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National Overview Swaziland 2011 - Media Institute of Southern Africa

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IntroductionThe year under review has beenfraught with many challenges for themass media in <strong>Swaziland</strong>. Court orderswere issued to try and censor the media,journalists were harassed and a newspaperwas threatened with closure. Censorship<strong>of</strong> the media reared its ugly headwhen the Chief Justice Michael Ramodibediordered the privately-owned Times<strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> to stop publishing articlesabout him in the wake <strong>of</strong> a three-monthlong judicial crisis in the country, whichsaw lawyers boycotting the courts.The media landscape still remains thesame with no new entities being registered.The government has continuedto fail in liberalising the airwaves. It hasbeen several years now since the idea <strong>of</strong>liberalisation <strong>of</strong> the airwaves was firstmooted. A proposed merger <strong>of</strong> the stateownedtelevision and radio stations intoa single public broadcaster are still farfrom being a reality.The merger between <strong>Swaziland</strong>Broadcasting and Information Services(Radio <strong>Swaziland</strong>) and <strong>Swaziland</strong> Televisionis still being mooted, there is nothingconcrete as yet. Should it be giventhe go ahead, it would result in betterservice especially for <strong>Swaziland</strong> Televisionwhich is struggling financially. Thestation (<strong>Swaziland</strong> Television) is failingto generate enough revenue for sustenance,as such it is relying mainly ongovernment subsidies. If these wereto be stopped, the station would closedown. Radio <strong>Swaziland</strong>, on the otherhand, is thriving. The only challenge isthat revenue generated through advertising,announcements and sponsoredprogrammes is ploughed into Governmentc<strong>of</strong>fers.A merger therefore would makethem enjoy relative financial independenceand enable them to give comprehensivenews coverage and services.However that does not mean they wouldenjoy total media freedom. Another advantage<strong>of</strong> the proposed merger is thatRadio <strong>Swaziland</strong> has reporters in the regions,which enables the station to be inconstant contact with ordinary citizensat grassroots level, yet Swazi TV has noregional reporters. A merger thereforewould mean any coverage or service <strong>of</strong>feredwould be <strong>of</strong> benefit for both viewersand listeners which is not the case atpresent for an individual who does nothave access to both Swazi TV and Radio<strong>Swaziland</strong>.The country’s fiscal challenges haveresulted in a decision by the government<strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> to stop sponsoringstudents enrolled in the Journalism andMass Communication programme at theUniversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> ostensibly becausejournalism is not one <strong>of</strong> its “priorities”.This in itself poses serious questionsabout the governments’ understanding<strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> the media in society.Furthermore, it reveals the breathtakingdouble-standards <strong>of</strong> a government thatbemoans the state <strong>of</strong> the media in <strong>Swaziland</strong>but is reluctant to invest in thetraining <strong>of</strong> journalists and media practitioners.Despite these challenges, the registration<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Media</strong> Complaints Commission(MCC) after a laborious fouryears is a milestone in the quest for a130So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


self-regulatory framework advocatedfor by the media. The MCC is now takingshape and went into full operationin February 2012 albeit without a solidfinancial base. Perhaps Swazi journalists,under the banner <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Swaziland</strong> <strong>National</strong>Association <strong>of</strong> Journalists (SNAJ)will have to take a more active interestin the MCC to ensure its sustainability orpart there<strong>of</strong>.Also, the appointment <strong>of</strong> information<strong>of</strong>ficers within government ministries islikely to enhance the flow <strong>of</strong> informationand present new opportunities forfruitful interaction between government<strong>of</strong>ficials and journalists.Access to informationAccess to information still remainselusive in the Swazi context. Interferenceby the state and censorship <strong>of</strong> the mainstreammedia still persists. Electronicmedia still remains the exclusive domain<strong>of</strong> the state. This has resulted in the marginalization<strong>of</strong> many citizens who cannotafford any alternative mediums foraccessing information.A decision by the Minister <strong>of</strong> NaturalResources and Energy, Princess Tsandzile(Dlamini) to ban access to information atthe Deeds Office in the wake <strong>of</strong> a