GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980

tential ellipsoid. This theory has already been the basis ofthe Geodetic Reference System 1967; we shall summarize(partly quoting literally) some principal facts from therelevant publication (IAG, 1971, Publ. Spe c. n° 3).An equipotential ellipsoid or level ellipsoid is an ellipsoidthat is de®ned to be an equipotential surface. If anellipsoid of revolution (semimajor axis a, semiminor axisb) is given, then it can be made an equipotential surfaceU ˆ U 0 ˆ const:of a certain potential function U, called normal potential.This function U is uniquely determined by means ofthe ellipsoidal surface (semiaxes a, b), the enclosed massM and the angular velocity x, according to a theorem ofStokes-Poincare , quite independently of the internaldensity distribution. Instead of the four constants a, b,M and x, any other system of four independent parametersmay be used as de®ning constants.The theory of the equipotential ellipsoid was ®rstgiven by Pizzeti in 1894; it was further elaborated bySomigliana in 1929. This theory had already served as abase for the International Gravity Formula adopted atthe General Assembly in Stockholm in 1930.Normal gravity c ˆjgrad Uj at the surface of theellipsoid is given by the closed formula of Somilgiana,c ˆ ac e cos 2 U ‡ bc p sin 2 Up ;a 2 cos 2 U ‡ b 2 sin 2 Uwhere the constants c e and c p denote normal gravity atthe equator and at the poles, and F denotes geographicallatitude.The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, consistentand uniform reference system for all purposes ofgeodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geometricuse, and a normal gravity ®eld at the earth'ssurface and in space, de®ned in terms of closed formulas,as a reference for gravimetry and satellite geodesy.The standard theory of the equipotential ellipsoidregards the normal gravitational potential as a harmonicfunction outside the ellipsoid, which implies the absenceof an atmosphere. (The consideration of the atmospherein the reference system would require an ad-hoc modi-®cation of the theory, whereby it would lose its clarityand simplicity.)Thus, in the same way as in the Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1967, the computation are based on the theory ofthe equipotential ellipsoid without an atmosphere. Thereference ellipsoid is de®ned to enclose the whole massof the earth, including the atmosphere; as a visualization,one might, for instance, imagine the atmosphere tobe condensed as a surface layer on the ellipsoid. Thenormal gravity ®eld at the earth's surface and in spacecan thus be computed without any need for consideringthe variation of atmospheric density.If atmospheric e€ects must be considered, this can bedone by applying corrections to the measured values ofgravity; for this purpose, a table of corrections will begiven later (sec.5).3- Computational FormulasAn equipotential ellipsoid of revolution is determinedby four constants. The IUGG has chosen the followingones:aGMJ 2xequatorial radius,geocentric gravitational constant,dynamical form factor,angular velocity.The equatorial radius a is the semimajor axis of themeridian ellipse; the semiminor axis will be denoted byb. The geocentric gravitational constant GM is theproduct of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, andthe total mass of the earth, M. The constant J 2 is givenby:J 2 ˆ C AMa 2 ;where C and A are the principal moments of inertia ofthe level ellipsoid (C... polar, A... equatorial moment ofinertia).We shall also use the ®rst excentricity e, de®ned by:e 2 ˆ a2 b 2;a 2and the second excentricity e¢, de®ned by:e 02 ˆ a2 b 2b 2Closed computational formulas are given in sec.3 of(IAG, 1971, Pub.Spe c. n° 3); we shall here reproducethis section practically unchanged.The derivation of these formulas is found in the book(Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967) sections 2±7 to 2±10.Reference to this book is by page number and number ofequation.Computation of e 2The fundamental derived constant is the square of the®rst excentricity, e 2 , as de®ned above.From p. 73, equations (2-90) and (2-92¢), we ®nd:J 2 ˆ e21 2 me 0 3 15129q o15q 0This equation can be written as:e 2 ˆ 3J 2 ‡ 2me0 e 2

130with:m ˆ x2 a 2 bGM(p. 69, eq. (2-70)) and with be¢ = ae it becomes:e 2 ˆ 3J 2 ‡ 4 15x 2 a 3GMa 32q 0This is the basic equation which relates e 2 to thedata a, GM, J 2 and x. It is to be solved iteratively for e 2 ,taking into account:2q 0 ˆ 1 ‡ 3 e 02 arctan e 0 3 e 0ˆ X1nˆ14…1† n‡1 n…2n ‡ 1†…2n ‡ 3† e02n‡1withe 0 e ˆ p …second excentricity†1 e 2(p. 66, eq. (2-58), p. 72, second equation from top).Geometric ConstantsNow the other geometric constants of the referenceellipsoid can be computed by the well-known formulas:pb ˆ a1 e 2 …semiminor axis†;f ˆ a bpa…flattening†;E ˆ a 2 b 2 …linear excentricity†;c ˆ a2…polar radius of curvature†:bThe arc of meridian from equator to pole (meridianquadrant) is given by:Z p=2Q ˆ c0dU…1 ‡ e 02 cos 2 U† 3=2where F is the geographical latitude. This integral can beevaluated by a series expansion:Q ˆ c p 2 1 3 4 e02 ‡ 4564 e04 175256 e06 ‡ 11025 16384 e08Various mean radii of ellipsoid are de®ned by thefollowing formulas:arithmetic mean:R 1 ˆ a ‡ a ‡ b3ˆ a 1 f 3radius of sphere of the same surface:Z p=2! 1=2cos UR 2 ˆ c0 …1 ‡ e 02 cos 2 U† 2 dUˆ c 1 2 3 e02 ‡ 2645 e04 100189 e06 ‡ 7034 14175 e08radius of sphere of the same volume:R 3 ˆ3p a 2 b :Physical ConstantsThe reference ellipsoid is a surface of constant normalpotential, U = U 0 . This constant U 0 , the normal potentialof the reference ellipsoid, is given by:U 0 ˆ GM E arctan e0 ‡ 1 3 x2 a 2ˆ GM b(p. 67, eq. (2-61)).!1 ‡ X1…1† n e 02n2n ‡ 1 ‡ 1 3 mnˆ1The normal gravitational potential V (gravity potentialU minus potential of centrifugal force) can bedeveloped into a series of zonal spherical harmonics:V ˆ GM r1 X1J 2nnˆ1a 2nP2n…cos h†r!;where r (radius vector) and h (polar distance) arespherical coordinates. The coecient J 2 is a de®ningconstant; the other coecients are expressed in terms ofJ 2 by:J 2n ˆ…1† n‡1 3e 2n 1 n ‡ 5n J 2…2n ‡ 1†…2n ‡ 3†e 2(p.73, eqs. (2-92) and (2-92¢)).Normal gravity at the equator, c e , and normal gravityat the poles, c p , are given by the expressions:c e ˆ GMabc p ˆ GMa 2 1 ‡ m 31 m m e 0 q 0 06 q0e 0 q 0 0q 0withq 0 0 ˆ 3 1‡ 1 e 02 1 1 e 0 arctan e 0 1andm ˆ x2 a 2 bGM(p. 69, eqs. (2-73) and (2-74); p.68, eq. (2-67)).

The constant:f ˆ cp c ec eis also needed.…gravity flattening†A check is provided by the closed form of Clairaut'stheorem for the equipotential ellipsoid:f ‡ f ˆ x2 b1 ‡ e0 q 0 0c e 2q 0(p. 69, eq. (2-75)).The Gravity FormulawithSomiglinana's closed formula for normal gravity isc ˆ ac e cos 2 U ‡ bc p sin 2 Upa 2 cos 2 U ‡ b 2 sin 2 UFor numerical computations, the form1 ‡ k sin 2 Uc ˆ c e p1 e 2 sin 2 Uk ˆ bc pac e 1is more convenient.withThe conventional abbreviated series expansion is:c ˆ c e …1 ‡ f sin 2 U 1 4 f 4 sin 2 2U†f 4 ˆ 12 f2 ‡ 5 2 fm(p.77, eqs. (2-115) and (2-116)).More generally, the above closed formula for normalgravity may be expanded into the seriesc ˆ c ewhere1 ‡ X1nˆ1a 2n sin 2n Ua 2 ˆ 12 e2 ‡ k; a 6 ˆ 516 e6 ‡ 3 8 e4 k;a 4 ˆ 38 e4 ‡ 1 2 e2 k; a 8 ˆ 35128 e8 ‡ 516 e6 k;!Z p=2Zc cos UdU p=2c ˆ0 …1 e 2 sin 2 U† 2 : cos UdU0 …1 e 2 sin 2 U† 2ˆ 1 ‡ 1 6 e2 ‡ 1 3 k ‡ 59360 e4 ‡ 518 e2 k‡ 237115120 e6 ‡ 2591080 e4 k ‡ 2702291814400 e8 ‡ 962345360 e6 k:4- Numerical ValuesThe following derived constants are accurate to thenumber of decimal places given. In case of doubt or inthose cases where a higher accuracy is required, thesequantities are to be computed from the de®ning constantsby means of the closed formulas given in thepreceding section.De®ning Constants (exact)a = 6378 137 mGM= 3 986 005 ´ 10 8 m 3 s )2J 2 = 108 263 ´ 10 )8x = 7 292 115 ´ 10 )11 rad s )1Derived Geometric Constantssemimajor axisgeocentricgravitational constantdynamic form factorangular velocityb = 6 356 752.3141 m semiminor axisE = 521 854.0097 m linear excentricityc = 6 399 593.6259 m polar radius ofcurvaturee 2 = 0.006 694 380 022 90 ®rst excentricity (e)e¢ 2 = 0.006 739 496 775 48 secondexcentricity (e¢)f = 0.003 352 810 681 18 ¯atteningf )1 = 298.257 222 101 reciprocal ¯atteningQ = 10 001 965.7293 m meridian quadrantR 1 = 6 371 008.7714 m mean radiusR 1 = (2a+b)/3R 2 = 6 371 007.1810 m radius of sphere ofsame surfaceR 3 = 6 371 000.7900 m radius of sphere ofsame volumeDerived Physical ConstantsU 0 = 6 263 686.0850 ´ 10 m 2 s )2 normal potentialat ellipsoidJ 4 = )0.000 002 370 912 22J 6 = 0.000 000 006 083 47 spherical-harmonicJ 8 = )0.000 000 000 014 27 coecientsm = 0.003 449 786 003 08 m = c 2 a 2 b/GMc e = 9.780 326 7715 ms )2 normal gravity atequatorc p = 9.832 186 3685 ms )2 normal gravity at polef* = 0.005 302 440 112 f ˆ …g ±g p eg †ek = 0.001 931 851 353 f k ˆ …bg ±ag p e †ag e131The average value of gravity over the ellipsoid is

132Gravity Formula 1980Normal gravity may be computed by means of theclosed formula:1 ‡ k sin 2 Uc ˆ c e p ;1 e 2 sin 2 Uwith the values of c e , k, and e 2 shown above.The series expansion, given at the end of sec. 3, becomes:c ˆ c e …1 ‡ 0:005 279 0414 sin 2 U‡ 0:000 023 2718 sin 4 U‡ 0:000 000 1262 sin 6 U‡ 0:000 000 0007 sin 8 U†;it has a relative error of 10 )10 , correspondingto 10 )3 lms )2 =10 )4 mgal.The conventional seriesc ˆ c e …1 ‡ f sin 2 U 1 4 f 4 sin 2 2U†ˆ 9:780 327…1 ‡ 0:005 3024 sin 2 U 0:000 0058 sin 2 2U†ms 2has only an accuracy of 1 lm s )2 = 0.1 mgal. It can,however, be used for converting gravity anomalies fromthe International Gravity Formula (1930) to the GravityFormula 1980:c 1980 c 1930 ˆ…16:3 ‡ 13:7 sin 2 U†mgal;where the main part comes from a change of thePostdam reference value by ± 14 mgal; see also (IAG,1971, Publ. Spe c. n° 3, p.74).For the conversion from the Gravity Formula 1967to the Gravity Formula 1980, a more accurate formula,corresponding to the precise expansion given above, is:c 1980 c 1967 ˆ…0:8316 ‡ 0:0782 sin 2 U 0:0007 sin 4 U†mgal;Since former gravity values are expressed in the units``gal'' and ``mgal'', we have, in the conversion formulas,used the unit 1 mgal = 10 )5 ms )2 .Mean values of normal gravity are:c ˆ 9:797 644 656 m s )2 average over ellipsoid,c 45 = 9.806 199 203 m s )2 cat latitude F =45°.The numerical values given in this section have beencomputed independently by Mr. Chung-Yung Chen,using series developments up to f 5 , and by Dr. Hans-SuÈ nkel, using the formulas presented in sec. 3.5- Atmospheric E€ectsThe table given here is reproduced from (IAG, 1971,Publ. Spe c. n° 3, p.72). It shows atmospheric gravitycorrection dg as a function of elevation h above sea level.The values dg are to be added to measured gravity. Thee€ect of this reduction is to remove, by computation, theatmosphere outside the Earth by shifting it verticallyinto the interior of the geoid.Atmospheric Gravity Corrections dg(to be added to measured gravity)h dg h dg[km] [mgal] [km] [mgal]0 0.87 10 0.230.5 0.82 11 0.201.0 0.77 12 0.171.5 0.73 13 0.142.0 0.68 14 0.122.5 0.64 15 0.103.0 0.60 16 0.093.5 0.57 17 0.084.0 0.53 18 0.064.5 0.50 19 0.055.0 0.47 20 0.055.5 0.44 22 0.036.0 0.41 24 0.026.5 0.38 26 0.027.0 0.36 28 0.017.5 0.33 30 0.018.0 0.31 32 0.018.5 0.29 34 0.009.0 0.27 37 0.009.5 0.25 40 0.006- Origin and Orientation of the Reference SystemIUGG Resolution n° 7, quoted at the begining of thispaper, speci®es that the Geodetic Reference System 1980be geocentric, that is, that its origin be the center of massof the earth. Thus, the center of the ellipsoid coincideswith the geocenter.The orientation of the system is speci®ed in the followingway. The rotation axis of the reference ellipsoidis to have the direction of the Conventional InternationalOrigin for the Polar Motion (CIO), and the zeromeridian as de®ned by the Bureau International del'Heure (BIH) is used.To this de®nition there corresponds a rectangularcoordinate system XYZ whose origin is the geocenter,whose Z-axis is the rotation axis of the reference ellipsoid,de®ned by the direction of CIO, and whose X-axispasses through the zero meridian according to the BIH.ReferencesW.A. HEISKANEN, and H. MORITZ (1967):Physical Geodesy. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.

