{KmaoW `mcXw dnt¸mëv sN¿pt¼mà - Kerala Press Academy
{KmaoW `mcXw dnt¸mëv sN¿pt¼mà - Kerala Press Academy
{KmaoW `mcXw dnt¸mëv sN¿pt¼mà - Kerala Press Academy
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{<strong>KmaoW</strong> <strong>`mcXw</strong>dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿pt¼mÄJune 2013 | Vol. 2 | Issue 2 | Price ` 10
tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ ]pXnb ]pkvXIwGtgmfw Zn\-¸-{X-§-fnðIm¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³ tPmen sNbvXp.Xe-Øm\ \K-c-¯nsekm[m-cW dnt¸mÀ«À apXðNo^v FUn-äÀ ]Zhn hsc \ofpóssZ\w-Zn\ ]{X-hr-¯n-bpsSFñm ]S-hp-I-fnepw Ccpó Im¼n-tÈcnA\ym-Zr-iy-amb hen-sbmcp amXr-I-bmWvae-bmf am[y-a-N-cn-{X-¯nðFgp-Xn-t¨À¯-Xv.Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS (kn.-]n.-sF)apJ-]-{X-amb P\-bp-K-¯n-emWvIm¼n-tÈcn Icp-Wm-I-c³Imð\q-äm-tïmfw tPmen sNbvX-Xv.Hcp cmjv{So-b-¸mÀ«n-bpsS{]Nm-cW PnlzsbFñm P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pwkzoIm-cy-ambn¯ocm-hpó Xc-¯nð hn`-hkw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpwsshhn-[y-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp¯vhnP-b-I-c-ambn aptóm«p sImïp-t]mbAÛp-X-amWvIm¼n-tÈ-cn-bpsS henb kw`m-h-\.AXn\p apt¼m ]nóotSmA¯-c-samcp A\p-`hwae-bmf ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nð Cñ.Im¼ntÈcn IcpWmIcsâ PohNcn{X{KÙwsI.kpµtci³ cNn¨Im¼ntÈcn, Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]Àhne ` 751013 cq] hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§Ä Ct¸mÄ 450 cq]¡v"Im¼ntÈcn: Imew Im¯ph¨ ]{Xm[n]À' AS¡w {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcn¨ Fñm ]pkvXI§fpwHón¨p hm§nbmð 1013 cq] sam¯w hnebpÅ 11 ]pkvXI§fpw IqSn 450 cq]bv¡p e`n¡pw.X]menemsW¦nð 570 cq].aäp ]pkvXI§Ä: • kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\ln; Sn. thWptKm]mð; hne 260 cq]• kztZim`nam\nbpsS ]{X{]hÀ¯\w, cmPhmgvNbpsS Zrãnbnð; hnhÀ¯\w: ]pXp¸Ån cmLh³; hne 35cq] • hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\w; kztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ; hne 40 cq] • aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nsâA¼XphÀjw 1947þ1997; hne 90 cq] • ]{X`mj; hne 20 cq] • \m«phntijw; Sn. thWptKm]mð, tXmakvtP¡ºv; 7.50 cq] • hmÀ¯bpsS inev]ime; F³. F³. kXy{hX³; hne 150 cq] • F.sI.]nÅ:BZÀi§fpsS càkm£n; F. cm[mIrjvW³; hne 135 cq] • \¼ymÀ ]nsóbpw apónð \nð¡póp;]n. {io[c³; hne 60 cq] • s\tòenbpsS I¼n; sI. sI. taml\³; hne 75 cq]tIm¸nIÄ¡v:sk-{I-«dn; tI-c-f {]-kv A-¡mZ-an; Im-¡-\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682030; t^m¬: 0484 2422275sN-t¡m Un-Untbm a-Wn-tbmÀ-U-tdm A-b-¡p-I
Pq¬ 2013 $ ]pkvXIw 2 $ e¡w 2 $ hne ` 1006 {<strong>KmaoW</strong> <strong>`mcXw</strong> dnt¸mÀ«v- sN¿póXv F§s\?sh¦ntS-jv cm-a-Ir-jv-W³12 How data journalism could save the mediaCraig Wilson15 t‐k‐m-j‐yð a‐o-U‐n-b:D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ k‐q-£‐n¡‐pI_‐m-e-c‐ma³22 Pothan Joseph (1892–1972)A Free-Thinking andFiercely Independent Editorin Modern IndiaDr. J. V. Vil’anilam35 Ad-Addicted ChildrenDr. Shoma A. ChatterjiFUntämdnbð 4Lighthouse 20Ashok R ChandranskÀ¨vv 26_n. Fkv. _n-an-\nXv{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 29sI. Fð. taml\hÀ½{]XnIcWw 30ap³t] ]dóhÀ 31]n. kpPm-X³\yq thhvkv 37tPmk^v BâWnhmb-\ 42jmPn tP¡_vBookshelf 46\yqkv s\äv 47C.]n.jmPpZo³A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 48temIw Iï hc 50
(4)EditorN. P. RajendranChairman, <strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong> <strong>Academy</strong>Editorial BoardE. P. ShajuddeenChief News Editor, Mangalam, KozhikodeN. RajeshNews Editor, Madhyamam, KozhikodeM. P. SuryadasChief Sub Editor, Mathrubhumi, KozhikodeP. SujathanPolitical Editor, Veekshanam, KochiT. R. MadhukumarNews Editor, Deshabhimani, KozhikodeC. N. MohananManager, Deshabhimani, KochiEditorial AssistantP. SalilDesign & LayoutPraveen OpheliaPrinter & PublisherV. G. RenukaSecretary, <strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong> <strong>Academy</strong>Address'Media'<strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong> <strong>Academy</strong>Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030Phone: 0484 2422275E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.comWebsite: www.pressacademy.orgSubscribe ‘Media’Single Issue: ` 10Annual Subscription: ` 100Advertisement tariffBack cover: Color: ` 25,000Inside cover: Color: ` 20,000Inside B&W: ` 15,000FUntämdnbð-]-{‐X§-s‐f {‐]-X‐n-¡‐q-«‐nð I-b-ä‐p-t‐¼‐mÄk-a‐o-]-I‐m-e-¯‐v k‐w-Ø‐m\-s‐¯ a‐q-‐p {‐]-[‐m-\-]-{‐X-§-f‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n s‐]‐m-«‐n-¸‐p-d-s‐¸-« H-c‐p- h‐n-h‐mZ-s‐¯ A-X‐n-t‐h-K‐w s‐h-Å-s‐a‐m-g‐n-¨‐ps‐I-S‐p-¯‐p--X‐nÂa‐m-[‐y-a-c‐w-K-¯‐p-Å-hc‐p‐w c‐m-j‐v-{‐S‐obt‐\-X‐r-X‐zh‐p‐w h‐n-P-b‐n-¨-X‐mb‐na-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-I‐p‐p. a‐q-‐p- {‐][‐m-\ ]-{‐X-§-f‐n-s‐e N‐n-e t‐e-J-I-·‐mÀ X-a‐n-g‐v\‐m-S‐vkÀ-¡‐m-d‐n-s‐â a-e-b‐m-f‐nb‐m-b "N‐mc-\‐v' H‐u-t‐Z‐y‐mK‐n-I t‐c-J-IÄ t‐N‐mÀ-¯‐n-s‐¡‐m-S‐p-¯‐p-s‐h‐p‐w A-X‐n-\‐v {‐]-X‐n-^-e-a‐m-b‐n X-a‐n-g‐v\‐m-«‐n \‐n-‐v k‐u-P-\‐y-§f‐p‐wk-½‐m-\-§f‐p‐w ]-ä‐n-s‐b‐p‐w A-X‐n-\‐v {‐]-X‐n-^-e-a‐m-b‐n t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐â X‐m-Â-]c‐y‐w l-\‐n-¡‐p- X-a‐n-g‐v-\‐m-S‐v A-\‐p-I‐q-e h‐mÀ-¯-IÄ {‐]-k‐n-²-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n-s‐b‐p‐wFÃ‐m-a‐m-W‐v A-X‐y‐p-¨-¯‐n D--b‐n-¡-s‐¸-« B-t‐c‐m-]W‐w. h‐y-à‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S-s‐b‐m-‐p‐w t‐]-c‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐nÃ‐, F-‐m ]-{‐X-Ø‐m-]-\-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐]-c‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.k‐w-Ø‐m-\-kÀ-¡‐m-d‐n-s‐â Câ-e‐n-P³-k‐v h‐n-`‐m-K‐w kÀ-¡‐m-d‐n-\‐v k-aÀ-¸‐n-¨-X‐m-b‐n ]-d-b‐p- d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v D-²-c‐n-¨‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p h‐mÀ-¯. Câ-e‐n-P³-k‐v A§-s‐\ H-c‐p d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-S‐v \Â-I‐n-b‐n-«‐n-s‐Ãt‐‐m \ÂI‐n-b G-s‐X-¦‐ne‐p‐w d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐nÂA-§-s‐\ B-t‐c‐m-]-W-§-s‐f‐m‐p‐w Cà Ft‐‐m kÀ-¡‐m-À \‐n-t‐j-[‐n-¨‐nÃ. I-\-¯ \‐n-È-Ð-X-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p c-ï‐v a‐q-‐p-\‐m-f-t‐¯¡‐v. ]‐n-s‐ h-X‐v B-t‐c‐m]-W‐w D--b‐n-¡-s‐¸-« a‐q-‐p ]-{‐X-§-f‐p-s‐S {‐]-k‐m[IÀ \-S¯‐n-b k‐w-b‐p-àI¯‐m-W‐v. ]-{‐X§-s‐f A-]-I‐oÀ-¯‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐m-\‐p-Å \‐o-¡‐w A-t‐\‐z-j‐n-¡-W-s‐a-‐v a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-t‐b‐m-S‐v A-`‐yÀ-°‐n-¡‐p--X‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p I-¯‐v.B-t‐c‐m-]W-s‐¯ I‐p-d‐n-¨‐v a‐p-J‐y-a{‐´‐n A-t‐\‐zj-W‐w \S-¯‐n kX‐y‐w I-s‐ï-¯-W-s‐a-‐v B-h-i‐y-s‐¸-S‐p‐w-a‐p-¼‐v k‐z‐m-`‐m-h‐n-I-a‐mb‐p‐w ]-{‐X {‐]-k‐m-[IÀ N‐n-eI‐m-c‐y-§Ä A-t‐\‐z-j‐n-¨‐v D-d-¸‐p-h-c‐p-¯‐n-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐mI‐p‐w F-‐m-W‐v A-\‐p-a‐m-\‐n-t‐¡-ï-X‐v. b-Y‐mÀ-°-¯‐n F-´‐m-W‐v h‐n-P‐n-e³-k‐v d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n D-Å-X‐v? h-e‐n-s‐b‐mc‐pd‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«À i‐r‐w-J-e D-Å-h-c‐m-W‐v ]-{‐X-{‐]-k‐m-[IÀ. A-hÀ-¡‐v C-X‐v I-ï‐p-]‐n-S‐n-¡‐m³ {‐]-b‐m-k-a‐p-ï‐m-h‐nÃ. F-´‐m-W‐v B d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n ]-d-ª‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-X‐v?A-X‐n B-c‐p-s‐S-s‐b-¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐]-c‐v ]-c‐m-aÀ-i‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-t‐ï‐m‐, D-s‐ï-¦‐n AhÀF-´‐p-s‐N-b‐v-X‐p F-‐m-W‐v B-t‐c‐m]-W‐w? B-t‐c‐m]-W‐w i-c‐n-b-s‐Ã‐p‐w X-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐e-J-IÀ s‐X-ä‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-«‐ns‐Ã-‐p‐w ]-{‐X-§Ä D-d-¸‐p-h-c‐p-¯‐n-b‐n-«‐pt‐ï‐m?CÃ‐, ‐vAs‐X‐m‐p‐w h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ-¡-d‐n-b‐nÃ.]-{‐X-h‐mÀ-¯-I-f‐n {‐]-X‐n-I-c‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐v a‐p-¼‐v C‐u A-t‐\‐z-j-W-§Ä\-S-¯‐p-Ib‐p‐w kX‐y‐w P-\-§Ä-¡‐v a‐p-¼‐m-s‐I s‐h-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p-‐p-s‐h-¦‐n ]-{‐X-§-f‐p-s‐S h‐n-i‐z‐mk‐y-X h-À-²‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w ]-{‐X-§Ä-s‐¡-X‐n-s‐c B-t‐c‐m]-W‐w D--b‐n-¨-hÀ {‐]-X‐n-¡‐q-«‐n-e‐m-h‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-t‐Xs‐\. \‐nÀ-`‐m-K‐y-h-i‐mÂA-X‐p-ï‐m-b‐nÃ. a‐q-‐p-{‐][‐m-\ ]-{‐X-§-f‐n {‐]-k‐m-[-I-c‐p-s‐S k‐w-b‐p-à¡-¯‐va‐p³-t‐]-P‐n {‐]‐m-[‐m-\‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p-s‐h-¦‐ne‐p‐w h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ¡‐vC‐u h‐n-j-b-¯‐n I‐q-S‐p-X A-d‐n-h‐v \Â-I‐p- h‐mÀ-¯-I-s‐f‐m‐p‐w D-ï‐m-b‐nÃ.A-X‐n-\‐m h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ C-c‐p-«‐n-e‐m-W‐v‐, C-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w.a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-b‐p-s‐S \‐n-t‐j-[‐w A-X‐n-t‐h-K‐w h‐p. Câ-e‐n-P³-k‐n \‐n-‐vA-¯-c-s‐a‐m-c‐p d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ«‐v D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p F-‐v a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n Ø‐n-c‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p.F-‐mÂ‐, "]{‐X§s‐f {‐]X‐n¡‐q«‐ne‐m¡‐ns‐¡‐mï‐v Câe‐nP³k‐v t‐a[‐mh‐nS‐n.]‐n. s‐k³I‐pa‐mÀ d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐v \ÂI‐m\‐nSb‐mb k‐mlNc‐y¯‐n a‐pJ‐ya{‐´‐nt‐JZ‐w {‐]IS‐n-¸‐n¨‐p' F-‐m-W‐v ]-{‐X-h‐mÀ-¯-b‐n ]-d-b‐p-X‐v. ""C‐u ]{‐X§f‐ns‐e Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐eJIÀ s‐Xä‐mb c‐oX‐nb‐n {‐]hÀ¯‐n¨X‐mt‐b‐mk‐wØ‐m\X‐mX‐v]c‐y¯‐n\‐v h‐nc‐p²a‐mb‐n h‐mÀ¯IÄ {‐]k‐n²‐oIc‐n¨X‐mt‐b‐ms‐Xf‐nª‐n«‐ns‐Ã‐mW‐v N‐o^‐v s‐k{‐I«d‐n C.s‐I. `cÛ‐qj¬ \ÂI‐nbd‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐ne‐pÅX‐v. kÀ¡‐mc‐n\‐v Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐cJ \ãs‐¸S‐pIt‐b‐ms‐k{‐It‐«d‐nbä‐ns‐e Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w Dt‐Z‐y‐mKس {‐I‐na‐n\ I‐pä‐w \S¯‐pIt‐b‐ms‐Nb‐vX‐n«‐ns‐Ã‐p‐w d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐ne‐pï‐v. AX‐ps‐I‐mï‐pXs‐ ]{‐X§Äs‐¡X‐nc‐mb‐nC{‐]I‐mc‐w Câe‐nP³k‐v d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐v hX‐v \‐nÀ`‐mK‐yIca‐mb‐nt‐¸‐mb‐n. AX‐nÂR‐m³ t‐JZ‐w {‐]IS‐n¸‐n¡‐p‐p''þ C-{‐X-b‐p-a‐m-W‐v a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-b‐p-s‐S {‐]-k‐v-X‐m-h-\-b‐n DÅX‐v.C-t‐X‐ms‐S h‐n-h‐m-Z-¯‐n-\‐v a‐p-J‐y-a{‐´‐n X‐n-c-È‐o-e-b‐n-«‐p. A-X‐n-\‐v t‐i-j‐w c‐w-K‐w i‐m-´-a‐m-W‐v. A-X‐y‐m-hi‐y‐w N‐n-e t‐e-J-\-§Ä ]-{‐X-§-f‐n h--XÃ‐m-s‐XB-t‐c‐m]-W‐w D--b‐n-¨-hÀ-t‐¡‐m‐, h‐n-P‐n-e³-k‐v d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v ]-c-a-k-X‐y-a‐m-s‐W-a-«‐n D-bÀ-¯‐n-¸‐n-S‐n-¨‐v he‐n-b h‐mÀ-¯ N-a-¨hÀt‐¡‐m b‐m-s‐X‐m‐p‐w ]-d-b‐m-\‐nÃ.]-{‐X-§Ä ]-{‐X-§Ä-¡‐v ]‐p-d-¯‐p-Å ]-eÀ¡‐p‐w F-X‐n-s‐c ]-X‐n-h‐m-b‐n D--b‐n-Pq¬ 2013
(5)¡‐m-d‐p-Å B-t‐c‐m-]-W-§Ä t‐]‐m-s‐e CX‐p‐w s‐I-«-S§‐n. h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ-¡‐v A-d‐n-b‐nà F-´‐m-W‐vk‐w-`-h‐n-¨-s‐X-‐v‐, F-´‐m-W‐v k-X‐y-s‐a-‐v. C-t‐¸‐mÄ kÀh-{‐X \‐n-È-Ð-X-b‐mW‐v. Câ-e‐n-P³-k‐vd‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯-hc‐p‐w \‐n-È-Ð‐w‐, ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Ic‐p‐w \‐n-ÈÐ‐w‐, Câ-e‐n-P³-k‐v d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v B-b‐p[-a‐m-¡‐n a‐q-‐p-]-{‐X-§-s‐fb‐p‐w A-h-b‐p-s‐S G-X‐m\‐p‐w t‐e-J-I-s‐cb‐p‐w I-S-‐m-{‐I-a‐n-¨]-{‐X-§f‐p‐w \‐n-È-Ð-a‐m-W‐v.A§-s‐\ a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-b‐p-s‐S H-c‐p k‐m-´‐z-\-¯‐n X‐r-]‐v-X-c‐m-b‐n h‐n-k‐v-a‐r-X‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v X-t‐Å-ïH-c‐p I‐m-c‐y-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-s‐X-‐v t‐X‐m-‐p-‐nÃ. {‐]-X‐n-¡‐q-«‐n-e‐m-¡-s‐¸-«-hÀ-¡‐v H-c‐p ]-t‐£ A-X‐pa-X‐n F-‐p-t‐X‐m-‐n-¡‐m-W‐m‐w. ]t‐£‐, s‐]‐m-X‐p k-a‐q-l‐w ]-{‐X§-s‐fb‐p‐w ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-s‐cb‐p‐wk‐w-i-b-Z‐r-ã‐n-t‐b‐m-s‐S h‐o-£‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-t‐e-¡‐m-W‐v C-s‐XÃ‐m‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐p-s‐N-s‐-¯‐n-¨-X‐v F-‐p-]-d-b‐m-X‐n-c‐n-¡‐m³ h¿. ]-{‐X-{‐]-k‐m-[-Ic‐p‐w a‐p-J‐y-a{‐´‐n X-s‐b‐p‐w a‐m-[‐y-a-c‐wK-s‐¯ [‐mÀ-a‐n-I-X-b‐v-¡‐p‐w k‐p-X‐m-c‐y-X-b‐v-¡‐paÃ‐, k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-Ia‐m-b H-c‐p s‐h-Å-]‐q-i-e‐n-\‐m-W‐v {‐]‐m-[‐m\‐y‐w \Â-I‐nb-X‐vF-‐v h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ-¡‐p-t‐X‐m-‐n-b‐m Ah-s‐c I‐p-ä‐w-]-d-b‐m³-]-ä‐nÃ.C-X‐n-t‐\-¡‐mÄ {‐]‐m-[‐m-\‐y-t‐ad‐n-b a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-{‐]-i‐v-\h‐p‐w C-X‐n H-f‐n-ª‐p-I‐n-S-¸‐pï‐v.a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-b‐p-s‐S {‐]-k‐v-X‐m-h-\-b‐ne‐p‐w ]-{‐X-{‐]-k‐m-[-I-c‐p-s‐S k‐w-b‐p-à-I-¯‐ne‐p‐w B-hÀ-¯‐n-¡‐p- H-c‐p k‐w-K-X‐n-b‐p-ï‐v. A-X‐v C-X‐mW‐vþ ]-{‐X-§Ä H‐p‐w k‐w-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐â X‐m-e‐v-]-c‐y-§Ä-¡‐v F-X‐n-c‐m-b‐n {‐]-hÀ-¯‐n-¨‐n-«‐nÃ.""C‐u ]{‐X§f‐ns‐e Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐eJIÀ s‐Xä‐mbc‐oX‐nb‐n {‐]hÀ¯‐n¨X‐mt‐b‐m k‐wØ‐m\X‐mX‐v]c‐y¯‐n\‐v h‐nc‐p²a‐mb‐n h‐mÀ¯IÄ {‐]k‐n²‐oIc‐n¨X‐mt‐b‐m s‐Xf‐nª‐n«‐ns‐Ã‐mW‐v N‐o^‐v s‐k{‐I«d‐n C.s‐I. `cÛ‐qj¬ \ÂI‐nbd‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐ne‐p-Å-X‐v'' F-‐m-W‐v a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n h‐mÀ-¯‐m-k-t‐½-f-\-¯‐n ]-d-ª-X‐v.k‐wØ‐m-\ X‐mÂ-]-c‐y-¯‐n-\‐v F-X‐nc‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯‐, A-\‐p-I‐q-ea‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯ F-s‐‐m-c‐p t‐hÀ-X‐n-c‐n-h‐v d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n D-ï‐v F-‐v C‐u c‐wK¯‐v{‐]-hÀ-¯‐n-¡‐p- a‐n-¡-hc‐p‐w a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐nÃ. k-X‐ya‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯-b‐pï‐v‐, A-k-X‐ya‐mbh‐mÀ-¯-b‐pï‐v. k-X‐ya‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯- h‐m-b‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-W‐v P-\-§Ä I‐m-i‐v s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯‐p- ]-{‐X‐w h‐m-§‐n-¡‐p-X‐v. k‐w-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-\‐v A-\‐p-I‐q-ea‐m-b h‐n-h-c-§Ä a‐m{‐X‐w I‐n-«‐m-\‐m-s‐W-¦‐n ]-»‐n-I‐vd‐n-t‐e-j³-k‐v h-I‐p-¸‐n-s‐â e-L‐p-t‐e-J-IÄ h‐m-b‐n-¨‐mÂaX‐n. t‐I-c-fh‐p‐w X-a‐n-g‐v-\‐m-S‐p‐w-X-½‐n-e‐p-ÅXÀ-¡-h‐n-j-b-§-f‐n c-ï‐p-]-£-s‐¯b‐p‐w k-X‐y‐w h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ-¡-¯‐n-¨‐p-s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡e‐m-W‐v]-{‐X-§-f‐ps‐S N‐p-a-X-e. H-t‐c ]-{‐X-¯‐n-s‐â X-a‐n-g‐v-\‐m-S‐v F-U‐n-j-\‐n X-a‐n-g‐v-\‐m-S‐n-s‐â X‐m-e‐v-]c‐y‐wk‐w-c-£‐n-¡‐p-X‐p‐w t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e F-U‐n-j-\‐n t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐â X‐m-e‐v-]c‐y‐w k‐w-c-£‐n-¡‐p--X‐pa‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯-IÄ {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐p--X‐n F-s‐´-¦‐ne‐p‐w A-]-l‐mk‐y-X D-ï‐v F-‐p-t‐]‐me‐p‐wa‐m-[‐y-a-{‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-b‐m-¯ I‐m-e-a‐m-W‐v C-X‐v. i-c‐n-b‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w k-X‐y-¯‐n-s‐âb‐p‐w]-£-a‐m-W‐v ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Ic-s‐â ]-£‐w. k‐w-Ø‐m-\-§Ä-¡‐v \ÂI‐n-b A-X‐nÀ-¯‐n-I-fÃ\-½‐p-s‐S i-c‐n-s‐X-ä‐p-IÄ \‐nÀ-W-b‐n-¡‐p-X‐v. k‐w-Ø‐m-\-kÀ-¡‐m-d‐p-IÄ A-bÂ-k‐w-Ø‐m-\-t‐¯¡‐vN‐m-c-·‐m-s‐c A-b-¡‐p--X‐n-t‐\‐m-ft‐a‐m \-¡‐m-¸‐n-¨ ]-ä‐n B-s‐c-¦‐ne‐p‐w C-¯-c-¡‐m-s‐c k-l‐m-b‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-t‐\‐m-ft‐a‐m A[-ah‐p‐w A-]-e-]-\‐o-b-h‐p-a‐m-W‐v k‐w-Ø‐m-\-X‐m-e‐v-]-c‐y-s‐¯ I‐p-d‐n-¨‐p-Å C‐uK‐oÀ-h‐m-W-§Ä F-‐p-]-d-b‐m-s‐X h¿.h‐m-k‐v-X-h-h‐n-c‐p-²-a‐m-b‐, A-]-I‐oÀ-¯‐n-I-ca‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯-IÄ h-c‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ a‐m-[‐y-a-c‐w-K-¯‐p-ÅhÀ t‐£‐m-`‐n-¡‐p-X‐p‐w h‐n-I‐m-c‐w s‐I‐m-Å‐p-X‐p‐w H‐m‐w t‐]-P‐n k‐w-b‐p-à-{‐]-k‐v-X‐m-h-\s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐p-X‐p‐w a‐p-J‐y-a-{‐´‐n-s‐b-s‐¡‐m-ï‐v A-t‐\‐zj-W‐w \-S-¯‐n-¡‐p--X‐p-s‐a‐m-‐p‐w s‐XäÃ. ]t‐£‐, H-c‐p I‐mc‐y‐w ad¡‐p-‐p. s‐]‐m-X‐p-k‐w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‐p‐w s‐]‐m-X‐p-{‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ¡‐p‐w k‐m-a‐q-l‐y-Ø‐m-]-\-§Ä¡‐p‐w FÃ‐m‐w F-X‐n-s‐c C-X‐p-t‐]‐me-s‐¯ A-k‐wJ‐y‐w h‐mÀ-¯IÄ H‐mt‐c‐m Z‐n-hkh‐p‐wa‐m-[‐y-a-§Ä {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐m-d‐p-ï‐v. X-§Ä-¡‐p-ï‐m-I‐p- C-t‐X h‐n-I‐m-c‐w A-hÀ¡‐p‐wD-ï‐mI‐p‐w F-‐v F-t‐¸‐m-s‐g-¦‐ne‐p‐w H‐mÀ-¡‐m-d‐pt‐ï‐m \‐m‐w?tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXnsNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan)sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca, {]knUâv, sI.bp.U»yp.sP.)FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv),F. ^ntdmkv (UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³)P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀ (kvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), C. ]n. jmPp±o³ (No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw,tImgnt¡mSv), Fw.]n. kqcyZmkv (No^v k_v FUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), Fkv. _nPp (No^v tImÀUnt\än§v FUnäÀ,Gjyms\äv \yqkv, Xncph\´]pcw), kn. F³. taml\³ (amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n), _nPp hÀ¤okv (amt\Pn§v FUnäÀ, awKfw),]n. ]n. k®n (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, Zo]nI), sI. Fw. tdmbv (ko\nbÀ tPWenÌv), It¡mS³ apl½Zv, hn. F. kenw (sdknUâvamt\PÀ, am[yaw, FdWmIpfw), sP. Fkv. CµpIpamÀ (FIvknIyq«ohv FUnäÀ, Pbvlnµv Snhn), hn. cmPtKm]mð (ap³ sU]yq«nFUnäÀ, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv), ]n. kpPmX³ (s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww), t__n amXyp (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ & sshkvsNbÀam³, Poh³ Snhn), sNdpIc k®n eqt¡mkv (kvs]jð Idkvt]mïâv, tIcfiÐw)sk{I«dn: hn. BÀ. APnXv IpamÀ AknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjvG{]nð Pq¬ þ sabv 2013 2013
(6)s‐h¦‐nt‐S-j‐v c‐m-a-I‐r-j‐v-W³{‐K‐ma‐oW `‐mcX‐wd‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐v- s‐N¿‐póX‐v F§s‐\?Pq¬ 2013
(7){Kma‐oW `‐mcX‐w d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐v- s‐N¿‐pX‐v F§s‐\F t‐N‐mZ‐y‐w Hc‐p A[‐yb\ {‐Ia¯‐ns‐â`‐mKa‐mb‐n Db‐n¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄ BZ‐y‐w DbÀ‐p hc‐nI as‐ä‐mc‐pt‐N‐mZ‐ya‐mW‐v. F-{‐X a‐m-[‐y-a]T-\ Ø‐m-]-\-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐P-We‐nk‐wk‐n-e-_-Ê‐n d‐qd d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐v DÄ-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n-b‐n-«‐pï‐v?a‐n-¡-h‐md‐p‐w k‐n-e-_Ê‐pI-f‐n {‐K‐ma‐o-W t‐a-Je-s‐b I‐p-d‐n-¨‐v H‐p‐w ]-d-b‐p-‐nÃ. F-‐mÂ‐, h‐y-X‐y-k‐v-Xa‐mb h‐nZ‐y‐m`‐y‐mkØ‐m]\§f‐p‐w b‐qW‐nt‐hg‐vk‐nä‐nIf‐p‐w C´‐yb‐ne‐p‐wt‐e‐mI¯‐ns‐â ]e `‐mK§f‐ne‐pa‐pï‐v. CX‐v \½‐ps‐S ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯\¯‐ns‐â Hc‐p \‐nZÀi-\t‐a‐m s‐]‐mX‐pk‐z`‐mh¯‐ns‐â{‐]X‐n^e\t‐a‐m Hs‐¡b‐mW‐v. ]{‐X-§f‐n hc‐ph‐mÀ¯IÄ‐, h‐niIe-\-§-Ä‐, ]c-k‐y-§Ä F-‐n-h-b‐ps‐Ss‐b‐ms‐¡k‐z`‐mh‐w ]c‐nt‐i‐m-[‐n-¡-s‐¸-«‐n-«‐p-ï‐v. C-´‐y-b‐nÂGX‐mï‐v 75 iXa‐m\‐w P\§Ä {‐K‐ma‐oWt‐aJ-eb‐nÂ\‐n‐v hc‐pht‐c‐m {‐K‐ma‐oWt‐aJeb‐pa‐mb‐n _Ôs‐¸«‐p\‐n¡‐pht‐c‐m BW‐v. AX‐n\‐v t‐\Àh‐n]c‐oXa‐mW‐v \½‐ps‐S]{‐X§f‐ne‐p‐w aä‐v a‐m[‐ya§f‐n-e‐p‐w {‐K‐m-a‐o-W-X-b‐p-s‐S {‐]‐m-X‐n-\‐n[‐y‐w. 75 iXa‐m\‐w P\§Ä¡‐v 25 iXa‐m-\‐w {‐]‐m-X‐n-\‐n[‐y‐wa‐m{‐Xt‐a e`‐n¡‐p‐pÅ‐p. AX‐v Xs‐ e`‐n¡‐p‐pt‐ï‐mF‐pÅ I‐mc‐y‐w k‐wiba‐mW‐v. ]-{‐X-§-f‐ns‐e 70 iXa‐m\‐wk‐v-t‐]-k‐ne‐p‐w \Kch‐pa‐mb‐n _Ô-s‐¸-« h‐m-À-¯-I-f‐p‐w {‐]-X‐o-I-§f‐p‐w B-W‐p-Å-X‐v.CX‐ps‐I‐mï‐pXs‐ C´‐y³ ]Ý‐m¯e-¯‐nÂ‐, {‐K‐ma‐oWd‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n§‐v A-{‐X B-IÀ-j-IaÃ. 20 hÀja‐mb‐n a‐m[‐yaØ‐m]\-§f‐n Dï‐mb‐ns‐¡‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐p t‐P‐me‐nbhk-c-§-f‐p-s‐S IW¡‐p-I-Ä t‐\‐m-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ a-\-Ê‐n-e‐mh‐p Hc‐pI‐m-c‐y-a‐pï‐v. {‐K‐ma‐oWt‐aJeb‐ns‐e ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯\¯‐n\‐vt‐hï‐n kaÀ¸‐nXa‐mb h‐n`‐mKa‐pÅ Hc‐p ]{‐X‐w a‐m-{‐Xt‐ab‐pÅ‐q.a‐m[‐ya-§f‐n k‐vs‐]j‐ys‐s‐ek‐vU‐v d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n§‐n\‐vhfs‐c {‐][‐m\‐ya‐pÅ k-a-b-a‐m-W‐v C-s‐X-‐v H‐mÀ-¡-W‐w._‐n._‐n.k‐n.b‐ps‐S 90 hÀj‐w ]g¡a‐pÅ t‐dU‐nt‐b‐m H‐m^‐ok‐n R‐m³ ]W‐ns‐bS‐p¡‐pIb‐pï‐mb‐n. kX‐y¯‐n AX‐phs‐c ]c‐nNb‐n¨ ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯-\¯‐n \‐ns‐‐ms‐¡ hfs‐chX‐yk‐v-X-a‐mb‐, A¼c¸‐n¡‐p A\‐p`ha‐mW‐v _‐n._‐n.k‐n.F\‐n¡‐v \ÂI‐nbX‐v. _‐n._‐n.k‐n.b‐ps‐S k‐u¯‐v Gj‐y d‐oPW b‐qW‐nä‐ns‐â I‐og‐ne‐mW‐v R‐m³ {‐]hÀ¯‐n¨-X‐v. A-X‐ns‐â I‐og‐n Bd‐p`‐mj‐m t‐dU‐nt‐b‐m k‐vt‐äj-\‐pIÄ Dï‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. l‐nµ‐n‐, Dd‐pZ‐p‐, _‐m‐w¥‐, k‐n‐wlf‐, Xa‐ng‐v‐, ]j‐v-X‐q¬ þC‐u Bd‐v `‐mj‐mh‐n`‐mK§f‐n-e‐p‐w AXX‐p c‐mP‐ys‐¯ \‐m-e‐p{‐]‐mt‐Zi‐nI h‐n`‐mK§f‐mb‐n X‐nc‐n¨‐n«‐pï‐v. H‐mt‐c‐m `‐mj-b‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w I‐o-g‐n hc‐p c‐mP‐y§f‐n-s‐e c‐m{‐ã‐ob {‐]i‐v\§ÄAht‐e‐mI\‐w s‐N-¿‐m³ {‐]-t‐X‐yI h‐n`‐m-K‐w D-ï‐v. Xa‐ng‐vþk‐n‐wlf t‐dU‐nt‐b‐m k‐vt‐äj\‐pIf‐ps‐S I‐og‐n {‐i‐oe¦³ {‐]i‐v\‐w a‐m{‐X‐w s‐s‐II‐mc‐y‐w s‐N¿‐p Hc‐p k‐vs‐]js‐s‐ek‐vU‐vPq¬ 2013
(8)BßlXy sNbvX IÀjI³ {io[À D¯w `q«bpsS Nn{Xhpambn IpSpw_mwK§Ä / t^mt«m: `cXv tUm{K (sF]nFkv)Uk‐vI‐v Dï‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. C§s‐\ {‐i² s‐I‐mS‐p-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ\½‐ps‐S ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯-\¯‐n k‐q£‐vaX s‐s‐Ihc‐p‐p.AX‐ps‐I‐mï‐mW‐v _‐n._‐n.k‐n.b‐p-s‐S d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐p-IÄ¡‐v he‐nbHc‐p ]c‐n[‐n hs‐c I‐rX‐yXb‐ps‐S Hc‐p Xe‐w Dï‐mh‐pX‐v.C§s‐\ s‐{‐]‐m^jWe‐mb k‐q£‐vaX I‐q-S‐pXÂs‐s‐Ihc‐p HchØ I‐qS‐nb‐p-ï‐v. H‐mt‐c‐m h‐n-j-bh‐p‐w{‐]-t‐X‐yI {‐i²t‐b‐ms‐S ]T‐n-¡‐m-³ a‐m-[‐y-a-Ø‐m-]-\-§-f‐nÂh‐y-X‐y-k‐v-X-h‐n-`‐m-K§Ä Dï‐mt‐IïX‐ns‐â Bhi‐yIXhfs‐c he‐pX‐mW‐v. ]-t‐£ \-½‐p-s‐S k-a‐o-]-\h‐p‐wa‐m[‐ya§t‐f‐mS‐pÅ \½‐ps‐S H‐md‐nb-t‐â-j\‐p‐w \½fX‐ns‐\k‐z‐oIc‐n¡‐p c‐o-X‐n-b‐p-s‐aÃ‐m‐w hfs‐c hX‐yk‐vXa‐mW‐v.CX‐nt‐e¡‐v {‐i²t‐]‐mt‐IïX‐pï‐v‐, CX‐v a‐m[‐y-a {‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‐v a‐m{‐X‐w s‐N-¿‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p- I‐m-c‐yaÃ. AX‐v a‐m[‐yaØ‐m]\‐w \S¯‐phc‐ps‐S I‐qS‐n D-¯-c-h‐m-Z‐n-¯-a‐mW‐v.{‐K‐ma‐o-W `‐m-c-X-¯‐n F´‐mW‐v k‐w`h‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐v FX‐ns‐â \JN‐n{‐X‐w C´‐y‐m Khs‐×â‐ns‐â IW-¡‐pIÄ a‐m{‐X‐w t‐\‐m-¡‐n a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐m-\‐mh‐p‐w. CX\‐pÊc‐n¨‐v2000 a‐pX 2008 hs‐c \S¯‐n-b Z‐oÀL I‐me ]T-\-¯‐nÂIs‐ï¯‐nb IW¡‐p {‐]I‐mc‐w H‐mt‐c‐m Z‐nhkh‐p‐w ic‐mic‐n48 IÀjIc‐mW‐v C´‐yb‐n BßlX‐y s‐N¿‐pX‐v. A-X‐n-\‐p-]‐p-d-s‐a-b‐m-W‐v G-s‐X-¦‐ne‐p‐w Xc¯‐ne‐pÅ i‐mc‐oc‐nI ]c‐m[‐o-\XIÄ h‐v s‐s‐hZ‐y kl‐mb‐w t‐XS‐m³ \‐nÀ_Ô‐n-X-c‐m-I‐p--hÀ. H‐mt‐c‐m a‐q-‐p-a-W‐n-¡‐q-d‐ne‐p‐w 125 e[‐nI‐wIÀjIÀ I‐mÀj‐nI h‐r¯‐n Fs‐t‐¡‐pa‐mb‐n Ahk‐m\‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-‐p-s‐ï‐p‐w ]T-\‐w h‐y-à-a‐m-¡‐p-‐p.C‐u Hc‐p h‐ni‐mea‐mb ]c‐nt‐{‐]£‐y¯‐n\I¯‐p\‐n‐ps‐I‐mï‐p t‐h-W‐w d‐qd d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n-s‐\ I‐p-d‐n-¨‐vB-t‐e‐m-N‐n-¡‐m³. Cs‐X§s‐\ \S¯‐p‐w? CX‐ns‐â {‐]‐mt‐b‐m-K‐nI a‐m\-ZÞ§Ä‐, As‐æ‐n C-X‐n {‐]X‐n^e‐n¡‐pc‐o-X‐nIÄ F§s‐\b‐mb‐nc‐n-¡‐p‐w? P\§f‐nt‐e¡‐v Cd§‐ns‐NÃ‐pI‐, {‐K‐ma {‐]t‐Zi¯‐v s‐N‐ps‐I‐mï‐v Ah‐nS‐ps‐¯ I‐mc‐y§Ä]T‐n¡‐pI‐, AX‐v P\§f‐nt‐e¡‐v F¯‐n¡‐ph‐m\‐pÅ{‐ia‐w \S-¯‐p-I þ C-X‐m-W‐v d‐q-d d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐v F- k‐w-KX‐n.C-X‐n-s‐â Bib]c-a‐mb {‐]i‐v-\‐w ]-db‐m‐w. FÃ‐m ]T\§f‐ne‐p‐w GX‐mï‐v Fg‐p]X‐v a‐pX Fg‐p]¯©‐viXa‐m\‐w hs‐cb‐pÅ Iht‐d-P‐v \Kct‐I{‐µ‐oI‐rXa‐mW‐v.Cc‐p]¯‐nb©‐v iXa‐m\‐w Iht‐dP‐v a‐m{‐Xa‐mW‐v {‐]‐mt‐Zi‐nII‐m-c‐y§Ä¡‐pÅ-X‐v. A-s‐X-´‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v F- t‐N‐m-Z‐y-¯‐ns‐âD¯-c‐w B-s‐cb‐p‐w A-Û‐p-X-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p-XÃ. AX‐ns‐â{‐][‐m\s‐¸« I‐mcW‐w C´‐yb‐ns‐e a‐m[‐yac‐wK¯‐pÅDSaØ‐mhI‐mi‐w Xs‐b‐mW‐v. C´‐yb‐ns‐e a‐m[‐ya§Ät‐e‐mI¯‐pÅ as‐äÃ‐m a‐m[‐ya§s‐fb‐p‐wt‐]‐ms‐e hÀ[‐nXa‐mbt‐I‐mÀ¸-t‐d-ä‐vhX‐v¡cW‐w‐, h‐y‐mhk‐mb‐nI h‐mW‐nP‐y X‐mX‐v]-c‐y§Ä F‐nhb‐v¡‐v I‐og‐vs‐¸« AhØb‐ne‐mW‐pÅX‐v.d‐p-d- d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n\‐v a‐mX‐yIb‐mb‐n«‐p-ff Zl‐nµ‐ph‐ns‐â d‐q-d F-s‐^-b‐v-g‐vk‐v s‐lÍ‐mb‐n«‐pÅ]‐n. k‐mb‐n\‐mY‐p‐w I‐pd¨‐v k‐pl‐r¯‐p¡f‐p‐w t‐NÀ‐vC´‐yb‐ns‐e a‐m[‐yaØ‐m]\§s‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐v \S¯‐nb ]T-\¯‐n (s‐Se‐nh‐nj\‐nÃ‐m¯ kab¯‐v‐) s‐X‐m®‐qä‐nb©‐vPq¬ 2013
