climate change mitigation’, in thewords of the un’s high level panel ofexperts. 185 Indeed, biofuels can resultin more greenhouse gas emissionsthan conventional petrol and diesel,as suggested in studies by the eu’sJoint research centre, 186 the uKgovernment’s advisory committee onclimate change 187 and the Institutefor european environmental policy. 188The problem at the root of theeu’s biofuels mandate is that whengreenhouse gas emissions frombiofuel production are calculated,they do not take into account theextent to which this displacesagricultural production onto forests,peat lands and grasslands, all ofwhich are high carbon stores – knownas Indirect land use change (Iluc).studies suggest that Iluc drivenby the eu’s biofuel mandate couldconvert up to 69,000km 2 of naturalecosystems into cropland by 2020,releasing 27–56 million tonnes ofextra co2 per year; this is equivalentto putting 12–26 million extra carson european roads. 189 yet, in october2012, the EC specifically rejectedcalls to include Iluc in emissioncalculations and as part of the eu’ssustainability criteria for biofuels. 190some ‘second generation’ biofuels(that is, those manufactured fromenergy crops, agricultural residuesor waste) could provide significantgreenhouse gas reductions comparedto fossil fuels. however, this isfar from guaranteed since secondgeneration feedstocks might still beproduced on land that could be usedfor growing food or else remove, forexample, straw that protects soilfrom erosion and keeps carbon andnutrients in the ground. 191 moreover,many second generation biofuelstechnologies are a long way frombecoming commercially available:International energy associationprojections show conventionalbiofuels to be predominant up to2050. 192 more research and politicalwill needs to be applied to promotealternatives to biofuels. analysis byactionaid suggests that the uK, forexample, could meet its renewabletransport energy commitmentswithout using current land-basedbiofuels, or indeed any land-basedcrops or trees, by using smallquantities of sustainable advancedgeneration biofuels from wastesand residues, other wastes such ascooking oil and tallow, and electricvehicles from renewable sources. 193The eu’s renewable energy directive,which contains the 10 per centtransport fuel target, requires thecommission to prepare a biennialreport on the social impacts of itsbiofuels policy. The first of thesereports was due by the end of2012. 194 when the renewable energydirective comes up for review in2014, eu governments have theopportunity to press for the abolitionof the 10 per cent renewable energyin transport fuel target that drivesbiofuels demand, which theymust seize. 195meanwhile, on 17 october 2012, theeuropean commission published aproposal to cap, at five per cent,the amount of food crops that canbe used to meet the europeantargets for renewable energy intransport. while the commission’sacknowledgement of the negativesocial and environmental impacts ofeu biofuels mandates is welcome, thecurrent cap does not go far enough.In fact, at that level it would still beincentivising burning enough food tofeed tens of millions of people.It now falls on the europeanparliament and the council ofministers to ensure that the cap isbrought down to zero per cent andcovers all land-based biofuels. It iscompletely unacceptable that we areburning food in our petrol tanks whilepoor families go hungry and millionsare being pushed off their land.46
caSe StuDy‘thiS jatropha project haS ruineD my Life.i have nothing noW.’This is the story of 34-year-old yayadiallo*, who agreed to plant thebiofuel crop jatropha on her farm insenegal. The foreign company hassince left the area but she is stillsuffering from the consequences ofthe jatropha project.‘when the jatropha project camehere... men, women and the youngwere involved in the project and wewere paid three dollars a day. wewere asked to grow jatropha on ourfarms. I planted jatropha on my farmwhere I used to grow groundnuts.In previous years my harvests weregood; I used to have 1,100kg ofgroundnuts. with these groundnuts,I cooked for my family and sold therest to be able to buy school suppliesfor my children. but when I grewjatropha, my groundnut productiondecreased to 300kg. now, I am facinga lot of difficulties, My children andI are hungry and I don’t have moneyto buy them school supplies. eventhe small grocery shop that I openedis closed now; I sold all the groceriesand used the money to buy food,but this was not enough for me tosurvive. I am still supported by mybrothers and sisters.‘This project has ruined my life.I have nothing now, and [food]prices are so high, I cannot affordto buy rice or maize to eat withmy children.’since yaya gave this testimony toactionaid, yaya’s son did not enrol inschool in october 2012 because shedid not have the money to supporthis education.*This is not her real nameActionAid for the <strong>IF</strong> campaign47