133International Association of Geodesy (1971): GeodeticReference System 1967. Publi. Spe c. n° 3 du BulletinGe ode sique, Paris.H. MORITZ (1979): Report of Special Study GroupN° 539 of I.A.G., Fundamental Geodetic Constants,presented at XVII General Assembly og I.U.G.G.,Canberra.Editor's Note:Additional useful constants can be obtained from:``United States Naval Observatory, Circular N° 167,December 27, 1983, Project MERIT Standards'', withupdates of December 1985.

134Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and GeodynamicsBy E. Groten (President of IAG Sub-commission 3)At present, systems of fundamental constants are in astate of transition. Even though the uncertainties ofmany constants have substantially decreased, the numericalvalues themselves did not substantially change.On the other hand, relativistic reductions and correctionsunderwent a variety of substantial revisions that,however, did not yet ®nd ®nal agreement within thescienti®c working groups of international committees incharge of evaluating relevant quantities and theories.Consequently, substantial changes and revisions stillhave to be expected in IAU, IERS, IUGG etc. within thenext few years.Therefore SC 3, after lengthy discussions and considerations,decided not to propose, at this time, anychange of existing geodetic reference systems such asWGS 84 (in its recent form updated by NIMA, 1997)and GRS 80. This would only make sense in view ofrelatively small numerical changes which would notjustify, at this moment, complete changes of systems andwould rather produce more confusion within usercommunities ± as soon as working groups within IAU,IERS etc. have made up their minds concerning thebackground of new systems and will be prepared todiscuss new numerical values. This should be around theyear 2001.The present situation is also re¯ected by the fact thatin view of substantial progress in evaluating temporalchanges of fundamental ``constants'' and related accuracies,we should better speak about ``fundamental parameters''instead of ``fundamental constants''; however,the majority of members of SC 3 preferred to preservethe traditional name of SC 3.In view of this situation and of the fact that IERS inits ``conventions'' which are edited at regular intervalsSC 3 cannot and should not act independently in proposingchanges of fundamental parameters, ± there willconsequently be relatively small changes in the followingpart on ``current best estimates'' and only minimalchanges in the part on ``ocial numerical values'' withinthis report. It is, moreover, proposed to strengthen theinterrelations between IERS and SC 3.Interrelations between IERS, IAU, IAG etc. make it,however, more dicult to implement necessary changesin fundamental systems. This was particularly realized indiscussing adoption of new fundamental constants. Thisfact may be explained by the discussion of small changesinherent in the adoption of particular tidal correctionswhich became relevant in view of higher accuracies of‹10 )8 or ‹10 )9 . It turns out to be almost impossible toexplain to other scienti®c bodies the modern relevance ofthe dependence of the numerical value of the semi-majoraxis ``a'' of the Earth on speci®c tidal corrections. Othertemporal variations imply similar diculties.From the view point of SC 3, i.e. in deriving fundamentalparameters, it is, to some extent, confusing that avariety of global or/and regional systems exist; it wouldbe best to use only one global terrestrial and one celestialsystem such as ITRF, referred to a speci®c epoch, andan associated celestial system, unless precise transitionand transformation formulae are available such as thosebetween ETRF, ITRF, EUREF, and perhaps WGS 84(in updated form), IGS, GRS 80 etc. where IERS-systems,in general, could serve to maintain transformationaccuracy and precision.However, the consequent replacement of ``a'' by aquantity such as the geopotential at the geoid W 0 (whichis independent of tides) in a geodetic reference system (ora similar system) was not well understood and notsupported by other working groups so that we ®nallygave up the idea of a reformation of systems of fundamentalconstants in this way even though quantities suchas W 0 are now very precisely determined by satellitealtimetry etc. Whether seasonal variations (BURSAet al.1998a) of W 0 are signi®cant or not is still an openquestion, when expressed in R 0 = GM/W 0 they amountto a few centimeters in global radius.

135I Current (1999) best estimates of the parameters ofcommon relevance to astronomy, geodesy, andgeodynamicsSI units are used throughout (except for the TDBvalue(value below (4))(SI-value can be associated with TCB or TCG)± velocity of light in vacuumc ˆ 299 792 458 m s 1± Newtonian gravitational constantG ˆ…6 672:59 0:30†10 14 m 3 s 2 kg 1…1†…2†± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the massof the Earth's atmosphere); recon®rmed by J. RIES(1998, priv. comm.)GM ˆ…398 600 441:8 0:8†10 6 m 3 s 2 …3†For the new EGM 96 global gravity modelGM ˆ 398 600 441:5 10 6 m 3 s 2 was adopted.In TT units (Terrestrial Time) the value isGM ˆ…398 600 441:5 0:8†10 6 m 3 s 2 :Note that if expressed in old TDB units (solar systemBarycentric Dynamical Time), the value isGM ˆ 398 600 435:6 10 6 m 3 s 2 :Based on well known transformation formulas wemay relate GM in SI-units to TT/TCG/TCB; see IERS-Convention 1996 p. 85. The well known secular termwas not originally included in the GM(E)-analysis,therefore it was related to TT, neither to SI nor (TCG,TCB); as still satellite analysis occurs without the secularterm, GM(E) in TT is still of geodetic interest; GM(E)= GM of the Earth.± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotationx ˆ 7 292 115 10 11 rad s 1 :Table 1. Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotation 1978±1994…5†This value is commensurate with a tidal decelerationin the mean motion of the Moon ndndt ˆ…25:88 0:5† arc sec cy2 :b) non-tidal in origin dxˆ…‡1:6 0:4†10 22 rad s 2 :dtnon-tidal…8†…9†± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter(tide-free, conventional, not normalized, Love numberk 2 = 0.3 adopted)J 2 ˆ…1082 626:7 0:1†10 9…10†To be consistent with the I.A.G. General AssemblyResolution 16, 1983 (Hamburg), the indirect tidal e€ecton J 2 should be included: then in the zero-frequency tidesystemJ 2 ˆ…1082 635:9 0:1†10 9 :± Long-term variation in J 2dJ 2dt ˆ…2:6 0:3†109 cy 1…11†Table 2. The Stokes second-degree zonal parameter; marked with a bar:fully normalized; k 2 = 0.3 adopted for the tide-free systemGeopotentialmodelZero-frequency tide systemTide-freeJ 2 J 2 J2 J 2[10 )6 ] [10 )6 ] [10 )6 ] [10 )6 ]JGM-3 484.16951 1082.6359 484.16537 1082.6267EGM 96 484.16537…12†± second-degree sectorial geopotential (Stokes) parameters(conventional, not normalized, geopotentialmodel JGM-3)Year x [10 )11 rad s )1 ] Year x [10 )11 rad s )1 ] DLOD [ms]J 2 2 ˆ…1574:5 0:7†109 ;…13†Min: 1978 7 292 114.903 1994 7.292 114.964 2.17Max: 1986 292 115.043 1995 .952 2.311996 .992 1.831997 .991 1.841998 ± ±± Long-term variation in xdx ˆ 4:5 0:1dt … †1022 rad s 2 : …6†This observed average value is based on two actualcomponents:a) due to tidal dissipation dxˆ … 6:1 0:4†10 22 rad s 2 : …7†dttidalS 2 2 ˆ…903:9 0:7†109 ;…14†h J 2;2 ˆ J22 2‡ S2 2i21=2ˆ …1815:5 0:9†10 9 :…15†Table 3. The Stokes second-degree sectorial parameters; marked with abar: fully normalizedGeopotential model C22 [10)6 ] S22 [10)6 ]JGM-3 2.43926 )1.40027EGM 96 2.43914 )1.40017Only the last decimal is a€ected by the standard deviation.

136For EGM 96 MARCHENKOand ABRIKOSOV(1999)found more detailed values:Table 4. Parameters of the linear model of the potential of 2nd degreeHarmoniccoecientValue ofcoecient ´ 10 6Temporalvariation ´ 10 11 [yr )1 ]C 20 ˆJ 2 )484.165371736 1.16275534C 21 )0.00018698764 )0.32S 21 0.00119528012 1.62C 22 ˆJ 2 22.43914352398 )0.494731439S 22 )1.40016683654 )0.203385232Coecient H associated with the precession constantH ˆ C 1 2…A ‡ B†ˆ…3 273 763 20†10 9 :C…16†The geoidal potential W 0 and the geopotential scalefactor R 0 = GM/W 0 recently derived by BURSAet al.(1998) read± The corresponding value in the mean tide system (thezero-frequency direct and indirect tidal distortionincluded) comes out asa ˆ…6 378 136:72 0:10†mand the tide-free valuea ˆ…6 378 136:59 0:10†m:…20†…21†The tide free-value adopted for the new EGM-96gravity model reads a=6 378 136.3 m.± Polar ¯attening computed in the zero-frequency tidesystem, (adopted GM, x, and J 2 in the zero-frequencytide system)1=f ˆ 298:25642 0:00001 …22†The corresponding value in the mean tide systemcomes out asW 0 ˆ…62 636 855:611 0:5† m 2 s 2 ;R 0 ˆ…6 363 672:58 0:05† m:…17†1=f ˆ 298:25231 0:00001 …23†and the tide-freeW 0 ˆ…62636856:4 0:5† m 2 s 21998) found globally.J. Ries (priv. comm,If W 0 is preserved as a primary constant the discussionof the ellipsoidal parameters could become obsolete;as the Earth ellipsoid is basically an artefact.Modelling of the altimeter bias and various other errorin¯uences a€ect the validity of W 0 -determination. Thevariability of W 0 and R 0 was studied by Bursa (BURSAet al. 1998) recently; they detected interannual variationsof W 0 and R 0 amounting to 2 cm.The relativistic corrections to W 0 were discussed byKOPEJKIN(1991); see his formulas (67) and (77) wheretidal corrections were included. Whereas he proposesaverage time values, Grafarend insists in correctionsrelated to speci®c epochs in order to illustrate the timedependenceof such parameters as W 0 , GM, J n , whichare usually, in view of present accuracies, still treated asconstants in contemporary literature.Based on recent GPS data, E. GRAFARENDand A.ARDALAN(1997) found locally (in the Finnish Datumfor Fennoscandia): W 0 = (6 263 685.58 ‹ 0.36) kgal m.The temporal variations were discussed by WANGandKAKKURI(1998), in general terms.± Mean equatorial gravity in the zero-frequency tidesystemg e ˆ…978 032:78 0:2†10 5 ms 2 :…18†± Equatorial radius of the Reference Ellipsoid (meanequatorial radius of the Earth) in the zero-frequencytide system (BURSAet al. 1998)a ˆ…6 378 136:62 0:10†m:…19†1=f ˆ 298:25765 0:00001 …24†± Equatorial ¯attening (geopotential model JGM-3).1=a 1 ˆ 91026 10: …25†± Longitude of major axis of equatorial ellipse, geopotentialmodel JGM-3K a ˆ…14:9291 0:0010 †W:…26†In view of the small changes (see Table 3) of thesecond degree tesserals it is close to the value of EGM96. We may raise the question whether we should keepthe reference ellipsoid in terms of GRS 80 (or an alternative)®xed and focus on W 0 as a parameter to be essentiallybetter determined by satellite altimetry, wherehowever the underlying concept (inverted barometer,altimeter bias etc.) has to be clari®ed.Table 5. Equatorial ¯attening a 1 and L a of major axis of equatorialellipseGeopotential Model1± Coecient in potential of centrifugal forceq ˆ x2 a 3GM ˆ…3 461 391 2†109 :…27†Computed by using values (3), (5) and a = 6 378 136.6a1L a [deg]JGM-3 91026 14.9291 W± Principal moments of inertia (zero-frequency tidesystem), computed using values (11), (15), (3), (2) and(16)