{‐K‐ma‐o-W `‐m-c-X-¯‐n F´‐mW‐v k‐w`h‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐v FX‐ns‐â \JN‐n{‐X‐wC´‐y‐m Khs‐×â‐ns‐â IW-¡‐pIÄ a‐m{‐X‐wt‐\‐m-¡‐n a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐m-\‐mh‐p‐w. CX\‐pkc‐n¨‐v2000 a‐pX 2008 hs‐c \S¯‐n-b Z‐oÀL I‐me]T-\-¯‐n Is‐ï¯‐nb IW¡‐p {‐]I‐mc‐wH‐mt‐c‐m Z‐nhkh‐p‐w ic‐mic‐n 48 IÀjIc‐mW‐vC´‐yb‐n BßlX‐y s‐N¿‐pX‐v. A-X‐n-\‐p-]‐p-d-s‐a-b‐m-W‐v G-s‐X-¦‐ne‐p‐w Xc¯‐ne‐pÅi‐mc‐oc‐nI ]c‐m[‐o-\XIÄ h‐v s‐s‐hZ‐y kl‐mb‐wt‐XS‐m³ \‐nÀ_Ô‐n-X-c‐m-I‐p--hÀ. H‐mt‐c‐m a‐q-‐pa-W‐n-¡‐q-d‐ne‐p‐w125 e[‐nI‐w IÀjIÀ I‐mÀj‐nIh‐r¯‐n Fs‐t‐¡‐pa‐mb‐n Ahk‐m\‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-‐ps‐ï‐p‐w]T-\‐w h‐y-à-a‐m-¡‐p-‐p.C‐u Hc‐p h‐ni‐mea‐mb ]c‐nt‐{‐]£‐y¯‐n\I¯‐p\‐n‐ps‐I‐mï‐p t‐h-W‐w d‐qd d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n-s‐\I‐p-d‐n-¨‐v B-t‐e‐m-N‐n-¡‐m³. Cs‐X§s‐\ \S¯‐p‐w?CX‐ns‐â {‐]‐mt‐b‐m-K‐nI a‐m\-ZÞ§Ä‐, As‐æ‐nÂC-X‐n {‐]X‐n^e‐n¡‐p c‐o-X‐nIÄ F§s‐\b‐mb‐nc‐n-¡‐p‐w? P\§f‐nt‐e¡‐v Cd§‐n s‐NÃ‐pI‐,{‐K‐ma {‐]t‐Zi¯‐v s‐N‐ps‐I‐mï‐v Ah‐nS‐ps‐¯I‐m-c‐y§Ä ]T‐n¡‐pI‐, AX‐v P\§f‐nt‐e¡‐vF¯‐n¡‐ph‐m\‐pÅ {‐ia‐w \S-¯‐p-I þ C-X‐m-W‐vd‐q-d d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐v F- k‐w-KX‐n.iXa‐m\‐w a‐m[‐yaØ‐m]\§f‐p‐w `-c‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐vat‐äs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐aJe-I-f‐n h‐yhk‐mb h‐mW‐nP‐y X‐mX‐v]c‐ya‐pÅ Hc‐p Ø‐m]\t‐a‐m‐, I‐pS‐p‐w_t‐a‐m Bb‐nc‐p‐p F‐vIs‐ï¯‐pIb‐pï‐mb‐n. 1980 If‐n C´‐yb‐ns‐e Gäh‐p‐w{‐]_ea‐mb C‐w¥‐oj‐v ]{‐Xa‐mb s‐s‐S‐wk‐v H‐m^‐v C´‐y‐mI‐pS‐p‐w_‐w \S¯‐p s‐_-ä‐v Bâ‐v t‐I‐mÄ-a‐m³ I¼\‐nDSa-Øc‐m-b s‐P-b‐n³ I‐pS‐p‐w_¯‐n\‐v j‐n¸‐n‐wK‐v‐, NW‐w‐,d‐nb Fk‐vt‐ää‐v‐, Dc‐p¡‐v X‐pS§‐nb‐n«‐pÅ he‐nb h‐yhk‐mbh‐mW‐nP‐y t‐aJ-eb‐n X‐mX‐v]c‐y§f‐pÅ Ø‐m]‐nXI¼\‐nb‐m-W‐v. C´‐y³ FI‐vk‐v{‐]Ê‐v \S¯‐p t‐K‐m-b¦I‐pS‐p‐w_¯‐ns‐â Ø‐nX‐nb‐p‐w h‐y-X‐yk‐vXaÃ. F-s‐´-¦‐ne‐p‐wc‐o-X‐n-b‐n--e‐p-Å h‐y-hk‐m-b t‐I‐mÀ-¸-t‐d-ä‐v X‐mÂ-]-c‐y-a‐nÃ‐m-¯h³I‐n-S ]-{‐X-§-f‐nà F--X‐m-W‐v `‐m-j‐m-]-{‐X- c‐w-K-s‐¯b‐p‐wØ‐n-X‐n. IÀ-j-I-s‐c-I‐p-d‐n¨‐p‐w I‐mÀ-j‐nIh‐r¯‐n-b‐n \‐n‐pa‐md‐nt‐¸‐mb‐vs‐¡‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐p I‐mÀj‐nI P\k‐ma‐m\‐ys‐¯I‐p-d‐n-¨‐p‐w Hs‐¡b‐pÅ Iht‐dP‐n\‐v D‐u s‐I‐mS‐p¡‐m³ C‐uØ‐m]-\-§Ä¡‐v ]-ä‐nà F-‐v R‐m³ ]db‐p-‐nÃ. ]-t‐£A-h‐n-s‐S A-X‐n-s‐â k‐m-[‐y-X-b‐p-s‐S t‐X‐m-X‐v \-s‐ I‐p-d-h‐mW‐v.A-hÀ-¡‐v X‐m-e‐v-]-c‐y-a‐p-Å t‐h-s‐d F-s‐´Ã‐m‐w h‐n-j-b-§Ä I‐n-S-¡‐p‐p.95% a‐m[‐ya Ø‐m]\§f‐p‐w h‐mW‐nP‐y h‐yhk‐mbX-X‐z§Ä¡\‐pk‐rXa‐mb‐mW‐v {‐]hÀ¯‐n¡‐pX‐v.s‐Se‐nh‐njs‐â hch‐n\‐v t‐ij‐w h‐mW‐nP‐y h‐yhk‐mb X‐mX‐v]-c‐y§Äs‐¡‐m¸‐w c‐m{‐ã‐ob a‐qe[\¯‐ns‐â IS‐phch‐p‐w\½‐ps‐S a‐m[‐ya t‐aJ-eb‐n hfs‐c iàa‐mb‐n«‐pï‐v. H‐mt‐c‐m]‐mÀ«‐n¡‐p‐w H‐mt‐c‐m N‐m\ F AhØ C´‐yb‐nÂAt‐§‐mfa‐nt‐§‐mfa‐pÅ c‐o-X‐nb‐mW‐v. I£‐n c‐m{‐ã‐ob¯‐ns‐âØ‐m]‐nX X‐mX‐v]c‐y§f‐p‐w Cs‐XÃ‐m‐w {‐]X‐n^e‐n¡‐p c‐oX‐nb-Â90If‐n \‐m‐w Iï‐p. a‐m[‐ya c‐wK‐w a‐md‐nb‐nÃ. ]t‐£CX‐ns‐â C-Sb‐n \‐n‐ps‐I‐mï‐v Häs‐¸« iÐ§Ä hfs‐ck‐q£‐vaa‐mb {‐]hÀ¯\¯‐ne‐q-s‐S {‐K‐ma‐oW t‐aJeb‐nt‐e¡‐vCd§‐n-s‐¨‐p. H‐mt‐c‐m h‐njbs‐¯b‐p‐w k‐q£‐vaa‐mb‐p‐whk‐vX‐p\‐nj‐vTa‐mb‐p‐w ]T‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mï‐v C¯c¯‐ne‐p-Åh‐mÀ¯ h‐niIe\h‐p‐w h‐mÀ¯‐mhXcWh‐p‐wØ‐m]\¯‐ns‐â h‐mW‐nP‐y X‐mX‐v]-c‐y§Ä¡‐v K‐pWIca‐mh‐p‐wF-‐p N‐q-ï‐n-¡‐m«‐n. C§s‐\ Ø‐m]\¯‐ns‐âs‐]‐mX‐p c‐m{‐ã‐ob {‐Ib h‐n{‐Ib t‐ij‐n hÀ²‐n¸‐n¡‐p‐w F‐vt‐_‐m[‐ys‐¸S‐p¯‐n s‐I‐mï‐pÅ Häs‐¸« CSs‐]S-e‐pIÄDï‐mb‐n«‐pï‐v. CX‐mW‐v Hc‐p t‐PÀWe‐nÌ‐v F \‐n-eb‐nÂ\‐m‐w Dï‐m¡‐n FS‐pt‐¡ï Bß_Ô‐w As‐æ‐nÂià‐n. CX‐v i‐q\‐y-X-b‐n \‐n‐v Dï‐m¡‐n F-S‐p-¡‐m-h‐pI‐mc‐y-aÃ. cï‐pa‐q‐v I‐m-c‐y-§Ä A-X‐n-\‐v B-h-i‐y-a‐mW‐v. GX‐vh‐njbs‐¯ I‐pd‐n¨‐mt‐W‐m \‐n§Ä h‐mÀ¯‐mh‐niIe\‐w\-S¯‐m³ t‐]‐mI‐pX‐v AX‐ns‐\ I‐pd‐n¨‐v hfs‐c K‐mVa‐mbX‐nc‐n¨d‐nh‐v \‐n§Ä-¡‐p-ï‐m-IW‐w. h‐n-jb-s‐¯ I‐pd‐n¨‐pÅhk‐vX‐p\‐nj‐vTa‐mb Ad‐nh‐v Dï‐m¡‐ns‐bS‐p¡-W‐w. {‐K‐m-a‐o-W-P-\-X-b‐p-s‐S P‐o-h‐nX-s‐¯ I‐p-d‐n¨‐p‐w A-h‐nS-s‐¯ k‐m-a‐q-l‐y‐mh-Ø-s‐b-I‐p-d‐n¨‐p‐w\à A-d‐n-h‐p-ï‐m-I‐m-s‐X d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐vk‐m-[‐y-aÃ.1985 B-Z‐y-a‐m-b‐n D-¯-t‐c-´‐y-b‐n t‐]‐m-b-t‐¸‐mÄ A-h‐nSs‐¯k‐m-a‐q-l‐y-P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n P‐m-X‐n s‐N-e‐p-¯‐p- k‐z‐m-[‐o\-s‐¯ I‐p-d‐n-¨‐v F-\‐n-¡‐v t‐_‐m-[‐y-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐nÃ. R‐m-³ ]T‐n-¨ I-®‐q-c‐n P‐mX‐nt‐N‐mZ‐n¡‐pX‐p‐w ]db‐pX‐p‐w XÕab‐wAS‐nI‐n-«‐p-h‐m³ DXI‐p s‐Xä‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. UÂl‐n-b‐nÂs‐NX‐ns‐â cï‐m‐w Z‐nhk‐w Hc‐p CSX‐p]£ k‐ml‐nX‐y-I‐mc³ Ft‐‐mS‐v t‐N‐mZ‐n¨X‐v P‐mX‐n F´‐mW‐v F‐mW‐v. Hc‐pCSX‐p]£k‐ml‐nX‐y-I‐mc³ P‐mX‐nt‐N‐mZ‐n-¨X‐n F-\‐n-¡‐vh‐nj-a‐w t‐X‐m‐n. C-t‐¸‐mÄ 28 s‐I‐mÃa‐mb‐n D¯t‐c´‐yb‐nÂ.Bt‐c‐mS‐p‐w P‐mX‐n t‐N‐mZ‐n-¡‐m-³ F-\‐n¡‐v Hc‐paS‐nb‐p‐wCÃ. Ah‐ns‐S BÄ¡‐ms‐c Af¡‐pX‐ns‐â a‐m\Z-Þ‐wP‐mX‐n Ad‐nª‐ps‐I‐mï‐mW‐v. X‐nI¨‐p‐w AS‐n¨aÀ¯‐pc‐oX‐nb‐ne‐pÅ P‐mX‐n{‐Iaa‐mb‐nc‐p‐p a‐p¼‐v Dï‐mb‐nc‐pX‐v.A-‐v P‐mX‐n t‐N‐m-Z‐n-¡‐pX‐v khÀW t‐a[h‐nX‐z¯‐ns‐âk‐qNIa‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. D¯t‐c´‐yb‐ns‐e c‐m{‐ã‐obh‐pa‐mb‐n_Ôs‐¸«‐pI‐nS¡‐p I‐mc‐ya‐mW‐nX‐v. At‐Xt‐]‐ms‐e d‐qdÂd‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ«‐n§‐pa‐mb‐n _Ôs‐¸«‐pI‐nS¡‐pX‐pa‐mW‐v.UÂl‐nb‐ns‐e¯‐n cï‐v hÀj‐w Ig‐nª-t‐¸‐mÄ UÂl‐nb‐nÂ\‐n‐v 100 I‐nt‐e‐m-a‐o-äÀ I‐pd-h‐v A-I-s‐e-b‐pÅ {‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐v t‐]‐mb‐n. t‐k‐mj‐ye‐nÌ‐v ]‐mÀ«‐nb‐ps‐S ]gbI‐met‐\X‐mh‐mb lc‐ne‐me‐v k‐nM‐v X‐y‐mK‐ns‐b I‐m-W‐m-³ ck‐v\F {‐K‐ma¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐v. {‐K‐ma‐w \‐nds‐b t‐K‐mX¼‐p‐w Ic‐n¼‐p‐waä‐p‐w. R‐m³ X‐y‐mK‐nt‐b‐mS‐v ]-dª‐pþ C‐u {‐K‐ma‐w I‐mW‐m³F{‐X at‐\‐mlc-a‐m-W‐v F-‐v. At‐±l‐w ]-dª‐p‐, {‐K‐ma‐wI‐mW‐ms‐\‐ms‐¡ s‐I‐mÅ‐m‐w ]t‐£ CX‐ns‐â DÅ‐n P‐p-K‐p]‐vk‐mhla‐mb Hc‐p]‐mS‐v I‐mc‐y§f‐pï‐v. {‐K‐ma¯‐ns‐eP\k‐wJ‐yb‐n 30 i-X-a‐m\‐w P‐m«‐v F‐v ]db‐p [\‐n-IIÀjIc‐mW‐v. 30 i-X-a‐m\‐w Fs‐t‐¸‐ms‐e X‐y‐mK‐nIf‐mW‐v.]‐ut‐c‐ml‐nX‐y‐w X‐yP‐n¨ ‐v e‐uI‐nI P‐oh‐nX¯‐n\‐v hhc‐mW‐vX‐y‐m-K‐nIÄ. 30% Z-f‐nXÀ. I‐pd¨‐v a‐p-É‐n§Ä. C‐u t‐K‐mX¼‐p‐wIc‐n¼‐p‐w Dï‐m¡‐pX‐v Zf‐nXc‐mW‐v. C‐u I‐mW‐p H‐ne‐p‐wZ-f‐nXÀ¡‐v Ah-I‐mia‐nÃ. Zf‐nX‐v b‐ph‐mh‐p‐w Zf‐nX‐v b‐phX‐nb‐p‐wh‐nh‐ml‐nXc‐mb‐m Zf‐nX‐v b‐phX‐n¡‐v Hc‐p P‐m«‐ns‐ât‐b‐mX‐y‐mK‐nb‐ps‐St‐b‐m h‐o-«‐n c‐m{‐X‐n Ig‐nªX‐n\‐v t‐ij‐wa‐m{‐Xt‐a Zf‐nX‐v b‐ph‐mh‐ns‐â I‐q-s‐S t‐]‐mI‐m³ k‐m[‐n¡‐q.85  \‐n‐v 2001  F-¯‐n-b-t‐¸‐m-t‐g¡‐v ]ïs‐¯ A-h-(9)Pq¬ 2013
(10)Ø a‐m-d‐n. C‐u {‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-s‐â N-c‐n-{‐X‐w R‐m³ ]T‐n-¨‐n-«‐pï‐v‐,F-g‐p-X‐n-b‐n-«‐pa‐pï‐v. C‐u {‐K‐mah‐pa‐mb‐n \‐nc´c‐w k-¼À-¡‐w ]‐p-eÀ-¯‐pIb‐p‐w Ch‐nSs‐¯ P\§f‐p-a‐m-b‐n F-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w_Ôs‐¸S‐pIb‐p‐w s‐Nb‐vX t‐ija‐mW‐v C¯c¯‐ne‐pÅIht‐d-P‐v k‐m-[‐ya‐mb-X‐v. ]¯‐phÀja‐mb‐n d‐qd d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐n§‐nÂ]‐pX‐nb k‐m[‐y-XIÄ X‐p-d-‐pX‐n«‐pÅk‐ma‐ql‐nI {‐]X‐n`‐mka‐m-W‐v IÀ-j-I I‐p-S‐n-t‐bä‐w. _‐nh-t‐d-Pk‐n I‐y‐q \‐n¡‐ph‐m\‐p‐w {‐I‐n¡ä‐v If‐n¡‐m\‐p‐w a‐m{‐X‐ws‐h-b‐ne‐ps‐I‐mÅ‐ph‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p--h-c‐mb‐n aeb‐m-f‐nIÄa‐md‐nbX‐v Hd‐ok-b‐n \‐n‐p‐w _‐wK‐mf‐n \‐n‐p‐w a‐m{‐X‐wBb‐nc¡W¡‐n\‐v B-f‐pIÄ Ch‐ns‐S h--X‐p-s‐I‐mï‐mW‐v.Ig‐nª 75 hÀj¯‐ne‐nSb‐ne‐pÅ Gäh‐p‐w he‐n-b I‐p-S‐n-t‐bä-a‐mW‐vIg‐nª 10 hÀj¯‐n\‐n-Sb‐n C´‐yb‐n \S‐n«‐p-ÅX‐v.IÀjIc‐ps‐S BßlX‐y k‐qN‐n¸‐n-¡‐p--X‐v K‐p-c‐pXca‐mbI‐mÀj‐nI¯-I-À¨-s‐b B-W‐v F‐v k‐mb‐n\‐mY‐v Xs‐ât‐eJ\¯‐ne‐q-s‐S h‐y-à-a‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v. A-t‐¸‐mÄ d‐qd d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐n§‐n\‐vC§s‐\b‐p-Å h-i-a‐p-ï‐v F-À°‐w. {‐^ï‐vs‐s‐e\‐n Fs‐â kl-{‐]hÀ¯I\‐mb‐nc‐p- I‐rj‐vWI‐pa‐mÀI‐pS‐n-t‐b-ä‐w F§s‐\ s‐]c‐p¼‐mh‐q-c‐ns‐â k‐z`‐m-h‐wX-s‐a‐m-ä‐n F-‐v h‐y-à-a‐m-¡‐p- t‐eJ-\‐w F-g‐p-X‐p-I-b‐p-ï‐mb‐n.h‐mc‐m´‐y-§f‐n X‐nt‐bäd‐pI-f‐n _‐wK‐mf‐n k‐n\‐n-a-b-‐m-W‐v {‐]-ZÀ-i‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p--X‐v‐, _Ê‐pI-f‐n _‐wK‐mf‐nb‐ne‐p‐wHU‐nbb‐ne‐p‐w t‐_‐mÀ-U‐pIÄ Fg‐pXs‐¸-S‐p‐p þ Cs‐X‐ms‐¡F§s‐\b‐m-W‐v {‐K‐ma‐oW d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ«‐n§‐n-s‐â ]‐pX‐nb a‐m-\-§Ä‐v Is‐ï¯‐m³ ]ä‐pI F‐v k‐q-N‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-‐p.al‐mc‐m{‐ãb‐ns‐e H‐ud‐wK_‐mZ‐ns‐e t‐N‐w_À H‐m^‐vs‐I‐mt‐ag‐vk‐pa‐mb‐n _Ôs‐¸« d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v {‐i-t‐²-b-a‐mW‐v. Ah‐ns‐S2011  \‐q-ä‐n-b¼X‐v t‐ag‐vk‐nU‐vk‐v s‐_³k‐v I‐m-d‐pIÄk‐mb‐n\‐mY‐vPq¬ 2013
(11)H‐n¨‐v h‐m§‐m³ k‐wLS\ X‐oc‐pa‐m\‐n¨‐p. \‐mÂ]¯‐ns‐b‐m³]X‐vt‐I‐mS‐n c‐q]b‐mW‐v CX‐n\‐mb‐n s‐Neh‐m-¡‐m³AhÀ X‐oc‐pa‐m\‐n¨X‐v. ]t‐£‐, k‐q£‐vaa‐mb ]c‐nt‐i‐m[-\b‐n a\Ê‐ne‐mbX‐v C‐u X‐p-I-b‐n \‐m-e‐pt‐I‐mS‐n c‐q]a‐m{‐Xa‐m-W‐v t‐N-¼À F-S‐p¯X‐v. _‐m¡‐n \‐mÂ]¯‐nb©‐vt‐I‐mS‐n c‐q] k‐vt‐ää‐v _‐m¦‐v H‐m^‐v C´‐y t‐e‐mW‐mb‐ns‐I‐mS‐p¡‐pIb‐mW‐v s‐Nb‐vXX‐v‐, AX‐p‐w Gg‐v iXa‐m\‐w ]e‐ni¡‐v. Ct‐X kab¯‐mW‐v k‐vt‐ää‐v _‐m¦‐v H‐m^‐v C´‐yH‐ud‐wK_‐mZ‐ns‐e IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‐v H¼X‐v‐, ]X‐ns‐\‐m‐v iXa‐m-\-¯‐n\‐v h‐mb‐v] t‐N‐mZ‐n¨-t‐¸‐mÄ s‐I‐mS‐p¡‐mX‐nc‐pX‐v.CX‐v h‐mÀ¯-b‐mb‐n‐, ]t‐£ Gg‐v iXa‐m\‐w ]e‐ni¡‐vt‐N‐w_À H‐m^‐v s‐I‐mt‐ag‐vk‐n\‐v \‐me‐v]¯‐nb©‐v t‐I‐mS‐n c‐q]s‐I‐mS‐p¯X‐v he‐nb h‐mÀ¯b‐mb‐nÃ. C-X‐v {‐K‐ma‐oW d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐n§‐ns‐â]‐pX‐nb Xea‐mW‐v. as‐ä‐mc‐p Xe‐w k‐mb‐n\‐mY‐vXs‐ ]‐pd-¯-‐ps‐I‐m-ï‐phc‐nIb‐pï‐m-b‐n. i-X-t‐I‐m-S‐o-i‐zc-·c‐mbh‐nPb‐v ae‐y‐, a‐pt‐Ij‐v A‐w_‐m\‐n‐, P‐n.F‐w.B-À.d‐mh‐p‐, s‐I.P‐n k‐n‐w-K‐v X‐p-S-§‐n-b-hÀ-¡‐v {‐K‐ma‐oW t‐aJ-eb‐nÂ]‐mS§f‐pï‐v. ]‐mS§s‐fS‐p¯‐n«‐v AhÀ Ch‐ns‐S ]c‐ni‐oe\I‐y‐m-¼‐pIÄ \S¯‐p‐p. C‐u I‐y‐m¼‐pIf‐p-s‐S \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐wI‐mÀj‐nIh‐r¯‐nb‐ps‐S `‐m-K-a‐m-s‐W‐v I‐mW‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mï‐v C‐uI¼-\‐nIÄs‐¡Ã‐m‐w _‐m-¦‐pIÄ I‐mÀ-j‐n-I-h‐mb‐v-] \Â-I‐pIb‐pï‐mb‐n. {‐K‐m-a‐o-W d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n§‐p‐w ka‐ql¯‐ns‐âa‐mä¯‐n-\‐pk‐rXa‐mb‐n a‐m-d‐p-‐p F-À-°‐w.t‐Icf-¯‐n-s‐e {‐K‐ma‐oW d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n-s‐e h‐yà‐n]ca‐mb CSs‐]Se‐pIs‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐mt‐e‐mN‐n¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ a\-Ê‐n-ÂBZ‐y‐w hc‐p t‐]-c‐v s‐I.PbN{‐µt‐âX‐mW‐v. hb\‐m«‐nÂ\‐n‐v\½‐ps‐Ss‐bÃ‐m‐w I®‐v X‐pd¸‐n¡‐p Hc‐p]‐mS‐v {‐K‐ma‐m-[‐nj‐vT‐nX h‐mÀ-¯IÄ s‐I‐mï‐p-hX‐v Pb-N-{‐µ-\‐mW‐v. Bc‐oX‐n-b‐n a‐pt‐‐m«‐p-t‐]‐m-b https:\\graphicanthropology.wordpress.comt‐h-s‐db‐p‐w Hc‐p]‐mS‐v ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯IÀ \a‐p¡‐pï‐v. ka‐o]I‐me¯‐v C´‐y‐mh‐nj\‐ne‐p‐wAa‐rX‐m S‐nh‐nb‐ne‐p‐w {‐K‐o³ d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ«‐v F ]‐w-à‐n-b‐ne‐qs‐S{‐K‐ma‐oW d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n§‐ns‐â ]‐pX‐nb a‐m\§Ä ]ec‐p‐wAhXc‐n¸‐n¨‐n«‐pï‐v. {‐K‐m-a‐o-W-{‐]-i‐v-\§-s‐f I‐p-d‐n-¨‐p-Åd‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐n-§‐n\‐v Hc‐p]‐m-S‐v h‐m-W‐nP‐y{‐]i‐v\§f‐pï‐v. C-¡‐mes‐¯ a‐m[‐ya§Ä B{‐ib‐n¡‐p h‐mW‐nP‐y‐m[‐nj‐vT‐nXk‐w-k‐v¡‐mc‐w {‐K‐ma‐oW d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐ns‐\ t‐{‐]‐mÕ‐ml‐n¸‐n¡‐pH-Ã.ka‐qlt‐¯‐mS‐v {‐]X‐n_²Xb‐pÅ ]{‐X-{‐]hÀ¯IÀF \‐neb‐ne‐p‐w ka‐q-l-¯‐n-\‐v Fs‐´¦‐ne‐p‐w X‐n-c‐n¨‐ps‐I‐mS‐p-¡‐m-³ k‐m[‐n¡Ws‐a‐m{‐Kl‐n¡‐p h‐yà‐n F\‐neb‐n-e‐p‐w b‐ph ]{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ \-½‐p-s‐S {‐K‐m-a-§-f‐n-s‐ea-\‐p-j‐y-c‐p-s‐S P‐o-h‐nX-s‐¯ I‐p-d‐n-¨-d‐n-b‐m³ X-¿‐m-d‐mIW‐w.`‐m-h‐n-b‐n {‐]hÀ-¯‐n-¡‐p a‐m[‐ya Ø‐m]\§f‐ne‐ps‐aÃ‐m‐wC‐u Bib‐w a‐p-t‐‐m«‐ps‐I‐mï‐pt‐]‐m-I‐m³ {‐ia‐w \S¯W‐w.\‐n§Ä t‐P‐me‐n s‐N¿‐p {‐]t‐Zi‐w‐, k‐wØ‐m\‐w‐, As‐æ‐nÂc‐mP‐y‐w GIX‐m\a‐mb Häs‐¸« Hc‐p k‐ma‐ql‐y k‐m‐wk‐v¡‐mc‐nI[‐mcb‐neà \‐n-e\‐n¡‐pX‐v F‐v X‐nc‐n-¨-d‐n-bW‐w. A-X‐ns‐â s‐s‐hh‐n-²‐y-‐w DÄs‐¡‐m-Å‐m\‐p‐w k‐m‐wk‐v¡‐mc‐nI[‐mcIs‐f k‐q£‐vaX-e¯‐n a\Ê‐ne‐m¡‐m-\‐pa‐pÅ {‐ia‐w \S¯W‐w. C‐u t‐aJes‐b I‐q-S‐pX k¼‐pãa‐m¡‐m\‐pÅ {‐ia‐wF-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w D-ï‐m-IW‐w.t‐I-c-f {‐]-k‐v A-¡‐mZ-a‐n t‐I‐m-g‐n-t‐¡‐m-«‐v \-S¯‐n-b a‐m-[‐y-a-h‐n-Z‐y‐mÀ-°‐n- ]T\-I‐y‐m-¼‐nð s‐Nb‐v-X {‐]-k‐w-K-s‐¯ B-[‐m-c-a‐m-¡‐n X-¿‐m-d‐m-¡‐n-bX‐v. {^ïv sse³ sU]yq«n FUnädmbsh¦ntSjv cmaIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð:venkitesh.ramakrishnan@gmail.com.Pq¬ 2013
(12)Craig WilsonHow data journalismcould save the media:An African ExperienceKnight International journalism fellow and open-data advocate Justin Arenstein says therise of digital platforms holds big surprises in store for media.Justin Arenstein, 42, is an award-winningjournalist, digital media strategist and mediarights activist who believes the media’s role maybecome less one of reportage and more one ofanalysis as digital media grows and traditionalmedia is forced to adapt or close shop.Key to the shift that Arenstein believes is alreadyunderway is “data journalism”, which requires dataof all kinds to be made available to the public.An avid cook and science-fiction fanatic, KenyabasedArenstein spends about a week a month inSA and the rest of the time travelling around Africaworking for Google and the Washington-basedInternational Center for Journalists.He visits the US once every couple of months forwork and to catch up with friends and peers havingrecently spent time there on a fellowship to StanfordUniversity.Despite attending one of the most prestigiousuniversities in the US, Arenstein says his earlyacademic career was anything but illustrious.He dropped out of a journalism course at aPretoria technikon in the early 1990s and movedto Mpumalanga to get involved in political andinvestigative reporting.“I cut my teeth at a small outfit where I basicallyran the whole show,” he says. “We were doingsome good pieces that the Mail & Guardian startedpicking up on. [Parent] Caxton didn’t really like theroute we were going, and when we started askingfor equal pay for black and white staff they firedme and forced me to go off with the guys beingdismissed.”Arenstein then started African Eye News Service(AENS) and worked for the Sunday Times and theMail & Guardian. Sharon Hammond, another formerCaxton employee and now Arenstein’s life partner,resigned in protest at Arenstein’s dismissal. The twosued, won, and used the money to grow the newsagency.“I was forced to be entrepreneurial. AENSdidn’t have much money, so we had to find moreeffective and cost-efficient means to produce stories.If it wasn’t for e-mail, I probably wouldn’t have acareer,” Arenstein explains. “That appreciation earlyon opened my eyes to the potential benefits of digitalmedia.”Within a year of its founding, a number of UKand US publications were running AENS content.Soon the company was also supplying content toChinese, Indian and Australian media outlets.“We established ourselves as a staff-owned,journalist collective,” says Arenstein. “Then westarted signing up members in 16 countries all oversub-Saharan Africa, as far north as Kenya.” It wasn’tlong before big news agencies such as the SA <strong>Press</strong>Association and Agence France-<strong>Press</strong>e were pickingup AENS content.“What no one else had done was consistentlyapply investigative standards from the nationalpress to rural areas,” says Arenstein. “Because wewere embedded in these areas we had a better senseof context and a deeper understanding of them.”A number of political figures were dismissedor disciplined as a result of AENS stories, butArenstein was nevertheless becoming disillusioned.“Eventually, after doing political muck-raking forgoing on 12 years and, realising that, substantively,nothing much was changing, I was facing burnout.”Media activismArenstein shifted his focus to media activism andto creating networks and organisations to improvethe quality and sustainability of investigativePq¬ 2013
Justin Arensteinjournalism.This led to him cofounding the Forum forAfrican Investigative Reporters, the Association forIndependent Publishers — a township association ofmedia owners seeking equal access to premium rates— and Safrea, the SA Freelancers Association, whichseeks to set minimum rates for freelancers and setup guidelines for issues like copyright.Arenstein and Hammond also partnered withan Mpumalanga-based entrepreneur, Louis vander Merwe, to start regional magazines designed toshowcase and talk to “sophisticated rural lifestyles”in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal.Arenstein was also part of a consortium thatsecured the only commercial license granted toan Mpumalanga radio station and helped to startMPowerFM, which is still operating today.“Initially the titles did very well and we got anumber of buy-out offers, but then the recessionhit and advertising dried up.” Arenstein says boththe radio station and the magazines faced the sameproblem: access to national advertising throughconglomerate-owned or controlled procurementagencies, and in the case of the magazines, access toconglomerate-controlled distribution companies.“It’s not just publishers or broadcasters thatcontrol the public’s access to information,” Arensteinsays. “Behind each media vehicle are advertisingprocurement agencies, distribution companies, oreven printers that are owned or beholden to largemedia companies. If you’re a small player and you’renot in one of the big cities it’s a struggle to get anyface time with these gatekeepers.”(13)Stanford sojournIn 2009, Arenstein was offered a fellowship bythe prestigious Knight Foundation that took himto Stanford University in Palo Alto, the heart ofSilicon Valley in California. He spent a year there,working in the computer science, business andengineering faculties, and looking into subjectssuch as augmented reality and mobile-based newsdevelopment.“The fellowship offered a journalism programmeat a university without a journalism school,” saysArenstein. “The idea is to embed midcareer journosinto what is a technology-focused university andallow us to rethink our approach to the profession orcraft.”The programme had traditionally involvedstudying politics or literature, but in Arenstein’s yearthe university decided that fellows would have towork on “tangible projects”.Arenstein used his time at Stanford to createpartnerships and networks that he used to kick-startdata journalism and innovation projects when hereturned to Africa.He now works as a consulting strategistfor Google and for the International Center forJournalists in Washington where he is embedded inPq¬ 2013
(14)its African Media Initiative (AMI).The AMI is Africa’s largest umbrella associationof media owners and includes 800 of the largestmedia companies on the continent. Heading upAMI’s digital programme, Arenstein says theultimate goal is not simply to create a handfulof projects, but to create an “ecosystem of crosspollinatingand interdependent initiatives thatwill build a robust and self-sustaining system thatdoesn’t need external support”.The future of mediaArenstein explains that what happened to“legacy” media in Europe and the US is they didn’tunderstand that the shifting of audiences meanttheir business models needed to change, too.When eyeballs moved online, advertisingfollowed. Listings, property, tenders and otheradvertisements had been the backbone of thetraditional media. Arenstein says even establishedtitles with healthy followings and contentinventories, couldn’t “repurpose” quickly enough.Africa, meanwhile, was spared much of thetrauma because the shift didn’t happen at the sametime and wasn’t as rapid. But advertising has shiftedto other companies, especially mobile operators.“Even in SA, the largest advertising platforms areno longer legacy media but now mobile companies.Operators are now larger platforms than the likes ofAvusa and Naspers.”Arenstein believes Africa has the opportunityto leapfrog some of the disruption seen elsewhereby learning where it happens and the remedialmeasures that have paid dividends. African mediahouses can try to replicate the best solutions here,tailored to local market conditions. “This is what mydigital programme is trying to create.”One of the AMI’s projects, Code4Kenya, isputting developers in newsrooms to start turningeditorial inventory into structured data. Arensteinlikens the process to reprocessing the mine dumpsaround Johannesburg.By digitising content, adding geo-tags and othermetadata and opening the archives of data to thirdparties for development, Arenstein says traditionalmedia outlets can engage in revenue share modelswhere their existing data can be “repurposed”.Arenstein says some African publications nowopt for a “digital-first” rather than a “print-first”approach to their content, but they should insteadadopt a “data-first” approach.Contemporary media revenue models can’t relyonly on advertising. “There’s a need for new revenuestreams – from syndicating original content tocreating robust data services that disaggregate andatomise content into raw data so that it is platformagnostic.”SA resisting changeDespite success in East Africa, Arensteinsays SA media outlets are resistant to the idea ofdata-led journalism, largely due to what he calls“complacency and arrogance”.“There’s the problem of SA believing it doesn’thave much to learn from Africa, when in fact manyother African markets outpace SA, at least when itcomes to innovation, and there’s the complacency,especially from the big, entrenched players, thatthey’re too big to fail. That’s simply not true.”Arenstein says SA is seeing the same downwardspiral and fragmentation of advertising revenue thathappened in developed markets, with margins beingsqueezed dramatically.“Traditional media is often threatened by citizenreporting,” Arenstein says. “But if we can outsourcethe day-to-day reportage and focus on the ‘why’, wecan fulfil a valuable niche.”SA tends to report issues like service deliveryprotests as if they were traffic accidents, with onlyinformation about the details of time and placeand demands, but without analysis of the causes,triggers, or consideration of other data like censusinformation or studies of living conditions, he says.“Can we predict where these things will happen?We have the data, we just need to use it analytically.The SA media is failing the public because it’s nottelling those stories in a meaningful way.”Even a simple data scraper could takeinformation automatically from stories and pin itto digital maps and timelines. Arenstein says thesame is true of issues like corruption, governmentbudgets, procurement and business.“Even the blue-chip media outlets … are notlooking at the more important underlying trends.They report the corruption but don’t dig down to seewhat’s causing it. A media that fails to do that, well,should it even have a future?”Open dataArenstein says all data of public interestshould be made available, from school results tomunicipalities’ performances to local projects andspending.“Opening up school data could impact theproperty industry.”Arenstein says he’s starting to see theseunexpected effects of making this data available inplaces like Kenya. “Access to this information buildsmore civic engagement with government,” he says.“But it also promotes political discourse, which iswhere the media play. They stop being reporters andbecome analysts and arbitrators. It forces the mediato evolve up the food chain.”Perhaps the role of the media is to becomewhat Arenstein calls “sense makers” –the peoplewho make sense of the overwhelming flood ofinformation we’re forced to contend with daily.Courtesy: NewsCentral MediaPq¬ 2013