scandalinvolving the incumbent Minister <strong>of</strong>Housing and Urban Development, Ms.Lindiwe Dlamini who sold Crown Land atreduced prices to other ministers is causefor concern.Rural communities, the poor andpeople with disabilities are still marginalizedon issues <strong>of</strong> access to informationespecially on the economy and politics.The majority <strong>of</strong> Swazi citizens live in ruralareas. Many <strong>of</strong> these people rely on radi<strong>of</strong>or information, which does not <strong>of</strong>fera multiplicity <strong>of</strong> voices. Radio, though,does disseminate information on issues<strong>of</strong> health, education and social welfare<strong>of</strong> the citizens however the format <strong>of</strong>disseminating such information is notinteractive, being mainly one-way andtop-down. This leaves citizens withoutan opportunity to actively participatein the radio programming but also, thedevelopment <strong>of</strong> ideal information that isbest suited to their needs.Citizen participation on these issuessuch as health, education and farming isparamount and has not been quite consideredby the public broadcaster. Also,content on such phenomena as globalizationand climate change, among otherkey emerging debates, is given less coveragein the mass media in <strong>Swaziland</strong>,leaving the citizenry isolated from importantglobal discourses.State <strong>of</strong> the Print <strong>Media</strong>In terms <strong>of</strong> the political economy<strong>of</strong> the print media in <strong>Swaziland</strong> therehave been no major changes. The Times<strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> newspaper still remainsdominant and the Tibiyo-owned SwaziObserver is still playing second fiddle interms <strong>of</strong> circulation and readership. Thefailure to publish certain information <strong>of</strong>public interest about some individualsin the echelons <strong>of</strong> power may have impactedon the credibility <strong>of</strong> these newspapers.The Times <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>, which hasalways been a beacon <strong>of</strong> hope, providingSo This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 131


<strong>Swaziland</strong>coverage on diverse issues, no longer hasthe same clout it did in the 1980s and1990s. This could be a shift in the policy<strong>of</strong> the newspaper explained, in part, bythe publisher’s (<strong>Africa</strong>n Echo (Pty) Ltd’sPaul L<strong>of</strong>fler) comments in June, <strong>2011</strong>where he was quoted in the South <strong>Africa</strong>npress saying <strong>Swaziland</strong> does notneed democracy. Despite challenges, theprint media has been trying to highlightcorruption in the public sector.There has been a trend over the yearsto rely on South <strong>Africa</strong>’s media for stories<strong>of</strong> public interest that are not publishedby local newspapers for fear <strong>of</strong> retribution.For instance, a decision by KingMswati III to call for a retraction <strong>of</strong> astory revealing that he had appealed toSouth <strong>Africa</strong>’s president for a R2.4 billionfinancial bailout in the wake <strong>of</strong> declining<strong>Southern</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n Customs Union (SACU)receipts is evidence <strong>of</strong> the seriousness<strong>of</strong> the censorship that is in the country.Although the story was true, the stateownedSwazi Observer was compelled toretract the story.Alternative newspapers still existeven though some are struggling topublish regularly. Their content is mainlytabloid style journalism. Some do thoughtry to cover even the contentious issues.A monthly magazine, The Nation, hascontinued to provide socio, political andeconomic analysis in the local context.State <strong>of</strong> BroadcastingThe state owned <strong>Swaziland</strong> Televisionand <strong>Swaziland</strong> Broadcasting and InformationServices (Radio <strong>Swaziland</strong>) havefailed to promote a plurality <strong>of</strong> voices.Radio, in particular, is under constantsurveillance on what it broadcasts. Forinstance, a broadcaster was stopped bythe station’s management from solicitingpublic views on the financial crisisthat had riddled the country.In March <strong>2011</strong>, Radio <strong>Swaziland</strong>stopped broadcasting British BroadcastingCorporation’s (BBC) programmes onits schedule following the broadcast <strong>of</strong>comments critical <strong>of</strong> the government onthe Focus on <strong>Africa</strong> programme. In April,<strong>2011</strong> the country’s Prime Minister DrBarnabas Dlamini at a breakfast meetingwith editors told the radio station’slongest serving editor that because it isgovernment-owned it will have to playto the dictates <strong>of</strong> its ‘owner’. In this case,the owner is King Mswati III. Radio isbanned from covering any activity thatinvolves protest action by trade unions,students and other civic groups. Any dissentingvoices are not accommodated atboth the radio and television services.Children’s programming is conspicuousby its absence on both radio and television.On television, local content hascontinued to be affected by the lack <strong>of</strong>finances, making production <strong>of</strong> children’scontent undesirable. The station dependswholly on government subventions forits existence. TV license fee collectionshave not generated enough revenue forsustenance public broadcasting. Neitherdoes Swazi TV Rentals the station’s subsidiaryresponsible for renting out TV setsmake enough money.The country’s national broadcastershave taken major strides towardssecuring digital equipment. Both haveinstalled digital equipment. However, the132So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


