Reprint - Central Arid Zone Research Institute

NATURAL RESOURCES AND DESERTIFICATIONClimate and Drought1 Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1979)Evaluation of environmental pollution from ionic composition ofrainwater received over Rajasthan. Development Policy andAdministration Review. 5: 1-10The atmosphere over Rajasthan, particularly Western Rajasthan, isknown to be one of the dustiest in the world with about 300-800 μgm of dust content m- 3 . At certain locations as much as 1400 to 5500kg ha -1 of soil may be removed due to the action of the wind duringthe period May to June. The ionic composition of leachates of theparticulate constituents of the atmosphere, received throughprecipitation, thus, provides a deeper insight to the extent ofenvironmental pollution.The mineral composition of rainwater, in situations as this,understandably influences also the quality of water in reservoirs,ground water and chemical composition of regional soils.2 Chatterjee, S.B. (1953)“Climostatical regions." Geographical review of India. The IndianGeographical Journal. 15: 36-55The climostatical regions of India including the arid and semi- aridparts of India are shown in maps. The methods of classification formapping are also dealt with.3 Chouhan, T.S. (1978-83)Impact of drought in a severe intensity zone in Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Geography. 13: 92-101The paper is concerned with the study of socio-economic conditions,drinking water facility, land utilisation, cropping pattern,population characteristics, sources of income, changes in the levelsof consumption pattern, and changes in assets and liabilities in asevere drought intensity zone in Barmer district. Three villageswere selected for this purpose mainly on the basis of different landresource units; different degree of erosion hazards and land usepatterns. The village Rajdal, located 19 km north-east of Sheo, liesin the hilly terrain where 40 to 60 per cent of the total area of thevillage is affected by strong wind sheets and gully erosion hazards.The land surface consisted mainly of gravelly and rocky waste. Thesecond village Kansara, located 46 km north of Sheo, lies in the

pediment plain where 40-60 per cent of the total area of village isaffected by strong wind erosion hazard. It is a characteristicallymono-cropping area with a land use intensity of only 10 to 20 percent. The third village Girab, located 64 km west of Sheo, lies in asandy undulating interdunal plain where 80 to 90 per cent of thetotal area of the village is affected by very severe wind erosion. it ismainly a sandy waste. The three villages selected for the samplestudy in Sheo tehsil will represent the regional characteristics ofdifferent aspects of drought hazards.4 Jagnnathan, P. (1963)Trends in the characteristics of a seasonal variation of temperaturein the arid and semi arid regions. Indian Journal of Meteorologyand Geophysics. 14: 3-22The mean annual temperatures do not show any systematic changebut there is a slight decrease of temperature through small atpractically all stations during periods of maximum solar activityover those of minimum solar activity. Annual ranges exhibitoscillatory tendency with a period of about 2 sun spot cycles. Thecomponents of the harmonic vectors of the annual oscillation doexhibit significant fluctuation though not in exact sympathy withthe fluctuation in sun spots. The biannual wave is significant at theIndian station in particular with amplitudes of the order of 2-3° Cand the maximum occurring in April and October.5 Krishnan, A. (1962)Heights of base of low clouds over India. Indian Journal ofMeteorology and Geophysics. 13: 31-38The normal percentage frequencies of occurrence of low clouds andtheir heights of bases of these low clouds are discussed.6 Krishnan, A. (1969)Some aspects of water management for crop production in arid andsemiarid zones of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 1-17The paper deals with the rainfall distribution and temperaturepattern of arid and semi arid zones of India. This review alsoincludes on water management parameters like potential evapotranspiration,water deficiency, aridity indices for crop production inarid and semi-arid areas.7 Krishnan, A. (1977)Climatic changes relating to desertification in the arid zone of northwest India. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 302-309

The aridity index line has shifted eastwards especially inGanganagar, Bikaner, Churu and Jodhpur districts. There was nodeterioration in Barmer and Jalore districts. The area covering aridzone of north-west India and the adjoining areas is one of thedustiest places in the world.8 Krishnan, A. and Kushwaha, R.S. (1971)A critical study of evaporation by Penman's method during thegrowing season of vegetation in the arid zone of India. Archives forMeteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology - Series-B. 19: 267-276It is found that under arid zone conditions, the evaporation byU.S.A. open pan evaporimeter is much higher than the potentialevaporation obtained by Penman's method. A new predictionequation was obtained in terms of the same variables as inPenman's equation viz. aerodynamic term and energy balance thatthe weightages for aerodynamic and energy balance terms are 0.61and 1.13, respectively thereby showing that under estimation byPenman's method is due to low weightage given to the aerodynamicterm which, under arid zone conditions, is not only numericallyhigher but also is more important in determining evaporation.9 Krishnan, A. and Kushwaha, R.S. (1973)Probability of the periods of rainfall deficiency in the arid and semiaridzones of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.43: 696-701The occurrence and persistence of deficient rainfall periods duringthe main rainy season were analysed for Jodhpur and Jaipur byrandom model and simple Markov-chain model. Markov model fittedthe observed frequencies better than the random model, asconfirmed by the X² test. Statistical tests revealed that the meanlengths of such spells in each of the 10-year periods during 1901-1960 were not significantly different from the general mean andthus there was no secular trend in their occurrence.10 Krishnan, A. and Rakhecha, P. (1965)Potential evapo-transpiration by Thornthwaite and Leeper methods.Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 32-35The theoretical treatment of evapo-transpiration becomesexcessively difficult since it is not purely an aerodynamic problembut depends on the physical factors of soil and physiology of plantcover. This difficulty is overcome by the concept of potential evapotranspirationwhich assumes uninterrupted supply of water in theroot zone of the soil. The potential evapo-transpiration values overRajasthan during various seasons are computed by Thornthwaite'sand Leeper's methods and their results are compared. Taking the

year as whole, there is a fairly close agreement between the twomethods as claimed by Leeper.11 Krishnan, A. and Rao, J.S. (1979)Classification of major rainfall types in western Rajasthan. ForageResearch. 5: 19-30Nine major rainfall types during the crop growing season have beenclassified for eleven districts in western Rajasthan using data forthe period 1901-1970. The type of commencement of the season viz.,early, normal and late as well as the quantum of rainfall received inthe season viz, deficient, medium and surplus have been taken intoaccount in the classification. On the basis of the types ofcommencement, the region can be divided into 3 zones. There is goodassociation between the type of onset and quantum of rainfall inrespect of Jodhpur, Jhunjhunu and Pali. For early commencementrainfall type, double maxima are noticed in the weekly rainfallpattern for the season while for late commencement type, singlemaximum only occurs. For the normal commencement, both thepatterns are common. Information on the number of adequaterainfall weeks in different rainfall types has also been presented.12 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1977)Adequacy of rainfall for crop growing in Bikaner district. Annals ofArid Zone. 16: 405-416The annual and weekly rainfall pattern of different stations inBikaner district during 1901-1970 were analysed. The year to yearvariability as well as the variability in rainfall occurring duringmonsoon season are brought out. By working out the weekly waterbalances, the percentage probability of occurrence of crop growingseason, moderate drought and severe drought are worked out fordifferent stations. The mean duration and growing season works outto be 8.3 weeks with the standard deviation of 5.5 weeks. Out of 70years study water surpluses occurred in 13 years. The croppingpattern and yield of major crops in Bikaner district were related toannual and monsoon rainfall. Through the correlations arestatistically significant, only 50% of variation in the yield isexplained by the regression equation.13 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1977)Quantification of rainfall in different regions of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 185-194The frequency of drought years increases from less than 10% inJhunjhunu district and parts of Pali, Sikar, Churu and Ganganagardistrict to more than 20% in Jaisalmer and western parts ofBikaner, Jodhpur, Barmer and Jalore. In the extreme arid zone,

oth the flood year and drought years frequencies are high. Sikar,Jhunjhunu and eastern Churu get less of both the type of extremeyears. Thus those districts are quite suitable from the stableagricultural production point of view.14 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1982 )Study on the variability of rainfall and evaluation of major rainfalltypes in western Rajasthan. Geological Survey of India. Misc. Pub.No. 49: 156-160The rainfall in western Rajasthan indicates not only high variabilityfrom year to year but also considerable variations in its distributionwithin the rainy season. Maps showing the coefficient of variation ofannual rainfall as well as isohyetal pattern during the drought yearof 1918 and 1969 and the flood year of 1917 have been presentedand their features discussed. The rainfall of flood year of 1973 havealso been presented. Isohyetal maps showing deficient and surplusrainfall patterns in the region expected under different degree ofprobability have been presented and results discussed. The rainfalldistribution within the rainy season in respect of Bikaner andJodhpur has been classified into nine rainfall types depicting thetype of its commencement as well as its quantum over the year. Themedium type of rainfall patterns accounts for 75 percent of cases inBikaner and 69 percent of cases in Jodhpur. Even this major rainfallpattern can occur either as early, normal or late commencementtypes. This category for Jodhpur indicates double peak withintermediary break in respect of early and normal commencementand a single peak for last commencement. Such a feature does notoccur for Bikaner. The association between the commencement typeand quantum of rainfall is statistically significant for Jodhpur butnot for Bikaner.15 Krishnan, A., Bhatt, P.N. and Rakhecha, P. (1966)A soil moisture regime and micro-climatological study over sanddunes in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 1-9High moisture concentration ( > 5.0%) occurs below 1.5 metre depthin unstabilised sand dune throughout the year and below 4 metresin stabilised dune during March to July. Vertical moisturemovement under the influence of temperature gradients appears tobe the important factor for this concentration of moisture.16 Mallik, A.K. and Govindaswamy, T.S. (1962-63)The drought problem of India in relation to agriculture Annals ofArid Zone. 1: 106-113

The definition of drought adopted in this paper is applicable onlywith reference to crop growth or in any other sphere where thedistribution of rainfall, week by week, is involved. No claim is madethat this definition is suitable for broader purposes like hydrology,climatology etc. where the distribution of rainfall month by monthor even longer periods is considered adequate.17 Mann, H.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1981)Quantification of rainfall and its utilisation efficiency in Rajasthan.Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 107-113The amount of precipitation in Rajasthan was quantified andcompared with the annual discharge of river water in Rajasthan andother parts of India. The amount of water used by livestock, thehuman population and the vegetation, the efficiency with which therain is used, have been calculated according to districts. In general,it was found that the efficiency of use of rain water is below 50percent in only three out of 11 districts in the arid zone of westernRajasthan, compared with eight out of 15 districts in the semi-aridzone of eastern Rajasthan. Possible increase in agriculturalproductivity, through proper management of rainfall, is indicated.18 Mull, S. and Kulshrestha, S.M. (1962)A severe hail storm of 27 May 59 near Sikar ( Rajasthan ). IndianJournal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 13: 81-94At about 1730 IST of 27 May 1959, are IAC Viscount plane flyingover the Jodhpur-Delhi sector of the Karachi-Delhi route flew into asevere hailstorm near about Sikar and suffered heavy damage. Theextent of damage is illustrated by photographs of the Viscount andfrom the sizes of the holes and deuts, the probable size of thehailstorms has been estimated. The radar echoes connected withthis storm have been reproduced and the characteristics or theechoes obtained for warning of hail.19 Paramanik, S.K. and Jagannathan, P. (1953)Climatic changes in India. I. Rainfall. Indian Journal of Meteorologyand Geophysics. 4: 291-309A study of short period cyclical movement in the annual rainfall andpolynomial moving average analyses of annual and seasonal rainfallis made in this paper. There appear to be no significant short periodcyclical movement in the annual rainfall except at Bhuj. Thedistribution of rainfall in the major part of India especially the areasin the arid and semi arid regions of India show that there is generaltendency for deficient rainfall to be more frequent. Trends in theannual and seasonal rainfall are also discussed in the paper.

20 Paramanik, S.K. and Jagannathan, P. (1954)Climatic changes in India - II Temperature. Indian Journal ofMeteorology and Geophysics. 5: 29-47In this paper, the annual mean temperature data of 30observatories in India and Pakistan are analysed. Tests forrandomness of the data by considering only distribution of turningpoints and the distribution of distance between consecutive turningpoints are applied long term trend by filling orthogonal polynomialsand by applying moving average method. It is concluded that thereis no general tendency for a systematic increase or decrease inmaximum and minimum temperatures at any of the placesexamined but there are variations of an oscillatory character with aperiod of 30-40 years.21 Parthasarathy, B. and Rakhecha, P. (1972)Fluctuation in aridity over Rajasthan and neighbourhood. Annals ofArid Zone. 11: 161-168The nature of fluctuations in the aridity over 12 representativestations of Rajasthan and its neighbourhood during past 65 years(1901-1965) have been discussed. The power spectrum analysisreveals the presence of significant quasi-biennial oscillation andperiodicities somewhat paralleling the sunspot cycle at Delhi andBarmer.22 Parthasarathy, K. and Misra, R.K. (1958)Comparison of pan and piche evaporimeters. Indian Journal ofMeteorology and Geophysics. 63: 197-200The daily observations of Piche and Pan evaporimeters at Jodhpur,New Delhi, Bikaner, Lucknow and Allahabad in the Lat. belt 26° to30° N were analysed. Tentative factors of 1.410 and 0.880 to convertPiche data to the evaporation from standard pan for the monthsJuly to Sept. and the other months of the year respectively.23 Rakhecha, P.R. and Dhar, O.N. (1980)On some hydrometeorological aspects of heavy rainfall distributionover the principal arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19:413-420Heavy rainfall exceeding 25 cm in one day is not uncommon in aridareas. Receipt of rainfall of this region is highly dependable on thepassage of depressions during the monsoon season. On an average,probable maximum precipitation estimates are nearly 2.5 timeshigher than the observed one day rainfall during the last 60 to 70years period.

