“KABATAKAN” The Ancestral Territory of the Tanabag Batak on ...

not prevented <strong>Batak</strong> from applying sustainable tapping techniques to <strong>the</strong>ir Agathistrees.Currently, <strong>the</strong>re is no attempt from outsiders or recent migrants to settle inside<strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA, as a result a considerable portion <strong>of</strong> this territory is still ingood ecological conditions. Differently from o<strong>the</strong>r more acculturated groups, <strong>Batak</strong>have no plan to transfer to nearby Barrios, nor to <strong>the</strong> capital City (e.g. to look forpart-time jobs). In spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ongoing transformation and changes <strong>of</strong> values takingplace within <strong>the</strong>ir community, <strong>the</strong> young generations are still deeply attached to <strong>the</strong>irterritory, and <strong>the</strong> latter continues to play an important role in <strong>the</strong>ir livelihood andcultural sustenance. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> traditional role <strong>of</strong> shamans as‘custodians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> natural resources’ is increasingly seen as an irrelevant instrumentto face and deal with <strong>the</strong> new transformations. Especially for <strong>the</strong> young generations,imported technology and ‘modern life’ have an aes<strong>the</strong>tic force and a socializingdimension that largely overrides that <strong>of</strong> shamanic séances and traditionalnarratives. In spite <strong>of</strong> all this, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> are still very committed to protectand guard <strong>the</strong>ir territory from which, <strong>the</strong>ir very existence depends. <strong>The</strong> people, infact, would like to see <strong>the</strong>ir role as traditional custodians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forest dulyrecognized by government agencies and <strong>the</strong> civil society as a whole – but,unfortunately – this is not happening. <strong>The</strong> people also plan to convert <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMAagreement into a Certificate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancestral</strong> Domain Title under <strong>the</strong> IndigenousPeoples Right Act (IPRA) law. <strong>The</strong>y believe that this change will provide <strong>the</strong>community with a stronger legal instrument to sustainably manage and defend <strong>the</strong>irCCA.Linking with o<strong>the</strong>r indigenous groups both nation-wide and internationally isseen by <strong>Batak</strong> as an additional opportunity to have <strong>the</strong>ir voices being heard.However, as <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>mselves have pointed out during <strong>the</strong> consultation, <strong>the</strong> creation<strong>of</strong> alliances with international indigenous peoples’ organizations need to be basedfirst on a strong commitment on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community to streng<strong>the</strong>n its ownassociation (Samahan sa Kaunlaran ng mga <strong>Batak</strong> sa Tina), thus improvingsolidarity and social cohesion internally.IntroductionA sadong sadong (community consultation) to discuss a wide range <strong>of</strong> issuespertaining <strong>the</strong> ancestral territory <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> was formally facilitates onAugust 24 -25, 2008 by Dario Novellino, an anthropologist affiliated with <strong>the</strong> Centre4

western flanks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mountainspine where <strong>the</strong> annual totalapproximately exceeds 5,000mm compared to <strong>the</strong> 1,600mm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> east coast.Temperature is almost uniformthroughout <strong>the</strong> year with adiurnal range <strong>of</strong> 22C-30C.Because <strong>of</strong> its rich diversity <strong>of</strong>animal and plant species, <strong>the</strong>entire province is <strong>the</strong> target <strong>of</strong>a land<strong>The</strong> Palawan Bear Catmanagement plan under <strong>the</strong> Philippines Republic Act 7611, also known as <strong>the</strong>Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP). A recent survey determined 1,672 species <strong>of</strong>higher plants on <strong>the</strong> island, discovering an additional 153 species. <strong>The</strong>se aredistributed within a mosaic <strong>of</strong> vegetation types including mangrove forest, beachforest, karst forest, lake margin forest, semi-deciduous lowland forest, forest onultramafic soil, middle altitude evergreen forest and montane forests (HuntingTechnical Services Limited et al. 1985). Prehistoric migration <strong>of</strong> Bornean andMalaysian fauna is proven by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mouse deer, <strong>the</strong> scaly anteater,<strong>the</strong> slow porcupine, <strong>the</strong> flying squirrel, <strong>the</strong> mangoes, <strong>the</strong> bearcat, <strong>the</strong> clawless otter,<strong>the</strong> Malay civet, and by several o<strong>the</strong>r species. It has been estimated that at least 11<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 25 non-flying mammal species indigenous to <strong>the</strong> Sundaic region are endemicto Palawan, in addition to 14 bird species (Diamond and Gilpin 1983; Heaney 1986).Overall, at least thirty-one animal species found in <strong>the</strong> province are single-islandendemic, and two <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m (<strong>the</strong> Palawan pheasant and two species <strong>of</strong> swallowtailbutterflies) are listed in <strong>the</strong> International Union for Conservation <strong>of</strong> Nature Red DataBook (Collins and Morris 1985). <strong>The</strong> Philippine crocodile still survives in smallnumbers along <strong>the</strong> estuaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> main rivers. Overall, Palawan hosts 7 declaredprotected areas, 11 important bird areas and is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10 sites <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Alliance forZero Extinction (AZE) in <strong>the</strong> Philippines. It also holds 17 terrestrial key biodiversityareas (KBA). Because <strong>of</strong> its uniqueness, UNESCO declared Palawan as abiosphere reserve, and two <strong>of</strong> its sites (Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park) as world heritage sites.<strong>The</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> peopleIn contrast to <strong>the</strong> Pälawan and Tagbanua, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> do not originate from thoseancient Mongoloid populations which reached <strong>the</strong> island around 5,000 BP. Ra<strong>the</strong>r,<strong>the</strong>y are believed to be descended from <strong>the</strong> first wave <strong>of</strong> Australoid populationswhich crossed <strong>the</strong> land bridges connecting <strong>the</strong> Philippine Archipelago with <strong>the</strong>mainland <strong>of</strong> Asia (probably around 45,000 – 50,000 years ago), and that aregenerically labeled as Negritos. <strong>The</strong> Negrito <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Philippines are represented byvarious ethnolinguistically distinct groups know as Agta, Ayta, Aeta, Ata or Ati,<strong>Batak</strong> and Mamanwa living in widely scattered regions in <strong>the</strong> mountainous areas <strong>of</strong>6

took place when those <strong>Batak</strong> who did not participate in contour farming went hungrydue to seasonal food shortages. Thus <strong>the</strong>y requested Haribon-Palawan to lend<strong>the</strong>m portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rice provision intended to support those community membersinvolved in <strong>the</strong> project. To avoid internal disputes, Haribon decided to distribute riceto <strong>the</strong> whole community. Rice was shared with those <strong>Batak</strong> who did not co-operatein <strong>the</strong> project, on <strong>the</strong> understanding that <strong>the</strong> amounts provided had to be paid backlater. Inevitably, Haribon became trapped in a dole out system that was financiallyunsustainable. In fact, those <strong>Batak</strong> households borrowing large quantities <strong>of</strong> ricewere never able to pay <strong>the</strong>m back. In addition, after a few months, those individualsinvolved in <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contour lines lost motivation because <strong>the</strong> projectwas unable to solve <strong>the</strong>ir immediate food needs. Although <strong>the</strong> contour lines werenever finished, community members continued to look at Haribon as <strong>the</strong>ir majorprovider <strong>of</strong> rice.Toge<strong>the</strong>r with agricultural improvement, <strong>the</strong> P-BIRD aimed at providingmarketing assistance for non-timber forest products, with <strong>the</strong> major objective <strong>of</strong>reducing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>’s dependence on patrons and middlemen. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong><strong>Tanabag</strong> were assisted and encouraged by Haribon-Palawan to suspend <strong>the</strong>ircommercial dealings with <strong>the</strong> local middlemen and patrons, and sell <strong>the</strong>ir forestproducts directly to <strong>the</strong> town dealers. In doing so, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> would have gained ahigher pr<strong>of</strong>it from selling Agathis resin. A few months after its implementation, <strong>the</strong>Haribon project was fraught with difficulties. Middlemen and patrons felt excludedfrom <strong>the</strong> project and blamed Haribon for having curtailed <strong>the</strong>ir marketing activitieswithout providing <strong>the</strong>m with a suitable economic alternative. For <strong>the</strong>ir part, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>feared that an escalation <strong>of</strong> this conflict would have caused an irreparableseverance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relations between <strong>the</strong>m and <strong>the</strong> neighboring lowlanders. In <strong>the</strong>end, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> felt that it was not worthwhile to give up <strong>the</strong> ‘security’ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>irrelationship with lowlanders just for a higher price for <strong>the</strong>ir forest products.In March 1994, <strong>the</strong> same NGO, Haribon Palawan, received technicalassistance from <strong>the</strong> World Conservation Union (IUCN) to carry out a conservationdevelopmentproject among <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>. <strong>The</strong> major objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> projectduring Phase one was to stop unsustainable forest use, by developing and testing asystem <strong>of</strong> sustainable harvesting, production and marketing <strong>of</strong> NTFPs in two pilotareas. In 1995 <strong>the</strong> community was encouraged to develop two hectares <strong>of</strong> paddyrice. However, according to <strong>Batak</strong>, <strong>the</strong> soil lacked sufficient water retention, andwas thus inadequate for paddy cultivation. <strong>Batak</strong> complained bitterly that <strong>the</strong>amount <strong>of</strong> rice provided by <strong>the</strong> project in exchange for <strong>the</strong>ir labor (construction andmaintenance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> paddy fields) was insufficient to support <strong>the</strong>m. In addition to this,<strong>the</strong> project introduced three species for reforestation that were <strong>of</strong> no relevance at allto <strong>the</strong> community. A Technical Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haribon/IUCN project was carriedout by a consultant between January and February 1997, with financial assistancefrom <strong>the</strong> Commission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> European Communities. <strong>The</strong> evaluation reportsuggested that lack <strong>of</strong> legal recognition over <strong>Batak</strong> resources was a major cause <strong>of</strong>low motivation among <strong>the</strong> beneficiaries. <strong>The</strong> report fur<strong>the</strong>r stated that “as long as<strong>the</strong> local communities do not have control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NTFP resources, o<strong>the</strong>r plannedproject activities such as Community Based Sustainable Resource Management(CBSRM), processing and marketing are interesting (<strong>the</strong>oretical) studies but remain10