major challenge will be in television forthe reasons already stated above.Furthermore, there is no existence <strong>of</strong>a clear digital roadmap that states timelinesfor the migration to digital. In <strong>2011</strong>,only one meeting was convened for majorstakeholders to deliberate issues ondigitalisation. A team has already beenappointed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Informationto develop policy and an implementationplan on digital migration. Still, amajor challenge will be the financing <strong>of</strong>the digital migration process. With thecurrent fiscal challenges currently facingthe government, many citizens are likelyto be marginalized come 2013 (SADCdeadline) and 2015 (ITU).ICTs and telecommunicationsThis has been the battleground betweenthe incumbent fixed line provider,<strong>Swaziland</strong> Posts and TelecommunicationsCorporation (SPTC), a monopoly,and the only mobile telephone operator,Mobile Telephone Network (MTN). Theimpasse has been caused by the failureto put in place an independent regulatoryframework and government’s constantinterference. For instance the Governmentforced the fixed line operatorto cancel a deal it had entered into withSEACOM.The background is that governmentargued that the 41.4million Pound dealbetween SPTC and SEACOM is irregularin that the latter was given a 20-yearmonopoly. Further, government arguedthat this deal was concluded without theapproval <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet Standing Committeeon Public Enterprises (SCOPE).The Prime Minister then directed SPTC tomake an “appropriate recommendationto SCOPE on the matter <strong>of</strong> an internationalgateway partner.”When this matter was discussed inParliament the Prime Minister said thethen minister responsible for telecommunications,Minister <strong>of</strong> Informationand Communication Technology, Ms.Nelsiwe Shongwe was not aware <strong>of</strong> thedeal. The PM told Parliament that at leastSEACOM should have been given a 10-year monopoly.Therefore, the bone <strong>of</strong> contentionbetween SPTC and MTN is the latter’s desireto use its own international gateway.SPTC, on the other hand, is reluctant asit wants all traffic routed through itsown systems. An irony is that the MTNboardroom is dominated by SPTC with 41percent shareholding in MTN <strong>Swaziland</strong>.MTN Group has 30 percent, empowermentgroup, Swazi Empowerment Limited,19 percent and the remainder ownedby the King <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>.SPTC recently introduced One Mobilewhich action, predictably, was not wellreceived by MTN. MTN sought legal recourseon the matter and won. SPTC hasalso introduced fixed mobile services andthese have been popular with many citizens.The cost <strong>of</strong> telecommunications isstill prohibitive. Accessing the Internetis still expensive thus cutting out manypeople from having access to online services.MTN shifts the blame to SPTC arguingthat the cost <strong>of</strong> accessing the Internetthrough mobile telephony wouldbe affordable if they were allowed to usetheir own gateway, which has third gen-So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 133


<strong>Swaziland</strong>eration (3G) capacity.However, the existence <strong>of</strong> Sales Taxon telecommunications services such asairtime has an adverse effect on the accessand use <strong>of</strong> these telecommunicationservices. To highlight this fact, bothMTN and SPTC increased their tariffs onDecember 1, <strong>2011</strong> to cater for the tax expenses.New Digital <strong>Media</strong> and Social<strong>Media</strong>The use <strong>of</strong> social media has beengaining momentum recently. This couldbe attributed, in part, to the constantsourcing <strong>of</strong> story ideas by the newspapersfrom social networks, in particularFacebook. The government <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>has however expressed its concern overthe use <strong>of</strong> social media, threatening toban the use <strong>of</strong> such network sites in<strong>Swaziland</strong>.Ordinary citizens have found a publicspace where they discuss issues that thelocal media dare not highlight. However,only a section <strong>of</strong> the Swazi populationuses these media. Many Swazi citizenshave