on Subarctic Pacific Monitoring (Oct. 1994 – Oct. 1997)WG-10 Working Group on Circulation and Ventilation in the Japan/East Sea (Oct. 1995 – Oct.1999)WG-11 Working Group on Consumption of Marine Resources by Marine Birds and Mammals(Oct. 1995 – Oct. 1999)WG-12 Working Group on Crabs and Shrimps (Oct. 1995 – Oct. 2001)WG-13 Working Group on Carbon Dioxide in the North Pacific (Oct. 1997 – Oct. 2002)WG-14 Working Group on Effective Sampling of Micronekton to Estimate Ecosystem CarryingCapacity (Oct. 1997 – Oct. 2004)WG-15 Working Group on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the North Pacific (Oct.1999 – Oct. 2003)WG-16 Working Group on Climate Change, Shifts in Fish Production, and FisheriesManagement (Oct. 1999 – Oct. 2005)WG-17 Working Group on Biogeochemical Data Integration and Synthesis (Oct. 2001 – Oct.2005)WG-18 Working Group on Mariculture in the 21st Century – The Intersection betweenEcology, Socio-economics and Production (Oct. 2003 – Oct. 2006)WG-19 Working Group on Ecosystem-based Management Science and its Application to theNorth Pacific (Oct. 2004 – )WG-20 Working Group on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (Oct. 2005 – )WG-21 Working Group on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (Oct. 2005 – )WG-22 Working Group on Iron Supply and its Impact on Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems inthe North Pacific Ocean (Oct. 2007 – )WG-23 Working Group on Comparative Ecology of Krill in Coastal and Oceanic Watersaround the Pacific Rim (Oct. 2007 – )414

Acronyms-2007ACRONYMSAFSAmerican Fisheries SocietyAFSCAlaska Fisheries Science CenterAISAquatic Invasive SpeciesALOSAdvanced Land Observing SystemAOOSAlaska Ocean Observing SystemAPECAsia Pacific Economic CooperationASCAnnual Science Conference, ICESASPAmnesic shellfish poisoningBASISBering-Aleutian Salmon International Survey, NPAFCBCLMEBenguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem programmeBESTBering Ecosystem StudyBSIERPBering Sea Integrated Ecosystem Research ProgramCAComprehensive AssessmentCalCOFI California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries InvestigationsCAISNCanadian Aquatic Invasive Species NetworkCAMEO Comparative Analysis of Marine Ecosystem Organization, NOAACARBO-OCEAN Marine carbon sources and sinks assessmentCARINA Carbon in the North Atlantic projectCCAMLR Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living ResourcesCCE-LTER California Current Ecosystem – Long-Term Ecological ResearchCCHDOCLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data OfficeCCRSCenter for Climate System Research, University of TokyoCCSCalifornia Current SystemCDIACCarbon Dioxide Information and Analysis CenterCDNCanadian dollarCEOHAB Chinese Ecology and Oceanography on Harmful Algal Blooms programCFCChloro-fluorocarbonsCIBNOR Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del NoroesteCITESConvention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesCLIOTOP Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top PredatorsCLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability ProgramChloroGIN Chlorophyll Ocean Globally Integrated NetworkCMSConvention on Migratory SpeciesCOCO-NEMURO CCSR Ocean Component Model-NEMUROCRESTCore Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyDFODepartment of Fisheries and Oceans, CanadaDICDissolved Inorganic CarbonDMASData Management and Archival SystemDMCRDepartment of Marine and Coastal Resources, ThailandDOCDissolved Organic CarbonDSPDiarrheic Shellfish PoisoningEAMEcosystem Approach to ManagementEAST-I, -II East Asian Seas Time-Series-I, -IIEBMEcosystem-Based ManagementECCOEstimating the Circulation and Climate of the OceanEcopath/Ecosim Ecological/Ecosystem modeling softwareECSEast China Sea415