uplands <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> agree that a well-managed old Agathis tree can provide up t<strong>of</strong>our sacks <strong>of</strong> resin per month during <strong>the</strong> dry season, and about one sack during <strong>the</strong>wet season. However, according to one informant, if trees are <strong>of</strong> a small size “youneed four <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m to get <strong>the</strong> same amount <strong>of</strong> resin”.Rattan canescutting <strong>of</strong> small diameter canes.<strong>The</strong> stems <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> climbing rattan palmsare <strong>of</strong> significant commercial value inPalawan, as elsewhere in South EastAsia. Both large and small diameterrattans are ga<strong>the</strong>red by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>, with<strong>the</strong> former being much prized for furnituremaking, and thus exported internationally.<strong>Batak</strong> protection measures for rattaninclude <strong>the</strong> exclusion <strong>of</strong> good palm grovesfrom swidden clearings, and <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong>single stemmed rattans before <strong>the</strong> planthas produced fruits (cf. Wakker 1993: 38).In addition, <strong>Batak</strong> are aware that whenrattan is harvested, a portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> palm’scane should be left attached to <strong>the</strong> plant,in order to allow <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> youngstems. <strong>The</strong>y also avoid frequentharvesting from <strong>the</strong> same plant and <strong>the</strong>Wild honey<strong>The</strong> most popular honey-producing bee is locally known as putiukan (Apis dorsata).Nigwan is a smaller honeybee (probably Apis florea or Apis indica) building hives intree trunks. Small varieties <strong>of</strong> bees, such as antuti, build very small nests containinga negligible quantity <strong>of</strong>honey. <strong>The</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>ring<strong>of</strong> putiukan beehives isrisky and requiresconsiderable skill. <strong>The</strong>basic equipmentconsists <strong>of</strong> a rope, asmoking torch <strong>of</strong> driedleaves or <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rmaterials, and a bushknife.<strong>The</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>rerclimbs <strong>the</strong> vinesencircling <strong>the</strong> trunk,until he reaches <strong>the</strong>canopy. <strong>The</strong> bees18

are driven away by smoking <strong>the</strong> nest. <strong>The</strong>n <strong>the</strong> hive is cut and wrapped up inleaves, placed in a container and lowered down with a rope. <strong>The</strong> honey from <strong>the</strong>small niguan bees is harvested by enlarging <strong>the</strong> hole found in <strong>the</strong> tree trunk, ei<strong>the</strong>rby means <strong>of</strong> an axe or a bush-knife. Apart from honey, hives contain bee larvaerepresenting an additional source <strong>of</strong> protein. Despite its high energy content (100grams <strong>of</strong> honey contain more than 280 calories), nowadays, honey is usedsparingly in domestic consumption, and it is largely sold to buy rice and o<strong>the</strong>r primecommodities.Efforts to attract swarms may include <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> shelters forencouraging bees to construct <strong>the</strong>ir hives. <strong>The</strong>se activities consist in <strong>the</strong> clearing <strong>of</strong>suitable tree branches, hollow logs, etc. Natural objects (an empty log or a concavestone) may be cleaned from dust, soil, spider webs, etc. to attract swarms <strong>of</strong> niguanbees. Often, after <strong>the</strong> harvesting <strong>of</strong> niguan honey, a stone is used to close <strong>the</strong> cutthat has been produced by <strong>the</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>rer in order to extract <strong>the</strong> honey from <strong>the</strong> treetrunk. Only a little opening is left for <strong>the</strong> bees to enter and re-build <strong>the</strong>ir nests inside<strong>the</strong> trunk.Honey collection is seasonal, and particularly favourable between March andMay. This period coincides with <strong>the</strong> worst months <strong>of</strong> food scarcity (<strong>the</strong> people arewaiting for <strong>the</strong> new rice harvest and <strong>the</strong> cassava supply is nearly or entirelyexhausted). <strong>The</strong> blossoming <strong>of</strong> banebegan (Pterocymbium tinctorium) signals <strong>the</strong>arrival <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> honey season, as well as <strong>the</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> lambay. This is an annualevent involving shamans and <strong>the</strong> whole community in <strong>the</strong> propitiation <strong>of</strong> honey andrice. During <strong>the</strong> lambay, <strong>the</strong> life-force (kiaruwá) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> shaman is believed to travelall <strong>the</strong> way to <strong>the</strong> gunay gunay (<strong>the</strong> mythical location <strong>of</strong> both rice and bees, found at<strong>the</strong> edge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> universe) and it remains <strong>the</strong>re until he finds a way to enter <strong>the</strong>granary <strong>of</strong> Baybay (<strong>the</strong> Master <strong>of</strong> rice) and take some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stored seeds. Suchseeds will be brought back to <strong>the</strong> ritual area by <strong>the</strong> shaman, and will be releasedduring trance. Overall, <strong>Batak</strong> envisage a kind <strong>of</strong> cyclical system in which <strong>the</strong>seasonal production <strong>of</strong> honey and rice depends upon <strong>the</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> bees and <strong>of</strong>kiaruwá <strong>of</strong> rice from gunay gunay. Thus, access to bees and rice, depends on <strong>the</strong><strong>Batak</strong> ability to enhance <strong>the</strong>ir dispersal through ‘magical’ practices involving <strong>the</strong> use<strong>of</strong> ritual objects and bodily movements <strong>of</strong>ten combined with words and musicalsound.TABLE 1. ANIMAL RESOURCES COMMONLY USED BY THE TANABAG BATAKScientific name Local and English name Uses and o<strong>the</strong>r HabitatsinformationMammalsHylopetes nigripes Biatat, flying squirrel Edible; tails used to decoratenigripeswomen’s necklaces; trappedby smoking <strong>the</strong> nest-hole intree trunks.Maceca philippinensis Bakes, macaque Shot with air guns/homemademuzzle guns, ortrapped. Young animals keptas pets.Susbarbatus Babuy, wild pig Popular game animal inpalawanensisPalawan. Killed by means <strong>of</strong>spring traps. Hunted withMiddle altitude and mountainforests.Lowland and uplandsecondary and primaryforests.Primary and secondaryforest, swidden fields.19

dogs and spears, hand-madeguns and so called ‘pigbombs’.<strong>The</strong>curus pumilus Dugjan, porcupine Killed by means <strong>of</strong> springtraps.Secondary forest, fieldsunder follow.Tupara palawanensis Kamay, Tree shrew Hunted with air-guns ortrapped with snares.Calloscuirus sp. Bising, Squirrel Hunted with air-guns ortrapped with snares.Secondary and primaryforests.Secondary and primaryforestsAnthracoceros marchei Bayungan, PalawanHornbillMeat regarded as a delicacy.Occasionally hunted withairgun.Middle altitude secondaryand primary forests.Occasionally found at <strong>the</strong>edge <strong>of</strong> swidden fields.Chaleophaps indica Limukun, Dove Trapped by means <strong>of</strong> snares. Secondary forest.BirdsDacula aenea Balud, Green ImperialpigeonMeat regarded as a delicacy.Hunted with snares or withairgun.Primary forest.Gallus gallus Katian, Wild chicken. Trapped with snares.Usually tamed and hybridizedwith domestic chickens.Gracula religiosa Tiaw , Talking Myna. Hunted with air-guns. <strong>The</strong>nestling might be sold.Abundant in middle altitudeand mountain forests.Primary and secondaryforests.Polyplectron emphanum Tandikan, PheasantPeacockO<strong>the</strong>r Species<strong>The</strong> meat is considered adelicacy. Trapped by means<strong>of</strong> snares.Mountain and middle altitudeforests.Python reticulatus Maraniug, Python Edible. Primary forestPuntius binotatus Pait , fresh water carp Fished with hook and line orwith conical wicker-worktrap.Lowland and uplandstreams.Kasili, River eel. <strong>The</strong> most valuablefreshwater fish. Fished withharpoons after beingstunned with plant poison.Lowland and upland streamsKaiuku , small river crabs.Karundang, river shrimpsCaptured by hands or bymeans <strong>of</strong> scoop nets.Captured by means <strong>of</strong> scoopnets.Lowland and upland streamsLowland and upland streams20

Monovalve shells Be’gay Collected by hand Lowland and upland streamsHelicoidalgastropodsshapedSusu Collected by hand Lowland and upland streamsTABLE 2. PLANT RESOURCES COMMONLY USED BY THE TANABAG BATAKScientific name Local name Uses and o<strong>the</strong>r information HabitatsTreesAgathis philippinensis Bagtik Trees are regularly tapped. Resin Mountain forestsold or exchanged for food. around and above1000 metres a.s.l.Alstonia scholaris Lagdaun <strong>The</strong> wood is ductile and suited formusical instruments.Artocarpus sericicarpus Namuan Bark pounded to make loinclo<strong>the</strong>s.Dense and openforest, lower andmedium elevations.Secondary lowlandand upland forest.Barringtonia racemosa Balisankad Fruits used for fish poison. Secondary forest,residual forest, fieldsunder fallow.Canarium aspersum Saleng <strong>The</strong> source <strong>of</strong> a popular resin tomake house-torches.PalmsSecondaryprimaryforests.anduplandCaryota mitis Baruk ‘Bad’ edible. Traditionally, pithused to make <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong>blowpipe’s darts.Secondaryprimaryforests.anduplandLicuala spinosa Balasbas Leaves have ritual value. Upland forest andcoastal areas.Oncosperma spp. Anibung Edible ‘bud’. Wood used fordibble sticks, flooring, secondclass material for <strong>the</strong> bow .Orania paraguanensis Bangá Dibble stick, house poles andflooring.Primary, secondaryand mountain forests.Primary forest, <strong>of</strong>tennear streams.21

