WP5 Case study on genetic resources in food and agriculture

5.3 Conservation of plant genetic resourcesPoland is a unique example for Eastern Europe, where several traditional landraces ofcrops survived owing to the ‘crumbled’ structure of farming. The most important area,where old varieties are cultivated, is the southern part of the country and includes themountain regions of Beskidy, the Tatra and their forelands. Minor refugial regions havebeen discovered in eastern and south-eastern Poland in Polesie, Wyzyna Lubelska and inthe basin of Sandomierz. Because of climatic, ecogeographic, and edafic conditions, inwhich local cultivars could compete with new varieties, and fairly primitive agriculturalpractices, those areas served as refuge for several local varieties. Well adapted to thespecific environmental conditions, they guaranteed not high, but stable yields also inunfavourable years. Still, with structural and cultural changes in rural areas andabandonment of traditional farming methods, many of these old varieties are in danger ofextinction. With many of these crops mainly being cultivated on small farms by oldpeople who are strongly attached to tradition and who still harbour knowledge aboutmethods of home multiplication of crops, this knowledge is at risk.Main measures for the conservation of plant genetic resources in agriculture directlyfunded by the state are:• support of botanical gardens, arboretums, gene banks and other institutions, and• funding of almost yearly expeditions to search for and collect old cultivars andlocal landraces.Collecting and both, ex situ and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources have along tradition in Poland, beginning with activities of the Research Institute of Agronomyat Pulawy in 1922. The Plant Breeding and Aclimatization Institute (IPBA),established in 1951, collected crops with particular consideration of the Polish localcultivars and ecotypes. In 1979 the National Crop Genetic Resources ConservationProgramme was set up, aiming at preserving genetic material of major crops and theirwild relatives for breeding and research through collection, evaluation, preservation anddocumentation of genotypes endangered with extinction. It is financed by the MoA andbased on multi-institutional input. Three universities, 9 institutes, 7 experimental stations,and the Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Science carry the responsibilities forcrop collections.Systematic collection and conservation of indigenous plant genetic resources in Polandstarted in 1971 with expeditions being carried out almost annually with the followingpurposes:• Collection of old cultivars and local landraces of agricultural and horticulturalcrops and their weedy and wild counterparts,• collection of ecotypes of grasses,• collection of plant material for research - special purpose collection,• monitoring the progress of genetic erosion.33