NÀ¨(15)_‐m-e-c‐ma³t‐k‐m-j‐yð a‐o-U‐n-b:D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ k‐q-£‐n¡‐pI]c¼cmKXam[ya§Ä¡v _Zð Fó hntijWhpambn AhXcn¨ncn¡pótkmjyð aoUnb s\ävhÀ¡pIÄ F{Xt¯mfw am[ya[À½w ]peÀ¯pópïv?t^mÀ¯v FtÌäv Fó Ccn¸nS¯n\v tkmjyð aoUobbpw AÀlcmtWm?am[ya{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kzmX{´yhpw AhImi§fpw D¯chmZnXz§fpwtkmjyð aoUnb¡v F{Xt¯mfw AhImis¸Sm³ Ignbpw?NÀ¨ XpScpópt‐{‐K-ä‐v C-´‐y³ t‐\‐m-hÂZ F- t‐]-c‐n t‐\‐m-h-s‐e-g‐p-X‐n-b s‐F-I‐y-c‐m-{‐ã k-`-b‐n-s‐e I-c‐n-bÀ \-b-X-{‐´-Ú\‐m-b i-i‐nX-c‐q-c‐n-s‐\ ]-ä‐n k‐m-[‐m-c-W-¡‐mc‐mbaeb‐m-f‐nIÄ A-d‐n-ª‐p-X‐p-S-§‐nb-X‐v A-s‐¯ s‐k-{‐I«-d‐nP-\-de‐mb t‐I‐m-^‐n A-³Ø‐m-\-s‐a‐m-g‐n-ª-t‐¸‐m-g‐mW‐v.XÂ-Ø‐m-\‐w A-e¦-c‐n-¡‐m³ F´‐p-s‐I‐mï‐p‐w t‐b‐m-K‐y³ A-ïÀs‐k-{‐I«-d‐n P-\d (I-a‐y‐q-W‐nt‐¡-j³-k‐vB³-U‐v ]-»‐n-I‐v C³-^-t‐aj³‐) B-b X-c‐qc‐m-s‐W-‐vC´‐y‐m K-h×â‐v X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¨t‐¸‐m-g‐mW‐vFÃ‐m t‐Z-i-¡‐m-s‐cb‐p‐wt‐]‐m-s‐e {‐]‐m-t‐Zi‐n-I a‐q-c‐m-¨‐n-¯a‐p-Åaeb‐m-f‐nIÄ-¡‐p‐w- i-i‐n X-c‐qc‐n-t‐\‐m-S‐v k‐v-t‐\-l-a‐p-ï‐m-bX‐v.]t‐£‐, s‐k-{‐I«-d‐n P-\-d Ø‐m-\-t‐¯-¡‐v aÕ-c‐w h--t‐¸‐mÄ a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p I-c‐n-bÀ U‐n-t‐¹‐m-a‐m-ä‐m-W‐v P-b‐n-¨X‐v. A-‐v b‐p.F³ I-c‐n-bÀ D-t‐]-£‐n-¨ X-c‐q-c‐n-s‐\]‐n-s‐ I‐m-W‐p-X‐v C-´‐y³ \‐m-j-W t‐I‐m¬-{‐K-Ê‐n-s‐eI-c‐n-bÀ c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b-¡‐m-c-\‐m-b‐n-«‐m-W‐v. {‐]-h‐r-¯‐n ]-c‐n-N-bh‐p‐w]‐m-c-¼-c‐yh‐p‐w t‐\‐m-¡‐n-b‐m t‐I-c-f-¯‐nÂ- \‐n-‐v ]‐mÀ-e-s‐aâ‐ns‐e¯‐n-ba‐n¡ \‐nÀK‐p-W t‐\-X‐m-¡Ä-¡‐p‐w ]‐n-‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐pA-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â Ø‐m-\-s‐a-¦‐ne‐p‐w a-e-b‐m-f-¯‐n-s‐â A-`‐n-a‐m-\-`‐m-P-\-§f‐m-b k‐o-\‐n-bÀ t‐\-X‐m-¡Ä-¡‐v e-`‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-e‐p-t‐as‐da‐m-[‐y-a-{‐i-² I‐p-d-ª I‐m-e‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐v X-c‐qÀ ]‐n-S‐n-¨‐p]-ä‐n F--X‐m-W‐v k-X‐y‐w. A-X‐n ]-I‐p-X‐nb‐p‐w S‐z‐n-äÀ Ft‐k‐m-j‐y s‐\-ä‐vhÀ-¡‐n-§‐v s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n-s‐e I-aâ‐p-IÄ a‐m{‐X‐wh-g‐nb‐p‐w‐!t‐I‐m¬{‐K-Ê‐n-s‐â a‐m-{‐XaÃa‐p-g‐p-h³ b‐p.]‐n.F.b‐ps‐Sb‐p‐wk-a‐m-c‐m-[‐y t‐\-X‐mh‐mbt‐k‐mW‐n-b K‐m-Ô‐n Ff‐n-a{‐]-I-S‐n-¸‐n-¡‐m³ UÂ-l‐n-b‐nÂ\‐n-‐v a‐p‐w-s‐s‐_-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v h‐na‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐eC-t‐¡‐mW-a‐n¢‐m-Ê‐n k-©-c‐n-¨ Z‐nhk‐wX-s‐b‐m-b‐n-c‐p‐p Hc‐pt‐]‐m-k‐vä‐v. "\‐m-«‐n-s‐e h‐n-i‐p-²]-i‐p-¡-t‐f‐mS‐v s‐F-I‐y-Z‐mÀV‐y‐w{‐]-I-S‐n-¸‐n-¡‐m³ t‐h-ï‐n I-‐p-I‐m-e‐n ¢‐m-Ê‐n k-©-c‐n-¡‐m³R‐m³ X-¿‐m-d‐mW‐v' F-‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p B-t‐£-]-l‐m-k‐y-¯‐ns‐âIh‐n-X X‐p-f‐p-¼‐p- h‐m-¡‐p-If‐nÂX-c‐qÀ S‐z‐o-ä‐v s‐N-b‐v-XX‐v.{‐]t‐X‐y-I‐n-¨‐v F-I‐v-k‐v-¢‐q-k‐nh‐p-Is‐f‐m-‐p-a‐nÃ‐m-s‐Xh‐n-j-a‐n-¡‐p- a‐m[‐y-a {‐]hÀ-¯IÀA-X‐v t‐h-ï h‐n-[-¯‐n s‐k³-t‐k-j-\‐m-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-b‐vX‐p.S‐z‐n-ä-d‐n H-c‐p e-£-¯‐n-t‐e-s‐d ^‐m³-k‐p-Å {‐]-a‐p-J\‐m-bA-t‐±-l‐w I-g‐n-ª hÀ-j‐w h‐oï‐p‐w a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p S‐z‐o-ä‐n-e‐q-s‐S a‐m-[‐y-{‐i-² ]‐n-S‐n-¨‐p ]ä‐n: _-e‐m-Õ‐w-K-¯‐n-\‐n-cb‐m-b k‐v-{‐X‐o-b‐ps‐St‐]-c‐v ]‐p-d-¯‐p-h‐n-S‐p-X‐v I‐p-ä-a‐m-s‐W-‐v ]‐o-\ t‐I‐m-U‐v]-d-b‐p- \‐m-«‐n UÂ-l‐n I‐q-« _-e‐m-Õ‐w-K-¯‐n-\‐n-c-b‐m-bb‐p-h-X‐n-b‐ps‐S s‐F-Uâ‐n-ä‐n s‐h-f‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯-W‐w -F-‐m-h-i‐ys‐¸«‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-ÅS‐z‐o-ä‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-¯-h-W h‐n-jb‐w.S‐z‐n-äd‐nt‐e‐m k-a‐m-\a‐mb t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐\-ä‐vhÀ-¡‐n-§‐vs‐s‐k-ä‐p-If‐nt‐e‐m t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-I-s‐f-g‐p-X‐n {‐]-i‐v-\-a‐p-ï‐m-¡‐p-FÃ‐m-hc‐p‐w X-c‐q-c‐n-s‐\ t‐]‐m-s‐e `‐m-K‐y-i‐m-e‐n-IfÃ. a‐q-‐v hÀj‐wa‐p-¼‐v k‐n.F³.F³. F-U‐n-äd‐m-b H-t‐Îh‐n-b \‐m-k-d‐n-\‐vPq¬ 2013
(16)t‐P‐m-e‐n X-s‐ \-ã-s‐¸«-X‐v C-X‐n-t‐\-¡‐mÄ \‐n-c‐p-]-{‐Z-h-s‐a-‐vt‐X‐m-‐m-h‐p- H-c‐p S‐z‐o-ä‐n-s‐â t‐]-c‐n-e‐mW‐v. s‐l-k‐v-_‐pÅ X‐o-{‐h-h‐m-Z‐n {‐]-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-\‐v {‐]-t‐N‐m-Z-\-t‐aI‐n-b B-b-¯‐p-Åa‐p-l½-Z‐v l‐p-s‐Ê-b‐v³ ^-Z‐v-^à A-´-c‐n-¨-t‐¸‐mÄ A-t‐±-l-¯‐ns‐â\‐n-c‐y‐m-W-¯‐n X-\‐n-¡‐v Z‐p-J-a‐p-s‐ï‐p‐w A-t‐±-l‐w H-c‐pA-X‐n-I‐m-b-\‐m-s‐W‐p‐w S‐z‐o-ä‐v s‐N-b‐v-X-X‐n\‐v k‐n.F³.F³.Ah-s‐c t‐P‐m-e‐n-b‐n \‐n‐p‐w ]‐n-c‐n-¨‐p h‐n«‐p. {‐_‐n-«‐o-j‐v c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b t‐\-X‐mh‐m-b Ì‐p-hÀ-«‐v a-I‐vs‐e-s‐\ t‐e-_À ]‐mÀ-«‐n]‐p-d-¯‐m-¡‐nb-X‐v X-s‐â c‐mj‐v{‐S‐o-b {‐]X‐n-t‐b‐m-K‐nI-s‐f S‐z‐n-äd‐nÂA-k`‐y‐w ]-d-ª-X‐n-\‐mW‐v. a-I‐vs‐e--t‐\b‐p‐w \‐m-kd‐n-s‐\b‐p‐wt‐]‐m-s‐e {‐]-a‐p-J-cÃ‐m-¯-hc‐p‐w S‐z‐o-ä‐v s‐N-b‐vX-X‐n-\‐vt‐P‐m-e‐n \-ã-s‐¸-«-h-c‐mb‐pï‐v. k‐nk‐vt‐I‐m F- _-l‐p-c‐m-{‐ãI-¼-\‐n-b‐n t‐P‐m-e‐n I‐n«‐n-b D-S³ k-t‐´‐m-j‐w k-l‐n-¡ h-¿‐ms‐XS‐z‐o-ä‐v s‐Nb‐vX t‐I‐m-WÀ s‐d-b‐v-e‐n F 22þI‐m-c‐n X-s‐D-Z‐m-l-cW‐w. he‐n-b i¼-f‐w s‐s‐I-¸-ä‐m-\‐m-b‐n s‐h-d‐p-¸‐v t‐X‐m-‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p t‐P‐m-e‐n s‐N-t‐¿-ï‐n h-c‐p-s‐a- H-ä {‐]-i‐v-\-t‐a-b‐p-{‐_‐u¬ b‐q-\‐n-t‐h-g‐v-k‐n-ä‐n-b‐n-s‐e ^‐n-t‐e‐mk-^‐n h‐n-Z‐y‐mÀ-°‐nb‐mbk‐p-\‐n {‐X‐n-]‐mT‐n-b‐p-t‐SX‐v. a‐mÀ-¨‐v 16þ\‐v Z‐p-c‐q-l-a‐mb‐n A-{‐]-X‐y-£\‐m-b k‐p-\‐n-e‐n-s‐\ h‐o-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S ]-c‐m-X‐n-b-\‐p-k-c‐n-¨‐vF-^‐v._‐n.s‐F. A-t‐\‐z-j‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐n-S-b‐n A-b‐m-f‐p-s‐S k-t‐l‐mZ-c‐n k‐wK‐o-X t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐n A-\‐nbs‐â N‐n-{‐X-§-t‐f‐ms‐SH-c‐p kl‐m-b A-`‐yÀ-°-\b‐p‐w t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.]‐n-s‐b‐p‐w Z‐n-h-k-§Ä I-g‐n-ª‐m-W‐v A-t‐a-c‐n¡-s‐b\-S‐p¡‐nb t‐_‐m-k‐v-ä¬ t‐_‐m‐w-_‐n-§‐v \-S-X‐v. I‐p-ä-h‐m-s‐f-Is‐f-‐vI-c‐p-X‐p- c-ï‐v s‐N-d‐p-¸-¡‐m-c‐p-s‐S h‐oU‐nt‐b‐m Z‐r-i‐y-§Ä I-ï N‐n-e t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐v A‐w-K-§-Ä¡‐v A-h\Ãt‐b‐mC-h³ F-‐v i-¦-b‐mb‐n‐, A-hÀ D-S³ X-s‐ S‐z‐n-ä-d‐ne‐p‐w s‐d-Í‐nä‐n-e‐p-s‐aÃ‐m‐wC-X‐v {‐]-J‐y‐m-]‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. A-X‐n-t‐h-K‐wI‐m-c‐y-§Ä s‐s‐h-d-e‐mb‐n. N‐n-e A-a-N‐zÀ I‐p-ä‐m-t‐\‐z-j-IÀ t‐_‐mk‐v-ä¬t‐]‐m-e‐o-k‐n-s‐â t‐dU‐nt‐b‐m k‐p-\‐n-e‐n-s‐â t‐]-c‐v cï‐m‐w{‐]-X‐n-b‐m-s‐W-‐v ]-d-b‐p-X‐v t‐I-s‐«-‐v X-«‐n-h‐n«‐p. B H-äIaâ‐v X-s‐ 3000 X-h-W d‐o-S‐z‐o-ä‐v s‐N-¿-s‐¸«‐p. k‐p-\‐n-e‐n-s‐\X-§Ä-¡‐v ]-d-b‐m-\‐pÅ-X‐v _-l‐p-P-\§-s‐f t‐IÄ-¸‐n-¡‐m³`-c-W-I‐q-S-§Ä¡‐p‐w he‐n-b k‐w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‐p‐w a‐oU‐n-bI-¼-\‐n-IÄ-¡‐p‐w a‐m{‐X‐w k‐m-[‐ya‐m-b GÀ-¸‐m-S‐m-W‐v a‐m-Ê‐v I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-t‐¡-j³ F-- Ø‐n-X‐n 20þ‐m‐w \‐q-ä‐m-ï‐n-s‐â A-´‐y-Z-i-I-t‐¯‐m-s‐S A-h-k‐m-\‐n¨‐p. C-‐v t‐e‐m-I-t‐¯‐m-S‐v F-s‐´-¦‐n-e‐p‐w]-d-b‐m-\‐p-Å-hÀ-¡‐v t‐aÂ-¸-d-ª a‐m[‐y-a I-h‐m-S‐w k‐q-£‐n-¸‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S A-\‐p-h‐m-Z-a‐mh-i‐y-a‐nÃ. CâÀ-s‐\-ä‐n-s‐â t‐h-Z‐n-I-f‐nÂA-hÀ¡-X‐v s‐N-¿‐m³ ]‐qÀ-W-k‐z‐m-X--{‐´‐y-a‐p-ï‐v. "k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-IiinXcqcnsâ SznäÀ t]PvÅ‐p F-‐m-W‐v t‐I‐m-WÀ F-g‐p-X‐n-bX‐v. I-ã-I‐m-e-¯‐n-\‐v C-X‐vk‐nk‐vt‐I‐m t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-If‐p-s‐S I-®‐n s‐]-«-‐p-. t‐I‐m-W-d‐n-\‐vt‐P‐m-e‐n-¡‐v t‐N-t‐c-ï‐n h-‐nà F-‐v N‐p-c‐p¡‐w. t‐P‐mÀ-P‐n-b-b‐nÂ\‐n-‐p-Å H-c‐p A-[‐y‐m]‐n-I h‐n-t‐\‐m-Z-k-©‐m-c-¯‐n-\‐n-s‐S a-Z‐y-]‐n-¡‐p- N‐n{‐X‐w k‐z´‐w t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐v t‐]-P‐n {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¨-X‐n-\‐mW‐v t‐P‐m-e‐n t‐]‐m-bX‐v.t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b h-g‐n s‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐m-f‐n-IÄ k‐z-´‐w s‐X‐mg‐nÂ-Z‐m-X‐m-¡Ä-¡‐vD-ï‐m-¡‐p- {‐]-i‐v-\-§Ä C-X‐v a‐m-{‐XaÃ.N‐n-eÀ k‐z-´‐w Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐e s‐X‐m-g‐n k‐m-l-N-c‐y§-s‐f]-ä‐n-b‐p-Å ]-c‐m-X‐n-IÄ t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐vs‐N-¿‐p‐p‐, a-ä‐p N‐n-eÀ X-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S h‐n-h-ct‐¡-S‐pI-s‐f]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w. N‐n-e t‐]‐mÌ‐p-IÄ-¡‐v A-t‐X Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐e a-ä‐v s‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐m-f‐n-IÄ I-aâ‐p-I-s‐f-g‐p-X‐p‐p. N‐ne t‐]‐mk‐v-ä‐p-IÄs‐s‐h-d-e‐m-b‐n a‐m-d‐n \‐m-S‐p a‐p-g‐p-h³ ]-c-¡‐p‐p.t‐aÂ-]-d-ª a‐n-¡ I-Y-If‐p‐w A-e-£‐ya‐mb t‐k‐m-j‐yÂa‐oU‐nb t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ F-g‐p-X‐n-b-hÀ-¡‐v X-s‐ {‐]-i‐v-\a‐m-bX-a‐m-i-I-f‐m-s‐W-¦‐n t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b I‐p-ä‐m-t‐\‐z-j-IÀH-c‐p I‐p-S‐p‐w_-s‐¯ X-s‐ Z‐p-c‐n-X-¯‐n-e‐m-g‐v¯‐n-b I-Y-b‐m-W‐v]-ä‐n h‐r-¯‐n-s‐I-« I-aâ‐p-IÄ s‐I‐m-ï‐v ]e t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐kä‐p-If‐p‐w\‐n-dª‐p. k‐p-\‐n-e‐n-s‐\ I-s‐ï-¯‐m³ k-l‐m-b‐n¡-W‐w F--`‐yÀ-°‐n-¡‐p- t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐v t‐]-P‐v X-s‐ k‐wK‐o-X {‐^‐o-k‐v s‐N-b‐vX‐p. HS‐p-h‐nÂ‐, G{‐]‐n 21þ\‐v k‐p-\‐n-e‐n-s‐âa‐r-X-t‐Z-l‐w t‐d‐mU‐v s‐F-e³-U‐n-s‐e H-c‐p X‐p-d-a‐pJ-¯‐v \‐n-‐vt‐]‐m-e‐o-k‐v I-s‐ï-S‐p-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐v s‐X‐m-«‐p-a‐p-¼‐m-W‐v S‐z‐n-ä-d‐n-s‐âb‐p‐ws‐d-Í‐n-ä‐n-s‐âb‐p‐w t‐a-e‐m-f-·‐mÀ £-a‐m-]W-§-t‐f‐m-s‐S A-b‐m-f‐ps‐SI‐p-S‐p‐w_-s‐¯ k-a‐o-]‐n-¨X‐v.***Pq¬ 2013
(17)X-§Ä-¡‐v ]-d-b‐m-\‐pÅ-X‐v _-l‐p-P-\§-s‐f t‐IÄ-¸‐n-¡‐m³ `-c-W-I‐q-S-§Ä¡‐p‐whe‐n-b k‐w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‐p‐w a‐oU‐n-b I-¼-\‐n-IÄ-¡‐p‐w a‐m{‐X‐w k‐m-[‐ya‐m-b GÀ-¸‐m-S‐m-W‐v a‐m-Ê‐v I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-t‐¡-j³ F-- Ø‐n-X‐n 20þ‐m‐w \‐q-ä‐m-ï‐n-s‐â A-´‐y-Z-i-It‐¯‐m-s‐SA-h-k‐m-\‐n¨‐p. C-‐v t‐e‐m-I-t‐¯‐m-S‐v F-s‐´-¦‐n-e‐p‐w ]-d-b‐m-\‐p-Å-hÀ-¡‐vt‐aÂ-¸-d-ª a‐m[‐y-a I-h‐m-S‐w k‐q-£‐n-¸‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S A-\‐p-h‐m-Z-a‐mh-i‐y-a‐nÃ. CâÀs‐\-ä‐n-s‐ât‐h-Z‐n-I-f‐n A-hÀ¡-X‐v s‐N-¿‐m³ ]‐qÀ-W-k‐z‐m-X-´‐y-a‐p-ï‐v. "k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-I-h‐nZ‐y ]-{‐X‐m-[‐n-]-c‐n \‐n‐p‐w {‐]-k‐m-[-I-c‐n \‐n‐p‐w h‐y-h-Ø‐n-X‐n-b‐nÂ\‐n‐p‐w A-[‐n-I‐m-c‐w \‐o-¡‐p-I-b‐m-W‐v. C-t‐¸‐mÄ P-\-§-f‐m-W‐v \‐n-b-{‐´‐n-¡‐p--X‐v.'a‐m[‐y-a h‐y-h-k‐m-b-¯‐n-s‐e a-l‐m-c‐m-P‐m-h‐m-b‐n I-W-¡‐m-t‐¡-ï d‐p-¸À-«‐v aÀ-t‐U‐m-¡‐v B-W‐nX‐v ]-d-ªX‐v. ]-ï‐v s‐Nd‐n-b k‐w-L‐w t‐{‐i‐m-X‐m-¡-f‐n h‐m-s‐a‐m-g‐ns‐Nb‐vX t‐P‐m-e‐n C-‐v t‐I‐m-S‐n-IÄ h-c‐p- t‐{‐]-£-I-c‐n t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-bs‐N-¿‐p-I-b‐mW‐v. t‐e‐m-I-s‐¯-¼‐m-S‐p-a‐p-Å a-\‐p-j‐yÀ t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐n N‐n-e-h‐n-S‐p-ka-b‐w I‐q-«‐n-b‐m A-X‐v \‐n-X‐y-h‐p‐w 9500 hÀ-j-¯‐n-t‐e-s‐d h-c‐p‐w‐! D-t‐¯-P-I‐uj-[‐w A-S‐n-¨ h‐m-s‐a‐m-g‐n-b‐m-W‐v t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n-s‐e t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ F-‐m-W‐vBt‐c‐m ]-d-ª-X‐v.h‐nZ‐y ]-{‐X‐m-[‐n-]-c‐n \‐n‐p‐w {‐]-k‐m-[-I-c‐n \‐n‐p‐w h‐y-h-Ø‐n-X‐n-b‐n \‐n‐p‐w A-[‐n-I‐m-c‐w \‐o-¡‐p-I-b‐m-W‐v. C-t‐¸‐mÄP-\-§-f‐m-W‐v \‐n-b-{‐´‐n-¡‐p--X‐v.' a‐m[‐y-a h‐y-h-k‐m-b-¯‐n-s‐e a-l‐m-c‐m-P‐m-h‐m-b‐n I-W-¡‐m-t‐¡-ï d‐p-¸À-«‐v aÀ-t‐U‐m-¡‐v B-W‐nX‐v]-d-ªX‐v. ]-ï‐v s‐Nd‐n-b k‐w-L‐w t‐{‐i‐m-X‐m-¡-f‐n h‐m-s‐a‐m-g‐ns‐Nb‐vX t‐P‐m-e‐n C-‐v t‐I‐m-S‐n-IÄ h-c‐p- t‐{‐]-£-I-c‐n t‐k‐mj‐yÂa‐oU‐n-b s‐N-¿‐p-I-b‐mW‐v. t‐e‐m-I-s‐¯-¼‐m-S‐p-a‐p-Å a-\‐pj‐yÀt‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐n N‐n-e-h‐n-S‐p- ka-b‐w I‐q-«‐n-b‐m A-X‐v\‐n-X‐y-h‐p‐w 9500 hÀ-j-¯‐n-t‐e-s‐d h-c‐p‐w‐! D-t‐¯-P-I‐uj-[‐wA-S‐n-¨ h‐m-s‐a‐m-g‐n-b‐m-W‐v t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n-s‐e t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ F-‐m-W‐v Bt‐c‐m ]-d-ª-X‐v.C‐u k‐z‐mX-{‐´‐y‐w ]t‐£‐, h-c‐p‐w-h-c‐m-b‐vI-s‐f ]-ä‐n B-t‐e‐m-N‐n-¡‐m-¯ ]-e-s‐cb‐p‐w A-]-I-S-§-f‐n N‐m-S‐n-¡‐p- D-Z‐m-l-c-W-§-f‐m-W‐v BZ‐y‐w ]-d-ªX‐v. ]c‐n-N-b-¡‐mÀ a‐m-{‐X-a‐p-Å H-c‐n-S-¯‐p-s‐h-¨‐v F-s‐´-¦‐ne‐p‐w h‐n-jb-s‐¯ ]-ä‐n A-e-£‐y-a‐mb‐p‐wA-\‐u-]-N‐m-c‐n-I-a‐mb‐p‐w \-S-¯‐p- ]-c‐m-aÀ-i-§Ä A-t‐Xh‐n-jb-s‐¯ ]-ä‐n s‐]‐m-X‐p-t‐h-Z‐n-b‐n \-S-¯‐m³ ]‐m-S‐nà F-‐va‐n-¡-hÀ¡‐p‐w A-d‐n-b‐m‐w. ]-t‐£ C-t‐X B-f‐p-IÄ X-s‐k‐z-´‐w h‐o-«‐ns‐et‐b‐m H‐m-^‐o-k‐v a‐p-d‐n-b‐nt‐et‐b‐m I-¼‐y‐q-«‐n-d‐ns‐eCâÀ-s‐\-ä‐v I-W-£³ D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v B-ß‐m-h‐n-j‐v-I‐m-c‐w\-S-¯‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ k‐z-´‐w t‐»‐m-K‐p-If‐p‐w t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-If‐p‐w A-{‐X k‐z-I‐m-c‐y-aà F‐v H‐mÀ-¡‐p-‐nà F--X‐m-W‐v{‐]-i‐v\‐w.***U‐n-P‐n-ä b-‐phX-ea‐p-db‐m-W‐v t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b C-{‐Xb‐p‐w h-e‐p-X‐m-¡‐n-bX‐v. FÃ‐m‐w ]‐n-t‐Å-c‐ps‐S H‐mt‐c‐m Xa‐m-iF- a-«‐n I-ï a‐p-X‐nÀ- X-e-a‐pd-b‐v-¡‐v t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-bA-{‐X \‐n-Ê‐m-c-aà F-‐v ]-X‐p-s‐¡ a‐m-{‐X-t‐a a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-b‐pÅ‐p.t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n t‐P‐m-e‐n-¡‐mÀ ka-b‐w I-f-b‐p-X‐p‐wA-h‐n-s‐S A-X‐p-a‐nX‐p‐w t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐N-¿‐p--X‐p-s‐aÃ‐m‐w X‐oÀ¯‐p‐wA-\‐m-h-i‐y-a‐m-s‐W- a-«‐n I-ï a‐p-X‐nÀ--hÀ B-Z‐y-s‐aÃ‐m‐wP‐o-h-\-¡‐m-c‐p-s‐S C¯-c‐w {‐]-hÀ-¯-\§-s‐f \‐n-c‐p-Õ‐m-l-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐m-\‐m-W‐v {‐i-a‐n-¨X‐v. ]t‐£‐, h‐y-h-Ø‐m]‐n-X h‐mÀ-¯‐ma‐m-[‐y-a-§-f‐n-e‐q-s‐S a‐n-e‐y¬-k‐v N‐n-e-h‐n-«‐v \-S-¯‐p ]c-k‐y{‐]-N‐m-c-W-§-t‐f-¡‐mÄ ^-e-h-¯‐m-W‐v t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-If‐n-e‐q-s‐Sh‐m-s‐a‐m-g‐n- F-‐v he‐nb t‐I‐mÀ-]-t‐d-j-\‐p-IÄ X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-b‐p--X‐m-W‐v I-g‐n-ª hÀ-j-§-f‐n \‐m‐w I-ïX‐v. C-‐vk‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b k‐v-{‐S‐m-ä-P‐n-I-f‐nÃ‐m-¯ he‐n-bI-¼-\‐n-I-f‐nÃ.Ct‐X I-¼-\‐n-IÄ X-s‐ ]-ec‐p‐w A-h-c‐p-s‐S s‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐m-f‐n-IÄ-¡‐v t‐h-ï‐nb‐p‐w t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b a‐mÀ-K-\‐nÀ-t‐Z-i-§ÄX-¿‐m-d‐m-¡‐n-¯‐p-S-§‐n-b‐n-«‐pï‐v. P‐oh-\-¡‐m-c‐p-s‐S k-P‐o-ha‐mbt‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b {‐]-hÀ-¯-\§-s‐f A-\‐p-h-Z‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐wt‐{‐]‐m-Õ‐m-l‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-¿‐p-X‐n-s‐\‐m-¸‐w A-h-c‐p-s‐SØ‐m-]-\-§f‐p-s‐St‐b‐m I-£‐n-If‐p-s‐St‐b‐m t‐P‐m-e‐n-¡‐m-c‐ps‐St‐b‐mkÂ-t‐¸-c‐n-\‐v A-]-I-S-I-c-a‐m-b I‐m-c‐y-§Ä s‐N-¿‐m-X‐n-c‐n-¡‐m³a‐mÀ-K-\‐nÀ-t‐Z-i-§Ä D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐n¡‐p-I F-X‐v {‐]-[‐m-\-a‐mW‐v.Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐e P‐o-h-\-¡‐mÀ-¡‐v h‐y-àa‐mb t‐k‐m-j‐yÂa‐oU‐n-b a‐mÀ-K-\‐nÀ-t‐Z-i-§Ä C‐p‐w a‐n-¡ Ø‐m-]-\-§Ä-¡‐p-a‐nÃ. C‐u k‐m-l-N-c‐y-¯‐n t‐k‐m-j‐y a‐oU‐n-b D-]-t‐b‐mK-s‐¯ ]-ä‐n s‐]‐m-X‐p-h‐mb N‐n-e "s‐_-Ì‐v {‐]‐m-Î‐o-k‐pIÄ'A-d‐n-ª‐p s‐h-¡W‐w. s‐]‐m-X‐p-s‐h A‐w-K‐o-I-c‐n-¡-s‐¸-« N‐n-ek‐q-N-\-If‐m-W‐v C-h‐n-s‐S s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐p-X‐v.1. s‐]‐m-X‐p-h‐m-bX‐p‐w k‐z-I‐m-c‐y-a‐m-bX‐p‐w X‐nc‐n-¨-d‐nb‐pIt‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-Ä-s‐¡Ã‐m‐w k‐z-I‐mc‐y-X k‐w-_-Ô‐n-¨]-e k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\-§-Ä \‐n-e-h‐n-e‐p-s‐ï-¦‐ne‐p‐w A-h-b‐n-s‐e ]-et‐]‐mÌ‐p-If‐p‐w A-\‐yÀ¡‐p‐w I‐m-W‐m-h‐p--X‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w F‐vF-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w H‐mÀ-¡‐p-I. \‐n-§Ä \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S s‐Nd‐n-b k‐p-l‐r-Z‐vh‐r-µ‐w a‐m{‐X‐w I‐m-W‐m³ t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐Nb‐v-X I‐mc‐y‐w \‐n-§-f‐ps‐Sk‐p-l‐r-¯-¡Ä BÀ-s‐¡-¦‐ne‐p‐w s‐j-bÀ s‐N-b‐v-t‐X-¡‐m‐w.s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S ]‐qÀ-Wa‐m-b k‐z-I‐mc‐y-X A-{‐X K‐m-c-ï‐o-U‐vAÃ. A-X‐p s‐I‐m-ï‐v \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ Bc‐p‐w F-h‐n-s‐S s‐h¨‐p‐w I-t‐ï¡‐m‐w F- [‐mc-W-t‐b‐m-s‐S X‐p-S-§‐p-I‐,\‐n§Ä- k‐z-I‐m-c‐y-a‐m-b‐n t‐»‐m-K‐n F-g‐pX‐n-b h‐nh-c‐w \‐m-s‐fZ‐n-\-]-{‐X-¯‐n \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐]-c‐p-h‐n-hc-§-t‐f‐m-s‐S {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐pIï‐m F-´‐p t‐X‐m-‐p-s‐a‐p‐w B-t‐e‐m-N‐n-¡‐pI.H‐uN‐n-X‐y-a‐nÃ‐m-¯ N‐ne t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐pIÄ \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S Ø‐m-]-\s‐¯t‐b‐m I-£‐nt‐bt‐b‐m \‐n-§-s‐f-¯s‐t‐b‐m {‐]-X‐n-I‐q-ea‐m-b‐n_‐m-[‐n-t‐¨¡‐m‐w F-‐p‐w a-\-Ê‐n s‐h-¡‐pI. \‐n§Ä\‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S Ø‐m-]-\-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô-s‐¸-« I‐m-c‐y§-s‐f ]-ä‐nt‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-s‐W-¦‐n t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐ns‐bA-d‐n-b‐n-¡‐pI.2. i-c‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐n¡‐p-I\‐n-§Ä F-g‐p-X‐p-X‐v h-k‐v-X‐p-X-IÄ-¡‐v \‐n-c-¡‐p--X‐mhW‐w.A-h Ø‐m-]‐n-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p--X‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡W‐w.\‐n-§Ä-¡‐v s‐X-ä‐v ]-ä‐p-I-b‐m-s‐W-¦‐n D-S\-S‐n s‐X-ä‐v X‐n-c‐p-¯‐p-I. h‐n-aÀ-i-\-§Ä-¡‐v A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡W‐w.Pq¬ 2013
(18)3. \‐y‐m-b-]‐qÀW‐w‐, _-l‐p-a‐m-\-]‐q-cÊc‐w\‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S Ø‐m-]-\s‐¯t‐b‐m k-l-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Is‐ct‐b‐mF-X‐n-c‐m-f‐n-Is‐ft‐b‐m k‐w-_-Ô‐n-¨‐v Z‐p-c‐p-t‐±-i-]‐qÀ-W-a‐m-bX‐p‐ws‐X-ä‐n-²-c‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p--X‐pa‐m-b I-aâ‐p-IÄ t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐N-¿-c‐pX‐v.t‐\-c‐n-«‐v H-c‐p h‐yà‐n-t‐b‐m-S‐v ]-d-b‐m³ \‐n-§Ä-¡‐v I-g‐n-b‐m¯-X‐vCâÀ-s‐\-ä‐n t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐N-¿-c‐pX‐v. A-\‐y-c‐p-s‐S A-`‐n-{‐]‐mb-§-t‐f‐m-S‐v _-l‐p-a‐m-\‐w I‐m-«‐p-I‐, h‐n-\-b-t‐¯‐m-s‐S h‐n-t‐b‐m-P‐n-¡‐p-I‐,{‐]-t‐X‐y-I‐n¨‐p‐w NÀ-¨-IÄ N‐q-S‐v ]‐n-S‐n-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ.4. clk‐y-a‐m-b‐n s‐h-t‐¡-ïh-s‐b ]-ä‐n A-d‐n-h‐p-ï‐mh‐pIs‐]‐m-X‐p-t‐h-Z‐n-b‐n e-`‐ya‐m-b h‐n-h-c§-s‐f ]-ä‐n a‐m{‐X‐w ]-c‐maÀ-i-§Ä\-S-¯‐p-I. \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S Ø‐m-]\-s‐¯ ]-ä‐n-b‐pÅt‐I‐m¬-^‐n-U³-j‐y B-b h‐n-h-c-§f‐p‐w Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-\‐v D-Sa-Ø‐m-h-I‐m-i-a‐p-Åh‐n-h-c-§f‐p‐w t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n-e‐qs‐S]-c-k‐y-a‐m-¡-c‐pX‐v. X-{‐´-{‐]‐m-[‐m-\‐y-a‐p-Å B-k‐q-{‐X-W§Ä‐,h‐y‐m]‐m-c cl-k‐y-§Ä \‐n-b-a-]-ca‐m-b h‐n-h-c-§Ä F-‐n-hC‐u h‐n-`‐m-K-¯‐n DÄ-s‐¸-S‐p‐p. Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐â C-S-]‐m-S‐p-I‐mÀ‐, I-£‐n-IÄ F-‐nh-s‐c ]-ä‐n \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-b‐ps‐SA-\‐p-a-X‐n-b‐nÃ‐m-s‐X t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-IÄ {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¡-c‐pX‐v.\‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐ns‐ât‐b‐m I-£‐n-I-f‐ps‐St‐b‐m t‐e‐mt‐K‐m-IÄt‐{‐S-U‐v a‐mÀ-¡‐p-IÄ F‐n-h \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S t‐»‐m-K‐nÂD-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡-c‐pX‐v.***C\‐n t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-IÄ D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p- a‐m-[‐y-a{‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ A-d‐n-ª‐p-s‐h-t‐¡-ï N‐n-e A-S‐nØ‐m-\ X-X‐z§Ä.Pq¬ 2013ic‐nb‐p‐w I‐rX‐y-Xb‐p‐wh‐n-h-c-§Ä {‐]-N-c‐n-¸‐n-¡-c‐p-X‐v;k‐q-£‐n-¡‐p-I‐, k‐w-i-b‐m-e‐p-h‐m-I‐pIa-ä‐p-Åh-À t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐N-¿‐p-X‐p‐wa-ä‐v s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n \‐n-§Ä I-s‐ï-¯‐p--X‐pa‐m-b h‐n-h-c-§Äs‐h-d‐p-s‐X {‐]-N-c‐n-¸‐n-¡-c‐pX‐v. a-ä‐p-Å-hÀ ]-d-b‐p-X‐v N‐q-ï‐n-¡‐m-«‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ ]-e-c‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w I-®‐p-I-f‐n \‐m‐w X-s‐-b‐m-W‐vI‐mc‐y‐w d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v s‐N-¿‐p-X‐v. k‐z-´‐w a‐m-[‐y-a-Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐ns‐ât‐k‐m-j‐y t‐]-P‐n-e‐m-b‐me‐p‐w k‐z-´‐w t‐»‐m-K‐n-e‐m-b‐me‐p‐wk‐z´‐w t‐^-k‐v-_‐p-¡‐v t‐]-P‐n-e‐m-b‐me‐p‐w F-g‐pX‐p--X‐v a‐m-[‐ya-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-\‐m-W‐v.I‐p-dª-X‐v C-¡‐m-c‐y-¯‐n k‐p-X‐mc‐y-X ]‐p-eÀ-¯‐p-I-s‐b-¦‐ne‐p‐w s‐N¿‐pI þ C‐u h‐nh-c‐w \‐n-§Äk‐z-b‐w Ø‐n-c‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐n-«‐nà F-‐p h‐m-b-\¡‐m-t‐c‐m-S‐v ]-d-b‐pI.D‐ul‐m-t‐]‐m-l-§f‐p‐w I‐n‐w-h-Z-´‐n-If‐p‐w {‐]-N-c‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-X‐v N‐ne-t‐¸‐m-s‐g-¦‐ne‐p‐wA-\‐yÀ-¡‐v a‐m-c-Ia‐m-b {‐]-X‐y‐m-L‐m-X-§ÄD-ï‐m¡‐p‐w F-‐v a-d-¡-c‐pX‐v.Ø‐n-c‐o-I-c‐n-¡-s‐¸-«‐n-«‐nÃ‐m-¯ h‐n-h-c-§Ä t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐p-I-f‐ne‐q-s‐S{‐]-N-c‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-h-s‐c s‐Xf‐n-b‐n-¡‐m³ \-a‐p-¡‐v s‐hÃ‐ph‐n-f‐n¡‐m‐w‐,t‐N‐m-Z‐y-§Ä t‐N‐m-Z‐n-¡‐m‐w... h-k‐v-X‐p-X-I-s‐f-h‐y‐mt‐P-\ {‐]-N-c‐n-¡‐p- t‐I-«‐p-t‐IÄh‐nI-s‐fb‐p‐w A-Ô-h‐n-i‐z‐mk-§-s‐fb‐p‐wA§-s‐\ X-IÀ-¡‐m‐w‐, C-s‐XÃ‐m‐w a‐m-[‐y-a-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I³ X-s‐â h‐m-b-\¡‐m-t‐c‐m-S‐v s‐N-¿‐p- D-]-I‐m-c-§-f‐mW‐v.F-´‐m k-X‐y-s‐a-s‐´-‐v D-d-¸‐nÃ‐m-¯ h‐nh-c‐w ]-c-¯‐p-X‐vC-X‐n-s‐â h‐n-]-c‐o-X-^-e-a‐m-W‐v s‐N-¿‐p-X‐v. \‐n-§Ä-¡‐v k‐w-i-ba‐p-ï‐m-I‐p-t‐¼‐mÄa‐p-X‐nÀ-h-t‐c‐m-S‐v k‐wi-b‐w X‐oÀ-¡‐p-I. C-X‐n-\‐v \à hg‐n H‐mt‐c‐m a‐m-[‐y-a-Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐eb‐p‐w H‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐ns‐eS‐oa‐n-t‐\‐m-S‐v C-s‐X ]-ä‐n t‐N‐m-Z‐n-¡‐p--X‐mW‐v.h‐y-à‐nX‐z‐w‐, H‐m¬-s‐s‐e\‐ne‐p‐w H‐m^‐v-s‐s‐e\‐ne‐p‐wH‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐n H-c‐mÄ¡‐v X-s‐â h‐y-à‐nX‐z‐w h‐y‐m-P-h-X‐v-Ic‐n-¡‐m³F-f‐p-¸-a‐mW‐v‐, A-X‐n-\‐m t‐k‐mj‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n-e‐qs‐SI-s‐ï-¯‐p- "k‐p-l‐r-¯‐p-¡s‐f' h‐mÀ-¯-b‐p-s‐S t‐k‐m-g‐v-k‐vB-¡‐m³ t‐\‐m-¡‐p--hÀ k‐q-£‐n-¡W‐w. C-¯-c-¡‐m-t‐c‐m-S‐vs‐Se‐n-t‐^‐m¬ hg‐nt‐b‐m t‐\-c‐nt‐«‐m _-Ô-s‐¸-S‐m\‐p‐w {‐i-a‐n-¡‐p-I.t‐e-J-I-s‐c h‐y-à‐n-]-c-a‐m-b‐n ]-c‐n-N-b-a‐p-Å {‐]-a‐p-JÀ N‐n-et‐¸‐m-s‐g-¦‐ne‐p‐wH‐m-^‐v Z s‐d-t‐¡‐m-U‐v B-b‐n ]-e h‐n-t‐i-j-s‐¸-«h‐n-h-c-§f‐p‐w a‐m-[‐y-a§Ä-¡‐v \Â-I‐m-d‐p-ï‐v. \-a‐p-¡‐v h‐nh-c‐w\ÂI‐n-b h‐y-à‐n-b‐m-W‐v A-X‐v \Â-I‐nb-X‐v F-‐v ]‐p-d-¯-d‐nb‐n-¡‐m-X‐n-c‐n¡‐p‐wF--X‐m-W‐v C-X‐n-\‐v ]-I-c-a‐m-b‐n a‐m-[‐y-a-{‐]-hÀ-¯-IÀ s‐N-¿‐p- D-]-I‐mc‐w. t‐e-J-I\‐p‐w h‐mÀ-¯-b‐n-s‐eI-Y‐m-]‐m-{‐Xh‐p‐w X-½‐n-e‐p-Å h‐n-i‐z‐m-k-a‐mW‐v CX‐n-s‐â B-[‐mc‐w.h‐mÀ-¯-b‐v-¡‐v t‐h-ï h‐nh-c‐w \Â-I‐p- H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ t‐k‐mg‐vk‐n-t‐\‐mS‐vC‐u A-S‐p-¸-a‐nà F-‐v F-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w H‐mÀ-¡W‐w.A-hÀ \Â-I‐p- h‐n-h-c§Ä ‐"H‐m¬ Z- s‐d-t‐¡‐m-U‐v‐' B-b‐n-c‐n-¡W‐w‐, AXh-s‐c A-d‐n-b‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w t‐hW‐w. bY‐mÀ-° P‐oh‐n-X-¯‐nÂk‐p-{‐]-[‐m-\a‐m-b h‐mÀ-¯-b‐p-a‐m-b‐n F-¯‐p t‐k‐mg‐v-k‐n-s‐âh‐n-i‐z‐mk‐y-X \‐n-Ý-b‐n-¡‐m³ A-b‐m-f‐p-s‐S N-c‐n{‐X‐w ]c‐n-t‐i‐m-[‐n¨‐v ‐"s‐h-ä‐v‐' s‐N-¿‐p-X‐p t‐]‐ms‐e H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ t‐k‐m-g‐vk‐p-I-s‐fb‐p‐ws‐h-ä‐v s‐Nb‐v-X t‐i-j‐w a‐m{‐X‐w h‐n-i‐z-k‐n-¡‐pI.s‐\-ä‐n I‐n-«‐p- N‐n-{‐X-§f‐p‐w Z‐r-i‐y-§f‐p‐wt‐^‐m-t‐«‐m-t‐j‐m-¸‐n-s‐âb‐p‐w U‐n-P‐n-ä k‐n-\‐n-a-t‐ä‐m-{‐K-^‐n-b‐ps‐Sb‐p‐wI‐m-e¯‐v t‐^‐m-t‐«‐m-If‐p‐w h‐oU‐n-t‐b‐m-If‐p‐w ]ï-s‐¯t‐]‐m-s‐e h‐n-i‐z-k‐n-¡‐m³ ]‐m-S‐nà F-‐v a-d-¡-c‐pX‐v. ]-ec‐p‐wH‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐n t‐]‐m-k‐vä‐v s‐N-¿‐p- N‐n-{‐X-§Ä¡‐v h‐n-i‐z‐mk‐y-X-b‐ps‐SC‐u {‐]-i‐v-\-a‐pï‐v. h‐mÀ-¯-I-f‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô-s‐¸-«N‐n-{‐X-§-f‐m-W‐v C§-s‐\ I-‐mW‐p--s‐X-¦‐n k‐zb‐w C‐u t‐N‐m-Z‐y-§Ä t‐N‐m-Z‐n¡‐p-I:1‐) h‐n-i‐z‐m-k‐y-X-b‐p-Å s‐{‐]‐m-^-j-W Ø‐m-]-\-§Ä \Â-I‐p- h‐n-h-c-§-f‐p-a‐m-b‐n k‐m-Z‐r-i‐y-a‐p-ÅX‐mt‐W‐m N‐n-{‐X-¯‐nÂI‐m-W‐pX‐v?2‐) C-X‐v H-d‐n-P‐n-\ I‐r-X‐nb‐mt‐W‐m At‐X‐m a-ä‐p-Å-hÀ s‐Nb‐v-X-X‐n-s‐ât‐I‐m-¸‐n-t‐b‐m?3‐) C-X‐v t‐]‐m-k‐v-ä‐v s‐Nb‐v-X h‐y-à‐n-¡‐v C-X‐v h‐n-Xc-W‐ws‐N-¿‐m-\‐p-Å A-h-I‐m-i-a‐pt‐ï‐m At‐X‐m t‐I‐m¸‐n-s‐s‐d-ä‐v e‐w-L-\a‐mt‐W‐m?k-X‐ykÔXbY‐mÀ-° P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐e t‐]‐m-s‐e ]-c‐n-N-b-s‐¸-S‐p-
(19)t‐¼‐mÄ a-ä‐pÅ-h-t‐c‐mS‐v "R‐m³ a‐m[‐y-a {‐]-hÀ-¯-I-\‐mW‐v'F- h‐nhc‐w s‐hf‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p- i‐oe‐w H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³_-Ô-§-f‐ne‐p‐w ]‐m-e‐n-¡-W‐w. k‐z-´‐w s‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐n-s‐â `‐m-K-a‐mb‐nh‐n-h-c-§Ä t‐i-J-c‐n-¡‐m³ s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n t‐N‐m-Z‐y-§Ät‐N‐m-Z‐n-¡‐p-It‐b‐m D-¯-c-§Ä t‐X-S‐p-It‐b‐m s‐N-¿‐p-t‐¼‐mÄX‐m³ t‐P-W-e‐n-k‐v-ä‐v B--s‐W-‐v s‐h-f‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯-W‐w. A¯-c‐wt‐P‐m-e‐n-IÄ-¡‐mb‐n ‐"X‐q-e‐n-I‐m \‐m-a§Ä‐' D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡-c‐pX‐v.t‐P‐m-e‐n-b‐p-s‐S `‐m-K-a‐m-b‐n I-hÀ s‐N-¿‐p- h‐y-à‐n-b‐ps‐St‐b‐mk‐w-L-S-\-b‐ps‐St‐b‐m t‐k‐mj‐y a‐oU‐n-b A-¡‐uï‐p-I-f‐nÂ{‐^ï‐v‐, t‐^‐m-t‐f‐m-hÀ F-s‐‐m-s‐¡-b‐p-Å t‐e-_-e‐p-I-f‐nÂt‐N-c‐m-h‐p--X‐mW‐v. ]-t‐£ C-s‐XÃ‐m‐w A-h‐n-s‐S \-S-¡‐p-h‐n-h-c-§Ä A-d‐n-b‐m-\‐mW‐v‐, AÃ‐m-s‐X A-h-c‐p-s‐S {‐]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‐n ]-¦‐m-f‐n-I-f‐m-I‐m\à (Ahc‐p-s‐S F-X‐n-c‐m-f‐n-I-f‐p-s‐Ss‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐ne‐p‐w C-t‐X c‐o-X‐n-b‐n \‐n-c‐o£-W‐w \-S-¯W‐w‐).h‐y-à‐n-P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n ]-e a‐m-[‐y-a-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Ic‐p‐w k‐z-I‐m-c‐ya‐mbH‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ t‐^‐m-d-§-f‐ne‐p‐w t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐ne‐p‐wA‐w-K-§-f‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐m‐w. A-h-b‐n-s‐e N-«-§Ä N‐n-e-t‐¸‐mÄX-§Ä B-c‐m-s‐W-‐v s‐h-f‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐m-¯ X‐q-e‐n-I‐m-\‐m-a§Ä(k‐v-{‐I‐o³ s‐\-b‐n‐wk‐v‐) B-b‐n-c‐n¡‐p‐w D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p-I. a‐m-\‐y-Xb‐p-s‐Sa‐m[‐y-a X-X‐z-§-f-\‐p-k-c‐n-¨‐v A¯-c‐w t‐I-{‐µ-§-f‐n-e‐q-s‐Se-`‐n-¡‐p- h‐n-h-c-§Ä ]-{‐X-h‐mÀ-¯-I-f‐m-¡-c‐pX‐v.\‐n-j‐v]-£XH-c‐p a‐m[‐y-a {‐]-hÀ-¯I-s‐â G-äh‐p‐w he‐n-b B-k‐v-X‐nb‐mW‐vh‐ni‐z‐m-k‐y-X. A-b‐mÄ ]-£‐w ]‐n-S‐n-¡‐m-¯ a-\‐p-j‐y-\‐m-W‐v F- h‐m-b-\-¡‐mc-s‐â D-d-¸‐m-W‐v A-X‐n-s‐â B-[‐mc‐w.AX‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐pX-s‐ t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n A-b‐mÄc‐m-{‐ã‐o-b I-£‐n-I-f‐ps‐St‐b‐m k‐w-L-S-\-I-f‐ps‐S-t‐b‐m A-\‐p-I‐q-e‐n-b‐m-s‐W-‐v s‐h-f‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p- {‐]-J‐y‐m-]-\-§Ä \-S-¯-c‐pX‐v.{‐]t‐X‐y-I‐n-¨‐v P‐m-X‐n‐, aX‐w‐, {‐]-t‐Z-i‐w F-‐n-h-b‐p-s‐S A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-e‐p-Å h‐n-`‐m-K‐o-b-X-IÄ h-fÀ-¯‐p- k‐w-L-S-\-If‐ps‐S.as‐äÃ‐m h‐y-h-k‐m-b-§-f‐n-e‐p-s‐a t‐]‐m-s‐e a‐m[‐y-a h‐yh-k‐m-b-¯‐ne‐p‐wh‐n-]-W‐n-¡‐v t‐h-ï‐n I-S‐p-¯ a-Õ-c-a‐pï‐v.F-¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐k‐m-j‐y s‐s‐k-ä‐p-I-f‐n k‐z-´‐w Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐âF-X‐n-c‐m-f‐nb‐mb a‐m-[‐y-as‐¯t‐b‐m A-X‐n-s‐e a‐m-[‐y-a-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Is‐ct‐b‐m h‐n-aÀ-i‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w A-h-t‐l-f‐n-¡‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-¿‐p-X-c‐w I-aâ‐p-IÄ F-g‐p-X-c‐pX‐v‐, A-X‐v \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S h‐n-i‐z‐m-k‐yXs‐b_‐m-[‐n-¡‐p‐w.IW-¡‐v ]db‐m³ k-²X\‐m‐w s‐N-¿‐p- {‐]-hÀ-¯‐n-IÄ-¡‐v \-½Ä A-¡‐u-ï-_‐nÄBW‐v. \-½‐p-s‐S {‐]-hÀ-¯‐n-IÄ h‐n-i-Z‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p--X‐m-hW‐w‐, \‐y‐m-b-]‐q-À-W-a‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡W‐w. k‐z-´‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-I-f‐ps‐S\‐n-b-a-]-ca‐m-b k‐q-N-\-If‐p‐w A-d‐n-ª‐n-c‐n-¡W‐w. A-\‐y-s‐c`‐o-j-W‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p-I‐, A-k`‐y‐w ]-d-b‐p-I‐, a-ä‐p-Å-hÀ-¡‐v A-]-I‐oÀ-¯‐n-I-ca‐m-b I‐m-c‐y-§Ä ]-db‐p-I F-‐n-h-b‐v-s‐¡Ã‐m‐w\‐n-b-a-]-ca‐m-b {‐]-X‐y‐m-L‐m-X-§-f‐pï‐v.A¨S‐n a‐m-[‐y-a-§Ä-¡‐v _‐m-[-Ia‐m-b \‐n-b-a-§-t‐f-¡‐m³]-X‐n-·S-§‐v IÀ-¡-i-a‐m-W‐v s‐F.S‐n.B-I‐v-ä‐n-s‐e h-I‐p-¸‐p-IÄ.Xs‐ A-[‐n-t‐£-]‐n-¨‐p F-s‐‐m-c‐mÄ ]-c‐m-X‐n-s‐¸-«‐m B-t‐c‐m-]-W-h‐n-t‐[-b³ A-d-Ì‐n-e‐m-h‐p‐w. P-b‐n-e‐n I‐n-S-t‐¡-ï‐n-h-c‐p‐w.t‐k‐m-j‐yÂ-a‐o-U‐n-b-b‐n c‐m-h‐p‐w-]-Ie‐p‐w a‐p-g‐p-I‐n-¡‐n-S-¡‐p-]-eÀ¡‐p‐w C-X-d‐n-b‐nÃ. ]-d-ª‐m A-hÀ h‐n-i‐z-k‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐pa‐nÃ.k‐z-´‐w Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐â t‐I‐m-¸‐n s‐s‐d-ä‐vHc‐p I‐rX‐n (N‐n-{‐X‐w‐, t‐e-J\‐w‐, h‐oU‐nt‐b‐m‐) \‐n-§Ä t‐P‐m-e‐ns‐N-¿‐p- Ø‐m]-\‐w k‐r-ã‐n-¨-X‐m-s‐W-¦‐ne‐p‐w A-X‐v Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-s‐â _‐u²‐n-I k‐z-¯‐m-W‐v‐, A-X‐v \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S s‐s‐k-ä‐nÂt‐I‐m¸‐n‐, t‐]-Ì‐v s‐N-¿-c‐pX‐v. B D-Å-S-¡-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐v e‐n-¦‐v s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐p--X‐m-W‐v k‐u-I-c‐y‐w.amXr`qan Hm¬-sse-\n AknÌâv FUnädmWvteJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð: balaraman.kk@gmail.comPq¬ 2013