O<strong>the</strong>r speciesAmarantus viridis Samsam A common side-dish Swidden fields, openareas and streambanks.Athyrium esculentum Pakupaku <strong>The</strong> tip <strong>of</strong> this fern is cooked andeaten with rice and cassava.Near streams andriver beadsDerris elliptica Tuba Root used for fish poison. Secondary forest –originally planted, andalso growing wild insome areas.Gnetum gnormon Bagu Edible young leaves and fruits.Bark used for ropes.Secondary forestHibiscus surattensis Pasulsug Edible young leaves. Fields under fallow.PoikilospermumsuaveolensAnupul Edible young leaves. Near streams andrivers.Dioscorea Hispida Kudut Detoxification process needed tomake <strong>the</strong> tubers edible.Lowland forest,secondary forest ,follow fields.Dioscorea luzoniensis Abagan Edible tubers. Low-middle altitudeprimary/secondaryforest.BambooBambusa blumeana Kawayan Used for musical instruments,containers, water pipes andflooring.Coastal open areas,fields under fallow.Shizostachyumlumampao.LawasUsed in weaving and for o<strong>the</strong>rpurposes.Fallow fields,degraded forests.Dinochloa palawanensis Sabsaban Essential material for basketmakingFields under fallow,open lowland areas,degraded forests.Local Issues and current challenges• <strong>The</strong> city government banIn 1994, a ban against shifting cultivation was enforced by Edward Hagedorn, <strong>the</strong>City Mayor <strong>of</strong> Puerto Princesa municipality. On <strong>the</strong> same year, <strong>the</strong> rice yields <strong>of</strong><strong>Batak</strong> and Tagbanua communities fell dramatically and <strong>the</strong> people began to facesevere hardship. <strong>The</strong> ban had altered <strong>the</strong> whole indigenous agricultural system,local rice varieties became rare or even extinct. Ultimately, indigenous communities22

not submit <strong>the</strong>ir Annual Work Plan (AWP) and <strong>the</strong> Community ResourceManagement Framework (CRMF) to <strong>the</strong> Community Environment and NaturalResources Office (CENRO). It should be pointed out that <strong>the</strong>se reports are to bewritten according to strict government standards and <strong>Batak</strong>, being illiterate, do nothave <strong>the</strong> technical skill to prepare <strong>the</strong>m. Because <strong>Batak</strong> were unable to producesuch reports, <strong>the</strong> DENR decided to withdrawn <strong>the</strong> permits needed by <strong>the</strong> communityto sell NTFPs (Novellino 2007). Recently, <strong>the</strong> buyers <strong>of</strong> almaciga resin and rattan, inorder to have priority access to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> NTFPs products, have assisted <strong>the</strong>m incompleting <strong>the</strong> necessary paperwork. As a result, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> can legally harvest andsell <strong>the</strong>ir NTFPs. In turn, buyers will store and accumulate large quantities <strong>of</strong> suchNTFPs for export.Local Management and Rules Governing <strong>the</strong> CCA<strong>Batak</strong> society is egalitarian. As far as concerning everyday environmental-baseddecisions, each individual is free to use <strong>the</strong> plant and animal resources available in<strong>the</strong> area for domestic consumption. <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> certain resources (e.g. agathisresin) is generally regulated by <strong>the</strong> same individuals who, over <strong>the</strong> years, haveacquired certain ‘tapping’ rights to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> specific trees. O<strong>the</strong>r decisionsconcerning <strong>the</strong> large-scale exploitation <strong>of</strong> resources (e.g. commercial ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>of</strong>rattan), as well as agreements with buyers, middlemen, etc. are taken in <strong>the</strong> course<strong>of</strong> consultative meetings headed by <strong>the</strong> community elected chieftain (kapitan). Allo<strong>the</strong>r matters relating to <strong>the</strong> exploitation <strong>of</strong> particular resources, ei<strong>the</strong>r bycommunity members or by outsiders, are dealt with by <strong>the</strong> community as a wholeand implemented through <strong>the</strong> kapitan. Generally, <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> shamans, asmanagers <strong>of</strong> natural resources, is sought only during community rituals for <strong>the</strong>propitiation <strong>of</strong> rice, honey and, on some occasion,<strong>of</strong> freshwater resources. O<strong>the</strong>r decisions notrelated to <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> natural resourcescan be dealt with various degrees <strong>of</strong> flexibility,depending on <strong>the</strong> circumstances. On someoccasions, <strong>the</strong> kapitan may have one or severalsubordinates (vice-kapitan) helping him in <strong>the</strong>performance <strong>of</strong> his duties, but – overall - he hasno power <strong>of</strong> coercion. His assistance may berequested to settle internal disputes, to discuss<strong>the</strong> transferring <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community to temporarylocations, <strong>the</strong> building <strong>of</strong> new houses, <strong>the</strong> location<strong>of</strong> swidden fields, <strong>the</strong> organization <strong>of</strong> certainfestivities. He may be in charge <strong>of</strong> coordinatinggroup labor for <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> villageinfrastructures and trails and <strong>of</strong> representingcommunity needs to government agencies. Casessuch as divorce, stealing, adultery or <strong>the</strong>←Katalino with his load <strong>of</strong> almaciga resin25

abduction <strong>of</strong> married women are settled by <strong>the</strong> council <strong>of</strong> elders (surugiden) and areusually resolved through <strong>the</strong> payment <strong>of</strong> a fine. Under particular conditions,adulterous spouses and those responsible for stealing may be requested to leave<strong>the</strong>ir community. <strong>The</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local Filipino police is sought to solve severecases <strong>of</strong> physical violence and aggression, especially between <strong>Batak</strong> and outsiders(although such episodes are very rare).Value, Effectiveness and Sustainability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CCACurrently, <strong>the</strong>re is no attempt from outsiders or recent migrants to settle inside <strong>the</strong><strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA, as a result a considerable portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir upland ancestralterritory remains still intact. Members <strong>of</strong> neighboring non-indigenous communitiesmay still enter <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA to collect rattan and almaciga resin, but only duringperiods <strong>of</strong> food-shortage. However, since <strong>the</strong> early 2000’s <strong>the</strong>re has been asignificant decrease <strong>of</strong> such episodes, probably due to <strong>the</strong> increase <strong>of</strong> jobopportunities in <strong>the</strong> lowland barangays (e.g. road construction and maintenance,etc.).<strong>The</strong>re is no doubt that <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> is closely tied to a longtermsustainable management <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CCA. Differently from o<strong>the</strong>r moreacculturated groups, <strong>Batak</strong> have no plan to transfer to nearby Barrios, nor to <strong>the</strong>capital City (e.g. to look for part-time jobs). In spite <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ongoing transformationand changes <strong>of</strong> values taking place within <strong>the</strong>ir community, <strong>the</strong> young generationsare still deeply attached to <strong>the</strong>ir territory, and <strong>the</strong> latter continues to play animportant role in <strong>the</strong>ir livelihood and cultural sustenance. <strong>The</strong>refore, it is very likely,that <strong>the</strong> CCA will continue to play a central role in <strong>the</strong>ir future. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand,<strong>the</strong> oral tradition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> made up <strong>of</strong> ‘diwata’ chants and narratives(tuturan/kasaysayan) is today under serious threat. <strong>The</strong>re are only two shamansleft who still possess this old knowledge and <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong> only one who can initiate<strong>the</strong> lambay ceremony and perform curing songs and dances. Sadly, <strong>the</strong>irknowledge is not flourishing, since <strong>the</strong> young generations have little interest inlearning <strong>the</strong>se skills.Several factors, however, have been identified by <strong>the</strong> community that will help<strong>the</strong>m fur<strong>the</strong>r streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong>ir ability to manage and control <strong>the</strong>ir resources within<strong>the</strong> CCA.• <strong>The</strong> change in status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMA area to Community <strong>Ancestral</strong> LandTitle (CALT) was identified as one <strong>the</strong> most important factors that couldlead to increasing and long-term security over <strong>the</strong>ir territory. As <strong>of</strong> now,<strong>the</strong> community has filed a petition to <strong>the</strong> National Commission onIndigenous Peoples (NCIP) for Identification, Delineation and Recognition<strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancestral</strong> Domain Claim and for <strong>the</strong> Issuance <strong>of</strong> Certificate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancestral</strong>Domain Title. Following this initial step, a Work and Financial Plan willhave to be submitted to <strong>the</strong> NCIP, toge<strong>the</strong>r with an itemized budgetrelated to <strong>the</strong> following activities: Social Preparation, Research,Establishment <strong>of</strong> Project Control, Perimeter Survey, Data Processing andPreparation <strong>of</strong> Reports, Publication, Project Monitoring,26

Finalization/Compilation <strong>of</strong> Claim book, CADT Deliberation, Registrationto Register <strong>of</strong> Deeds, Awarding <strong>of</strong> CADT. <strong>The</strong> necessary financialresources will have to be identified in order to sustain <strong>the</strong> entire processas it unravels.• As <strong>of</strong> now, in collaboration with Dario Novellino (Centre for BioculturalDiversity – University <strong>of</strong> Kent), <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> have been able toproduce a participatory map <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CCA. At <strong>the</strong> same time, all legends andlife-histories related to specific locations found in <strong>the</strong> map have beenrecorded on tape, and this information will became part and parcel <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>modeling map’.Challenges and Threats to <strong>the</strong> CCAcultural documentationrequired in order toapply for Community<strong>Ancestral</strong> Land Titles(CALT). Ideally, if fundsare made available, <strong>the</strong>participatory map couldbe technically improvedthrough <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> GIStechnology and finallysubstituted with a moreelaborated ‘3-D<strong>The</strong>re are no mining or commercial logging activities threatening <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>CCA. Never<strong>the</strong>less, just outside <strong>the</strong> boundaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMA area, <strong>the</strong>re is asmall-scale project for gravel extraction, and this will certainly affect <strong>the</strong> life <strong>of</strong> freshwaterresources, on a specific segment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> river.Illegal logging is not rampant, but on particular occasions <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong>hardwood trees by outsiders has been reported.Decreasing agricultural production is a problem shared by all members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> community. In some portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CCA, rice plants look stuntedand frail because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combined effect <strong>of</strong> limited rain, in addition to nitrogen andphosphorous deficiency. Several families complain that <strong>the</strong>ir fields are nowmaniwang (thin), in <strong>the</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> being infertile, with poor yields and some fieldproducing less than 400 kilograms per hectare. Because <strong>of</strong> government restrictions,<strong>the</strong> people rely mainly on soils that have not regained <strong>the</strong>ir nutrients, and thus arequickly colonized by shrubs and weeds <strong>of</strong> dominant species such as agunuy(Chromolaena odorata), muyumuyu (Lantana camara) and karangian (Tremaorientalis).27

