Two Social Protection Programs in Pakistan Ijaz Nabi*

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298 Ijaz NabiFigure 9: Course desirability matters: Voucher uptake in village-basedtraining by course(percentage of female participation)706060.71504036.3637.213020100Dairy productsmanufacturingTailoringHome decorationSource: BISP Data2.5. Private Sector DevelopmentThe PSDF’s strategy to develop private sector trainers seeks tocreate competition in the market for better results. The private sector isinvited to bid for all three main categories of training programs, i.e., skillsfor market, for jobs, and for employment. Figure 10 shows that, afterNGOs, it is the private sector that secures the most contracts in all threecategories of training. This creates entrepreneurship in training that was,until recently, dominated by public sector training institutions. It alsodemonstrates that the potential for growth, as seen in low-cost privateformal education in recent decades, is substantial.Figure 10: Private sector development (mix of providers)86%47%44%32% 31%23%14%30%1%14%8%14%29%6%16%4%Source: BISP DataSFE SFJ SFM TotalPrivate Sector Public Private Partnerships Not for Profit Sector Public Sector Other
Two Social Protection Programs in Pakistan 2992.6. Third-Party Monitoring and Cost-EffectivenessA robust third-party monitoring system has been put in place toensure the availability of inputs-trainers, learning materials, and traineeattendance. The program has zero-tolerance for corruption: all bids aretransparent and there are heavy checks in place to ensure that no ghostprograms are funded by the PSDF; this entails ongoing third-partymonitoring and independent yearly financial audits. Testing services thatensure the quality of the training programs are outsourced to national andinternational accredited certifying agencies.The program’s cost-effectiveness relative to the Sindh SkillsDevelopment Project is illustrated in Figure 11.Figure 11: PSDF cost-effectiveness: Comparison with four skillsdevelopment programs16000014000012000010000080000600004000020000041000 4100015000 15000150000700001600035000TraineesCost per traineeSource: BISP Data3. Concluding Remarks: Social Protection Going Forward3.1. BISPThe BISP was put through a crucial sustainability test in the May2013 election that resulted in the PPP’s defeat and brought the PML-N, themain opposition party, into power with a comfortable majority inParliament. It was feared during the transition that the PML-N mightjettison the program as it is too closely identified with the PPP. Theseconcerns have now been adequately addressed. The 2013/14 budgetpresented to the newly elected Parliament by the PML-N governmentshows its commitment to continuing the program. Indeed, the cash transfer
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Page 22: 304 Ijaz NabiAnnexTable A1: Poverty

Two Social Protection Programs in Pakistan Ijaz Nabi*

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