shipping-container-homes-white-paper-2014-12-10

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaAlternativeHousing: TheShipping ContainerHomeDecember 2014Author:Mary Martinez-Garcia, Manager,Library Collection Development,Information Central, NARAUDIENCE• REALTORS ® who list shipping containerhomes.• CLIENTS of REALTORS®who areinterested in shipping container homes andpotential development opportunities.• GREEN Designees who would like toknow more about the technology andopportunities presented in shipping containerhomes.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to educateREALTORS® and their customers on thefeatures of shipping container homes. Thispaper highlights the pros and cons of shippingcontainer homes. There are an abundance ofcontainers that can be reused for this purposewhich supply a sturdy and lasting structure.Shipping Container asHomeShipping container homes range in size from aslittle as the standard 20 by 8 foot container,yielding 160 square feet, for a single residence toas much as the wallet, land, and imagination canhandle. Arranged in multiples with somearchitectural flair, the shipping container – orintermodal steel building unit (ISBU) – can be aslavish and spacious as any traditionally builthome. Arranged in multiples, in a temporarycompound for instance, the ISBU serves ashousing for victims of natural disasters. Stackedon top of each other like building blocks, theISBU becomes affordable housing, studenthousing, or even a mixed-used development ofretail, office, and residential units. No longer justthe pet-project of trendy architects, containerhousing is gaining traction. As the need foraffordable housing, infill housing, and temporaryhousing options grows, so too does interest inthese simple and low-cost building blocks amongcity planners, nonprofit organizations, real estatebrokers and developers, architects, andcommunities alike.Interest in the shipping container for housinghas grown for several reasons. The country’strade deficit (the U.S. imports more goods thanit exports) has led to a proliferation of retiredshipping containers(Small House Bliss, 2013).Other factors include the need for moresustainable building materials and the low costof the ISBU as a building block – containers canrun as little as $2,000 (Laris, 2014). In addition,shipping containers are sturdy: the ISBU iswater, wind, rust, mold, fire, and pest resistant(Weber, 2014). Common examples of containerhousing include sustainable homes for theenvironmentally conscientious dweller, well-Page 1 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciaappointed high-end container homes for the moreaffluent, and multi-unit and special use applicationsthat meet specific needs such as housing forstudents and low-income residents.The EnvironmentallyFriendly Container homeThe environmentally friendly container home canpack as many green features as – if not more than– the traditionally built home by virtue of itscompact size and construction. For instance, a1San Antonio container guest house designed byarchitect Jim Poteet features a rooftop garden,bamboo plywood flooring and walls, acomposting toilet, and a gray water tank forgarden watering, among other features – all in an8 by 40 foot footprint (Chang 2012). Anotherexample can be found in Nederland, Colorado.2The award-winning two-container design byHerr Architects (formerly Studio H:T) makes useof photovoltaics, solar orientation, passivecooling, pellet stove heating, and green rooftechnologies, all intended to keep the house “offthe grid” (Katz, 2013). In another example ofthe environmentally friendly container home,3architect Adam Kalkin’s Quik House is said tobe constructed of about 75% recycled materialsFigure 1: CCSGen1 project home - Orchard Avenue, Cleveland,Ohio - Cleveland Container Structureswww.clevelandcontainersctructures.com - See Floor Plan and Site Plan in Addendum1 www.remodelista.com/posts/the-architect-is-in-container-as-guest-house-by-poteet-architects2 www.christopherherr.com/work/live/shipping-container-house/3 www.quik-build.com/Page 2 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciaby weight (Howard, 2013). NAR had anopportunity to check in with REALTOR ® MichaelJ. Rastatter Jr., of Cleveland Container4Structures , on a container home project beingoffered in the Cleveland area(See Figure 1).Located in a walkable artisan neighborhood onan urban infill lot accessible near publictransportation, Rastatter’s container home offerssustainable features such as a high efficiencyheating and cooling