←A sample <strong>of</strong> short-fallow swiddenAccording to Ubad (<strong>the</strong> eldest in <strong>Tanabag</strong>): “today <strong>the</strong> people clear <strong>the</strong>ir swiddensagain after 3/5 years, when trees have not even reached <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> a leg. Whenyou burn <strong>the</strong>m, little ashes are produced - not enough to make your rice healthy”. Ino<strong>the</strong>r words, because <strong>of</strong> culturally insensitive and ecologically unsound laws, <strong>the</strong><strong>Batak</strong> can no longer respect long-rotations periods for <strong>the</strong> re-cultivation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>irfields, this – in turn – have an impact on forest regeneration. Thus attempt shouldbe made to inform <strong>the</strong> local government about <strong>the</strong> ecological advantages <strong>of</strong> clearingold-fallow fields ra<strong>the</strong>r than short-fallow fields. As <strong>of</strong> now, local authorities inPalawan have limited or no understanding <strong>of</strong> how fire and fallow periods contributeto <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> highly diverse and biologically valuable ecosystems with thrivingplant and animal species that could not survive in ‘natural’ forest (see Margalef1968, Brosius 1981, Rai 1982).However, it will require detailed scientific studies to determine whe<strong>the</strong>r and towhat extent <strong>the</strong> conditions for optimal long fallows are still present in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>CCA. In turn, such studies are difficult to carry out, and require a long-termcommitment. Part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> problem lies in <strong>the</strong> evolving demography, and in <strong>the</strong>economic changes taking place within lowland peasant societies. In recent years,urbanization rates in Palawan have been high. <strong>The</strong>refore it would be a mistake totake for granted that, in a near future, <strong>the</strong> rural population <strong>of</strong> Puerto Princesamunicipality will colonize additional portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> upland territory, byopening more swiddens in <strong>the</strong>ir CCA. Indeed, <strong>the</strong> young Filipino generations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>coastal settlements do not find shifting cultivation an appealing option, and tend toconsider it as a backward practice. Conversely, <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> young people aim ateducational attainments and, <strong>of</strong>ten, <strong>the</strong>y look for <strong>of</strong>f-farm employment opportunitiesin <strong>the</strong> capital city. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>Batak</strong> continue to be anchored to <strong>the</strong>ir land,while experiencing a progressive demographic decline. We may speculate that,compared to o<strong>the</strong>r neighboring indigenous communities, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> wouldstill enjoy a favorable land ratio in <strong>the</strong> coming decades. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong>community has been placed in a position that does not allow <strong>the</strong>m to replicate <strong>the</strong>traditional farming regime characterized by long-fallow periods. Too many sociopoliticalcontingencies and environmental changes have occurred since <strong>the</strong>n.Remarkably, <strong>Batak</strong> are still able to recover fertility in fallowed sites but, to do so,<strong>the</strong>y have to cut secondary fallow forest ‘illegally’, facing <strong>the</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> beingapprehended and fined. Perhaps, what is most needed is government recognition<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> differences between indigenous and migrant’s practices <strong>of</strong> shifting cultivation.Until now, such differences have been ignored by decision makers. A positive moveforward would be an Administrative Order clarifying <strong>the</strong> conditions under which28

indigenous communities might be exempt from <strong>the</strong> prohibition on shifting cultivation.<strong>The</strong> order should spell out <strong>the</strong> distinction between ‘degraded areas’ (those that areunlikely to revert into forest) and indigenous fallow fields. This entails thatindigenous communities should be allowed to use <strong>the</strong>ir swiddens rotationally.Clearly, this is just <strong>the</strong> opposite <strong>of</strong> what government foresters are doing: <strong>the</strong>y warn<strong>Batak</strong> not to expand <strong>the</strong>ir swiddens, at <strong>the</strong> same time as <strong>the</strong>y encourage <strong>the</strong>m tocultivate <strong>the</strong>m continuously.In short, laws should move away from coercion towards a legislation thatprovide incentives to indigenous cultivators to make <strong>the</strong>ir swidden practices moreproductive and sustainable. This law should be paralleled by serious efforts to <strong>of</strong>fertechnical, credit institutional and o<strong>the</strong>r support services, in order to increase andstabilize indigenous farming outputs. In places where swidden practices havebecome irreversibly unsustainable, specific strategies should be developed in closecoordination with <strong>the</strong> client communities, ra<strong>the</strong>r than imposing top-down technicalsolutions. Ano<strong>the</strong>r major challenge is to document and evaluate <strong>Batak</strong> uplandfarming strategies through an integrated and interactive long-term process <strong>of</strong>research and development. This process should identify indigenous best farmingpractices, understanding <strong>the</strong>m and <strong>the</strong> contexts in which <strong>the</strong>y are used.Today, because <strong>of</strong> decreasing agricultural production, <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves areincreasing pressure on selected resources that, customarily, were only used fordomestic consumption. For instance, <strong>the</strong> meat <strong>of</strong> wild pig is no longer sharedamongst community members; ra<strong>the</strong>r it is sold to <strong>the</strong> coastal restaurant. On <strong>the</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> bow and arrow complex has been replaced entirely by muzzle-guns.In addition to this, pigs are also killed through <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> ‘home-made’ explosivedevices hidden inside cassava or o<strong>the</strong>r types <strong>of</strong> bites. This practice was learnedthrough contacts with Filipino migrants several decades ago, but has now been fullyacquired by <strong>Batak</strong>. While <strong>the</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> this practice is confirmed by personalwitnesses, <strong>the</strong>re is no resource inventory or any reliable data to establish if and towhat extent <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> this hunting device is contributing to <strong>the</strong> decline <strong>of</strong> wild pigswithin <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA area.Opportunities<strong>The</strong> formal recognition <strong>of</strong> an <strong>Ancestral</strong> Domain Title (CADT) is part <strong>of</strong> a processthan may take several years before being completed. Under <strong>the</strong> IPRA law(Indigenous People’s Right Act <strong>of</strong> 1997), once <strong>the</strong> title is approved, <strong>the</strong> IndigenousCommunity can enforce <strong>the</strong>ir own traditional resource management systems asdefined by <strong>the</strong>ir own <strong>Ancestral</strong> Domain Sustainable Development and ProtectionPlan (ADSDPP). On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> – as <strong>of</strong> now – do notpossess <strong>the</strong> technical knowledge and skill for fulfilling such bureaucraticprocedures. It is <strong>the</strong>refore necessary to ensure that sufficient training and capacitybuilding be extended to <strong>the</strong> community in order to empower <strong>the</strong>m to best manage<strong>the</strong>ir own affairs. As <strong>of</strong> now, most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NGOs-promoted trainings ‘to empowerlocal communities’ continue to be held in <strong>the</strong> city ra<strong>the</strong>r than in <strong>the</strong> field. Intensivetwo/three days training sessions on multiple issues are seldom followed up byrefreshing training, as a result <strong>the</strong> information provided are rarely remembered by29

<strong>the</strong> indigenous participants and even more rarely transferred from trainees totrainees. Not surprisingly, in spite <strong>of</strong> years <strong>of</strong> NGOs promoted trainings in financialmanagement and legal rights, <strong>the</strong> technical capacity <strong>of</strong> most communities tomanage <strong>the</strong>ir own ‘affairs’ remains largely inadequate.O<strong>the</strong>r opportunities can be summarized as it follows:• Streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> Association. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> association islegally registered under <strong>the</strong> Philippines Security and Exchange Commission.However, <strong>the</strong> people still needs additional training before <strong>the</strong>y can learn howto mobilize sufficient support and develop new skills through <strong>the</strong>ir owninstitution. In <strong>the</strong> early 1990s, a Federation formed by <strong>the</strong> different <strong>Batak</strong> localgroups was organized with <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Haribon Palawan, a localenvironmental movement based in Puerto Princesa. <strong>The</strong> objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Haribon was to help ga<strong>the</strong>ring toge<strong>the</strong>r different <strong>Batak</strong> communities whichhave been totally or relatively separated during <strong>the</strong> past decades, so that <strong>the</strong>ycould meet on a monthly basis in order to socialize and discuss <strong>the</strong>ir problems.However, <strong>the</strong> Federation heavily depended on <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> Haribon forcovering traveling costs – as a result - when <strong>the</strong> funds for <strong>the</strong>se activities wereexhausted, <strong>Batak</strong> had no capacity to keep <strong>the</strong> process ongoing. <strong>The</strong>Federation still has its own president who resides in Kalakuasan. He ando<strong>the</strong>r community members feel that networking and linking not only witho<strong>the</strong>r <strong>Batak</strong> groups but also with o<strong>the</strong>r IPs in Palawan will give <strong>the</strong>m a betteropportunity for exchanging <strong>the</strong>ir experiences with o<strong>the</strong>rs, thus refining <strong>the</strong>irstrategy for safeguarding bio-cultural diversity in <strong>the</strong> CCA. <strong>The</strong> revival andstreng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Federation is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> initiatives that <strong>Batak</strong> would liketo pursue in <strong>the</strong> medium-long term.• International Networking. As part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> empowering <strong>the</strong>Tabag <strong>Batak</strong> by linking <strong>the</strong>m to global advocacy networks, a communitybased process has recently being carried out in <strong>Tanabag</strong>. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong>such meeting, <strong>Batak</strong> members have been informed about <strong>the</strong> mission andstrategic approach <strong>of</strong> WAMIP (World Alliance <strong>of</strong> Mobile Indigenous Peoples),particularly with reference to <strong>the</strong> principle <strong>of</strong> mobility in <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> naturalresources through customary leadership. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> meeting - <strong>the</strong>people decided to fill <strong>the</strong> membership application for joining WAMIP, mainlyas a ‘community’ (this entails <strong>the</strong> inclusions <strong>of</strong> all 153 members, children,women, etc.). By joining <strong>the</strong> Alliance, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> hope to bring <strong>the</strong>irplight to <strong>the</strong> attention <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> international community and to have a strongervoice when lobbying for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CCA.• Producing Digital Cultural Archives. In <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> two ongoingprojects by <strong>the</strong> Centre for Biocultural Diversity (CBCD) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> University <strong>of</strong>Kent, with <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christensen Fund and <strong>the</strong> RoyalAnthropological Institute (RAI) respectively, <strong>the</strong> Tabag <strong>Batak</strong> are beinginvolved in processes <strong>of</strong> recovery, sharing and exchanging information on30

iocultural diversity both internally, as well as with environmental managersand policy makers. As <strong>of</strong> now, video-documentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> ecologicalknowledge and practices has been generated in total coordination with <strong>the</strong>people <strong>the</strong>mselves. In <strong>the</strong> project’s second phase, additional efforts will beinvested in developing capacities among <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> to produce and edit<strong>the</strong>ir own video materials. Some young people have already shown a stronginterest in learning <strong>the</strong>se techniques and in producing <strong>the</strong>ir own videos.Overall, <strong>the</strong> video-documentation strives to give <strong>Batak</strong> families an improvedinformation base on which to make critical decisions regarding keyenvironmental and social issues within <strong>the</strong>ir CCA, as well as to conservememories <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> past. While <strong>the</strong> medium-long term impact <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se familyarchives needs to be evaluated, <strong>the</strong> outcomes and experiences so farhighlight a number <strong>of</strong> important aspects, such as an increasing sense <strong>of</strong>ownership and a regained sense <strong>of</strong> pride in ‘being a <strong>Batak</strong>’.<strong>The</strong> process <strong>of</strong> creating digitalbiocultural archives is expected tohave a significant impact, not onlyin terms <strong>of</strong> what <strong>the</strong>y communicateamong <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> families and too<strong>the</strong>rs, but also in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>social processes generatedthrough <strong>the</strong>ir production. Myexperience, so far, confirms thatpeople’s awareness <strong>of</strong> videodocumentationbeing returned to<strong>the</strong>m has created in <strong>the</strong>m a sense<strong>of</strong> trustworthiness and a strongmotivation to have all families’activities filmed and recorded. It isanticipated that <strong>Batak</strong> knowledgeabout <strong>the</strong> natural environment andecological processes if reorderedin a digital archive, could supportboth legal and ecologicalarguments for local peoples to take<strong>Batak</strong> watching at <strong>the</strong>ir digital archivea leading role in environmental management and economic development <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>ir CCA. For instance, it could help to demonstrate that, through <strong>the</strong>ir locallivelihood strategies and traditional forms <strong>of</strong> tenure, local people are <strong>of</strong>tenbetter equipped to manage biodiversity than park authorities through <strong>the</strong>implementation <strong>of</strong> protected areas. It should add fur<strong>the</strong>r support to <strong>the</strong> ideathat anthropogenic influence is not necessarily incompatible withconservation, and that exclusion <strong>of</strong> traditional stewards from environmentalmanagement can fur<strong>the</strong>r accelerate degradation <strong>of</strong> biocultural diversity.31

• Revitalizing <strong>Batak</strong> Artistic Expressions<strong>Batak</strong> women can produce intricately decorated baskets. All bichromatic twilledplaiting is undertaken using two species <strong>of</strong> bamboo growing in <strong>the</strong>ir CCA: lawas(Schizostachyum lumampao) and sabsaban (Dinochloa palawanensis). Such fibersare particularly suited for weaving baskets (begias), nigu (flat winnowing trays) anddifferent kinds <strong>of</strong> containers (e.g. maramakan) for <strong>the</strong> betel chewing ingredients(Novellino, D. 2007a).Begias are diagonally workedbaskets: weaving begins in <strong>the</strong>centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> base until <strong>the</strong>desired size is achieved, than<strong>the</strong> weaver turns <strong>the</strong> corner andworks upwards and around.Traditionally, <strong>the</strong> first basketwoven by a novice was anindicator that <strong>the</strong> girl hadachieved a status within <strong>the</strong>group <strong>of</strong> women, as well as anew sense <strong>of</strong> identity. Thus <strong>the</strong>capacity <strong>of</strong> producing finebaskets was a sign <strong>of</strong>competence as well as a significant step towards adulthood. Nowadays, women areno longer expected to know, remember and reproduce non-material items (e.g.myths and narratives) associated with particular items. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, prestige andsocial recognition play an increasingly less important role in <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong>basket weaving knowledge. Basket designs are obtained by intertwining uncoloredand blackened bamboo fibers.A poultice <strong>of</strong> pounded leavesor bark is rubbed againstsome <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> selected pieces<strong>of</strong> bamboo which areblackened with <strong>the</strong> sootproduced by burning <strong>the</strong>resin <strong>of</strong> bagtik (Agathisphilippinensis) or saleng(Canarium asperum). <strong>The</strong>process <strong>of</strong> rubbing andblackening is repeated threeconsecutive times to ensurethat <strong>the</strong> soot adheres firmlyon <strong>the</strong> bamboo surface.Aside from bamboo used in basketry, two species <strong>of</strong> wild Pandanus are also usedby <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> to weave sleeping mats. Fine rattan strips are also woven into arm32

acelets. In 2004, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> participated with enthusiasm in a projectaimed at fostering <strong>the</strong> transmission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir traditional weaving knowledge. <strong>The</strong>project was supported by <strong>the</strong> European Social Research Council (UK), <strong>the</strong> WennerGren Foundation (US) and by ASIA (Association for International Solidarity in Asia).While <strong>the</strong> project was ongoing, several young women were motivated to learn.Overall, through <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> such artifacts, <strong>the</strong> people <strong>the</strong>mselves have beenable to reassess important aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own cultural heritage and symbolism,and to transmit important information to <strong>the</strong> young generations. During <strong>the</strong> CCAconsultation, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> have expressed an interest in engaging in projects <strong>of</strong> thiskind and in revitalizing also o<strong>the</strong>r important aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir material and spiritualculture.Formal RecognitionTechnically, a significant portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> Kabatakan lies within <strong>the</strong>boundaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir Community Based Forest Management Agreement Area. CBFMagreements have a duration <strong>of</strong> 25 years and can be renewed. However, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>do not regard <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMA as an ideal instrument to make sense <strong>of</strong> how <strong>the</strong>yperceive and manage <strong>the</strong>ir own environment. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> feel that<strong>the</strong> approval <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CADT will resolve many pending issues related to <strong>the</strong>ir claims to<strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> traditional land and resources, as it will give <strong>the</strong>m a stronger and morepowerful form <strong>of</strong> legal recognitionConclusionsThis report suggests that <strong>Batak</strong> land and resources management strategies are notinsulated from politics and, overall, from conservation strategies and governmentdevelopment programs whose aims and objectives are <strong>of</strong>ten conflicting and/orincompatible with one ano<strong>the</strong>r.Clearly as it appears, legally sanctioned rights (as those listed in CBFMagreements) are worthless unless <strong>the</strong> beneficiaries become sufficiently empoweredto defend such rights within <strong>the</strong>ir territories. Evidence indicates that, on severaloccasions, in spite <strong>of</strong> being <strong>the</strong> legitimate signatory <strong>of</strong> a CBFM agreement, <strong>the</strong><strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> have been unable to control <strong>the</strong> entry <strong>of</strong> illegal ga<strong>the</strong>rers in <strong>the</strong>irland. Moreover, <strong>the</strong>y have no operating financial capital, nor experience to deal withbuyers on equal grounds, and thus <strong>the</strong>y tend to receive lower remuneration for <strong>the</strong>irNTFPs.Similarly, top-down technical approaches to stabilizing shifting cultivation and <strong>the</strong>imposition <strong>of</strong> so called ‘livelihood alternatives’ have fur<strong>the</strong>r contributed todisempower <strong>Batak</strong> community, forcing <strong>the</strong>m to rely more and more on <strong>the</strong> collection<strong>of</strong> NTFPs to purchase retail rice and o<strong>the</strong>r food commodities. A typical <strong>Batak</strong>household, where men are most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time busy in commercial ga<strong>the</strong>ring, isgenerally unable to mobilize sufficient labor internally to increase agriculturalproduction. Moreover, as <strong>the</strong> case study indicates, upland rice and root-cropproduction is also decreasing as a result <strong>of</strong> unreasonable government conservationmeasures such as <strong>the</strong> City government ban on shifting cultivation. Recently, in orderto comply with government demands for permanent cultivation, some <strong>Batak</strong> members33

have decided to convert <strong>the</strong>ir swiddens (or portions <strong>of</strong> it) into agr<strong>of</strong>orestry. However,those fields planted with tree crops, because <strong>of</strong> poor tending and no pruning do notgenerate any significant extra-income. One possible scenario can be envisaged:since forest is not increasing, <strong>the</strong> conversion <strong>of</strong> some swiddens into permanentorchards may reduce <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> fallow fields under rotation, and this may lead t<strong>of</strong>ur<strong>the</strong>r decrease in <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> fallow periods, which may lead to fur<strong>the</strong>r decline inyields.As this report haspointed out, climaticchanges (e.g. El Niño andLa Niña) have also alteredor reduced <strong>the</strong> availability <strong>of</strong>NTFPs, as well as that <strong>of</strong>agricultural production (e.g.upland rice). In 2005 to copewith food-scarcity, somemembers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong><strong>Batak</strong> began to integrate <strong>the</strong>collection <strong>of</strong> rattan andalmaciga with <strong>the</strong>harvesting <strong>of</strong> timber forestproducts such as wood for charcoal making. This suggests that, under particularcircumstances, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> might be forced to contravene <strong>the</strong>ir own sustainablepatterns <strong>of</strong> NTFPs extraction, as well as those ‘customary norms’ associated with a‘correct use’ <strong>of</strong> natural resources (e.g. <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> good relationships with<strong>the</strong> mystical custodians <strong>of</strong> animals andplants). Indeed, according to Padaw, one<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two surviving shamans,commercialization <strong>of</strong> previously nonsellableresources: (e.g. wild pig meat andhoney) has already affected <strong>the</strong>relationship between human and nonhumanentities, with negativerepercussions not only on <strong>the</strong> socialstability <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> group, but also on <strong>the</strong>availability <strong>of</strong> vital resources. Today,threats to <strong>the</strong> forest environment comeunexpectedly from everywhere, andshamans feel that it is impossible for <strong>the</strong>mto re-establish <strong>the</strong> cosmic balance,especially when <strong>the</strong> sources <strong>of</strong>‘imbalances’ (e.g. climatic changes) arenei<strong>the</strong>r known nor immediatelydetectable. In short, shamans claim toPlaying <strong>the</strong> traditional five-strings guitar34

have no power to correct <strong>the</strong> ‘ecological imbalances’ <strong>of</strong> which outsiders areprimarily responsible and which cause <strong>the</strong> anger <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mystical custodians <strong>of</strong>animals and plants. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, nowadays, shamanism is increasingly seen as anirrelevant instrument to face and deal with <strong>the</strong> new transformations. Especially for<strong>the</strong> young generations, imported technology and ‘modern life’ have an aes<strong>the</strong>ticforce and a socializing dimension that largely overrides that <strong>of</strong> shamanic séancesand traditional narratives.In spite <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong>se challenges (that are also common to o<strong>the</strong>r indigenouspeoples in transition) <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> are still very committed to protect andguard <strong>the</strong>ir territory from which <strong>the</strong>ir very existence depends.<strong>The</strong> people, in fact, would like to see <strong>the</strong>ir role as traditional custodians <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> forestduly recognized by government agencies and <strong>the</strong> civil society as a whole – but,unfortunately – this is not happening. <strong>The</strong> people also plan to convert <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMAagreement into a Certificate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ancestral</strong> Domain Title under <strong>the</strong> IPRA law. <strong>The</strong>ybelieve that this change will provide <strong>the</strong> community with a stronger legal instrumentto sustainably manage and defend <strong>the</strong>ir CCA. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> whole processwill require much financial resources, and thus <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> foreign donors.Linking with o<strong>the</strong>r indigenous groups both nation-wide and internationally isseen by <strong>Batak</strong> as an additional opportunity to have <strong>the</strong>ir voices being heard.However, as <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>mselves have pointed out during <strong>the</strong> consultation <strong>of</strong> 24/25August, <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> alliances with international indigenous peoples organizationsneed to be based first on a strong commitment on <strong>the</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community toimprove solidarity and social cohesion internally. In relation to this some steps willhave to be taken to empower <strong>the</strong> local association “Samahan sa Kaunlaran ng mga<strong>Batak</strong> sa Tina”, so that it could became <strong>the</strong> legal entity on which <strong>Batak</strong> can rely andappeal to during <strong>the</strong>ir negotiations with government authorities, NGOs and foreigninstitutions.Acknowledgements<strong>The</strong> Community Grassroots Dialogue was made possible with <strong>the</strong> invaluable support <strong>of</strong>Antonio Arboreda, chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> and <strong>of</strong> all community elders and membersthat traveled from <strong>the</strong>ir scattered swidden hamlets to reach <strong>the</strong> Kalakuasan CommunityCentre. Acknowledgements are also due to <strong>the</strong> Christensen Fund (grant 2007-03068) and<strong>the</strong> RAI, Urgent Anthropology grant for providing <strong>the</strong> needed assistance to carry out indepthresearch on which part <strong>of</strong> this document is also based. This report was commissionby <strong>the</strong> Centre for Sustainable Development (CENESTA) with <strong>the</strong> support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> WCPA-CEESP Strategic Direction on Governance, Equity, and Livelihoods (TILCEPA) and <strong>the</strong><strong>The</strong>me on Governance, Equity, and Rights (TGER) <strong>the</strong>matic networks <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> WorldConservation Union (IUCN).35

esources, ei<strong>the</strong>r by community members or by outsiders, are dealt with by <strong>the</strong>community as a whole and implemented through <strong>the</strong> kapitan. Generally, <strong>the</strong>assistance <strong>of</strong> shamans as managers <strong>of</strong> natural resources is sought only duringcommunity rituals for <strong>the</strong> propitiation <strong>of</strong> rice, honey and, on some occasion, <strong>of</strong>freshwater resources. O<strong>the</strong>r decisions not related to <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> naturalresources can be dealt with various degrees <strong>of</strong> flexibility, depending on <strong>the</strong>circumstances. On some occasions, <strong>the</strong> kapitan may have one or severalsubordinates (vice-kapitan) helping him in <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> his duties, but –overall - he has no power <strong>of</strong> coercion. His assistance may be requested to settleinternal disputes, to discuss <strong>the</strong> transferring <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community to temporarylocations, <strong>the</strong> building <strong>of</strong> new houses, <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> swidden fields, <strong>the</strong>organization <strong>of</strong> certain festivities. He may be in charge <strong>of</strong> co-ordinating group laborfor <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> village infrastructures and trails and <strong>of</strong> representingcommunity needs to government agencies. Cases such as divorce, stealing,adultery or <strong>the</strong> abduction <strong>of</strong> married women are settled by <strong>the</strong> council <strong>of</strong> elders(surugiden) and are usually resolved through <strong>the</strong> payment <strong>of</strong> a fine. Underparticular conditions, adulterous spouses and those responsible for stealing, may berequested to leave <strong>the</strong>ir community.5. Length <strong>of</strong> time <strong>the</strong> governance model has been in placeManagement roles have changed over <strong>the</strong> years. Until 1960, a community elderwas consulted about <strong>the</strong> everyday affairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community. Any residentialaggregate had one <strong>of</strong> such leaders, unanimously selected by <strong>the</strong> people for his‘good personality’ and o<strong>the</strong>r virtues. <strong>The</strong> people consulted <strong>the</strong> leader to resolvepersonal grievances or for any o<strong>the</strong>r problem involving <strong>the</strong> community. Today,elders seldom play a leading role, and leaders (generally <strong>of</strong> mid-age) are elected(every three years) and acquire <strong>the</strong> titular position <strong>of</strong> kapitan6. Land and resource ownership in <strong>the</strong> CCACustomary communal ownership,7. Type <strong>of</strong> land use in <strong>the</strong> CCAPrimary forest, secondary forest, mountain forest, swidden fields and follow land.8. Existence <strong>of</strong> written or oral management plans and specific rules for <strong>the</strong> use<strong>of</strong> natural resources in <strong>the</strong> CCAInformation on <strong>the</strong> traditional uses <strong>of</strong> resources is transmitted orally and<strong>the</strong>re are no old texts containing such prescriptions. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, withreference to <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMAs contractual obligations, <strong>Batak</strong> need to submit anAnnual Work Plan (AWP) and a Community Resource ManagementFramework (CRMF) to <strong>the</strong> Community Environment and Natural ResourcesOffice (CENRO). Such plans contain information on <strong>the</strong> yearly quantity <strong>of</strong>38

NTFPs that people intends (or anticipates) to collect, as well as on <strong>the</strong>location where such resources are found. It should be pointed out that <strong>the</strong>sereports are to be written according to strict government standards and <strong>Batak</strong>,being illiterate, do not have <strong>the</strong> technical skill to prepare <strong>the</strong>m. Because<strong>Batak</strong> are unable to produce such reports, <strong>the</strong> buyers <strong>of</strong> NTFPs - who havevested interests in <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> certain resources found within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA -are now producing such reports – and because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir political connections– <strong>the</strong>y are generally capable <strong>of</strong> having such documents approved.Some examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> ‘non-textual’ prescriptions for <strong>the</strong> management<strong>of</strong> specific resources.• Tapping<strong>Batak</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>rers claim that <strong>the</strong>ir way <strong>of</strong> extracting <strong>the</strong> resin does not damage <strong>the</strong>Agathis tree, since <strong>the</strong> first cut is only dua kamrut (two fingers) wide, and tappingtakes place no more than twice a month. Moreover, trees are tapped in such a waythat <strong>the</strong> cut is protected from direct rain, and thus from fungi-related diseases. On<strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong>y complain about <strong>the</strong> destructive tapping techniques employed byFilipino ga<strong>the</strong>rers. Each <strong>Batak</strong> individual is in charge <strong>of</strong> a certain number <strong>of</strong> trees,which are not utilized by o<strong>the</strong>r ga<strong>the</strong>rers, unless permission is obtained.• Rattan harvesting<strong>Batak</strong> protection measures for rattan include <strong>the</strong> exclusion <strong>of</strong> good palm grovesfrom swidden clearings, and <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong> single stemmed rattans before <strong>the</strong> planthas produced fruits. In addition, <strong>Batak</strong> are aware that when rattan is harvested, aportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> palm’s cane should be left attached to <strong>the</strong> plant, in order to allow <strong>the</strong>growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young stems. <strong>The</strong>y also avoid frequent harvesting from <strong>the</strong> sameplant and <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong> small diameter canes.• Checking trapsTraps should be checked regularly to avoid that <strong>the</strong> trapped animal will get rottenand, thus, its meat will no longer be edible. <strong>The</strong> killing <strong>of</strong> game animals that are notconsumed for food is said to upset <strong>the</strong> master <strong>of</strong> such animals (e.g. Napantaran –<strong>the</strong> Master <strong>of</strong> Pigs).9. Map and zoning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CCA (please attach if available and relevant)10. Relevant pictures with captions (please attach if available)11. Major threats to biodiversity and/or <strong>the</strong> CCA governance system12. Local CCA-relevant features, stories, names, rules and practice39