not been empowered with digitalmedia literacy skills neither do they haveaccess to the Internet, due in part, to thereasons <strong>of</strong> cost outlined above. The basicuses <strong>of</strong> mobile phones – voice calling andshort service messaging – still prevail.Mainstream media uses <strong>of</strong> new mediaapplications are not rare. The SwaziObserver, for example, publishes some<strong>of</strong> its stories on their Facebook page, allowingfor instant interaction with theiraudiences. The Swazi Observer also postscomments generated from the onlineposts in their print newspaper. Radioannouncers at the national radio stationread comments posted on Facebook too.However, these are on general topicsthat do not court any controversy suchas greeting messages. Other social mediasuch as Twitter are less popular.Conclusions and ProjectionsThe year 2012 is likely to have a hugeimpact on the media. The fiscal challengesfacing <strong>Swaziland</strong> are likely totransform the political landscape shouldthe problem persist. The call for politicalreforms within and beyond the borders<strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> could prove to be a gain foradvocates for media freedom. Hopefully,the MCC will be able to engage the governmentand fight <strong>of</strong>f attempts to institutestatutory regulation <strong>of</strong> the media.Access to information is still goingto be a major challenge. Those who aremarginalized will continue to be at theperiphery <strong>of</strong> the new digital media. Itis highly unlikely that those who haveenjoyed the privileges <strong>of</strong> the prevailingstatus quo on the political front wouldwant to allow a climate <strong>of</strong> access to informationby wider society. As long asthe government still has control <strong>of</strong> radio,it is not going to let go <strong>of</strong> its agenda togive the public only that information itdecides. Against this backdrop, trade unionsand civil society organisations willfind it very hard to push for reforms inthe country, especially if they cannotcommunicate their ideas to rural communities.The battle between SPTC and MTN islikely to continue in 2012. In fact with-134So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


out an independent regulator in placethe daggers will still be drawn. It remainsto be seen if the government will finallyyield to a call for an independent regulatoryframework in the telecommunicationssector. The road to digital migrationis likely to be slowed down by the fiscalchallenges facing the country. Contentdevelopment for digital broadcasting islikely to be another major challenge.Barring the cost <strong>of</strong> access, social networksare going to be used extensively aspeople find a voice in a country wherethere is no freedom <strong>of</strong> expression onsome key issues. The House <strong>of</strong> Senateis likely to call upon government to putin place stringent measures to censorSouth <strong>Africa</strong>’s publications that circulatein <strong>Swaziland</strong> and to also come up withstrategies to police social network sites.PORTUGUESEVERSIONIntroduçãoO ano <strong>2011</strong> foi repleto de desafiospara a Imprensa na Suazilândia. Foramemitidas ordens do tribunal para tentarcensurar a imprensa, alguns jornalistasforam atormentados e um jornal foiameaçado de encerramento. A censurada imprensa veio à tona quando o Chefede Justiça Michael Ramodibedi ordenouque o jornal privado Times <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>parasse de publicar artigos sobre ele apóstrês longos meses de crise judicial nopaís, que culminaram com o boicote dostribunais, pelos advogados.O panorama dos meios de comunicaçãocontinua ainda o mesmo, se seconsiderar que não há registo de novasentidades. O governo continua a nãoquerer libertas os órgãos de informação.Já passam muitos anos desde que a ideiada independência dos órgãos de informaçã<strong>of</strong>oi debatida. As propostas defusão da televisão e da rádio estataisnum único órgão de radiodifusão continuammuito longe da realidade.A fusão entre a rádio e a televisãoestatais continua sendo debatida, nãohavendo nada feito, de concreto. A serefectivada, esta fusão resultaria numamelhoria de serviços, bem como umaopção para a actual crise financeira quea Televisão da Suazilândia está a enfrentar.A estação (<strong>Swaziland</strong> Television) nãotem estado a render suficientementepara pagar os custos fixos, aportando-seSo This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 135