system, Energy Star ratedappliances and lighting, water-conservingfeatures, recycled (and formaldehyde-free)building materials, and low/no VOC paints,primers, adhesives and sealants. According toRastatter, the “CCSGen1 container home willhave a HERS Energy Star rating of 47, comparedto a traditionally built home of equal size whichrates an average of 100. Existing older homesgenerally rate 100-150. Homes rated zero areconsidered off the grid, or net zero.” Estimatedenergy costs and savings for CCSGen1 can be5found on the project’s MLS listing details.The High-end DesignerContainer HomeExamples of luxury container homes existthroughout the world. In the United States, anexample includes designer Peter De Maria’s6eight-container Redondo Beach, Calif., home,constructed with both prefab assembly andconventional construction for a clean-linedmodern exterior and interior (De Maria DesignAssociates Inc., 2011). Across the country on the7east coast, designer Julio Garcia’s two-containerone bedroom home/studio contrasts a refinedcontemporary interior with the original roughcontainer exterior – complete with fully intactloading doors (Small House Bliss, 2013). In the8Midwest, Stone’s Throw Builders of Union Pier,Michigan(See Figure 2), sees container homes asthe next frontier. Stone's Throw Builders’ WendyRuttenberg shared with NAR a little bit about thecontainer home movement. “An estimated 300million freight containers sit empty at sea portsall over the world at any given time. Recyclingshipping containers for home construction is aninnovative method to improve sustainabilityacross the board.” Ruttenberg continued,“Environmentally conscious building practicesare more than a trend, they are a viable newdirection for home construction and Stone'sThrow Builders is on the forefront of themovement in the Midwest. The basic structurealready exists with the use of containers, unliketypical stick-built frame construction. Containerscan be combined in a number of ways to create aunique and completely custom luxury retreat.”What seems to make these projects work iscompatibility with the surroundings. De Maria’sbeach home, Garcia’s studio home, and theprojects of Stone’s Throw Builders in HarborCountry all make sense in their specific locales.Similarly, Rastatter’s CCSGen1 project inCleveland works with its location. “Thejuxtaposition of the industrial ascetic, structuralintegrity and earthy interior finish pallet are whatattract people to this home as well as its lowenergy/operating/maintenance costs,” Rastatter4 www.clevelandcontainerstructures.com/5 www.howardhanna.com/property/property.asp?PRM_MLSNumber=3468232&PRM_MlsName=NorthernOH6 demariadesign.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=297 smallhousebliss.com/2013/08/01/savannah-project-a-container-house-by-julio-garcia/8 stonesthrowbuilders.com/Page 3 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaFigure 2: Union Pier, MI home built by Stone’s Throw Builders.explained. “Very few cities rivaled Cleveland'sprowess during the industrial revolution andeven fewer possess the level of assets, innovationand creative capacity being utilized/developedacross the region, especially in and around thesustainability industry. Cleveland is on theinternational rise, again. The adaptive reuse ofcontainers (Inter-modal Steel Building Units -ISBUs) is being embraced by CCS, who is puttingits unique stamp on the trend, making it aproduct of its time, right here in Cleveland.”The Special Use ContainerHomeBesides being used for the environmentallyfriendly home and luxury homes, the ISBU hasmore recently been used in multi-unit and specialuse applications to meet the housing needs ofstudents and low-income residents. Examplesinclude a Habitat for Humanity project inKentucky, a low-income housing development inVancouver, and a unique student housingdevelopment constructed with shippingcontainers and grain silos in Johannesburg. USAToday recently reported on what is considered tobe Kentucky’s first shipping container home.9The three-room home will be provided to a low-income resident at a cost of $25,000, payable atan estimated $140 per month for a 20-year no-9 www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/03/shipping-containers-home/12198057/Page 4 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciainterest loan (Downs, 2014). In 2013,Vancouver saw its first container housingdevelopment open to low-income residents.Atira Women’s Resource Society’s 12-unit10building offers below-market studio apartmentsto women over the