Acronyms-2007ECYSEast China/Yellow SeasEDRREarly Detection and Rapid ResponseEEZ.Exclusive Economic ZoneEPAEnvironmental Protection Agency, U.S.ERAIMAEnvironmental Risk Assessment and Interactions of Marine AquacultureESMFEarth Systems Modeling FrameworkESREcosystem Status ReportESSAREcosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic RegionsESSASEcosystem Studies of the Sub-Arctic SeasEur-OCEANS European Network of Excellence for Ocean Ecosystems AnalysisFDGCFederal Geographic Data Committee, U.S.A.FVCOMFinite Volume Coastal Ocean ModelEVOSTCExxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee CouncilFAOFood and Agriculture Organization, UNFAO-COFI FAO’s Committee on Fisheries InternationalFEISFisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, JapanFERHRIFar Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research InstituteFERRRSFisheries and Ecosystem Responses to Recent Regime ShiftsFGDCFederal Geographic Data Committee, U.S.A.FRAFisheries Research Agency of JapanFTPFile Transfer ProtocolFUTUREForecasting and Understanding Trends, Uncertainty and Responses of NorthPacific EcosystemsFVCOMFinite Volume Coastal Ocean ModelF&WSFish and Wildlife Service, U.S.GCPGlobal Carbon ProjectGEOHABGlobal Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal BloomsGEOGroup on Earth Observations, GenevaGEOSSGlobal Earth Observing System of Systems, NOAAGLOBECGlobal Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics ProgrammeGLODAPGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProjectGODAR-WESTPAC Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue project in the WesternPacific regionGRAGOOS Regional AllianceGRANDGOOS Regional Alliance Network Development ProjectGSSCGOOS Scientific Steering CommitteeGTSGlobal Telecommunications SystemGTSPPGlobal Temperature–Salinity Pilot ProjectHAB(s)Harmful Algal Bloom(s)HACCPHazard Analysis of Critical Control PointHAE-DAT ICES-IOC Harmful Algal Event DatabaseHAISHarmful Algae Information SystemHAMPHarmful Algae Monitoring ProgramHNFRIHokkaido National Fisheries Research InstituteHNLCHigh nutrients–low chorophyllHPLCHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyHTLHigher Trophic LevelIATTCInter-American Tropical Tuna CommissionICCATInternational Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic TunasICESInternational Council for the Exploration of the SeaICES-IOC WGHABD Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics416

Acronyms-2007IGOInter-Governmental OrganizationIGOOS Intergovernmental Committee for GOOSIKMT Isaacs–Kid Midwater TrawlIMBER Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems ResearchIMOInternational Maritime OrganizationIOCIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCOIOC-ANCA IOC HAB working group for Central America and Caribbean SeaIOC-FANSA IOC HAB working group for South AmericaIOCCP International Ocean Carbon Coordinated ProjectIODE International Oceanographic Data Information Excahnge, IOCIOOSIntegrated Ocean Observing SystemIOSInstitute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPHCInternational Pacific Halibut CommissionIPYInternational Polar YearISOInternational Organization for StandardizationIWCInternational Whaling CommissionJARPA Joint Aquatic Resources Permit ApplicationJCOMM Joint WMO–IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine MeteorologyJCOPE Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability ExperimentJESJapan/East SeaJFAJapan Fisheries AgencyJHAJapan Hydrographic AssociationJMAJapan Meteorological AgencyJNCC Joint Nature Conservation CommitteeJODC Japanese Oceanographic Data CenterJ-QUEST Japan Quantitative Echo-sounder and Stereo TV-camera systemJSPSJapanese Society for Promotion of ScienceKOKurashio/Oyashio currentsKODC Korea Oceanographic Data CenterKORDI Korea Ocean Research and Development InstituteKOSEF Korean Science and Engineering FoundationLMELarge Marine EcosystemLTLLower Trophic LevelMAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, JapanMEOW Marine Ecosystems of the WorldMIRC Marine Information Research Center, JapanMIROC Model for Interdisciplinary Research on ClimateMISMarine/Estuarine Invasive SpeciesMLRMultiple Linear RegressionMNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, ThailandMOHT Matuda-Oozeki-Hu TrawlMOMAF Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of KoreaMOUMemoranda of UnderstandingMPAMarine Protected AreaNAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries OrganizationNAMMCO North Atlantic Marine Mammal CommissionNANOOS-IOOS Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems – Integrated OceanObserving SystemNASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation OrganizationNCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research417