<strong>Swaziland</strong>dos subsídios do Estado. Se estes subsídiosforem suspensos, a estação encerrará.Por outro lado, a Rádio Suazilândiaestá a prosperar. O único desafio é que orendimento produzido através de publicidades,anúncios e programas patrocinadossão arrastados para os c<strong>of</strong>res dogoverno.Por isso, a fusão lhes permitiria desfrutarde uma independência financeirarelativa e permitir-lhes dar uma coberturacompreensiva de notícias e serviços.Todavia, isso não significa que desfrutariamde uma total liberdade de imprensa.Outra vantagem da fusão é que aRádio Suazilândia tem repórteres naszonas rurais, que fazem com que a estaçãoesteja em constante contactocom cidadãos ao nível das comunidades,contrariamente à TV pública. Dai que,uma fusão iria significar que qualquercobertura ou serviço feito seria parao benefício de ambos auditórios (telespectadorese ouvintes), o que não temestado a acontecer até ao momento.Os desafios fiscais no país resultaramna decisão do governo da Suazilândiade parar de patrocinar estudantes inscritospara os cursos de jornalismo ecomunicação massiva na Universidadede Suazilândia, ostensivamente porqueo Jornalismo não é uma das suas “prioridades”.Estamos perante uma situação emque o governo não impulsiona o jornalismo,nem a liberdade de imprensa. Háaqui padrões dúbios, se se considerar queé o mesmo governo quem muitas vezesreclama ou lamenta sobre o estado daimprensa.Apesar destes desafios, o registo da“Comissão de Reclamações da Midia”(<strong>Media</strong> Complaints Commission) tem estadoa advogar há mais de quatro anospara o estabelecimento de um órgãoauto-regulador da comunicação social.A MCC tem estado a ganhar terreno ecomeçou a operar em pleno em Fevereirode 2012 embora sem uma base financeirasólida. Talvez os Jornalistas da Swazisob a bandeira da <strong>Swaziland</strong> <strong>National</strong>Association <strong>of</strong> Journalists (SNAJ) se interessemmais no MCC para assegurar asua sustentabilidade.Por outro lado, a nomeação de <strong>of</strong>iciaisde informação dentro dos ministériosdo governo vai provavelmenteacentuar o fluxo da informação e apresentarnovas oportunidades para umainteracção frutífera entre os <strong>of</strong>iciais e osjornalistas.Acesso a informaçãoO acesso a informação no contextoSwazi continua ilusório. A interferênciapelo estado e a censura tendenciosa daimprensa ainda persiste. Os jornais electrónicoscontinuam sendo um domínioexclusivo do estado, facto que resulta namarginalização de muitos cidadãos quenão têm acesso a outros meios de acessoa informação.A decisão pelo Ministro dos RecursosNaturais e Energia, PrincesaTsandzile (Dlamini) de proibir o acessoa informação na Repartição da Imprensadevido ao escândalo envolvendo a Ministrada Habitação e DesenvolvimentoUrbano, Sra. Lindiwe Dlamini que vendeua Crown Land por um preço muito baixoa outros ministérios, é só mais um caso136So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


dentre vários.As comunidades rurais, os pobres epessoas deficientes ainda são excluídosno acesso a informação. A maioria doscidadãos Swazis vive em áreas rurais.Muitas destas pessoas confiam nas rádiospara obterem a informação que nãoé de todo inclusiva. A Rádio destaca maisinformações sobre saúde, educação ebem-estar social dos cidadãos, embora <strong>of</strong>ormato de disseminação de tais informaçõesnão seja interactivo, aparecendono sentido topo-base. Esta situação levaa que os cidadãos não tenham a oportunidadede participar activamentenos programas de rádio, excluindo-osde contribuir para o desenvolvimentopolítico-social do seu país, em todas asvertentes.A participação dos cidadãos nestesassuntos como saúde, educação e agriculturaé extremamente de desejar, masnão tem sido considerada pelos serviçosde radiodifusão pública. Outra áreatemática menos abrangida, é a da globalizaçãoe mudanças climáticas.Situação da imprensa escritaO Swazi Observer pertencente à Tibiyoé o segundo maior jornal em circulaçãoe leitura. O fracasso na publicaçãode certas informações de interesse públicosobre alguns indivíduos nos escalõesde poder pode ter tido impacto na ascensãoe credibilidade dos jornais.O Times <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> que semprefoi uma baliza de esperança, <strong>of</strong>erecendocobertura em assuntos diversos, já nãotem a mesma influência que teve nosanos 80 e 90. Isto deve-se às actuaispolíticas do jornal, explicada em parte,pelos comentários do seu editor, feitoem Junho de <strong>2011</strong>, segundo o qual aSuazilândia não precisa de democracia.Apesar de vários desafios, a imprensa escritadestaca-se por tentar realçar a corrupçãono sector público.Ao longo dos anos, houve umatendência de se confiar mais nos jornaisSul-africanos no que tangia a publicaçãode artigos de interesse público, não publicadosna imprensa local por medo derepresálias.Existem jornais alternativos aospúblicos, mas publicam conteúdos meramentetablóides. Alguns porém, tentamcobrir assuntos contenciosos. Umarevista mensal, The Nation “A Nação”,destaca-se pela sua análise de factos sociopolíticose económicos, no contextolocal.A situação da radiodifusãoA <strong>Swaziland</strong> Television e <strong>Swaziland</strong>Broadcasting and Information Services(Radio <strong>Swaziland</strong>) pertença do Estado,têm falhado na promoção da pluralidadede vozes. As Rádios em particular,estão sob vigilância constante do Estado.A título de exemplo, um locutor foi impedidopela administração da estação desolicitar as visões do público sobre a crisefinanceira que assola o país.Em Março de <strong>2011</strong>, a estação Radio<strong>Swaziland</strong> deixou de emitir programas daBritish Broadcasting Corporation’s (BBC)na sua programação devido à difusão decomentários críticos do governo do dia,no seu programa para África. Em Abrilde <strong>2011</strong> o Primeiro-ministro do país,So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 137