(20)LighthouseAshok R ChandranJeffrey MeetsHabermas in <strong>Kerala</strong>In this issue, we launch a column—‘Lighthouse’—thatlucidly informs readers about studies on <strong>Kerala</strong> media.It will also explore new research ideas, acquaint us withmedia scholars, and discuss the problems and possibilitiesof studying <strong>Kerala</strong> media.In the monsoon of 1968, a youngCanadian teaching English inChandigarh visited <strong>Kerala</strong> as atourist, and travelled along thecoast from Kochi up to Kannur.Three things fascinated him:the land’s beauty, a tale about adead relative, and the Malayalis’passion for newspapers. Later,for his doctoral research, hereturned to study the Nairs, andwrote a classic on the decline ofNair dominance in Travancore. 1Luckily for us, he also beganstudying <strong>Kerala</strong>’s newspapers.Four decades later, a column tofamiliarise readers with researchon <strong>Kerala</strong> media can be launchedonly with a hat tip to RobinJeffrey, the Canadian–Australianprofessor. His most recent articleon <strong>Kerala</strong> media was the onlyarticle by anybody on the subjectin reputed, international scholarlyjournals in the past five years. 2 Itappeared in the Journal of AsianStudies in 2009. 3In that article, Jeffrey mountsa vast canvas from 1800 to 2009,mixes soft sociological snippetsand data in his characteristic styleand, with a broad brush, paints athree-stage theory of print historyand politics.Sketching the development ofprinting, newspapers and politicsin <strong>Kerala</strong>, Jeffrey marks threestages through which the regionpassed—print as rare medium(1600–1870s), scarce medium(1870s–1970s), and mass medium(1960s onwards).In the rare stage, printingpresses existed, but newspaperswere unknown or exclusive,with circulation less than 1 copyfor every 1,000 people. Duringthis period the presses primarilyproduced school textbooks,missionary literature, andalmanacs. Bookshops were yetto appear, and books were solddoor-to-door by touring salesagents.In the scarce stage, newspapersemerged, but penetration wasfewer than 30 copies for every1,000 people. Jeffrey believesthat “the railways, internationaltelegraph, steamships, andthe Suez Canal made printingequipment more easily available,increased the movement ofpeople, and raised expectationsabout what ‘news’ was and howquickly it should be available.” By1903, there were 15 publications inTravancore with a total circulationof more than 11,000 copies,reaching the land’s libraries,clubs, schools, reading rooms,and tea shops. Yet due to theirscarcity, periodicals were prizedand sought after, and due to “theauthority of the printed typeand the sobriety of the printedpage,” print seemed authoritative.Thus, “as a scarce medium,print reached and influencedpeople and, in turn, alerted andtroubled political authorities.” Asevidence, he cites the role of printin exciting caste antagonism andthe Nayar–Ezhava riots of 1905,and the government’s suppressionof Swadesabhimani, MalayalaManorama, and Desabhimani.Jeffrey’s takeaway is that in thescarce era, print had power.In the third stage, print becamea mass medium. The circulationPq¬ 2013
of Malayalam newspapersincreased from 341,000 copiesin 1960 to 2.8 million in 2002,and there were 94 copies per1,000 people in 2001. Jeffreyattributes this transformation in<strong>Kerala</strong> to mass politics, ratherthan economic development ortechnology. He adds, however,that in this stage, “print exudesfar less magic or social electricity.”Mass circulation publicationsrequire “bigger, faster pressesand a larger staff, who have tobe paid regularly and may haveno ideological commitment tothe publication. … Agents andhawkers distribute the publicationfor reward, not satisfaction.”Consequently, large organisationsare vulnerable because “theyneed the state’s help to ensuresecurity of production centresand distribution systems; theyneed public utilities; and theyneed advertising, and lots of it.… To survive and prosper, masscirculation newspapers mustabide by the rules of the system.”Based on this narrative,Jeffrey questions BenedictAnderson’s argument in ImaginedCommunities that “printcapitalism”and “print-language”lead to nationalism. 4 Accordingto Jeffrey, in <strong>Kerala</strong>’s case, neitherthe arrival of the printing pressnor the growth of capitalism andMalayalam print fuelled intense<strong>Kerala</strong>-level nationalism.More useful to understand<strong>Kerala</strong>’s trajectory, Jeffreybelieves, are the ideas ofJürgen Habermas, the Germansociologist. 5 Habermas hadviewed the evolution of printingin three stages—in the first, printwas a handicraft; in the second,the publisher was a dealerin public opinion with littlecommercial purpose; and in thethird, profitability trumped thepublicist intention.Jeffrey notes that thesecorrespond to the three stages hetoo sees in <strong>Kerala</strong>. Predictablythen, he meets Habermasrepeatedly in <strong>Kerala</strong> history—theHabermasian “public sphere” insocially turbulent 20th centuryRobin Jeffrey<strong>Kerala</strong>, and a “refeudalisation” bythe end of that century. Habermashad said that in the mass mediaage, “the publisher appointseditors in the expectation thatthey will do as they are told inthe private interest of a profitorientedenterprise,” and that“the world fashioned by themass media is a public sphere inappearance only.” Echoing him,travelling companion Jeffreysays about <strong>Kerala</strong> that “theproliferation of media, and ofaudiences that consume them,does not signal increased politicalactivity. It may, indeed, signal itsdecline.”Jeffrey ends with a poser.When much of India jumpsdirectly from little exposureto print (rare stage) to satellitetelevision and electronic media(mass stage), they will miss theexperience of the public spherethat is typical of the intermediatescarce stage. If so, will thatmalnourish politics in those partsof India, he wonders.Jeffrey’s article is a bravePq¬ 2013(21)attempt that has not got thescrutiny it deserves. In a bookreview in the Economic andPolitical Weekly, Praveena Kodothbriefly discussed some points inJeffrey’s paper; 6 a fuller critiquefrom a media scholar is called for.There is something in Jeffreyfor all. Theory buffs might findhis discussion of Andersonwanting but can pause and reflecton the usefulness of Andersonand Habermas. For young localhistorians, it may not be easy torapidly match Jeffrey’s breadth ofscholarship on print culture, butthe door is wide open to criticallyexamine his evidence and digup facts that test his contentions.For journalists, who are forced tolip-sync, but reluctant to dance,to the chants of capitalism andmass media, Jeffrey’s article isa warning that the age of printpower might be behind them.Ashok R. Chandran is anindependent researcher in Palakkad,<strong>Kerala</strong>. He can be reached atstudykeralamedia@gmail.com1. Jeffrey, Robin (1994/1976), TheDecline of Nair Dominance: Societyand Politics in Travancore, 1847–1908.New Delhi: Manohar.2. On the paucity of <strong>Kerala</strong> mediastudies in international journals, seeChandran, Ashok R. (2013), “Whois Studying <strong>Kerala</strong> Media?,” Media,April–May, 2 (1): 18–20.3. Jeffrey, Robin (2009), “TestingConcepts about Print, Newspapers,and Politics: <strong>Kerala</strong>, India, 1800–2009,” Journal of Asian Studies, 68(2), 465–89. Reprinted in Jeffrey,Robin (2010), Media and Modernity.Ranikhet: Permanent Black. Freedownload at http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/latrobe:8592.4. Anderson, Benedict (1983).Imagined Communities: Reflectionson the Origin and Spread ofNationalism. London: Verso.5. Habermas, Jürgen (1991). TheStructural Transformation of thePublic Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT <strong>Press</strong>.6. Kodoth, Praveena (2010). “Essayson Politics, Matriliny and the Mediain <strong>Kerala</strong> (Book Review),” Economicand Political Weekly, 13 November, 45(46): 45–48.
(22)Dr. J. V. Vil’anilamPothan Joseph (1892–1972)A Free-Thinking and Fiercely IndependentEditor in Modern IndiaDuring his remarkably adventurous life,Pothan Joseph edited about 20 daily newspapers and journals,many of which he nursed from inception.Nearly a century and a quarter ago, PothanJoseph was born on 13 March 1892 as the secondson of C. I. Joseph of Oor’ayil House, Chengannur,in central Travancore, the southern part of today’s<strong>Kerala</strong>. In those days <strong>Kerala</strong> was “just an idea” andit consisted of Travancore (a princely state underthe maharajahs of Travancore) in the south, Kochi/Cochin (another princely state) at the centre, andMalabar (a part of Madras Presidency) in the north.What united these three parts was the commonlanguage of <strong>Kerala</strong>, namely, Malayalam (pronouncedMalayaal’am). The integration of these three partsinto the state of <strong>Kerala</strong> occurred during the statereorganization of India on a linguistic basis on 1November 1956.“Pothan” was a first name for <strong>Kerala</strong> Christianswho in the early days sometimes used rare biblicalnames for their children. For them, Yohannan wasJohn, Philipose was Philip, Mariamma was Mary,Annamma was Ann, Saramma was Sara(h), Scariawas Zachariah, and Varughese was George. Thenomenclature followed among <strong>Kerala</strong> Christiansdeserves special attention. Time and space do notpermit me to examine the system. Suffice it tosay that “Pothan,” “Matthen,” “Mulk,” etc wereoriginally Hebrew names generously adopted bythe Syrian Christians of <strong>Kerala</strong> who trace theirorigin to St Thomas the Apostle of Jesus Christ,who landed in Muziris (Cranganore) in 52 A. D. forevangelical work. Pothan’s father adopted a typicalEnglish name for his first son—George, insteadof Geevarghese or Varghese, the Syrian Christianequivalents. George Joseph was a famous lawyerand freedom fighter who practised law in Madurai,halfway between Madras and Chengannur.In his Autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru refersto how he and five others were considered“troublemakers” in the Lucknow District Jail.Among the “troublemakers” were George Joseph,Balkrishna Sharma, Purushottam Das Tandon,Mahadev Desai, and Devadas Gandhi. Nehru andother “troublemakers” were transferred to a distantpart of the jail, away from the main building!No writing on Pothan can ignore his elderbrother George Joseph because George, a barristerand later a political activist, an avid reader, andnoted scholar had a great influence on Pothan fromhis younger days.After completing his school education atChengannur, Pothan went to Kottayam, about22 miles from his native place, for his two-yearintermediate course at the CMS College there. Itwas perhaps the oldest college in the south. (It wasestablished in 1816.) But what is interesting is thatPothan had got married even before he became anundergraduate in college! Well, those were the daysof child marriages. We know that both Mohandasand Kasturba were just 13 when they got married!Pothan took his Bachelor of Science degree inPhysics from the Madras Presidency College wherehe had the rare opportunity of cultivating friendshipwith some potentially great men—SarvepalliRadhakrishnan, our statesman–philosopherPresident, for example.Pothan’s father wanted him to become anengineer or a scientist, but Pothan’s wife Anna andher father urged him to become a lawyer. Pothantook his LLB, from the University of Bombay, buta few months of legal practice at the High Court inTrivandrum put his legal ambitions to flight as hePq¬ 2013
himself discovered that the law was not his cup oftea.Then he worked in Kandy in Ceylon (now SriLanka) as a lecturer/teacher in the Trinity Collegethere, but he did not like teaching and he leftCeylon. But surprisingly, he took up teaching againin the Wesley High School, Secunderabad. Hisprolific reading of the English classics, Shakespeare,the Bible, and top-rated essays and fiction of the 19thcentury had already made writing second nature tohim.While in Secunderabad, he got a chance towrite a column in the Hyderabad Bulletin, owned byColonel R. H. Cameron. Thus he got his first regularjournalistic job—writing a column—at the handsomerate of Rs 3 per column! He immersed himself in thatjob and was thrilled that writing a column gave hima satisfaction which neither teaching nor law couldoffer him.However, southern India was not the bestarea for journalism in the early years of the 20thcentury. Except for The Hindu, there was no Englishnewspaper of note in the south. Bombay, Delhi,Calcutta, Lahore, and Lucknow were certainly bettergrounds for English journalism, Pothan concluded.The Bombay Chronicle edited by the famousBritisher, B. G. Horniman, an honest sympathizerwith the Indian nationalist cause, was popularin Bombay but Pothan Joseph did not get anopportunity to meet Horniman despite his earnestefforts to do so. Somehow he dragged his days inBombay, trying to meet the great editor. Again,teaching helped him to survive in the big city duringhis waiting period. He even applied for the job ofa warden in a ladies’ hostel. This hostel was underthe overall supervision of no less a personalitythan the “Nightingale of India” Sarojini Naidu. Sheone day remarked jokingly to Pothan that “a dark,handsome young man of his calibre would make thewardenship of a girls’ hostel a little too dangerousfor all parties concerned!”At long last, a couple of senior journalistsintroduced him to Horniman. Joseph found thisquite exciting. Horniman called Pothan Joseph“Potent Joe” and Pothan called his boss, “Gov’nor.”The two got along very well. The friendship gavehim many opportunities to observe the mindsetof freedom fighters at close quarters, especiallybecause those were the days when the politicalmovement under Gandhiji’s leadership was gainingmomentum.In the words of Jaiboy Joseph, son of PothanJoseph, who reminisced about his father:‘‘As an editor, my father had the uniquedistinction of working with personalities as diverseas Annie Besant, Mahatma Gandhi, Motilal Nehru,Sarojini Naidu, Mohammed Ali Jinnah and C.Rajagopalachari. Eminent men like Pat Lovett (editorof Capital), Samuel Shepherd and B. G. Hornimanhad a fondness for him. Father also knew LokmanyaTilak and wrote an article about a train journeywith him…. For my mother, who died in 1948, lifewith this restless genius was not easy; but she wasa devoted and patient wife who would not brookanything said against her husband. (IllustratedWeekly of India, 15 August 1976)’’Pothan Joseph (PJ, as he was known to his closefriends) had become a legend in his lifetime. Duringhis remarkably adventurous life, he could edit about20 daily newspapers and journals, many of which henursed from inception.Although a powerful editor whose words wererespected by both enemies and friends, he nevercared for money. Perhaps he was a dreamer and aphilosopher who did not care much for money ormaterial comforts. Many are the instances of hisspurning big monetary offers. But he was alwayshonest, frank, and straightforward. He knew hisweaknesses. Look at what a Viceroy once mentionedin his memo to Lord Amery, Secretary of State:Pothan was “sparkling and witty” but “bibulous.”He once stayed with Gandhiji for a course inreformation and teetotalism, but he left the ashram(23)Pq¬ 2013
(24)in the third week without having the courage totell Bapuji that he would rather be an honest sinnerthan a hypocrite. J. N. Sahni, author of Truth aboutthe Indian <strong>Press</strong>, gives details about this and otheranecdotes in Pothan’s life.According to many senior journalists, PothanJoseph was at the peak of his creative genius during1924–1944, when he edited the Hindustan Times,the Indian Express, the Dawn of Pakistan, and othernewspapers, and finally worked as the Governmentof India’s Principal Information Officer under LordWavell in 1944. Of course he rolled from job to joblike a beautiful and multicoloured butterfly. Butwhen some good friend told him with genuineconcern, “A rolling stone gathers no moss,” PJ askedhim with a mischievous smile, “What’s the use ofmoss to a stone?”One cannot forget that this great genius,according to Sahni, was a great acquisition for TheHindustan Times “at a time when it was fast losing incirculation as well as prestige.” To quote Jaiboy:‘‘We were then staying atop the old HindustanTimes building on Burn Bastion Road, Old Delhi, andamong the faces I remember as a small boy in thatperiod in the editorial department of the paper, werethose of Sham Lal, Durga Das, Edathata Narayanan,G. V. Krupanidhi, Chamanlal, and Shankar, thecartoonist.In fact, it was Pothan Joseph who invited Shankarto join the newspaper, marking his start as the fatherof Indian cartooning.’’He left the newspaper for a prolonged stay inEurope in 1936 and wrote about his meeting withGerald Heard, H. G. Wells, George Moore, andthe Archbishop of Canterbury. After his return toIndia, he joined the Indian Express in 1938. He alsointeracted with great political personalities such asChou En-lai.Pothan Joseph who had championed the cause ofthe Congress felt uncomfortable when the communalproblem flared up. When he accepted MohammedAli Jinnah’s invitation to edit the Delhi paperDawn, several eyebrows were raised, but accordingto Jaiboy Joseph, “Father had written many anarticle directed at saving the unity of the country.One ingenious study, a plan called the ‘TransverseDevice’ was distributed to opinion-makers as areprint on the suggestion of C. Rajagopalachari.”In his discussions with his father about histemporary association with Jinnah, Jaiboy couldconclude that his father joined Jinnah in the hopeof persuading that important leader of the MuslimLeague at that time to rethink about Partition.Finally he left Jinnah and the Dawn in 1944 withthese words: “There is a limit to which I can stretchmy logic about Partition.”From Dawn, Pothan Joseph went to the PrincipalInformation Officer’s job. But journalism was hisfirst love and he had some bitter experiences withBritish bureaucrats. Once, this fiercely independentPq¬ 2013journalist lost his cool when George Abell, ViceroyWavell’s chief adviser and political aide, wasoverheard at a dinner party referring to him as “thatblack man.” He simply punched Abell and walkedout of the party as well as the job of the PrincipalInformation Officer in the British Government ofIndia.As a free thinker and humanist, Pothan Josephdid always demand editorial freedom, and upheldthat the proprietors of newspapers should take goodcare of those who worked in the editorial wing andshould never encroach upon their freedom. Veryoften he would defend the freedom of the editorand also the editorial staff. Even before unionizationcame, he pleaded for proper payment to deservingjournalists.Was he a bohemian? To some extent, yes; buthe never shirked his responsibilities or spoiled hisduties as an editor. He was, as mentioned before,well-versed in English classics and contemporaryworld literature. Though many of his fair-weatherfriends never lost a chance to enjoy adversecomments about him, they always maintainedthat he was the embodiment of sincerity andhonesty. Occasionally he indulged in sarcasm and
irony, and quite often his sense of humour savedhim from embarrassing situations. Jinnah oncetold him plainly that he (Pothan) was “elevatinghimself spiritually” too often and too much. Jinnahgot quite a startling but scintillating reply: “Mr.Jinnah, your parents were thoughtful enough toput ‘gin’ in your name. As for me, I have to fendfor myself.” 1 One famous example of PJ’s brillianceas an editor with a flair for language and legalacumen was the “apology” he tendered through theBombay Chronicle. When a resolution in the BombayLegislative Council was rejected (it was about theselection of the Municipal Commissioner), PothanJoseph wrote: “Men who behave like dogs should betreated like dogs.”The paper was asked to apologise and hecomplied. If the odious comparison of municipalcouncillors to dogs offended the members andofficials, Pothan gave a larger dose of “dogs” inhis apology; he referred to the Home Member ofthe then Viceroy’s Executive Council as the faithfulwatchdog of the legislature’s rights. In his one-paraapology, the word “dog” appeared at half a dozenplaces! His brilliant apology had to be accepted.But his greatest service to journalism was that hecould spot the best journalists and get them underhis fold. During his editorship of the HindustanTimes (1932–1936), as mentioned, he could mould ateam of excellent editors and a great cartoonist. In1938 Ramnath Goenka bought the Indian Express, “astruggling newspaper “in Madras. Pothan who hadreturned from his two-year stint in Europe took upits editorship and put it on its feet with his crusadingeditorials and a popular column, “Over a Cup ofTea.”This most thought-provoking and witty columnin the Indian Express was started in the 1920s whenhe and Horniman had brought out the Voice of India.It was revived in the late 1930s when he editedthe Indian Express. PJ wrote this column for 40years. From it one could learn history, geography,physics, philosophy, and literature. It was a columnfull of humour, irony, worldly wisdom, and trulymemorable linguistic expressions that every writerwould benefit from.PJ rejoined the Indian Express in 1946, but left tosettle down in Bangalore where he edited a newdaily Deccan Herald, and eventually Swarajya at theinsistence of Rajaji. Bangalore became his placeof permanent residence for the rest of his life andoffered him new habits—morning walks, swimming,and other physical exercises.During this period, despite all his outwardexuberance and ebullience, he nursed bouts ofsadness in his personal life because of some tragicexperiences. The deaths of his dear and devotedwife, Anna, and their oldest daughter, Gracie,had made ineffaceable dents on his inner self,and perhaps like Charles Lamb he laughed tosave himself from tears. And despite his tragicaccident late in life, while crossing a street close tohis house in Bangalore, and the “cabined, cribbed,and confined” life that followed, he tried to be ascheerful as he could, reading and conversing withfriends. At the age of 80, PJ passed away peacefullyon 2 November 1972.PJ will always be remembered as a greatjournalist endowed with profound scholarship,sense of humour, deep convictions, inimitable skillsin writing and editing, and above all a daring thatmany greedy quill-drivers in today’s media worldlack. Above all, he had the straightforwardness touphold the special role of the Editor in the mediabusiness.J. V. Vil’anilam, former Vice-Chancellor (1992–1996) ofthe University of <strong>Kerala</strong>, is a media educator. He headedthe Department of Communication & Journalism (1982–1992) in the same university. A UGC Professor Emeritusin Communication, he has lectured in many universitiesin India and the United States. Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.1. George, T. J. S. 2007. Lessons in Journalism: Story ofPothan Joseph. New Delhi: Viva BooksPq¬ 2013(25)