24 Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1986)Climatic constraints to crop production in the Indian arid zone.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 11: 41-47The major climatic constraints to crop production in the Indian aridzone are emphasised. The reasons for the low productivity andinstability in crop production in the Indian arid zone are discussed,and land use planning in reference to rainfall variability in westernRajasthan are suggested. The importance of other climatic factors oncrop production were elaborated and the role of organic mulches andshelter belts in moisture conservation and increasing cropproduction in the arid regions are highlighted.25 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N.(1984-85)Influence of commencement of sowing rains on the occurrence ofagricultural droughts in different rainfall zones of westernRajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 14: 79-84From the yields of pearl millet and short duration pulses underdifferent intensities of agricultural drought, it can be clearly seenthat the variations in the yield are in good agreement with theintensities of droughts classified. The frequencies of occurrence ofagricultural droughts of different intensities under early, normaland late commencement of sowing rains at different stations arealso given. In Barmer and Jaisalmer regions where the normalannual rainfall is less than 300 mm, severe agricultural droughtsare common as a result of late commencement of sowing rainsthereby shortening the growing season available to the crops. In theSikar region with normal annual rainfall of about 450 mm, shortduration pulses experience drought free conditions on the averagefive out of six years under early and normal commencement ofsowing rains. In Jodhpur region, early commencement of sowingrains will lead to greater risk of moderate and severe agriculturaldroughts for pearl millet crop. Pearl millet crop has greater risk ofbeing subjected to agricultural drought during the years with earlycommencement of sowing rains. Under late commencement ofsowing rains in Jodhpur region, short duration pulses can bepreferred compared to pearl millet in view of the low droughtvulnerability of these crops.26 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Rao, G.G.S.N.(1985)Water balance and crop planning - a case study of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 114-123

Based on the weekly water balance computations for eighty years(1901-1980) variability in the average length of the growing seasonin the Western Rajasthan was analysed. The date of commencementof kharif season rains was found to influence considerably, theperiods of water availability for crop growth. Therefore, to assess theimpact of commencement of the growing season on cropperformance, length of growing season and its variability underearly, normal and late commencement of the growing seasons ofvarying lengths were investigated. Possible adjustments in thecropping patterns are discussed. Water harvesting potential ofdifferent regions in the Western Rajasthan are projected alongwithpossible changes in the cropping systems.27 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V.(1987)Dust storms and associated weather changes in an aridenvironment. Contribution to Human Biometeorology Progress inBiometeorology. 4: 11-15The vulnerability of the arid regions of N.W. India to dust storm andwind erosion activity have been discussed and the frequency ofoccurrence of dust storms over N.W. India during 1955-1965 werecompared to those during 1931-1940. The influence of dust stormactivity on the radiation characteristics of the atmosphere wereanalysed. Methods suitable for minimising dust storm activity havebeen suggested.28 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S. and Joshi, N.L. (1988)Adjustments to weather variations for efficient agriculturalproduction system in arid western plains of India. Fertiliser News.4: 29-34Weather variations form a major constraint to crop production inthe arid western plains of India. Low and erratic rainfall, highevaporative demand, strong wind regime lead to fluctuations in yearto year productivity from this region. Agro-climatic features of theregion like year to year variations in commencement of sowingrains, length of crop growing season, water availability conditionsduring different phenophases of crop growth are presented anddiscussed in relation to crop production strategy.29 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Ramana Rao, B.V.(1981)Drought vulnerability of pearl millet under Jodhpur conditions.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 26: 110-113Pearl millet is vulnerable to drought with 75 per cent probabilityeither during the grand growth or reproductive stage of growth

when sown early during the 25th week under Jodhpur conditions.The crop is vulnerable to drought with 78 per cent probabilitymostly during the reproductive stage when sown during 29th to 31stweek. The crop is more vulnerable to drought during the grandgrowth stage when sown during 27th week contrary to vulnerabilityduring reproductive stage of growth when sown in 26th week.30 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1982)Influence of systems of planting pearl millet on crop micro-climate.Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 171-179It was revealed that the crop canopy in the triple and paired rowsystems absorbed 3.6 and 2.0 times more radiant energy,respectively, than the uniform system of planting. The albedo of thecrop canopy remained almost the same throughout flowering andgrain formation stages, irrespective of the systems of planting.Lower values of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and canopytemperatures, obtained during most of the day period in the tripleand paired row systems of planting, and lower ratios ofRn(G) / Rn(T), led to lower ET demand and improved crop yields ofthe order of 7.7 to 15.0%.31 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S., Kar, A. and Singh,S. (1990)Moisture, thermal and wind measurements over two selected stableand unstable sand dunes in the Indian desert. Journal of AridEnvironments. 19: 25-38Studies on the morphology, thermal, moisture and wind regimeacross a barchan and a parabolic dune in the Indian desert indicatea higher summer air temperature and a higher annual diurnalrange over the barchan than over the parabolic dune, due tovegetation cover over the latter. Vegetation was also responsible for30% less moisture over the parabolic dune than over the barchanduring the rainy season. Direction and rate of movement of sandacross the dunes changed with the direction of peak winds andgusts. A curvilinear relationship has been established between meandaily wind speed and sand movement over the barchan. The longerduration of turbulent wind at the barchan crest, compared with thaton the parabolic dune crest was a major factor influencing sandmovement from the former compared with the latter. The barchanmoved 7.0 m during a one year cycle, while the parabolic crestmoved 0.5 m.32 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. andRamana Rao, B.V. (1984)

On prediction of droughts in the Indian arid region. Mausam. 35:349-354The climatic spectrum of the Indian arid region extends fromextremely arid to semi-arid conditions. Through application of thetheory of conditional probabilities based on the first order Markovchain model, the climatic fluctuations during the years 1901-1970were studied. It was observed that the occurrence of extreme aridconditions in the succeeding year could be predicted with 92 per centconfidence while climatic types can be predicted with 83 per centconfidence. Drought incidence may not be affecting whole of theregion simultaneously and some parts might experience localiseddroughts. However, in some years the whole region experienceddrought conditions and studies reveal that even in such years thedrought intensity and its time of occurrence varies from region toregion. Drought condition originate first in the north-eastern region,during the month of July spread in a south westerly direction duringthe month of August and dissipate with an easterly movement inthe month of September. This pattern is observed to repeat duringthe years of severe drought. Long range prediction of droughts is notyet possible with 100 per cent confidence. Therefore, a combinationapproach using different techniques might provide the necessaryconfidence in prediction of droughts.33 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, G.G.S.N.(1983)An agro-climatological approach for optimum cropping patterns.Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service. 87 4: 189-192A new method is suggested for working out the optimum croppingpatterns on the basis of the mean length of the growing season asrelated to the distribution of annual rainfall. On application of themethod for the Jodhpur region in the Indian arid zone, it wasbrought out that, for optimised and sustained production, about 31%of the total agricultural land should be covered by grasses orsilvipastoral systems compared to only 10% area under grasses atpresent.34 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramamohan, R.V. and Kavi, P.S. (1976)Prolonged dry spells at Bellary during the south-west monsoonseason. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 29-36The daily rainfall data recorded at the Meteorological observatory,Bellary for the years 1921-1970 was analysed to study the dry spellsduring the south-west monsoon season. The chances of getting aprolonged dry spell seems to be the same throughout the Southwestmonsoon season though the average rainfall during the months of

August and September is almost double the average rainfall duringthe months of June and July. A prolonged dry spell of atleast 30days during the south-west monsoon is found to occur once in fiveyears.35 Rao, A.S. (1996)Climatic changes in the irrigated tracts of Indira Gandhi Canalregion of arid western Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35:111-116The climatic changes at three selected locations, along the IndiraGandhi Canal region, were studied using the records of annualrainfall (1926-93) and air temperature (1950-93). Though,Ganganagar region has been imposed with canal irrigation since thepast around six decades, the increase in annual rainfall wasapparent only during the last three decades (1961-93). The longterm rate of increase in the annual rainfall of Ganganagar was1.029 mm year -1 . However, in the areas where irrigation has beenimposed during the past two decades like Bikaner and recently atJaisalmer, the irrigation effect on rainfall was not observed. Ingeneral, decrease in the air temperatures was observed in the regionat a rate of 0.039° C year -1 at Ganganagar, 0.023° C year -1 atBikaner and 0.009° C year -1 at Jaisalmer.36 Rao, A.S. and Miyazaki, T. (1997)Climatic changes and other causative factors influencingdesertification in Osian (Jodhpur) region of the Indian arid zone.Journal of Arid Land Studies. 7: 1-11An analysis on the secular changes in annual rainfall, frequency ofdroughts, population and livestock growth rates in Osian (Jodhpur)region was made in order to reveal the causative factors fordesertification in the Indian arid region. The Osian regionexperienced an arid climate with the mean annual rainfall of 286mm and the Thornthwaite's moisture index of -84.5. The historicalweather data at Jodhpur showed that although, arid climate waspersistent in the region, it shifted to semi-arid climate in 10 yearsand to dry sub-humid climate in 1 year from 1901 to 1994. Therewas an increase in the long-term annual rainfall of Osian by 64.2mm from 1957 to 1994 and of Jodhpur by 55.0 mm from 1901 to1994, showing rainfall is not a causative factor influencingdesertification in the region. However, periodic cycles in the annualrainfall with reversing trends were observed with a lag of 5 to 12cycles. Osian region experienced droughts of moderate intensity in 7years and of severe intensity in 5 years during the study period.Pearl millet yield varied from 480 kg ha -1 in a drought-free year(1992) to 11 kg ha -1 in a severe drought year (1981). Overall pearl

millet production has established a decreasing trend due toconsecutive droughts from 1985 to 1988. Besides climaticconstraints, the pressure of human population which increased by401% from 1901 to 1991 and livestock by 127% from 1956 to 1992are found as the major factors for desertification in the region.37 Rao, A.S. and Saxton, K.E. (1995 )Analysis of soil water and water stress for pearl millet in an Indianarid region using the SPAW model. Journal of Arid Environments.29: 155-167The profile soil water and crop water stress index (WSI) under pearlmillet crop grown in sandy loam soils were computed using theSPAW (Soil-Plant-Air-Water) model with an objective to provide acomputational model in order to estimate soil water status andmillet grain yields from the crop reporting district of Jodhpur in theIndian arid region. The simulated soil water conditions for thecalibration years 1989,1990 and 1991 were very close to theobserved data with calibration within 3% by volume. The estimatedactual evapo-transpiration of the crop was within 10% of themeasured values from a gravimetric lysimeter. The relationshipbetween WSI and pearl millet grain yields of the Jodhpur districtwas Y= -45.38 WSI + 526.18 (r= -0.9427). The soil water budgetcomponents and resulting WSI values explained 89% of thevariation in yields during the 1971 to 1989 study period.38 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Joshi, N.L. (1986)Micro-climate in different planting systems of pearl millet underrainfed conditions. Mausam. 37: 491-494Micro-meteorological observations, viz. net radiation flux densities,air temperature and vapour pressure profiles in conventionalplanting system of pearl millet crop were compared to skipped andpaired row planting system at the time of reproductive stage. Thevariations in the yield obtained under different planting systemshave been explained through micro-meteorological parameters.39 Rao, G.G.S.N., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Ramana Rao, B.V. andPurohit, R.S. (1986)Impact of droughts on productivity of pearl millet in Rajasthan.Mausam. 37: 197-202The productivity of pearl millet in Rajasthan during differentdrought years in the recent decade 1970-79 was studied. It wasfound that the productivity gets affected considerably as a result ofmoderate to severe drought conditions in western Rajasthan. Therain water use efficiency of pearl millet was very much less in

western Rajasthan compared to eastern Rajasthan. The studyindicates the possibility of improving yield under mild droughtconditions in western Rajasthan through better managementpractices.40 Rao, K.N. (1958)Some studies on rainfall of Rajasthan with particular reference totrends. Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 9: 97-116The rainfall of all the provincial raingauge stations in Rajasthan hasbeen studied. A comparison of 1920 and 1940 district normals hasbeen made. A comparison of 1901 to 1930 and 1901 to 1940 averageswith 1901 to 1950 average has been made for individual stationsand trend, if any has been determined. Rainfall of east and westRajasthan has also been studied. It is concluded that the rainfallseries over a long period up to 1954 does not show any significantchange in the history of rainfall in the area.41 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1977 )Drought frequency at Hagari and Bijapur. Annals of Arid Zone. 16:171-175The occurrence of drought during the monsoon in two typical aridstations of Karnataka state was studied. Hagari experienced 10drought spells and Bijapur 9 during a study covering a period of 20years (1954-73). The elements of water balance for the normal aswell as for the disastrous drought years have been discussed.Maldistribution and low amounts of rainfall have been considered tohave the four disastrous droughts.42 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1977 )Weekly water balances of normal and severe drought years atDharwar. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 1-4A comparative study was made of the weekly balances, for thekharif season, of the normal and severe drought years, at a dryhumid station, Dharwar. In the drought year, water deficiencyoccurred during 12 out of the 17 weeks of rainy season, whereas thecorresponding figures for a normal year were 5 out of 17 weeks. Therole of a 3-week spell of above normal rains, after a prolonged periodof water deficiency in saving the kharif crop was limited.43 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1978)An agro-climatic appraisal of moisture stress during kharif seasonin Karnataka. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 119-122Zones of different moisture stress viz., little or insignificant,moderate; large and severe, in Karnataka, South India, for the