137C AMa 2 ˆ J 2 ‡ 2J 2;2 ˆ…1086 267 0:001†10 6 ;0C BMa 2 0B AMa 2 0ˆ J 2 2J 2;2 ˆ…1079:005 0:001†10 6 ;ˆ 4J 2;2 ˆ…7:262 0:004†10 6 ;Ma 2 0 ˆ GM G a2 0 ˆ…2:43014 0:00005†1038 kgm 2 ;…a 0 ˆ 6 378 137 m†;C A ˆ…2:6398 0:0001†10 35 kg m 2 ;C B ˆ…2:6221 0:0001†10 35 kg m 2 ;B A ˆ…1:765 0:001†10 33 kg m 2 ;CMa 2 0AMa 2 0BMa 2 0ˆ J2H ˆ…330 701 2†106 ;ˆ…329 615 2†10 6 ;ˆ…329 622 2†10 6 ;…28†…29†…30†…31†…32†k s = 0.9383 is the secular Love number, dJ 2 is the zerofrequencytidal distortion in J 2 . First, the internal consistencyof parameters a, W 0 ,(R 0 ) and g e should be examined:(i) Ifa ˆ 6 378 136:7mis adopted as primary, the derived values are(ii) IfW 0 ˆ 62 636 856:88 m 2 s 2 ;…R 0 ˆ 6 363 672:46 m†;g e ˆ 978 032:714 10 5 ms 2 :W 0 ˆ…62 636 855:8 0:5† m 2 s 2 ;R 0 ˆ…6 363 672:6 0:05† m;…36†…37†…38†is adopted as primary, the derived values are (meansystem)a ˆ 6 378 136:62 m;g e ˆ 978 032:705 10 5 ms 2 :…39†…40†A ˆ…8:0101 0:0002†10 37 kg m 2 ;B ˆ…8:0103 0:0002†10 37 kg m 2 ;C ˆ…8:0365 0:0002†10 37 kg m 2 ;a ˆ C BA ˆ…327 353 6†108 ;c ˆ B ACb ˆ C ABˆ…2 196 6†108ˆ…329 549 6†108…33†(iii) If (18)g e ˆ…978 032:78 0:2†10 5 ms 2 ;is adopted as primary, the derived values area ˆ 6 378136:38 m;W 0 ˆ 62 636 858:8m 2 s 2…R 0 ˆ 6 363 672:26 m†:…41†…42†…43†There are no signi®cant discrepancies, the di€erencesare about the standard errors.II Primary geodetic Parameters, discussionIt should be noted that parameters a, f, J 2 ,g e , dependon the tidal system adopted. They have di€erent valuesin tide-free, mean or zero-frequency tidal systems.However, W 0 and/or R 0 are independent of tidal system(BURSA1995). The following relations can be used:a…mean† ˆa…tide-free†‡ 1 2 …1 ‡ k s†R 0dJ 2k s;a…mean† ˆa…tide-free†‡ 3 2 …1 ‡ k s† dJ 2k s;a…zero-frequency† ˆa…tide-free†‡ 1 2 R 0dJ 2 ;a…zero-frequency† ˆa…tide-free†‡ 3 2 dJ 2;…34†…35†However, the inaccuracy in (iii) is much higher thanin (i) and/or (ii). That is why solution (iii) is irrelevant atpresent.If the rounded valueW 0 ˆ…62 636 856:0 0:5†m 2 s 2R 0 ˆ…6 363 672:6 0:1†‰mŠ…44†…45†is adopted as primary, then the derived length of thesemimajor axis in the mean tide system comes out asa ˆ…6 378 136:7 0:1†m; …for zero-tide : 6 378 136:6†…46†which is just the rounded value (20), and (in the zerofrequency tide system)g e ˆ…978 032:7 0:1†10 5 ms 2 :…47†

138However, SC 3 recommends that, at present, GRS 1980should be retained as the standard.III Consistent set of fundamental constants (1997)± Geocentric gravitational constant (including the massof the Earth's atmosphere)GM = (398 600 441.8 ‹ 0.8) ´ 10 6 m 3 s )2 , [value(3)]± Mean angular velocity of the Earth's rotationx=7 292 115 ´ 10 )11 rad s )1 [value (5)]± Second-degree zonal geopotential (Stokes) parameter(in the zero-frequency tide system, Epoch 1994)J 2 = (1 082 635.9 ‹ 0.1) ´ 10 )9 [value (11)]± Geoidal potentialW 0 = (62 636 856.0 ‹ 0.5) m 2 s )2 , [value (44)]± Geopotential scale factorR 0 = GM/W 0 = (6 363 672.6 ‹ 0.05) m[value (45)]± Mean equatorial radius (mean tide system)a = (6 378 136.7 ‹ 0.1) m [value (46)]± Mean polar ¯attening (mean tide system)1/f = 298.25231 ‹ 0.00001 [value (23)]± Mean equatorial gravityg e = (978 032.78 ‹ 0.1) ´ 10 )5 ms )2 , [value (18)].GRAFARENDand ARDALAN(1999) have evaluated a(consistent) normal ®eld based on a unique set of currentbest values of four parameters (W°, x, J 2 and GM) as apreliminary ``follow-up'' to the Geodetic ReferenceSystem GRS 80. It can lead to a level-ellipsoidal normalgravity ®eld with a spheroidal external ®eld in theSomigliana-Pizetti sense. By comparing the consequentvalues for the semimajor and semi-minor axes of therelated equipotential ellipsoid with the correspondingGRS-80 axes (based on the same theory) the authors endup with axes which deviate by )40 and )45 cm, respectivelyfrom GRS 80 axes and within standard deviationsfrom the current values such as in (21); but no g-values are given until now.IV AppendixA1. Zero-frequency tidal distortion in J 2…J 2 ˆC 20 †dJ 2 ˆ k sGM LGM 3 2R R…E 2 ‡ d 2L †D L‡ k sGM SGME 2 ˆ 1 2 ‡ 3 4 sin2 e 0 ;a 0 3 2R R…E 2 ‡ d 2S †;D Sa 0d 2L ˆ 3 4 sin2 i L e 2 9 L ‡8 e2 L sin2 e 0 sin 2 i L ;d 2S ˆ 3 4 e2 S 1 3 2 sin2 e 0 ;R ˆ R 0 1 ‡ 2521 v3 q 10 1=57 v2 J 2GM L = 4 902.799 ´ 10 9 m 3 s )2(selenocentric grav. Const.),GM S = 13 271 244.0 ´ 10 13 m 3 s )2 ,D ÅL = 384 400 km(mean geocentric distance to the Moon),D ÅS = 1 AU = 1.4959787 ´ 10 11 m,a 0 = 6 378 137 m(scaling parameter associated with J 2 ),e 0 =23°26'21.4'' (obliquity of the ecliptic),e L = 0.05490(eccentricity of the orbit of the Moon),i L =5°0.9'(inclination of Moon's orbit to the ecliptic),e S = 0.01671(eccentricity of the heliocentric orbit of the Earth-Moon barycenter),m =a 0 /R 0 = 1.0022729;k s = 0.9383(secular-¯uid Love number associated with thezero-frequency second zonal tidal term);dJ 2 = )dC 20 = (3.07531 ´ 10 )8 )k s (conventional);dJ 2 ˆdC 20 …1:37532 10 8† k s (fully normalized).L = LunarS = SolarA2. De®nitionBecause of tidal e€ects on various quantities, the tidefree,zero-frequency and mean values should be distinguishedas follows:± A tide-free value is the quantity from which all tidale€ects have been removed.± A zero-frequency value includes the indirect tidaldistortion, but not the direct distortion.± A mean tide value included both direct and indirectpermanent tidal distortions.AcknowledgementThis report is basically an updated version of M.Bursa's SC 3 report presented in 1995 with some newmaterial added.ReferencesBURSAM (1992) The four primary geodetic parameters.Studia geoph. et geod. 36, 199±206BURSAM (1995) Special Commission 3, FundamentalConstants (SCFC), Report submitted to IAG,

139IUGG Gen. Ass., Boulder, Travaux IAG, Tome 30,370±384, Paris 1995BURSAM, J KOUBA, KRADEJ, SATRUE, VVATRT, MVOJTISKOVA(1997) Monitoring geoidal potential onthe basis of Topex/Poseidon altimeter data andEGM 96. Geodesy on the Move, IAG Sci. Ass. Riode Janeiro, Sept. 3±9, 1997, Springer Verlag 1998,352±358BURSAM, K RADEJ, ZSIMA, SATRUE, VVATRT(1997)Tests for accuracy of recent Geopotential models.Intern. Geoid Service, Bulletin 6, 167±188, MilanoBURSAM, J KOUBA, KRADEJ, SATRUE, VVATRT, MVOJTISKOVaÂ(1998a) Monitoring Geoidal Potentialon the Basis of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data.Aviso Altimetry Newsletters 6, 130±131BURSAM, J KOUBA, AMULLER, KRADEJ, SATRUE, VVATRT, M VOJTISKOVA(1998b) Determination ofGeopotential Di€erences between local vertical Datumsand realization of a world height system. Pres.Symp. IAG, MuÈ nchenBURSAM, GV DEMIANOV, MIYURKINA(1998c) On thedetermination of the earth's model ± the meanequipotential surface. 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140ANES, CKSHUM, MMWATKINS(1992)RIESJC, RJ EANESProgress in the determination of the gravitationalcoecient of the Earth, GRL 19, 6, 529±31RIESJC (1998) Personal communicationsSTEPHENSONFR, LV MORRISON(1994) Long-term¯uctuations in the Earth's rotation: 700 BC to AD1990. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (London) Ser. AWANGZ, J KAKKURI(1998) The time dependency ofgravity potential on the geoid. (Submitted to J.Geodesy)JG, XX NEWHALL, JO DICKEY(1993) Incontributions of space geodesy to geodynamics:WILLIAMSEarth Dynamics, eds. DE Smith, DL Turcotte.Geodynamics series 24, AGU, Washington, 83WILLIAMSJG (1994) Contributions to the Earth'sobliquity rate, precession and nutation. Astron. J.108, 2, 711±724YANHJ, E GROTEN(1994) The celestial and terrestrialdeparture points and their various aspects in geodesyand astrometry. Studia geoph. et geod. 38, 2, 117±130YURKINAMI (1993) Determination of Stokes' constantsrespecting zero-frequency tidal term due to theMoon and the Sun. Studia geoph. et geod. 37, 4,317±325

141IAG ON THE INTERNET (http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iag)By Ole B. Andersen, IAG information EditorDuring the last four years the IAG central bureau hasmaintained a home page on the Internet as an open andup-to-date information medium.On these internet pages it is possible to access informationfor general use relevant to the IAG community.At the IAG internet pages you will also ®nd the mostrecent version of documents in the Geodesists Handbook.You will ®nd the IAG at the following Internet addresshttp://www.gfy.ku.dk/iagAmong the major topics that is presently available onthe IAG home page is:Structure and General informationStructure of IAG for 1999±2003Structure of IUGG for 1999±2003IAG addressesIAG email listReport of IAG meetingsIAG awards and fundsYoung Authors Award informationGuy Bomford price, Levallois medalIAG fundIAG Travel awardMeetingMeeting calendarMeeting announcementsSchool and Training coursesIAG sponsored schoolOther schools relevant to geodesyIAG publicationsGeodesists HandbookIAG newsletterIAG TravauxLinks to Journal of GeodesyBibliographic servicesIfaG Bibliographic servicesIAG Fast bibliographyOther bibliographic services.Geoscience WWW linksLinks to IUGGLinks to geoscience organisationsOther informationNon-commercial geodetic productsBooks etc.Please note that this list is far from complete and theInternet pages are regularly updated and revised.IAG Sections on the InternetAll ®ve sections of IAG have established Internet sites,where information about their respective structure,commissions, special commissions, special study groupsand international services can be obtained.Sec 1http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/iag_section1.htmSec 2http://geodesy.eng.ohio-state.edu/iag_sectionII/Sec 3http://www.ucalgary.ca/sideris/IAG/sectionIII.htmlSec 4http://www.gik.uni-karlsruhe.de/iag_sectionIV.htmlSec 5http://www.oma.be/KSB-ORB/IAG-S5/main.html