(26)CâÀs‐\-ä‐nð h‐nhc‐w t‐XS‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ 2_‐n. Fk‐v. _‐n-a‐n-\‐nX‐vC-t‐a-P‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vC‐v a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯Is‐â {‐][‐m\ h‐nhct‐iJct‐W‐m]‐m[‐nIf‐ns‐e‐m‐mW‐v CâÀs‐\ä‐v. FÃ‐m h‐nhc§f‐p‐w e`‐ya‐mb Øe‐w FK‐pW¯‐ns‐\‐m¸‐w [‐mc‐mf‐w A\‐mhi‐yh‐nhc§f‐p‐w s‐Xä‐mbh‐nhc§f‐p‐w DÅ CS‐w I‐qS‐nb‐ms‐W A]ISh‐p‐w Ch‐ns‐Sb‐pï‐v.{‐i²‐n¨‐ns‐æ‐n A_²¡Se‐ne‐mh‐p‐w s‐N‐ph‐og‐pI. CâÀs‐\ä‐nÂh‐nhc§Ä t‐XS‐nb‐pÅ s‐kÀ¨‐v F§s‐\ Ff‐p¸h‐p‐w I‐rX‐yh‐pa‐m¡‐m‐w F h‐nhc§f‐mW‐v C‐u t‐eJ\¯‐nÂ. t‐Icf {‐]k‐vA¡‐mZa‐n AS‐p¯‐pXs‐ {‐]k‐n²‐oIc‐n¡‐p ]‐pk‐vXI¯‐nÂ\‐n‐pÅ Hc‐p `‐mKa‐mW‐nX‐v.-à‐n-]-c-a‐m-b‐me‐p‐w H‐u-t‐Z‐y‐mhyK‐n-Ia‐m-b‐me‐p‐w\½Äcï‐maX‐mb‐n {‐][‐m\a‐mb‐p‐w s‐kÀ¨‐vs‐N¿‐pX‐v N‐n{‐X§Ä¡‐pt‐hï‐nb‐mW‐v.a‐n¡h‐md‐p‐w FÃ‐m s‐kÀ¨‐vF³P‐n\‐ne‐p‐w Hc‐p Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vH‐m]‐vj\‐pï‐mI‐p‐w. k‐m-[‐m-cW t‐]‐ms‐eI‐o-t‐h-U‐p-I-f‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vs‐Nb‐v-X‐m s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐nÂ\‐n‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§f‐p‐w Ahb‐ps‐Se‐n¦‐pIf‐p‐w A\‐p_Ôh‐nhc§f‐p‐we`‐n¡‐p‐w. F‐m \½‐ps‐SBhi‐y¯‐n\\‐pkc‐n¨‐v kab‐w]‐mg‐m¡‐ms‐X F{‐Xb‐p‐w s‐]s‐«‐vBhi‐ya‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§Ä Is‐ï¯‐m³Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐ns‐â N‐ne AS‐nØ‐m-\I‐m-c‐y-§Ä A-d‐n-ª‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-X‐v \-‐mb‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w.k‐m[‐mcW s‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIÄ‐,N‐n{‐X§Ä¡‐pt‐hï‐n a‐m{‐Xa‐pÅs‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIÄ‐, k‐uP\‐yt‐^‐mt‐«‐m s‐jbd‐nM‐v s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIÄ‐,CâÀs‐\ä‐p hg‐n s‐{‐]‐m^jWe‐mb‐nN‐n{‐X§Ä h‐ne‐v]\ \S¯‐ps‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIÄ F‐n§s‐\N‐n{‐X§f‐ps‐S Ddh‐nS§Ä\‐nch[‐nb‐mW‐v. CâÀs‐\ä‐n \‐n‐pe`‐n¡‐p N‐n{‐X§Ä h‐ni‐zk\‐obh‐p‐wt‐I‐m¸‐ns‐s‐dä‐pÄs‐¸s‐Sb‐pÅ \‐nba{‐]i‐v\§f‐nÃ‐m¯hb‐pa‐ms‐W‐vDd¸‐m¡‐nt‐hW‐w X‐ncs‐ªS‐p¡‐m³.\½‐ps‐S s‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIs‐fÃ‐m‐wt‐k‐mj‐y s‐\ä‐vhÀ¡‐nM‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐pÄs‐¸s‐S CâÀs‐\ä‐ns‐e s‐]‐mX‐p CS§f‐ns‐e N‐n{‐X§Ä I‐qS‐n ]et‐¸‐mg‐p‐we‐nk‐vä‐v s‐N¿‐md‐pï‐v FX‐n\‐mÂ]‐pX‐nbI‐me¯‐v N‐n{‐X§s‐fS‐p¯‐v {‐]k‐m[\ Bhi‐y§Ä¡‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄ {‐i² I‐qS‐pX t‐hW‐w.images.google.com, images.search.yahoo.com, images.ask.com,images.bing.com X‐pS§‐nbhb‐mW‐vk‐m[‐mcWb‐mb‐n D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨‐p hc‐ps‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIÄ.elzr.com/imagery, picsearch.com, incogna.com, skylines.ioX‐pS§‐nbh N‐n{‐X§Ä a‐m{‐X‐we`‐n¡‐p s‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIf‐mW‐v.flickr.com, photobucket.com,webshots.com X‐pS§‐nbh k‐uP\‐yt‐^‐mt‐«‐m s‐jbd‐nM‐v s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐p‐wwww.corbisimages.com, www.gettyimages.in X‐pS§‐nbh ]W‐w\ÂI‐n N‐n{‐X§Ä h‐m§‐mh‐pH‐m¬s‐s‐e³ N‐n{‐X s‐s‐e{‐_d‐nIf‐mW‐v.sxc.hu t‐]‐ms‐e `‐mK‐nIa‐mb‐nk‐uP\‐y N‐n{‐X§Ä \ÂI‐p N‐n{‐Xs‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐p‐w e`‐ya‐mW‐v.s‐kÀ¨‐v t‐_‐mI‐vk‐n\‐p X‐ms‐g\a‐p¡‐mhi‐ya‐pÅ ^e‐w \J¨‐n{‐X§f‐mb‐n (thumbnail‐)hc‐p‐w. AX‐n\‐p a‐pIf‐n IÀkÀs‐h¨‐mÂ‐, As‐æ‐n X¼‐vs‐\b‐ne‐n\‐pX‐ms‐g Xs‐‐, N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â t‐]c‐v‐, he‐n¸‐w‐, ka‐m\a‐mb N‐n{‐X§ÄX‐ncb‐m\‐p‐w‐, I‐qS‐pX he‐n¸a‐pÅN‐n{‐X§Ä t‐XS‐m\‐pa‐pÅ e‐n¦‐pIÄFó‐nh I‐mW‐p‐w. CS¯‐p `‐mKt‐¯‐ma‐pIf‐nt‐e‐m s‐kÀ¨‐v ^e§Ä I‐qS‐pXÂI‐rX‐ya‐m¡‐m\‐pÅ k‐wh‐n[‐m\§f‐p‐wI‐mW‐p‐w. CX‐mW‐v k‐m[‐mcW Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐n N‐n{‐X§ÄAS‐p¡‐ns‐h¡‐p c‐oX‐n. t‐¢‐mk‐vA¸‐v‐, \‐nd‐w‐, hc¨t‐X‐m bY‐mÀ°N‐n{‐Xt‐a‐m‐, he‐n¸‐w‐, h‐njb‐w X‐pS§‐nbt‐aJeb‐n k‐vs‐]j‐ys‐s‐ek‐vs‐Nb‐vXhs‐bhI‐mis‐¸«‐mW‐vN‐n{‐X‐w a‐m{‐X‐w \ÂI‐p s‐kÀ¨‐vF³P‐n\‐pIÄ a‐n¡X‐p‐w t‐]s‐cS‐p¯X‐v.F‐m AhÀ FS‐p¯‐p]db‐p{‐]t‐X‐yIXIf‐n _l‐p`‐qc‐n]£h‐pa‐pÄs‐¸S‐p¯‐nb‐mW‐v C‐v K‐qK‐nÄCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v c‐wK¯‐pÅX‐v.ka‐m\a‐mb aä‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐pIÄCt‐X k‐uIc‐y§s‐f‐ms‐¡\ÂI‐p‐ps‐ï¦‐ne‐p‐wN‐n{‐X§fS‐p¡‐ns‐¡‐mS‐p¡‐pc‐oX‐nb‐p‐w ef‐nXa‐mb‐n s‐s‐II‐mc‐y‐ws‐N¿‐ms‐a‐pÅX‐pa‐mW‐v K‐qK‐nÄ Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐ns‐\ a‐p‐ns‐e¯‐n¨X‐v.K‐qK‐nÄ Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vK‐qK‐nÄ s‐kÀ¨‐v t‐_‐mI‐vk‐n\‐pa‐pIf‐ne‐pÅ Ct‐aP‐v e‐n¦‐n ¢‐n¡‐ps‐Nb‐vt‐X‐m‐, www.images.google.com, www.google.co/images F‐oA{‐UÊ‐pIf‐n t‐\c‐nt‐«‐m K‐qK‐nÄCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐ns‐e¯‐m‐w. k‐m[‐mcWt‐]‐ms‐e t‐hï I‐ot‐hU‐pIÄ D]Pq¬ 2013
(27)K‐qK‐nÄ Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vt‐b‐mK‐n¨‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐Nb‐vX‐mÂa‐p³KW\‐m {‐Ia¯‐n ^e§ÄAS‐p¡‐ns‐h¨‐p Xc‐p‐w. C\‐n AX‐phs‐c\½Ä s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐Nb‐vX s‐SI‐vÌ‐v^e§f‐ps‐S At‐X I‐ot‐hU‐ne‐pÅN‐n{‐X§f‐mW‐v t‐hïs‐X¦‐n s‐kÀ¨‐vt‐_‐mI‐vk‐n\‐p a‐pIf‐ne‐pÅ Ct‐aPk‐vF e‐n¦‐n t‐\c‐n«‐p ¢‐n¡‐p s‐Nb‐vX‐p‐w^e‐w Is‐ï¯‐m‐w.N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â X¼‐vs‐\b‐ne‐nÂIÀkÀ s‐h¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄ Xs‐ ^bÂs‐s‐S¸‐v kl‐nX‐w N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â t‐]c‐v‐,GX‐v s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐n \‐n‐v‐, h‐oX‐n‐,Dbc‐w F‐o h‐nhc§f‐p‐w ka‐m\a‐mbh X‐ncs‐ªS‐p¡‐m³ silmiler‐, aä‐vhe‐n¸§f‐ne‐pÅ N‐n{‐X¯‐n\‐v ‐moresizes‐ F‐o e‐n¦‐pIf‐p‐w e`‐n¡‐p‐w.¢‐n¡‐p s‐Nb‐vX‐m CSX‐p`‐mK¯‐vN‐n{‐Xh‐p‐w _‐mI‐v{‐K‐uï‐n N‐n{‐Xa‐pÅs‐h_‐v t‐]P‐p‐w I‐mW‐m‐w. he¯‐vN‐n{‐Xt‐¯¡‐pd‐n¨‐pÅ h‐nhc§f‐p‐wH¸‐w N‐n{‐Xa‐pÅ s‐h_‐v t‐]P‐nt‐e¡‐p‐w‐,N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â bY‐mÀ° he‐n¸¯‐nÂI‐mW‐m\‐pa‐pÅ e‐n¦‐pIf‐p‐w I‐mW‐m‐w.Hc‐p k‐m[‐mcW Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐n\‐vC{‐Xb‐p‐w I‐mc‐y‐w [‐mc‐mf‐w aX‐n.Bhi‐ya‐pÅ he‐n¸¯‐ne‐pÅ N‐n{‐X‐wIs‐ï¯‐nb‐m s‐s‐dä‐v ¢‐n¡‐ne‐qs‐SAh t‐kh‐v s‐N¿‐m‐w.F‐m I‐ot‐hU‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨‐vs‐kÀ¨‐v s‐Nb‐vX‐m I‐n«‐pX‐v Dt‐±i‐n¨N‐n{‐X‐w Xs‐b‐mhWs‐a‐v Hc‐p\‐nÀ_Ôh‐pa‐nÃ. I‐mcW‐w \½Ä\‐nÀt‐±i‐n¨ I‐ot‐hU‐pa‐mb‐n _Ôa‐pÅaä‐p ]e N‐n{‐X§f‐p‐w CS¡‐v IS‐pI‐qS‐md‐pï‐v. k‐wiba‐ps‐ï¦‐nÂK‐qK‐nÄ Ø‐m]Ic‐mb e‐md‐n t‐]P‐v‐,s‐kÀP‐n {‐_‐n³ F‐nhc‐ps‐S t‐]c‐pIÄXs‐ K‐qK‐nÄ Ct‐aPk‐n s‐kÀ¨‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐p t‐\‐m¡‐nb‐m aX‐n. C§s‐\s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐Nb‐vX‐p t‐\‐m¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄC´‐y¡‐mc\‐mb c‐mP‐oh‐vt‐a‐mX‐vh‐m\‐nb‐ps‐S N‐n{‐X‐w e`‐n¡‐p‐w.Cc‐phc‐pt‐Sb‐p‐w a‐pJ‐y D]t‐ZiI\‐mbc‐mP‐oh‐ns‐\ ac‐n¨ \‐neb‐nÂIs‐ï¯‐ns‐b s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐vh‐mÀ¯b‐ns‐e N‐n{‐Xa‐mW‐nX‐v. e‐md‐n t‐]P‐nt‐âb‐p‐w s‐kÀP‐n {‐_‐n‐nt‐âb‐p‐w t‐]c‐pIÄ h‐mÀ¯b‐ps‐S Xes‐¡«‐ne‐p‐wDÅS¡¯‐ne‐pa‐pï‐v. AX‐n\‐mÂN‐n{‐X‐w Chc‐pt‐St‐X‐m Chc‐pa‐mb‐n_Ôs‐¸«hc‐pt‐St‐X‐m Bs‐W‐vK‐qK‐nÄ [c‐n¨X‐mW‐v c‐mP‐oh‐ns‐â N‐n{‐X‐whc‐m³ I‐mcW‐w. K‐qK‐nf‐n\‐v s‐Xä‐v ]ä‐ms‐aX‐ps‐I‐mï‐v k‐wiba‐pÅN‐n{‐X§Ä X‐ncs‐ªS‐p¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄbY‐mÀ° s‐h_‐v t‐]P‐v Iï‐vDd¸‐phc‐p¯‐nb t‐ij‐w t‐hW‐w N‐n{‐X‐wX‐ncs‐ªS‐pt‐¡ïX‐v.s‐kÀ¨‐v ^e§f‐ps‐S F®‐w I‐pd¨‐v\a‐p¡‐v Bhi‐ya‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§Ä t‐\c‐n«‐v Iï‐p]‐nS‐n¡‐m³ CSX‐p`‐mK¯‐pÅH‐m]‐vj\‐pIÄ D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m‐w. G{‐XI‐me¯‐n\‐pÅ‐n {‐]k‐n²‐oIc‐n¨h(Any time, Past 24 hours, Pastweek‐)‐, GX‐v he‐n¸¯‐ne‐pÅh (Anysize, Large, Medium, Icon, Largerthan..., Exactly...)‐, GX‐v \‐nd¯‐n\‐va‐p³X‐q¡a‐pÅh (Any color, Fullcolor, Black and white, Red, green,blue...)‐, a‐pJ‐w‐, ¢‐n¸‐v BÀ«‐v‐, s‐s‐e³t‐{‐U‐mb‐nM‐v X‐pS§‐nbX‐n t‐hïhX‐ncs‐ªS‐p¯‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v I‐qS‐pXÂI‐rX‐ya‐m¡‐m‐w. N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â he‐n¸‐wI‐rX‐ya‐mb‐n \ÂI‐n s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐N¿‐m\‐p‐wk‐uIc‐ya‐pï‐v. s‐s‐e‐wK‐nIXb‐pÅN‐n{‐X§Ä Hg‐nh‐m¡‐m³ s‐kb‐v^‐vs‐kÀ¨‐v F H‐m]‐vj\‐p‐w s‐kÀ¨‐v t‐]P‐n Xs‐b‐pï‐v.s‐kÀ¨‐v F³P‐n\‐n s‐]‐mX‐ph‐mb‐nD]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐mh‐p ^‐n«d‐pIÄCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐ne‐p‐w D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m‐w.I‐qS‐pX I‐rX‐ya‐mb Ac‐n¸k‐wh‐n[‐m\§Ä¡‐v Advanced searchsettings D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m‐w. t‐\ct‐¯]dªX‐pt‐]‐ms‐e I‐ot‐hU‐pIÄ¡‐p]‐pdt‐a I‐rX‐ya‐mb h‐m¡‐pIf‐p‐w(“frost flower”)‐, Gs‐X¦‐ne‐ps‐a‐mc‐pI‐ot‐hU‐v (Yuva OR Youth‐)‐,Hg‐nh‐mt‐¡ïh (-young) F‐oH‐m]‐vj\‐pIÄ Ch‐ns‐Sb‐pï‐v. t‐l‐m‐wt‐]P‐ne‐pÅ ^‐n«d‐pIÄ¡‐p ]‐pdt‐a^b s‐s‐S¸‐v (.jpg, .png, .tiff‐) D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐N¿‐m³ Ch‐ns‐Sk‐wh‐n[‐m\a‐pï‐v. t‐I‐m¸‐ns‐s‐dä‐v/s‐s‐ek³k‐v \‐n_Ô\If‐pÅhb‐p‐wCÃ‐m¯hb‐p‐w ^‐n«À s‐N¿‐m\‐pÅH‐m]‐vj\‐pa‐pï‐v. FÃ‐mXc‐wN‐n{‐X§f‐p‐w‐, D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m\‐p‐ws‐s‐Ia‐md‐m\‐p‐w Ig‐nb‐ph‐,h‐mW‐nP‐y‐mhi‐y§Ä¡‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m\‐mI‐ph‐, ]c‐nj‐vIc‐n¡‐m³A\‐ph‐mZa‐pÅh F‐n§s‐\Bhi‐ya‐pÅ Xc¯‐ne‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§ÄX‐ncs‐ªS‐p¡‐m‐w.I‐pd‐p¡‐phg‐nIÄK‐qK‐nÄ s‐kÀ¨‐ns‐â {‐][‐m\I‐pd‐p¡‐phg‐nIs‐fÃ‐m‐w Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐ne‐p‐w D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m‐w. AX‐n\‐p]‐pdt‐a N‐n{‐X§f‐pa‐mb‐n _Ôs‐¸«‐vFf‐p¸¯‐n ^e§Ä ^‐n«Às‐N¿‐m³ N‐ne hg‐nIf‐pï‐v.white lotus filetype:gif þPq¬ 2013
(28)s‐hů‐macb‐ps‐S .gif s‐s‐S¸‐v^be‐pIÄ¡‐v‐white lotus imagesize:800x600 þs‐hů‐macb‐ps‐S 800x600 ]‐nI‐vkÂA\‐p]‐mX¯‐ne‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§Ä¡‐v"white lotus" þ s‐hů‐maca‐m{‐X‐w"white lotus" -car þ I‐mÀ Hg‐nh‐m¡‐nb t‐ija‐pÅ s‐hů‐macb‐ps‐SN‐n{‐X§Äwhite lotus site:bbc.co.uk þs‐hů‐macb‐ps‐S N‐n{‐X§Ä bbc.co.uk F s‐s‐kä‐n \‐n‐p‐w.CX‐pt‐]‐ms‐e t‐\ct‐¯s‐]‐mX‐p s‐kÀ¨‐n D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨s‐]‐mS‐ns‐s‐¡IÄ b‐pà‐n t‐]‐ms‐e D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m‐w.K‐q-K‐nÄ d‐nt‐hg‐vk‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vI‐ot‐hU‐pIÄ D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨‐vN‐n{‐X§Ä s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐N¿‐pX‐pt‐]‐ms‐eHc‐p N‐n{‐X‐w D]t‐b‐mK‐n¨‐v ka‐m\N‐n{‐X§Ä s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐N¿‐m\‐p‐w K‐qK‐nÄCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐n Ig‐nb‐p‐w. www.tineye.com, www.revimg.nett‐]‐ms‐e d‐nt‐hg‐vk‐v Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vk‐wh‐n[‐m\§Ä s‐\ä‐n Ht‐«s‐db‐pï‐v.Gäh‐p‐w he‐nb Ct‐aP‐v C³UI‐vk‐vs‐s‐Ihia‐pÅX‐mW‐v K‐qK‐nf‐ns‐\ Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐n H‐maX‐m¡‐pX‐v.K‐qK‐nÄ U‐mä‐m s‐_b‐vk‐nÂk‐q£‐n¨‐nc‐n¡‐p N‐n{‐X§f‐ps‐St‐iJc¯‐n \‐n‐p‐w \½Ä \ÂI‐pN‐n{‐X§t‐f‐mS‐v k‐ma‐ya‐pÅh Is‐ï¯‐ne‐nk‐vä‐v s‐N¿‐pIb‐mW‐v K‐qK‐nÄCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v s‐N¿‐pX‐v. Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐v t‐_‐mI‐vk‐ns‐â heX‐p`‐mK¯‐vI‐mW‐p I‐y‐madb‐ps‐S N‐n{‐Xa‐mW‐vd‐nt‐hg‐vk‐v Ct‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐nt‐e¡‐pÅ]‐mX. Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐ns‐eN‐n{‐X§f‐ps‐S e‐n¦‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐nt‐¨‐mAs‐æ‐n I¼‐y‐q«d‐n \‐n‐p‐w N‐n{‐X‐wA]‐vt‐e‐mU‐p s‐Nb‐vt‐X‐m d‐nt‐hg‐vk‐vCt‐aP‐v s‐kÀ¨‐v k‐m[‐ya‐m¡‐m‐w.Chrome, Firefox 3.0+, InternetExplorer 8+, Safari 5.0+ X‐pS§‐nb{‐_‐ukd‐pIf‐n d‐nt‐hg‐vk‐v s‐kÀ¨‐vk‐wh‐n[‐m\‐w {‐]hÀ¯‐n¡‐p‐w.s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐ns‐e N‐n{‐X¯‐nÂs‐s‐dä‐v ¢‐n¡‐v s‐Nb‐vX‐m copy imageURL F H‐m]‐vj³ I‐mW‐m‐w.AX‐n ¢‐n¡‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐v URL t‐I‐m¸‐ns‐Nb‐vs‐XS‐p¯‐v t‐ij‐w K‐qK‐nÄ Ct‐aP‐vs‐kÀ¨‐ns‐e I‐y‐mad s‐F¡W‐n ¢‐n¡‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐m e`‐n¡‐p Paste imageURL F s‐kÀ¨‐v t‐_‐mI‐vk‐n t‐]Ì‐v (ctrl+v OR right click+paste‐)s‐N¿‐m‐w. t‐ij‐w s‐kÀ¨‐v _«¬AaÀ¯‐nb‐m At‐X N‐n{‐X§t‐f‐mk‐ma‐ya‐pÅ N‐n{‐X§t‐f‐m e`‐n¡‐p‐w.Pq¬ 2013I‐y‐mad s‐F¡W‐n ¢‐n¡‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐m e`‐n¡‐p t‐{‐U‐m]‐v U‐u¬s‐a\‐ph‐n \‐n‐p‐w ‐uploadimage F e‐n¦‐n ¢‐n¡‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐v Bhi‐ya‐pÅ N‐n{‐X‐wA]‐vt‐e‐mU‐v s‐N¿‐m‐w. Uk‐vt‐Î‐m¸‐nt‐e‐mat‐äs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐^‐mÄUd‐nt‐e‐m \‐n‐vN‐n{‐X‐w {‐U‐mK‐v s‐Nb‐vX‐v K‐qK‐nf‐ns‐âs‐kÀ¨‐v t‐_‐mI‐vk‐nt‐e¡‐v C«‐me‐p‐waX‐n. {‐_‐ukÀ K‐qK‐nÄ t‐{‐I‐m‐w‐,^bÀt‐^‐mI‐vk‐v 3.0 ¡‐p t‐ija‐pÅhChb‐nt‐es‐X¦‐ne‐ps‐a‐m‐ms‐W¦‐nt‐eC§s‐\ N‐n{‐X‐w ¢‐n¡‐p s‐Nb‐vX‐vhe‐n¨‐nS‐m\‐mh‐q.t‐^‐mt‐«‐m s‐jbd‐nM‐vs‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIÄk‐z´a‐mb‐n A¡‐uï‐pï‐m¡‐nk‐z´‐w t‐^‐mt‐«‐mIÄ A]‐vt‐e‐mU‐ps‐Nb‐vX‐v aä‐pÅhÀ¡‐v ]¦‐nS‐mh‐ps‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐mW‐nh. K‐qK‐nf‐ns‐â]‐n¡‐mk (picasaweb.google.com)‐,b‐ml‐qh‐ns‐â ^‐vf‐n¡À (‐www.flickr.com)‐, t‐^‐mt‐«‐m _¡ä‐v(‐photobucket.com‐) X‐pS§‐nC¯c‐w Ht‐«s‐d s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐pï‐v.C¯c‐w s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIf‐ns‐e¯‐nAX‐ne‐pÅ s‐kÀ¨‐v k‐wh‐n[‐m\‐whg‐n N‐n{‐X§Ä Is‐ïS‐p¡‐m‐w. {‐]k‐n²‐oIcW Bhi‐y¯‐n\‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐m\‐ms‐W¦‐n BN‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â DSab‐pa‐mb‐n Cs‐ab‐nÂhg‐nt‐b‐m t‐\c‐nt‐«‐m _Ôs‐¸«‐vA\‐ph‐mZ‐w h‐m§‐nb t‐ijt‐a]‐mS‐pÅ‐qs‐h‐p a‐m{‐X‐wh‐n¡‐n¸‐oU‐nb Ct‐a-P‐vA-S‐nØ‐m-\ h‐n-h-c-§Ä-s‐¡--t‐]‐m-s‐e A-X‐y‐mhi‐y N‐n-{‐X-§Äe-`‐n-¡‐m\‐p‐w t‐\-c‐n-«‐v k-a‐o-]‐n-¡‐m-h‐p-Ø-e-a‐m-W‐v t‐e‐mI-s‐¯ G-äh‐p‐w he‐n-bh‐n-h-c t‐i-J-ca‐m-b h‐n-¡‐n-¸‐o-U‐n-b-s‐b\‐n-b-{‐´‐n-¡‐p- h‐n-¡‐n-a‐o-U‐n-b-b‐p-s‐St‐I‐m-a¬-k‐v F- t‐iJ-c‐w. commons.wikimedia.org F- e‐n-¦‐n s‐N-‐m N‐n-{‐X-§f‐p‐w h‐oU‐n-t‐b‐m-I-f‐p‐wi-Ð-i-I-e-§f‐p‐w e-`‐n-¡‐p‐w. C-t‐a-P‐v e‐n-¦‐n ¢‐n-¡‐p s‐N-b‐v-X‐v _-Ô-s‐¸-« I‐o-t‐h-U‐p-I-f‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v N‐n-{‐X-§Ä t‐\-c‐n-«‐vX‐n-c-s‐ª-S‐p-¡‐m‐w.H‐m¬s‐s‐e³"t‐^‐mt‐«‐mt‐j‐m¸‐p‐'IÄN‐n-{‐X-§Ä F-U‐n-ä‐p s‐N-¿‐m\‐p‐wt‐h-W-s‐a-¦‐n a-ä‐p-Å-hÀ-¡‐v ]-¦‐ps‐h-¡‐m\‐p‐wk‐u-I-c‐y-a‐p-Å H‐m¬s‐s‐e³k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\-§Ä \‐n-c-h-[‐n-b‐pï‐v. t‐^‐mt‐«‐m FU‐nä‐n‐wK‐vP\I‐obh‐p‐w ef‐nXh‐pa‐m¡‐nbAt‐U‐m_‐n t‐^‐mt‐«‐mt‐j‐m¸‐ns‐â ]c‐na‐nX H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ ]-X‐n-¸‐v A-¯c¯‐n-s‐e‐m-‐mW‐v.cï‐v P‐n_‐nØeh‐p‐w Hc‐p k‐m[‐mcW D]t‐`‐mà‐mh‐n\‐v Bhi‐ya‐mb FU‐nä‐n‐wK‐vk‐wh‐n[‐m\§f‐p‐w t‐^‐mt‐«‐mt‐j‐m¸‐vFI‐vk‐v{‐]-Ê‐v (‐www.photoshop.com) F- C‐u k‐w-h‐n-[-‐m-\-¯‐ne‐pï‐v.Hc‐p BÂ_¯‐nt‐âb‐p‐wAt‐X kab‐w t‐^‐mt‐«‐m FU‐nä‐n‐wK‐vt‐k‐m^‐vä‐vs‐hbd‐nt‐âb‐p‐w Bhi‐y§ÄHt‐c kab‐w k‐m[‐n¨ Xc‐phb‐mW‐vH‐m¬s‐s‐e³ t‐^‐mt‐«‐mt‐j‐m¸‐pIs‐f‐vN‐pc‐p¡‐n¸db‐m‐w.K‐qK‐nf‐ns‐â H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ t‐^‐mt‐«‐ms‐jbd‐n‐wK‐v k‐wh‐n[‐m\a‐mb ]‐n-¡‐m-k-b‐ne‐p‐w (picasaweb.google.com‐) k-a‐m-\-a‐m-b k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐pï‐v. t‐^‐mt‐«‐m FU‐nä‐p s‐N¿‐m\‐p‐wt‐{‐I‐mU‐oIc‐n¡‐m\‐p‐w At‐Xt‐]c‐nÂe-`‐n-¡‐p t‐k‐m^‐vä‐v s‐h-b-d‐n-e‐q-t‐Sb‐p‐wI-g‐n-b‐p‐w. C‐u t‐k‐m-^‐v-ä‐v t‐hÀ h-g‐n ]‐n-¡‐m-k-b‐n-t‐e¡‐v t‐^‐mt‐«‐m A]‐v-t‐e‐m-U‐ps‐N-¿‐p-I-b‐p-a‐m-I‐m‐w.k‐z-´-a‐mb‐n A-¡‐u-ï‐nÃ‐ms‐Xt‐^‐mt‐«‐m FU‐nä‐v s‐N¿‐mh‐pk‐wh‐n[‐m\a‐mW‐v ]‐nI‐v\‐n-I‐v (‐www.picnik.com). H‐m¬s‐s‐e³t‐^‐mt‐«‐m s‐s‐e{‐_d‐nIf‐mb]‐n¡‐mkb‐nt‐et‐b‐m ^‐vf‐n¡d‐nt‐et‐b‐mt‐^‐mt‐«‐m _¡ä‐nt‐et‐b‐m‐,s‐^b‐vk‐v_‐p¡‐nt‐et‐b‐m at‐äs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐ws‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐nt‐et‐b‐m t‐^‐mt‐«‐mIÄk‐z‐oIc‐n¨‐v FU‐nä‐p s‐N¿‐m\‐pÅk‐wh‐n[‐m-\-a‐mW‐v k‐v-¹‐mj¸‐v (‐www.splashup.com). At‐U‐m_‐nt‐^‐mt‐«‐mt‐j‐m¸‐ns‐â H‐m¬s‐s‐e³c‐q]s‐a‐v s‐Xä‐n²c‐n¡‐mh‐p{‐Xb‐p‐wk‐ma‐ya‐pÅX‐m-W‐v CX‐v.N‐n{‐X¯‐ns‐â he‐n¸¯‐ne‐p‐w\‐nd¯‐ne‐p‐w s‐Xf‐n¨¯‐ne‐ps‐aÃ‐m‐w a‐mä‐wh-c‐p¯‐p-I F- A-S‐nØ‐m-\ B-h-i‐y‐wa‐p-X ]-»‐n-j‐n-M‐v c‐w-K-¯‐n-\‐p t‐h-ïA-X‐y‐mh-i‐y t‐P‐m-e‐n-IÄ s‐N-¿‐m-h‐p-X-c-¯‐n-e‐p-Å k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\-§Ä h-s‐c-b‐p-Å H-t‐«s‐d H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\-§-f‐pï‐v. h‐y‐m]Ia‐mb‐n D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐pN‐ne t‐^‐mt‐«‐m FU‐nä‐n‐wK‐v s‐s‐kä‐pIÄX‐mgwww.aviary.com, www.nipshot.com, www.flauntr.com, www.drpic.com, www.pixenate.com, www.fotoflexer.com, www.phixr.com,www.photoshoponlinefree.com.(A-S‐p-¯ e-¡-¯‐n X‐p-S-c‐p‐w‐)amXr`qanbnð k_v FUnädmWvteJI³. teJIsâ Cþsabvð:biminith@gmail.com
(29){^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eusI. Fð. taml\hÀ½k‐m£ct‐Icf‐w Cc‐p«‐nðam[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv?hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsSteJI³.sshZ‐y‐pX‐nb‐ps‐S h‐neI‐qS‐nb‐m \½Ät‐Icf¯‐ns‐e aeb‐mf‐nIÄ AX‐ns‐\A{‐X K‐ucha‐mb‐n FS‐p¡‐nÃ.\‐m‐w k‐m£cc‐mW‐v. c‐mh‐ns‐e ]{‐X‐w h‐mb‐n¡‐p‐w. ]{‐X§Ä FÃ‐m‐wAX‐nc‐mh‐ns‐eXs‐ F\‐nt‐¡‐mAX‐pt‐]‐ms‐e k‐m£cc‐mb\½f‐n 99 iXa‐m\¯‐n\‐pt‐a‐ma\Ê‐ne‐mI‐m¯ s‐aK‐mh‐m«‐p‐wI‐nt‐e‐mh‐m«‐p‐w {‐S‐m³k‐va‐nj³t‐e‐mk‐p‐wP\t‐dj³ k‐mt‐¦X‐nI s‐s‐hXcW‐nIf‐p‐wt‐¥‐m_ I‐me‐mhØ‐mh‐yX‐nb‐m\§Ä a¬k‐qW‐ns‐âKX‐nh‐nKX‐nIf‐n hc‐p¯‐nb a‐mäh‐p‐wh‐nhc‐n¨‐v N‐ne k‐mt‐¦X‐nI ]W‐vU‐nXc‐ps‐S h‐nZK‐v²‐m`‐n{‐]‐mb§ÄI‐q«‐nt‐¨À¯‐v AX‐nat‐\‐mlca‐mbs‐s‐ie‐nb‐n d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐p Xb‐md‐m¡‐nA¨S‐n¨‐v \a‐p¡‐p h‐mb‐n¡‐m\‐mb‐nXc‐p‐p. \‐m‐w AX‐v h‐mb‐n¨‐v ka‐m[‐m\t‐¯‐ms‐S ]Ies‐¯ ]‐uhÀI«‐vad¡‐p‐p. c‐m{‐X‐nb‐ns‐e ]‐uhÀI«‐vXa‐ng‐v\‐mS‐ns‐\¡‐mÄ I‐pdh‐ms‐WX‐nÂkt‐´‐mj‐n¡‐p‐p. I‐mehÀj‐w t‐\cs‐¯ hc‐nà F‐p a‐m{‐XaÃ‐,C¯hW I‐pdh‐mb‐nc‐n¡‐ps‐a‐pa‐pÅI‐me‐mhØ‐m \‐nc‐o£Ic‐ps‐S Ø‐nc‐w{‐]hN\‐w h‐mb‐n¡‐p‐p. F‐n«‐v ]{‐X‐waS¡‐n s‐s‐hZ‐y‐pX‐n t‐_‐mÀU‐nt‐\‐mS‐p‐wa{‐´‐nt‐b‐mS‐p‐w klX]‐n¡‐p‐p.C‐u k‐mlNc‐y‐wk‐rj‐vS‐n¡s‐¸«X‐n h‐y‐mI‐pes‐¸«‐v\‐nc£cc‐mb D¯t‐c´‐y³ t‐K‐mk‐mb‐n{‐K‐ma‐oWc‐ps‐S a«‐v t‐Zj‐ys‐¸S‐p‐nÃ.kl‐y\‐n \½‐ps‐SN‐neh‐p I‐pdª Pes‐s‐hZ‐yX‐nDX‐v]‐mZ‐n¸‐n¡‐pAWs‐¡«‐pIÄ¡S‐p¯‐p`‐qI¼‐w hc‐p‐p. h‐mÀ¯b‐mW‐v.k‐p\‐ma‐ns‐b¡‐mÄ he‐nb `‐qI¼‐w.AX‐ns‐â d‐n¨‐väÀ k‐vs‐Ib‐ne‐p‐wic‐mic‐nIf‐p‐w Nc‐n{‐Xh‐p‐w`‐qa‐ni‐mk‐v{‐Xh‐p‐w \a‐p¡‐pt‐I«‐n«‐ps‐ïÃ‐ms‐X X‐nI¨‐p‐w A]c‐nN‐nXa‐mb k‐mt‐¦X‐nI]Z§f‐ps‐Sk‐z‐mZ‐p‐w \‐mS\‐p‐w t‐^‐md‐n\‐pa‐mbk‐mb‐n¸·‐mc‐ps‐S t‐]c‐pIf‐p‐w t‐NÀ¯‐vs‐Iâ‐p¡‐n N‐n¡t‐\‐m aI‐vs‐U‐m\‐mÄU‐v_ÀPt‐d‐m a«‐n h‐nf¼‐nb ]{‐Xh‐mÀ¯IÄ \‐nc´c‐w cï‐pa‐mkt‐¯‐mf‐w F‐p‐w c‐mh‐ns‐e\½‐ps‐S AS‐p¯‐v F¯‐pIb‐mW‐v.C‐u `‐qI¼¯‐n a‐pÃs‐¸c‐nb‐mÀAWs‐¡«‐p DS³ s‐]‐m«‐p‐w. B Pe{‐]h‐ml‐w Xa‐ng‐v\‐m«‐nt‐e¡‐p t‐]‐mI‐ms‐Xt‐\s‐c ]S‐nª‐mt‐d‐ms‐«‐mg‐pI‐nCS‐p¡‐n AWs‐¡«‐ns‐e¯‐pt‐¼‐mÄB U‐m‐w \‐ndª‐v X‐pf‐p¼‐ns‐]‐m«‐p‐w. CS‐p¡‐n FdW‐mI‐pf‐wP‐nÃIÄ Bs‐I s‐hů‐ne‐mI‐p‐w.45 e£‐w t‐]c‐ps‐S P‐oh³ A]IS¯‐ne‐mI‐p‐w. \‐m‐w ic‐n¡‐p‐w`bs‐¸«‐p. t‐Icf¯‐ne‐mZ‐ya‐mb‐nFÃ‐m c‐mj‐v{‐S‐obk‐ma‐pZ‐mb‐nI¸‐mÀ«‐nIf‐p‐w h‐ni‐z‐mk‐nIf‐p‐wAh‐ni‐z‐mk‐nIf‐p‐w F´‐n\‐v‐, P\a‐ms‐IH‐n¨‐v Bhi‐ys‐¸S‐p‐p. C‐uA]IS¯‐n \‐n‐v t‐Icfs‐¯c£‐n¡‐q. H«‐p‐w X‐mak‐nb‐ms‐XCS‐p¡‐n U‐ma‐n \‐ndª‐nc‐p Pe‐wX‐pd‐p h‐nS‐p‐p. a‐pÃs‐¸c‐nb‐mÀAWs‐¡«‐v `‐qI¼¯‐n s‐]‐m«‐nAh‐ns‐S \‐n‐v Hg‐pI‐n hc‐m\‐nSb‐pÅ{‐]h‐mls‐¯ k‐z‐oIc‐n¡‐m³ CS‐p¡‐nt‐h\¡‐mes‐¯ s‐s‐hZ‐y‐pX‐nDX‐v]‐mZ\¯‐n\‐v Ic‐pX‐nb‐nc‐pk‐z´‐w Pe‐w Dt‐]£‐n¡‐pX‐oc‐pa‐m\‐w \‐m‐w kt‐´‐mjt‐¯‐ms‐SDÄs‐¡‐mÅ‐p‐p. k‐z‐m`‐mh‐nIa‐mb‐p‐ws‐hÅa‐nÃ‐m¯ CS‐p¡‐nU‐ma‐n \‐n‐vs‐s‐hZ‐y‐pX‐nDX‐v]‐mZ\‐w I‐pdb‐p‐p.t‐e‐mU‐vs‐jU‐n‐wK‐v Ø‐nc‐w ]c‐n]‐mS‐nb‐mb‐n. \a‐p¡‐p h‐njaa‐nÃ.t‐I{‐µ]‐qf‐nð \‐n‐v s‐I‐mÃ‐ph‐neb‐v¡‐v s‐s‐hZ‐y‐pX‐n h‐m§‐ns‐¡‐mÅ‐q.\‐nc¡‐v I‐q«‐ns‐¡‐mÅ‐q. R§Ä¡‐v ]c‐mX‐nb‐nÃ.h‐mÀ¯IÄ \½‐ps‐St‐I‐ma¬s‐k³k‐ns‐\h‐nIea‐m¡‐nbX‐ns‐â ka‐o]I‐mes‐¯\à DZ‐mlcWa‐mb‐nc‐p‐p CX‐v.F´‐mW‐nX‐n\‐p I‐mcW‐w?CX‐nt‐¸‐mÄ t‐X‐m‐m³ Hc‐p\‐na‐n¯a‐pï‐mb‐n.Pq¬ 2013
(30)I‐pd¨‐p Z‐nhk‐w a‐p¼‐v s‐I‐m¨‐n \Kc{‐]‐m´¯‐ne‐pÅ {‐_Ò]‐pc¯‐vI¡‐qk‐v a‐me‐n\‐yk‐wk‐v¡cW¹‐mâ‐v \‐nÀ½‐n¡‐m³ Hc‐p s‐s‐{‐]hä‐vI¼\‐n¡‐v Øe‐w \ÂI‐pX‐n\‐vs‐s‐lt‐¡‐mSX‐n \ÂI‐nb \‐nÀt‐±is‐¯t‐N‐mZ‐y‐w s‐Nb‐vX‐v t‐IcfkÀ¡‐mÀkaÀ¸‐n¨ lÀP‐n ]c‐nKW‐n¡t‐h\½‐ps‐S k‐p{‐]‐n‐w t‐I‐mSX‐n Hc‐p ]c‐maÀi‐w \S¯‐pIb‐pï‐mb‐n.a‐me‐n\‐yk‐wk‐v¡cW¯‐n\‐va‐p\‐nk‐n¸‐me‐nä‐nIf‐n Hc‐p k‐wh‐n[‐m\‐wDï‐m¡‐m³ C‐phs‐c Ig‐nb‐m¯X‐v94% k‐m£cXb‐pÅ t‐Icf¯‐n\‐v\‐mWt‐¡S‐mW‐v F‐v. C‐u ]c‐maÀi‐wDï‐mI‐m³ I‐mcWa‐mb t‐Ik‐ns‐âic‐ns‐Xä‐pIÄ F´‐pa‐mIs‐«‐, AX‐vt‐I‐mSX‐n Ct‐¸‐mgs‐¯ \‐nbaa\‐pkc‐n¨‐vX‐oÀ¨s‐¸S‐p¯‐ns‐¡‐mÅ‐p‐w. ]s‐£ C‐u]c‐maÀi‐w‐, AX‐ns‐e {‐I‐qca‐mb kX‐y‐w‐,h‐mk‐vXh¯‐n \s‐½ Cc‐p¯‐nN‐n´‐n¸‐nt‐¡ïX‐mW‐v.k‐m£cX Hc‐p {‐]t‐X‐yIXc‐w]‐uc·‐ms‐c k‐rj‐vS‐n¡‐p‐pt‐ï‐m?k‐m£cX Hc‐p h‐n\b‐mt‐W‐m ?h‐y‐mhk‐mb‐nIh‐n¹hh‐p‐wk‐ma‐ql‐y]c‐nj‐v¡cW N‐n´If‐p‐wIg‐nª cï‐p \‐qä‐mï‐pIf‐nÂt‐e‐mIs‐a¼‐mS‐p‐w X‐zc‐nXs‐¸S‐m³I‐mcW‐w ]‐pk‐vXI§f‐ps‐S {‐]N‐mca‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. ]‐pk‐vXIh‐mb\b‐v¡‐vA\‐nh‐mc‐ya‐mbX‐v k‐m£cXb‐p‐w.k‐m£cÀ \‐nc£cs‐c¡‐mÄk‐z‐m`‐mh‐nIa‐mb‐p‐w h‐nhca‐pÅhc‐mb‐nIW¡‐m¡s‐¸«‐p. AhÀ¡‐v{]XnIcWwic‐ns‐Xä‐pIs‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐v h‐yàa‐mbt‐_‐m[h‐p‐w X‐oc‐pa‐m\s‐aS‐p¡‐m\‐pÅIg‐nh‐p‐w ]‐pk‐vXI§f‐ne‐qs‐S e`‐n¨h‐nÚ‐m\‐w \ÂI‐n. k‐p{‐]‐o‐wt‐I‐mSX‐n AZ‐v`‐pXs‐¸«X‐p‐w Ct‐X ]Ý‐m¯e¯‐ne‐mb‐nc‐p‐nc‐n¡W‐w.]s‐£ k‐m£cXb‐v¡‐v Hc‐pP\‐nXI{‐]i‐v\a‐pï‐v.h‐nÚ‐m\h‐p‐w h‐mÀ¯b‐p‐wIa‐y‐qW‐nt‐¡ä‐p s‐N¿‐pX‐v Ht‐cc‐oX‐nb‐ne‐mW‐v. ]‐pk‐vXIh‐p‐w ]{‐Xh‐p‐w‐,t‐\c‐n«‐p I‐mW‐m¯ e£¡W¡‐n\‐vBÄ¡‐mc‐pa‐mb‐pÅ Ia‐y‐qW‐nt‐¡j\‐vD]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐p s‐s‐]¸‐v H‐pXs‐b‐mW‐v. k‐m£cX. cï‐ne‐p‐wk‐m£cX t‐hW‐w. BZ‐yt‐¯X‐nÂ]‐pk‐vXIh‐mb\¡‐mc\‐v AX‐ns‐eh‐m¡‐pIÄ h‐nt‐\‐mZ¯‐n\‐p‐wh‐nÚ‐m\¯‐n\‐p‐w DXI‐pt‐¼‐mÄ ]{‐X‐w {‐][‐m\a‐mb‐p‐w As‐¯k‐w`h§f‐ps‐S X§f‐ps‐Sh‐o£W¯‐ne‐pÅ ic‐n¸X‐n¸‐ph‐mÀ¯b‐mb‐n \ÂI‐pIb‐mW‐vs‐N¿‐pX‐v. h‐mb\¡‐mc\‐v]‐pk‐vXI¯‐n e`‐n¡‐pt‐N‐mb‐vt‐k‐m‐, k‐mhI‐mit‐a‐m ]{‐X¯‐n e`‐n¡‐p‐nÃ. ]s‐£ Hc‐pl‐m_‐nä‐v F \‐neb‐n ]{‐X‐wk‐m£cs‐â s‐s‐Z\‐wZ‐n\ AX‐y‐mhi‐y]c‐n]‐mS‐nb‐ps‐S `‐mKa‐mb‐n a‐md‐p‐p.AX‐v hfs‐cs‐bf‐p¸‐w a\‐pj‐y\‐vk‐z‐m`‐mh‐nIa‐mb‐n e`‐n¨‐nc‐n¡‐pN‐n´‐mià‐n¡‐v Hc‐p Bb‐mkh‐p‐w\ÂI‐ms‐X Ad‐nh‐p t‐\S‐m³kl‐mb‐n¡‐p‐p. aä‐pÅhÀ \a‐p¡‐pt‐hï‐n N‐n´‐n¨‐v ic‐ns‐b‐v AhÀ¡‐pt‐X‐m‐nb \‐nKa\§Ä \a‐p¡‐pA¨S‐n¨ A£c§f‐ne‐qs‐S \ÂI‐p‐p.\‐m‐w AX‐ns‐\ A‐wK‐oIc‐n¡‐p‐p.B h‐m¡‐pIÄ \ÂI‐p Ad‐nh‐vic‐nb‐mt‐W‐m F‐v At‐\‐zj‐nt‐¡ïBhi‐y‐w t‐]‐me‐pa‐nÃ. AX‐ns‐\¡‐pd‐n¨‐v\a‐p¡‐v k‐wiba‐ps‐ï¦‐n Bk‐wib‐w X‐oÀ¡‐m³ t‐]‐me‐p‐w\‐nhÀ¯‐nb‐nÃ‐m¯h‐n[‐wAd‐nh‐pIf‐ps‐S he‐nb {‐]h‐ml‐w\s‐½ \b‐n¡‐pIb‐mW‐v.s‐]ÀI‐y‐m¸‐nä‐m ]{‐Xh‐mb\¡W¡‐n C´‐y³`‐mjIf‐n aeb‐mf¯‐n\‐mW‐v.H‐m‐wØ‐m\‐w. k‐z‐m`‐mh‐nIa‐mb‐p‐w \a‐p¡‐v\s‐½ t‐\c‐n«‐p _‐m[‐n¡‐p {‐]i‐v\§f‐nÂt‐]‐me‐p‐w \‐m‐w ]{‐X§s‐fB{‐ib‐n¡‐pIb‐mW‐v. \a‐p¡‐p k‐zb‐wN‐n´‐n¨‐v Hc‐p \‐nKa\¯‐ns‐et‐¯ïBhi‐y‐w hc‐p‐nÃ.hÀ¯a‐m\¸{‐X§s‐f a‐m{‐X‐wB{‐ib‐n¡‐p k‐m£cc‐mbX‐mt‐W‐mk‐p{‐]‐n‐w t‐I‐mSX‐ns‐b¡‐mï‐vt‐Icf‐obs‐c¡‐pd‐n¨‐v t‐a¸dª h‐n[‐wHc‐p A`‐n{‐]‐mb‐w ]db‐n¡‐m³I‐mcWa‐mbX‐v?N‐n´\‐oba‐mb h‐njba‐mW‐v.t\mhenÌpw ho£Wwap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³.teJIsâ Cþsabvð:varma.klmohana@gmail.com_‐n.BÀ.]‐n. `‐mk‐vIÀN‐mct‐¡k‐v: Fg‐pX‐nbX‐p‐w a\k‐ne‐m¡‐nbX‐p‐w. F³. _‐meI‐rj‐vW³{io Fs‐ hÃ‐ms‐Xs‐Xä‐n²c‐n¨‐nc‐n¡‐p‐p. At‐±l¯‐ns‐âh‐ni‐z‐mk§s‐f R‐m³ t‐N‐mZ‐y‐ws‐Nb‐vX‐n«‐nÃ. a‐m²‐ya§Äd‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐p s‐Nb‐vX c‐oX‐nb‐neÃ‐ms‐Xs‐F.Fk‐v.BÀ.H N‐mct‐¡k‐vt‐]‐me‐pÅ k‐w`h§Ä s‐s‐II‐mc‐y‐ws‐N¿‐m\‐mh‐ns‐Ã‐v At‐±l¯‐n\‐vh‐ni‐zk‐n¡Ws‐a¦‐n ]‐mS‐ns‐Ã‐v]db‐m³ R‐m\‐mc‐v? a‐m²‐yad‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐pIÄ \‐y‐mb‐oIc‐n¡‐pX‐n\‐vPq¬ 2013At‐±l‐w Db‐n¨ h‐mZ§f‐ns‐ehk‐vX‐pX‐m]caÃ‐m¯ N‐ne I‐mc‐y§ÄN‐qï‐n¡‐mW‐n¡‐pI a‐m{‐Xa‐mW‐v R‐m³s‐Nb‐vXX‐v. \¼‐n \‐mc‐mbWs‐\t‐I‐mSX‐n I‐päh‐na‐pà\‐m¡‐nbt‐X‐ms‐Sb‐mW‐v a‐m²‐ya d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«‐pIÄ t‐N‐mZ‐y‐ws‐N¿s‐¸«s‐X‐v At‐±ls‐ag‐pX‐n.CX‐pic‐nbs‐Ã‐v h‐yàa‐m¡‐m\‐mb‐nad‐nb‐w dj‐oZs‐b AdÌ‐v s‐Nb‐vXkab‐w a‐pX Xs‐ k¡d‐nbb‐p‐wR‐m\‐p‐w ]{‐Xh‐mÀ¯IÄ ]c‐nt‐i‐m[‐n¨‐v Ahb‐ns‐e A]‐mIXIÄN‐qï‐n¡‐mW‐n¨‐nc‐ps‐‐v R‐m³H‐mÀ½‐n¸‐n¨‐p. k‐n._‐n.s‐F. At‐\‐zj‐n¨‐vBt‐c‐m]W§Ä s‐I«‐n¨a¨X‐ms‐W‐vIs‐ï¯‐nbX‐ns‐\ X‐pSÀ‐mW‐v ]{‐Xh‐mÀ¯Is‐f I‐pd‐n¨‐v Bt‐£]§ÄDb‐n¨s‐X‐p‐w t‐I‐mSX‐nt‐b¡‐mÄh‐ni‐z‐mk‐w k‐n._‐n.s‐F b‐ne‐ms‐W‐vR‐m³ h‐yàa‐m¡‐nb‐nc‐n¡‐ps‐‐p‐wAt‐±l‐w ]‐pX‐nb I‐pd‐n¸‐n ]db‐p‐p.F\‐n¡‐v R‐m³ Fg‐pX‐nbX‐ns‐âD¯ch‐mZ‐nX‐zt‐ab‐pÅ‐p. At‐±l‐wa\k‐ne‐m¡‐nbX‐ns‐â D¯ch‐mZ‐nX‐z‐wI‐qS‐n Gs‐äS‐p¡‐m\‐mh‐nÃ.