months of June, July, August and September, were delineatedaccording to the percentage aridity index values. There was gradualimprovement in the moisture status with the advancement of thekharif season. In June, nearly half of the state was under large andsevere moisture stress, whereas the area fell to 23 per cent in July,14 per cent in August and nil in September.44 Ratnam, B.P. and Joshi, S.N. (1983)Drought frequency for rabi season at Dharwad and Bijapur. Annalsof Arid Zone. 22: 103-106The drought frequency for rabi season with reference to cropduration of two stations of dry climatic type of Karnataka wasstudied. Out of the 20 years (1954-1973) studied, Dharwad suffered9 droughts in the long season and 8 in the short season. Bijapursuffered 10 droughts in the long season and 9 in the short season.Bijapur experienced droughts of high intensity as compared toDharwad. Failure or low amounts of rainfall caused the drought.45 Ratnam, B.P. and Rajegowda, M.B. (1984)Frequency of moisture stress days at Dharwad. Annals of Arid Zone.23: 125-126In the paper, the frequency of moisture stress days of threecategories during the rainy season at Dharwad, a dry subhumidstation in Karnataka, has been reported for a period of 10 years(1971-80).46 Ratnam, B.P., Hegde, D.M. and Joshi, S.N. (1975)Frequency and probability of dry spells at Dharwad. Annals of AridZone. 14: 201-205The frequency of occurrence of dry spells at Dharwad, South India,during the rainy months of June to October, was studied. Theprobabilities of occurrence of dry spells of different lengths were alsopresented. The importance of high probabilities of dry spells duringJune and September in the study of droughts was pointed out.47 Reddy, P.R., Chandra Sekhar, A., Venkataramudu, J. andDayanand, T. (1988 )Utility of empirical formulae for computing potential evapotranspiration.Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 29-35An attempt was made to utilise four prediction methods,recommended by FAO, for computing PET for Anantapur region.Modified Penman method was more suitable since a number ofweather parameters are taken into consideration. PET values from

the other three methods can be converted into modified. Penmanvalues with the ratios worked out.48 Sahu, D.D. and Sastry, P.S.N. (1992)Crop water deficit index at phenophases and yield of kharif crops inGujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 277-280Aridity index is derived in relation with individual phases of kharifcrops and designated as crop water deficit index (CWDI). Weeklyindices were cumulated from sowing to maturity to get seasonalCWDI. Yield and phenophasic CWDI were found to be negativelycorrelated while the CWDI during flowering and grain filling stagesof crops were significantly correlated with yield. The impact ofseasonal and phenophasic crop water deficit is reflected in the cropproductivity and its variability at different stations in Gujarat.49 Sarma, A.A.L.N. (1977)Variability of droughtiness in the climatic spectrum of the southIndian region. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 395-400The paper is concerned with the decadal droughtiness variation. Thearidity index of Thornthwaite (1948) has been used as the centralparameter for assessing the droughtiness of a station. Decadalvariations in droughtiness were computed and the mean values of itat a station for a climatic type were graphically plotted.50 Saseendran, S.A., Rathore, L.S. and Datta, R.K. (1996 )Distribution of monsoon rainfall in India during El Nino associateddrought situations. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 9-16The temporal and spatial variability of south west monsoon rainfallin India during years of (I) drought associated with El Nino, (ii)drought not associated with El Nino, and (iii) nondrought associatedwith El Nino during 1901-1990 were studied. The study revealedthat August is the most dependable month for rainfall duringdrought years associated with El Nino. During drought notassociated with El Nino, for most of the sub-divisions, June is themost dependable month. During nondrought years, associated withEl Nino, the monsoon was found to start sluggishly in June, butsubsequently it picked up, in amount of rainfall during July andAugust. Most of the sub-divisions received normal or excess rainfallduring these months. Rainfall scenario at individual sub-divisionscan be derived from the results.51 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Malakar, A.R. (1981)Climatological analysis of drought over north-west India during theyear 1979. Mausam. 32: 259-262

Though the seasonal rainfall exceeded 700 mm in many a place ofnorth-west India, during the year 1979, drought conditionsprevailed over the entire region causing water stress conditions toall rainfed agricultural crops. A climatological analysis has beenattempted to examine the incidence of drought, spread and itsdissipation.52 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1982)Drought during the year 1979 over western Rajasthan : a climaticperspective. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 41-47The spread of drought can be predicted over the western Rajasthanregion. The studies bring out that even in situations of severedrought like the one which occurred during 1979, crops be savedfrom severe water stress if the surplus water (lost in run off anddeep percolation)which was substantial in many regions isharnessed through water harvesting system in a run off pond sothat supplemental life saving irrigation can be provided.53 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1978-83)Climatic variability in the arid region of Andhra Pradesh and itsimpact on agriculture. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 75-82In Andhra Pradesh, the area under arid zone constituted 21550 sq.km. which is 7 per cent of the total arid zone in India. The north andcentral parts of Anantapur district, central parts of Kurnool districtand north-west parts of Cuddapah district come under arid zone ofthe State. In this paper an attempt has been made to study theclimatic variability in respect of both moisture and thermal regimesin arid regions of Andhra Pradesh with particular reference toagriculture.54 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, G.G.S.N. andRamana Rao, B.V. (1984)Agricultural droughts and crop planning - a case study for westernRajasthan. Mausam. 35: 261-264The frequencies of occurrence of agricultural droughts in respect ofpearl millet and kharif pulses were worked out for three stations inwestern Rajasthan representing semi-arid, arid and extremely aridtypes of climates. Based on the minimum required values of AE/PEfor these crops, the intensities of drought during different croppingseasons (1956-1975) were worked out. The study brought out thatkharif pulses are more susceptible to drought than pearl millet. Alsothe vulnerability of pearl millet to drought under early, normal andlate receipt of sowing rains under Jodhpur conditions werepresented.

55 Sastri, A.S.R.A.S., Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. andRao, G.G.S.N. (1982 )Agricultural droughts and crop production in the Indian arid zone.Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Climatology, Series B. 31:405-411Based on a rational approach, agricultural droughts were studied forthe period 1901-75 for 5 selected regions in the Indian arid regionusing the AE/PE values during different phenophases. Theproductivity of pearl millet and kharif pulses crops, the two majorrainfed crops in this region, was assessed under differentagricultural drought situations.56 Sen, A.K. (1972)Agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 31-40The paper aims at classifying and mapping agro-climatic regions ofRajasthan. To find out the indices of quantitative relation betweenagriculture production and climate of Rajasthan three methodsdealing with the study of the climatic elements, availability of waterat various levels and present cropping pattern, respectively, werestudied and different indices for agro-climatic zonation forRajasthan were worked out. By faithful correlation of these indicesthe state has been divided and mapped into five macro and tenmicro agro-climatic regions. Each region is homogenous with its ownclimatic and agricultural peculiarities.57 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1982)Agro-ecological regions of western Rajasthan. Journal of AridEnvironments. 5: 221-234This work aims at classifying and mapping the agro-ecologicalregions of western Rajasthan. The quantitative relationship betweenagricultural characteristics and environmental factors in the aridzone were determined by close examination of three variables: (i)topoclimatology including local climate, topography, drainage,ground water and soils; (ii) cropping patterns including thedelineation of the area of one crop or a related group of crops; (iii)agrodemography. These variables have been used to generate avariety of indices which, in turn, have formed the basis ofsubdivision of the area into agro-ecological zones. Based on therelationships between these indices, the region has been mappedinto two macro-and four micro-agro-ecological units. These mappingunits are of homogeneous agricultural fitness. Finally, thecharacteristics and agricultural peculiarities of the regions (reflectedby topoclimatology including soil, ground water cropping pattern,

crop yields, agrodemographic and agro-economic aspects) areconsidered.58 Seth, S.K. and Khan, M.A.W. (1959)Bio-climate and plant introduction in dry zone. Indian Forester. 85:376-84This study emphasise the importance of climate and climatichomologues in any scheme of plant introduction, particularly forafforestation practices in the dry zone. The broad principles relatingto influence of climate on the distribution of plants are reviewed andEmberger's climatic index is worked out for the dry zone of India inorder to delimit climatic sub-types. It is however, felt that the subtypesso formed do not harmonise with the natural vegetation typesof the area. The concept of " Effective Temperature Index" istherefore developed which sufficiently modifies Emberger's Formulato bring it in consonance with the natural vegetation types. Insteadof plotting Q, the bioclimatic value (200 P/M2 -m2) against m (av.min. temp. of the Oldest month), it is plotted against m (M-m) whereM is the av. max. temp. of the hottest month.59 Sharma, K.D. and Vangani, N.S. (1982)Some rainfall features of July 1979 storm over Luni basin. Annals ofArid Zone. 21: 29-39The depth of one day rainfall was maximum in upper Luni followedby Bandi catchments as the storm concentrated over thesecatchments. The 2-day maximum rainfall depth was again noted inthe above catchments. 3-day maximum depth of rainfall wasobserved in Bandi 'B' followed by Guhiya and Jojri.60 Singh, R.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1992)Pearl millet yield prediction models for Kutch region of India, usingclimatic water balance parameters. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 : 45-48Three parameters viz.; actual evapo-transpiration (AE) during thetotal crop growing period, during the reproductive phase alone andalso the index of moisture Adequacy (AE/PE) during reproductivephase have been worked out in respect of pearl millet crop grown inKutch region, for the period 1970 to 1988. Using the data for period1970-84, various regression models were developed to predict andestimate the production of pearl millet in the arid Kutch district ofIndia. Among all the models, the reciprocal hyperbola curves gavethe best fit and explained a maximum of 80% variation in pearlmillet yield. Performance of the models is also tested with data oflater years 1985-88. The suitability of these models for pearl milletyield prediction has been discussed.

61 Singh, R.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1993)A climatic method for optimising cropping patterns in arid Kutchregion. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 51-54A climatic method is described for optimising cropping patterns onthe basis of mean length of the growing season as related to thedistribution of annual rainfall. Application of the method for Bhujregion in the Kutch district reveals that, for optimised andsustainable production, about 32% of the total agricultural landshould be covered by grasses or silvipastoral system compared toonly 11% area under grasses at present. The method of optimisingthe area allocation for the different crops that can providesustainable production from a given farm area is also discussed.62 Singh, R.S., and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1994)Estimation of crop yield from arid Kutch (Gujarat) region usingactual evapo-transpiration through climatic water budgeting.Mausam. 45 : 93-95Yield estimation of various kharif crops, viz., groundnut, pulses andsorghum in Kutch district of Gujarat state is worked out for theperiod 1970-1984 by fitting reciprocal hyperbola and Hoerl function.The Hoerl function indicates that maximum yield of groundnut (10.6q/ha), kharif pulses (5.5 q/ha) and sorghum (4.2 q/ha) can beobtained at water use of 465, 357 and 327 mm, respectively, underrainfed situation. Suitability and performance of these models arealso discussed for estimation of crop yield.63 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Purohit, R.S. (1991)Rainfall characteristics analysis of Kutch (Gujarat) region of India.Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 93-100The rainfall characteristics analysis of Kutch district (Gujarat) Indiabased on the rainfall data of 12 stations for the period, of 1901 to1989 revealed that the rainfall has decreasing trend from SW regionto NE region. Probability of weekly rainfall distribution worked outby ranking order method revealed that interior part of the district ismore prone to drought conditions as compared to coastal plains.Most of the stations had recorded highest observed rainfall valuesnearer to the estimated rainfall of 100 years return period except atBhuj, Anjar and Rahapur.64 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Bhandari, C.S. andPurohit, R.S. (1991)Rainfall potentials for crop growing in arid Kutch region. Annals ofArid Zone. 30: 101-106

The rainfall distribution pattern, crop growing season and theirvariability in arid Kutch district during 1901-1989 were analysed.The mean duration of growing season in Bhuj area was 9.8 weekswith a large standard deviation of 5.3 weeks. Large deficit of rainwater was observed in 16 years, while rain water surplus occurredin 23 years. The existing cropping pattern and rain water useefficiency with respect to major crops of the region were analysedand suggestions have been made for improving the crop productionpotentials of the region.65 Singh, R.S., Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Prabhu, A.(1992)Vertical distribution of wind and hygrothermal regime during asevere duststorm - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 153-155Wind speed increased with height during all phases of theduststorm, but the mean wind speed was highest during onset phasewith a maximum 66.1 km hr -1 at 1 m height and 83.2 km hr -1 at 30m height in the surface boundary layer. Air temperature during theonset phase was recorded highest with a maximum value of 50° C atall levels.66 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Sharma, K.D., Purohit, R.S.and Bohra, D.N. (1992)Some hydrometeorological aspects of an unprecedented rainstorm inthe Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 205-210Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and rainfall return periodsfor different duration of spells have been analysed for five districtsin western Rajasthan viz. Sirohi, Jalore, Pali, Jodhpur and Barmerusing daily rainfall data from 1961 to 1990. Depth-Area-Duration(DAD) analysis of two severe rain storms that occurred during 1990have been discussed in comparison with past events of the region.Analysis revealed that Barmer region is more prone to flood hazardsin comparison to Jodhpur region. This study also brought out thateach of these two storms have generated large volume of waterwhich is sufficient to meet the drinking water demand of human andlivestock population of the area over 100 years. Development ofsystem for efficient harvesting of such rainfall events is a need ofthe region.67 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1983)Remote sensing for monitoring temporal environmental changes inthe Rajasthan desert. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 8: 114-117Remote sensing has been proved to be an invaluable tool formonitoring temporal environmental changes in the Rajasthan

desert. It has been observed that areas which were non-saline in1960, have become saline over a period of 17 years (1961-77). Fluvialand aeolian landforms have undergone conspicuous morphologicalchanges such as the deep dissections in the form of gullies and theaccumulation of the fresh aeolian-sands on the sand free alluvialsurfaces and also on the stabilised sand dunes. Spectacular changesin the landuse patterns and in the size and shape of water bodies(tanks) have been detected. It may be interred that the data on theabove temporal environmental changes will form a sound basis forthe rational regional development planning.68 Subramaniam, A.R. and Prasada Rao, G.S.L.H.V. (1980)Climatic study of water balance, aridity and droughts in RajasthanState. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 371-377Jhalawar, which is classified as dry sub-humid shows a continuousvalue of aridity higher than that of Jaipur indicating thereby aclimatic shift to aridity from sub-humid by a steep line of aridity.These climatic shift indicate the fluctuations in local time when westudy from the point of view of desert reclamation and growth ofvegetation and agriculture.69 Subramaniam, A.R. and Prasada Rao, G.S.L.H.V. (1980)Meridional variation of water balance in Rajasthan State. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 51-57The broad scale pattern of water balance with particular referenceto its variation with longitude has been studied for Rajasthan. Theelements of water balance for climatically normal, most wet andmost dry year during the period 1901-1977 have been analysed andpresented. The variation of aridity index with longitude has beendiscussed. The variation of droughtiness factor and soil moisturestorage have been studied in relation to longitude. Soil moisturestorage increases towards the east of the State. Even in the mostwet years an overall deficiency of water supply in the State exists.The annual average water balance of the entire state duringclimatically extreme years have also been illustrated and discussed.70 Subramaniam, A.R. and Kesava Rao, A.V.R. (1981)Dew fall in the dry climatic zones of India. Journal of AridEnvironments. 4: 103-106Dew is an important meteorological factor, and its significance as asource of moisture in arid regions cannot be overlooked. In thispaper, an attempt has been made to study the significance of dew inthe arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of India. Data on dewfall at six India Meteorological Department Stations (Bellary,Bikaner, Kota, Arogyavaram, Surat and Raipur) between 1969 and