142GEODETIC DATA CENTRESINTERNATIONAL DATA CENTERSBureau Gravimetrique Internationalc/o CNES-GRGS, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin31055 Toulouse Cedex, FrancePhone: (33) 61 27 44 27Bureau Central du Service Internatioal de la RotationTerrestre61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, FrancePhone: (33) 1 40 51 22 26Commission for Geodesy in Africa, Com. XIc/o I.G.C.I., B.P. 3862, Abidjan 01Cote d'IvoireCommission on International Coordination of SpaceTechniques for Geodesy and GeodynamicsCom. VIII c/o G. Beutler, DirectorAstronomical Institute of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5CH-3012 Bern, SwizerlandPhone: (41) 31 631 8591Fax: (41) 31 631 3869beutler@aiub.unibe.chCommittee on Space Research (COSPAR)51, boulevard de Montmorency75016 Paris, FrancePhone: (33) 1 45 25 06 79Department of Geomatic EngineeringUniversity College London, Gower St.London WC1E 6BT, United KingdomPhone: (44)-171-380-7028Fax: (44)-171-380-0453Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Services(FAGS)c/o D. Pugh, Institute of Oceanographic ScienceBidston Observatory, Brook Rd. WormleyGodalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, United KingdomPhone: (44) 428 68 4141Fax: (44) 428 68 5637d.pugh@gateway.omnet.com.ICSU Panel on World Data CentersNOAA/EDIS, 325 BroadwayBoulder CO 80303, USAPhone: (1) 303 497 37 98International Association of Geodesyc/o C.C. Tscherning, Department of GeophysicsJuliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O. DenmarkPhone: (45) 3532 0601Fax: (45) 3536 5357iag@gfy.ku.dkwww.gfy.ku.dk/iagInternational Center on Recent Crustal Movements250 66 Zdiby 98, Praha-Vychod, CzechoslovakiaInternational Geoid ServiceDipart. di Ingegnerica IdraulicaAmbientale e del Rilevamento, Politechnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, ItalyPhone: (39) 2 2399 6504Fax: (39) 2 2399 6530Inter-Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL)State University Utrecht, Institute of Earth ScienceP.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, NetherlandsNASA Geodynamics ProgramGeodynamics Branch Code FRG-2,Greenbelt, Maryland, USA NASA HeadquatersWashington DC 20546, USANorth American Datum,National Geodetic SurveyNOAA/NOS, 6001 Executive Bld.Rockville, Maryland 20852, USAPhone: (1) 301 443 82 04Permanent Service for Mean Sea LevelInst. of Oceanographic SciencesBidston Observatory Birkenhead,L43 7RA Merseyside, United KingdomPhone: (44) 51 653 86 33

143Sub-Commission for the Europe and Reference Frame(EUREF)c/o Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches ForschungsinstitutMarstallplatz 8, Munich 22, GermanyWDC-B for Solid Earth PhysicsMaintained by Geophysical center, RAS,Molodezhnaya, 3 Moscow 117296, Russiawww.wdcb.rssi.ru/WDCB/Wdc-sep.shtmpWorld Data Center ARotation of the Earth, U.S. Naval ObservatoryTime Service Division, Washington D.C. 20390USAWorld Data Center for Solid Earth Geophysics325 Broadway, BoulderColorado 80803, USANATIONAL DATA CENTERSAlgeriaService de traitement des Donne es Ge ode siquesInstitut National de Cartographie et Te ledetection,123, Rue de Tripoli, Hussein-Dey, Alger, AlgeriaPhone: (213) 02 23 43 76 Fax: (213) 02 23 43 81E-mail: inct99@ist.cerist.dzAustraliaAustralia Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO)GPO Box 378, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia Phone: (61) 2 6249 9111Fax: (61) 2 6249 9999 Internet: www.agso.gov.auAustralian Surveying and Land Information Group(AUSLIG), P.O. Box 2, Belconnen, Australian CapitalTerritory 2616, AustraliaPhone: (61) 2 6201 4201 Fax: (61) 2 6201 4366Internet: www.auslig.gov.au/geodesyNational Tidal FacilityThe Flinders University of South Australia,GPO Box 2100, Adelaide,South Australia 5001, AustraliaPhone: (61)-8-8201-7532 Fax: (61)-8-8201-7523Internet: www.ntf.¯inders.edu.auAustriaBundesamt fuÈ r Eich und VermessungswesenSchi€amtsgasse 1-3, Postfach 50, A-1025 Wien,Austria Phone: (43) 1 21176 3201 Fax: (43) 1 2161062Insitute of Theoretical GeodesyTechnicalUniversity Graz, Steyrergasse 30,A-8010 Graz, Austria Phone: (43) 316 873 6346Fax: (43) 316 813247 E-mail: suenkel@mggi.tu-graz.ac.atSpace Geodesy DivisionInstitute of Space Research of the Austrian Academyof Sciences, LustbuÈ helstrasse 46, A-8010 Graz, AustriaPhone: (43) 316 472231 Fax: (43) 316 462678E-mail: suenkel@mggi.tu-graz.ac.atBelgiumDe partement d'Astronomie Fondamentale et deGeodynamiqueObservatoire Royal de Belgique, Avenue Circulaire 3,B-1180 Brussels, BelgiumDe partement de Ge ode sieInstitut Geographique National, 13, Abbaye de laCambre, B-1050 Brussels, BelgiumBrazilDepartamento de GeodesiaIBGE, Ave Brasil, 15671, Parada de Lucas,21241-051 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

144Phone: (55) 21 391 3674, 482-8217Fax: (55) 21 481 2747E-mail: geodesia@ibge.gov.brInternet: www.ibge.gov.brBurundiInstitut Geographique de BurundiDe partement de Topographie et Cartographie,B.P. 34, Gitega, BurundiCanadaCanadian Geodetic Information SystemNatural Resources Canada, Geodetic Survey division,615 Booth Street, Ottawa KIA 0E9, Ontario, CanadaPhone: (1) 613 995 4410 Fax: (1) 613 995 3215E-mail: information@geod.nrcan.gc.can Internet:www.emr.ca/jtod/geophysChinaChina Cartographic Publishing HouseBeijing, ChinaChinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping16 Beitaping Road, Beijing 100039, ChinaInstitute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS 54,Xu Dong Road, 430077 Wuhan, ChinaNational Bureau of Surveying and MappingBaiwanzhuang, Beijing, 100830, ChinaNational Geomatics Center of ChinaBeijing ChinaDenmarkNational Survey and Cadastre, Geodetic DivisionRentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV.,DenmarkFinlandFinnish Geodetic InstituteP.O. Box 15 (Geodeetinrinne 2), FIN-02431,Finland Phone: (358)-9-295 550Fax: (358)-9-295 552 00 E-mail: fgi@fgi.®FranceDe partement Banque de Donnees du Sous-SolBureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Dept.BSS, B.P. 6009, 45060 Orleans Cedex, FranceGroupe de Recherche de Ge ode sie Spatiale (GRGS)GRGS/Instiut Geographique National, 2, AvenuePasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mande, FranceOce de la Recherche Scienti®que et TechniqueOutre-Mer (ORSTOM), 70-74 route d¢Aulney, F-93140Bondy, FranceSection Ge ode sie-Ge ophysqueEtablissemnt Principal du Service Hydrographique etOcanographique de la Marine, 13, Rue du Chantellier,B.P. 426, F-29275 Brest Cedex, FranceService de la Ge ode sie et du NivellementInstitut Geographique National, 2, Avenue Pasteur,B.P. 68, F-29275 Saint-Mande, FranceGermanyArbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen derLaÈ nder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AdV)GeschaÈ ftsstelle: Landesbetrieb, Landesvermessung undGeobasisinformation, Neudersachsen, Postfach 510450,WarmbuÈ chenkamp 2, D-30634 Hannover, GermanyPhone: (49)-511-64609-151 Fax: (49)-511-64609-162Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sieRichard-Strauss-Allee 11, D-60598 Frankfurt/Main,Germany Phone: (49)-0-6963331 Fax: (49)-0-696333235Bundesamt fuÈ r Seeschi€ahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)Dierkower Damm 45, D-18146 Rostock, GermanyPhone: (49)-381-4563602 Fax: (49)-381-4563948EUROLAS Data Center (EDC)Deutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut, Abt. I,Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, GermanyNational Gravity Data BaseDeutsches GeodaÈ tisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI),Abt. I, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, GermanyPoint of Contact for Geodetic DataArbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungendeutscher Langer (AdV), Niedersachsischer Ministerdes Inner, D-3000 Hannover, GermanyTopography Data BaseInstitut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie (IFAG), RichardStrauss Allee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M., 70, GermanyGreeceDepartment of Geodesy and SurveyingUniversity of Thessaloniki, POB 492, Thessaloniki,GreeceDionysos Satellite ObservatoryGeodesy Department, National Technical University,Zographou 15773, Athens, GreeceHellenic Army Geographic ServicePedion Areas, GreeceHungaryEoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of HungaryP.O. Box 35, H-1440 Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 252 4999 Fax: (36) 1 163 7256

145ToÁ th Agoston Mapping and Military Geographic Instituteof the Hungarian ArmyP.O. Box 37, H-1525 Budapest 114, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 332 0161Fax: (36) 1 332 0161IcelandIceland Geodetic SurveyP.O. Box 5536, 05 Reykjavik, IcelandIcelandic National Energy AuthorityGrensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, IcelandIndonesiaNational Coordination Agency for Surveys and MappingJalan Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong,Bogor, IndonesiaIrelandMichael CoryController of Mapping, Ordnance Survey Oce,Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, IrelandPhone: (353) (0) 1 802 5300 Fax: (353) (0) 1 820 4156JapanEarthquake Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo, Earthquake PredictionResearch Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-0032,Japan Phone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234Earthquake Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo, Earthquake Observation Center,1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, JapanPhone: (81) 3 3813 7627 Fax: (81) 3 3813 8026Geographical Survey InstituteKitasato-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0811, JapanPhone: (81)-298-64-1111 Fax: (81)-298-64-1802Hydrographic DepartmentMaritime Safety Agency, 3-1 Tsukiji 5, Chuo-ku,Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Phone: (81) 3 3541 3685Fax: (81) 3 3248 1250Mizusawa Astro Geodynamics ObservatoryNational Astronomical Observatory, 12,Hoshigaoka-cho 2, Mizusawan, Iwate 023-0861, JapanPhone: (81)-197-22-7111 Fax: (81)-197-22-7120National Research Institute for Earth Science andDisaster PreventionTenodai 3-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, JapanPhone: (81) 298 51 1611 Fax: (81) 298 51 5658Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakesand Volcanic EruptionsGraduate School of Science, Tohoku University,Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980, JapanPhone: (81)-22-225-1950 Fax: (81)22±264-3292Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo15-1, Minamidai 1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: 3 3377 3292Research Center for Earthquake PredictionHokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-8, Kita-ku,Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060, JapanPhone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404KenyaResearch Center for Earthquake PredictionDisaster Prevention Research Institute, KyotoUniversity, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611, JapanPhone: (81)-774-38-4193Fax: (81)-774-38-4190 Survey of Kenya,P.O. Box 30046, Nairobi, KenyaMadagascarNational Institute of Geodesy and CartographyLalana Dama-tsoha Raza®ntsalamaJ.B., B.P. 323, 101 Antananarivo, MadagascarMexicoDepartamento de GeodesiaDireccion General de Geogra®a, San Antonio Abad124-PB, Col. Transito, Del. Cuavi, 06820, MexicoNetherlandsAmsterdam Ordnance DatumRWS/Survey Department, Kanaalweg 3b, Delft,P.O. Box 5023, 2600 GA, Delft, NetherlandsDepartment of Triangulationhoofdirectie Kadaster, Waltersingel 1, 7314NK Apeldoorn, NetherlandsNew ZealandHydrographic OceP.O. Box 33-341, Takapuna 9, Auckland, New ZealandInstitute of Geological & Nuclear SciencesP.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt, New ZealandPhone: (64) 4 570 1444Fax: (64) 4 570 1440E-mail: d.dasby@gns.cri.nz Internet: www.gns.cri.nzLand Information New ZealandHead Oce, P.O. Box 5501, Wellington, New ZealandPhone: (64) 4 460 0110 Fax: (64) 4 460 0575E-mail: sg@linz.govt.nz Internet: www.linz.govt.nzPortugalNorwegian Mapping AuthorityKartverksveien 21, N-3500 HEnefoss, NorwayInstituto de Investigacao Cienti®ca TropicalCentro de Geodesia, R. da Jungqueira, 534, 1300-341Lisboa, Portugal

146Instituto Portugues de Cartogra®a e CadastroR. Artilharia Um, 107, 1099-052 Lisboa, PortugalLaborato rio Nacional de Engenharia CivilNu cleo de Medidas Geode sicas, Av. do Brasil,101, 1700-066 Lisboa, PortugalSouth AfricaSurveys and MappingPrivate Bag, 7705 Mowbray, Republic of South AfricaCentro Nacional de Informacion Geogra®caIbanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 597 97 39 Fax: (34) 91 597 94 18SpainInstituto de Astronomia y GeodesiaUCM-CSIC, Facultad de Matematicas, UniversidadeCompltense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 39 445 82 Fax: (34) 91 39 446 15Instituto Geogra®co NacionalIbanez de Ibero 3, 28003 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 597 9000 Fax: (34) 91 597 97 58Servei de GeodesiaInstitut Cartograifc de Catalunya, Parc de Montjuic,08006 Barcelona, Spain Phone: (34) 93 42 529 00Fax: (34) 93 42 674 42SwedenNational Land SurveyDivision of Geodetic Research, S-801 82 Gavle, SwedenSwitzerlandAstronomical Institute University of BerneSidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Berne, SwitzerlandBundesamt fuÈ r LandestopographieSeftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 Wabern, SwitzerlandSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich (ETH Zurich), ETH-Honggerberg,CH-8093 Zurich SwitzerlandSyriaGeneral Establishment of SurveyingDepartment of Geodesy, P.O. Box 3094,Damascus, SyriaThailandRoyal Thai Survey DepartmentSupreme Command Headquarters, KanlayanamaitriSt., Bangkok 10200, ThailandTunisiaDirection de la Ge ode sie et du NivellementOce de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, CiteOlympique, Tunis, TunisiaTurkeyGeneral command of MappingHarita Genel Komutanligi, 06100, Cebeci, Ankara,TurkeyUnited KingdomBritish Geological SurveyRegional Geophysics Group, Nicker Hill, Keyworth,Nottingham BG 12 5GG, United KingdomPhone: (44)-0115 9363100 Fax: (44)-0115 9363145British Geological Survey, Marine Geophysics UnitMurchison House, West Mains House, EdinburghEHEH9 3LA, United KingdomPhone: (44)-0131 667 1000Deacon Oceanographic LaboratoryBrook Road, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB,United KingdomEarth Observation Data Centre, Space DepartmentRoyal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, HantsGU14 6TD, United KingdomHydrographic OcePhysical Oceanography, Taunton, Somerset TA1 2DN,United KingdomPhone: (44)-01823337900 Fax: (44)-01823284077Institute of Geological SciencesMarine Geophysics Unit, Murchison House,West Mains Roads, Edingburgh EH9 3LA,United KingdomMilitary Survey, Clarke BuildingElmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex TW 13 7AE,United Kingdom Phone: (44)-0181 818 2225Ordnance Survey of Great BritainGeodetic Services Branch, Romsey Road, Maybush,Southampton SO9 4DH, United KingdomPhone: (44)-01703 792731 Fax: (44)-01703-792687Ordnance Survey of Great BritainOrdnance Survey International, Romsey Road,Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH, United KingdomPhone: (44)-01703 792659Proudman Oceanographic LaboratoryBidston Observatory, Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA,United KingdomPhone: (44)-0151 653 8633 Fax: (44)-0151 653 6269Royal Greenwich ObservatorySpace Geodesy Group and Nautical, Almanac Oce,Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OEZUnited KingdomThe EPSRC Geophysical Data FacilityRutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot,Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United Kingdom

147World Data Centre CI for Solar Terrestrial PhysicsRutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot,Oxon OX1 1 OQX, United KingdomUruguayServicio Geogra®co MilitarIra. Division (Geodesia), 8 de Octubre 3255,Montevideo, UruguayUSACORS GPS Network Data ArchiveNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGSSSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, MD 20910-3282,USAEastern-National Cartographic Information Center(E-NCIC), 536 National Center, Reston, VA 22092,USANational Cartographic Information CenterU.S. Geological Survey, 507 National Center, Reston,VA 22092, USANational Geodetic Information CenterNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Code N/NGSSSMC-3, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring,MD 20910-3282, USANational Geophysical Data CenterNOAA, Code E/GC4, 325 Broadway, Boulder,CO 80303-3328, USACrustal Dynamics Data Information SystemNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,MD 20771, USA

148EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTSAustraliaCentre for Spatial Information ScienceSchool of Geography & Environomental Science,University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-76, Hobart,Tasmania 7001, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-6226-2134, Fax: (61)-3-6224-0282E-mail: CENSIS.Enquiries@utas.edu.auInternet: www.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/Department of CivilSurveying and Environmental Engineering,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales2308, AustraliaPhone: (61) 2 4921 6058 Fax: (61) 2 4921 6991E-mail: cejgf@cc.newcastle.edu.au Internet:www.eng.newcastle.edu.au/ce/Department of GeomaticsUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria 3052, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-344-6806 Fax: (61)-3-347-2916E-mail: geomatics@eng.unimelb.edu.auInternet: www.geom.unimelb.edu.auDepartment of Land InformationRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology,PO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, AustraliaPhone: (61)-3-9925-2213 Fax: (61)-3-9663-2517E-mail: landinfo@rmit.edu.auInternet: www.ls.rmit.edu.auSchool of GeoinformaticsPlanning and Building, University of South Australia,GPO Box 2471, South Australia 5001, AustraliaPhone: (61) 8 8302 2227 Fax: (61) 8 8302 2252E-mail: john.gilliland@unisa.edu.auInternet: www.unisa.edu.au/gbp/index.htmSchool of Geomatic EngineeringUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney,New South Wales 2052, AustraliaPhone: (61)-2-9385-4182 Fax: (61)-2-9313-7493E-mail: geomatic.eng@unsw.edu.auInternet: www.gmat.edu.auSchool of Planning, Landscape, Architectureand SurveyingFaculty of Built Environment and Engineering,Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434,Brisbane, Queensland 4001,Phone: (61)-7-3864-2671 Fax: (61)-7-3864-1809E-mail: b.hannigan@qut.edu.au Internet: www.bee.qut.edu.au/plas/fplasweb/SURVEYING.htmSchool of Spatial SciencesCurtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987,Perth, Western Australia 6845, AustraliaPhone: (61) 8 9266 7565 Fax: (61) 8 9266 2703E-mail: sali@vesta.curtin.edu.auInternet: www.cage.curtin.edu.au/surveyingAustriaTechnical University GrazGeodetic Institutes, Steyrergasse 30,A-8010 Graz, AustriaPhone: (43)-316-873-6331 Fax: (43)-316-827685E-mail: bt@fphotsg01.tu-graz.ac.atVienna University of TechnologyGeodetic Institutes, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040Vienna, AustriaPhone: (43) 222 58801 3814 Fax: (43) 222 5056268E-mail: pwald@fbgeo1.tuwien.ac.atBelgiumEcole Royale MilitaireChaire d'Astronomie-Ge ode sie, 30,Avenue de la Renaissance, B-1040 Bruxelles, BelgiumPhone: 2 735 51 52 Fax: 2 735 24 21Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenAstronomisch Institut, Celectijnenlaan, 200 B,B-3001 Leuven, BelgiumPhone: 16 20 06 56 Fax: 16 20 53 08

149Universite Cahtolique de LouvainUnite d'Astronomie et de Ge ophysique, 2, Chemin duCyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumPhone: 10 47 32 97 Fax: 10 47 47 22Universite de LiegeInstitut d'Astrophysique, 5, Avenue de Cointe, B-4200Liege, BelgiumPhone: 41 52 99 80 Fax: 41 52 74 74BrazilEscola Politecnica da USPDepartamento de Engenharia de Transportes, CaixaPostal 61548, 0524-970, Sao Paulo, BrazilPhone: (55)-11-818-5208 Fax: (55)-11-818-5716Instituto Militar de EngenhariaDepartamento de Cartograifa, DE6 Praca Gen.Tiburcio 80, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, BrazilUniversidade Federal de PernambucoDepartamento de Engenharia Cartogra®ca, RuaAcademico helio Ramos S/N, Cidade Universitaria,50741, Recife ± Pe, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ParanaCurso de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Geodesicas,Departamento de Geomatica,P.O. Box 019001, 81531-990 Curitiba-PR, BrazilPhone: (55) 41 361 3153 Fax: (55) 41 266 2393E-mail: cpgcg@geoc.ufpr.brCanadaUniversite LavalDepartement des sciences ge ode siques et de te le de tection,Pavillon Louis-Jacques Casault, Sainte-Foy, Quebec,G1K 7P4, CanadaPhone: (1) 418 656 2530 Fax: (1) 418 656 7411E-mail: €g@€g.ulaval.caInternet: www:http://forestgeomat.for.ulaval.caUniversity of CalgaryDepartment of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 UniversityDrive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CanadaPhone: (1) 403 220 5834 Fax: (1) 403 284 1980E-mail: geomatics@ensu.ucalgary.caInternet: www:http://www.ensu.ucalgary.ca/University of New BrunswickDe partement des Sciences Ge omatiques, P.O. Box 4400,Fredicton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A#, CanadaPhone: (1) 506 453 4698 Fax: (1) 506 453 4943E-mail: se@unb.ca, Internet:www:http://degaulle.hil.unb.ca/Geodesy/index.htmlUniversity of TorontoProgram in Geomatics, Department of Geography,Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L1C6 Phone: (1) 905 828 3861 Fax: (1) 905 828 5273E-mail: amrhein@geog.utoronto.caInternet: www:http://www.geog.utronto.caChinaWuhan Technical University of Surveying and MappingWuhan, 430079, ChinaZheng Zou Technical School of Surveying and MappingZheng Zhou, ChinaDenmarkInstitut for Samfundsudvikling og PlanlaegningAalborg Universitetscenter, Fibigerstrade 11, DK- 9220Aalborg Oest, DenmarkNiels Bohr Institute for AstronomyPhysics and Geophysics, Department of Geophysics,University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30,DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkPhone: (45) 3532 0601 Fax: (45) 3536 5357FinlandDepartment of GeophysicsUniversity of Helsinki,Fabianinkatu 24 A, SF-00100 Helsinki, FinlandPhone: (358) 1911 Fax: (358) 1913385FranceCentre d'Etude Spatiale des RayonnementsUniversite Paul Sabatier, 9, Avenue du Colonel Roche,B.P. 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex,Phone: (33) 61 55 66 66 Fax: (33) 61 55 67 01Ecole Nationale des Sciences Ge ographiques2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68, F-94160 Saint-Mande ,France, Phone: (33) 1 43 98 80 52Fax: (33) 1 43 98 84 65Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Insustriesde Strasbourg24, Rue de la Victoire, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex,France, Phone: (33) 88 35 55 05Fax: (33) 88 24 14 90Ecole Superiure des Ge ometres et TopographesConservatoire National des Arts et metiers, 18, AlleeJean Rostand, B.P. 77, F-91002 Evry Cedex, FrancePhone: (33) 60779740 Fax: (33)60779690Observatoire de ParisService Scolaire, 61, Avenue de l'Observatoire,F-75014 Paris, FrancePhone: (33) 40 51 21 70GermanyInstitut fuÈ r Stadtebau, Bodenordnung und KulturtechnikMeckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-737 499 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281Technische Hochschule AachenLehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie II, Templergraben 55, 5100