age of 50 (Walsh, 2013).Perhaps one of the most unusual examples ofcontainer housing, however, can be found in11South Africa. At Mill Junction in Johannesburg(See Figure 3), shipping containers have beenstacked atop and alongside former grain silos tocreate a 400-student dorm/apartment complex,complete with libraries, study rooms, sharedkitchens, computer rooms and gym. Using hotwater heat, light-sensing technologies, doublepanedwindows, and insulation, Mill Junction isreportedly using half the energy of aconventional property (Citiq, 2014). MillJunction serves as a bright and colorfultestament to what container housing can be – inthis case, infill housing for a student population.Emerging TrendsSeveral conditions in the real estate marketmake container housing worthy of seriousconsideration. Increased demand for affordablehousing and rental housing due to the recentrecession coupled with ongoing demand forinfill development near public transportationand jobs (Broberg, 2014), pose opportunities forcontainer housing. ISBUs can be quickly andeconomically assembled into multi-unitcomplexes. Given the compact size of theshipping container, it can easily beaccommodated on small land parcels for infilldevelopment. Other conditions that lendthemselves to container housing include theFigure 3: Mill Junction, Johannesburg, South Africa -Citiq, Property Investment & Management Company10 www.atira.bc.ca/imouto-container11 https://www.facebook.com/MillJunctionPage 5 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaFigure 4: Brookland Development, Washington, DC - Travis Price, Architect - See Site Plan in AddendumPage 6 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garcianeed to reduce homelessness, create emergencyhousing after natural and man-made disasters,and provide workforce housing in areas wherethere are shortages due to job market shifts.Housing for the HomelessAn example of ISBU housing for the homelesscomes from the Brighton Housing Trust (UK),which developed a portable 36-unit12community on what was once a scrap metalyard. The community will eventually be movedto another site when the 5-year land-useagreement ends (BBC News, 2014). Across thepond, container housing architect Travis Price iscurrently working on an 18-container student13housing project in DC’s Brooklandneighborhood(See Figure 4).According to a recent Washington Post article,Price is also contemplating floating containerapartments and a homeless village on the riverto serve Georgetown (Laris, 2014). Price sharedhis vision for these projects. “Besides a largeron-land village of containers in the city, wewould like to float the same 200 units onelegant barges and create mixed-use containerson the river fronts. The best part is that itwould create what most Washingtonians wouldlove most; urban life on the water. This is thefuture of cities…the US has an abundance ofnatural rivers and parks.” Price added, “Citiesreally don’t need to keep their river frontscompletely pristine. Bruges in Belgium,Florence and Venice, Italy are all echoes of aricher history of life on the water in a denseenvironment. This is not only lovable but alsomore valuable. Think of the vast amount ofmoney spent each year to visit such places aswell as the huge investment in metal and glasscondominiums and you suddenly realize thecontainers are simply an evolution of using lessmaterials and human technical genius toprovide more with less. The river ecology is farbetter preserved with responsible living thanopen parks that are costly and hard to maintain.Good ecology comes when a person has to eatand sleep where they live!”Interim HousingContainer housing also fills a need foremergency and interim housing. Shippingcontainers have been used as offices, barracks,and medical buildings (Weber, 2014) by themilitary, and more recently as emergencyhousing by governments. In 2008 the Office ofEmergency Management of the City of New York(See Figure 5)held a competition for innovative14post-disaster housing designs. The winningprototype – an “interim housing prototype basedon a shipping container-style modularsystem” (The City of New York, 2014) – openedfor viewing in August 2014. In addition tohousing for the homeless and emergencyhousing, container homes provide quicksolutions for rapidly shifting workforces. At the2013 South Texas Oil and Gas Expo,Infrastructure Developments Corp. introducedthe 880-square-foot shipping container15WingHouse – a fold-out, ready-to-use living12 www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-2803538813 