1976 at four heights above ground (5, 25, 50 and 100 cm) have beenanalysed. Mean monthly dew fall per night is considered at 5 and100 cm. In addition, variation in the mean dew fall betweenSeptember and April has been studied. At Bellary (arid),Arogyavaram (semi-arid) and Raipur (dry sub-humid), more than 80percent of total dew falls from November to January. At all thesestations, the maximum amount of dew is usually deposited at aheight of 100 cm. The year with maximum dew fall (1975-6) isanalysed in relation to seasonal rainfall. Raipur, in the dry subhumidzone, shows the highest percentage of dew in relation torainfall in 1975-6 and the normal seasonal rainfall. This workreveals the reliability of dew for agricultural exploitation.71 Venkateswarlu, J. (1993 )Effect of drought on kharif foodgrains production: A retrospect andprospect. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 1-12The effect of drought on foodgrains production has been assessed onthe national scale as well as for individual crops, taking state as aunit. But these are post cropping analyses. In the monsoonfoodgrains production, the perceptible effect of drought is morevisible with rice and coarse cereals grown under better endowments.Some suggestions on tackling the high variability and almostplateauing that is taking place in foodgrains production in kharifseason are made based on the responses available with theinterventions (long and short term) at the government, farmer andresearchers levels.72 Venkateswarlu, J., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, A.S. (1996)Agro-climatic zones of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 1-7Different methods followed to classify Indian sub-continent intohomogeneous agro-climatic zones have been summarised and anattempt made to regroup the 126 agro-climatic zones identified byICAR under the NARP Programme. The present exercise was madeto combine contiguous zones, having similar soil, climatic,physiographic and cropping patterns, thereby reducing the totalnumber of zones to a manageable number of 60, in addition to the 2zones representing Andaman-Nicobar islands and Lakshadweepislands.73 Victor, U.S., Srivastava, N.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1991)Moisture regime, aridity and droughts in the arid region of AndhraPradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 81-91Weekly water balance computation were carried out for the years1911-85 considering different available water holding capacitiesranging from 25 to 200 mm to examine the extent to which the

Land Resourcesmoisture regime and aridity are dependent on water holdingcapacity of the soil. The analysis reveals that the aridity isaccentuated the shallowness of the soil coupled with low rainfall inthe region. The number of years with drought was found to varyfrom 3 to 6 per decades. The yields of groundnut and kodo milletwere reduced by 25 and 50 percent during the years with large andsevere droughts, respectively. The water harvesting may be usefuleither for late sown kharif crops or for establishment of treeplantations in the region.74 Abichandani, C.T., Singh, S., Saxena, S.K. and Kolarkar, A.S.(1975)Integrated biophysical mapping as an aid to resource developmentin the Indian arid zone (Bikaner district - a case study). Annals ofArid Zone. 14: 285-291An integrated approach to delineate biophysical resource units forobtaining an integrated picture of the potentials of each land unithas been developed in respect of Bikaner district. The area of thedistrict has been divided into ten major biophysical resource unitsaccording to certain homogeneity of landform, soil and vegetation.This integrated information on the biophysical resource units isintended to provide guidelines to the planners to utilise and developthe existing resource potentials of each unit in order to upgrade itsagriculture production and to fix the funds for priorities inallocating developmental purposes.75 Ahuja, R.L. and Khanna, S.S. (1984)Genesis and composition of calcium carbonate nodules (Kankar) inthe different landforms of the Ghaggar river basin (Haryana andPunjab). Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 81-87Calcium carbonate nodules occurring in different landforms of theGhaggar river basin were studied to determine their genesis,composition and distribution. Detailed investigations revealed thatthe depth of their occurrence was variable and not related with thewater table. They were present not in the form of a hard layer but inscattered irregular patches within the pedons and at lower depths.The kankars containing soluble Ca (EC 0.11 to 0.21 mmhos cm -1 ),are alkaline in reaction (pH 7.6 to 8.3). Being calcareous anddolomitic in nature CaO 12.04 to 34.72% and MgO 3.0 to 13.0 %),their solubility parameter (12.1 to 13.3) is found to have a positivecorrelation with pH. the amount of calcium in kankars is alsorelated with the calcium in surrounding mass. From their

occurrence in recent landforms (levees, bars and flood plains) whichare lacking in pedogenic activity, development and aridity, it isinferred that the formation is of primary origin.76 Bhattacharya, N. (1956)The nature and origin of the sand dunes on the western side of theMount Abu. National Geographical Journal of India 11: 91-96The location and trends of the sand dunes along the hills arerepresented in three dimensional diagrams which add thecartographic interest of the paper.77 Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1961)Sand dune rehabilitation in western Rajasthan. Science andCulture. 27: 224-229The papers gives a detailed description of the sand dune problem inwestern Rajasthan and of the experiments and methods used fortheir stabilisation.78 Das Gupta, S.P. (1961)The third dimension in colour cartography. Geographical Review ofIndia. 23: 30-33Three dimensional effect of colour vision in mapping is discussed.79 Das Gupta, S.P. (1962)On the relation between hornblende and cummingtonite in thealtered wall rocks, Khetri copper deposit, Rajasthan. IndianMinerals. 16: 299-300In the northern part of the Khetri Copper belt cummingtonitehornblende rocks occur in the form of lensold bodies at the contact ofgarnet chlorite sehist and quartzite. The inter growth of theseminerals are coaxial, at places commingtonite has replacedhornblende along the margin and cleavages.80 Dhir, R.P. (1989)Paleopedology and geochronology. Journal of the Indian Society ofSoil Science. 37: 612-619Just as the find of a fossil organism or a stone age tool, a paleosol isa rare to find component of landscape that existed thousands andmay be hundreds of thousands of years ago. Thus, successful searchof paleosol itself is a rewarding experience. Besides, paleosols serveas a most vivid stratigraphic marker in separating formations ofindividual episodes for further detailed characterisation usingpalynology and data control methods and in building up ageochronological sequence of landscape evolution and paleo-

environments. Paleopedology enables an understanding ofpolygenetic profiles and spatial variation of soil cover so far as it isdependent on age of sediments. Since the processes which form thepresent day soils are similar to those which formed the paleosols thestudy of relict soils together with data control have the potential toprovide a handy proxy information on past environments. Thesubject becomes all the more important in our current evermountingconcern to learn about the course of future environmentfrom the past. First of all the obvious diagnostic feature i.e., ofhumus build-up is transitory and does not persist in most soils.Further, even in present day tropical soil the distinction as to wherea soil profile ends and weathering zone begins is difficult. Therefore,establishment of a paleosol becomes a real challenging task. Furtherthe pitfalls in correlating time with weathering make the paleosol apoor data control which is an ever increasing demand.81 Dhir, R.P. (1995)The genesis and distribution of arid zone calcretes. MemoirsGeological Society of India. 32: 191-209Calcretes are one of the most striking features of the arid zone andexposures of these can be seen right from the eastern wetter fringeto the driest west that today receives

evidence of collateral transport support this view which is also thatof the present author. The major source of lime is detrital. Theprocess of nodule formation starts from soft nodules and advances tonodules of greater complexity and hardness. However, themorphogenetic manifestation of a calcrete is not a very reliableindicator of age, as opportunity created by local factors is alsoimportant. The stretches of honey-comb calcretes were apparentlyformed on the floor of ancient basins and the hardpan and bouldercalcretes on still older surfaces. It would seem that calcreteformation has taken place in arid-semi-arid environments duringthe major part of the Pleistocene. The increased aridity and aeoliandynamism during the Late Quaternary restricted their developmentonly to the less arid phases.82 Dhir, R.P., Rajaguru, S.N. and Singhvi, A.K. (1994)Desert quaternary formations and their morphostratigraphy:implications for the evolutionary history of the Thar.Journal of the Geological Society of India. 43: 435-447Morphogenetic manifestations and stratigraphy of the quaternaryalluvial and aeolian formations of the desertic tract of Rajasthanhave been described. The stratigraphy is based on a study of deepsections (-15m) from different locations. Additionally, well-logs havebeen used to prepare the isopach maps of these formations. It isinferred that during the major part of the Pleistocence, the regionwitnessed widespread alluvial sedimentation. Though the regionwas well-watered then, the presence of large masses of lime coupledwith negligible in-situ weathering suggests, that over all theenvironment must have been predominantly semi-arid. Presence ofnodular and lithic calcrete bands suggests and episodic character ofthis sedimentation. The form and distribution of surficial calcretes(including polycyclic lime nodules) suggest several cycles of calcreteformation. Thermoluminescence dating of aeolian sands sampledfrom 28 to 65 metre depths suggest that the antiquity of the aeoliandynamism extends to atleast 100 ka B.P. The period from c.25 to 50ka B.P. consistently shows the presence of wetter interludes withweaker aeolian dynamism, a fluvial redistribution of sediments andformation of nodular calcretes and gypcretes. The last major aeolianactivity peaked at LGM in the Sahara, the Australian and theKalahari deserts. However, the evidence on Thar suggests a peak inaeolian activity post-dating the LGM.83 Gheesa Lal (1981)Photo interpretation for rural landuse classification in aridenvironment. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 169-175

The paper deals with the acceptability of the 'Key' for mappingevolved through aerial photo interpretation techniques of rurallanduse in Borunda, a district village in the district of Jodhpur ofRajasthan. The sample analysis shows the error found inidentification of the land utilisation units in the course ofinterpretation is due to ambiguity in definition and poor resolutionof the photographs, otherwise the technique evolved is fairlysatisfactory for rural landuse survey and mapping in aridenvironment.84 Ghose, B., Kar, A. and Husain, Z. (1979)The lost courses of the Saraswati river in the Great Indian Desert:new evidence from LANDSAT imagery. The Geographical Journal.145: 446-451Interpretation of LANDSAT imagery and field investigation in thewestern part of Jaisalmer district in India have revealed somehitherto unknown abandoned courses of the former Saraswati river.It has been suggested that these courses were alive before theSaraswati occupied the Raini or the Wahinda courses, andcontributed to the alluviation of the region. The subsurface water inthe region is contributed mainly by the Himalayan precipitationflowing subterraneously through the former courses of theSaraswati.85 Ghose, B. and Sen, A.K. (1961)Some preliminary observations on the geomorphology of the lowerLuni Basin. Geographical Review of India. 23: 47-54The lower Luni basin is confined between 25° 30'N to 25° 50'N and72° 0'E. On the basis of drainage systems four geomorphic unitshave been demarcated. The greater part is covered with alluviumand wind blown sands except the granite-rhyloite exposures. Theland pattern map shows topographical forms, land type, degree ofslope, erosion.86 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1965)Geomorphological studies in Rajasthan I. Analysis of landforms ofSaila block from aerial photographs. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 207-216The arid region is very well suited for aerial photo interpretationand the arid features can easily be interpreted on the photographs.Saila block in the Central Luni Basin in Western Rajasthan hasbeen divided into a number of geomorphic units after photointerpretation and field checking.87 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1966)