150Aachen, GermanyPhone: (49) 0241-80 53 00 Fax: (49) 0241-80 44 13Technische Hochschule DarmstadtInstitut fuÈ r Physikalische GeodoÄ sie, Petersenstrasse 13,6100 Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-163 109 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489Technische Hochschule DarmstadtGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Petersenstrasse 13, 6100Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-162 147 Fax: (49) 06151-164 047Technische Hochschule DarmstadtFB Phtogrammetrie im FB 12, Vermessungswesen,Petersenstrasse 13, 6100 Darmstadt, GermanyPhone: (49) 06151-162 035 Fax: (49) 06151-165 489Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinFachgebiet GeodaÈ sie und Ausgleichsrechnung, Strassedes 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12, GermanyPhone: (49) 030-314 22 41/32 08Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinInstitut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Sekr. H 2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 1000 Berlin 12,GermanyPhone: (49) 030-314 32 05Fax: (49) 030-31 42 32 22Technische UniversitaÈ t BerlinInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Kartographie,Sekr. EB 9, Strasse des 17. Juni 135,1000 Berlin 12, Germany Phone: (49) 030 314 23 331Fax: (49) 030-314 21 104Technische UniversitaÈ t BraunschweigInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Bildverarbeitung,Gauss-Strasse 22, 3300 Braunschweig, GermanyPhone: (49) 0531-391 28 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 58 39Technische UniversitaÈ t BraunschweigInstitut fuÈ r Vermessungskunde, Pockelstrasse 4,Hochhaus, 3300 Braunschweig, GermanyPhone: (49) 0531-391 74 70 Fax: (49) 0531-391 55 99Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Theoretische u. Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 0 (zentrale)Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomie, Mommsenstrasse 13,O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 4097, Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Ing. GeodoÄ sie, Mommsenstrasse 13,O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 2869/4249Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106Technische UniversiaÈ t DresdenInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhonec: (49) 375 1 463 3372 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106Technische UniversitaÈ t DresdenInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie und Geographie,Mommsenstrasse 13, O-8027 Dresden, GermanyPhone: (49) 375 1 463 3779 Fax: (49) 375 1 463 7106Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenInstitut fuÈ r Astronomische und Physikalische GeodaÈ sie,Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 3195/3190 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Arcisstrasse 21,8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2670 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie, Arcistrasse 218000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2850, Fax: (49) 089-2105 281976Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenLehrstuhl fuÈ r Kartographie und Reproduktionstechnik,Arcistrasse 21, 8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-2105 2825 Fax: (49) 089-2105 2000UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie und Topographie,Meckenheimer Allee 172, 5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-733 526/27 Fax: (49) 0228-695 246UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Nussallee 15,5300 Bonn 1, Germany Phone: (49) 0228-732 713Fax: (49) 0228-733 281UniversitaÈ t BonnInstitut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sie, Nussallee 17,5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0288-732 628/628, Fax: (49) 0228-733 708UniversitaÈ t BonnGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nussallee 17,5300 Bonn 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0228-732 620 Fax: (49) 0228-733 281UniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchenInstitut fuÈ r GeodoÄ sie, D-8577 Neubiberg, GermanyPhone: (49) 089-6004 3435 Fax: (49) 089-6004 4090UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Kartographie, Appelstrasse 9 A,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 35 88/89 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2472UniversitoÄ t HannoverGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 1,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511 762 2461 Fax: (49) 0511 762 2468

151UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie undIngenieurvermessungen, Nienburger Strasse 1,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 2481 Fax: (49) 0511-762 2482UniversitaÈ t HannoverInstitut fuÈ r Erdmessung, Nienburger Strasse 6, 3000Hannover 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0511-762 2794 Fax: (49) 0511-762 4006UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Englerstrasse 77500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2305/2301/2300Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie und TopographieEnglerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2315 Fax: (49) 0721-608 4290UniversitaÈ t KarlsruheProfessur fuÈ r Geodynamik, GeodoÄ tisches Institut,Englerstrasse 7, 7500 Karlsruhe 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0721-608 2307 Fax: (49) 0721-669 4552UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Photogrammetrie, Keplerstrasse 11D-70174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3386 Fax: (49) 0711-121 3297UniversitaÈ t StuttgartGeodaÈ tisches Institut, Keplerstrasse 1170174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3390 Fax: (49) 0711 121 3297UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Navigation, Keplerstrasse 1170174 Stuttgart 1, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-121 3400 Fax: (49) 0711-121 2755UniversitaÈ t StuttgartInstitut fuÈ r Anwendung der GeodaÈ sie im Bauwesen,Pfa€enweldring 7 A, 70569 Stuttgart 80, GermanyPhone: (49) 0711-685 6612 Fax: (49) 0711-685 6670HungaryCollege for Surveying and County-planningof the University of Forestry and Wood SciencesPirosalma u. 1-3., PO Box 51, H-8002 Sze kesfehe rvaÁ r,Hungary, Phone: (36) 00 312 988Fax: (36) 22 327 697 E-mail: gep@geo.cslm.huKossuth Lajos Military Academy of the Hungarian HomeDefense ForcesH-2001 Szentendre, PO Box 160 HungaryPhone: (36) 26 311 014 Fax: (36) 26 312 136Lora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s University, Department of GeophysicsLudovika te r 2, H-1083 Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 210 1089Fax: (36) 1 210 1089, E-mail: mesko@ludens.elte.huLora nd EoÈ tvoÈ s UnviersityDepartment of Cartography, Ludovika te r 2, H-1083Budapest, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 134 2785 Fax: (36) 1 134 2785E-mail: klinghammer@ludens.elte.huMiskolc UniversityDepartment of Geophysics, EgyetemvaÁ rosH-3315 Miskolc, HungaryPhone: (36) 46 365 936 Fax: (36) 46 362 936E-mail: departm@gf02.uni-miskolx.huMiskolc UniversityDepartment of Geodesy and Mining SurveyingEgyetemvaÁ ros, H-3515 Miskolc, HungaryPhone: (36) 46 365 111 Fax: (36) 46 362 972E-mail: gbmgg@gold.uni-miskolc.huTechnical University of BudapestDepartment of Geodesy, H-1521 BudapestPO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 3222 Fax: (36) 1 463 31 91E-mail: jadam@epito.bme.huTechnical University of BudapestDepartment of Photogrammetry, H-1521 Budapest,PO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 1187 Fax: (36) 1 463 3084E-mail: adetrekoi@epito.bme.huTechnical University of BudapestDepartment of Surveying, H-1521 BudapestPO Box 91, HungaryPhone: (36) 1 463 1146 Fax: (36) 1 463 3209E-mail: akrauter@epito.bme.huUniversity of Foresty and Wood SciencesDepartment of Surveying and Geoinformatics,Bajcsy-Zslinsky uÁ t 4, H-9400 Sopron, HungaryPhone: (36) 99 311 100 Fax: (36) 99 311 103E-mail: bacsaty@classic.fe.huUniversity of Foresty and Wood SciencesDepartment of Earth Sciences, Csatkai u. 6-8, PO Box 5,H-9400 Sopron, HungaryPhone: (36) 99 314 390 Fax: (36) 99 313 267E-mail: banyai@ggki.huItalyPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo de Vince 32, I-20133, ItalyPhone: (39)2 2399 6504/6506 Fax: (39) 2 2399 6530JapanConstruction College2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8520, JapanPhone: (81)-423-21-1541 Fax: (81)-423-21-8057Hirosaki UniversityFaculty of Science & Technology, 3 Bunkyo-cho,

152Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanPhone: (81) 172 36 2111 Fax: (81) 172 33 6000Hokkaido UniversityGraduate School of Science, Kita-10 Nishi-8,Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, JapanPhone: (81) 11 716 8377 Fax: (81) 11 746 7404Ibaraki UniversityFaculty of Science, 1-1 Bunkyo 2, Mito, Ibaraki310-8512, JapanPhone: (81) 29 226 1621, Fax: (81) 29 228 8405Kagoshima UniversityFaculty of Science, 21-35 Gungen 1, Kagoshima,Kagoshima 890-0065, JapanPhone: (81) 992 54 7141 Fax: (81) 992 59 4720Kanazawa UniversityFaculty of Science, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa,Ishikawa 920-1164, JapanPhone: (81) 762 64 5731 Fax: (81) 762 64 6062Kensetsu University2-1 Kihei-cho 2, Kodaira,Tokyo 187, Japan Phone: (81) 423 21 1541Kochi UniversityDepartment of Natural Environmental Science, 5-1Akabono 2, Kochi, Kochi 780, JapanPhone: (81) 888 44 8288 Fax: (81) 888 44 8359Kyoto UniversityGraduate School of Science,Kita-Shirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku KyotoKyoto 606-8502, JapanPhone: (81) 75 753 3910 Fax: (81) 75 753 3717Kyoto UniversityDisaster Prevention Research Institute, Research Centerfor Earthquake Prediction, Gokasho, UjiKyoto 611-0011, JapanPhone: (81) 774 38 4193 Fax: (81) 774 38 4190Kyushu UnviersityFaculty of Science, 10-1 Hakozaki 6, Higashi-kuFukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8581, JapanPhone: (81) 92 641 1101Maritime Safety AcademyMaritime Safety Agency, 1, Wakaba-cho 5-1, KureHiroshima 737-0832, JapanPhone: (81) 823 21 4961 Fax: (81) 823 20 0087Nagoya UniversityFaculty of Science, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya,Aichi 464-0814, JapanPhone: (81) 52 781 5111 Fax: (81) 52 789 3047Shinshu UniversityFaculty of Science, 1-1, Asahi 3, Matsumoto, Nagano390-8621, JapanPhone: (81) 263 35 4600 Fax: (81) 263 37 2506Shizuoka UniversityFaculty of Science, 836 Otani, Shizuoka, Shizuoka422-8529, JapanPhone: (81) 54 237 1111 Fax: (81) 54 237 9184Tohoku UniversityObservation Center for Prediction of Earthquakesand Volcanic Eruptions, Aobayama, Aoba-kuSendai, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanPhone: (81) 22 225 1950 Fax: (81) 22 264 3292Tohoku UniversityGraduate School of Science, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku,Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanPhone: (81) 22 222 1800Tokyo Institute of TechnologyFaculty of Science, 12-1, O-okayama 2, Meguro-ku,Tokyo 152-8551, JapanPhone: (81) 3 3726 1111, Fax: (81) 3 5499 4093University of TokyoGraduate School of Science, 3-1, Hongo 7Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5841 2111 Fax: (81) 3 5802 4363University of TokyoOcean Research Institute, 15-1, Minamidai 1,Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0014, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5351 6430 Fax: (81) 3 3377 3292University of TokyoEarthquake Research Institute, Earthquake PredictionResearch Center, 1-1, Yayoi 1, Bunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0032, JapanPhone: (81) 3 5689 7264 Fax: (81) 3 5689 7234NetherlandsFaculty of GeodesyDelft University of Tech., Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JADelft, NetherlandsNew ZealandDepartment of SurveyingUniversity of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand Phone: (64) 3 479 7585Fax: (64) 3 479 7586E-mail: surveying@otago.ac.nzInternet: www.surveying.otago.ac.nz/PortugalFaculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de LisboaNucleo de Eng Geogra ®ca, R. da Escola Polite cnica58, 1250-102 Lisboa, PortugalFaculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Universidadede Coimbra, Seccao de Eng Geogra ®caLargo D. Dinis, Cole gio S. Jero nimo, 3000-141Coimbra, Portugal

153Observatorio AstronomicoProf. Manuel de Barros, Alameda do Monte da Virgem,4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, PortugalDepartamento de Astronomia y GeodesiaFacultad de Matemeaticas, Unviersidad Complutense,Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 39 44 582 Fax: (34) 91 39 44 607SpainEscuela de Geodesia y TopograifaServicio Geograp®co del Ejercito, Dario Gazabo 8,28024 Madrid, SpainPhone: (34) 91 711 5943Universitat Politecnica de ValenciaDe Ingenigria Cartogra®ca, Geodesia y Fotogrametria,Camino de Vera, s/u, 46022 Valencia, SpainPhone: (34) 96 3877550 Fax: (34) 96 3877559E-mail: iquinta@egf.upv.esInternet: www.upv.es/info/DICGF/index.htmlSwedenInstitute of Earth Sciences/GeophysicsUniversity of Uppsala, VillavaÈ gen 16, S-752 36, SwedenRoyal Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Geodesy, S-100 44 Stockholm, SwedenPhone: (46) 87 90 73 30SwitzerlandEPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)Institut de Ge ode sie et Mensuration, 1015 Lausanne,Phone: (41) 021 693 11 11ETH-ZuÈ richDepartment of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ rkartographie, ETH-Honggerberg, 8093 ZuÈ rich,Switzerland Phone: (41) 01 377 30 33ETH-ZuÈ rich (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule)Department of Geodetic Sciences, Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sieund Photogrammetrie, ETH-Honggerberg,8093 ZuÈ rich, SwitzerlandPhone: (41) 01 377 26 61, Fax: (41) 01 371 25 93TurkeyBosphorous UniversityKandilli Observatory and Earthquake ResearchInstitute Geodesy Section, Cengelkoy, Istanbul, TurkeyKaradeniz Technical UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Trabzon,TurkeySelcuk UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department, Konya,TurkeySurveying and Mapping School06100 Cebeci, Ankara, TurkeyTechnical University of IstanbulGeodesy and Photogrammetry DepartmentAyazaga, Istanbul, TurkeyYildiz UniversityGeodesy and Photogrammetry Department,Yildiz, Istanbul, TurkeyUnited KingdomDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR,United KingdomPhone: (44)-01865 270708 Fax: (44)-01865 272000Department of Geography and Topographic ScienceUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQUnited KingdomPhone: (44) 41 339 8855 Fax: (44) 41 330 4894Department of Geomatic EngineeringUniversity College London, Gower St., London WC1E6BT, United KingdomPhone: (44)-171-380-7028 Fax: (44)-171-380-0453Department of GeomaticsUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upontyne NE1 7RU, United KingdomPhone: (44)-191-222-6447 Fax: (44)-191-222-8691Department of land SurveyingUniversity of East London, Longbridge RoadDagenham, Essex RM8 2AS, United KingdomPhone: (44)-181-590-7722 Fax: (44)-181-590-7799Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space GeodesyUniversity of Nottingham, University ParkNottingham NG7 2RD, UK,Phone: (44)-0115-951-3880 Fax: (44)-0115-951-3881USACornell UniversityDepartment of Geological Sciences, Snee Hall, Ithaca,NY 14853, USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Earth, Atmosphere and PlanetaryScience, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, CambridgeMA 02139, USAOhio State UniversityDepartment of Geodetic Science, 1958 Neil Avenue,Columbus, OH 43210-1247, USAScripps Institution of Oceanography A-25Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, La Jolla,CA 92093, USAState University of New YorkGeophysics Program, Department of Geological

154Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton, NY13902, USAUniversity of CaliforniaDepartment of Earth and Space Sciences, Los Angeles,CA 90024, USAUniversity of MaineDepartment of Surveying Engineering , Boardman Hall,Orono, ME 04469, USAUniversity of ColoradoDepartment of Aerospace Engineering and Science,Campus Box 431, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

155GEODETIC PUBLICATION SERIESActa Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica HungaricaAkade miai KiadoÁ , H-1117 Budapest,Prielle K.u. 19-35,Editorial Oce: Geodetical anf GeophysicalResearch Institute, H-9401 Sopron,P.O. Box 5, HungaryEmail: actagg@sun10.ggki.huAfrican Geodetic JournalUniversity of Lagos, Department of Surveying,Lagos, NigeriaAir Force Geophysics Laboratory-Technical ReportAir Force Geophysical Laboratory,Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, USAAllgemeine Vermessungs-NachrichtenH. Wichmann Verlag, Rheinstrasse 122,7500 Karlsruhe 21, GermanyAmerican Cartographer (The)American Congress on Surveying and Mapping,210 Little Falls St., Falls Church,VA 20046, USAAnnales GeophysicaeBordas, Dunod, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, FranceArti®cial SatellitesPolska Akademia Nauk,Centrum Badan Kosmicznych 01-237,Warsawa Ordona 21, PolandAustralian Journal of Geodesy, Photogrammetry andSurveyingUniversity of New South Wales,School of Surveying, P.O. Box 1, Kensington,New South Wales, 2033, AustraliaAustralian Surveyor (The)Institution of Surveying of Australia,65 York Street, Sydney, AustraliaBolletin de InformacionServicio Geogra®co del Ejercito,Dario Gazapo 8, 28024 Madrid, SpainBollettino di Geodesia e Scienze AniInstituto Geogra®co Militare Italiano,10 Via Cesare Battisti, 50100 Firenze, ItalyBollettino di Geo®sica Teorica e ApplicataOsservatorio Geo®sico Sperimentale,34123 Trieste, ItalyBulletin-American Congress on Surveying and MappingAmerican Congress on Surveying & Mapping,210 Little Falls St., Falls Church,VA 20046, USABulletin de la Societe Belge dePhotogrammetrie-Teledetection et Cartographie50, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, B.P. 38,B-1010 Bruxelles, BelgiqueBulletin des Journe es Luxembourgeoisesde Ge odynamiqueObservatoire Royal de Belgique,3, Avenue Circulaire, B-1180 Bruxelles, BelgiqueBulletin d'lnformation du Bureau Gravime triqueInternationalB.G.I., 18 Avenue Edouard Belin,F-31055 Toulouse, FranceBulletin du Comite Francais de Cartographie140, rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, FranceBulletin du Groupe de Recherches de Ge ode sie SpatialeG.R.G.S., 77, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau,F-75014, Paris, FranceBulletin Hydrographique InternationalBureau Hydrographique International, 7,Avenue du President Kennedy, B.P. 345, Monaco

156Bulletin of the Earthquake Research InstituteEarthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,Tokyo 113, JapanBulletin of the Geographical Survey InstituteGeographical Survey Institute, Kitasato 1Yatabe-Machi Tsukuba-Gum, Ibaraki 300-21, JapanBundesamt fuÈ r Landestopographie-Bulletin des RechenzentrumsFederal Oce of Topography, Seftigenstrasse 264,CH-3084 Wabern, SwitzerlandCISM Journal ACSGCThe Canadian Institute of Surveying, Box 5378,Station F, Ottawa, K2C 3Jl CanadaCartographic Journal (The)British Cartographic Society J.S. Keats, Departmentof Geography, University of Glasgow W2, ScotlandCartographicaUniversity of Toronto Press Inc., 5201 Du€erinStreet, North York, Ontario, M3H 5T8, CanadaCelestial MechanicsD. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The NetherlandsChartered Surveyor-Chartered Minerals SurveyorThe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors,12 Great George Street, London SW7 2AR (U.K.)Circolari Della Stazione Astronomica Internazionale diLatitudineUniversita di Cagliari, Istituto di Astronomia,09100 Cagliari, ItalyCircular Time and Latitude ServicePolish Academy of Sciences, Astronomical LatitudeObservatory, Borowiec, 63-120 Kornik, PolandComm. of the Geodetic and Geophysical ResearchInstitute of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesResearch Inst. of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesMuseum U. 6-8, POB 5, H-9401, Sopron, HungaryCospar Information BulletinCommittee on Space Research, 51 Boulevard deMontmorency, 75016 Paris, FranceDeltionService Geographique de l'Armee Hellenique,S.G.A.H., Pedion Areas, Athens, GreeceDepartment of National Development Division ofNational Mapping Technical ReportDivision of National Mapping,P.O. Box 548, NSW 2620 Queanbeyan, AustraliaDeutsche Geodatische Kommission bei der BayerischenAkademie der WissenschaftenReihe A: Hohere GeodaÈ sieReihe B: Angewandte GeodaÈ sieReihe C: DissertationenReihe D: TafelwerkeReihe E: Geschichte und Entwicklung der GeodaÈ sieMarstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, GermanyEidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich ± InstitutfuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie ± Bericht (Report)Institut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandEngineering GeodesyThe Kiev Institute of Engineering ConstructionEOS-Transactions AGUAmerican Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Av.,Washington D.C. 20009, USAESA BulletinEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, FranceESA-JournalEarth observation QuarterlyEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, FranceEuropean Space Agency Special PublicationEuropean Space Agency, 8±10, Rue Mario Nikis,75738 Paris 15, FranceFisica de la TierraEditorial ComplutenseCl. Moreto, 3, 28014, Madrid, SpainGeodatische Arbeiten O È sterreichs fuÈ r die InternationaleErdmessungAustrian Geodetic Commission, Bundemsamt fuÈ rEich unfd Vermessungswesen, Schi€amtsgasse 1-3,Postfach 50, A±1025 Vienna, AustriaGeodatisch-Geophysikalische Arbeiten in der SchweizSchweizerische Geodatische Kommission,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandGeodatische und Geophysikalische Vero€entlichungenNationalkomitee fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Geophysik beider DDR, 1500 Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A17,GermanyGeodesy and CartographyThe Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministersof the USSRGeodesy and Photogrammetry in MiningPublisher: the Sverdlovsk Mining InstituteGeodesy, Cartography and Air-SurveyPublisher: the Lvov Polytechnical InstituteGeodeticky a Kartogra®cky ObzorSpalena 51, 11302 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia

157Geodezia e s KartograÁ ®aHungarian Society of Surveying, Mappingand Remote Sensing, Editorial Oce: H-1860Budapest, 55, PO Box 1, HungaryGeodezja i Kartogra®aPolitechnika Warszawska, Instytut GeodezjiWyzszej 1, Koszykowa 75, 00661 Warszawa, PolandGeomaticaCanadian Institute of Geomatics, PO VBox 5378,Merivale Depot, Ottawa, Ontario, K2C 3J1, CanadaGeomatics Canada ± Geodetic Survey Division ± Contractand Technical ReportsNatural Resources Canada, Geomatics CanadaGeodetic Survey Division, 615 Booth Street,Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OE9, CanadaGe omeÁ tre102, Rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, FranceGeophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical SocietyThe Royal Society, 6, Carlton House Terrace,London SWl Y 5AG, UKGeophysical Research LettersAmerican Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida AvenueN.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, USAGeophysical SurveysD. Reidel, Publ. Co., Dordrecht, The NetherlandsGeophysical TransactionsEoÈ tvoÈ s LoraÁ nd Geophysical Institute of Hungary,H-1440 Budapest, P.O. Box 35, HungaryGeophysics Division-ReportDepartment of Scienti®c and Industrial Research,Geophysical Division, New ZealandGeowissenschaftliche MittelungenVienna University of TechnologyGusshaustrasse 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, AustriaEmail: pwald@fbgeo1.tuwien.ac.atGerlands Beitrage zur GeophysikAkademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & PortigK.G., Leipzig, GermanyHarita DergisiHarita Genel Komutanligi, 06100 Cebeci, Ankara,TurkeyIEEE Transactions on Geoscience ElectronicsIEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,New Jersey 08854, USAIERS Technical NotesBureau Central de l'IERS77, Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, FranceImprovement of Technology of Topographic and GeodeticOperationsPublisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSRInstitut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie an derEidgenossischen Technischen HochschuleZurich-MitteilungenInstitut fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie und Photogrammetrie,ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitut Geographique National-Ge ode sieI.G.N., 2, Avenue Pasteur, B.P. 68,94160 Saint-Mande , FranceInstituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± PublicationsFacultad de Matematicas, Universidad ComplutenseCiudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid SpainInstituto de Astronomia y Geodesia ± Cursos y SeminariosFacultad de Matematicas, Universidad ComplutenseCiudad Universitaria, 28014, Madrid SpainIstituto di Geodesia e Geo®sica dell' Universitadi Trieste-PubblicazioneIstituto di Geodesia, Via dell UniversitaÁ 7,34123 Trieste, ItalyIstituto di Miniere e Geo®sica Applicata, Universita,PubblicazioniPiazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, ItalyITC JournalITC, The NetherlandsJenaer RundschauVEB Carl Zeiss Jena, Carl Zeiss Str. 1, 6900 Jena,GermanyJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Instituteof Technology ± Technical PublicationsJet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive,Pasadena, CA 91109, USAJournal of GeodesyJournal Production DepartmentHeidelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, GermanyPublisher: Springer-VerlagJournal of Geophysical ResearchAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU),2000 Florida Avenue N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20009, USAJournal of Physics of the EarthCenter for Academic Publications JapanYayoi 2-4-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, JapanJournal of Spacecraft and RocketsAIAA Technical Information Service,750 3rd Avenue, New York NY 10017, USA