Acronyms-2007NEAR-GOOS North East Asian Regional Global Ocean Observing SystemNEMURO North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional OceanographyNEMURO.FISH NEMURO For Including Saury and HerringNEMURO.SAN NEMURO for simulating Sardine and ANchovyNEPNorth East PacificNEPTUNE North-east Pacific Time-series Undersea Network ExperimentsNFRDINational Fisheries Research and Development Institute, KoreaNGONon-Governmental OrganizationNISBASE Non-Indigenous Species DatabaseNMDIS National Marine Data and Information Service, P.R. ChinaNMEFC National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, P.R. ChinaNMFSNational Marine Fisheries Service, NOAANOAANational Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.NOWPAP Northwest Pacific Action PlanNPAFC North Pacific Anadromous Fish CommissionNPESRNorth Pacific Ecosystem Status ReportNPRBNorth Pacific Research Board, U.S.A.NPZD Nutrients-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritusNSDINational Spatial Data InfrastructureNSFNational Science Foundation, China; National Science Foundation, U.S.A.,NWFSC Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAAODEOrdinary Differential EquationODIN-WESTPAC Ocean Data and Information Network for the Western PacificOECOS Oceanic Ecodynamics Comparison in the Subarctic PacificOSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East AtlanticPaCOOS Pacific Coast Ocean Observing SystemPAGPacific Arctic GrouppCO 2Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface sea waterPCEISPacific Coast Ecosystem Information SystemPESTParameter Estimation software for automated calibration and data interpretation ofmodelsPEMSEA Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East AsiaPICESNorth Pacific Marine Science OrganizationPIREPartnership for International Research and Education program, U.S.A.POIV.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, RussiaPOMAPICES Ocean Monitoring Service AwardPORSEC Pacific Ocean Remote Sensing ConferencePRBOPoint Reyes Bird ObservatoryPSAPacific Science AssociationPSCPacific Salmon CommissionPSGPacific Seabird GroupPSPParalytic Shellfish PoisoningPSUPortland State University, U.S.A.QA/QCQuality Assurance/Quality ControlRAC-SPA Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected AreasRDMDB Regional Delayed-Mode DatabaseRFPRequest for ProposalRMPRevised Management ProcedureRMTRectangular Midwater TrawlROMS Regional Ocean Modeling SystemRRTDB Regional Real-Time Database418

Acronyms-2007RTDBSAHFOSSCOPESCORSCUBASEEDSSEA-GOOSSERIESSIOSOASOCERSO-GLOBECSOLASSPAWSOWSSPCSPREPSSCSSG-GOOSSSTSTARTSTRATOGEMTACTBDTINRO-CentreTMATNFRITORTOSUMCESUNUNEPURLUSGSUS-OCBVENUSWCRPWDCGGWESTPACWHPWGBOSVWGDIMWGECOWGITMOWMOWOCEYOOSYSLMEReal-Time DatabaseSir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean ScienceScientific Committee on Problems of the EnvironmentScientific Committee on Oceanic ResearchSelf-Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusSubarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics StudySoutheast Asia-GOOSSubarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment StudyScripps Institution of Oceanography, U.S.A.State Oceanic Administration, ChinaState of the Cetacean Environment ReportSouthern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics ProgrammeSurface Ocean–Low Atmosphere StudySpecially Protected Areas and WildlifeSouthern Ocean Whale SanctuarySouth Pacific CommissionSouth Pacific Regional Environmental ProgramScientific Steering CommitteeGOOS Scientific Steering CommitteeSea surface temperatureSouth Asian Regional Committee for the System for Analysis, Research and TrainingStrait of Georgia Ecosystem ModellingTotal Allowance CatchTo Be DeterminedPacific Scientific Research Fisheries Centre, RussiaTechnology and Management for AquacultureTohoku National Fisheries Research InstituteTerms of ReferenceThe Oceanography SocietyUniversity of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceUnited NationsUnited Nations Environmental ProgrammeUniform Resource LocatorU.S. Geological SurveyU.S.-Ocean Carbon and BiogeochemistryVictoria Experimental Network Under the Sea, CanadaWorld Climate Research ProgramWorld Data Centre for Greenhouse GasesIOC Sub-Commission for the Western PacificWOCE Hydrographic ProgramWorking Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors, ICES/IOC/IMOWorking Group on Data and Information ManagementWorking Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities, ICESWorking Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms, ICESWorld Meteorological OrganizationWorld Ocean Circulation ExperimentYellow Sea Ocean Observing SystemYellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem419