Presentation on Quality & Texting of Geosynthetics. - Technotex

QUALITY & TESTING OFGEOSYNTHETICSV.K.PATIL &A.N.DESAIBOMBAY TEXTILE RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONL.B.S.MARG, GHATKOPAR (W),MUMBAI-400086.WEB : btraindia.com e-mail : btra@vsnl.comINTRODUCTIONIn the past 25 years many applications ofgeosynthetics have proved their value in civilengineering projects and this new class of materialhas added entirely a new dimension to the world ofgeotechnical engineering. Geosynthetic materials likeGeotextiles, Geogrids, Geonets, Geocell, andGeomembranes are used in various civil engineeringactivities especially in highway engineering tofacilitate construction, ensure better performance ofthe structure and reduce maintenance.To know the performance of these products,performance evaluation is to be done & to meet therequirements, quality has to be maintained.

* NEED FOR TESTING* NABL Accreditation* GEO-TECHNICAL PRODUCTS* GEO-TEXTILE TESTING* VARIOUS TESTS &TEST STANDARDSNEED FOR TESTINGProducts are tested for the following reasons.* Quality assurance and control* Setting and maintaining performance standards* Investigation of complaints* Product developments and research* Testing can be classified into two categories,1. Quality testing 2. Performance assessments1. Quality TestingIndividual characteristics are measured against required specification.se.g.Constructionaldetails of woven geotextile* Fabric mass, density and thickness* Threads per inch* Type of weave* Cloth cover factor* Other physical propertiese.g.Constructionaldetails of Geogrid* Aperture Size* Density* Melt flow index & other physical properties2. Performance AssessmentsPrediction of behaviour of Product in use conditions.

Factors affecting theQuality of Testing• Variation in the material• Variation caused by the testmethod• Environment• Type of instrument & itsaccessories• Conditions of testing such asspeed, pressure and durationQUALITY ASSURANCE• What is QUALITY ?• Quality is a quantifiable attribute based on product performance,satisfies the customer and meets the requirements or specifications.• Quality of design, conformance, application and customer service.• Quality control is the process of maintaining the current standards &product quality by the regular inspection carried out on limited no.ofitems. The results are recorded on control charts and monitoring thesample means & ranges to give warning of the process moving out ofcontrol.• What is Quality Assurance ?• The system by which one can give assurance of quality of products,process, testing, design/development, installation & servicing andassessment. The system consists of guide lines. Qualitymanagement system ( ISO 9000 ).• ISO 9000 is the guide line for quality control i.e totality of features andcharacteristics of product or service that bear on the ability to satisfystated or implied needs.

The standard is not directly concerned with the actualproperties or design of product but with gaureenting thatthe product is always manufactured in the same way, to thesame specifications, that no substandard raw material usedin the production and that any rejects do not find their wayinto the output. The concerns of the standard are really withgood organizational practice and it involves completedocumentation of the whole process together with internaland external checks to ensure that everything is being runaccording to these written instructions.QUALITY ASSURANCE OFTESTINGSKILLED & EXPERIENCEDTESTING STAFFCALIBRATED EQUIPPMENTSNABL ACCREDITED & ISO17025 CERTIFIED LAB

Testing staff having skill in sample preparation, handlingof test equipments, knowledge of quality system and teststandards. Experience in testing of similar products &various tests will have better influence on quality oftesting. The staffs are trained time to time for varioustests, quality control systems and interpretation ofresults.Calibration of test equipments is done periodically( every year ).Quality audit is carried out by NABL every year.The Laboratory implements new or revised teststandards.The system consists of following areas.• Enquiries and orders• Purchased material or services• Inspection & testing• Calibration of test equipment• Organizational structure• Quality audit• Training• Monitoring the production• Assessing the final product• Investigation of faulty material• Product development & research

AccreditationLaboratory accreditation is a procedure by which anauthoritative body gives formal recognition of technicalcompetence for specific tests/ measurements, based on thirdparty assessment and following national /internationalstandardsWTO recognises that non acceptance of test results andmeasurement data is a Technical Barrier to Trade.Global sourcing of components calls for equivalence ofmeasurement, which can be facilitated by a chain of accreditedcalibration laboratories.Accreditation is considered as the first essential step forfacilitating mutual acceptance of test results and measurementdata.Benefits of Accreditation• Increased confidence in Testing/ Calibration Reportsissued by the laboratory.Better control of laboratory operations and feedback tolaboratories as to whether they have sound QualityAssurance System and are technically competent.Users of accredited laboratories enjoy greater access fortheir products, in both domestic and internationalmarkets.Customers can search and identify the laboratoriesaccredited by NABL for their specific requirementsfrom the NABL.• Savings in terms of time and money due to reduction orelimination of the need for re-testing of products.

GEO-TECHNICAL PRODUCTS:GEOTEXTILESGEONETSGEOGRIDSGEOMEMBRANESGEOCOMPOSITESGeosynthetic Clay Liner ( GCL )Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRM)GEOFOAMSRigid Cellular Polystyrene GeofoamExpanded Polystyrene (EPS) GeofoamDRAINSGeocomposite Pavement Panel DrainsVertical Strip DrainsPrefabricated Vertical Drains ( PVD )Erosion Control Blankets ( ECB )Alternative Daily Covers (ADC)Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)GEO-TECHNICAL PRODUCTS:GEOTEXTILE : A flexible, permeable fabric used with foundation, soil, rock,earth, or other geotechnical engineering related material as an integral part of a manmade project, structure, or system.GEONET: A netlike polymeric material formed from intersecting ribs integrallyjoined at the junctions used for drainage with foundation, soil, rock, earth or anyother geotechnical-related material.GEOGRID: An open grid structure of polymeric material used primarily fortensile reinforcement.GEOMEMBRANE : An essentially impermeable membrane.GEOCOMPOSITE : A manufactured material using geotextiles, geogrids and/orgeomembranes in laminated or composite form.GEOCELL: A three-dimensional structure filled with soil, thereby forming amattress for increased stability when used with loose or compressible sible soils.Geosynthetic Clay Liner : Factory-manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of alayer of bentonite clay or other very low permeability material supported bygeotextiles and/or geomembranes and mechanically held together by needling,stitching or chemical adhesive.

GEOTEXTILE IN USE FOR ROADGEONET

GEOGRIDGEOMAT

• GEOFOAM• GEOCOMPOSITE• GEOSYNTHETICCLAY LINER• PREFABRICATEDVERTICAL DRAIN

• TURFREINFORCEMENTMAT• EROSION CONTROLBLANKET• GEOCELL• ALTERNATE DAILYCOVERS

T E S T I N G S E R V I C E S AT BTRAGeomembranesGeogrids• Peel and Shear• Thickness• Density• Melt Flow Index• Carbon Black Content• Tear & Puncture Resistance• Tensile PropertiesGeonets and Geocomposites• Aperture Size• Density• Melt Flow Index• Carbon Black Content & Dispersion• Rib & Junction Strength• Wide WidthGeosynthetic Clay Liners• Mass per Unit Area• Thickness• Density• Melt Flow Index• Carbon Black Content• Transmissivity• Compression Behavior• CBR PunctureGeotextiles• Bentonite Mass per Unit Area• Swell Index & Fluid Loss• Internal Shear• Index Flux or PermeabilityInterface Friction by Direct Shear• Mass per Unit Area• Thickness• Grab Strength• Trapezoidal Tear• Puncture Resistance• Permittivity• Apparent Opening Size (AOS)• CBR Puncture• Geosynthetic to Geosynthetic• Geosynthetic to Soils• Geosynthetic to GCL's• SoilCommon Tests of Geotxtile• Mass : gms per meter square• Thickness at specified pressure• Tensile strength : Strip / Grab / Wide Width• Tear Strength : Trapezoid• Water Permeability : Vertical / Horizontal• Apparent Opening Size : Sieving method• Puncture Resistance : CBR / Index / Cone

STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR GEOTEXTILES / GEOSYNTHETICSSr.No.TEST PARAMETERSASTMISO1 Apparent Opening Size D 4751 129562 Mass per unit area D 5261 98643 CBR Puncture Resistance D 6241 122364 Index Puncture Resistance D 48335 Grab breaking load & elongation D 4632 139346 Trapezoid Tearing Strength D 4533 134347 Tensile Properties of Geotextiles bythe Wide-Width Width Strip MethodD 4595 103198 Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics D 5199 9863-19 Water Permeability by Permittivity D 4491 1105810 Hydraulic Transmissivity of aGeosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD 4716 12958STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR GEOTEXTILES / GEOSYNTHETICSSr.No.TEST PARAMETERSASTMISO11 Dynamic peroration by Cone Drop 1343312 Biological Clogging of Geotextiles D 198713 Bursting Strength-HydraulicD 388614 ,, ,, - Ball D 388715Tensile Properties of Geogrids bythe Single or Multi-RibTensileMethod16 Strength of Sewn or ThermallyBonded Seams of Geotextiles17 Deterioration of Geotextile byExposure to Light, Moisture & HeatD 6637 13426D 4884 1032113426D 435518 Microbiological degradation 12961

STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR GEOTEXTILES / GEOSYNTHETICSSr.No.TEST PARAMETERS19 Interface Friction between Soil &Geotextile by Direct Shear Method20 Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) ofGeocomposites21 Oxidative Induction Time ofPolyolefin Geosynthetics by HighPressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry22 Effect of Temperature on stabilityof GeotextileASTMISOD 5321 12957D 7005D 5885 11357D 459423 Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load D 549324 Ply Adhesion Strength of ReinforcedGeomembranesD 6636STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR GEOTEXTILES / GEOSYNTHETICSSr.NoTEST PARAMETERS25 Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rateof a Geotextile for Silt FenceApplication Using Site-Specific Specific Soil26 Pyramid Puncture Resistance ofUnprotected and Protected Geomembranes27 Soil-Geotextile System CloggingPotential by the Gradient Ratio28 Determination of tensile creep andcreep rupture behaviour29ASTMD 5141D 5494D 5101ISOD 5262 13431Determining the resistance to Oxidation 1343830 Chemical Resistance ofGeosynthetics / Geotextile to Liquids31 Strip Tensile Properties ofReinforced GeomembranesD 5322D 6389D 7003

STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR GEOTEXTILES / GEOSYNTHETICSSr.No.TEST PARAMETERS32 Microscopic Evaluation of theDispersion of Carbon Black inPolyolefin Geosynthetics33 Hydraulic Transmissivity of aGeosynthetic by Radial Flow34 Pore Size Characteristics ofGeotextiles by Capillary Flow Test35 Grab Tensile Properties ofReinforced GeomembranesASTMISOD 5596 11420D 6574D 6767D 700436 Determining Geonet Breaking Force D 717937 Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)38 Tensile Creep & Creep rupture behaviourof geo-textileD 4886 1342713431Wide Width Tensile StrengthASTM D 4595

Index Puncture Resistance( ASTM D 4833 ):CBR ( static ) puncture resistanceASTM D 6241 / ISO 12236

Trapezoid Tear StrengthOf Geotextile( ASTM D 4533 )CREEP & RUPTUREBEHAVIOUR Of GeotextileASTM D 5262

Cone Drop Test( EN 918, ISO 13433 )SEAM STRENGTHOf GeotextileASTM D 4884

Water permeability bypermittivity method( ASTM D 4491 )In-plane Permeability( Hydraulic Transmissivity ):Of GeotextileASTM D 4716DIscharge CapacityLoadHead Lossgeotextile

Bursting Strength( Mullen / Hydraulic )ASTM D 3786Where to test• In Accredited LaboratoriesLike BTRA• Benefits of testing in accredited Labs :• User is confident about the test report issued byaccredited laboratory & sure that the same resultswill be obtained if tested in any other accreditedlaboratory within specified limits.• Users of accredited laboratory enjoy greater accessfor their products in both domestic as well asinternational market.• Savings in terms of time & money due to reductionor elimination of the need for re-testing of products

NON-WOVEN PLANT- NEEDLE PUNCHING WITH HOT AIR BONDINGAND THERMAL CALENDERING