Quick method of aerial photogrammetric mapping of geomorphicfeatures, soils and vegetation community. Indian Journal ofGeography. 1: 49-56The quick method of aerial photogrammetric mapping of geomorphicfeatures, soils and vegetation community has been described in thispaper.88 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. and Singh, S. (1966)Studies in photogrammetry : geomorphic studies of Sojat from aerialphotographs to delineate landforms. Journal of the Indian Society ofSoil Science. 14: 9-12The landform units demarcated on the aerial photographs coveringSojat town and its surrounding areas are (1) flat topped hills ofsedimentary formations; (2) piedmont fringe; (3) nearly level olderalluvial plains; (4) flood plains and (5) river bed. The hills aremassive in form and mesalike; the bare surface of the piedmontfringe is concave and smooth with occasional short drainagechannels. The flood plains are of recent origin. The older alluvialplains have been formed during Pleistocene period. Tree vegetationis sparse and mostly formed along the field boundaries and commonpasture land. The flood plains are comparatively at a lower levelthan the older alluvial plains and occur marginal to the Sukri river.There is an abrupt fall between this surface and the river bed. Thegeneral tone on photographs is light grey but there are moreirrigated fields with standing crops that look darker in tone. Thewhole area is under intensive agriculture and the size of holdings issmall. The flood plains have much higher water potential than theadjoining older alluvial plains and piedmont fringe.89 Ghose, B., Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1982)Some geomorphic aspects of salinity hazards in Rajasthan desert,India. Geological Survey of India. 49: 11-15Photogeomorphological studies have revealed that the saline landsin Rajasthan desert lie along the prior drainage channels, especiallyalong their lower reaches, or at their confluence. These channelshave played a significant role in the evolution and distribution ofsaline lands. Genetically, the saline lands have been classified as'natural' and 'man induced'. The evolution and distribution of theformer are linked with the late Quaternary climatic fluctuations andthe associated changes in geomorphic processes within the priordrainage basins, while the latter has developed in recent timesthrough intensive agri-irrigation along the prior drainage channels.The geomorphological and geochemical aspects of the prior drainage

channels should, therefore, be better understood for formulating arational plan to check the salinity hazards.90 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. , Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal. (1966)Geomorphology of the central Luni basin, western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 10-25The Central Luni Basin is drained by the Luni drainage system. Thecountry rocks are predominantly Malani rhyolite and Jalor graniteand Erinpura granite. The Luni with its tributaries has attainedmaturity. The relics of disorganised channels identified on the aerialphotographs of the region are at present partly truncated, buriedand disorganised. The region consists of 7 geomorphic divisions andfurther land units. They consists of (1) Siwana dissected plateau; (2)Jalor-Israna-Rewara granite-rhyolite interfluve with interveningplains; (3) The Khari-Bandi-Sagi riverine plains; (4) north andnorth-east alluvial plains; (5) Pachbhadra Salt basin; (6) Westernplain with dunes and (7) Flood plains of the Luni and Jawai-Sukridrainage system. The plains are flat and consist of older andyounger alluvia with sandy hummocks. The dunes are longitudinal,transverse and parabolic. The distribution of population andsettlement are more in the flood plains of the Luni and Jawai-Sukridrainage systems than in other geomorphic divisions.91 Ghose, B., Pandey, S., Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal (1967)Quantitative geomorphology of the drainage basins of the CentralLuni Basin in western Rajasthan. Annals of Geomorphology. 11:146-160The paper deals with the dimensional analysis of 12 drainage basinsselected randomly in the Central Luni Basin of arid Rajasthan.92 Ghose, B., Singh, S., Vats, P.C. and Kaith, D.S. (1975)Aerial photogrammetry and photogeomorphology applied toquantitative analysis of drainage basins for engineering planning.The Indian Geographical Journal. 50: 1-5The article deals with the photo-geomorphic interpretation andaerial photogrammetric techniques of quantitative analysis of thegeomorphic characteristics of small drainage basins and theirapplication in watershed planning. The drainage network and basingeometry characteristics such as basin order, stream length, basinarea and bifurcation ratio control the distribution of the surface runoffand discharge. These geomorphic characteristics, thus willprovide the guidelines to the engineers in selecting suitable sites toconstruct the reservoirs where maximum surface run-off can bestored. The measures of the dissections like constant of channel

maintenance, drainage density, ruggedness number and textureratio will help the planners to plan the suitable soil conservationmeasures to minimise the sediment run-off in the streams ofdrainage basin. As for example, the constant of channelmaintenance expresses that by "each foot of headward extension of adrainage system so many square feet of new area is added to thewatershed" give a realistic figure to planners on the basis of whichsuitable measures for watershed planning can be taken up.93 Gupta, J.P. (1979)Some observations on the periodic variations of moisture instabilised and unstabilised sand dunes on the Indian desert.Journal of Hydrology. 41: 153-156During 1974-76 the dynamics of moisture was studied in stabilisedand unstabilised sand dunes of the Bikaner region. Maximummoisture in both the stabilised and unstabilised sand dunes wasobserved during the rainy season. At the end of the dry season,during the period of peak evaporation, i.e. June, the unstabilisedsand dunes still contained an average of 2-5% moisture at 30-180 cmdepth compared to 1% or less in the stabilised dunes. At this time ofthe year, the total profile moisture storage in the unstabilised dunesvaried from 50 to 70 mm while in the stabilised dunes it rangedfrom 12 to 23 mm.94 Kar, A. (1983)Morphology and evolution of slopes in the upper Luni basin,Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 367-375Studies on the morphology of slopes and slope-forming factors in theUpper Luni Basin have indicated that the climate gradation fromeast to west has greatly influenced the broad changes in slopepattern in that direction. Thus, while in the east there is more ofconvexo-concave regolith-covered slopes, the western part has moreof faceted, debris-free and slightly concave slopes. Moreover, theincidence of valley slope does also decrease towards the west.Complexities within this general pattern are, however, provided bythe rock characteristics and structural features like fault lines.Within the Aravallies slope decline is most dominant, while in thedesert plains slope retreat and slope replacement are common.95 Kar, A. (1984)Assumptions regarding former stream behaviour and neo-tectonismfrom fluvial terraces along the Somesar river in western Rajasthan,India. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 161-170A set of two fluvial fill-cut terraces have been identified along theSomesar river which originates from the Aravalli mountains and

flows westward. Detailed studies indicate that the terraces are notvery wide, but still preserve some of the surficial distinguishingmarks of the former stream courses on them, which suggest therecency of the terrace formation. A hypothetical evolutionaryscheme has been put forward for the terraces on the basis of theirmorphology and stratigraphy. It has also been suggested that neotectonicactivities have taken place along a series of faults in thisregion, which were responsible for the formation of terraces alongthe Somesar and some other rivers in the Aravalli foot-hills.96 Kar, A. (1984)Morphology and evolution of some sandstone pediments inRajasthan desert. Geographical Review of India. 46: 67-74Studies conducted on some pediments, formed on the Vindhyansandstone, reveal that minor variations in the rock's character havesignificant influence on both the morphology and evolution of thosepediments. The slope angle and profile form of the pediments, thecharacteristics of the coarse debris, and the drainage characteristicshave been found to change with the changes in the rock character.Chemical weathering seems to be a major process of sedimentationat one of the sites, while at other definite proofs are lacking.97 Kar, A. (1987)Origin and transformation of longitudinal sand dunes in the Indiandesert. Annals of Geomorphology. 31: 311-337Longitudinal dunes of the Indian desert did not originate from theparabolic dunes. Their genesis and evolution are linked with theaerodynamic system prevailing over the region and topographicpeculiarities. In the main field they form from the coalescence ofbarchan forms and the transition from the longitudinal to the ofparabolic shape is also governed by the changes in the aerodynamicpattern. The Taylor-Gortlar vortices pattern used by Wilson in hismodel of dune evolution explains well the situation here. Gradualtransformation of longitudinal dune shape to parabolic shapethrough systematic changes in form over space indicates a commongenetical link for both the types.98 Kar, A. (1988)Possible neotectonic activities in the Luni-Jawai plains, Rajasthan.Journal of the Geological Society of India. 32: 522-26The present disorganised state of many streams in the Luni-Jawaiplains of western Rajasthan has been attributed to a shift to an aridclimate. The satellite images of the area, however, indicate anumber of lineaments across the plains. Most cases of drainagedisappearance appear related to these lineaments, as also the

formation of river terraces and development of gullies. The findingstend to confirm at least two episodes of Quaternary tectonicmovement in the area, resulting in channel changes/ obliterationand other drainage anomalies. The pattern of drainagedisorganisation suggests that change of climate could at best be anassociated factor, and not the primary.99 Kar, A. (1989)Terrain characteristics of Jaisalmer district. Geographical Review ofIndia. 51: 48-59Jaisalmer, the most arid district of India, is characterised by adominance of aeolian processes and negligible fluvial processes,which have immense influence on the landforms of the district.Fifteen major landforms have been identified within the district,their morphological characteristics highlighted and an assessmentof their potentials provided. The nature of hazards present andthose expected under induced conditions have also been discussedfor meaningful applications towards development related activities.100 Kar, A. (1990)Megabarchanoids of the Thar : their environment, morphology andrelationship with longitudinal dunes. The Geographical Journal.156: 51-61The megabarchanoid dunefields in the very arid western part of theThar desert, India, exist within a vast field of longitudinal sanddunes. Studies on their morphology and environment indicate aclose interrelationship between the megabarchanoids and thelongitudinal. While the present fields of megabarchanoids receivesupply from the longitudinal upwind and develop at the cost of somelongitudinal, there are indications that the fields also supply sand tothe longitudinal downwind. Even the internal arrangement withinthe fields indicates a gradual importance of the longitudinal elementwithin the transversals. Similar development in the simplebarchanoid fields of the region and in the growth sequences of thelongitudinal dunes provides the basis for suggesting a unifiedconcept of the growth of these aeolian bedforms, related to theprimary aerodynamic system over the region.101 Kar, A. (1990)Morphology and vulnerability of the Indian desert landforms.Geographical Review of India. 52 : 8-15The evolution of landforms in the Indian desert dates back toPrecambrian period. Through different geological periods undervarying paleoclimatic condition varied morphological forms have

een sculptured through a complex interplay between the presentrock formations and the exogenic and endogenic processes.102 Kar, A. (1993)Aeolian processes and bedforms in the Thar desert. Journal of AridEnvironments. 25: 83-96Studies so far indicate that the aeolian processes are very efficientin the western part of the Thar where mobility of dunes is high andformation of new bedforms takes place even without human-inducedland degradation. The dune trend correlates well with the presentdaysouth-west monsoon wind direction, suggesting very littlechange in the sand shifting wind pattern, at least during the lateQuaternary period. The major source of dune sand is local. Althougha few major dune types were formerly recognised, recent studiesusing remote sensing suggest a more complicated arrangement ofdunes. New data on grain size and dune movement are presented.103 Kar, A. (1993)Neotectonic influences on morphological variations along thecoastline of Kachchh, India. Geomorphology. 8: 199-219The coastline of Kachchh in the arid, western most part of India canbe broadly divided into five major segments. These are, from west toeast, the deltaic coast, the irregular drowned prograded coast, thestraightened coast, the spits and cuspate foreland complex and themud flat coast. Satellite remote sensing helped in correctidentification and mapping of the segments, while fieldinvestigation, followed by remote sensing, helped in identificationand characterisation of the landform units within the segments.Neotectonism appears to have played a crucial role in effecting theabove coastal division.104 Kar, A. (1993)Present day geomorphic processes as key to the reconstruction ofQuaternary landform history in the Thar desert. Journal of theGeological Society of India. 41: 513-17Most of the studies on the Quaternary landform evolution in theThar are devoted to broad morphological processes, the changingclimate and absolute dating of different episodes of sedimentation.Reconstruction of actual sequence of events which led to thedevelopment of many present day forms and the role ofneotectonism have received relatively less attention. The author,during his traverses in the desert, came across certain evidences tosuggest that a knowledge of present day process- form interactionsmay provide significant clues to the possible past processes. A fewexamples have been cited.

105 Kar, A. (1994)Lineament control on channel behaviour during the 1990 flood inthe south-eastern Thar desert. International Journal of RemoteSensing. 15: 2521-2530A number of lineaments cross the Luni- Jawai plains of the Thardesert in India. Many of these had been suspected to control thepresent day channel processes, but this remained to be tested as thestreams in the region are ephemeral. Stream flow takes place inresponse to good monsoon rainfall, but is short-lived. An analysis ofthe IRS false colour composite prints of the area, taken after thefloods of July and August, 1990, provided supportive evidence forneotectonically controlled current changes processes. The streamsbehaved as they were expected to on the tectonically controlled faultblocks. A few hitherto uncharted palaeo-channels became revivedduring the flood and provided more insight on the subject.106 Kar, A. (1995)Geomorphology of arid western India. Memoirs Geological Society ofIndia. 32: 168-190The arid western region of India can be divided into four majorgeomorphic provinces with transitional features between them.These are: (1) the Thar desert, (2) the Great Rann of Kachchh andLittle Rann, (3) mainland Kachchh and (4) the Saurashtra uplands.This article provides an overview of the current understanding ofthe landforms and processes in the region.107 Kar, A. and Ghose, B. (1984)The Drishavati river system of India : an assessment and newfindings. The Geographical Journal. 150: 221-229Several former courses of the Drishavati, which was a celebratedtributary of the Saraswati river, and originated from the Himalayas,have been identified with the help of remote sensing techniques.While its head-waters may be identified with the present Markanda,evidence is lacking to suggest that the Yamuna formerly flowedwestward. Moreover, there are indications that the river formerlyflowed southwards, through the desert, and was supplied fromstreams originating in the Aravallis, thus explaining thedistribution of alluvium in the region. The shifting and the finaldrying of the river may be linked with the adverse change in climateand the associated changes in morphological features.108 Kar, A., Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1979)Relations of debris size and slope with distance along two rhyolitepediments in the arid environment of Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 18: 236-245

Studies on the relations of debris size and slope with distance alongtwo rhyolite pediments at Kui Jodha in Jodhpur district reveals thatthe variation in lithological character has significant control overthe rate of diminution of debris size. The more weatherable the rockis, the less significant is the relation of the distribution of debrisproduced with the distance along the pediment. Slope angle does notchange appreciably with distance. Since the rate of reduction indebris size is faster along the pediments than the rate of change inslope, it may be inferred that the progressive diminution of debrissize may have some control on the flattening of slope towards thedistal end.109 Khanna, S.S., Ahuja, K.L., Manchanda, M.L., Sangwan, B.S.and Goyal, V.P. (1977)Soil landscape relationship of the dune infected precambrianpedeplane area in south-western part of Haryana. Annals of AridZone. 16: 201-212Soil survey of dune infected precambrian pedeplane in south westHaryana was carried out covering an area of 33,000 hectares. Basedon this survey landscape-soil relationship has been established.Four geomorphic units were identified in the area, i.e. Dunes(unstabilised) severely eroded, non-calcareous, TypicTorripsamments; Dunes (stabilised)-moderately eroded, noncalcareous,Typic Torripsamments; Plain-coarse loamy, noncalcareous,Arenic Camborthids; and Depression with coarse loamy,calcareous, Typic Paleorthids. Fifty five per cent of the area wascovered by sand dunes stabilised; 25% by shifting sand dunes, 11%by depression and 9% by the plain.110 Mehta, K.M. and Shankarnarayan, H.S. (1961)Rating of land for irrigation Jawai project area. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 9: 71-76Numerical rating of soils of Jawai project area in Rajasthan hasbeen presented. This is based on the method proposed earlier by theauthors modification to express actual condition more satisfactorilyand suggesting to make the method widely applicable. The area hasbeen divided into four irrigability classes. Numerical rating ofprofiles under each class is exemplified.111 Murthy, M.V.N. (1962)Significance of the ring pattern of Siwana granite bosses in westernRajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 297-298The author has compared this region with northern Nigeria and onanalogy basis has said that Siwana granite has ring structure.