www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/shipping-container-apartment-being-erected-in-washington-this-week/2014/07/20/50adbd04-0e01-11e4-b8e5-d0de80767fc2_story.html14 www.nyc.gov/html/whatifnyc/html/purpose/rfp.shtml15 www.winghouses.com/spec.htmlPage 7 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaFigure 5: NYC Emergency Management - http://nyc.gov/whatifnycspace, complete with “baths, water, AC, lighting,cable, network and electricalfittings” (Professional Services Close-Up, 2013).NAR reached out to WingHouse representative,Peter Prescott, who elaborated on the use of thisproduct (See Figure 6). “We currently market theunits predominately throughout Asia and theMiddle East. The most common use in theseareas is for remote housing for mining and oilexploration accommodations. Due to theirability to ‘close up’ and move easily (as a 40ftcontainers) they become very versatile in manyother areas as well. This can be as wide as amobile medical facility in Africa or beachfrontvacation units in Vietnam. We are currentlyseeking a partner to begin marketing the unitshere in the USA. The potential we see here isvaried but initially we have had good feedbackfrom the Oil & Gas industry and I also see agood use of the units for FEMA as emergencyshelters.” And the WingHouse isn’t alone inthis space. More recently, Falcon Containersdisplayed its one bed/one bath 160 square foot16workforce housing unit – constructed from an8 foot by 20 foot Conex box – at the South TexasOilfield Expo in July (Falcon Containers, 2014).The Falcon Living Box can be used for crewliving quarters, work camps, offshore livingquarters, military housing, and disaster reliefhousing (Falcon Containers, 2014). Standard16 www.falconcontainers.com/portable-living-container/Page 8 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaFigure 6: WingHouse units and renderings. - winghouses.comPage 9 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciafeatures include plumbing for shower, sink andtoilet, air conditioning and heating, electricalsystem and lighting, wiring for telephone andInternet connections, and insulated walls andceiling (Falcon Containers, 2014).The Next-Gen ContainerHome: Mobility andMechanizationfirst-gen shipping containers are transported topermanent or temporary locations to serve aspermanent or interim housing, the next-gencontainer home moves with its owners. LOT-EK’s Mobile Dwelling Unit (MDU) (See Figure 7)was developed according to LOT-EKrepresentative Ada Tolla, as a “concept for atransportable house – aimed at a more dynamicand globalized work environment.” TollaFigure 7: Mobile Dwelling Unit (MDU) by LOT-EK - lot-ek.comWhile the first generation of container housingseems largely focused on environmentalsustainability and adaptability, the nextgeneration of container housing brings to thetable features such as flexibility betweentemporary and permanent use, supertransportability,and mechanization. Whereasexplained to NAR, “The intention is for thehouse to be shipped to different destinations –through the standard shipping containernetworks – and installed for a stretch of time.We had in mind business people, tech inventor,professors, etc. In this sense, the client is a typemore than an actual client. The appeal is thePage 10 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciatransportability, the modern and self-containeddesign, and the efficiency of space.” The MDUcreated for the University Art Museum (at theUniversity of California - Santa Barbara) wasdesigned to “travel with its dweller to the nextlong-term destination, fitted with all live/workequipment and filled with the dweller’sbelongings” (LOT-EK, 2014). The MDU caneasily be configured for permanent residency.Another example of the next gen container isIndustrial Zombie’s fully mechanized container17units. From its Push Button House , featuringpop-up/drop-down living, sleeping, andbathroom quarters, complete with ambient18lighting, to its GOPRO multi-story structure offour full-sized containers – each on-end andconjoined – Industrial Zombie’s containerbuildings truly demonstrate how quickly andeasily a container house or compound can bemobilized and quickly functioning throughmechanization.Impact on Real EstateIndustryGiven the nearly one way flow of goods comingto the United States and excess supply ofISBUs, the growing green movement, and thecost and time savings associated with shippingcontainer homes, the container-housing trendwill likely continue to gain momentum. Howmuch momentum is hard to