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Contentsvii2.6.3 Correlation of Analytical Signal withBinding Isotherms Models 1102.6.4 Advantage and Limitation 1112.7 Summary 1123. Translational Applications of MolecularlyImprinted Polymer-Based ElectrochemicalSensors 119Hung-Yin Lin, James L. Thomas, and Mei-Hwa Lee3.1 Introduction 1193.2 Principle of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 1213.2.1 Synthesis of MIPs 1213.2.2 Characterization of MIPs 1233.2.3 Morphology of MIPs 1243.3 Transducers Employed with MolecularlyImprinted Polymers as Sensing Elements 1263.3.1 Types of Transducers 1263.3.2 Interface of Transducer and MolecularlyImprinted Polymers 1303.3.3 Miniature MIPs-Based Sensors 1303.3.4 Demonstration of MIPs-BasedElectrochemical Sensors 1343.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Based Sensorsfor the Real World 1353.4.1 Source of Real Samples 1353.4.2 Biomarkers 1383.4.3 Cross-Talk Interference 1383.5 Prospective 1394. Optical Sensors for MonitoringTrace InorganicToxins 147T. Prasada Rao, Dhanya James, and Milja T. Elias4.1 Environmental Trace Analysis 1484.2 Inorganic Toxins 1484.3 Importance of Sampling in Trace Analysis 1524.3.1 Sample Handling 1524.3.2 Sample Pre-Treatment, Homogenizationand Sub-Sampling 1524.3.3 Sample Preparation 152