112 Pandey, S. (1965)Geomorphology of Jalore and adjoining region in western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 74-83Geomorphic evolution of different landform features of Jalore andadjoining region have been described in detail.113 Pandey, S. (1969)Some aspects of arid zone geomorphology. Annals of Arid Zone. 8:196-208Some aspects of arid zone geomorphology such as modernGeomorphological concept, desert landforms and Geomorphologicalmapping in different deserts of the world have been reviewed.114 Pandey, S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1970)Genesis of "Mitha Ranns" and "Kanodwala Ranns" in the greatIndian desert, Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 175-180Saline depressions (Ranns) of large and small aerial extension, andof different genesis are found in the arid land of Rajasthan. As thestructure, relief and morphogenesis of these saline depressions arevarying they are very important from the point of view of gatheringground of natural evaporites and ground water, and other uses. Inthe present paper the structure, relief and morphogenesis of theMitha Rann, Kharia Rann and Kanodwala Ranns have beendiscussed.115 Pandey, S., Ghose, B. and Vats, P.C. (1968)Geomorphic influence on water resources. Indian Journal ofGeography. 3: 41-55The location and assessment of water especially below the surfaceare related to different patterns of drainage. By the relation foundbetween orientation of drainage channels and location of wells, itcan be concluded that water may be found along the channels, at theend of the channels and in the bed of the channel. In the flat rockyand alluvial surface the possibility of subsurface water is very poorand as such, run-off water in the tanks is the only source of water inthese tracts. For the conservation of water the catchment areas oftanks should be divided into various compartments in whichcisterns (tankas) should be constructed for storage of water. Thiswill help in maximum preservation of potable water.116 Raheja, P.C. (1964)Land transformation plan of Central Luni Basin, westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 63-84

A land transformation plan for improving the fertility of soil,increasing pasture production, introducing improved varieties ofcrops, adopting soil conservation measures against wind and watererosion in specific areas; afforestation in uncultivable waste lands;encouraging farm forestry and production of vegetables, fruits andpoultry, for a period of 10 years on the basis of surveyed resourcesand likely potential of development has been formulated to meet thegrowing demands of the population and improve their standard ofliving.117 Raychaudhuri, S.P. and Sen, N. (1952)Certain geomorphological aspects of the Rajputana desert. BulletinNational Institute of Science, India. 1: 249-253A review of lateraline on geomorphological aspects of the Rajputanadesert is presented to ascertain the paleoclimate of the area.It seems probably that until recently the climate was more humid asevidenced by presence of sub-recent. Conglomerate, CaCO 3 panformation buried soil and stabilisation of dunes in certain area.Apparently the present day degradation of the agraded submountainzone of Aravallis indicates that the humid climate maystill be persisting.118 Roy, B.B., Chatterji, P.C. and Pandey, S. (1969)Genesis of carbonate pan in arid region of Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 8: 181-187The carbonate pan has developed due to the katamorphic processesin the weathered zone of regional geological formations, i.e., graniteand volcanic. The salts, of which the pan is composed, havedeveloped from the rocks due to the physico-chemical reactions. Thevery thickness of the pan indicates that this process has been activesince long in the geological past rather than in the last few thousandyears. The sparse and scattered vegetation, calcareous and salinesoils, and mineralised groundwater of this region are mainly due tothe development of the carbonate pan. Moreover, cultivation isgenerally practised either on the flood plains of the existingephemeral channels or over blown sand covers or sand dunes, givingrise to a type of land use which is ultimately due to the presence ofthe carbonate pan. In general, the development of the carbonatepan, which is still in process of formation, is enhancing the aridconditions.119 Sen, A.K. (1965)Mapping of micro-geomorphic units of Siwana area, westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 56-63

The map indicates the areas where soil conservation measures areto be adopted. As slope and erosion affect soil depth, the followingconservation measures are proposed : (i) Sloping lands are to becontour bunded, (ii) cultivation should be practised across the slope,(iii) sloping foot hill regions should be put under pasture, (iv)afforestation should be encouraged in highly eroded hills, and (v)fixation of sand dunes should be given proper attention.120 Sen, A.K. (1967)Documentation and cartography of the base map for co-ordinatedland survey, based on aerial photographs. Annals of Arid Zone. 6:170-177With the increased use of aerial photographs in basic resourcessurvey and limitations in getting costly photogrammetric equipmentlike multiplex aeroprojector, stereoplanigraph etc., necessity wasfelt to find out some simpler device to prepare a base map, orientedso as to cartograph the final map by transferring the survey detailsfrom aerial photographs. The above work was initiated to find out asuitable solution to the problem. It is expected that soon after thepublication of first set of the basic resources maps interest willawaken for this cartographic study.121 Sen, A.K., Gupta, K.N. and Gheesa Lal (1976)Cartographic expression to delimit the planning regions ofRajasthan desert : A case study. Indian Journal of Geography. 11-12: 19-22An attempt has been made in this paper to select the factors forcartographic delineation of planning units in Rajasthan desert. Thestudy is mainly based on geographical considerations of regionalismwhich are based on the ideas of homogeneity between the physicaland cultural environment. The significance of such classification liesin the fact that with the balanced distribution of environmental andhuman complex these units will offer a better scope for regionaldevelopment and self sufficiency of economy in the unit concernedand as such there are some advantages of using them as planningunits. The study is thus directly related to regional planning.122 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Singh, S. (1986-87)Remote sensing in establishing landforms - vegetation relationshipin an arid environment - A case study of the middle Luni Basin. TheIndian Journal of Geography. 15: 42-53Manual interpretation of the Landforms and vegetationcharacteristics seems to be quick and less expensive than thecomputer based interpretation, although the accuracy of thecomputer generated map is slightly higher. This study also suggests

that valuable researches could be conducted on the landforms andassociated natural resources in the developing countries withoutmaking the use of sophisticated and expensive image processingsystem.123 Sharma, K.D., Singh, S., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1989)Satellite remote sensing for detecting the temporal changes in thegrazing lands. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 17: 55-59Traditional grazing lands in the Indian arid zone can be identifiedand mapped, reliably and reasonably within ± 10% accuracy,through LANDSAT TM false colour composites of bands 2, 3, 4.Comparative study of LANDSAT TM and the Survey of Indiatopographical maps revealed reduction in the aerial extent of thegrazing lands in the Jodhpur district up to 9 to 30% over a period of28 years, between 1958 and 1986, due to the human activity likecultivation and urbanisation resulting in the desertification of theadjoining agricultural lands.124 Singh, S. (1970)The application of aerial photo-interpretation in geographicalresearch. University Studies in Geography. 2: 46-60The aerial photo-interpretation plays an important role in theidentification and assessment of the natural and biological resourceslike landform, soil, geography, hydrology, land use, vegetation,forestry and wild life. The maps of various types which form thebasis of development planning can be prepared from the aerialphotographs. Their techniques are now widely applied in theplanning and development of the urban areas, natural regions anddemographic studies.125 Singh, S. (1977)Sand dunes and palaeoclimate in Jodhpur district, westernRajasthan. Man and Environment. 1: 7-15In the present article, the origin, distribution and morphology ofsand dunes of different types and their significance in palaeoclimatereconstruction in Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan, have beendescribed. The results of this study will provide the guidelines toenvironmentalists and planners to provide the definite solution tothe palaeoclimatic process of the district.126 Singh, S. (1978-88)Application of remote sensing technique in the environmentalproblems of the Great Indian desert. Indian Journal of Geography.13: 83-91

In addition to aridity, scarcity of water resources, erosional,depositional and salinity hazards, sand dunes and desertificationare the major environmental problems which limit the agriculturalproduction and over all development of the Great Indian desert. Inorder to develop the suitable methods to solve the aboveenvironmental problems, the geomorphological investigations on thelocation, development and distribution of these problems wereconducted in different parts of the Great Indian desert by employingthe remote sensing technique. The research findings of theseinvestigations have been discussed in the present article.127 Singh, S. (1980)Geomorphology and climatic changes during Quaternary period inRajasthan desert. Recent Researches in Geology. 9: 121-130The paper deals with the evolution and geomorphologicalcharacteristics of the landforms and their significance inconstructing the climatic changes in the Rajasthan desert during theQuaternary period. Fourteen fluvial and aeolian landforms,originated due to various geomorphic processes under differentclimatic phases, have been identified in this region. Theevolutionary history of the landforms, slope, drainage, erosional anddepositional characteristics and the nature and thickness of thesediments reveal that the past climate of the Rajasthan desert hadconsiderably changed in the fluvial and aeolian landforms alsoindicate that the present climate of this region is slightlyameliorating.128 Singh, S. (1983)Application of remote sensing techniques in geomorphologicalinvestigations - a case study of Jodhpur district, western Rajasthan,India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 283-294Based on the interpretation of the aerial photographs andLANDSAT imagery in conjunction with ground truth, ten majorgeomorphic units have been identified in Jodhpur district.LANDSAT MSS Band-7 image has been found suitable for quickidentification and delineation of the boundaries of hills, pedimentsand sand dunes. But the younger and older alluvial plains are moredistinctly visible on LANDSAT MSS Band-5 image which enabled todelineate and to map the boundaries of these geomorphic unitsquickly and satisfactorily. These geomorphic units which havedifferent physical potentials and limitations, will provide a soundbasis for the rational landuse, soil and water conservation planningof Jodhpur district.129 Singh, S. (1987)

Ecological impact of irrigation on biophysical potentials of landforms(ecosystems) of the Rajasthan desert. The Geographer. 34: 39-45The study has revealed that the introduction of the irrigation hasboth positive and negative effects on the environmental conditions ofthe arid lands. The positive effects which are of short duration couldbe visualised in the form of the improvement of microclimatic,aeolian activities, soil moisture regime and changes in the croppingpatterns and crop yield and socio-economic conditions of the people.The negative effects which are of long duration could be seen in theform of the depletion of the productivity of the landforms(ecosystems) due to waterlogging, impeded drainage conditions andsalinity and alkalinity hazards. The saline/alkaline degraded anddesertified landforms could be reclaimed through leaching and byapplying required quantity of gypsum. The deterioration of theagricultural productivity of landforms in future could be checked byusing suitable methods of irrigation like drip and sprinkler and theproper soil and water conservation measures.130 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1969)The application of aerial photo-interpretation in thegeomorphological surveys of western Rajasthan. The DeccanGeographer. 7: 1-13Keeping in view the enormous advantages of the air photos likeaccuracy in delineating boundaries, economy and time saving ingeomorphological research, the role of air photo interpretation ingeomorphological survey of Sumerpur Community DevelopmentBlock and the genetic classification of each land unit to evaluate itseconomic potentiality has been discussed in the present paper.131 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1969)The role of aerial photography in earth sciences. The DeccanGeographer. 7: 129-142The serial photography plays a vital role in the field of all the earthsciences because they are the indispensable tool in compiling theinventory of all the natural resources. The vertical aerialphotographs are more suited for the surveys of natural resources asthey enable us to make the accurate maps of various disciplineswithout involving much time and cost. The maps thus prepared formthe basis for the rational and scientific planning of landuse andregional planning. The aerial photographs are comparatively moresuited for geomorphological studies as the object of the study isclearly visible from the air.132 Singh, S. and Kaith, D.S. (1971)

Geomorphological analysis of landform features of Palidevelopmental block from aerial photographs. The IndianGeographical Journal. 64: 50-59The chief aim of geomorphology is to analyse, classify and to mapthe various geomorphological features in their correct position andmutual relationship for assessing their physical properties andeconomic potentialities. Keeping in view the practical application ofphoto-geomorphology, the authors in the present paper havediscussed the genetic classification, analysis and mapping of variouslandform features of Pali Development block for its rational landuseplanning and development.133 Singh, S., Kar, A. and Vats, P.C. (1995)Geomorphology and land environmental hazards in Upper LuniBasin. Annals of the Association of Rajasthan Geographers. 12: 1-31In the Upper Luni Basin, using remote sensing and ground truth, 16landforms units created fluvial, aeolian and fluviao-aeolianprocesses under wet and dry phases have been identified. Theselandforms have different morphological features, depending upontheir morphogenetic, morpho-dynamic, morphometric characteristicsand also morpho-climatic conditions. Water erosion, wind erosion /deposition, salinity / alkalinity and water and wind combined arethe major environmental hazards of various degree of severity.These hazards are responsible for the degradation of the biophysicalpotentials of different landforms.134 Singh, S. and Saxena, S.K. (1987)A note on some quantitative aspects of the sand dunes in Nagaurdistrict of Rajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 117-118Significant variations in the morphology, soil fertility, moisturestatus and biotic impact on different slopes of these dunes havecaused the variations in the percentage frequency and density ofvegetation. The dunes swells due to better moisture status and soilfertility support a good stand of vegetation. Whereas the crest ofdunes due to reactivation of sand and its accumulation have poorstand of vegetation.135 Singh, S. and Sharma, B.K. (1984)Some observations on the morphological and physio-chemicalaspects of the sand dunes in Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 23: 31-38The results of the study conducted in Jodhpur district on themorphological and physico-chemical aspects and also on availablemicronutrient status of two types of sand dunes, viz., longitudinal

and parabolic have been discussed. The morphologicalcharacteristics of the longitudinal and parabolic dunes of Jodhpurdistrict such as the height, length, width and slopes vary from 10 to65 m; 500 to 600 m; 200 to 450 m and 4° to 22° , respectively. Thesedunes constitute more than 80% fine sand and their water holdingcapacity varies from 20.0 to 26.3%, while organic carbon varies from0.03 to 0.13%. These dunes are well supplied with Fe, Zn and Cu butare deficient in Mn.136 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982)Application of LANDSAT digital analysis in geomorphologicalinvestigations of the middle Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 21: 279-287Digital analysis of LANDSAT imagery in the form of computercompatible tapes has been found useful in geomorphologicalinvestigations of the middle Luni basin in western Rajasthan. Fivesubscenes selected from two LANDSAT scenes have been digitallyclassified into different themes (landforms) quickly and accurately.The spectral variations within each theme has been detected whichcould not be identified from visual interpretations of LANDSATimagery. Quantitative data on the number of pixels, area andpercentage has been computed for each theme. It has beenconcluded that the multispectral digital analysis of the LANDSATdata by using interactive mutispectral image 100 system is usefulfor geomorphological investigations because the error in theidentification and classification of the themes could be checked andcorrected simultaneously.137 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982)Role of remote sensing in the appraisal of natural resources for thedevelopment planning of the Indian desert. Transactions of theIndian Society of Desert Technology. 7: 84-90Role of remote sensing in the appraisal of the natural resources forthe development of different regions in the Rajasthan desert hasbeen discussed in the present paper. Visual analysis of the aerialphotographs and LANDSAT imageries in conjunction with groundtruth has enabled to evaluate various natural resources viz.,landforms, soils, vegetation and water resources. Digital analysis ofthe resources will ultimately form a sound basis for the rationalregional development planning.138 Singh, S. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1986)Dynamics, morphology and management of sand dunes in the greatIndian desert. Current Practices in Geotechnical Engineering. 3:23-47