say; after all, thereare some downsides to container homes.Despite the fact that container giants likeHapag-Lloyd and OOCL are usingenvironmentally sensitive products such aswater soluble varnishes (Hapag-Lloyd, 2014),tin-free paints and bamboo flooring (OOCL,2014 ), some ISBUs have been treated withpesticides and chemicals (Glink, 2014) toprotect shipped contents. Then, there arezoning issues and local regulations to consider.And, unless the homeowner has a decentbudget, the container home will remain lookinglike just that…a container.NIMBYNot unlike mobile homes and the cookie cutterhomes of the 1950s, container homes have theirshare of critics – one of them being Gary Imhoffof DC Watch, a neighborhood watchdogorganization. In response to the containerapartment building planned for DC’s Brooklandneighborhood, Imhoff is reported as saying,“Prefab shipping container houses can be madeto look nice in architect’s plans. So can trailerparks. But I suspect that a few decades of wearwill quickly turn them into slums” (Neibauer,192014). Another critic’s arguments areunderstandably fueled by images of an infamousbuilding constructed in Mankato, Minn., in theearly 1970s (Hood, 2012). In 1972, Valley View20Apartments were constructed using 20 mobilehomes, stacked four stories high, on a concreteframe (Adkins, 2013). The property, referred toby journalists as one of the nation’s ugliestbuildings, later fell into disrepair and wasultimately purchased and demolished by the city(Adkins, 2013).17 www.inzombie.com/" \l "!push-button-house/c20ct18 www.inzombie.com/" \l "!gopro/co9y19 www.startribune.com/local/yourvoices/181679951.html20 mobilehomeliving.org/stacked-mobile-homes-highrises-of-the-past-present-and-future/Page 11 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaFigure 8: Sarah House, Salt Lake City, UTThe Pros weigh in onContainer HomesAffordability, SustainabilityREALTOR ® Jeff White of Makris-White RealEstate in Bountiful, Utah, knows quite a bitabout container homes and has demonstratedhow the shipping container can be used as anaffordable, environmentally friendly housingoption. White has been the driving force21behind the Sarah House container home (SeeFigure 8) project in Salt Lake City, whichrecently sold and closed. White shared hisopinions on why there is a growing fascinationwith the container home. “Everyone firstrelates to the cost of retired containers andpeople will read how containers will washashore after weeks at sea with ten thousandpair of dry Nikes inside and think how toconvert one for themselves. I have been anactive real estate broker since the early ‘80sand involved with a small local non-profit.Because of my business relationship with mylocal container purveyor, I will stack numerouscontainers in various configurations even onend to see how the designs work. This will bethe third home constructed and the largest todate at 672 square feet, which strikes a chordwith so many people.” Size and price are not21 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sarah-House-Utah/72517442758?sk=infoPage 12 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciathe only attractor-factors of container homes.Like other container home designer-builders,White has incorporated environmentallyfriendly features into the Sarah Housecontainer home, such as bamboo flooring,radiant heat, insulating paint, a tankless waterheater, strategically placed windows tomaximize daylight, a high-efficiencyAccessory Dwelling Unit — on to the site. Itwould give increase the affordability of thehome if the resident was able to rent out theaccessory dwelling to help with payment, or tostart a new home business, or to help with achild returning home due to a martial or jobchange or high student loan debt. Anotherrationale could be to provide for a seniorFigure 9: Lava Runner Series - Affordable Portable Housing, Hawai’i - See Floor Plan in AddendumMitsubishi heating and cooling system, andinsulation made from recycled clothing androlled corn. NAR asked White what featureshe would like to incorporate into futureprojects. “Solar would be something toincorporate. Also, not particularly green, Iwould like to incorporate an ADU —parent in a multi-generational situation.”TransportabilityEnvironmental features, cost, speed ofconstruction, and flexibility of use makecontainer homes a housing option that holdslimitless possibilities. Jeff White is alreadyPage 13 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciaworking on plans for a development of“affordable, architecturally