<strong>Swaziland</strong>Dr Barnabas Dlamini em sessão de caféda manhã com editores, disse ao editormais antigo ao serviço da estação que,tratando-se de uma estação do governo,teria que cumprir com as ordens do seu‘dono’. Neste caso, o dono é o Rei MswatiIII. A Rádio é proibida de cobrir qualqueractividade que envolve acções de protestospor parte dos sindicatos, estudantese outros grupos cívicos. Quaisquer vozescontrárias ao regime do dia não têm espaçotanto na rádio, como na televisão,públicas.A programação infantil é conspícuapor sua ausência em rádio e televisão. Natelevisão, os conteúdos locais continuaramsendo afectados pela falta de finanças,tornando a produção do conteúdoinfantil indesejável. A estação dependecompletamente de subvenções do governopara a sua existência. A colecta detaxas de licença de TELEVISÃO não gerourendimento suficiente para o auto-sustentoda radiodifusão pública.Os locutores nacionais de radiodifusãoderam passos largos em introduziro equipamento digital. Porém, o desafioprincipal reside na componente televisão,pelas razões ora declaradas.Além disso, não existe um roteirorumo à migração digital, a curto prazo.Em <strong>2011</strong>, houve somente uma reuniãovisando concordar sobre a necessidadede os agentes estatais deliberarem sobreo assunto. Já foi nomeada umaequipe pelo Ministério de Informaçãopara desenvolver políticas e um planode implementação da migração digital.Entretanto, o desafio principal será o financiamentodo processo de migraçãoem si. Com os actuais desafios fiscais queo governo está a enfrentar, provavelmentemuitos cidadãos serão marginalizadosdurante o prazo estabelecido pelaSADC (2013) e ITU (2015).TIC e telecomunicaçõesNeste campo, houve umm braçode ferro entre o incumbente da telefoniafixa, <strong>Swaziland</strong> Posts and TelecommunicationsCorporation (SPTC), ummonopólio, e a única rede de telefoniamóvel, a Mobile Telephone Network(MTN). O impasse foi causado pelo fracassode se poder pôr em voga um órgãoregulador independente e a constantesinterferências do governo. A título deexemplo, o Governo forçou a operadorada linha fixa a cancelar um acordo quefizera com a SEACOM.Na altura, o governo argumentouque os 41.4 milhões de Libra referentesao acordo entre a SPTC e SEACOM eramilegais porque existia um prévio acordode monopólio com a primeira, a ser vigentepor 20 anos. Mais adiante, o governoargumentou que este acordo foifeito sem a aprovação do Gabinete doComité Permanente dos EmpreendimentosPúblicos “Cabinet Standing Committeeon Public Enterprises (SCOPE)”. OPrimeiro-ministro orientou então à SPTCa fazer uma recomendação apropriadaao SCOPE sobre o assunto.Este assunto foi discutido no Parlamentoe o Primeiro-ministro disse queo então ministro responsável pela pastade Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação,Sra. Nelsiwe Shongwe não estavaa par da transacção. O PM disse aoParlamento que à SEACOM dever-se-ia138So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


ter sido concedida um monopólio de 10anos.Significa que o impasse entre a SPTCe o MTN foi devido à vontade da últimaem usar seu próprio portal internacional.Por outro lado, a SPTC está relutante emceder, por pretender que todo o tráficonacional seja feito através dos seus sistemas.Uma ironia é que o executivo daMTN é dominado pela SPTC, com 41 porcento das acções na MTN Suazilândia. Ogrupo MTN tem 30 por cento, o grupo deautorização Swazi Empowerment Limited,19 por cento e o resto está nas mãosdo Rei da Suazilândia.A SPTC introduziu recentemente aOne Mobile cuja acção não foi bem recebidapela MTN. A MTN serviu-se de recursoslegais para ganhar a causa. A SPTCtambém introduziu serviços móveis fixosque foram popularmente recebidos peloscidadãos.O custo das telecomunicações aindaé proibitivo. Aceder à Internet é aindamuito caro, privando assim muita gentede usar serviços on-line. A MTN transferiua culpa deste facto à SPTC argumentandoque o custo de acesso à Internetpor telefonia móvel estaria disponível selhes permitissem usar o seu próprio portalque tem uma capacidade de terceirageração (3G).Porém, a taxação tem tido um efeitoadverso no acesso e uso dos serviços detelecomunicação. Para realçar este facto,a MTN e a SPTC aumentaram as suastarifas no dia 1 de Dezembro de <strong>2011</strong>,para suprir os seus impostos relativos àsdespesas.Novos Meios de ComunicaçãoDigital e Redes SociaisO uso das redes sociais tem ganhogrande impulso. Isto poderia ser atribuído,em parte, pela busca constante de ideiasinformação dos jornais online a partirdas mesmas, com destaque ao Facebook.Entretanto, o governo da Suazilândiaexpressou a sua preocupação quanto aouso das redes sociais, ameaçando proibiro uso delas no país.Os cidadãos comuns têm nessas redeso seu espaço onde podem discutir assuntosque