Psych 127 Lecture 1 History of Drug Use Five Historical Themes of ...

______________: to make wineAncient CivilizationsWheat and Barley: Bread and beerWhat did they do?Written tablets indicates they dissolved ______________ in wineChinese and Japanese used ______________ and grape wine______________ ceremonies used wineSocial Issues with Alcohol______________ warnings about the use of alcoholIndian ______________ (religious hymns) has warnings tooIn 2200 BC, China taxed wine extensively to try and lower consumptionPenalty for drunkenness was very severe tooIn the Roman Empire (81 AD), the Emperor destroyed ½ of the vineyards, and prohibitedthe planting of new onesHeavy drinkers were led through the public square by a cord strung through their______________Distilling Alcohol Increases PotencyApproximately 700 ADUse of _____________________ techniques became widespreadRaised alcohol content of beverages from 14% to __________Increasing potency lead to more ______________ problemsControlling drinking became a moral causeIslamic officials frowned on the consequences of alcohol use (not the use specifically)People turned to opium, tobacco, marijuana (in hashish form), coffee as asubstitute for alcoholThe Gin Epidemic and more…English Parliament encouraged the production and the consumption of ______________(increases tax revenues)In 40 years, production of gin went from 1.23 million gallons to 7 millionHad to tax and prohibit the selling of ginFinally consumption reduced______________ and Whiskey developed as mediums of exchange in colonial AmericaAmerican Temperance Society created______________ and industrial workers were needed to work in businessesMid 1800’s: first prohibition law in the colonies (Maine)______________ AmendmentRepealed ______________ laterOpium: “The Plant of Joy (hul gil)”_____________________: Cultivated opium poppies in MesopotamiaUsed for medicinal reasons and the produce euphoria

Limited abuse potential: ______________Excise tax in Rome in 312 AD provided 15% of the city’s revenueOpium during the RenaissanceGreek physicians used opium in medicinal concoctionsTheriacUsed to treat inflammation, ______________, madness, and even______________Part of a ______________ (a “cure-all medicine”)Big things happen (1700-1900)Development of morphine and heroin from ______________Development of smoking as a method of use and the hypodermic ______________Huge profits made from the opium drug trade______________ Wars (British wanted to sell opium to China)Higher strengths and easier methods of use cause more addictions and more socialproblemsOpium TonicsMany Elixirs made and sold with all sorts of ingredientsLoaded with ______________, morphine, cocaine, ______________, and alcoholDid not list ingredients on bottlesDid not need to back up claims with proofMany were prescribed by doctorsBeginnings of iatrogenic addiction (overprescribing psychoactive meds)Many addicts were womenMethadoneBegan to be used in 1960’s as a substitute for heroinGoal: ______________ reductionVietnam war saw a huge increase in heroin addictsMany were only addicted during the war thoughCannabis______________ was used for clothes, shoes, paper, and rope (4000 BC)Medically used for:Constipation, dysentery, rheumatism, absent-mindedness, “female disorders”,malaria, and many othersRecommended as a pain killer for surgeryCalled one of the “__________________________________________” in the IndianVedasCannabis was thrown on hot stones, the vapors were inhaledA Signal of Rebellion in Youth1960’s saw a new generation defying prohibitions on marijuanaSensemilla growing technique

______________ concentration of the psychedelic component (THC) inmarijuana plantsPsychedelic DrugsEvidence of Hallucinogenic ______________ and beans used in religious ceremonies(3000 years ago)______________ drawings indicate use of mushrooms since 7000 years agoIndian Vedas (hymns) praise mushroom use (1500 BC)Psychedelic Drugs During The Middle Ages______________ and belladonna were used by medicine men- later to be accused ofwitchcraftCaused hallucinations, delirium, and generated prophecies______________ (found in mold on rye bread) contains LSDMajor outbreaks of ergot poisoning throughout historyThey Found a patternWith many psychedelic drugs:Low doses: ______________Moderate doses: psychoactive drugHigh doses: ____________________________LSDLSD was isolated in 1938Army and CIA experimented with it as ______________ ______________ technique1960’s saw many more psychedelic drugs flood the marketPCP, peyote, MDMA, DMTInhalants“laughing gas” was encouraged as an alternative to ______________ in the 1800’sChloroform tooMen and women participated in “__________________” throughout the 1930’sTobaccoConsumption began in approx ______________ in South AmericaBrought back from the “new world” to Queen Elizabeth to “smoke for recreation”Portuguese explorers brought tobacco to Japan and China______________________at timesKing James of England, China, Pope Urban the 8 th and moreAddictive properties too strongProhibition of tobacco never workedHemp and marijuana in the coloniesEngland encouraged the colonies to plant Hemp and send it back to England to makeropeUntil the Civil War, hemp was the South’s ______________ crop

After the slaves were freed, hemp was no longer profitable to the same extentThe Twentieth Century: To the masses__________________________________________: lowers pricesManufactured a “mild” strain of tobaccoCould inhale moreMarketed to women and young peopleMarketed as a weight loss medState laws prohibiting sales of cigarettes appeared______________________ - repealed quicklyThe wars and cigarettesCigarette packs were distributed free to soldiers during wars (______________ and______________)Ease tensionsSmoking became more acceptable because of this1964: “Cigarette smoking is a health hazard” – The US Surgeon GeneralCocaineChewing the leaves began in approx ______________ in South AmericaFound bags at burial sites that held coca leavesThe Conquistadors and CocaineWhen Spanish conquistadors arrived, native tribes of Peru had been ______________coca leaves for yearsThe Spanish exploited this fact, grew more coca bushes to keep the nativeschewingNatives could work for them ______________ thenScience and CocaineScientists isolated the active component of the coca plantUsed as an ______________Cocaine wine as a medicine______________ advocated cocaine use for many ailmentsCrack and Freebase______________ cocaine eliminated the strength and the psychoactive propertiesDeveloped a new type that was more easily smoke-able: ______________Super cheapPopular among youths and lower classesCaffeineBegun importing coffee beans from ______________ (850 AD)Roasting the beans increased the strengthUsed for headache relief______________ became popular (350 AD): boiling water killed germs

Chocolate is traced back to 1500-400 BC in MexicoPrimarily used in ____________________________Caffeine and social eventsCoffee and tea used as “social lubricants” in Europe when brought back from the “newworlds”Coffee in EuropeFirst among wealthy, then among the poor______________ ______________ in in EuropeChocolate was used for similar occasionsAmphetaminesUsed to treat asthma and respiratory problemsSoon used as an ______________ suppressantUsed during WW2 as a stimulant to fight ______________Left many Japanese addicted to amphetaminesMany cases of drug induced psychosis reportedHello Barbiturates______________ medsFirst real “synthesized” drugs as opposed to entirely natural drugsBenzodiazapines (______________, Xanax etc.) more commonly used nowLower chance of overdosingCurrentlyProblems all around______________ in Afghanistan______________ from South AmericaCheap “party drugs” (______________)GHB (Date-rape drug)Legalizing medical marijuanaFewer smokers in AmericaCheaper ways to make amphetamines______________ epidemicCoffee and other caffeine drinks: very popularDon’t Forget______________: still effects 8-10% of the populationPrescription drug abuseGeneration Rx______________ abuseOxycontinSteroids______________ Addictions