ap³t] ]dóhÀ(31)]n. kpPm-X³‐F-g‐p-X‐n-s‐b-g‐p-X‐na‐m-b‐v-¨‐p-I-f-ª H-c‐mÄ]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amänadn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Äkrãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.P-\-§-f‐p-s‐S P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐â t‐a-· D-bÀ-¯‐m-\‐p-Å k‐w-L-S‐n-X{‐]-hÀ-¯-\-a‐m-W‐v c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b‐w. k‐m-[‐m-c-W P-\-§Ä ]-e-h‐n-[-¯‐n N‐q-j-Wh‐n-t‐[-b-c‐m-W‐v. A-h-s‐c A-X‐nÂ-\‐n-‐vc-£‐n-¨‐v k-a-X‐z t‐_‐m-[-t‐¯‐m-S‐p‐w A-hk-cX‐p-e‐y-X-t‐b‐m-S‐p‐w I‐q-S‐n P‐o-h‐n-¡‐m³k‐u-I-c‐y-s‐a‐m-c‐p-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐v I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐v]‐mÀ-«‐n {‐]-X‐n-Ú‐m-_-²-a‐m-W‐v. A-X‐n-\‐pt‐h-ï‐nk-a‐q-l-s‐¯ h‐n-¹-h-k-Ö-a‐m-¡‐p-I-b‐m-W‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐p-s‐S {‐]-[‐m-\-s‐¸-« ]-c‐n-]‐m-S‐n. A-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v k‐n.--]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³s‐N-d‐p-¸-¯‐n X-s‐ H-c‐p I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐vB-I‐m³ X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¨‐p.--h‐n-¹-h {‐]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä \‐m-«‐nÂI‐m-c‐y-a‐m-s‐b‐m-‐p‐w \-S-¡‐p-‐n-Ã. s‐X-cs‐ª-S‐p-¸‐p-IÄh-c‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ Ø‐m-\‐mÀ-°‐n-I-f‐m-b‐n a-Õ-c‐n-¡‐p--X‐p‐w P‐m-Y-IÄ\-S-¯‐p--X‐p‐w s‐]‐m-X‐p-t‐b‐m-K-§-f‐p‐w{‐]-k‐w-K-§-f‐p‐w a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n ]‐mÀ-«‐n{‐]-hÀ-¯-\‐w ]-c‐n-a‐n-X-s‐¸-«-t‐¸‐mÄ N‐ph-]‐p-k‐v-X-I‐w A-S-¨‐p-h-¨‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³F- b‐p-h‐m-h‐v \‐m-h‐n-I t‐k-\-b‐nÂt‐NÀ-‐p. h‐n-i‐m-e-a‐m-b I-SÂ. N‐p-h-N-{‐I-h‐m-f-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐v \‐o-f‐p- I-¸Âb‐m-{‐X-IÄ. D-Z-b-K‐n-c‐ni‐n-J-c-§-f‐n-Ã‐m-¯{‐]-`‐m-X-§Ä. \‐m-h‐n-I ]-c‐n-i‐o-e-\ I‐me-¯‐v\‐m-S‐p‐w h‐o-S‐p‐w \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-s‐c-b‐p‐wa-d-‐v t‐Z-i-t‐k-h-\ XÂ-¸-c-\‐m-I‐m³{‐i-a‐n-¨‐p. ]-t‐£ c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-\‐v \‐m-h‐n-I-t‐k-\-b‐n G-s‐d-¡‐m-e‐w X‐p-S-c‐m-\‐m-b‐n-Ã.a-\-Ê‐n B-b‐n-c‐w h‐n-k‐v-t‐^‐m-S-\-§Ä\-S-¡‐p-t‐¼‐mÄ c‐m-{‐X‐n-b‐n Z‐p-k‐z-]‐v-\‐wI-ï‐v s‐R-«‐n D-WÀ-‐p. A-c-ï s‐h-«-¯‐n N‐p-h- ]‐p-k‐v-X-I‐w F-S‐p-¯‐p\‐n-hÀ-¯‐n B-t‐h-i-]‐qÀ-Æ‐w h‐m-b‐n-¨‐p.t‐d‐m-b t‐\-h‐n-b‐n-s‐e c-l-k‐y-N‐m-c-·‐mÀc‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ F- t‐I-U-ä‐n-s‐â ‐"t‐c‐m-K‐w'X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-ª‐v t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-IÄ-¡‐p d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ-«‐vs‐N-b‐v-X‐p. H-c‐p I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐n-s‐\A-d‐n-ª‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v t‐k-\-b‐n \‐n-e-\‐nd‐p-¯‐m³a‐m-{‐X‐w h‐n-i‐m-e-a-\-k‐v-¡-s‐c‐m-‐p‐w B-b‐n-c‐p-‐n-à t‐a-e-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-IÄ.c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐\ A-hÀ ]‐n-c‐n-¨‐p-h‐n-«‐p. DÀ-hi‐o-i‐m-]‐wD-]-I‐m-c-s‐a--a-«‐n c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ H-ä-¸‐m-e-¯‐v X‐n-c‐n-s‐¨-¯‐n k-P‐o-hI-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v {‐]-hÀ-¯-I-\‐m-b‐n.--]‐mÀ-«‐n \‐n-t‐c‐m-[‐n-¡-s‐¸-« I‐m-e‐w. \‐nt‐c‐m-[-\‐we‐w-L‐n-¨‐v k-a-c-¯‐n ]-s‐¦-S‐p-¯ k‐n.--]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ A-d-Ì‐n-e‐mb‐n.i‐n-£‐n-¡-s‐¸-«‐v I-®‐qÀ s‐k³-{‐SÂP-b‐n-e‐n-e‐p-a‐m-b‐n. X-S-h-d-b‐n-s‐e P‐o-h‐n-X‐w]‐p-X‐n-b A-\‐p-`-h-§-f‐p‐w k‐u-l‐r-Z-§-f‐p‐w k-½‐m-\‐n-¨‐p. h‐m-b-\-b‐n-e‐q-s‐S a-\-Ê‐n-s‐\ P-b‐n-e‐n-\‐p ]‐p-d-¯‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-t‐]‐mb‐n.c‐m-P‐y-s‐¯ B-Z‐y- s‐X-c-s‐ª-S‐p-¸‐v{‐]-J‐y‐m-]‐n-¨-t‐X‐m-s‐S c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b X-S-h‐p-I‐mÀ t‐a‐m-N‐n-X-c‐m-b‐n. F.-s‐I. t‐K‐m-]‐me³]‐mÀ-e-s‐aâ‐n-t‐e-¡‐v a-Õ-c‐n-¡‐p-‐p.{‐]-N‐m-c-W {‐]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡‐v F.-s‐I.-P‐n B-f-b-¨‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐\ £-W‐n-¨‐p.k-t‐´‐m-j-]‐qÀ-h‐w c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ B t‐P‐me‐nG-s‐ä-S‐p-¯‐p. t‐\-X‐m-¡-·‐m-c‐p-a‐m-b‐ns‐X-c-s‐ª-S‐p-¸‐v {‐]-N‐m-c-W t‐h-f-b‐nÂI‐q-S‐p-X A-S‐p-¯‐p. F.-s‐I.-P‐n P-b‐n-¨‐vt‐e‐m-I‐v-k-`‐m‐w-K-h‐p‐w {‐]-X‐n-]-£ t‐\-X‐mh‐p‐wB-b‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ C-\‐n-s‐b-´‐vF- t‐N‐m-Z‐y‐w k‐z-b‐w D--b‐n-¨‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐nH‐m-^‐o-k‐n ]-{‐X-§Ä \‐n-hÀ-¯‐n-¸‐n-S‐n-¨‐v s‐h-d‐p-s‐X C-c‐p-‐p. h‐m-b‐n-¨ h‐mÀ-¯-IÄ h‐o-ï‐p‐w h‐m-b‐n-¨‐v h‐n-c-k-Z‐n-\-§Ä\‐o-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐n-S-b‐n F.-s‐I.-P‐n. H-c‐pZ‐n-h-k‐w I-ï-t‐¸‐mÄ I‐p-i-e‐w t‐N‐m-Z‐n-¨‐p.A-§-s‐\ t‐Z-i‐m-`‐n-a‐m-\‐n-b‐n ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-\‐m-b‐n t‐NÀ-‐p. a-e-b‐m-f-h‐p‐wC‐w-¥‐o-j‐p‐w H-c‐p-t‐]‐m-s‐e h-g-§‐n-b‐n-c‐p-c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐â I-g‐n-h‐p-IÄ C.-F‐w.-F-k‐v.X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-ª‐p. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐\ A-t‐±-l‐wPq¬ 2013
(32)\-Ã h-g-¡-a‐p-Å B‐w-K-t‐e-b s‐s‐i-e‐n. I‐p-d‐n-¡‐p-s‐I‐m-Å‐p- \À-½‐w.k‐m-l‐n-X‐y-h‐p‐w c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b-h‐p‐w k‐m-a‐q-l‐n-I h‐n-aÀ-i-\-h‐p‐w C-S-I-eÀ-¯‐ns‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐m-f‐n hÀ-¤-¯‐n-s‐â k‐u-µ-c‐y-i‐m-k‐v-{‐X-¯‐n-\‐v C-W-§‐n-b]-{‐X-`‐m-j c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ k‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n k‐r-ã‐n-s‐¨-S‐p-¯‐p. {‐]-`‐p-X‐zN‐n-Ó-§-f‐p‐w A-e-¦‐m-c {‐]-t‐b‐m-K-§-f‐p‐w c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐â F-g‐p-¯‐n-\‐vA-\‐y-a‐m-b‐n-¯‐oÀ-‐p.Pq¬ 2013
UÂ-l‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v I‐q-«‐n-s‐¡‐m-ï‐p-t‐]‐m-b‐n.k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ F- ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-s‐â s‐F-X‐n-l‐m-k‐n-I P‐o-h‐n-X‐w H-c‐ps‐I-«‐p-I-Y-t‐]‐m-s‐e A-§-s‐\ B-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-b‐n.-\-à h-g-¡-a‐p-Å B‐w-K-t‐e-bs‐s‐i-e‐n. I‐p-d‐n-¡‐p-s‐I‐m-Å‐p- \À-½‐w.k‐m-l‐n-X‐y-h‐p‐w c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b-h‐p‐w k‐m-a‐q-l‐n-Ih‐n-aÀ-i-\-h‐p‐w C-S-I-eÀ-¯‐n s‐X‐m-g‐n-e‐mf‐nhÀ-¤-¯‐n-s‐â k‐u-µ-c‐y-i‐m-k‐v-{‐X-¯‐n-\‐v C-W-§‐n-b ]-{‐X-`‐m-j c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³k‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n k‐r-ã‐n-s‐¨-S‐p-¯‐p. {‐]-`‐p-X‐zN‐n-Ó-§-f‐p‐w A-e-¦‐m-c {‐]-t‐b‐m-K-§-f‐p‐wc‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐â F-g‐p-¯‐n-\‐v A-\‐y-a‐m-b‐n-¯‐oÀ-‐p. I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐p-s‐S a‐p-J-]-{‐X-a‐m-b "t‐{‐I‐m-k‐v t‐d‐m-U‐v‐' s‐I-«‐n-e‐p‐wD-Å-S-¡-¯‐n-e‐p‐w A-X‐p-h-s‐c C-Ã‐m-¯D‐uÀ-Ö-k‐z-e-X s‐s‐I-h-c‐n-¨‐p. {‐_‐n-«‐o-j‐vC‐w-¥‐o-j‐n-s‐\ c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐vs‐s‐i-e‐n-b‐n X‐o-j‐v-W-h‐p‐w e-f‐n-X-h‐p‐wk‐m-[‐m-c-W-h‐p‐w B-¡‐n h‐m-b\¡‐m-s‐cB-IÀ-j‐n-¨‐p. ]-{‐X-`‐m-j-b‐n ]‐p-X‐n-s‐b‐mc‐pk‐w-t‐h-Z-\-i‐o-e‐w h-f-c‐p-I-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. UÂ-l‐n-b‐n-s‐e ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-Ik-a‐q-l‐w k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐â c-N-\-IÄ{‐i-²‐n-¨‐p. t‐{‐I‐m-k‐v t‐d‐m-U‐v F- ]‐mÀ-«‐n]-{‐X-¯‐n-s‐â t‐]-c‐p-t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w \‐y‐q-G-P‐vF-‐v X‐n-c‐p-¯-s‐¸-«‐p. ]-t‐£ I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-¡‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ F-]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-s‐â {‐]-X‐n-`-b‐p-s‐S a‐n-I-h‐vDÄ-s‐¡‐m-Å‐m³ I-g‐n-ª‐n-Ã. ]‐mÀ-«‐n-s‐bc‐m-a-N-{‐µ-\‐p‐w k-l‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-h‐m-X‐m-b‐n.A-K-k‐v-X‐y³ F- X‐q-e‐n-I‐m-\‐m-a-¯‐n k‐n.-]‐n. i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐nÂB-t‐£-]-l‐m-k‐y‐w F-g‐p-X‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.B-ß-]-c‐n-l‐m-k-§-f‐p‐w k‐z-b‐w-h‐n-aÀ-i-\-§-f‐p‐w C-S-I-eÀ- X‐o-j‐v-W-{‐]-t‐b‐m-K-§Ä s‐I‐m-t‐Å-ï‐n-S-¯‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p.C-F‐w-F-k‐v H-c‐n-¡Â c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐\t‐\-c‐n-«‐v X‐m-¡‐o-X‐p s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. "]‐mÀ-«‐n-s‐b\-i‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p- F-g‐p-¯‐p-t‐h-ï' F-‐pD-]-t‐Z-i‐n-¨‐p.-I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐p-s‐S \‐n-e-]‐m-S‐p-I-t‐f‐m-S‐v C-W-§‐n-t‐¸‐m-I‐m³ k‐n.-]‐n.c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ {‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-«‐p. P-\-§Ä-¡‐pt‐h-ï‐nD-ï‐m-¡‐n-b ]‐mÀ-«‐n P-\-h‐n-c‐p-²a‐m-b‐n-¯‐o-c‐p-‐pF-‐v A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐pt‐X‐m-‐n. ]‐mÀ-«‐n-¡‐p-t‐h-ï‐n P-\-§Äh-g-§-W-s‐a--X-c-¯‐n c‐m-£-k‐o-ba‐m-bX-I‐n-S‐w-a-d‐n-b c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ I-ï‐p.P-\-§-f‐m-W‐v {‐]-[‐m-\‐w. ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐m-W‐vP-\-§-s‐f-¡‐mÄ {‐]-[‐m-\-s‐a-‐v h‐m-Z‐n-¡‐p- t‐\-X‐m-¡Ä-¡‐v k‐w-c-£‐n-¡‐m³Ø‐m-]‐n-X X‐m-X‐v-]-c‐y-§-f‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. k‐z‐m-X-{‐´‐y‐w‐, h‐y-à‐n-h‐n-I‐m-k‐w‐,a-t‐\‐m-h‐y‐m-]‐m-c‐w‐, kÀ-¤-t‐N‐m-Z-\-IÄF-‐n-h-s‐b-¡‐p-d‐n-s‐¨-Ã‐m‐w `‐o-I-c-a‐m-bA-_-²-§Ä h-¨‐p ]‐p-eÀ-¯‐p- t‐\-X‐m-¡-f‐p-s‐S X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-§Ä k-a‐q-l-s‐¯A-]-I-S-¯‐n-e‐m-¡‐p-s‐a-‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-ª‐p. H-c‐p ^-e‐n-X‐w-t‐]‐m-e‐p‐wB-k‐z-Z‐n-¨‐p N‐n-c‐n-¡‐m³ {‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-S‐p--hÀ D-W-§‐n-h-c-ï `‐m-h‐n-I‐m-e-s‐¯I‐m-¯‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-s‐W-‐v k‐n.-]‐n.i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐n F-g‐p-X‐n.a-c‐p-`‐q-a‐n-IÄ B-Z‐y‐w a-\‐p-j‐y-a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-W‐p-ï‐m-I‐p--s‐X-‐v A-t‐±-l‐w X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-ª‐p. t‐I-{‐µ‐o-I‐r-X P-\‐m-[‐n-]-X‐y‐w F-]‐mÀ-«‐n \-b-t‐¯‐m-S‐v I-e-l‐n-¨‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐vP-\-I‐o-b P-\‐m-[‐n-]-X‐y-¯‐n-s‐â {‐]-t‐W-X‐m-h‐m-b‐n k‐z-b‐w {‐]-J‐y‐m-]‐n-¨‐v A-c‐p-WA-k-^‐v A-e‐n‐, F-S-¯-« \‐m-c‐m-b-W³F-‐n-hÀ-s‐¡‐m-¸‐w k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³"\‐y‐q G-P‐v‐'F- ]-{‐X-¯‐n-s‐e t‐k-h-\‐wA-h-k‐m-\‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p. I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐nk‐n.-]‐n.-s‐b ]‐p-d-¯‐m-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.UÂ-l‐n-b‐n-s‐e _‐u-²‐n-I-k-a‐q-l‐w c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐\ C-c‐p-s‐s‐I-b‐p‐w \‐o-«‐n k‐z‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p. H-c‐p ]‐p-X‐n-b B-i-b-b‐p-K-¯‐n-s‐âB-c‐w-`-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-X‐v.-k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ I‐mÀ-«‐q-W‐n-Ì‐vi-¦-c-¸‐n-Å-b‐p-s‐S i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐nF- B-t‐£-]-l‐m-k‐y-h‐m-c‐n-I-b‐nÂA-k‐n-Ìâ‐v F-U‐n-ä-d‐m-b‐n t‐NÀ-‐p. F-S-¯-«-b‐p‐w A-c‐p-W A-k-^‐v A-e‐n-b‐p‐wt‐]-{‐S‐n-b-«‐v Z‐n-\-¸-{‐X-h‐p‐w e‐n-¦‐v h‐m-c‐n-Ib‐p‐wB-c‐w-`‐n-¨‐p. I‐mÀ-«‐q¬ N‐n-{‐X-§ÄH-g‐n-s‐I i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐p-s‐S B-Z‐y-´‐w k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-\‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. a‐p-J-{‐]-k‐w-K‐w‐, a‐m³ H‐m-^‐v Z h‐o-¡‐v‐, {‐^‐oX‐n-¦‐n‐w-K‐v F-‐o ]‐w-à‐n-IÄ c‐m-a-N-{‐µs‐âc-N-\‐m-h‐n-e‐m-k‐w-s‐I‐m-ï‐v t‐{‐]‐m-P‐z-ea‐m-b‐n.]-Þ‐n-ä‐v s‐\-l‐v-d‐p a‐p-X h‐n.-s‐I.I‐r-j‐v-W-t‐a-t‐\‐m³ h-s‐c-b‐p-Å-hÀ c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-s‐â {‐]-X‐n-h‐m-c-¡‐p-d‐n-¸‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S k‐u-µ-c‐y‐w B-k‐z-Z‐n-¨‐p. ‐""X-a‐m-i-b‐m-b‐n t‐X‐m-‐p- K‐u-c-h-a‐p-Å I‐m-c‐y-§Ä‐'' F-‐v{‐]-[‐m-\-a-{‐´‐n s‐\-l‐v-d‐p A-h-s‐b h‐n-t‐ij‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p.C-µ‐n-c‐m-K‐m-Ô‐n A-h h‐m-b‐n-¨‐vB-Ë‐m-Z‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐\-l‐v-d‐p l‐u-k‐n-s‐ei-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n H‐m-^‐o-k‐n F-¯‐nk‐n.-]‐n.-s‐b t‐\-c‐n-«‐v A-`‐n-\-µ‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐ws‐N-¿‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. t‐e‐m-I-t‐\-X‐m-¡-s‐ft‐N-c‐n-t‐\‐m-¡‐m-s‐X {‐]-l-c‐n-¡‐m³ k‐n.-]‐n-(33)¡‐v {‐]-t‐X‐y-I s‐s‐h-`-h-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.s‐I--U‐n-b‐p‐w \‐n-I‐v-k-W‐p‐w U‐m-\‐n-bÂ]‐n. s‐a‐m-b‐v-\‐n-l‐m-\‐p‐w s‐l³-{‐S‐n I‐n-k‐n-§-d‐p‐w A-S‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐v i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-b‐nÂI‐n-S-‐p-]‐p-f-ª‐p. Ì‐m-e‐n-\‐p‐w {‐I‐q-j‐v-t‐¨h‐p‐wa‐m-t‐h‐m-b‐p‐w {‐]-X‐n-t‐c‐m-[ t‐i-j‐n-b-ä‐vh‐n-j-a‐n-¨‐p. I‐m-a-c‐m-P‐p‐w F.-s‐I.-P‐n-b‐p‐wP-K-P‐o-h³ d‐m-a‐p‐w I‐r-j‐v-W t‐a-t‐\‐m-\‐p‐wa‐n-ï‐n-t‐¸‐m-b‐m A-S‐p-¯‐m-g‐v-N k‐n.-]‐n]‐n-S‐n-¨‐p I-i-¡‐n-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w. ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‐n-s‐â G-ä-h‐p‐w {‐I‐n-b‐m-ß-I-a‐mbA-h-X‐m-c-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p k‐n.-]‐n. ]-et‐]-c‐p-I-f‐n h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐n F-g‐p-X‐n-bH‐m-t‐c‐m h-c‐n-b‐p‐w. A-h ]‐p-X‐n-b H-c‐p A-`‐n-c‐p-N‐n-b‐p‐w B-i-b-t‐_‐m-[-h‐p‐w k‐z-X-{‐´h‐n-N‐m-c-h‐p‐w h‐m-b-\-¡‐m-c‐n P-\‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p.I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐p-s‐S \‐n-e-]‐m-S‐p-I-t‐f‐m-S‐v C-W-§‐n-t‐¸‐m-I‐m³ k‐n.-]‐n.c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ {‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-«‐p. P-\-§Ä-¡‐p-t‐h-ï‐n D-ï‐m-¡‐n-b ]‐mÀ-«‐nP-\-h‐n-c‐p-²-a‐m-b‐n-¯‐o-c‐p-‐p F-‐v A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐p t‐X‐m-‐n. ]‐mÀ-«‐n-¡‐pt‐h-ï‐nP-\-§Ä h-g-§-W-s‐a--X-c-¯‐n c‐m-£-k‐o-b-a‐m-b X-I‐n-S‐w-a-d‐n-b c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ I-ï‐p. P-\-§-f‐m-W‐v {‐]-[‐m-\‐w. ]‐mÀ-«‐n-b‐m-W‐vP-\-§-s‐f-¡‐mÄ {‐]-[‐m-\-s‐a-‐v h‐m-Z‐n-¡‐p- t‐\-X‐m-¡Ä-¡‐v k‐w-c-£‐n-¡‐m³ Ø‐m-]‐n-X X‐m-X‐v-]-c‐y-§-f‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. `‐o-I-c-a‐m-b A-_-²-§Ä h-¨‐p ]‐p-eÀ-¯‐p- t‐\-X‐m-¡-f‐p-s‐S X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-§Ä k-a‐q-l-s‐¯A-]-I-S-¯‐n-e‐m-¡‐p-s‐a-‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ X‐n-c‐n-¨-d‐n-ª‐p. H-c‐p ^-e‐n-X‐wt‐]‐m-e‐p‐wB-k‐z-Z‐n-¨‐p N‐n-c‐n-¡‐m³ {‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-S‐p--hÀ D-W-§‐n-h-c-ï`‐m-h‐n-I‐m-e-s‐¯ I‐m-¯‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-s‐W-‐v k‐n.-]‐n. i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐ne‐n-b‐nÂF-g‐p-X‐n.c‐m-P‐y-s‐¯ {‐]‐m-t‐Z-i‐n-I `‐m-j‐m-]-{‐X-§ÄA-¼-X‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S A-h-k‐m-\-I‐m-e-¯‐v\‐y‐q-UÂ-l‐n-b‐n \-S-¡‐p- a‐m-ä-§Äh‐n-k‐v-a-b-t‐¯‐m-s‐S h‐o-£‐n-¡‐p-‐p-ï‐m-b‐nc‐p-‐p.{‐^‐m³-k‐n \‐n-‐v N‐n-´-b‐p-s‐S]‐p-¯³-I‐m-ä‐p h‐o-i-k‐p- I‐m-e-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-X‐v.-P-\-d U‐o-t‐K‐mÄ ]‐m-c‐o-k‐n-s‐eh‐n-Z‐y‐mÀ-°‐n I-e‐m-]‐w A-S‐n-¨-aÀ-¯‐n.]‐mT‐y-]-²-X‐n ]-c‐n-j‐v-¡-c-W-¯‐n-\‐p‐wk‐z-X-{‐´-N‐n-´-b‐v-¡‐p‐w t‐h-ï‐n I-e‐m-i‐me‐mh‐n-Z‐y‐mÀ-°‐n-IÄ s‐X-c‐p-h‐n-e‐n-d-§‐n-bI‐m-e‐w. A-d‐n-h‐n-s‐â t‐e‐m-I-¯‐v A-Û‐p-X-I-c-a‐m-b a‐m-ä‐w D-f-h‐m-¡‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-h-k-´-h‐n-¹-h‐w A-S‐n-¨-aÀ-¯-s‐¸-«-t‐X‐ms‐Sb‐p-h-t‐e‐m-I‐w \‐n-c‐m-i-b‐n h‐o-W‐p.X‐m-S‐n h-fÀ-¯‐n‐, A-b-ª h-k‐v-{‐X-a-W‐n-ª‐v P‐o-h‐n-X‐w P‐o-h‐n-X-t‐b‐m-K‐y-a-s‐Ã-‐v]-d-ª‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v h‐o-S‐p‐w \‐m-S‐p‐w h‐n-«‐vs‐N-d‐p-¸-¡‐mÀ A-e-ª‐p-\-S-‐p. H‐m-t‐c‐mFÂ-F-k‐v-U‐n-t‐b‐m-S‐p‐w H-¸‐w A-hÀs‐lÀ-½³ s‐l-s‐Ê-b‐p-s‐S "k‐n-²‐mÀ-°'h‐m-b‐n-¨‐p. a-c-W‐w-h-s‐c t‐c‐m-K‐n-b‐m-I‐m³h‐n-[‐n-¡-s‐¸-« a-\‐p-j‐y-s‐â P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-\‐v \‐n-b-X-a‐m-b H-c‐p AÀ-°-a‐n-s‐Ã-‐vU‐m-\‐n-j‐v N‐n-´-I-\‐m-b t‐k‐m-d³ I‐oÀs‐¡K‐mÀ-U‐n-s‐\ D-²-c‐n-¨‐v b‐p-h‐m-¡Ä]-d-ª‐p. k‐mÀ-{‐X‐v s‐N-d‐p-¸-¡‐mÀ-¡‐vPq¬ 2013
(34)‐""N-c‐n-{‐X-]-c-a‐m-b H-c‐p A-]-I-Sh‐p‐w`‐q-a‐n-i‐m-k‐v-{‐X-]-c-a‐m-b H-c‐pA-X‐y‐m-l‐n-X-h‐p‐w B-W‐v `‐q-t‐«‐m.-‐''C-´‐y³ I-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐v {‐]-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐â s‐s‐[-j-W‐n-I ]-Ý‐m-¯-e‐w F-g‐p-X‐p--hÀ k‐n.-]‐n.c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ F- s‐d-\‐n-t‐K-U‐n-s‐\-¡‐p-d‐n-¨‐v F-g‐p-X‐m³ C‐u h‐m-N-I‐wX‐n-c-s‐ª-S‐p-t‐¯-¡‐m‐w. A-h-\-h-t‐\‐m-S‐v F-¦‐n-e‐p‐w H-c‐mÄ k-X‐yk-Ô-\‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡-W-s‐a-‐vIÀi-\-a‐m-b‐nB-{‐K-l‐n-¨ ]-¨-b‐m-ba-\‐p-j‐y-\‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p k‐n.-]‐n.A-k‐v-X‐n-X‐z-N‐n-´-b‐p-s‐S s‐I‐m-S‐n s‐s‐I-a‐md‐n.A-h-c‐n G-s‐d-t‐¸-c‐p‐w l‐n-¸‐n-I-f‐m-b‐nA-d‐n-b-s‐¸-«‐p. k‐m-l‐n-X‐y-¯‐n-e‐p‐w ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‐n-e‐p‐w C‐u B-i-b-¯‐n-s‐âX‐o-b‐p‐w ]‐p-I-b‐p‐w UÂ-l‐n h-g‐n t‐I-c-f-¯‐n F-¯‐n-b-t‐¸‐mÄ A-¼-c-‐p-t‐]‐mb-X‐vI-a‐y‐q-W‐n-k‐v-ä‐v ]‐mÀ-«‐n-I-f‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.a‐p-X-e‐m-f‐n-¯-¯‐n-s‐â P‐oÀ-®-X-s‐b-]-X‐n-h‐v h‐n-aÀ-i-\‐w-s‐I‐m-ï‐v t‐\-c‐n-S‐m-\‐m-I‐m-¯ h‐n-[‐w k‐z-X-{‐´-N‐n-´-b‐p-s‐Sh‐y‐m-]-\-t‐¯‐m-s‐S‐m-¸‐w A-k‐v-X‐n-X‐z-h‐m-Z‐wP‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐â k-a-{‐K t‐a-J-e-b‐n-e‐p‐wk‐z‐m-[‐o-\‐n-¨‐p. H.-h‐n. h‐n-P-b-\‐p‐w I‐m-¡-\‐m-S-\‐p‐w F‐w. a‐p-I‐p-µ-\‐p‐w UÂ-l‐n-b‐nÂ\‐n-‐v A-h a-e-b‐m-f k‐m-l‐n-X‐y-¯‐nÂF-¯‐n-¨‐p. h‐n-Z‐y‐mÀ-°‐n {‐]-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-e‐qs‐Sh-b-e‐mÀ c-h‐n-b‐p‐w F.-s‐I. Bâ-W‐nb‐p‐wa-ä‐p‐w B k-t‐µ-i‐w c‐m-{‐ã‐o-b-¯‐nÂ{‐]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐p. k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ-\‐p‐wS‐n.-h‐n.-BÀ. t‐j-W‐m-b‐n-b‐p‐w F³.-BÀ.-F-k‐v. _‐m-_‐p-h‐p‐w a-ä‐p‐w ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‐n-s‐â i‐o-e-§-s‐f D-S-¨‐p-h‐mÀ-¡‐m³k‐z-X-{‐´-N‐n-´-b‐p-s‐S \‐q-X-\ c‐o-X‐n-IÄD-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐p. N‐n-{‐X-I-e‐, k‐w-K‐o-X‐w‐,k‐n-\‐n-a‐, t‐h-j-h‐n-[‐m-\‐w‐, B-l‐m-c-c‐o-X‐nF-‐n-§-s‐\ a-\‐p-j‐y-P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐â k-a-{‐K t‐a-J-e-b‐n-e‐p‐w AÀ-°-h-¯‐m-b H-c‐pk‐z‐m-[‐o-\-a‐m-b‐n B-[‐p-\‐n-I-X h-f-c‐p-IX-s‐ s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. s‐I.-]‐n. A-¸³ k‐m-l‐n-X‐y-¯‐n B-[‐p-\‐n-I-X-b‐p-s‐S k‐z‐m-[‐o-\-i-à‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐v h-fÀ- e‐m-h-W‐y-a‐mä-§ÄN‐q-ï‐n-¡‐m-«‐n. F‐w. a‐p-I‐p-µ³"F-´‐m-W‐v B-[‐p-\‐n-I-X‐' F- {‐K-Ù‐wF-g‐p-X‐n. F³.-C. _‐m-e-d‐m‐w h-f-s‐c{‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-«‐v A-h-b‐v-s‐¡-Ã‐m‐w X‐p-SÀ-¨b‐m-b‐na-d‐p-]-S‐n F-g‐p-X‐n-s‐¡‐m-ï‐n-c‐p-‐p.F-‐m h‐m-b-\-¡‐mÀ ]‐p-X‐n-b A-`‐n-c‐p-N‐n a‐m-ä-§Ä-s‐¡‐m-¸‐w k-©-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐wI-a‐y‐q-W‐n-Ì‐v B-i-b-K-X‐n-I-f‐n \‐n-‐vPq¬ 2013A-I-‐p-t‐]‐m-I‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.-i-t‐¦-g‐v-k‐v h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐n {‐]-hÀ-¯‐n-¡‐p- I‐m-e-¯‐m-W‐v k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³i-à-a‐m-b {‐]-W-b-¯‐n A-I-s‐¸-«-X‐v.h‐o-¡‐n-e‐n-b‐n s‐{‐S-b‐n-\‐n-b‐m-b‐n t‐NÀ-\À-¯-I‐n P-e-_‐m-e s‐s‐h-Z‐y-s‐b 1953 k‐n.-]‐n. h‐n-h‐m-l‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. B-d‐ps‐I‐m-Ã‐wa‐m-{‐X‐w \‐o-ï B Z‐m-¼-X‐y-P‐oh‐n-X-¯‐nÂA-P-b‐v‐, A-\-k‐q-b F-‐oa-¡Ä ]‐n-d-‐p. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³-þ-P-e-_‐m-eZ-¼-X‐n-IÄ ]-c-k‐v-]-c k-½-X-{‐]-I‐m-c‐w1964  t‐hÀ-]‐n-c‐n-ª‐p. A-t‐¸‐mÄ c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ l‐n-µ‐p-Ø‐m³ s‐s‐S‐w-k‐v ]-{‐X-¯‐ns‐â]‐mÀ-e-s‐aâ‐v t‐e-J-I³ B-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. ‐"]‐mÀ-e-s‐aâ‐n I-g‐n-ª-h‐m-c‐w‐'F- A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â ]‐w-à‐n h-f-s‐c{‐i-²-t‐\-S‐n. t‐PÀ-W-e‐n-Ì‐v b‐q-W‐n-b-s‐ât‐\-X‐m-s‐h- \‐n-e-b‐n l‐n-µ‐p-Ø‐m³s‐s‐S‐w-k‐v ]-{‐X-¯‐n-s‐â D-S-a-b‐m-b _‐nÀf-b‐v-s‐¡-X‐n-s‐ck‐n.-]‐n. \Â-I‐n-b t‐I-k‐vt‐I‐m-f‐n-f-¡‐w k‐r-ã‐n-¨‐p. _‐n.-P‐n. hÀ-¤‐ok‐n-s‐\]‐n-c‐n-¨‐p-h‐n-«-X‐v t‐N‐m-Z‐y‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐pt‐I-k‐v. ]-{‐X-{‐]-hÀ-¯-I-c‐p-s‐Ss‐X‐m-g‐n k‐w-c-£-W N-c‐n-{‐X-¯‐n Bt‐I-k‐n-s‐â h‐n-[‐n H-c‐p \‐m-g‐n-I-¡-Ã‐m-W‐v.U-]‐y‐q-«‐n F-U‐n-äÀ B-b‐n-c‐n-s‐¡ 1986 Âk‐n.-]‐n. l‐n-µ‐p-Ø‐m³ s‐s‐S‐w-k‐n \‐n-‐vh‐n-c-a‐n-¨‐p.-c-ï-c-¸-X‐n-ä‐m-ï‐p-I‐m-e‐w k‐z-X-{‐´N‐n-´-b‐p-s‐S {‐]-t‐W-X‐m-h‐p‐w D-Ö‐z-e-\‐m-b]-{‐X‐m-[‐n-]c‐p‐w F- \‐n-e-b‐n t‐i‐m-`‐n-¨\‐y‐q-UÂ-l‐n-b‐n Ø‐n-c-a‐m-b‐n h-k‐n-¡‐m³ k‐n.-]‐n. c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ C-ã-s‐¸-«‐n-Ã.A-t‐±-l‐w t‐I-c-f-¯‐n A-½ P‐m-\-I‐n-t‐b‐m-s‐S‐m-¸‐w i‐n-ã-I‐m-e‐w I-g‐n-b‐m³X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¨‐v ]‐m-e‐m-¡‐m-s‐« ]-d-f‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v h-‐p. a-I-s‐â a-S‐n-b‐n X-e-N‐m-b‐v-¨‐vA-½ A-´‐y-i‐z‐m-k‐w h-e‐n-¨‐p. ]-X‐n-s‐\‐m-‐p-hÀ-j‐w H-c‐p {‐K‐m-a‐o-W-s‐\-t‐¸‐m-s‐e c‐ma-N-{‐µ³X-s‐â `‐q-X-I‐m-e-§-s‐f k‐z-b‐wa‐m-b‐v-¨‐p-I-f-ª‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v ]-d-f‐n-b‐nÂP‐o-h‐n-¨‐p. 1923  _À-½-b‐n \‐n-‐vB-c‐w-`‐n-¨ B P‐o-h‐n-X-b‐m-{‐X-b‐v-¡‐v 1997G-{‐]‐n 15þ‐m‐w X‐o-b-X‐n ]‐m-e-¡‐m-«‐v h-¨‐vI‐m-e‐w h‐n-c‐m-a-N‐n-Ó‐w C-«‐p. k‐pÂ-^‐n-¡À A-e‐n `‐q-t‐«‐m-s‐b-¡‐p-d‐n-¨‐v k‐n.-]‐n. c‐ma-N-{‐µ³F-g‐p-X‐n-b I‐p-d‐n-¸‐v X‐p-S-§‐n-b-X‐vC-§-s‐\-b‐m-W‐v:‐""N-c‐n-{‐X-]-c-a‐m-b H-c‐p A-]-I-S-h‐p‐w`‐q-a‐n-i‐m-k‐v-{‐X-]-c-a‐m-b H-c‐p A-X‐y‐m-l‐n-Xh‐p‐wB-W‐v `‐q-t‐«‐m.-‐'' C-´‐y³ I-a‐y‐q-W‐nk‐v-ä‐v{‐]-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐â s‐s‐[-j-W‐n-I]-Ý‐m-¯-e‐w F-g‐p-X‐p--hÀ k‐n.-]‐n.c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ F- s‐d-\‐n-t‐K-U‐n-s‐\-¡‐p-d‐n-¨‐v F-g‐p-X‐m³ C‐u h‐m-N-I‐w X‐n-c-s‐ª-S‐p-t‐¯-¡‐m‐w. A-h-\-h-t‐\‐m-S‐v F-¦‐n-e‐p‐wH-c‐mÄ k-X‐y-k-Ô-\‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡-W-s‐a-‐vIÀ-i-\-a‐m-b‐n B-{‐K-l‐n-¨ ]-¨-b‐m-ba-\‐p-j‐y-\‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p k‐n.-]‐n. t‐Z-i‐o-b{‐]‐m-[‐m-\‐y-a‐p-Å h‐n-]‐p-e-a‐m-b k‐u-l‐r-Z-§-f‐p‐w A-\‐p-`-h k-¼-¯‐p‐w A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐v D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. F-‐n-«‐p‐w X-s‐âP‐o-h‐n-X‐m-\‐p-`-h-§Ä t‐c-J-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n-h-b‐v-¡‐m³ k‐n.-]‐n. B-{‐K-l‐n-¨‐n-Ã. s‐X‐m-g‐nÂ-]-c-a‐m-b F-Ã‐m t‐h-j-§-f‐p‐w a-t‐\‐m-lc-a‐m-bX-s‐â `‐m-j-b‐p‐w UÂ-l‐n-b‐nÂD-t‐]-£‐n-¨‐n-«‐m-W‐v ]-d-f‐n-b‐n A-t‐±-l‐wa-S-§‐n-h--X‐v. H-c‐p-a-c-W-¯‐n-\‐v k‐m-£‐nb‐m-I‐m-\‐p‐w]‐n-s‐ k‐z-b‐w I-®-S-b‐v-¡‐m-\‐p‐w. s‐N-ä‐n-\‐n-¸‐m-«‐v c‐m-a-N-{‐µ³ A-§-s‐\F-g‐p-X‐n- k‐z-b‐w a‐m-b‐v-¨‐p-I-f-ª H-c‐pN-c‐n-{‐X-a‐m-W‐v.teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nses]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv. teJIsâCþsabvð: sujaathan@gmail.com
(35)Dr. Shoma A. ChatterjiAd-Addicted ChildrenIrrespective of age or sex, children watch ads on television with a high degree ofinterest. The average child’s level of information on different products is higher than theknowledge he gleans from subjects taught at school.ddiction’ is a term generally linked to‘Asmoking, drinking, and drugs. There isanother kind of addiction that children todayhave—addiction to ads on television. It is a largely‘invisible’ addiction; so parents ignore it as they donot consider it nearly as dangerous as addictionto smoking, drinking, or drugs. Yet, the effectsof addiction to television ads are more long termbecause the addiction itself begins much earlierin small children than do addiction to smoking ordrinking.Lisping children jump at ads showing Govindaand a beautiful model gyrating on the qualities of a“thanda thanda cool cool” brand of hair oil; or at alittle girl praising her mother’s beauty to advertise aparticular brand of soap. They go ga ga over ads formosquito mats and coils, not realizing what theseproducts are all about. Slightly older ones insist onimitating the antics of some film star or cricketerendorsing a garment or a health drink. Parentsfind this an easy escape from nagging questionsthrown up by growing children or smaller onesgetting into this or that mischief. “The main functionof advertising is to stimulate the psychologicalneeds and desires of the audience. While adults arediscriminating, in case of children, stimulating needsor desires tend to acquire the form of powerfulimperatives,” says Dr J. J. Yadava of the IndianInstitute of Mass Communication.Irrespective of age or sex, children watch ads ontelevision with a high degree of interest. They areacutely aware of even small and trivial changes inbrands advertised repeatedly over a period. Duringa phase when a certain brand of noodles was beingadvertised over a long period on the small screen,a large number of children would have nothing ontheir plates but that particular brand of noodles.They would also insist that their mothers mustprepare the noodles precisely the same way in whichthe model-mother does it. Insistence on identicalcrockery is another example of imitation. The smallscreen, thus, can affect children of today who arecouch potatoes before they learn the meaning of theword.Experts opine that the trend of targeting childrenthrough ads is traced back to the campaign for aparticular soft drink powder. A little girl wonderedwhat the mother would serve her dad when hecame home (“Papa ghar aa gaya, ab mummy kyakaregi?”). This campaign reportedly boosted thesales of the synthetic soft drink product by around50 per cent. The more dangerous element of thesesexist ads is that the girl-child is conditioned tobelieve that it is the mother’s duty to stand waitingfor the husband and to please him when hereturns from work. This is called transgenerationalsocialisation of the girl-child— injecting in her, sexistideals at a time when the democratic pattern ofbehaviour is the call of the day. Such advertisementspreclude the fact of a working mother. It ignores thenow-accepted ideology of the man making his owntea when he comes home from work. Ads like theone where the husband makes tea for his pregnantwife are few and far between.An ad for glycerine soap shows a little girlinsisting on wanting to be “soft soft” like hermother who uses the soap. The lighting, withthe cinematography in soft focus, creates a kindof appeal that children are easily charmed by.Thus, advertisements today form a major slice ofattraction for young viewers of television, cable, andsatellite. Ad agencies are aware of the power of adsto influence young minds. These often influencethe lifestyles of entire families whose lives revolvePq¬ 2013
(36)around those of their children. Many ads featuringadult products, not directed at kids at all, featurekids as models and endorsements. These set off achain of desire among children who create demandwithin their parents for such products. The abilityand willingness of parents to buy these products donot, in any way, feature in their mindsets.The average child’s level of information ondifferent products is higher than the knowledgehe gleans from subjects taught at school. Detailedquestioning of students and their mothers hasproved that the entry of around 70 per cent productbrands into the household is the result of constantpersuasion by ad-addicted children. At any givenpoint of time, ad-addicted children are aware ofAccording to a study on the impact oftelevision on children in the Philippines,a major section of children showed theirpreference for Coke to milk and some ofthem refused milk altogether. We are facingcultural parallels in our country now withchildren refusing this or that food or drinkin preference for what they have seen in thetelevision ads.around 10 to 15 brands and qualities out of the 20products advertised across the television channels.Children between the ages of 2 and 10 are moredeeply influenced by these ads than older childrenare. This is because they are still very vulnerableto fantasy and make-believe and accept everythingin commercials as the truth, the whole truth, andnothing but the truth.An experiment revealed the pattern of recallin children less than 11 years of age. Theywere asked to recall brand names of productsadvertised on television within a 15-minute span.The youngest, aged six, could recall 20 nameswhile those who were touching 11 could recall 50names. Interestingly, however, few of the productsrecalled were linked directly to children. Amongthe products they recalled were beer, cigarettes,detergents, foodstuff, cosmetics, textiles, noodles,chocolate, ice creams, juices, dolls, and mechanicaltoys. What was amazing was that the same childrenwho found textbook vocabulary difficult to spell,could spell the names of the ads and the brandscorrectly!In a beautiful film, Kitaab, directed by Gulzar, abunch of naughty schoolboys are shown making upan entire song in the class with only advertisementjingles, complete with the music they repeat withtheir voices. Ad jingles carry a greater retentionspan and children keep on singing these jingles evenafter the television set is switched off or the ad hasgone off the air. According to a study on the impactof television on children in the Philippines, a majorsection of children showed their preference for Coketo milk and some of them refused milk altogether.We are facing cultural parallels in our country nowwith children refusing this or that food or drink inpreference for what they have seen in the televisionads.In India, many children are reportedly revealinga choice for fizzy colas over ice cream. Does thismean that the colas are tastier than ice cream? No.It means that the cola ad campaigns have effectivelyinterfered with the effect of ice cream ads onchildren. This means that if advertising strategiesare conceived and designed to promote natural andorganic health drinks like natural milk or fruit, ina way so as to make the campaigns more attractivethan the cola campaigns, then children hookedon colas will make the switch to milk and fruitsmoothly and easily. Thankfully, natural productslike egg and milk are now within the frameworkof ad campaigns. But the very fact that one has tothink of advertising strategies for milk and fruit is apointer to the tremendous impact that television adshave on children.With children’s relatively shorter retention spansand their vulnerability to suggestion, and theirability to totally recall those 15-second doses ofvisual and auditory confections, market researchersare kept constantly on their toes about how theycan use children in ad campaigns and how theycan direct ad campaigns at children, never mindthe target audience the product is originally aimedat. Some parents opine that ads could be convertedinto a learning experience for a child by trainingthe child to evaluate an ad from a critical point ofview. Though there is a grain of truth in this line ofthinking, the problem is that how would parents‘train’ children to critically evaluate condom adsalongside ads of chocolate and ice cream? Got thepoint?The writer is a freelance journalist, author and filmscholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books andcontributed to many edited compilations on cinema,family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.comPq¬ 2013
(37)\yq thhvkvtPmk^v BâWn{‐]‐nâ‐v s‐N-b‐v-s‐X-S‐p-¡‐mh‐pót‐X‐m-¡‐pIÄCóv temI¯v Gsd hmÀ¯IÄ {]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]eNe\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob Fópw tkmjyðaoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó sskäpIfnse P\§fpsSt\cn«pÅ CSs]SepIfneqsSbmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnbkw`hhnImk§sf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsSc‐p t‐X‐m-¡‐v A-¨-S‐n-¨‐p-ï‐m-¡‐m³"Ht‐]‐m-I‐p-‐p‐"s‐h‐v ‐"U‐n-^³-k‐vU‐n-k‐v-{‐S‐n-_‐y‐q-«U‐v‐' F- b‐p.Fk‐v.I¼-\‐n a‐m-k-§-Ä-¡‐v a‐p-¼‐v {‐]-J‐y‐m-]‐n-¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄ‐,]-ec‐p‐w A-X‐n-s‐\ Hc‐p I-d‐p-¯X-a‐m-i-b‐m-t‐b I-ï‐p-Å‐q. C-X‐n\-I‐w]-e I‐m-c-W-§-f‐m h‐n-h‐m-Z‐w k‐r-ã‐n-¨‐v{‐i-²-b‐m-IÀ-j‐n-¡‐m³ {‐i-a‐n-¨‐n-«‐pÅ H-c‐pI-¼-\‐n-b‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w A-X‐n-s‐â 25þI‐m-c\‐mbt‐a-[‐m-h‐n-b‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w h‐mÀ-¯-b‐n-e‐nS‐wt‐\-S‐m-\‐pÅ a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p h‐n-^-e-{‐i-a-a‐mb‐nA-X‐v h‐n-e-b‐n-c‐p-¯-s‐¸«‐p.F-‐mÂ‐, I-g‐n-ª s‐a-b‐v B-Z‐y-h‐mc‐ws‐S-I‐v-k‐m-k‐n H‐m-k‐v-ä‐n-\‐ns‐e D‐u-j-c{‐]-t‐Z-i-¯‐v s‐h-¨‐v s‐h-f‐p-¯ ¹‐m-Ì‐n-I‐vI-f‐n-¸‐m-«‐w t‐]‐m-s‐e‐m-c‐p t‐X‐m-¡‐nÂ\‐n-‐vU‐n-^³-k‐v U‐n-k‐v-{‐S‐n-_‐y‐q«-U‐v t‐a-[‐m-h‐nt‐I‐m-U‐n h‐nÂ-k¬ s‐h-S‐n-b‐p-X‐nÀ-¯t‐¸‐mÄ‐,t‐X‐m-¡‐p-k‐w-k‐v-¡‐m-c‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐vs‐]‐m-d‐p-X‐n-a‐p«‐n-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p A-t‐a-c‐n-¡-¡‐mc‐p-s‐SD-X‐v-¡-W‐vT-IÄ-¡‐v t‐\-s‐c-b‐p-Åa-s‐ä‐m-c‐p \‐n-d-s‐b‐m-g‐n-¡-e‐m-b‐n A-X‐v.X‐m³ s‐h-S‐n-s‐h-b‐v-¡‐m-\‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨t‐X‐m-¡‐n-s‐e (‐"e‐n-_-t‐d-äÀ' F-‐m-W‐vt‐X‐m-¡‐n-s‐â t‐]c‐v‐) X‐n-c-s‐b‐m-g‐n-s‐I_‐m-¡‐n-s‐bÃ‐m‐w H-c‐p {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐ns‐âk-l‐m-b-t‐¯‐ms‐S "A-¨-S‐n-s‐¨-S‐p-¯-X‐m‐'s‐W-‐v t‐I‐m-U‐n h‐nÂ-k¬ ]dª‐p. ‐"C‐ut‐_‐' h-g‐n 8000 t‐U‐m-f-d‐n\‐vh‐m-§‐n-b {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐mW‐v‐, t‐X‐m-¡‐ns‐âh‐nh‐n-[ `‐m-K-§Ä c‐q-]-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐m³D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨X‐v. a‐m-{‐XaÃ‐, t‐X‐m-¡‐v \‐nÀa‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨I-¼‐y‐q-«À c‐q-]t‐c-JBÀ-¡‐v t‐h-W-s‐a-¦‐ne‐p‐w U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐vs‐N-¿‐m³ ]‐m-I-¯‐n H‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐nÂk‐u-P-\‐y-a‐m-b‐n \Â-I‐p--X‐mb‐p‐w h‐nÂk¬{‐]-J‐y‐m-]‐n-¨‐p.BÀ-¡‐v t‐h-W-s‐a-¦‐n-e‐p‐w t‐e‐m-Is‐¯-h‐n-s‐S-b‐n-c‐p‐p‐wCâÀ-s‐\-ä‐nÂ\‐n-‐vB U‐n-s‐s‐k³ U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐v{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v t‐X‐m-¡‐v \‐nÀa‐n-¡‐m‐w‐!A-t‐a-c‐n-¡-¡‐m-c‐p-s‐S D-X‐v-¡-W‐vT-IÄ-¡‐v I-S‐p‐w-\‐n-d‐w N‐mÀ-¯‐n-s‐¡‐mï‐v‐,s‐hd‐p‐w A-©‐p-Z‐n-h-k‐w-s‐I‐m-ï‐v t‐X‐m-¡‐ns‐âc‐q-]t‐c-J H-c‐pe-£‐w XhW CâÀs‐\-ä‐vh-g‐n U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐N-¿-s‐¸«I‐mc‐y‐w _‐n._‐n.k‐n.d‐n-t‐¸‐mÀ-«‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.k‐z‐m-`‐m-h‐n-I-a‐mb‐p‐w b‐p.F-k‐v.`-c-W-I‐q-S‐wC-S-s‐]«‐p. t‐X‐m-¡‐n-s‐â U‐n-s‐s‐k³ CâÀs‐\-ä‐nÂ-\‐n-‐v\‐o-¡‐w-s‐N-¿‐m³ U‐n-^³k‐vU‐n-k‐v-{‐S‐n-_‐y‐q-«U‐n-t‐\‐m-S‐v A-[‐n-I‐r-XÀB-h-i‐y-s‐¸«‐p.t‐X‐m-¡‐p-I-f‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô-s‐¸-«‐vA-t‐a-c‐n-¡³ k-a‐q-lh‐p‐w kÀ-¡‐mc‐p‐w]‐p-eÀ-¯‐p- B-i-¦-IÄ A-h‐n-s‐S\‐nÂ-¡-s‐«. C‐u k‐w-`-h-¯‐n A-S-§‐nb‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p k‐w-K-X‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐vh‐m-b-\-¡‐m-c‐p-s‐S {‐i-² £-W‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-W‐v CX‐n-h‐n-s‐S h‐n-h-c‐n-¨-X‐v.C-X‐n G-ä-h‐p‐w {‐i-t‐²-ba‐m-bk‐wK-X‐n t‐X‐m-¡‐v ‐"{‐]‐nâ‐v s‐N-b‐v-s‐X-S‐p-¡‐m³‐' I-g‐n-ª‐p F--X‐m-W‐v. c-ï‐mas‐¯I‐mc‐y‐w h‐n-]-W‐n-b‐n h‐m-§‐m³I‐n-«‐p- H-c‐p {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâÀ B-W‐vt‐X‐m-¡‐v \‐nÀ-a‐m-W-¯‐n-\‐v D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨-X‐v. H‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐nÂ- e-`‐ya‐m-b c‐q-]t‐c-JU‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐v H-c‐p-]-Ic-W‐w\‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m³ ({‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâÀ D-s‐ï-¦‐nÂ‐) BÀ-¡‐v t‐h-W-s‐a-¦‐ne‐p‐w I-g‐n-b‐p‐wF--X‐m-W‐v a‐q-‐ma-s‐¯ k‐w-KX‐n.t‐X‐m-¡‐m-bX‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v U‐n-^³-k‐vU‐n-k‐v-{‐S‐n-_‐y‐q-«-U‐n-s‐â \‐o-¡‐w k‐z‐m-`‐m-Pq¬ 2013
(38)A-¨-S‐n-¨‐p-ï‐m-¡nb "e‐n-_-t‐d-äÀ' tXm¡pambn U‐n-^³-k‐v U‐n-k‐v-{‐S‐n-_‐y‐q«-U‐v t‐a-[‐m-h‐n t‐I‐m-U‐n h‐nÂ-k¬Pq¬ 2013t‐a-¡À-t‐_‐m-«‐v d‐n-¹‐n-t‐¡äÀ 2h‐n-I-a‐mb‐p‐w h‐n-h‐m-Z-h‐p‐w D-X‐v-¡-W‐vT-b‐p-‐wk‐r-ã‐n-¨‐p. F-‐mÂ‐, \‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S ]‐m-Z-¯‐n-\‐v t‐b‐m-P‐n-¡‐p j‐q-k‐m-W‐v C-¯c-¯‐nÂ\‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p--s‐X¦‐nt‐e‐m‐,A-s‐Ã-¦‐n A-S‐p-¡-f-b‐n-s‐e H-c‐pD-]-I-cW‐w‐, A-X‐p-a-s‐Ã-¦‐n s‐s‐k-¡‐nf‐n-s‐ât‐IS‐m-b k‐o-ä‐v... F-{‐X A-¼-c-¸‐n-¡‐p- k‐w-K-X‐n-b‐mI‐p‐w AXt‐Ã‐!N‐n-eÀ-s‐¡-¦‐ne‐p‐w CX‐v t‐IÄ-¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄA-¼-c-¸‐p-ï‐mI‐p‐w F-X‐vh‐m-k‐v-X-h-a‐mW‐v. ]t‐£‐, k‐w`-h‐wk-X‐y-a‐m-W‐v. I-¼‐y‐q«À‐, H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-I-h‐n-Z‐y-I-f‐p-s‐S ]‐n-´‐p-W-t‐b‐ms‐S]‐m-Ý‐mX‐y-t‐e‐mI-¯‐v ]‐pX‐n-s‐b‐m-c‐p\‐nÀa‐m-W {‐]-{‐I‐n-b{‐]-N‐m-c-¯‐n h‐ps‐I‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-W‐v.B-h-i‐y-a‐p-ÅD-]-I-c-W-¯‐ns‐â c‐q-]t‐c-J I‐mi‐p-s‐I‐m-S‐p-t‐¯‐m‐, A-Xs‐Ã-¦‐n k‐u-P-\‐ya‐mt‐b‐mH‐m¬-s‐s‐e-³ h-g‐n U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐Nb‐v-X‐v\‐n-§-f‐p-s‐S I-¼‐y‐q-«-d‐n t‐e‐m-U‐vs‐N¿‐p-I. F-‐n«‐v B c‐q-]-t‐cJb‐nÂt‐hï a‐m-ä-§Ä h-c‐p-¯‐p-I (B-hi‐y-s‐a-¦‐nÂ‐).A-X‐n-\‐v t‐i-j‐w I-¼‐y‐q-«-d‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô‐n-¸‐n-¨‐n-c‐n-¡‐p {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ-d‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v D-]-IcW‐w ‐"{‐]‐nâ‐vs‐N-b‐v-s‐X-S‐p¡‐pI‐'.C-s‐X‐m-s‐¡ \-S-¡‐p- I‐m-c‐ya‐mt‐W‐mF-‐v N‐n-e-s‐c-¦‐ne‐p‐w t‐N‐m-Z‐n-t‐¨-¡‐m‐w.F-¦‐nÂÂ‐, t‐IÄ¡‐pI : \‐n-e-h‐nÂB-b‐n-c-¯‐n-t‐e-s‐d D-]-I-c-W-§-f‐ps‐Sb‐p‐wh-k‐v-X‐p-¡-f‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w {‐X‐o-U‐nc‐q-]-t‐c-J-IÄ e-`‐y-a‐m-W‐v. {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâd‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐vA-h \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p-a‐m-I‐m‐w. B-`-c-W-§f‐p‐w ]‐m-Z-c-£-If‐p‐wA-S‐p-¡-f k‐m-[-\-§f‐p‐w h‐m-l-\-§-f‐ps‐S]-c‐o-£-W a‐m-X‐r-I-If‐p‐w s‐I-«‐n-S-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w a-ä‐v A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-k‐uI-c‐y k‐wh‐n-[‐m-\-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐wa‐m-X‐r-I-IÄ H-s‐¡A-X‐n s‐]-S‐p‐p.