attractiveindividual homes of less than 600 square feet”which will include “…a couple of containerbaseddesigns along with some very stylishbut smaller homes.” When asked what hesees for the future of container homes, Whiteresponded, “Container housing is a greatsolution for another form of housingmethodology, and I believe we will startFigure 9), builds both container and modularhomes. As indicated by the name, hiscompany’s aim is affordable and portable.While Rogers works with either type of home,he recommends going with “traditionalmaterials because 12' wide is so much morelivable than 8' wide.” Rogers explained,“Steel transmits thermally and acoustically,which means a steel home is noisier, and inneed of heat reflective coatings outside toFigure 10: Sol 480 - MEKA INC. - mekaworld.com - See Floor Plan in Addendumseeing a crosslink between container basedengineering designs and the modular housingindustry.” White’s predictions are very muchin line with those of other professionalsinvolved in this niche. John Rogers, ofAffordable Portable Housing in Hawai’i(Seemake the home livable. Also, coderequirements in most places for wallinsulation means more cost due to having tofurr out the interior walls, insulate and installDrywall.” Rogers’ Lava Runner series is 12'wide which allows the home to be transportedPage 14 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciawithout taking two lanes of traffic on a road.Rogers explained that while escorts are stillrequired for the move of a 12’ wide home,going any wider than that makes moving verydifficult and expensive. Transportability isalso at the center of Meka Modular BuildingsWorldwide products. Meka housing productsare designed “to be the size of ISO shippingcontainers (US and foreign pat Pending) andthus can be transported anywhere there isroad,” according to Michael De Jong of Meka.The Residential Sol 480 modular home (SeeFigure 10), for instance, is a 480-square-footone-bedroom/one-bath home which can beinstalled and move-in ready in about a week’stime. Described by De Jong as “where Ikeameets Lego” Meka buildings are built to meetspecific local requirements and can be safelytransported on the roads, overseas, and bytrain, making this product a “global housingsolution.”What the Future HoldsNAR asked real estate professionals JeffWhite and Michael Rastatter, as well asarchitects and designers Ada Tolla, MichaelDe Jong and Travis Price, what the futureholds for these housing options. Whiteforesees more synergy between containerbasedengineering design and modularhousing. Rastatter’s vision of the futureechoes those of Jeff White. “I think containerhousing will continue to grow as a greenbuilding trend and establish a strong presencein the smart-home/modular/prefab industry,”said Rastatter. “The hope is that consumersbecome better educated and realize that thistype of building technology works to mitigatelong-term cost increases and environmentalissues while stabilizing its surroundings inthe community.”Tolla envisions the emergence of specializedfactories that “transform containers executingsophisticated design – smart in theirefficiency, energetically savvy, tight in theircarbon footprint and yet beautifularchitecture.” De Jong “foresees that in thenear future we will deliver cost savings due toengineering solutions (installation, energyconsumption efficiencies) combined withpurchase financing to offer a global housingsolution which will change the traditionalmethod of building construction.” De Jongadds, “Our method will be seen more as aproduct rather than a commodity wherepricing and quality are uniform andtransparent.” As architect Price sees it, “Prefabrication and mass customization arecontinuing by necessity and more importantly,they have become the romantic vision of the21st century. Much like the smart phoneappendage we all enjoy, these innovations willbecome the expected and enjoyed norm. Thetipping point is here. It is not a technicalrevolution as most of the components are notnew. It’s a cultural evolution!”Opinions of city planners and consumersremain mixed about container homes. Localzoning in most instances does not addresscontainer housing. Modifications such as apermanent foundation and pitched roof(Downs, 2014) may be required to adhere tolocal building code if permitted at all. As JeffWhite experienced with Sarah House,intangible resources such as time, persistence,and an abundance of patience need to befactored into container house projects. Onthe other hand, a container housing projectcould result in tax