REFERENCESBrosius, P. 1981. After Duwagan: deforestation, succession and adaptation in uplandLuzon, Philippines. Masters’s <strong>The</strong>sis, University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.Cadeliña, R.V. 1985. In Time <strong>of</strong> Want and Plenty: <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> Experience. Dumaguete City:Silliman University.Callo, R.A. 1995. Damage to Almaciga Resources in Puerto Princesa and Roxas, PalawanConcessions. College, Laguna, Philippines. Report to Ecosystems Research andDevelopment Bureau, Department <strong>of</strong> Environment and Natural Resources.Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World. <strong>The</strong>IUCN Red Data Book. Gland: IUCN.Diamond, J.M. and Gilpin M.E., 1983. Biogeographic Umbilkici and <strong>the</strong> Origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Philippines Avifauna. Oikos 41: 301-41.Eder, J.F, 1987 On <strong>the</strong> Road to Tribal Extinction. Depopulation, Deculturation, andMaladaption among <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Philippines. Berkley:University <strong>of</strong> California Press.Heaney, L.R. 1986. Biogeography <strong>of</strong> mammals in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia: estimates <strong>of</strong>colonization, extinction, and speciation. Biological Science <strong>of</strong> Linnean Society 28: 127-65.Kirsch, S. 2001. Lost Worlds. Environmental disaster, “culture loss” , and <strong>the</strong> law. CurrentAnthropology 42 (2): 167-198.Kummer, D. M. 1992. Deforestation in <strong>the</strong> Postwar Philippines. Manila: Ateneo UniversityPress.Margalef, R. 1968. Perspectives in ecological <strong>the</strong>ory. Chicago: University <strong>of</strong> ChicagoPress.Novellino, D. 2007. Cycles <strong>of</strong> Politics and Cycles <strong>of</strong> Nature: Permanent Crisis in <strong>the</strong>Uplands <strong>of</strong> Palawan (<strong>the</strong> Philippines), in R. Ellen (ed.) Modern Crises and TraditionalStrategies. Local Ecological Knowledge in Island Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (pp. 185-219) Londonand New York: Berghahn.- 2007a. Weaving Traditions from Island Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia: Historical Context andEthnobotanical Knowledge, in F. Ertug (ed.) Proceeding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IVth International Congress<strong>of</strong> Ethnobotany, (21-26 August 2005) Yeditepe University. Zero Prod. Ltd: Istanbul.- 2003. Shamanism and Everyday Life. An Account <strong>of</strong> Personhood, Identity and BodilyKnowledge amongst <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> Palawan Island (<strong>the</strong> Philippines). PhD <strong>The</strong>sis,Department <strong>of</strong> Anthropology, University <strong>of</strong> Kent at Canterbury, UK.40

- 2003a. ‘Contrasting landscapes, conflicting ontologies’. Assessing environmentalconservation on Palawan Island (<strong>the</strong> Philippines), in D. Anderson and E. Berglund (eds.)‘Ethnographies <strong>of</strong> Conservation: Environmentalism and <strong>the</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> Priviledge’.London: Berghahn.- 1999. ‘<strong>The</strong> ominous switch: from indigenous forest management to conservation – <strong>the</strong>case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> on Palawan Island, Philippines’, in M. Colchester and C. Erni (eds.)Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas in South and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (Document No. 97),pp. 250-295. Copenhagen: IWGIA.Rai, N. 1982. From forest to fields: A study <strong>of</strong> Philippine Negrito foragers in transition.Ph.D. Dissertation, University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii, Honolulu.Serna, C.B. 1990. Rattan resources supply situation, in N.K. Toreta & E.H. Belen (Eds.)Rattan, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Symposium/Workshop on Rattan, Cebu City, June 1-3,1988. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research andDevelopment Book Series, no. 99, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.Warren, C.P. 1964. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> Palawan: a Culture in Transition. Research Series No.3,Philippine Studies Program: University <strong>of</strong> Chicago.Reports and LawsBech, J. 1997. Project Evaluation “Sustainable Utilization <strong>of</strong> Non/timber Forest Products inPalawan” (January-February 1997), unpublished manuscript.Haribon-Palawan & IUCN. 1996. Sustainable Utilization <strong>of</strong> Non-timber Forest Products,Phase I: Final Report, Palawan, Philippines.Hilleshög Forestry A.B., Landskrona. 1984.Report. Sweden.<strong>The</strong> Palawan Botanical Expedition FinalHunting Technical Services Limited, Planning, Management and Development System Inc.and Sir. M. Mac Donald and Partners Limited, 1985. Palawan, A Strategic EnvironmentalPlan.Wakker, E. 1993. Towards Sustainable Production and Marketing <strong>of</strong> Non-Timber ForestProducts in Palawan, <strong>The</strong> Philippines. Tropical Social Forestry Consultancies (TSF),Haarlem.41

Global ICCA Database<strong>Tanabag</strong> Kabatakan, Palawan, PhilippinesBasic dataSite Name : <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> Kabatakan (<strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> land <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong>) or ‘lugta itamula kat <strong>Tanabag</strong>’ (<strong>the</strong> land <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ancestors in <strong>Tanabag</strong>). <strong>Tanabag</strong> is <strong>the</strong>local name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> main river crossing <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA, and is also <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>coastal barangay.1. Country: PhilippinesMunicipality <strong>of</strong> Puerto PrincesaPalawan Province2. Area encompassed by <strong>the</strong> CCA (specify unit <strong>of</strong> measurement) : about5,000 hectares <strong>of</strong> which 3,458.70 hectares fall within <strong>the</strong> CBFMA area.3. GIS Coordinates (not available)4. Whe<strong>the</strong>r it includes sea areas : No5. Whe<strong>the</strong>r it includes freshwater : Yes6. Marine: No7. Concerned community: Kalakuasan community - 31 households (153persons)8. Is <strong>the</strong> community considering itself an indigenous people? Yes. <strong>The</strong><strong>Batak</strong>, however <strong>the</strong>y also intermarry with Tagbanua, a neighboringindigenous group.9. Is <strong>the</strong> community considering itself a minority? Yes10. Is <strong>the</strong> community permanently settled? <strong>The</strong>y keep moving between <strong>the</strong>Kalakuasan permanent settlement and <strong>the</strong>ir upland swidden huts11. Is <strong>the</strong> community local per capita income inferior, basically <strong>the</strong> same orsuperior to national value?Answer: Yes – it’s inferior12. Is <strong>the</strong> CCA recognized as a protected area by <strong>the</strong> governmentalagencies?

Portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA are considered core or restricted use zones under<strong>the</strong> Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan (SEP or RA 7611) and itsEnvironmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) guidelines. It would appear,that those portions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir CCA that are close to <strong>the</strong> Puyus mountain (alsoknown as Cleopatra Needle) might have been incorporated into <strong>the</strong>expansion <strong>of</strong> St. Paul Subterranean National Park. This process, however,was carried out with no consultation with <strong>the</strong> local community. <strong>The</strong> CCA isalso part <strong>of</strong> a 25 years renewable Community Based Forest ManagementAgreement (CBFMA) area signed by <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Environment andNatural Resources (DENR) and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tanabag</strong> <strong>Batak</strong>.13. Conflicts with land tenure, natural resource use? Not on permanent basis,but <strong>the</strong>y might arise during specific periods <strong>of</strong> food-shortage and financialcrises.14. What is <strong>the</strong> main management objective (e.g. livelihood, cultural,spiritual…)Answer: none <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> selected terminology would be adequate. It should besaid that <strong>the</strong> area is customarily managed by <strong>the</strong> community since timeimmemorial and provides <strong>the</strong> cultural foundation and livelihood dimension onwhich <strong>the</strong>ir whole society depends.15. By definition, a CA fulfils a management objective. To which IUCNmanagement category do you consider it would best fit (this does not implythat <strong>the</strong> management objective is consciously pursued by <strong>the</strong> concernedcommunity, but that it is actually achieved):Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use <strong>of</strong> natural resourcesAdditional qualitative information1. Main ecosystem typeEvergreen Dipterocarp Forest2. Description <strong>of</strong> local ethnic groups and languages spoken:Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local neighboring groups are not indigenous in <strong>the</strong> real sense but<strong>the</strong>y do speak a local language/dialect: <strong>the</strong>y are <strong>the</strong> Cuyonin. <strong>The</strong> closestindigenous communities leaving around <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> area are <strong>the</strong> Tagbanua.Migrants, instead, come from different provinces, all speak <strong>the</strong> national language(Tagalog) as well as <strong>the</strong>ir own language/dialect (Visaya, Cebuano, Bicolano, etc).3. Broad historical context <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CCASee report