os órgãos de comunicação socialnão ousam destacar. Porém, só uma porçãoda população Swázi usa estas redes,por vários motivos, sendo eles, a falta deacesso à internet, a falta de habilitaçãopara o uso de internet. O uso básico detelefones móveis - chamadas de voz epequenos serviços de mensagem - aindaprevalecem como os mais populares.As actuais tendências para o uso denovas aplicações pelos órgãos de comunicaçãotêm sido prática. A títulode exemplo, o Swazi Observer publicaparte das suas colunas nas páginas doFacebook, permitindo uma interacçãoimediata com a sua audiência. O SwaziObserver por exemplo também publicacomentários saídos dos posts on-line, noseu jornal impresso. Os locutores da rádiona estação nacional também lêem comentáriosda sua audiência, publicadosno Facebook. Porém, estes são comentáriosgerais e notas de saudações, e nãopropriamente mensagens que causamcontrovérsia. Outras redes sociais comoTwitter são menos populares.So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 139


<strong>Swaziland</strong>Conclusões e ProjecçõesÉ provável que 2012 continue sendoum ano de desafios para a comunicaçãosocial. Acredita-se que os desafios fiscaisque Suazilândia está a enfrentar venhama transformar o cenário político, caso atendência actual prevaleça. As reformaspolíticas dentro da Suazilândia constituiriamum ganho para os defensores daliberdade de imprensa. Há esperança deque o MCC possa engajar-se com o governona tentativa de instituir regulamentosestatutários para a imprensa.O acesso à informação continuará aser um desafio a se ter em conta. A populaçãocontinuará a ter dificuldades noacesso às tecnologias e meios de comunicaçãodigitais. É altamente improvávelque os actuais beneficiários do statusquo político se interessem em expandirum clima de acesso a informação paratoda a sociedade. Enquanto o governoainda tiver controlo sobre a rádio, nãodeixará de fornecer ao público somenteaquela informação que achar conveniente.Este facto prejudicará à sociedadeem geral, o que tornará difícil qualquertentativa de imposição de reformaspolíticas no país, particularmente no quetange às comunidades marginalizadasdo meio rural.A batalha entre SPTC e MTN provavelmentepoderá continuar em 2012. Naverdade, na ausência de uma entidadereguladora independente, a coisa tornarse-ámais difícil. Espera-se que o governoproponha tal entidade independentepara o sector das telecomunicações. Ocaminho para a migração digital poderáser reduzido provavelmente pelos desafiosfiscais que o país está enfrentando.O desenvolvimento satisfatório da radiodifusãodigital será provavelmente umoutro desafio.Exceptuando o custo de acesso, asredes sociais vão ser usadas extensivamente,já que as pessoas não encontramvoz num país onde não há nenhumaliberdade de expressão. É provável queo Senado convoque o governo para arrolarsobre algumas medidas visando restringirou censurar os jornais e revistassul-africanos que circulam no territórioSwazi, bem como propor estratégiasvisando policiar locais de redes sociais.AlertDate: February 18, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Minister forHealthViolation/ issue: VictoryOn 16 February <strong>2011</strong>, in a positivedevelopment that augurs well for mediafreedom in <strong>Swaziland</strong>, the Ministerfor Health Benedict Xaba ordered theentire staff in his ministry to cooperateat all times with journalists seekinginformation from the ministry.AlertDate: March 9, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: <strong>Swaziland</strong>Broadcasting and InformationServicesViolation/ issue: BannedThe government <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> has bannedthe daily live transmission <strong>of</strong> BBC Focuson <strong>Africa</strong> programme after one <strong>of</strong> thenews clips, broadcast through the Englishchannel <strong>of</strong> the state radio, <strong>Swaziland</strong>140So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>


Broadcasting and Information Services(SBIS), was critical <strong>of</strong> government.AlertDate: March 25, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Social <strong>Media</strong>(Facebook)Violation/ issue: ThreatenedThe government <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> has, andcontinues to threaten with prosecutionpeople who are expressing themselvesusing popular social media such asFacebook. The government has accusedthe Facebookers as being too critical tothe government and the ruling elites in<strong>Swaziland</strong>.AlertDate: April 15, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Editor <strong>of</strong><strong>Swaziland</strong> Broadcasting andInformation ServicesViolation/ issue: Censored,threatenedIn an incident that borders onintimidation, an editor who openlychallenged the Prime Minister ongovernment’s tendencies to censorthe state radio station, the <strong>Swaziland</strong>Broadcasting and Information Services(SBIS), was covertly told to resign if hewas not happy with the governmentpolicy.AlertDate: May 9, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: TimothySimelane, Times <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>Violation/ issue: BeatenOn 7 May <strong>2011</strong> a reporter with theTimes <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong>, Timothy Simelane,was attacked and assaulted by a gospelsinger who accused the journalist <strong>of</strong>writing bad stories about him. Thoughan assault case was opened with thepolice on the same night, the attacker,Mzwakhe Myeni, is yet to be arrested.AlertDate: May 12, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Swazi MirrorViolation/ issue: CensoredA man has run to court to stop anewspaper from publishing a story inwhich he is accused <strong>of</strong> extra-maritalaffairs with school girls. The unnameddirector <strong>of</strong> a financial institution hasobtained an interim High Court orderstopping Swazi Mirror newspaper frompublishing the story pending finalization<strong>of</strong> the matter.AlertDate: May 26, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: SwaziparliamentariansViolation/ issue: LegislationOn 24 May <strong>2011</strong> Swazi parliamentarianscalled for a law to censor the foreignmedia circulating in <strong>Swaziland</strong> therebyprotecting the image <strong>of</strong> King Mswati III,<strong>Africa</strong>’s last absolute monarch.AlertDate: June 28, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Swazi MirrorViolation/ issue: CensoredIn a rare case <strong>of</strong> censorship, a Swazibusinessman has gone to court to seekthe closure <strong>of</strong> a newspaper which heclaims has written defamatory articlesagainst him. The businessman, BoyceSo This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong> 141


<strong>Swaziland</strong>Magongo, wants the High Court toissue an order declaring and directingSwazi Mirror, a two-year old privatelyownednewspaper, to stop publishingand distributing its copies until theycomplied with the provisions <strong>of</strong> theBooks and Newspaper Act, 1963.CommuniquéDate: May 3, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: MISA- <strong>Swaziland</strong>Violation/ issue: OtherSpeaking to journalists gatheredfor World Press Freedom Daycommemoration organized by MISA<strong>Swaziland</strong> on Tuesday 3 May <strong>2011</strong> CraigCloud, Charge d`Affairs in the AmericanEmbassy in Mbabane has said, Journalistsare not the only ones who should standup for press freedom but all citizens whovalue an informed society.May 4, <strong>2011</strong>: On 3 May <strong>2011</strong>, thechairperson <strong>of</strong> MISA <strong>Swaziland</strong>, BonisileDlamini, called on the Government <strong>of</strong><strong>Swaziland</strong> to speed up the process <strong>of</strong>liberating the airwaves and licensingcommunity radio broadcasters so as toensure the empowerment <strong>of</strong> citizensthrough access to information.CommuniquéDate: June 8, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: <strong>Media</strong>Complaints CommissionViolation/ issue: VictoryThe long-awaited <strong>Media</strong> ComplaintsCommission (MCC), a media selfregulatoryframework for <strong>Swaziland</strong>, hasfinally been registered by the governmentafter a long-drawn registration processspanning the last four years. Theregistration certificate was finally issuedby the Registrar <strong>of</strong> Companies on 7 June<strong>2011</strong>.AlertDate: July 18, <strong>2011</strong>Person/ institution: Times <strong>of</strong><strong>Swaziland</strong>Violation/ issue: Censored andthreatenedThe Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> hasinterdicted the privately-owned Times <strong>of</strong><strong>Swaziland</strong> newspaper from continuingwriting about the Chief Justice, MichaelRamodibedi, who has caused so muchdrama for suspending Justice ThomasMasuku and charging him with 12charges that he will have to answerbefore the end <strong>of</strong> July <strong>2011</strong>. SecurityPolice stormed the Times <strong>of</strong>fice late onthe 12th July <strong>2011</strong>, serving the editorwith a Court Order to stop publishingany articles related to the Chief Justice.July 18, 2010: The Royal <strong>Swaziland</strong>Police under strict instruction from theGovernment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Swaziland</strong> were sentto the Border (Oshoek/Ngwenya) toconfiscate one <strong>of</strong> the South <strong>Africa</strong>n Dailythe Sowetan Newspaper from circulationin <strong>Swaziland</strong>. This unfolded on FridayMorning, 15 July <strong>2011</strong>, when the borderopened for business. Of great note is thatthe Sowetan carried a story about ChiefJustsice Michael Ramodibedi.July 28, <strong>2011</strong>: The Chief Justice (CJ)Michael Ramodibedi, has come outstrongly over Swazi <strong>Media</strong>, accusingthem <strong>of</strong> reporting negatively abouthim and not giving him a chance orright to reply. He claims that the mediawent as far as reporting and publishing142So This is Democracy • <strong>2011</strong>

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