abatement. Rastatterexplained, “We followed Enterprise's GreenCommunities guidelines in the design/buildprocess, therefore the project is eligible forPage 15 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-Garciathe city's tax abatement. Energy modelingconfirmed that the home will perform quitewell using only half the energy of an equalsize home built by traditional constructionmeans and methodologies.”Zoning aside, new generations of homebuyers and renters have fresh ideas andperspectives on what constitutes a home.22Some people note that tiny homes andmicro-unit apartments, for instance, havebecome price-efficient options for “priceconsciousMillennials” who – thanks to digitalmedia – do not require or want extra space forpersonal belongings like book and musiccollections (Sexton, 2013). As H Inc.developer Harry Hepler explained in a recentarticle on his micro-unit project in Lansing,Michigan, Gen Y has witnessed its oldergenerations toiling just to pay the mortgage –only to lose their homes during bad economictimes (Caswell, 2014). Millennials are optingfor quality over quantity, and container homeexperts are providing unique housing optionsto meet that demand. 22 www.realtor.org/field-guides/field-guide-to-the-small-house-movementPage 16 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaBibliographyBBC News, 2014. Brighton shipping container homes an overwhelming success. BBC News. Adkins, C., 2013. Unique mobile homes – highrises of the past, present and future.Mobile and Manufactured Home Living. Bribery, B., 2013. The Home building revival. On Common Ground. Caswell, E., 2014. H Inc. announces plans for new residential development. GreaterLansing Business Monthly, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 12. Chang Hanway, C., 2012. The Architect is in: Container as guest house by PoteetArchitects. Remodelista. Citiq, 2014. Citiq’s Newtown silos open for business in Johannesburg South Africa.Image Communications. www.imagecom.co.zaCity of New York, 2014. About the post-disaster housing prototype program. What IfNew York City. http://www.nyc.gov/html/whatifnyc/html/home/home.shtmlDe Maria Design Associates Inc., 2011. Redondo Beach House.www.Demariadesign.comDowns, J., 2014. Shipping containers: A new Kentucky home? USA Today. Falcon Containers, 2014. Falcon Containers proves portability with model workforcehousing unit at oil & gas events. http://www.falconcontainers.com/Glink, I., 2014. 7 homes built with shipping containers. CBS News. Hapag-Lloyd, 2014. Our containers: Less wood and up to 100% recyclable. Container.https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/home.htmlHood, N., 2012. Shipping container housing is a terrible idea. Star Tribune –Minneapolis, MN. Howard, B. C., 2013. Shipping container homes. Popular Mechanics. Hu, W., 2012. City will test a disaster housing prototype both innovative and inside thebox. The New York Times.Katz, M., 2013. 12 homes made from shipping containers. Design Milk.Laris, M., 2014. Shipping container apartment being erected in Washington this week.TheWashington Post. LOT-EK, 2014. MDU (Mobile Dwelling Unit). http://www.lot-ek.com/Neibauer, M., 2014. D.C.'s first shipping container apartments coming to Brookland.Washington Business Journal. OOCL, 2013. Sustainability Report. http://www.oocl.com/usa/eng/Pages/default.aspxProfessional Services Close – Up, 2013. IDVC to introduce WingHouse mobile shelterto the US market at South Texas Oil and Gas Expo. Professional Services Close -Up. Sexton, C. J., 2013. Micros for Millennials. On Common Ground. Small House Bliss, 2013. Savannah Project, a container house by Julio Garcia. SmallHouse Bliss. Page 17 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaWalsh, C., 2013. Canada's first container housing development built in Vancouver.JetsonGreen.com. Weber, M., 2014. You can have an affordable, creative, eco-friendly house made fromshipping containers. Realty Times.Page 18 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaAddendumFloor Plans/Site PlansCCSGen1 Floor Plans - p. 2-3 - Cleveland Container StructuresPage 19 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaCCSGen1 Site Plan - p. 2-3 - Cleveland Container Structures (Cont.)Brookland Unit Site Plan - p.6-7 - Travis Price, ArchitectPage 20 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaLava Runner Unit Floor Plan - p.13-15 - Affordable Portable HousingPage 21 of 22

Alternative Housing: The Shipping Container HomeM. Martinez-GarciaSol 480 Unit Floor Plan - p.14-15 - MEKA INC.Page 22 of 22