The origin, morphology, source and origin of sand, size of sandgrains, moisture and fertility status and vegetation type of differentsand dunes which are essential pre-requisites for their rationalmanagement have been discussed. The obstacle, parabolic,longitudinal and transverse dunes belong to old dune system. Thesedunes are well stabilised due to the presence of vegetation andalternate layers of calcium carbonate and have morphometriccharacteristics. The moisture is least (1.8%) on the windward slopesand the highest (3.6%) on the leeward slopes of the sand dunes.These dunes are well supplied with available macro andmicronutrients except nitrogen and manganese. Two vegetationtypes viz.; Psammophytic Scrub Desert and Mixed XeromorphicThorn Forest have been recognised on the dunes of old system.Barchan and Shrub-coppice dunes of 0.5 to 10 m in height are ofnew dune system and are unstabilised and devoid of vegetation buthave better moisture regime than dunes of old system. Phytoreclamationtechnique by using indigenous plant species has beensuggested for the management and stabilisation of the sand dunes oftwo system.139 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1979)Geomorphic control on rural settlements of Jodhpur district,western Rajasthan. Ajmer Geographer. 6: 1-14Geomorphology of employing remote sensing techniques controls thedistribution types and development of rural settlements of differenttypes and patterns in Jodhpur district. The compact type ofsettlements due to physical potentials and limited environmentalhazards have developed under older and younger alluvial plains andflat buried pediments. Whereas the semi-compact and dispersedtype of settlements due to limited physical potentials andenvironmental hazards occur sand dunes, sandy undulating olderalluvial plains, colluvial plains and sandy undulating buriedpediments. The suitable geomorphic sites have been suggested fordevelopment of new settlements.140 Singh, S. , Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1973)Some geomorphological aspects of Challakere taluk. The DeccanGeographer. 11: 85-92Keeping in view the practical application in geomorphology in theeffective and rational use of the natural resources of Indian aridzone an intensive study of landform genesis, geomorphic processesand related erosional characteristics of Challakere taluk, MysoreState was done in the field and its findings have been discussed inthe present paper. The taluk has been divided into 13 landformunits which have different production potentials and have resulted

to erosional, depositional and erosional-depositional processes.Water erosion is the major problem and for its control severalsuitable soil and water conservation measures have been suggested.141 Singh, S., Pandey, S. and Ghose, B. (1966)Geomorphology of Siwana development block in Barmer district.Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 117-126Based on aerial photographs coupled with detailed field survey,Siwana development block had been divided into different landformsviz., rugged high and low hills, aggraded older alluvial plainsSiwana alluvial plain, sand dune and sandy plain, piedmont plain,Kundal-Ramania alluvial intermontance plain, recent flood plain,river bed with sand bars and saline depressions. The salientgeomorphic features of landforms like nature and depth ofsediments, slope and drainage patterns and associatedenvironmental hazards have been highlighted.142 Singh, S., Pandey, S. and Ghose, B. (1971)Geomorphology of the middle Luni basin of western Rajasthan,India. Annals of Arid Zone. 10: 1-13The geomorphology of the middle Luni basin of arid westernRajasthan has been discussed. The region consists of 11 geomorphicunits. The geomorphic features of the region are the products ofboth fluvial as well as aeolian actions. The condition of ground waterare favourable in piedmont plains, recent flood plains, eroded rockysurface, Siwana alluvial plain and Kundal-Ramania alluvial plain.The depths of wells in these units vary from 15 to 21 m. Thedrainage patterns developed in this region are linear, sub-parallel,sub-dendritic and radial. The largest concentration of streams is inpiedmont zone and the lowest number of the streams is found inPachpadra salt basin and undulating alluvial plains with sandyhummocks.The wind erosion is more conspicuous than water erosion. The watererosion is confined to the piedmont zones and gullies haveoccasionally formed. The wind erosion is more widespread in sanddunes, sandy plains and ploughed alluvial plains.To check the water and wind erosion several conservation measureshave been suggested.143 Singh, S. , Saxena, S.K. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977)Integrated natural resources survey of Luni developmental block,western Rajasthan (India). The Indian Journal of Geography. 12: 1-12

An attempt has been made to integrate and to assess the naturalresources of Luni developmental block which could provide anintegrated and comprehensive information to the planners at oneplace to prepare suitable action plans for over all development of thebasin. In the basin nine resource units have been identified. Amongthese resource units flat order alluvial plains, fluvial pediments andyounger alluvial plains are most potential and could be developedinto irrigated croplands.144 Sinha, S. (1977)Quaternary geology, aridity and desertification in Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 331-341The paper highlights the importance of Quaternary Geologicalstudies and the methodology, employed by the Geological Survey ofIndia, to decipher the history and environment of the Quaternaryera in Rajasthan. It brings out the sequence of events from theearliest humid cold phase, followed by the first generation of moreextensive aridity which was separated from the current arid phaseby a warm sub-unit phase. After describing these phases, the paperbrings out the various geological characteristics obtaining inRajasthan area that have actively contributed to its arid conditions,besides the role of anthropocentric activities in intensifying theprocess of desertification in and outside the arid zone.145 Vats, P.C. (1970)The use of aerial photographs in surveying and mapping. TheDeccan Geographer. 8: 1-4The aerial photography is one of the most convenient scientificmethods to conduct land surveys, and is of immense use in the fieldof agriculture, human geography social science. There are two typesof aerial photographs i.e. Vertical and Oblique which have beendiscussed in this paper.146 Vats, P.C. (1985)Geomorphological factors affecting land utilisation in Pali district,western Rajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 21: 11-18In Pali district, a number of landform units have been identified.Hills, mountains and rocky plains, due to poor soil cover and severewater erosion hazards are not suitable for cultivation. Flat buriedpediments, older alluvial plains and younger alluvial plains havegood potential for agriculture. It has been qualitatively establishedthat the geomorphic factors like erosion and slope affect thequantum of cultivated land, crop production and the intensity ofcultivation.

147 Vats, P.C. (1985 )Quantitative geomorphic characteristics of the Mithri river basin.The National Geographical Journal of India. 31: 18-22The 6th basin has the larger values of the number of streams,stream length, basin area and bifurcation ratio than other basins.These higher values show that this basin has good potential ofsurface run off which can be harvested for irrigation and drinkingpurposes.148 Vats, P.C. (1986)Geomorphic impact on rural settlements - a case study of Palidistrict. The Indian Journal of Geography. 15: 54-62Considerable qualitative work on different aspects of the ruralsettlements has been done in various parts of India. But thequantitative work on the rural settlements in relation togeomorphology, particularly in arid environment, has receivedscanty attention of the investigators. However, Sharma (1972) andVats (1979) and Vats & Singh (1976) have qualitatively studied theimpact of geomorphology on the types and distribution of ruralsettlements in Indian desert, Jodhpur district and Nagaur tehsil,respectively.149 Vats, P.C. (1987)Application of remote sensing techniques in geomorphologicalinvestigation- a case study of Pali district, western Rajasthan. TheDeccan Geographer. 25: 139-150Based on interpretation of the aerial photographs and theLANDSAT imageries, sixteen major geomorphic units wereidentified in the Pali district. The largest unit is the flat olderalluvial plains and the saline buried pediment is the smallest. Thesegeomorphic units have different physical potentials and provide asound base for the rational land use, soil and water conservationplanning and development of the Pali district.150 Vats, P.C. (1987)Geomorphological investigation of wastelands using remote sensingtechniques in Pali district. The Geographical Observer. 23: 1-12The study, based on remote sensing and field survey, revealed that alarge part of waste lands on different landforms have their genesisin fluvial and aeolian activities. These fluvial and aeolian activitieswastelands have developed by damming of water courses andprofuse saline water irrigation, the sandy wastelands are mainlydue to overgrazing, cutting and lopping of natural vegetation.Among the abiotic factors, the most important has been the

landforms, soil texture and soil depth. Amongst different landforms,sand dunes, sandy undulating older alluvial plains etc. are mostvulnerable to even slight disturbances, while older alluvial plains dowithstand the impact before giving way to wasteland. Thus genesisof wastelands has been clearly shown to be related to geomorphicfeatures which can be readily interpreted on LANDSAT imageriesand aerial photographs.151 Vats, P.C. (1993)Application of remote sensing techniques in land-use/land-covermapping of Nagaur district. The Deccan Geographer. 31: 11-24Agriculture and animal husbandry are the predominant earningsources of over 80 percent people of the total rural population inwestern Rajasthan. In view of limited scope of irrigation and hencelargely rainfed cropping the occurrence of drought every third yearresults in not only low productivity but also caused poverty andhardships of the people. The solution lies in the proper exploitationand utilisation of available natural resources. To ensure this, everypiece of land in this region should be put to its optimum use. Forthis information on existing land-use/ land-cover is essential so thatappropriate land-use and land-cover can be planned.152 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1976)Geomorphic influence on settlements a quantitative approach. TheDeccan Geographer. 14: 27-33Considerable qualitative work on the distributional pattern of ruralsettlements has been done in various climatic zones of India. butquantitative work on the evolution and distribution of the ruralsettlements in relation to geomorphology which is an essentialprerequisite for rural settlement and land use planning, hasreceived scanty attention in Indian context. This study was initiatedto quantify the distributional pattern of the rural settlement inMerta Tehsil of Nagaur district in relation to its geomorphologicalaspects.153 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980)Impact of geomorphology on rural settlements in western Rajasthan- A case study of Nagaur tehsil. The Geographical Observer. 16: 1-8Quantitative geomorphic analysis of the rural settlements inNagaur tehsil, by employing remote sensing techniques, hasrevealed that three types of settlements viz., compact, semi-compactand dispersed exist in different landforms. It may be inferred fromthe above findings that the quantitative information on the number,size, distribution and spatial patterns of the rural settlements will

significantly contribute in the rational settlement and land useplanning of the Nagaur tehsil of western Rajasthan.154 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1989)Impact of geomorphology on spatial distribution and planning ofrural settlements in Barmer district, western Rajasthan. TheGeographical Observer. 26: 53-58In this paper the impact of geomorphology on spatial distributionand planning of rural settlements under different geomorphicsettings has been discussed. Keeping this fact in view, the study onthe evolution and spatial distribution of rural settlements inrelation to geomorphology and facets of Terrain by using remotesensing techniques was conducted in the Barmer district. Thefindings of this study on spatial distribution and planning of therural settlements are discussed in this paper. Based on the findingsof this study measures for proper planning and development of theexisting and new settlements in different landforms are suggestedby the authors.155 Vats, P.C., Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kaith, D.S. (1976)Types, orientation and distribution of sand dunes in Bikanerdistrict. The Geographical Observer. 12: 69-75The present study reveals that there are five types of dunes andthey belong to two systems viz. old system and new system. Thedunes of old system are parabolic, longitudinal and transverse.These are well stabilised, yet possess a fine mantle of recent sanddeposition. Barchan and shrub coppice dunes belong to new dunesystem. These dunes are in active phase and their sand particles areloose. These dunes have been formed by the westerly and southwesterly winds and their axial direction is SW-NE.156 Viswanathan, T.V. (1962)Studies on the Pyroxene-hornblende andesite from Barmer district,Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 66On the basis of two types of zircon, the author has suggested thatthe andesite was formed by mixing of two types of magma.157 Viswanathan, T.V. (1962)Zircon studies of some high level granites from Barmer district,Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 66On the basis of morphology and other character study of 200 zirconcycles it is concluded that the zircon of the Barmer granitecrystallised under the same environment except that fromMungeria.