]‐pX‐n-b \‐nÀ-a‐m-W-h‐n-Z‐y‐"H-c‐p U‐n-P‐n-ä a‐m-X‐rI-s‐b A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-a‐m-¡‐n G-X‐v B-I‐r-X‐n-b‐n-e‐pÅ{‐X‐na‐m-\ c‐q-]-h‐p‐w D-]-I-c-W-h‐p‐w \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐]-{‐I‐n-b‐'s‐b-‐m-W‐v {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐\ h‐n-¡‐n-]‐oU‐n-b h‐n-i-Z‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐p-X‐v.I-¼‐y‐q-«-d‐n t‐i-J-c‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-Å‐, A-s‐Ã-¦‐n H‐m¬-s‐s‐e-\‐n U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐vs‐N-b‐v-s‐X-S‐p¯ s‐S-I‐v-k‐v-ä‐v ^-b-e‐p-If‐p‐w N‐n-{‐X-§f‐p‐w k‐m-[‐m-c-W s‐Uk‐v-I‐vt‐S‐m-¸‐v {‐]‐nâ-d‐p-I-Ä D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐vA¨S‐n¡‐p- c‐o-X‐n-b‐p-ï-t‐Ã‐m. A-X‐n-\‐vG-X‐m-ï‐v k-a‐m-\-a‐mW‐v {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐nM‐v.C-h‐n-s‐S U‐u¬-t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐N-b‐v-s‐X-S‐p¡‐p U‐n-P‐n-ä c‐q-]t‐c-J D-]-t‐b‐m-hnhn[ {XoUn {]nâÀ amXrIIÄK‐n-¨‐v {‐X‐n-a‐m-\-c‐q-]-§-s‐f k‐r-ã‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐m-W‐v F- h‐y-X‐y‐m-k-t‐a-b‐pÅ‐q.\‐nÀ-a‐n-t‐¡-ï D-]-I-c-W-¯‐ns‐âA-s‐Ã-¦‐n a‐m-X‐r-I-b‐p-s‐S c‐q-]t‐c-JI-¼‐y‐q-«-d‐n t‐e‐m-U‐v s‐N¿‐p-I F--X‐m-W‐v {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â B-Z‐y-]S‐n. F-‐n«‐v‐, {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐ns‐e ‐"{‐]‐nâ‐v‐'_-«¬ ¢‐n-¡‐v s‐N-b‐v-X‐m \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐wX‐p-S-§‐p-I-b‐mb‐n. ¹‐m-Ì‐n-¡‐v‐, t‐e‐m-l-§Ä X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-b‐p-s‐S ]‐u-U-d‐m-W‐v{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐ns‐e ‐"aj‐n‐'. B a-j‐n-b‐p-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐v H-c‐p k-ab-¯‐v H-c‐p ]‐mf‐n(layer) F t‐X‐m-X‐n-e‐m-W‐v \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐w]‐p-t‐c‐mKa‐n¡‐p-I. C§-s‐\ ]‐m-f‐n-IÄ]‐m-f‐n-I-f‐m-b‐n I‐q-«‐n-t‐¨À-¡-s‐¸-S‐p-{‐]-{‐I‐n-b-b‐m-b-X‐n-\‐mÂ‐, ‐"A-U‐n-ä‐o-h‐v(39)a‐m-\‐p-^‐m-I‐v-¨-d‐nM‐v‐' (Additivemanufacturing) F-‐v {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v A-d‐n-b-s‐¸-S‐p‐p (H‐mt‐c‐m ]‐m-f‐n-If‐m-b‐nI‐q-«‐n-t‐¨À-¡-s‐¸-S‐p--X‐n-\‐mÂs‐]«-‐v \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐w ]‐qÀ-¯‐n-b‐m-I‐nÃF--X‐m-W‐v {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â H-c‐p{‐][‐m-\ t‐]‐m-c‐m-b‐v-a-b‐m-b‐n h‐n-e-b‐n-c‐p-¯s‐¸-S‐p-X‐v‐).a-j‐n-b‐m-b‐n D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p- ]‐u-U-d‐n-s‐\ t‐e-k-d‐n-s‐â k-l‐m-b-t‐¯‐m-s‐SN‐q-S‐m-¡‐n D-c‐p-¡‐n L-\‐o-`-h‐n-¸‐n¨‐v‐, A-X‐nk‐q-£‐v-aa‐m-bc‐o-X‐n-b‐n c‐q-]-t‐c-J-b‐n-s‐eA-t‐X {‐X‐na‐m-\ B-I‐r-X‐n k‐r-ã‐n-¡‐m³k‐m-[‐n-¡‐p‐p. {‐]‐m-t‐b‐m-K‐n-I-a‐m-b‐n {‐X‐na‐m-\-c‐q-]-a‐m-¡‐m³_‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐p-Å G-X‐vB-I‐r-X‐nb‐p‐w {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐âPq¬ 2013
(40)k-l‐m-b-t‐¯‐m-s‐S k‐r-ã‐n-¡‐m-³ I-g‐n-b‐p‐w.D-]-Ic-Wt‐a‐m a‐m-X‐r-It‐b‐m h‐y-X‐y‐mk-s‐¸-S‐p-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐vD-X‐v-]‐m-Z-\ {‐]-{‐I‐nbA-¸‐m-s‐S a‐m-t‐ä-ï Ø‐n-X‐n CÃ. C-X‐n {‐]‐nâÀ H-‐p a-X‐n‐, U‐n-P‐n-ä c‐q-]t‐c-J a‐m{‐X‐w a‐m-d‐n-b‐m a-X‐n‐!D-]-I-c-W-§-f‐p-s‐S \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐w (a‐m-\‐p-^m-I‐v-¨-d‐n-M‐v‐) F-X‐v \‐n-e-h‐nÂhe‐n-b a‐p-X a‐p-S-¡‐p-Å H-‐mW‐v; ^‐m-Î-d‐n-I-Ä t‐h-W‐w‐, a‐m-\-h-h‐n-`-h-t‐i-j‐nI‐m-c‐y-a‐m-b‐n t‐hW‐w‐, G-s‐d L-S-I-h-k‐v-X‐p-¡Ä ]‐m-g‐m-h‐p-Ib‐p‐w s‐N-¿‐p‐w. `‐m-h‐nb‐nÂA¯-c‐w ^‐m-Î-d‐n-IÄ N‐n-e-t‐¸‐mÄt‐h-ï‐n h-c‐n-Ã. I‐m-cW‐w‐, \‐n-§Ä-¡‐mh-i‐ya‐m-bD-]-I-c-W-¯‐n-s‐â c‐q-]t‐c-J H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ h-g‐n k‐w-L-S‐n-¸‐n¨‐v(I‐mi‐p-s‐I‐m-S‐pt‐¯‐m AÃ‐ms‐Xt‐b‐m‐) A-X‐p-a‐m-b‐n A-S‐p-¯‐p-Å {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐vt‐I-{‐µ-¯‐n-s‐e-¯‐n k‐m[-\‐w {‐]‐nâ‐v s‐Nb‐v-s‐X-S‐p-¡‐m‐w.A-s‐Ã-¦‐nÂ‐, k‐z-´‐w h‐o-«‐ns‐e{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐n A-X‐v \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m‐w.L-S-I-h-k‐v-X‐p-¡Ä X‐o-s‐c ]‐m-g‐m-I‐nÃF--X‐mW‐v C‐u D-X‐v-]‐m-Z-\-¯‐n-s‐â{‐]-t‐X‐yI-X. AX‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v a-e‐n-\‐o-I-c-1970 IÄ a‐p-X {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v c‐w-K-¯‐pï‐v. b-{‐´-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w h‐ml-\-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐ps‐a‐m-s‐¡{‐X‐na‐m-\ a‐m-X‐r-I-IÄ \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-W‐v C-X‐vB-Z‐y-I‐me-¯‐v D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐n-c‐p-X‐v. h³I‐n-S I-¼-\‐n-IÄ-¡‐p‐w k‐w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‐p-s‐a‐m-s‐¡ a‐m-{‐X-t‐a {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v k-t‐¦-X‐w D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐X‐m-W‐n D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p-Å‐q. {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐p-IÄ¡‐v A-{‐X`‐o-aa‐m-b s‐N-e-h‐v t‐h-ï‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. AX‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v A-[‐n-I-a‐m-c‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w {‐i-²-b‐m-IÀ-j‐n-¨‐nÃ. F-‐mÂ‐, C-c‐p-]¯‐n-s‐b‐m‐m‐w\‐q-ä‐m-ï‐n-s‐â h-c-t‐h‐m-s‐S I‐m-c‐y-§Ä a‐m-d‐m³ X‐p-S§‐n. s‐Ne-h‐p I‐p-d-ª {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐p-IÄ \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐i-a§Ä D‐uÀ-P‐n-X-a‐mb‐n.a‐m-{‐X-aÃ‐, {‐X‐na‐m-\ D-]-I-c-W-§-f‐p-s‐S U‐n-P‐n-ä a‐m-X‐r-I-IÄ D-ï‐m-¡‐m³ k-l‐m-b‐n-¡‐p- a‐nI¨ t‐k‐m-^‐v-ä‐v-t‐h-d‐p-I-f‐p‐w c‐w-K-s‐¯¯‐n.H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ h-g‐n A¯-c‐w U‐n-P‐n-ä U‐n-s‐s‐k³ s‐s‐I-a‐m-d‐p-X‐p‐wF-f‐p-¸-a‐m-b‐n.{XoUn {]nân§p hgn krãn¨ s\IvtekvW-h‐p‐w hfs‐c I‐p-d-h‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w.D-X‐v-]‐m-Z-\-c‐wK-s‐¯ {‐]-X‐m-]‐w A-t‐a-c‐n-¡-b‐v¡‐v h‐o-s‐ï-S‐p-¡‐m³ k-l‐mb‐n-¡‐p-s‐X-‐v{‐]-k‐nUâ‐v _‐mc-I‐vH_‐m-a h‐n-t‐i-j‐n-¸‐n-¨ k-t‐¦-X-a‐m-W‐v{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐nM‐v. A-t‐a-c‐n-¡-b‐ne‐p‐w a-ä‐vb‐q-t‐d‐m-]‐y³ c‐m-P‐y-§-f‐n-e‐p-a‐m-W‐v {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v h‐y‐m-]-I-a‐m-b‐n-s‐¡‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. C‐u k-t‐¦-X-¯‐n-s‐â k‐m[‐y-XBZ‐y‐w a-\-k‐n-e‐m¡‐n-b I‐n-g-¡³ c‐mP‐y‐ws‐s‐N-\-b‐m-IW‐w. s‐s‐N-\-b‐n {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ-d‐p-IÄ a‐m-{‐X-a‐p-Å ^‐m-Î-d‐n-IÄ h-s‐c {‐]-X‐y-£-s‐¸-«‐p X‐p-S-§‐n-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐p.s‐s‐N-\‐o-k‐v \‐nÀa‐n-X I-f‐n-¸‐m-«-§-f‐nÂH-c‐p s‐Nd‐n-b ]-s‐¦-¦‐ne‐p‐w C-t‐¸‐mÄ{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â k‐m-l‐m-b-t‐¯‐m-s‐S\‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐p--h-b‐m-W‐v.]-g-b h‐nZ‐y; ]‐pX‐n-b k‐m[‐yXs‐a‐m-s‐s‐_ t‐^‐m-W‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S N-c‐n{‐X‐w X‐p-S-§‐p--X‐v 1970 I-f‐n-e‐mW‐v.F-‐mÂ‐, t‐e‐m-I-s‐a‐m-c‐p s‐a‐m-s‐s‐_Âh‐n-¹-h-¯‐n-s‐â ]‐n-S‐n-b‐n s‐]-S‐p-X‐vC-c‐p-]¯‐n-s‐b‐m‐m‐w \‐q-ä‐m-ï‐n-s‐â B-Z‐yZ-i-I-¯‐n-e‐p‐w. C-X‐n-\‐v G-s‐d-¡‐p-s‐d k-aa‐m-W‐v{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v k-t‐¦-X-¯‐n-s‐âN-c‐n-{‐X-h‐p‐w.1970 IÄ a‐p-X {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐vPq¬ 2013
{XoUn {]nân§nsâ IrXyXbpw kq£vaXbpwc‐w-K-¯‐pï‐v. b-{‐´-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w h‐m-l-\-§-f‐p-s‐Sb‐ps‐a‐m-s‐¡ {‐X‐na‐m-\ a‐m-X‐r-I-IÄ \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-W‐v C-X‐v B-Z‐y-I‐me-¯‐v D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐n-c‐p-X‐v. h³I‐n-SI-¼-\‐n-IÄ-¡‐p‐w k‐w-L-S-\-IÄ¡‐p-s‐a‐ms‐¡a‐m-{‐X-t‐a {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v k-t‐¦-X‐w D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐X‐m-W‐n D-ï‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p-Å‐q.{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ-d‐p-IÄ¡‐vA-{‐X `‐o-aa‐m-b s‐N-e-h‐v t‐h-ï‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.AX‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v A-[‐n-Ia‐m-c‐p-s‐Sb‐p‐w{‐i-²-b‐m-IÀ-j‐n-¨‐nÃ.F-‐mÂ‐, C-c‐p-]¯‐n-s‐b‐m‐m‐w\‐q-ä‐m-ï‐n-s‐â h-c-t‐h‐m-s‐S I‐m-c‐y-§Ä a‐md‐m³X‐p-S§‐n. s‐Ne-h‐p I‐p-d-ª {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ-d‐p-IÄ \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐i-a§ÄD‐uÀ-P‐n-X-a‐mb‐n. a‐m-{‐X-aÃ‐, {‐X‐na‐m-\ D-]-I-c-W-§-f‐p-s‐S U‐n-P‐n-ä a‐m-X‐r-I-IÄD-ï‐m-¡‐m³ k-l‐m-b‐n-¡‐p- a‐nI¨t‐k‐m-^‐v-ä‐v-t‐h-d‐p-I-f‐p‐w c‐w-K-s‐¯¯‐n.H‐m¬-s‐s‐e³ h-g‐n A¯-c‐w U‐n-P‐n-äÂU‐n-s‐s‐k³ s‐s‐I-a‐m-d‐p-X‐p‐w F-f‐p-¸-a‐mb‐n.]‐m-Ý‐mX‐y-t‐e‐mI-¯‐v h‐y‐m-]-I-a‐m-b‐nh‐n-]W-\‐w s‐N-¿-s‐¸-« B-Z‐y {‐X‐o-U‐n(41){‐]‐nâÀ 2012 H-t‐Î‐m-_-d‐n-e‐m-W‐v h‐n-]-W‐nb‐n-s‐e-¯‐n-bX‐v.‐"t‐a-¡À-t‐_‐m-«‐v d‐n-¹‐nt‐¡äÀ2‐' (MakerBot Replicator2) F B {‐]‐nâ-d‐n-s‐â h‐n-e 2‐,200t‐U‐m-f-À (1.18 e-£‐w c‐q-]‐) B-b‐n-c‐p‐p.CX{‐X he‐n-b h‐n-e-b‐m-s‐W-‐v I-c‐p-X‐p-hÀ H‐mÀ-¡‐p-I : 1983  F-¨‐v ]‐nh‐n-]-W‐n-b‐n-s‐e-¯‐n-¨ B-Z‐y s‐U-k‐v-I‐vt‐S‐m-¸‐v {‐]‐nâ-d‐n-s‐â h‐ne 12‐,800 t‐U‐m-fÀB-b‐n-c‐p‐p‐!F-¦‐ne‐p‐w k‐m-[‐m-c-W-¡‐mÀ-¡‐vC-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâÀ X‐m-§‐m³]-ä‐p--X‐ne‐p‐w h‐n-e-t‐b-d‐n-b-X‐mW‐v. `‐mh‐n-b‐nÂC‐u Ø‐n-X‐n a‐m-d‐n-¡‐q-s‐S-‐nÃ.U‐n-P‐n-ä c‐wK-s‐¯ G-X‐v D-]-I-c-W-¯‐n-s‐â I-Y-s‐b-S‐p-¯‐m-e‐p‐w N-c‐n{‐X‐wA-X‐m-W‐v ]-d-b‐p-X‐v. ]-¯‐p-hÀ-j‐w a‐p-¼‐v he‐n-b h‐ne s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯‐v h‐m-t‐§-ï‐nb‐n-c‐pU‐n-P‐n-ä I‐y‐m-a-d-I-f‐p-s‐S h‐n-eC-t‐¸‐mÄ F-{‐X X‐m-W‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-‐p-s‐h--I‐mc‐y‐w D-Z‐m-l-c-W‐w.h‐m-l-\-§-f‐p-s‐S F-©‐n-\‐p-IÄ‐, h‐na‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐âN‐n-d-I‐p-IÄ X‐p-S-§‐n-bhk-¦‐oÀ-W {‐X‐o-a‐m-\-c‐q-]-§-f‐mW‐v. CX‐pt‐]‐m-e‐p-Å-h-b‐p-s‐S]-c‐o-£-W a‐m-X‐r-I-IÄ k‐r-ã‐n-¡‐m-\‐m-W‐v C-t‐¸‐mÄ {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v {‐]-[‐m-\-a‐mb‐p‐w D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. k‐m-[‐m-c-W-K-X‐n-b‐n a‐m-k-§-s‐f-S‐p-¡‐p- he‐n-b ]-W-s‐¨-e-h‐p-ÅC¯-c‐w a‐m-X‐r-I‐m \‐nÀ-a‐m-W-§Ä B-g‐v-N-IÄ-s‐¡‐mï‐v‐, A-[‐n-I‐w s‐N-e-h‐nÃ‐ms‐X]‐qÀ-¯‐n-b‐m-¡‐m³ {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐vh-g‐n I-g‐n-b‐p‐w.a‐m-X‐r-IIÄ a‐m-{‐XaÃ‐, ]‐qÀ-W-t‐X‐m-X‐n-e‐p-Å H-t‐«s‐d D-X‐v-]--§f‐p‐w {‐X‐o-U‐n{‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐v h-g‐n \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡-s‐¸-S‐p-‐pï‐v.\‐n-e-h‐n {‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-e‐q-s‐S D-ï‐m-¡‐p--h-b‐n 20 i-X-a‐m-\‐w a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-W‐v]‐qÀ-W-t‐X‐m-X‐n-e‐p-Å D-X‐v-]--§Ä. 2020B-I‐p-t‐¼‐m-t‐g¡‐p‐w A-X‐v 50 i-X-a‐m-\-a‐m-I‐p-s‐a‐v‐, C‐u c‐w-K-s‐¯-¡‐p-d‐n-¨‐v ]T‐n-¡‐p- s‐S-d‐n t‐h‐m-t‐e-g‐v-k‐v I‐p-d-¨‐p-\‐mÄa‐p¼‐v ‐"Z‐n F-¡-t‐W‐m-a‐n-k‐v-ä‐n‐'t‐\‐m-S‐v ]-db‐p-I-b‐p-ï‐mb‐n.B-`-c-W-h‐y-h-k‐mb‐w‐, h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐mk‐w‐,s‐a-U‐n-¡Â‐, s‐Uâ h‐y-h-k‐m-b§Ä‐,k‐n-h‐n F³-P‐n-\‐n-b-d‐n-M‐v X‐p-S§‐n‐,t‐^‐m-k‐n-e‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S a‐mX‐r-I \‐nÀ-a‐m-W‐wX‐pS-§‐n A-k‐wJ‐y‐w t‐a-J-e-I-f‐nÂ{‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â k‐m-[‐y-X-IÄD-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐p-s‐a-‐v h‐n-e-b‐nc‐p-¯-s‐¸-S‐p-‐p.C‐u h‐n-Z‐y D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐vI‐r-{‐X‐n-a A-h-b-h-§f‐p‐w i-c‐o-c-`‐m-K-§f‐p‐w h-s‐c \‐nÀ-a‐n-¡‐m³ {‐i-a‐w \-S-‐ph-c‐p-‐p.{‐X‐o-U‐n {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â k‐m-[‐y-X-I-s‐f-¡‐p-d‐n¨‐v ‐"Z‐n F-¡-t‐W‐m-a‐n-k‐v-ä‐v‐' \-S¯‐n-b\‐n-c‐o£-W‐w {‐i-t‐²-b-a‐m-W‐v. 1750 ÂB-h‐n-b{‐´‐w BZ‐y‐w {‐]-X‐y-£-s‐¸-«-t‐¸‐mÄ‐, A-s‐Ã-¦‐n 1450  A-¨-S‐nb{‐´‐wc‐w-K-s‐¯¯‐nb-t‐¸‐mÄ‐, A-X‐p-as‐Ã-¦‐nÂ1950  {‐S‐m³-k‐v-äÀ h-t‐¸‐mÄþ A-h-b‐p-s‐S `‐m-h‐n k‐m-[‐y-X-IÄ t‐h-ïh‐n-[‐wa-\-k‐n-e‐m-¡‐m³ A-[‐n-I-a‐mÀ-¡‐p‐wI-g‐n-ª‐n-«‐p-ï‐m-I‐nÃ. AX‐p-t‐]‐m-s‐e-b‐m-W‐v {‐X‐na‐m-\ {‐]‐nâ‐n-M‐n-s‐â I‐m-c‐y-h‐p‐w.`‐m-h‐n-b‐p-s‐S h‐n-Z‐y-b‐m-WX‐v‐, `‐m-h‐n-s‐bA-S‐n-a‐p-S‐n a‐m-ä‐m³ k-l‐m-b‐n-t‐¨-¡‐m-h‐p-k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-I-h‐nZ‐y.amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_vFUnädmWv teJI³.teJIsâ Cþsabvð:jamboori@gmail.comA-h-e‐w_‐w‐, I-S-¸‐m-S‐v :1. BBC News;2. Wikipedia;3. The Printed World, TheEconomist, Feb 10, 2011;4. A new brick in the Great Wall,The Economist, April 27, 2013;5. A 3D Printed Gun, MITTechnology Review, May 3, 2013Pq¬ 2013
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k‐q£‐va-Xb‐p‐w s‐hf‐n-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐pcN-\-IÄ. Ad_‐v hk-´-¯‐ns‐âc‐mj‐v{‐S‐o-bh‐p‐w k¼-Z‐vi‐m-k‐v{‐Xh‐p‐w aX‐mß-I-Xb‐p‐wAX‐p-hg‐n k‐w`-h‐n¨ at‐[‐yj‐y³c‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob`‐qa‐n-i‐m-k‐v{‐X-¯‐ns‐â]‐p\À{‐[‐p-h‐o-I-c-Wh‐p‐w a‐m{‐X-aà ]S‐n-ª‐m-d‐ns‐â CS-s‐]-Se‐p‐w a‐m[‐y-a-§-f‐ps‐Sk‐z‐m[‐o-\-h‐ps‐a‐ms‐¡ ad-\‐o¡‐n¡‐mW‐n-¡‐p Nc‐n-{‐X-t‐c-J-I-f‐mb‐n Ch-a‐m-d‐p-‐p.2010 U‐nk‐w-_À 30\‐v K‐mÀU‐nb³d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«À {‐_b‐m³ h‐nt‐ä¡ÀFg‐pX‐nb t‐»‐mK‐ne‐mW‐v X‐pS-¡‐w. "C‐ub‐mg‐vNb‐ns‐eÃC‐u hÀj¯‐nÂXs‐at‐[‐yj‐yb‐nÂ\‐n‐pï‐mb Gäh‐p‐whe‐pX‐p‐w {‐][‐m\s‐¸«X‐pa‐mbh‐mÀ¯' F \‐neb‐n {‐_b‐m³,S‐pW‐oj‐yb‐n X‐pS¡a‐n« c‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob{‐]t‐£‐m`s‐¯ AhXc‐n¸‐n¨‐p.s‐_³Ae‐nb‐ps‐S GI‐m[‐n]X‐y`cW¯‐ns‐\X‐ns‐c cï‐mg‐vNb‐mb‐nc‐mP‐y¯‐pS\‐of‐w \S¡‐p P\I‐ob{‐]t‐£‐m`¯‐ns‐â X‐pS¡‐w {‐_b‐m³Is‐ï¯‐p‐p. k‐nU‐n_‐uk‐nZ‐vThe Arab Spring: Rebellion, revolution, and a new world orderEditor: Toby ManhireGuardian Books 2012(43)]«W¯‐ns‐e _‐nc‐pZ[‐mc‐nb‐p‐ws‐X‐mg‐nÂcl‐nX\‐pa‐mb a‐pl½Z‐v_h‐mk‐nk‐n F Cc‐p]¯‐md‐pI‐mc³P‐oh‐nXs‐¨eh‐pIs‐ï¯‐m\‐mb‐ns‐Xc‐ph‐n ]g§f‐p‐w ]¨¡d‐nIf‐p‐wh‐n¡‐ms‐\¯‐n. a‐pl½Z‐n\‐v I¨hS‐ws‐N¿‐m³ s‐s‐ek³k‐pï‐mb‐nc‐p‐nÃF I‐mcW‐w ]dª‐v t‐]‐me‐ok‐vAb‐ms‐f ]‐nS‐nI‐qS‐n. ]g§f‐p‐w]¨¡d‐nIf‐p‐w ]‐nS‐ns‐¨S‐p¯‐p.\‐nc‐mi\‐p‐w t‐c‐mj‐mI‐pe\‐pa‐mba‐pl½Z‐v k‐zb‐w X‐os‐I‐mf‐p¯‐n ac‐n¨‐p.At‐X¯‐pSÀ‐v ]«W¯‐n Ie‐m]a‐mc‐w`‐n¨‐p. "s‐X‐mg‐ne‐nÃ‐mb‐vab‐p‐wZ‐mc‐n{‐Z‐yh‐p‐w X\‐n¡‐p aS‐p¯‐p'F‐ph‐nf‐n¨‐p]dª‐ps‐I‐mï‐vas‐ä‐mc‐p s‐Nd‐p¸¡‐mc³ CeI‐v{‐S‐nI‐vShd‐n Ibd‐n s‐s‐hZ‐y‐pX‐mL‐m-Xt‐a¸‐n¨‐vBßlX‐ys‐Nb‐vX‐p.P\§Ä t‐]‐me‐ok‐v h‐ml\§f‐p‐wt‐]‐me‐ok‐v t‐Ìj\‐p‐w `cWI£‐nb‐ps‐SH‐m^‐ok‐ps‐a‐ms‐¡ X‐ob‐n«‐p. t‐]‐me‐ok‐vs‐hS‐nhb‐v]‐n BZ‐yZ‐nhk‐w Hc‐mf‐p‐wX‐pSÀ‐pÅ Z‐nhk§f‐n Cc‐p]X‐pt‐]c‐p‐w s‐I‐mÃs‐¸«‐p. Hc‐mg‐vNb‐v¡‐pÅ‐nÂXeØ‐m\a‐mb S‐y‐qW‐nk‐nt‐e¡‐vIe‐m]‐w ]SÀ‐p.89.6 iXa‐m\‐w t‐h‐m«‐p t‐\S‐n(Ak‐w_Ô`‐qc‐n]£‐wþAbsudmajority F‐mW‐v K‐mÀU‐nb³ ]{‐X‐w C‐u iXa‐m\s‐¯ h‐nf‐n¡‐pX‐v‐)A[‐nI‐mc¯‐ns‐e¯‐nb s‐_³Ae‐ns‐¡X‐ns‐c Z‐mc‐n{‐Z‐y‐w‐,s‐X‐mg‐ne‐nÃ‐mb‐va‐, h‐ne¡bä‐w‐, Ag‐naX‐n‐,kÀh‐m[‐n]X‐y‐w X‐pS§‐nbhs‐I‐mï‐ps‐]‐md‐pX‐na‐p«‐nb P\§Ä \S¯‐nbh‐n¹ha‐mb‐n S‐pW‐nj‐y³ Ie‐m]‐wa‐md‐n. X‐pSÀt‐§‐m«‐v S‐z‐näd‐ne‐p‐waä‐p k‐ma‐ql‐ya‐m[‐ya§f‐ne‐p‐wB{‐^‐n¡³‐, at‐[‐yj‐y³ c‐mP‐y§f‐nÂ\‐n‐v a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯Ic‐p‐wFg‐p¯‐pI‐mc‐p‐w k‐m[‐mcW¡‐mc‐p‐w\‐nc´cab¨ kt‐µi§f‐nÂ\‐n‐v Ad_‐vhk´¯‐ns‐âUbd‐n¡‐pd‐n¸‐pIÄ t‐]‐me‐pff Nc‐n{‐X‐w\‐nÀ½‐ns‐¨S‐p¡‐pIb‐mW‐v t‐S‐m_‐na‐m³s‐s‐lÀ. 2010 U‐nk‐w_À 30 \‐vS‐pW‐nj‐yb‐n \‐n‐p X‐pS§‐pC‐u Nc‐n{‐X‐w 2011 U‐nk‐w_À 19 \‐vk‐nd‐nbb‐n Ahk‐m\‐n¡‐p‐p. \ha‐m[‐ya§f‐ps‐S k‐ma‐ql‐y CSs‐]S t‐ij‐n a‐p³\‐nÀ¯‐n S‐z‐näÀh‐n¹h‐w‐, t‐^k‐v_‐p¡‐v h‐n¹h‐w‐,h‐n¡‐ne‐oI‐vk‐v h‐n¹h‐w Fs‐‐ms‐¡h‐nt‐ij‐n¸‐n¡s‐¸«‐p‐, Ad_‐vhk´‐w.AÂPk‐od s‐Se‐nh‐nj\‐mW‐v k‐ma‐ql‐ya‐m[‐ya§s‐ft‐¸‐ms‐eXs‐ {‐I‐nb‐mßIh‐p‐w ka{‐Kh‐p‐wh‐n]‐peh‐pa‐mb‐n a‐pø‐q h‐n¹h¯‐ns‐âKX‐n \‐nÀ®b‐n¨ as‐ä‐mc‐p a‐m[‐ya‐w.Pq¬ 2013
(44)a‐nU‐n C‐uÌ‐v s‐s‐eh‐v t‐»‐mK‐vS‐pW‐nj‐y a‐pX C‐uP‐n]‐vX‐v hs‐cb‐pff c‐mP‐y§f‐ns‐e P\I‐ob{‐]t‐£‐m`§Ä¡‐p ]‐n‐n {‐]hÀ¯‐n¨ Gäh‐p‐w {‐][‐m\s‐¸«k‐ma‐ql‐y N‐meIià‐n s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n{‐]Ø‐m\§f‐mb‐nc‐p‐p.S‐z‐näd‐p‐w t‐^k‐v_‐p¡‐pa‐pÄs‐¸s‐Sb‐pff k‐ma‐ql‐ya‐m[‐ya§f‐ps‐Sk‐z‐m[‐o\ià‐ns‐b¡‐pd‐n¨‐p h‐mN‐mec‐mI‐p a‐m[‐ya§Ä‐,s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n k‐wLS\IÄ Cc‐pc‐mP‐y§f‐ne‐p‐w P\‐m[‐n]X‐y {‐]Ø‐m\§Ä¡‐p k‐rj‐vS‐n¨‐p \ÂI‐nb A´c‐o£‐w I‐mW‐ms‐Xt‐]‐mb‐n. 2004 a‐pXe‐pff \‐me‐phÀj‐w a‐m{‐X‐w C‐uP‐n]‐vX‐n 17e£‐w s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIÄ ]s‐¦S‐p¯ 1900 e[‐nI‐w ]W‐na‐pS¡‐pkac§f‐pï‐mb‐n. "s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIÄ a\‐pj‐yc‐mW‐v FX‐nc‐n¨d‐nh‐pï‐m¡‐m\‐mW‐v X§Ä ]W‐na‐pS¡‐pX‐v' F Hc‐ps‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nb‐ps‐S h‐m¡‐pIÄ t‐eJIÀ D²c‐n¡‐p‐p.cï‐m‐w `‐mK¯‐pff t‐eJ\§Äa‐n¡X‐p‐w Ad_‐vhk´¯‐ns‐âk‐q£‐va c‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob§Äad\‐o¡‐n¡‐mW‐n¡‐phb‐mW‐v.S‐pW‐nj‐y³ Ie‐m]‐w c‐mP‐yXeØ‐m\t‐¯¡‐p h‐y‐m]‐n¨ BZ‐yZ‐nhk§f‐nÂXs‐(P\‐phc‐n 13 \‐v‐) K‐mÀU‐nb³s‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐v ka‐ns‐_³ l‐mk‐n\‐ns‐ât‐eJ\‐w {‐]k‐n²‐oIc‐n¨‐p. a‐pø‐qh‐n¹h¯‐nt‐e¡‐v X‐m\‐pÄs‐¸s‐Sb‐pffS‐pW‐nj‐y¡‐mÀ F´‐ps‐I‐mï‐phg‐nX‐nc‐nª‐ps‐hX‐ns‐âBßIY\‐w. e‐n_‐nb³t‐\‐mhe‐nÌ‐mb l‐nj‐m‐w a‐mXÀS‐pW‐nj‐y e‐n_‐nb³ P\X¡‐pa‐mÀKZÀiIa‐mb‐n Fs‐g‐pX‐p‐p‐,P\‐phc‐n 22 \‐v. K‐mÀU‐nbs‐âh‐nt‐Zi{‐]X‐n\‐n[‐n s‐P‐m\‐mY‐m³ Ì‐oÂ‐,s‐Ib‐vt‐d‐m {‐]X‐n\‐n[‐n P‐m¡‐v s‐j¦ÀX‐pS§‐nbhc‐ps‐S h‐niIe\§ÄX‐pSÀ‐phc‐p‐p. Fg‐p¯‐pI‐mc‐p‐wc‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob \‐nc‐o£Ic‐pa‐mb ]¦P‐va‐n{‐i‐, a‐md‐n\s‐s‐lU‐v‐, X‐mc‐nJ‐vAe‐n‐, K‐mÀU‐nb³ {‐]X‐n\‐n[‐nIt‐f‐mt‐I‐mfs‐ag‐p¯‐pI‐mt‐c‐m Bb Ae³h‐nt‐ä¡À‐, k‐oak‐v a‐nÂs‐\‐, t‐P‐mÀP‐vt‐I‐m¬_‐nt‐b‐m«‐v‐, Cb‐m³ »‐m¡‐v‐,t‐Pk¬ _À¡‐v‐, \‐y‐qt‐Ìä‐vk‐va³FU‐näÀ s‐al‐vZ‐nlk³‐, t‐\‐m_Âk½‐m\‐w t‐\S‐nb s‐ba\‐n ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯I Xh¡‐p IÀa³F‐n§s‐\ \‐nch[‐n t‐]c‐ps‐Sh‐niIe\§Ä C‐u `‐mK¯‐pï‐v.kÀh‐m[‐n]X‐y `cW§Ä a‐pXÂP\‐m[‐n]X‐y {‐]t‐£‐m`§Ä hs‐c;CÉ‐ma‐nI aXa‐ue‐nIh‐mZ‐w a‐pXÂa‐m[‐ya CSs‐]Se‐pIÄ hs‐c; XIÀk¼Z‐vLS\ a‐pX s‐X‐mg‐nÂkac§Ä hs‐cþAd_‐vhk´¯‐ns‐âc‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob‐m]{‐KY\a‐mb‐n a‐md‐p‐p‐,H‐mt‐c‐m t‐eJ\h‐p‐w. cs‐ï®‐w a‐m{‐X‐wk‐qN‐n¸‐n¡‐m‐w.Fd‐nI‐ve‐o‐, s‐_³ ba‐n³h‐n³X‐mÄ F‐nhÀ t‐NÀs‐g‐pX‐nb"s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n k‐wLS\IÄ: bY‐mÀYh‐n¹h k‐ma‐ql‐y a‐m[‐ya§Ä' Ft‐eJ\a‐mW‐v H‐v. S‐pW‐nj‐y a‐pXÂC‐uP‐n]‐vX‐v hs‐cb‐pff c‐mP‐y§f‐ns‐eP\I‐ob {‐]t‐£‐m`§Ä¡‐p ]‐n‐nÂ{‐]hÀ¯‐n¨ Gäh‐p‐w {‐][‐m\s‐¸«k‐ma‐ql‐y N‐meIià‐n s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n{‐]Ø‐m\§f‐mb‐nc‐p‐ps‐h‐vt‐eJIÀ Is‐ï¯‐p‐p. S‐z‐näd‐p‐wt‐^k‐v_‐p¡‐pa‐pÄs‐¸s‐Sb‐pffk‐ma‐ql‐ya‐m[‐ya§f‐ps‐S k‐z‐m[‐o\ià‐ns‐b¡‐pd‐n¨‐p h‐mN‐mec‐mI‐pa‐m[‐ya§Ä‐, s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n k‐wLS\IÄ Cc‐pc‐mP‐y§f‐ne‐p‐w P\‐m[‐n]X‐y {‐]Ø‐m\§Ä¡‐p k‐rj‐vS‐n¨‐p\ÂI‐nb A´c‐o£‐w I‐mW‐ms‐Xt‐]‐mb‐n. 2004 a‐pXe‐pff \‐me‐phÀj‐wPq¬ 2013