158Journal of Surveying EngineeringAmerican Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47thStreet, New York, NY 10017-2398, USAJournal of the Geodetic Society of JapanGeodetic Society of Japan,1 Kitasato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, JapanJournal of the Wuhan College of GeodesyPhotogrammetry and CartographyWuhan, ChinaKern BulletinKern & Co. Ltd., CH-5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandKort-og Matrikelstyrelsen(National Survey and Cadaster)Skrifter 4 Raekke (Publications 4 series)Kort-og MatrikelstyrelsenGeodetic Division, Technical ReportsRentemestervej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV,DenmarkLehrstuhl fuÈ r Astronomische und PhysikalischeGeodaÈ sie-TechnischeUniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenArcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyMagyar Geo®zikaAssociation of Hungarian Geophysicists,H-1371 Budapest, P.O. Box 433, HungaryMare es Terrestres-Bulletin d'InformationICET, Observatoire Royal de Belgique,3, Avenue Circulaire, B-l180 Bruxelles, BelgiqueMarine GeodesyCrane Russat & Co. Inc., 3 East 44th Street,N.Y., New York 10017, USAMaritime Gravimetric StudiesPublisher: the Moscow State UniversityMate riaux pour la Geologie de la Suisse-Ge ophysiqueKummerly & Frey Ltd., Editions ge ographiques,CH-3001 Berne, SwitzerlandMethods of Engineering Geodesy in ConstructionPublisher: the Rostov Institute of EngineeringConstructionMining and GeodesyPublisher: the Leningrad Mining InstituteMitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Theoretische GeodaÈ sieder UniversitaÈ t BonnNussallee 17, 5300 Bonn 1, GermanyMitteilungen aus dem Institut fuÈ r Astronomische undPhysikalische GeodaÈ sie Technische UniversitaÈ tMuÈ nchenArcisstrasse 21, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 2, GermanyMitteilungen der Satelliten-Beobachtungsstation ZimmerwaldAstronomisches Institut, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012Berne, SwitzerlandMitteilungen des GeodaÈ tischen Instituts derTechnischen UniversitaÈ t GrazGraz University of Technology, Geodetic Institute,Steyergrasse 30, A-8010 Graz, Austria.Email: bt@ftphotsg01.tu-graz.ac.atMitteilungen des Instituts fuÈ r GeodaÈ sie undPhotogrammetrie an der Eidgenossischen TechnischenHochschule ZuÈ richHonggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandMitteilungsblatt des Deutschen Vereins fuÈ rVermessungswesen (DVW)Vorstand des DVW, Alexandrastrasse 4,D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22, GermanyMonthly Notes of the International Polar Motion ServiceInternational Latitude Observatory, 2-12Hoshigaoka Mizusawa-shi, Iwate-Ken 023, JapanNachrichten aus dem Karten- und VermessungswesenInstitut fuÈ r Angewandte GeodaÈ sie, Richard StraussAllee 11, D-6000 Frankfurt a.M. 70, GermanyNASA Special PublicationNASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USANASA Technical Papers and Notes & SpecialPublicationsNASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USANASA/GSFC Documents & Technical MemorandaNASA Headquarters, 600 Independance Avenue,S.W., Washington, D.C. 20576, USANational Land Survey-Professional PapersNational Land Survey of Sweden, S-801 82 GaÈ vle,SwedenNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationManual NOS NGS, Professional Papers,Technical MemorandumNational Geodetic Survey, NOAA,6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USANaval Surface Weapons Center-Dahlgren LaboratoryNaval Surface Weapons Centre (NSWC),Dahlgren, VA 22448, USANavigationInstitut Francais de Navigation, 3, Avenue OctaveGre ard, 75340 Paris Cedex 07, FranceNavigation ± Journal of the Institute of NavigationThe Institute of Navigation, Suite 832, 815,15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, USA

159Netherlands Geodetic Commission- Publications onGeodesy-New SeriesNetherlands Geodetic Commission,Thijsseweg 11, 2629 JA Delft, The NetherlandsNew Zealand Surveyor (The)New Zealand Institute of Surveyors,Box 831, Wellington, New ZealandNews of Higher Educational Institutions Series ``Geodesyand Air-Survey''Publisher: the Ministry of Higher and Secondaryspecialized Education of RSFSRObservatoire Royal de Belgique-Communications-Serie3-Serie Ge ophysique Observatoire Royal de Belgique,3, Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Bruxelles, BelgiqueOÈ sterreichische Zeitschrift fuÈ r Vermessungswesen undGeoinformationSchi€amsgasse 1-3, Postfach 50, A-1025 Wien,AustriaOhio State University-Reports of the Department ofGeodetic Science and SurveyingDepartment of Geodetic Science and Surveying,1958 Neil Avenue, 43210 Columbus, Ohio, USAOrdnance Survey Professional PaperOrdnance Survey of Great Britain (OSGB), RomseyRoad, Maybush, Southampton S09 4DH, UKPeriodica Polytechnica ± Civil EngineeringTechnical University of BudapestH-1521 Budapest, PO Box 91, HungaryPhysics of the Earth and Planetary InteriorsElsevier, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPlanetary and Space SciencePergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall,Oxford OX3 OBW, UKPrace Instytut Geodezji i Kartogra®iPolish Academy of Science, Space Research Centre,Department of Planetary Geodesy,Pkin P. 2313, 00901 Warszawa, PolandProceedings of the Central Research Institute of Geodesy,Air Survey and CartographyPublisher: the Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSRProceedings of the International Latitude Observatoryof MizusawaInternational Latitude Observatory, 2-12Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, JapanProceedings of the Moscow Institute of Land-UseEngineersPublisher: the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSRProceedings of the National Astronomical ShternbergInstitutPublisher: the Moscow State UniversityProceedings of the National Research Institute ofGeomechanics and Mining GeodesyPublisher: the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSRProceedings of the Novosibirsk Institute of Geodesy,Air-Survey and CartographyProceedings of the Research Institute of Applied GeodesyPublisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSRProceedings of the State Research and ProductionalCenter ``Priroda''Publisher: The Chief Administration of Geodesy andCartography under the Council of Ministers of theUSSRProceedings of the Tomsk State UniversityPublisher: the Tomsk State UniversityProceedings on Geodesy of the Vilnus Instituteof Engineering ConstructionPublisher: the Vilnus Institute of EngineeringConstructionProce s-Verbaux des Seances de la CommissionGe ode sique SuisseCommission Ge ode sique Suisse, ETH-Honggerberg,CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandPubblicazioni dell'lstituto di Geodesia, Topogra®ae Fotogrammetria ± Politechnico di MilanoIstituto di Topogra®a, Fotogrammetria e Geo®sica,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItaliaPublications of the International LatitudeObservatory of MizusawaInternational Latitude Observatory, 2-12 Hoshigaoka,Mizusawa-Shi, Iwate-Ken 023, JapanPure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH)Birkhauser Verlag, Bale, SwitzerlandReports of the Department of GeodesyRoyal Institute of Technology, S-100 44Stockholm, SwedenReports of the National Astronomical ShternbergInstitutePublisher: the Moscow State UniversityResearch in Geodesy, Air-Survey and CartographyPublisher: the Moscow Institute of Engineers ofGeodesy, Air-Survey and CartographyReviews of Geophysics and Space PhysicsAmerican Geophysical Union (AGU),2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington,D.C. 20009, USA

160Revista Brasileira de Cartogra®aSocietade Brasileira de Cartogra®a de Artes Gra®cas,Rua Riachuelo 128, Rio R5, BrazilRevista Cartogra®caInstituto Panamericano de Geogra®a,Ex-Arzobispado n° 29, Mexico 18, D.F., MexicoRevue Hydrographique InternationaleBureau Hydrographique International (BHI-IHB),7, Ave du Pdt Kennedy, BP 345, 98000 MonacoRevista del Catastro e dei Servizi Tecnici ErarialiRotation and Tidal Deformations of fhe EarthPublisher: the Institute of Geophysics of theAcademy of Sciences of the Ukrainian USSRRoyal Greenwich Observatory, Time and Latitude ServiceRoyal Greenwich Observatory, HerstmonceuxCastle, Hailsham, Sussex BN27 1 RP, UKSchriftenreihe des Studiengangs Vermessungswesen derUniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchenUniversitaÈ t der Bundeswehr MuÈ nchenD-85577 Neubiberg, GermanySmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special ReportSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USASouth African Survey Journal (The)Central Council of Land Surveyors, Departmentof Land Surveying, University of Capetown,Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South AfricaStudia Geophysica et GeodaeticaAcademy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute, Czech.Acad. Sci., Bocni II Praha 4, Sporilov, Czech RepSuomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Julkaisuja(Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute)Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute,Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, FinlandSuomen Geodeettinen Laitoksen Tiedonantoja (Reports ofthe Finnish Geodetic Institute)Geodeettinen Laitos Geodetic Institute,Ilmalankatu lA, SF-00240 Helsinki, FinlanoSurvey ReviewDirectorate of Overseas Survey, Kingston Road,Tolworth Surbiton, UKSurveying and MappingAmerican Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 210Little Falls Street, Falls Church, VA 20046, USATecnica Topogra®caColegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®a,Paseo de la Castellana 210, 28046 Madrid, SpainTectonophysicsElsevier Scienti®c Publishing Company,Amsterdam, The NetherlandsTokyo Astronomical Observatory; Time and LatitudeBulletinsTokyo Astronomical Observatory, Osawa Mitaka,Tokyo 181, JapanTopogra®a y Cartogra®aColegio O®cial de Ingenieros Tecnicos en Topogra®aAv. Reina Victoria, 66, 28014 Madrid, SpainTravaux de l'Association Internationale de Ge ode sieIAG Central Bureau, c/o Department of GeophysicsJuliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen é,Denmark, Phone: +45 35320600,Fax: +45 35365357E-mail: iag@gfy.ku.dkUnisurvUniversity of New South Wales,School of Surveying, Sydney, AustraliaUniversity of Calgary ± Publications of theDivision of Geomatics EngineeringThe University of Calgary, 2500 University DriveN.W., Calgary T2N 1N4, CanadaUniversity of New Brunswick-Department ofSurveying Engineering ± Lecture NotesUniversity of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B. E3B 5A3, CanadaUniversity of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesyand Geomatics Engineering ± Research ReportsUniversity of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, CanadaUniversity of New Brunswick ± Department of Geodesyand Geomatics Engineering ± Technical ReportsUniversity of New Brunswick,P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton N.B., E3B 5A3, CanadaUniversity of New South Wales-MonographsUniversity of New South Wales,School of Surveying, Sydney, AustraliaVermessung, Photogrammetrie, KulturtechnikDiagonal Verlags AG, Tafernstrasse 2,CH-5405 Baden-Dattwil, SwitzerlandVermessungsingenieurVerband Deutscher Vermessungsingenieur (VDV)e.V. D-4300 Essen, Moselstrasse 2, GermanyVermessungswesen und RaumordnungDanagkweg 80, D-5600 Wuppertal 1, GermanyVero€entlichung des Geodatischen Institutsder Rheinisch Westfalischen TechnischenHochschule Aachen

161Vero€entlichungen der BayerischenKommission fuÈ r die Internationale ErdmessungBayerische Kommission fuÈ r die InternationaleErdmessung, Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 MuÈ nchen 22,GermanyWild ReporterWild Heerbrugg Ltd., CH-9435 Heerbrugg,SwitzerlandWissenschaftliche Arbeiten der FachrichtungVermessungswesen der UniversitaÈ t Hannoverc/o Geodastisches Institut, Nienburger Strasse 7,3000 Hannover 1, GermanyWissenschaftliche Zeitschrift derTechnischen UniversitaÈ t DresdenMommsenstrasse 13, 8027 Dresden, GermanyWuhan Institute of Geodesy andGeophysics-Special PublicationWuhan, ChinaXYZAssociation Francaise de Topographie (AFT),140, Rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, FranceZeitschrift fuÈ r VermessungswesenVerlag Konrad Wittwer, Postfach 147,D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany

162PUBLICATIONS OF THEINTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESYI- Journal of GeodesyTwelve issues per year:annual subscriptionsale by unit (Springer-Verlag)contact Springer VerlagJournal Production DepartmentHeildelberger Platz 3,W-14197 Berlin, GermanyII- Travaux de l'Association Internationalede GeÂodeÂsie (IAG Central Bureau)Volumes edited after every General assemblyincluding General Reports and national Reports(separately from 1960)Last volume (vol. 31 : Birmingham 1999) November1999 ± Available on CD RomIII-Publications SpecialesN¡ 1 ± Natural trogonometric functions(eight places, entry each centigrade)N¡ 2 ± (out of print).N¡ 3 ± Geodetic Reference System 1967.N¡ 4 ± International Gravity Standardization Net(IGSN 1971).All these publications are available on request to:IAG Central Bureau,c/o Department of GeophysicsJuliane Maries Vej 30,DK-2100 Copenhagen é, Denmark.Or via IAG homepage http://www.gfy.ku.dk/iagIV- Proceedings of the IAG-Symposia at theIUGG General AssembliesVienna 1991 (published by Springer-Verlag)Boulder 1995 (published by Springer-Verlag)Birmingham 1999 (published by Springer-Verlag)All these publications are available on request to:Springer VerlagJournal Production DepartmentHeidelberger Platz 3, W-14197 Berlin,Germany.Fax 30/8 2787-440V- Bibliographie geodesique internationale± From 1928 to 1960: 10 issues± From 1961± Cards± Monthly Review: ``BibliographiaGeodaetica'' (in English),available at :Zentralstelle fur Internationale Dokumentationder Geodasie Mommsenstrasse 13,Dresden 8027GermanyA bibliographic service for geodesy is maintained byIFAGAddress:Bundesamt fuÈ r Kartographie und GeodaÈ sieAuûenstelle Leipzig Karl-Rothe-Straûe10-14 D-04105, GermanyTel.: (+49 341) 5634 0 Fax: 5634 415Acces via internet.http://www.leipzig.ifag.deVI- Catalogue of Reference GravimetricStations along the European Coasts fromNorway to Italyavailable at :International Gravity CommissionSubcommission Western EuropeBayer Akademie der Wissenschaften,Marstallplatz 8, D-8000 Munchen 22, (F.R.G.).