B2 Front in South VietnamIt can be very hard to find information on PAVN units, so I have summarised the main force divisions fighting under B2 Front. In late 1969, the Frontalso commanded three (4 th , 7 th , and 8 th ) sapper battalions, several independent regiments, two rocket regiments, and an anti-aircraft battalion. By thisstage the VC contribution had massively declined after three years <strong>of</strong> fighting the American forces and the losses in the Tet <strong>of</strong>fensive. The main sourcewas Chiangshan’s posts on http:www.armchairgeneral.com/forums/showthread.php?t=82511.Sư Đoàn 5 (5 th Division)Formed Sep 1965. Operated in theMekong Delta. Rebuilt with PAVNregiments after Tet <strong>of</strong>fensive. Theseregiments had been formed for the FirstIndochina <strong>War</strong> against the French.Trung Đoàn 4 (4 th Regiment) until Apr 1968Name: ‘Đồng Nai’ (Name <strong>of</strong> province)Trung Đoàn 33 (33 rd Regiment) from Jul 1968Formed from 101B and 101C, 325 th DivisionName: ‘Trần Cao Vân’ (Anti-French leader)Trung Đoàn 5 (5 th Regiment) until Jun 1970Known to US as 275 th RegimentTrung Đoàn 3 (3 rd Regiment) from Jul 1970Formed from 1 st Battalion, 5 th RegimentTrung Đoàn 88 (88 th Regiment) from Sep 1967to Sep 1968. Previously 88A, 308 th DivisionName: ‘Tu Vũ’ (Name <strong>of</strong> village)Trung Đoàn 174 (174 th Regiment) from Oct 1968Previously 174A Regiment, 316 th DivisionName: ‘Cao Bắc Lạng’ (1949 campaign)Sư Đoàn 7 (7 th Division)Formed Jun 1966. Operated south <strong>of</strong>the Mekong Delta. Created from 312 th‘Victory’ Division which then rebuilt itsregiments as 141B and 165B.Trung Đoàn 12 (12 th Regiment)Previously 165A Regiment, 312 th DivisionName: ‘Lao Hà Yên’ (Name <strong>of</strong> province)Trung Đoàn 14 (14 th Regiment)Previously 141A Regiment, 312 th DivisionName: ‘Ba Vì’ (Mountain range)Trung Đoàn 16 (16 th Regiment) until late 1967Previously 101A Regiment, 325A DivisionName: ‘Trần Cao Vân’ (Anti-French leader)Trung Đoàn 52 (52 nd Regiment) Sep to Nov 1967Previously with 320A DivisionName: ‘Tây Tiến’ (Western Progress)Trung Đoàn 209 (209 th Regiment) from Jan 1968Previously 209A Regiment, 312 th DivisionName: ‘Sông Lô’ (Lô River)Sư Đoàn 9 (9 th Division)Formed Sep 1965. Operated in theIron Triangle. First division formed inthe south. Created from independentregiments. Suffered heavy casualties inOperation Junction City.Trung Đoàn 1 (1 st Regiment)Previously 812 th Regiment, then 271ARegiment or Q761 <strong>of</strong> B2 FrontName: ‘Bình Giã’ (Name <strong>of</strong> village)Trung Đoàn 2 (2 nd Regiment)Previously 272A Regiment or Q762 <strong>of</strong> B2 FrontName: ‘Đồng Xoài’ (Name <strong>of</strong> town)Trung Đoàn 3 (3 rd Regiment) until Sep 1968Previously 3 rd or 273 rd Regiment <strong>of</strong> B2 FrontTrung Đoàn 3B (3B Regiment) from Oct 1968to Sep 1969. Previously 88 th , 5 th DivisionName: ‘Tu Vũ’ (Name <strong>of</strong> village)Trung Đoàn 3 (3 rd Regiment) from Oct 1969Previously 95C Regiment, 325C DivisionName: ‘Nguyễn Thiện Thuật’ (Revolutionary)PAVN divisions and regiments had a confusing variety <strong>of</strong> names. In part this was caused by the need to send reinforcements south to rebuild destroyedregiments. Regiments could be rebuilt with the letter B (or C or even D in some cases) after their number, or simply replaced with another regiment.As a result 33/7, 101/7, 101B/325, and 101C/325 all refer to the same regiment, which might also be referred to as 4/7 after the regiment it replaced.The Vietnamese also deliberately caused confusion by referring to units by different names, such as Công Trường 9 (Construction Site 9), a codenamefor the 9 th Division.The North Vietnamese were adept atconcealing their true order <strong>of</strong> battleand the level <strong>of</strong> casualties they weresustaining. A continuous stream <strong>of</strong>replacement soldiers from North Vietnamfollowed the Ho Chi Minh trail souththrough Laos and Cambodia to replaceon-going casualties. In the aftermath <strong>of</strong>major battles, whole PAVN regimentswould be sent south to replace thoselost in battle. These were replaced inthe PAVN’s order <strong>of</strong> battle with newregiments with the same number, but witha B suffix, and on arrival in the southwere renamed to replace the destroyedregiment. As you can imagine, this ledto considerable confusion in Americanintelligence estimates which identified308 th , 312 th , 320 th and 325 th PAVNDivisions as operating in the area.COSVN’s StrategyThe forces <strong>of</strong> B2 Front showedthemselves to be fully capable <strong>of</strong>defeating the South Vietnamese Army<strong>of</strong> the Republic <strong>of</strong> Vietnam (ARVN)on the battlefield more <strong>of</strong>ten than not.Indeed, B2 Front’s dry season campaign<strong>of</strong> 1964 had as one primary objectivethe engagement and defeat <strong>of</strong> the mostcapable ARVN units, leading to thelarge-scale intervention <strong>of</strong> the UnitedStates in 1965. Early defeats againstthe much better equipped and led USArmy forced B2 Front’s leadership tore-evaluate their strategy.General Tran Van Tra, commandingB2 Front, and his planners recognizedthat they could not expect to decisivelydefeat the US forces in Vietnam. The USforces were more mobile, and could bringsuperior firepower to bear in almost anysituation. Also, since the US controlledthe skies <strong>of</strong> South Vietnam, resupply<strong>of</strong> B2 Front forces so as to maintaintheir combat effectiveness would be aconsiderable challenge. Thus, strategyshifted. Rather than fighting large battlesto defeat US forces, B2 Front began along war <strong>of</strong> attrition designed to inflictcontinuous casualties and ultimatelydemoralize the US forces.Despite appearances, the 1968 Tet<strong>of</strong>fensive was not a departure fromthis strategy. While it was a large-scale<strong>of</strong>fensive, both in numbers <strong>of</strong> troopsand the area covered, they still avoidedlarge battles whenever possible. Thetargets were individual towns, populationcentres, communications centres, andother important infrastructure. The speedand violence <strong>of</strong> the US Army’s responsecaught the Vietnamese <strong>of</strong>f guard, leadingto massive casualties, and ultimatelyanother large influx <strong>of</strong> North Vietnameseregular regiments. Despite this setback,B2 Front’s strategy to end Americaninvolvement in Vietnam by making theAmericans tired <strong>of</strong> the war and forcingthem to leave Vietnam continued.With the American departure in 1971,large-scale battles against the ARVNresumed, now supported by artilleryregiments and even tanks. With thesebattles B2 Front was instrumentalin bringing about the ultimatecollapse <strong>of</strong> ARVN forces and thefall <strong>of</strong> South Vietnam.17
Other missions in VietnamUsing the Standard <strong>Flames</strong> Of <strong>War</strong> Missions for Vietnam GamesBy Phil YatesWhile the <strong>Tropic</strong> Lightning booklet has four new Vietnam-specific missions, you can still play all the standard<strong>Flames</strong> Of <strong>War</strong> missions from the rulebook and the website (www.<strong>Flames</strong>Of<strong>War</strong>.com). These will play verydifferently in Vietnam due to the US Army’s helicopters and the PAVN’s guerilla tactics.The two standard fair fight missionsare Free-For-All and Encounter. Theseare normally straight-forward headto-headbattles, the only differencebetween them being that the players havereserves coming in from turn three inEncounter. When playing in Vietnam, theVietnamese special rules make them intovery different missions.Thanks to the ‘Guerilla Reserves’ inOther Missions rule (on page 35 <strong>of</strong> the<strong>Tropic</strong> Lightning booklet), the Vietnamesestart with only one platoon (Vietnamesecompany) on the table, but when theirreserves start appearing, they are likely toappear behind enemy forces threateningthe objective - ready to either attack themfrom behind or attack objectives leftvulnerable by the enemy advance.Combined with the Vietnamese ‘Bornin the North to Die in the South’special rule that allows them to putdestroyed companies back in reserve,the battle loses its linear character,forcing the US player to be ready toblock continuous surprise attacks andmaintain secure flanks while advancing.Counterbalancing this, US airmobileforces are excellent in this sort <strong>of</strong> missionas they can land infantry right beside theobjective on the other side <strong>of</strong> the tableearly in the game.The defensive battle missions also playvery differently. The ‘Charlie Ownsthe Night’ special rule means that if theNorth Vietnamese do end up attacking, itwill be at night. If they are defending, theattacking American forces will be subjectto a continuous series <strong>of</strong> ambushes thanksto the ‘Guerilla Reserves’ special rule.The Us player’s big advantage at the start<strong>of</strong> the battle is that they’ll only be facinga single Vietnamese company. Theyneed to take advantage <strong>of</strong> this and attackhard, trying to win the game before theVietnamese ambushes bog them downand whittle away their combat power.When defending in Hold the Line or NoRetreat, the Vietnamese player startsweak, relying on their determination t<strong>of</strong>ight to the death and massed B-40 andB-41 rocket-propelled grenades to keepthe Americans at bay until their guerillareserves start hitting the US forces inthe flank. Once that starts happening,the American player will be strugglingagainst a steadily mounting casualty listas they try to clear a path to the objectivewith their massed firepower.Fighting Withdrawal changesdramatically in Vietnam. With theVietnamese attacking, it makes agreat game where the US forces areattempting to break contact underfire. The battle starts at night and theattacking companies spring up fromall over the battlefield, forcing the USplayer to maintain an all-round defensiveposture as their force slowly evacuates.If the Vietnamese are defending, theVietnamese forces actually grow duringthe first part <strong>of</strong> the battle as they race tothe battlefield to give their headquarterstime to remove crucial papers andsupplies from an underground tunnelcomplex before abandoning the position.Even once you’ve played all <strong>of</strong> thebooklet and standard missions, thereare still plenty <strong>of</strong> new challenges. Getaccounts <strong>of</strong> actual battles and modifythe missions to create your ownscenarios. The <strong>Tropic</strong> Lightning News(www.25thida.org/TLN) and other unitwebsites are terrific sources for this, as isthe US Army’s Center <strong>of</strong> Military History(www.history.army.mil).So, what’re you waiting for soldier?Saddle up ’n’ move out!40