(45)a‐m{‐X‐w C‐uP‐n]‐vX‐n 17 e£‐ws‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIÄ ]s‐¦S‐p¯ 1900e[‐nI‐w ]W‐na‐pS¡‐p kac§f‐pï‐mb‐n."s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIÄ a\‐pj‐yc‐mW‐vF X‐nc‐n¨d‐nh‐pï‐m¡‐m\‐mW‐vX§Ä ]W‐na‐pS¡‐pX‐v'F Hc‐p s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nb‐ps‐Sh‐m¡‐pIÄ t‐eJIÀ D²c‐n¡‐p‐p.X‐pW‐na‐nÃ‐pIÄ‐, \‐nÀa‐mW‐, KX‐mKX‐,`£‐yk‐wk‐vIcW t‐aJeIÄX‐pS§‐n s‐Ib‐vt‐d‐m s‐as‐{‐S‐mhs‐cGX‐p c‐wK¯‐p‐w s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIÄX§f‐ps‐S P‐oh‐nX\‐neh‐mc¯‐ns‐âXIÀ¨ N‐qï‐n¡‐m«‐n kac‐w \S¯‐n. C‐u kac§Ä X‐pS¡¯‐nÂAS‐n¨aÀ¯‐nb s‐_³Ae‐nb‐ps‐Sb‐p‐wa‐p_‐md¡‐ns‐âb‐p‐w `cWI‐qS§Ä¡‐ve£¡W¡‐n\‐v s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐nIf‐ps‐Sk‐wLS‐nX {‐]t‐£‐m`¯‐n\‐p a‐p‐nÂa‐p«‐paSt‐¡ï‐n h‐p. `cWI‐qS¯‐ns‐\X‐ns‐c a‐m{‐XaÃ‐, c‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob CÉ‐ma‐ns‐\X‐ns‐cb‐p‐w AW‐n\‐nct‐¡ï‐n h‐pCh‐nS§f‐ns‐e s‐X‐mg‐ne‐mf‐n k‐wLS\IÄ¡‐v. 1979þ80 I‐me¯‐v t‐]‐mfï‐nÂ\S t‐k‐mf‐nU‐mc‐nä‐n a‐pt‐ä¯‐n\‐pka‐m\a‐mW‐v ]eXe§f‐ne‐p‐wC‐u {‐]Ø‐m\s‐a‐p‐w t‐eJIÀ\‐nc‐o£‐n¡‐p‐p.AÂPk‐od C‐w¥‐oj‐v N‐m\e‐ns‐\¡‐pd‐n¨‐mW‐v t‐P‐m¬ ¹¦ä‐p‐wt‐P‐mj‐v l‐mf‐nt‐Ub‐p‐w Fg‐pX‐pX‐v.1996þ Ad_‐nI‐v `‐mjb‐n Bc‐w`‐n¨AÂPk‐od‐, 2006  Bc‐w`‐n¨AÂþPk‐od C‐w¥‐oj‐v F‐oN‐m\e‐pIÄ t‐e‐mIa‐m[‐ya c‐wKs‐¯At‐ac‐n¡³ `cWI‐qSþt‐I‐mÀ¸t‐dä‐vI‐p¯Is‐¡X‐ns‐c \‐mf‐nX‐phs‐cDbÀ‐ph Gäh‐p‐w {‐]k‐n²a‐mb_Z a‐m[‐yak‐wk‐vI‐mca‐mb‐mW‐vIc‐pXs‐¸S‐pX‐v. At‐ac‐n¡b‐pÄs‐¸s‐S\‐qd‐p c‐mP‐y§f‐ns‐e Cc‐p]¯‐ncï‐pt‐I‐mS‐n h‐oS‐pIf‐n AÂþPk‐odC‐w¥‐oj‐v N‐m\ e`‐n¡‐p‐p. H‐m‐wKÄ^‐v b‐p²¯‐n k‐n.F³.F³\‐nÀa‐n¨ At‐ac‐n¡³ A\‐pI‐qeh‐mÀ¯‐mc‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob‐w cï‐m‐w KÄ^‐vb‐p²¯‐n AÂþPk‐od A«‐nad‐n¨‐p.Cd‐mJ‐v‐, A^‐vK‐m³ b‐p²§f‐ne‐p‐wC‐u Nc‐n{‐X‐w BhÀ¯‐n¨t‐X‐ms‐SAt‐ac‐n¡b‐ps‐S H‐m‐w\¼Ài{‐X‐p¡f‐ns‐e‐m‐mb‐n AÂþPk‐oda‐md‐n. Ad_‐vhk´¯‐ne‐p‐whl‐n¨‐p C‐u N‐m\ Nc‐n{‐X]ca‐mb Z‐uX‐y§Ä. J¯À`cWI‐qS¯‐ns‐â clk‐y]‐n´‐pWAÂþPk‐od¡‐ps‐ï IYIÄN‐m\ \‐nt‐j[‐n¡‐p‐p.C‐u {‐KÙ¯‐n\‐v Cb‐m³ »‐m¡‐vFg‐pX‐nb AhX‐mc‐nIb‐n ]db‐pX‐pt‐]‐ms‐e‐, k‐z´‐w k‐z]‐v\§Äa‐m{‐X‐w Bb‐p[a‐m¡‐n k‐z‐mX{‐´‐y‐wt‐a‐ml‐n¨ P\§Ä ]‐mÀes‐aâd‐nP\‐m[‐n]X‐y‐w a‐pt‐‐m«‐ph¨‐v GI‐m[‐n]X‐y `cWI‐qS§Äs‐¡X‐ns‐c \S¯‐nb h‐n¹ha‐mb‐nc‐p‐pa‐n¡h‐md‐p‐w c‐mP‐y§f‐n \SX‐v;N‐nt‐eS§f‐ns‐e¦‐ne‐p‐w c‐mj‐v{‐S‐obCÉ‐ma‐ns‐â s‐s‐IIf‐nt‐e¡‐vh‐n¹h‐m\´c c‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob‐wF¯‐ns‐¸«‐n«‐ps‐ï¦‐ne‐p‐w.Cc‐p]s‐¯‐m‐m‐w \‐qä‐mï‐nÂt‐e‐mIc‐mj‐v{‐S‐ob `‐q]S‐w a‐mä‐nhc¨a‐pø‐q h‐n¹h¯‐ns‐â Nc‐n{‐Xt‐cJIs‐f \‐neb‐nt‐e¡‐vHc‐p ]{‐X¯‐ns‐â t‐»‐mK‐v ]c‐nWa‐ns‐¨¯‐pX‐ns‐â K‐w`‐oca‐mX‐rIb‐mW‐v C‐u {‐KÙ‐w. aeb‐mf]{‐X§Ä¡‐v C¯cs‐a‐mc‐p t‐\«‐wk‐z]‐v\‐w I‐mW‐m³ Ig‐nb‐ps‐a¦‐nÂAX‐pXs‐ he‐nb t‐\«a‐mb‐nc‐n¡‐p‐w.{ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfwA[ym]I\mWv teJI³.teJIsâ Cþsabvð:shajijacob67@gmail.comPq¬ 2013
(46)BookshelfNew Books @ <strong>Academy</strong> LibraryBecoming aPublic Relations WriterRonald D. SmithRoutledge432 pages; Price: Rs. 3901Becoming a Public RelationsWriter is a comprehensiveguide to the writing process forpublic relations practice. Usingstraightforward, no-nonsenselanguage, realistic examples,easy-to-follow steps and practicalexercises, this text introducesthe various formats and stylesof writing you will encounter asa public relations practitioner.A focus on ethical and legalissues is woven throughout,with examples and exercisesaddressing public relations aspracticed by corporations, nonprofitagencies, and other typesof organizations both large andsmall. In addition, the bookoffers the most comprehensivelist of public relations writingformats to be found anywhere---from the standard news releaseto electronic mail and otheropportunities using a variety oftechnologies and media.Content analysisKlaus KrippendorffSAGE413 pages; Price Rs. 4247Content Analysis: An Introductionto Its Methodology is a definitivesourcebook of the history andcore principles of content analysisas well as an essential resource forpresent and future studies. Thebook introduces readers to waysof analyzing meaningful mattersuch as texts, images, voices– that is, data whose physicalmanifestations are secondary tothe meanings that a particularpopulation of people brings tothem. Organized into three parts,the book examines the conceptualand methodological aspects ofcontent analysis and also tracesseveral paths through contentanalysis protocols. The bookalso includes a practical guidethat incorporates experiencesin teaching and how to adviseacademic and commercialresearchers. In addition,Krippendorff clarifies theepistemology and logic of contentanalysis as well as the methodsfor achieving its aims.Global Media EthicsEditor: Stephen J. A. WardJohn Wiley & Sons, 2013344 pages; Price: Rs. 2576Global Media Ethics is across-cultural exploration ofthe conceptual and practicalissues facing media ethics in aglobal world. Focusing on theethical concepts, principles, andquestions in an era of majorchange, this unique textbookexplores the aims and norms thatshould guide the publication ofstories that impact across borders,and which affect a globallylinked,pluralistic world. Throughcase studies, analysis of emergingpractices, and theoreticaldiscussion, a team of leadingjournalism and communicationexperts investigate the impactof major global trends onresponsible journalism and leadreaders to better understandchanges in media ethics. Chapterslook at how these changespromote or inhibit responsiblejournalism, how such changeschallenge existing standards, andhow media ethics can developto take account of global newsmedia.Pq¬ 2013
C.]n.jmPpZo³\yqkv s\ävBtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpóanI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn.am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse{]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.(47)s‐\ä‐v hÀ-¡‐vU‐vS‐o¨‐n‐wK‐v H‐m¬s‐s‐e³t‐PW-e‐nk‐w]»‐nj‐n‐wK‐v2.0s‐\ä‐v hÀ-¡‐vU‐v s‐k‐ms‐s‐kä‐n H‐m^‐v{‐]^jW t‐PWe‐nÌ‐vk‐v(Fk‐v.]‐n.s‐P‐)Ahc‐ps‐Ss‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐nt‐\‐ms‐S‐m¸‐w \S¯‐pt‐»‐mK‐v BW‐v- s‐\ä‐v hÀ¡‐vU‐v.(http://blogs.spjnetwork.org/tech‐). a‐m[‐ya c‐wKs‐¯ k‐mt‐¦X‐nIh‐nZ‐ys‐b ]ä‐n ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯Is‐ct‐_‐m[he‐vIc‐n¡‐pIb‐mW‐v- s‐s‐kä‐ns‐âe£‐y‐w.Fk‐v.]‐n.s‐Pb‐ps‐S U‐nP‐näÂa‐oU‐nb‐m I½‐nä‐nb‐mW‐v- CX‐ns‐â \S¯‐n¸‐pI‐mÀ. Fk‐v.]‐n.s‐Ps‐b¡‐pd‐n¨‐vC‐u t‐I‐mf¯‐n a‐p³]‐v ]c‐maÀi‐n¨‐n«‐pÅX‐mW‐v-. ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\ t‐aJeb‐n I‐qS‐pXe‐mb‐n D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐p k‐mt‐¦X‐nI h‐nZ‐yIÄk‐w_Ô‐n¨‐v hfs‐c h‐nÚ‐m\{‐]Zh‐p‐w{‐]‐mt‐b‐mK‐nI Ad‐nh‐pIf‐pÅX‐pa‐mbt‐»‐mK‐v BW‐nX‐v. a‐m[‐ya c‐wK¯‐vA\‐pZ‐n\‐w Dï‐mI‐p k‐mt‐¦X‐nIhfÀ¨s‐b C‐u s‐s‐kä‐n \‐n‐pa\k‐ne‐m¡‐m‐w.2007 t‐ab‐v a‐pXe‐pÅDÅS¡‐w CX‐ns‐â BÀs‐s‐¡h‐vk‐vh‐n`‐mK¯‐n e`‐ya‐mW‐v-. 31h‐n`‐mK§f‐ne‐mb‐n CX‐ns‐e DÅS¡‐wh‐n`P‐n¨‐nc‐n¡‐p‐p. CX‐n ^‐y‐q¨ÀH‐m^‐v a‐oU‐nb‐, t‐PWe‐nk‐wFP‐qt‐¡j³‐, s‐a‐ms‐s‐_ÂU‐ns‐s‐hkk‐v‐, s‐s‐dä‐n§‐v t‐^‐mÀ Z‐vs‐h_‐v X‐pS§‐nb h‐n`‐mK§Ä {‐]t‐b‐mP\{‐]Za‐m-W‐v-. ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\t‐aJes‐bb‐p‐w CX‐ns‐e ]‐pX‐nbk‐mt‐¦X‐nIh‐nZ‐yIs‐fb‐p‐w Bg¯‐nÂa\k‐ne‐m¡‐m³ B{‐Kl‐n¡‐phÀ¡‐vhfs‐c {‐]t‐b‐mP\{‐]Za‐mW‐v- C‐us‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐v.t‐PWe‐nÌ‐vk‐v S‐qÄI‐nä‐v Fs‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐v a‐p³]‐v C‐u t‐I‐mf¯‐nÂ]c‐nNbs‐¸S‐p¯‐nb‐nc‐p‐p. C‐us‐s‐kä‐ns‐â Ø‐m]Ib‐mb a‐n³U‐n aI‐vBU‐wk‐v H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ t‐PWe‐nk‐wk‐w_Ô‐n¨‐v s‐s‐II‐mc‐y‐w s‐N¿‐pt‐»‐mK‐v BW‐v- S‐o¨‐n‐wK‐v H‐m¬s‐s‐e³t‐PWenk‐w (http://mindymcadams.com/tojou‐).H‐m¬s‐s‐e³t‐PWe‐nk‐w F§s‐\ ]T‐n¸‐n¡‐m‐wFX‐mW‐v- CX‐ns‐e DÅS¡‐w.]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯Ib‐p‐w ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\ A[‐y‐m]‐nIb‐pa‐mb a‐n³U‐nhfs‐c Bg¯‐ne‐pÅ ]T\‐w C‐ut‐»‐mK‐n\‐p t‐hï‐n s‐Nb‐vX‐n«‐pï‐v.AX‐n\‐m Xs‐ hfs‐c {‐]t‐b‐mP\{‐]Zh‐pa‐mW‐v- C‐u t‐»‐mK‐v.16 h‐n`‐mK§f‐ne‐mb‐mW‐v- CX‐ns‐eDÅS¡‐w. H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ t‐PWe‐nk‐wk‐w_Ô‐n¨ C‐u h‐n`‐mK§f{‐Xb‐p‐w\‐nch[‐n t‐eJ\§Ä s‐I‐mï‐p‐w]T\ k‐ma{‐K‐nIÄ s‐I‐mï‐p‐wk¼a‐mW‐v-. [‐mc‐mf‐w k‐ne_k‐pIÄa‐n³U‐n CX‐n \e‐vI‐nb‐n«‐pï‐v.CX‐v A[‐y‐m]IÀ¡‐v {‐]t‐b‐mP\Ica‐mW‐v-. a‐m{‐Xh‐paÃ‐, GX‐mï‐vFÃ‐m Bg‐vNb‐p‐w CX‐n ]‐pX‐nbDÅS¡‐w I‐q«‐nt‐¨À¡‐p‐p. CX‐pI‐qS‐ms‐X H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ t‐PWe‐nk‐wk‐w_Ô‐n¨ ]‐pX‐nb h‐nhc§Äaä‐p {‐]k‐n²‐oIcW§f‐n hX‐vCX‐n e‐n¦‐mb‐n \e‐vI‐p‐pa‐pï‐v.X‐me‐v]c‐ya‐pÅhÀ¡‐v CX‐n cP‐nÌÀs‐Nb‐vX‐m Cs‐ab‐v-e‐n ]‐pX‐nbh‐nhc§f‐p‐w s‐s‐kä‐v k‐w_Ô‐n¨Ad‐nb‐n¸‐pIf‐p‐w I‐n«‐p‐w.a‐m[‐yac‐wKs‐¯b‐p‐w h‐mÀ¯Is‐fb‐p‐w]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\s‐¯b‐p‐wk‐mt‐¦X‐nIh‐nZ‐y F§s‐\a‐mä‐nad‐n¡‐p‐ps‐h \‐nc‐o£Wa‐mW‐v-C‐u s‐s‐kä‐ns‐â DÅS¡‐w. h‐ne‐mk‐w:http://publishing2.com k‐vt‐I‐m«‐vI‐mÀ]‐v‐, t‐d‐m_ÀS‐v b‐wK‐v F‐nhc‐m-W‐v- s‐s‐kä‐ns‐â ]‐n‐n {‐]hÀ¯‐n¡‐pX‐v. k‐mt‐¦X‐nIh‐nZ‐y‐mhfÀ¨ k‐w_Ô‐n¨‐v hfs‐cb[‐nI‐wh‐nÚ‐m\‐w \‐ndª t‐»‐mK‐vBW‐nX‐v. 52 h‐njb§f‐ne‐mb‐mW‐v-CX‐ns‐e DÅS¡§Ä. k‐m[‐mcWs‐h_‐vs‐s‐kä‐pIÄ ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\¯‐ns‐â Gs‐X¦‐ne‐p‐wHc‐p t‐aJes‐b a‐m{‐X‐w e£‐y‐whb‐v¡‐pt‐¼‐mÄ C‐u s‐s‐kä‐n h‐nh‐n[]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\ t‐aJeIf‐ns‐ek‐mt‐¦X‐nIh‐nZ‐yb‐m¬ s‐s‐II‐mc‐y‐ws‐Nb‐vX‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐v. CX‐n s‐h_‐v2‐, Iïâ‐v U‐nk‐v{‐S‐n_‐y‐qj³‐, e‐n¦‐vt‐PWe‐nk‐w‐, a‐oU‐ob‐m ¹‐mä‐vt‐^‐m‐wk‐v‐,H‐m¬s‐s‐e³ ]»‐nj‐n§‐v X‐pS§‐nbha‐nI¨ DÅS¡§f‐mW‐v-. GX‐mï‐vFÃ‐m Bg‐vNb‐p‐w ]‐pX‐nb DÅS¡‐wt‐NÀ¡‐p‐p. s‐s‐kä‐n cP‐nÌÀs‐Nb‐vX‐m \‐y‐q-k‐vs‐e-äÀ Cs‐ab‐v-e‐nÂI‐n-«‐p‐w.awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkvFUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâCþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.comPq¬ 2013
(48)A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄk‐zX{‐´ ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\‐w A\nhmcyw:h‐nt‐\‐mZ‐v iÀat‐I‐mg‐nt‐¡‐mS‐v: P\‐m[‐n]X‐yc‐mP‐y¯‐vk‐zX{‐´ ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\‐wAX‐y´‐mt‐]£‐nXa‐ms‐W‐vl‐nµ‐pØ‐m³ s‐s‐S‐wk‐ns‐âc‐m{‐ã‐obI‐mc‐y ]{‐X‐m[‐n]Àh‐nt‐\‐mZ‐v iÀa ]dª‐p. t‐Icf {‐]k‐v A¡‐mZa‐n ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\h‐nZ‐y‐mÀY‐nIÄ¡‐mb‐n \S¯‐nb ‐"]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\¯‐ns‐â `‐mh‐n‐' ]T\I‐y‐m¼‐nÂk‐wk‐mc‐n¡‐pIb‐mb‐nc‐p‐p At‐±l‐w.Ad‐nh‐mW‐v ià‐ns‐b‐vh‐ni‐zk‐n¡‐phc‐mW‐v \½Ä. k‐zX{‐´]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\‐w AX‐ps‐I‐mï‐pXs‐{‐][‐m\‐yt‐ad‐nbX‐mW‐v. ]{‐Xa‐m[‐ya§Äs‐]‐mX‐pP\§f‐ps‐S A`‐n{‐]‐mbc‐q]hX‐vIcW¯‐n\‐v CSb‐m¡‐p‐pï‐v.AS‐p¯ X‐ncs‐ªS‐p¸‐n \‐n§s‐fBc‐v {‐]X‐n\‐n[‐oIc‐n¡W‐wF X‐oc‐pa‐m\s‐¯hs‐c CX‐vk‐z‐m[‐o\‐n¡‐p‐ps‐h‐p‐w h‐nt‐\‐mZ‐v iÀa]dª‐p.]{‐X¯‐ns‐â h‐mb\¡‐mc‐ps‐Sk‐ma‐ql‐nI k‐m¼¯‐nI \‐neh‐mc‐wFs‐´‐v s‐hf‐ns‐¸S‐p¯Ws‐a‐vBhi‐ys‐¸S‐p ]ck‐yh‐nXcW¡‐mc‐pï‐v. k‐z´‐wh‐mb\¡‐ms‐c ]ck‐y¯‐n\‐pt‐hï‐nXc‐wX‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐v h‐mb\¡‐mt‐c‐mS‐pÅA]c‐m[a‐mW‐v. h‐mÀ¯If‐ne‐p‐wCt‐X ]£]‐mX‐nX‐z‐w {‐]ISa‐mW‐v.UÂl‐nb‐n k¼À X‐mak‐n¡‐pZ£‐nWUÂl‐nb‐n Bs‐c¦‐ne‐p‐ws‐I‐mÃs‐¸«‐m AX‐v ]{‐X§f‐ps‐SPq¬ 2013H‐m‐wt‐]P‐n hc‐p‐w. F‐mÂ‐,X‐ms‐g¡‐nSb‐ne‐pÅhÀ X‐mak‐n¡‐phS¡³ UÂl‐nb‐ne‐pÅhÀ¡‐mW‐vCt‐X A\‐p`h‐w hs‐X¦‐n ]{‐X§f‐ps‐S DÄt‐]P‐ne‐mW‐v {‐]X‐y£s‐¸S‐pIs‐b‐p‐wAt‐±l‐w ]dª‐p.aeb‐mf ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯Ic‐pa‐mb‐pÅBß_Ôh‐p‐w aeb‐mf]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\c‐wKs‐¯ k‐w_Ô‐n¨\‐nc‐o£W§f‐p‐w At‐±l‐w ]¦‐ps‐h¨‐p.t‐I‐mk‐v-t‐a‐ms‐]‐mf‐nä³ \Kc§f‐ns‐e]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯\h‐pa‐mb‐n X‐mcXa‐y‐ws‐N¿‐pt‐¼‐mÄ t‐Icf¯‐n I‐pd¨‐pI‐qS‐nAS‐nØ‐m\]ca‐mb h‐mÀ¯IÄ \ÂI‐p‐pï‐v. h‐mÀ¯IÄ¡‐pt‐hï‐n]W‐w s‐Nehg‐n¡‐pX‐n\‐p‐wØ‐m]\§Ä¡‐v aS‐nb‐nà FX‐vA`‐n\µ\‐mÀla‐ms‐W‐p‐w h‐nt‐\‐mZ‐viÀa A`‐n{‐]‐mbs‐¸«‐p.s‐ab‐v 4\‐v c‐mh‐ns‐e \S NS§‐nÂs‐ka‐n\‐md‐ns‐â DZ‐vL‐mS\h‐p‐wh‐nt‐\‐mZ‐v iÀa \‐nÀhl‐n¨‐p. t‐Icf {‐]k‐v A¡‐mZa‐n s‐NbÀa‐m³ F³.]‐n.c‐mt‐P{‐µ³ A[‐y£X hl‐n¨‐p.aeb‐mf at‐\‐mca FU‐nt‐ä‐md‐nb UbdÎÀt‐X‐mak‐v t‐P¡_‐v k‐wk‐mc‐n¨‐p.h‐n.BÀ. AP‐nX‐v I‐pa‐mÀ k‐z‐mKXh‐p‐wF³. c‐mt‐Pj‐v \µ‐nb‐p‐w ]dª‐p.h‐nh‐n[ h‐njb§f‐n F. klt‐Zh³‐,s‐P. t‐K‐m]‐oI‐rj‐vW³ F‐nhÀk‐wk‐mc‐n¨‐p. s‐ka‐n\‐mÀ R‐mbd‐mg‐vNka‐m]‐n¡‐p‐w.a‐m[‐ya {‐]hÀ¯IÀ[‐mÀa‐nIX s‐s‐Is‐hS‐nbc‐pX‐v:h‐nf\‐ne‐wka‐ql¯‐ns‐âb‐p‐w h‐yà‐nb‐ps‐Sb‐p‐wAhI‐mi‐w k‐wc£‐n¡‐pX‐n a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯IÀ¡‐v \‐nÀW‐mbIa‐mb]¦‐ps‐ï‐v t‐Icf kÀhIe‐mi‐me‐ma‐p³ s‐s‐hk‐v N‐m³keÀ t‐U‐m.s‐P.h‐n.h‐nf\‐ne‐w ]dª‐p. t‐PWe‐nk‐w h‐nZ‐y‐mÀY‐nIÄ¡‐mb‐n t‐Icf {‐]Ê‐v A¡‐mZa‐n k‐wLS‐n¸‐n¨ i‐ne‐v]i‐meb‐nÂk‐wk‐mc‐n¡‐pIb‐mb‐nc‐p‐p At‐±l‐w.P\§f‐ps‐S {‐]X‐n\‐n[‐nIf‐mb a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯IÀ¡‐v \‐nÀ`ba‐mb‐p‐w kX‐ykÔa‐mb‐p‐w {‐]hÀ¯‐n¡‐m³ Ig‐nbW‐w. h‐n]W‐nb‐ps‐S k½ÀZ‐w a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯\s‐¯ k‐z‐m[‐o\‐n¡‐pX‐vka‐ql¯‐n Z‐qch‐y‐m]Ia‐mb {‐]X‐y‐mL‐mX‐w k‐rã‐n¡‐p‐w. `cWI‐qS¯‐ns‐âs‐Xä‐mb \S]S‐nIÄ X‐pd‐pI‐m«‐m³a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯IÀ¡‐v k‐m[‐n¡Ws‐a‐v h‐nf\‐ne‐w ]dª‐p.{‐]Ê‐v A¡‐mZa‐n s‐NbÀa‐m³ F³.]‐n. c‐mt‐P{‐µ³ A[‐y£X hl‐n¨‐p.e‐n‐wK\‐oX‐nb‐p‐w a‐m[‐yah‐p‐w F h‐njb¯‐n \S NÀ¨b‐n s‐I.F. _‐o\‐, BÀ.]‐mÀhX‐nt‐Zh‐n‐, F³. k‐pk‐va‐nX F‐nhÀ k‐wk‐mc‐n¨‐p. A¡‐mZa‐nA‐wK§f‐mb F³. c‐mt‐Pj‐v‐, C.]‐n.j‐mP‐p±‐o³‐, A¡‐mZa‐n s‐k{‐I«d‐n h‐n.BÀ. AP‐nX‐vI‐pa‐mÀ F‐nhÀk‐wk‐mc‐n¨‐p.
(49){‐]‐mt‐Zi‐nI t‐eJIÀ¡‐v ]T\I‐y‐m¼‐v \S¯‐nX‐rÈ‐qÀ: a‐m[‐yac‐wKs‐¯ H‐u]N‐mc‐nI]T\§Ä¡‐v D]c‐nb‐mb‐n h‐mÀ¯IÄIs‐ï¯‐pX‐n\‐p‐w Ah ef‐nXa‐mb‐nAhXc‐n¸‐n¡‐pX‐n\‐pa‐pÅ Ig‐nh‐mW‐v a‐nI¨ a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯Is‐c k‐rã‐n¡‐ps‐X‐v ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯I³s‐I.F‐w. t‐d‐mb‐v A`‐n{‐]‐mbs‐¸«‐p. t‐Icf{‐]k‐v A¡‐mZa‐nb‐ps‐S B`‐na‐pJ‐y¯‐nÂX‐rÈ‐qÀ‐, ae¸‐pd‐w‐, ]‐me¡‐mS‐v P‐nÃIf‐nÂ\‐n‐pÅ {‐]t‐Zi‐nI ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯IÀ-¡‐m-b‐n s‐a-b‐v 10‐, 11 X‐o-b-X‐n-I-f‐nÂk‐wLS‐n¸‐n¨ Z‐z‐nZ‐n\ a‐m[‐ya]T\I‐y‐m¼‐v a‐pf¦‐p¯‐pI‐mh‐v I‐ne H‐mU‐nt‐ä‐md‐nb¯‐n DZ‐vL‐mS\‐w s‐N¿‐pIb‐mb‐nc‐p‐p At‐±l‐w.a‐md‐ns‐¡‐mï‐nc‐n¡‐p a‐m[‐yac‐oX‐nIs‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐p‐w {‐]hWXIs‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐pa‐pÅ ]c‐nÚ‐m\‐w ]{‐X{‐]hÀ¯Ic‐ps‐S {‐]hÀ¯\a‐nIh‐v hÀ[‐n¸‐n¡‐m³DXI‐ps‐a‐p‐w At‐±l‐w ]dª‐p. a‐m[‐yat‐aJeb‐ns‐e h‐nh‐n[ c‐wK§f‐ns‐ek‐mt‐¦X‐nI a‐pt‐ä§s‐f¡‐pd‐n¨‐va‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯IÀ¡‐v ]c‐ni‐oe\‐w\ÂI‐pX‐n\‐v t‐Icf {‐]k‐v A¡‐mZa‐nh‐nh‐n[ ]T\I‐y‐m¼‐pIÄ k‐wLS‐n¸‐nPR Day Celebration - SYNERGIA’13The students of Public Relationsdepartment of the Institute ofCommunication, <strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong><strong>Academy</strong>, organized a function tocommemorate this on 26th April2013.The Chief Guest who gracedthe function was Mr. C.J.George,Chairman, CII, <strong>Kerala</strong> StateCouncil and Managing Director,Geogit PNB PARIBAS Financialservices Ltd. He spoke on thetopic ‘Private Corporate Sectorand Public Policy’ in forenoonsession. This was followedby cultural programs in theafternoon.The First All India Public¨‐phc‐nIb‐ms‐W‐v t‐b‐mK¯‐n A[‐y£X hl‐n¨ {‐]k‐v A¡‐mZa‐n s‐NbÀa‐m³ F³.]‐n. c‐mt‐P{‐µ³ ]dª‐p.A[‐nI‐mch‐nt‐I{‐µ‐oIcW {‐]hÀ¯\§Ä k‐mÀ°Ia‐m¡‐m³ a‐m[‐ya{‐]hÀ¯IÀ¡‐v {‐][‐m\ ]¦‐v hl‐n¡‐m\‐ps‐ï‐p‐w h‐nIk\{‐]hÀ¯\§Äk‐mÀ°Ia‐m¡‐m³ a‐m[‐ya CSs‐]SÂkl‐mbIa‐ms‐W‐p‐w Bi‐wk t‐\À‐v k‐wk‐mc‐n¨ I‐ne UbdÎÀ t‐U‐m.]‐n.]‐n. _‐me³ ]dª‐p. {‐]k‐v ¢º‐v{‐]k‐nUâ‐v t‐P‐mb‐v F‐w. a®‐qÀ‐, I‐y‐m¼‐vt‐I‐mH‐mÀU‐nt‐\äÀ F³. c‐mt‐Pj‐v‐, {‐]k‐vA¡‐mZa‐n s‐k{‐I«d‐n h‐n.BÀ. AP‐nX‐vI‐pa‐mÀ F‐nhÀ k‐wk‐mc‐n¨‐p. C³^Àt‐aj³ ]»‐nI‐v d‐nt‐ej³k‐v t‐aJe‐ms‐U]‐y‐q«‐n UbdÎÀ h‐n.P‐n. t‐cW‐pI‐,{‐]k‐vA¡‐mZa‐n Ak‐n. s‐k{‐I«d‐n F³.]‐n. kt‐´‐mj‐v F‐nhÀ ]s‐¦S‐p¯‐p.a‐mX‐r`‐qa‐n {‐]t‐X‐yI t‐eJI³ s‐I.Fk‐v. h‐n]‐n\N{‐µ³‐, a‐wKf‐w FI‐v-k‐n.FU‐näÀ F. kP‐oh³‐, t‐U‐m. H.s‐I.a‐pcf‐oI‐rj‐vW³ F‐nhÀ h‐nh‐n[h‐njb§f‐n ¢‐ms‐kS‐p¯‐p. s‐s‐hI‐o«‐v\S a‐pJ‐ma‐pJ¯‐n a‐mX‐r`‐qa‐nRelations Conference wasorganized in Delhi on April 21,1968. The theme of the conferencewas the need of ‘ProfessionalApproach’ in the practice ofs‐U]‐y‐q«‐n FU‐näÀ F‐w.]‐n. k‐pt‐c{‐µ³‐,aeb‐mf at‐\‐mca t‐I‐m H‐mU‐nt‐\ä‐n§‐vFU‐näÀ ]‐n.F. I‐pc‐y‐mt‐¡‐mk‐v‐, C´‐y‐mh‐nj³ FU‐näÀ F‐w.]‐n. _j‐oÀF‐nhÀ ]s‐¦S‐p¯‐p. a‐q‐v P‐nÃIf‐nÂ\‐n‐mb‐n \‐qt‐d‐mf‐w {‐]‐mt‐Zi‐nI t‐eJIÀ I‐y‐m¼‐n ]s‐¦S‐p¯‐p. ka‐m]\Z‐nhka‐mb i\‐nb‐mg‐vN t‐Zi‐m`‐na‐m\‐nN‐o^‐v \‐y‐qk‐v FU‐näÀ ]‐n.]‐n. A_‐q_¡À‐, at‐\‐mca N‐o^‐v d‐nt‐¸‐mÀ«À P‐nt‐P‐mt‐P‐m¬ ]‐qt‐¯g¯‐v‐, h‐nhc‐mhI‐mik‐wLS\‐m P-\.s‐k{‐I«d‐n AU‐z.U‐n._‐n. _‐n\‐p F‐nhÀ ¢‐ms‐kS‐p¯‐p.ka‐m]\ kt‐½f\¯‐n AU‐z.U‐n._‐n._‐n\‐p kÀ«‐n^‐n¡ä‐pIÄ h‐nXcW‐w s‐Nb‐vX‐p. A¡‐mZa‐n A-k‐n.s‐k{‐I«d‐n F³.]‐n.kt‐´‐mj‐v k‐z‐mKX‐w]dª‐p.aoUnb: amÀ¡änwKn\vBsf BhiyapïvtIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcW-amb aoUnbbpsS kÀ¡p-tej³ hÀ²n¸n¡póXn\pw amknIbv¡v ]cky§Ä Isï¯póXn\pw{]m]v-Xcmb hyànIÄ/Øm]\§fnð \nópw At]£ £Wn¨p.Cu cwKs¯ ]cn-Nbw, I½oj³hyhØIÄ Fónh DÄtNÀóAt]£ sk{I«dn, tIcf {]kvA¡m-Zan, Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n 682030 Fó hnemk¯nð Pq¬ 15þ\Iw Ab¨pXtcïXmWv. IqSpXðhnhc§Ä¡v t^m¬ þ 0484 2422275.Csabnð mail@pressacademy.org.Public Relations. National PublicRelations Day is celebrated everyyear to highlight this aspect bothamong practitioners and studentsof Public relations.Pq¬ 2013
(50)temIw Iï hcA´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð.amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWvCh XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.U‐mc‐nð t‐IK‐nÄkaI‐me‐o\ k‐w`hh‐nI‐mk§f‐n At‐ac‐n¡b‐ns‐e a‐m[‐ya§Ä H_‐mab‐vs‐¡X‐ns‐cc‐q£ h‐naÀi\a‐pbÀ¯‐nbX‐ns‐â ]Ý‐m¯e¯‐ne‐pÅ C‐u I‐mÀ«‐q¬cN‐n¨‐nc‐n¡‐pX‐v {‐]ik‐vX At‐ac‐n¡³ FU‐nt‐ä‐md‐nb I‐mÀ«‐qW‐nÌ‐mb U‐mc‐nÂt‐IK‐nf‐mW‐v. BZ‐yI‐me¯‐v H_‐mas‐b ]‐n´‐pW¨‐nc‐p a‐m[‐ya§fS¡‐w Ct‐¸‐mÄIS‐p¯ `‐mjb‐mW‐v D]t‐b‐mK‐n¡‐pX‐v. a‐p¼‐v h‐me‐m«‐n \S‐nc‐p ]«‐n¡‐p«‐nhe‐pX‐mb‐n H_‐mas‐b h‐ng‐p§‐pX‐mW‐v N‐n{‐X¯‐nÂ. "s‐Nd‐pX‐mb‐nc‐pt‐¸‐mÄCs‐X{‐X H‐ma\¯a‐pÅX‐mb‐nc‐p‐p‐' F‐v H_‐mab‐ps‐S BßKXh‐p‐w‐!t‐IK‐nÄ.t‐I‐m‐w F I‐mÀ«‐q¬ s‐s‐kä‐ns‐âb‐p‐w t‐IK‐nÄ I‐mÀ«‐q¬k‐v FI‐mÀ«‐q¬ k‐nï‐nt‐¡ä‐v Ø‐m]\¯‐nt‐âb‐p‐w t‐a[‐mh‐nb‐mW‐nt‐¸‐mÄ U‐mc‐nÂt‐IK‐nÄ. 1979 a‐pX "Z‐n a¸ä‐vk‐n' h I‐mÀ«‐qW‐pIf‐mW‐v Ct‐±ls‐¯{‐it‐²b\‐m¡‐nbX‐v. X‐pSÀ‐v {‐S‐n_‐y‐q¬ a‐oU‐nb kÀÆ‐okk‐v‐, lh‐mb‐vk‐v a‐nU‐vh‐o¡‐v‐,Ks‐ä‐vk‐v t‐l‐mt‐\‐me‐pe‐p AU‐vs‐hÀs‐s‐«kÀ \‐y‐qk‐v t‐]¸À‐, k‐vt‐eä‐v t‐U‐m«‐v t‐I‐m‐w‐,F‐wFk‐vF³_‐nk‐n t‐U‐m«‐v t‐I‐m‐w F‐nhb‐ps‐S I‐mÀ«‐qW‐nÌ‐mb‐n {‐]hÀ¯‐n¨‐p.\‐mjW I‐mÀ«‐qW‐nÌ‐v s‐k‐ms‐s‐kä‐n {‐]k‐nUâ‐mb‐nc‐p‐p. t‐e‐mIa‐ms‐I 850 ]{‐X§f‐nt‐e‐mf‐w C‐v t‐IK‐nf‐ns‐â I‐mÀ«‐qW‐pIÄ k‐nï‐nt‐¡ä‐v s‐N¿s‐¸S‐p‐pï‐v.Pq¬ 2013tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com
DS³ ]pd¯nd§póptIcf {]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópw]pXnb ]pkvXIwaebmf ]{X`mjbpsS Ncn{XwPrinted and Published by V. G. Renuka, Secretary, On behalf of the <strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong> <strong>Academy</strong>, Published from <strong>Kerala</strong> <strong>Press</strong> <strong>Academy</strong>,Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.
Media Monthly | June 2013 | ` 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676
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