4. Governance structure for <strong>the</strong> CCA (who takes management decisions,how?)As far as concerning environmental-based decisions, each individual is free touse <strong>the</strong> plant and animal resources available in <strong>the</strong> area for domesticconsumption. <strong>The</strong> use <strong>of</strong> certain resources (e.g. agathis resin) is generallyregulated by <strong>the</strong> same individuals who, over <strong>the</strong> years, have acquired certain‘tapping’ rights to <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> specific trees. O<strong>the</strong>r decisions for more large-scaleexploitation <strong>of</strong> resources (eg. commercial ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>of</strong> rattan), as well asagreements with buyers, middlemen, etc. are taken in <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> consultativemeetings headed by <strong>the</strong> community elected chieftain (kapitan). All o<strong>the</strong>r mattersrelating to <strong>the</strong> exploitation <strong>of</strong> particular resources, ei<strong>the</strong>r by community membersor by outsiders, are dealt with by <strong>the</strong> community as a whole and implementedthrough <strong>the</strong> kapitan. Generally, <strong>the</strong> assistance <strong>of</strong> shamans as managers <strong>of</strong>natural resources is sought only during community rituals for <strong>the</strong> propitiation <strong>of</strong>rice, honey and, on some occasion, <strong>of</strong> freshwater resources. O<strong>the</strong>r decisions notrelated to <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> natural resources can be dealt with variousdegrees <strong>of</strong> flexibility, depending on <strong>the</strong> circumstances. On some occasions, <strong>the</strong>kapitan may have one or several subordinates (vice-kapitan) helping him in <strong>the</strong>performance <strong>of</strong> his duties, but – overall - he has no power <strong>of</strong> coercion. Hisassistance may be requested to settle internal disputes, to discuss <strong>the</strong>transferring <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community to temporary locations, <strong>the</strong> building <strong>of</strong> new houses,<strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> swidden fields, <strong>the</strong> organization <strong>of</strong> certain festivities. He may be incharge <strong>of</strong> co-ordinating group labor for <strong>the</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> village infrastructuresand trails and <strong>of</strong> representing community needs to government agencies. Casessuch as divorce, stealing, adultery or <strong>the</strong> abduction <strong>of</strong> married women are settledby <strong>the</strong> council <strong>of</strong> elders (surugiden) and are usually resolved through <strong>the</strong>payment <strong>of</strong> a fine. Under particular conditions, adulterous spouses and thoseresponsible for stealing, may be requested to leave <strong>the</strong>ir community.5. Length <strong>of</strong> time <strong>the</strong> governance model has been in placeManagement roles have changed over <strong>the</strong> years. Until 1960, a community elderwas consulted about <strong>the</strong> everyday affairs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> community. Any residentialaggregate had one <strong>of</strong> such leaders, unanimously selected by <strong>the</strong> people for his‘good personality’ and o<strong>the</strong>r virtues. <strong>The</strong> people consulted <strong>the</strong> leader to resolvepersonal grievances or for any o<strong>the</strong>r problem involving <strong>the</strong> community. Today,elders seldom play a leading role, and leaders (generally <strong>of</strong> mid-age) are elected(every three years) and acquire <strong>the</strong> titular position <strong>of</strong> kapitan6. Land and resource ownership in <strong>the</strong> CCACustomary communal ownership,7. Type <strong>of</strong> land use in <strong>the</strong> CCA

Primary forest, secondary forest, mountain forest, swidden fields and follow land.8. Existence <strong>of</strong> written or oral management plans and specific rules for <strong>the</strong>use <strong>of</strong> natural resources in <strong>the</strong> CCAInformation on <strong>the</strong> traditional uses <strong>of</strong> resources is transmitted orally and<strong>the</strong>re are no old texts containing such prescriptions. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, withreference to <strong>the</strong>ir CBFMAs contractual obligations, <strong>Batak</strong> need to submitan Annual Work Plan (AWP) and a Community Resource ManagementFramework (CRMF) to <strong>the</strong> Community Environment and NaturalResources Office (CENRO). Such plans contain information on <strong>the</strong> yearlyquantity <strong>of</strong> NTFPs that people intends (or anticipates) to collect, as well ason <strong>the</strong> location where such resources are found. It should be pointed outthat <strong>the</strong>se reports are to be written according to strict governmentstandards and <strong>Batak</strong>, being illiterate, do not have <strong>the</strong> technical skill toprepare <strong>the</strong>m. Because <strong>Batak</strong> are unable to produce such reports, <strong>the</strong>buyers <strong>of</strong> NTFPs - who have vested interests in <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> certainresources found within <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> CCA - are now producing such reports –and because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir political connections – <strong>the</strong>y are generally capable <strong>of</strong>having such documents approved.Some examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> ‘non-textual’ prescriptions for <strong>the</strong>management <strong>of</strong> specific resources.• Tapping<strong>Batak</strong> ga<strong>the</strong>rers claim that <strong>the</strong>ir way <strong>of</strong> extracting <strong>the</strong> resin does not damage <strong>the</strong>Agathis tree, since <strong>the</strong> first cut is only dua kamrut (two fingers) wide, and tappingtakes place no more than twice a month. Moreover, trees are tapped in such away that <strong>the</strong> cut is protected from direct rain, and thus from fungi-relateddiseases. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong>y complain about <strong>the</strong> destructive tappingtechniques employed by Filipino ga<strong>the</strong>rers. Each <strong>Batak</strong> individual is in charge <strong>of</strong>a certain number <strong>of</strong> trees, which are not utilized by o<strong>the</strong>r ga<strong>the</strong>rers, unlesspermission is obtained.• Rattan harvesting<strong>Batak</strong> protection measures for rattan include <strong>the</strong> exclusion <strong>of</strong> good palm grovesfrom swidden clearings, and <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong> single stemmed rattans before <strong>the</strong>plant has produced fruits. In addition, <strong>Batak</strong> are aware that when rattan isharvested, a portion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> palm’s cane should be left attached to <strong>the</strong> plant, inorder to allow <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> young stems. <strong>The</strong>y also avoid frequentharvesting from <strong>the</strong> same plant and <strong>the</strong> cutting <strong>of</strong> small diameter canes.• Checking traps

Traps should be checked regularly to avoid that <strong>the</strong> trapped animal will get rottenand, thus, its meat will no longer be edible. <strong>The</strong> killing <strong>of</strong> game animals that arenot consumed for food is said to upset <strong>the</strong> master <strong>of</strong> such animals (e.g.Napantaran – <strong>the</strong> Master <strong>of</strong> Pigs).REFERENCESBrosius, P. 1981. After Duwagan: deforestation, succession and adaptation in uplandLuzon, Philippines. Masters’s <strong>The</strong>sis, University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.Cadeliña, R.V. 1985. In Time <strong>of</strong> Want and Plenty: <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> Experience. DumagueteCity: Silliman University.Callo, R.A. 1995. Damage to Almaciga Resources in Puerto Princesa and Roxas,Palawan Concessions. College, Laguna, Philippines. Report to Ecosystems Researchand Development Bureau, Department <strong>of</strong> Environment and Natural Resources.Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World.<strong>The</strong> IUCN Red Data Book. Gland: IUCN.Diamond, J.M. and Gilpin M.E., 1983. Biogeographic Umbilkici and <strong>the</strong> Origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Philippines Avifauna. Oikos 41: 301-41.Eder, J.F, 1987 On <strong>the</strong> Road to Tribal Extinction. Depopulation, Deculturation, andMaladaption among <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Philippines. Berkley:University <strong>of</strong> California Press.Heaney, L.R. 1986. Biogeography <strong>of</strong> mammals in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia: estimates <strong>of</strong>colonization, extinction, and speciation. Biological Science <strong>of</strong> Linnean Society 28: 127-65.Kirsch, S. 2001. Lost Worlds. Environmental disaster, “culture loss” , and <strong>the</strong> law.Current Anthropology 42 (2): 167-198.Kummer, D. M. 1992. Deforestation in <strong>the</strong> Postwar Philippines. Manila: AteneoUniversity Press.Margalef, R. 1968. Perspectives in ecological <strong>the</strong>ory. Chicago: University <strong>of</strong> ChicagoPress.Novellino, D. 2007. Cycles <strong>of</strong> Politics and Cycles <strong>of</strong> Nature: Permanent Crisis in <strong>the</strong>Uplands <strong>of</strong> Palawan (<strong>the</strong> Philippines), in R. Ellen (ed.) Modern Crises and TraditionalStrategies. Local Ecological Knowledge in Island Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (pp. 185-219) Londonand New York: Berghahn.- 2007a. Weaving Traditions from Island Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia: Historical Context andEthnobotanical Knowledge, in F. Ertug (ed.) Proceeding <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IVth International

Congress <strong>of</strong> Ethnobotany, (21-26 August 2005) Yeditepe University. Zero Prod. Ltd:Istanbul.- 2003. Shamanism and Everyday Life. An Account <strong>of</strong> Personhood, Identity and BodilyKnowledge amongst <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> Palawan Island (<strong>the</strong> Philippines). PhD <strong>The</strong>sis,Department <strong>of</strong> Anthropology, University <strong>of</strong> Kent at Canterbury, UK.- 2003a. ‘Contrasting landscapes, conflicting ontologies’. Assessing environmentalconservation on Palawan Island (<strong>the</strong> Philippines), in D. Anderson and E. Berglund (eds.)‘Ethnographies <strong>of</strong> Conservation: Environmentalism and <strong>the</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> Priviledge’.London: Berghahn.- 1999. ‘<strong>The</strong> ominous switch: from indigenous forest management to conservation – <strong>the</strong>case <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> on Palawan Island, Philippines’, in M. Colchester and C. Erni (eds.)Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas in South and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia (Document No.97), pp. 250-295. Copenhagen: IWGIA.Rai, N. 1982. From forest to fields: A study <strong>of</strong> Philippine Negrito foragers in transition.Ph.D. Dissertation, University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii, Honolulu.Serna, C.B. 1990. Rattan resources supply situation, in N.K. Toreta & E.H. Belen (Eds.)Rattan, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Symposium/Workshop on Rattan, Cebu City, June1-3, 1988. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Researchand Development Book Series, no. 99, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.Warren, C.P. 1964. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Batak</strong> <strong>of</strong> Palawan: a Culture in Transition. Research SeriesNo.3, Philippine Studies Program: University <strong>of</strong> Chicago.Reports and LawsBech, J. 1997. Project Evaluation “Sustainable Utilization <strong>of</strong> Non/timber Forest Productsin Palawan” (January-February 1997), unpublished manuscript.Haribon-Palawan & IUCN. 1996. Sustainable Utilization <strong>of</strong> Non-timber Forest Products,Phase I: Final Report, Palawan, Philippines.Hilleshög Forestry A.B., Landskrona. 1984. <strong>The</strong> Palawan Botanical Expedition FinalReport. Sweden.Hunting Technical Services Limited, Planning, Management and Development SystemInc. and Sir. M. Mac Donald and Partners Limited, 1985. Palawan, A StrategicEnvironmental Plan.Wakker, E. 1993. Towards Sustainable Production and Marketing <strong>of</strong> Non-Timber ForestProducts in Palawan, <strong>The</strong> Philippines. Tropical Social Forestry Consultancies (TSF),Haarlem.