Soil Resources158 Abichandani, C.T. (1965)Use of aerial photographs for soil survey of arid zone of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 172-184Landscape studies included mainly the older alluvium deposits andaeolian deposits of sand sheets and dune chains with scatteredgranite and rhyolite hills. Soil mapping units are selected on thebasis of landform character, terrain feature inclusive of surfacevariability and erosion scars, tree vegetation characters and phototone variability. Considerable time saving is effected and greateraccuracy obtained as compared to conventional ground surveyfollowing grid pattern.159 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, V.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1979)Studies on potassium fixation and its relationship with chemicalcharacteristics of some desertic soils of western Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 18: 174-180The K-fixation capacities of grey brown loam, Luni alluvium andhard pan soils, on an average were: 0.535, 0.451, 0.180 and 0.140meq 100g -1 soil respectively. Sub-surface soils showed higher K-fixation capacity. K-fixation capacity was found to bear a significantpositive relationship with organic matter content, fixed K and nonexchangeableK. Highly significant correlation was found betweenK-fixation capacity and CEC and clay content of soil. Organic matterin soil was found to have depressing effect on K-fixation capacitywhen regressed alongwith CEC of soil. In these soils, either CEC orclay content can be an important indicator in determining the extentof K-fixation capacity.160 Bhatnagar, R.S., Atri, S.C., Mathur, G.S. and Choudhary, R.S.(1977)Contribution of organic matter and clay to the cation exchangecapacity of the Rajasthan canal soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 433-438Cation exchange capacity of the Rajasthan canal soils has beenrecognised in close correlation with clay, silt and organic mattercontents, respectively. The contribution of clay was dominant to theCEC followed by OM and silt contents. Multiple regression equationrelating clay and OM content. (CEC=0.075 clay + 5.69 OM) with theCEC of soils was found more suitable than that including siltcontent, and can be used precisely, for prediction of CEC of thesesoils.

161 Bhatnagar, R.S., Atri, S.C., Mathur, G.S. and Choudhary, R.S.(1979)Boron adsorption equilibrium in soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 86-95Boron equilibrium in the soils of Rajasthan canal area was studied.The adsorption of boron is found to depend upon the texture of soils.There exists always an equilibrium between adsorbed and soilsoluble boron. Freundlich adsorption isotherm is valid for widerrange of boron concentrations than Langmuir's adsorption isotherm.Quadratic curve could not be finally treated as an usual form ofmultimolecular adsorption isotherm for these soils. The free molarenergy was more for finer soils but it decreases with an increase inboron concentration.162 Chandnani, J.J., Gandhi, R.T., Gupta, M.M. and Bodade, V.N.(1958)Tensiometer as an indicator of moisture status in soil. IndianJournal of Agronomy. 2: 137-141In sandy loam soil, the relationship between tensiometer readingsand moisture percentage fairly close and within the readilyavailable range of soil moisture. The tensiometer serves as a goodguide for irrigation of wheat and potato crop.163 Chauhan, S.S., Bhatnagar, R.K. and Seth, S.P. (1972)Distribution of water soluble boron in Rajasthan soils. RajasthanJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 3: 17-22Eight representative soil profiles of Rajasthan were analysed foravailable boron which ranged between 0.3 and 5.0 ppm. Maximumboron was found in grey brown soils of river basins while minimumwas observed in mixed red and black soils. Available boron wasfound to be positively correlated with pH and clay content andnegatively with calcium carbonate. No relationship was observedwith organic carbon content and electrical conductivity.164 Choudhari, J.S. (1984)Fixation of zinc by arid soil clays. Clay Research. 2: 89-92Zinc fixation varied between 0.52 to 8.10 mg g -1 clay and influencedby type and proportion of clay minerals. Zn fixed by clays increasedwith increasing addition of Zn. Removal of organic matter or ironoxides or both from clays increased Zn fixation but iron oxideremoval had pronounced increase.165 Choudhari, J.S. (1984)

Genesis and characteristics of dune field soils of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 181-187Dune field soils of arid Rajasthan are fine sandy predominated byresistant minerals and slightly calcareous. They are devoid ofpedogenetic manifestations except that, (a) homogenisation ofsediments and loss of the sedimentary stratigraphy, and (b) leachingof lime and segregation as root casts in interdunal soils.166 Choudhari, J.S. (1987)Distribution of pedogenic iron in some arid soils ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 133-137An accumulation of pedogenic iron in B horizon of all the soils wasobserved but the content was high in soils showing higher degrees ofpedogenic manifestations. Distribution of free oxide form of Fefollowed the clay profile, whereas the content of amorphous form ofFe was maximum in the surface horizon and decreased with depth.Variation in active iron ratio in these soils was due to ageing effect.167 Choudhari, J.S. (1987)Forms of magnesium in aeolian and alluvial plain soils of aridRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 221-227The contents of various forms were higher than in the soils of otherregions. Quantities (mg 100 g -1 soil) of different forms of Mg were :water soluble (9 to 40), exchangeable (3 to 38), ammonium acetatesoluble (15 to 57) organic bound (0 to 43), reserve (120 to 519) andmineral (81 to 651), respectively representing 1 to 5, 0.5 to 3, 2 to 5,0 to 3, 17 to 40 and 16 to 47 per cent of the total (0.597 to 2.648 g100 g -1 soil) material. Type and proportion of 2:1 minerals influencedthe exchangeable and reserve forms of Mg whereas mineralogy offine sand influenced the content of mineral form of Mg. Free CaCO 3contained 10 to 30% of the total Mg. Various forms of Mg weresignificantly inter-related.168 Choudhari, J.S. (1988)Distribution of elements in some aridisols developed on quaternarysediments. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 205-211Seven pedons of aridisols, developed on aeolian and alluvial plains,and formed during early Holocene to early Pleistocene in westernRajasthan were studied for the total elemental composition, theirdistribution and association of elements with each other and alsowith soil constituents. Si was the most predominant elementfollowed by Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Zn and Cu. Contents of Al,Fe, Mg, Cu and Zn were found to increase in soils with increasingage of the landforms. Aridisols developed on older landforms showed

a higher concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Mg, Cu and Zn in the Bhorizon of the profiles than A and C horizons, whereas these wereuniformly distributed in soils developed on Holocene agedlandforms. Correlation matrices revealed a variance control of finerfraction on the contents of Al, Fe, Mg, and K.169 Choudhari, J.S. (1988)Genesis of two aridisols on two distinct rock formation regions inwestern Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.36: 747-757Genesis of pedons of two aridisols (Gajsinghpura and Pipar) on twodistinct regions of rock formation on aggraded alluvial plain ofmiddle of early Pleistocene was studied. Morphology of both the soilsshowed well aggregated dark brown B horizon with appreciablymore clay than in A and C, and a calcic layer underneath with wellformed lime segregation. Micromorphology, besides confirmingmineral alteration and illuviation of clay, showed distinctness inmicrostructure, ground mass and pedofeatures. In situ formedcalcitic segregations are pure in Pipar soils and impregnative inGajsinghpura soils. Mica, smectite, vermiculite and kaolinite aredominant minerals in both Gajsinghpura soils characterised byattapulgite and Pipar soils by chlorite minerals.170 Choudhari, J.S. (1988)Moisture characteristics of aridisols and their relationship with soilproperties and mineralogy. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 57-62In general, water holding capacity, moisture equivalent andavailable water capacity were the function of particle size fractions,exchangeable sodium percentage and organic matter content.Magnitude of increase in AWC did not show an increase in line withincrease in clay content. Content of very fine sand also showedsignificant positive correlation with moisture characteristics. Thedifferential moisture release pattern was explained by mineralogy ofsoil clays.171 Choudhari, J.S. (1988)Pedogenic distribution of zinc in aridisols of western Rajasthan,India. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2: 157-164Eight pedons developed on different parent material and showingdifferent degrees of pedogenic manifestations in arid region ofwestern Rajasthan were studied for different fractions of zinc. Watersoluble and exchangeable Zn (0.2-11 µg g -1 ) extracted withammonium acetate, was higher than for other region soils.,Organically bound Zn (1.2-8.3 µg g -1 ) did not vary as much as theorganic matter content in the soils, whereas the reserve Zn (8.44 µg

g -1 ) was found to be a function of the type and proportion of clayminerals in the soils. Free iron oxides contained 2 to 33% of the totalZn. Zinc showed increasing association with crystalline oxides withincreasing profile maturity. Fine clay and very fine sand fractionscontained maximum amounts of Zn. Variation in the total amount ofZn was largely due to differences in parent materials of the soils.The B horizons of all soils contained higher proportion of the total,reserve and organic bound Zn than the Ap and C horizons.172 Choudhari, J.S. (1990)An indigenous resin for thin section of soils. Annals of Arid Zone.29: 221-223A polyester resins, UP/M/121 was found satisfactory forimpregnation of coarse and moderately fine textured soils. Details ofthe procedure involved for impregnation and preparation of thinsections have been described.173 Choudhari, J.S. (1991)Humus in pedogenetically varying aridisols of western Rajasthan.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 39: 134-138Seven pedons of aridisols at different stages of profile developmentwere studied for the content and distribution of humic matter andtheir fractions. The humus matter is controlled by the nature of theparent material. The distribution patterns show an accumulation ofhumic matter in the B horizon of the profiles and content was higherin soils showing higher degree of profile development. The humus inmost of the soils is dominated by the humic acid fraction, which ismore humified in soils showing least degree of profile development.174 Choudhari, J.S. (1992)Association of zinc and copper with free sesquioxides andextractable micronutrients in arid soil of Rajasthan. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 40: 289-292Amorphous and crystalline sesquioxides of aridisols were studied forthe micronutrient (Cu and Zn) content and relationship with DTPAextractable Cu and Zn. A larger proportion of Cu and Zn wasassociated with amorphous sesquioxides than that with crystalline.The oxides associated elements content showed a significant positivecorrelation with the contents extracted by DTPA solution.175 Choudhari, J.S. (1992)Pedogenic distribution of copper in some aridisols of westernRajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 720-723

Content of ammonium acetate soluble, organically and free oxidesbound, and `reserve' Cu were higher in the B horizon of the pedons.These fractions increased with enhanced degree of pedogenicmanifestations. Nature and source of parent material influenced thetotal Cu content, whereas the type and proportion of clay mineralswere found to be the function for `reserve' Cu. Very fine sand andfine clay contained maximum amount of Cu than other fractions ofsand and clay. In dune and sandy soils, major proportion of Cu wasfound to be associated with sand content whereas in other soils itwas associated with clay and oxides.176 Choudhari, J.S. (1993)Micromorphology of the diagnostic horizons of aridisols of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 141-143The micromorphology of the diagnostic horizons of the Aridisols ofwestern Rajasthan was studied to characterise pedofeatures. Theochric epipedon does not show any pedofeatures except coatings andmica phantoms. The Cambic horizon in sandy soils showed partiallyweathered grains of weatherable minerals and channel infillings,whereas moderately fine textured soils showed texturalpedofeatures as well as phantoms of mica and feldspars. Argillichorizon showed illuvial clay as specks in voids and as poorlylaminated in channel and vughs. The Calcic horizon showed calciticpedofeatures of varying morphology, as channel infillings,micronodules and pure crystallitic nodules with and without ironoxide impregnation.177 Choudhari, J.S. (1994)Distribution and source of calcium carbonate in arid region ofwestern Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.42: 615-621The distribution pattern and source of lime, a characteristiccomponent of arid landscape of western Rajasthan, in a largenumber of soil profiles, deep sections and calcareous patches werestudied. The CaCO 3 present as finely dispersed and segregates,increases with depth in soils on different landforms and isinfluenced by topography within the landform. The variation incontent of CaCO 3 (47.6 to 726 kg m -3 ), increasing trend with depth,absence of peak concentration, presence of micro-crystallised calcitein voids, channels and as coating of skeleton grains; presence of insitu formed segregates, suggest that lime was present in the parentmaterial inherited during aggradational processes. Pedogenicprocesses redistributed CaCO 3 in the soils and landscape. Thesurface flow enriched patches in the plains with CaCO 3 .

178 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)Clay mineralogy of medium-fine textured alluvial soils of westernRajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of science. (A) 47:695-704Clay mineralogy of three soil series of western Rajasthan wereinvestigated by means of X-ray, DTA, chemical and selectivedissolution analysis. These soils are developed from alluviumderived from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The clay fractionconsists chiefly of mica (illite), smectite, vermiculite and kaolinite.Fine clays of Gajsinghpura and Pipar soils are dominated bysmectite whereas Palaripichkia by mica. Minor amount ofattapulgite is found in soils (Gajsinghpura) developed from alluviumof dolomitic limestone region. Mica is the most predominant mineralin coarse clay fraction. Amongst all the three soils studied, thehighest amount of amorphous aluminosilicate was found in thelower soil horizon of Pipar soil. Fine clay contains higher amount ofamorphous aluminosilicate having high SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio thanthe coarse clay.179 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1982)Clay mineralogy of arid zone soils developed from quaternarydeposits of western Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian Academy ofSciences.(Earth and Planet Science). 91: 119-126Clay mineralogy of pedons developed from quaternary deposits onHolocene, latest Pleistocene, mid Pleistocene and denudedPalaeozoic sandstone surfaces of western Rajasthan revealed thatmica (illite) smectite and kaolinite are inherited clay minerals.Al/Fe-interlayered smectite and chlorite in soil clays of Holocenesurface, mixed layer mineral in latest Pleistocene, smectite in midPleistocene and mixed layer and vermiculite in denuded sandstonesoils are attributable to desilication, alumination andtransformation of minerals under more wet palaeoclimate thanpresent. Accumulative and evaporative environment on mid-Pleistocene surface favoured the formation of smectite.180 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1982)Clay mineralogy of dune and associated sandy plain soils of westernRajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30: 342-347Chemical and cation exchange characteristics, X-ray and DTA studyof coarse and fine soil clays from duny areas of western Rajasthanshowed that fine clays contained smectite, mica, mica-smectite andkaolinite. In addition to these, dune soil clay had minor amounts ofinterlayered smectite and chloritic minerals, whereas the interdunalsoil clay had vermiculite, and the alluvial plain soil clay chloritic

minerals. Coarse clays in all the soils were dominated by illite(mica) followed by smectite and kaolinite. Amorphous material wasalso present in both fine and coarse clays.181 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)Nature and distribution of amorphous aluminosilicates in arid soilsof western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.31: 94-98The coarse and fine clays from selected horizons of ten arid zonesoils were studied for the content and composition of amorphousaluminosilicates. Dune soil clays contained highest amount (8 to15%) of amorphous aluminosilicates followed by interdune (3.5 to15%), sandy alluvial plains (3 to 7%), and medium to fine texturedalluvial plains (4 to 12%). The amorphous aluminosilicate content offine clays was nearly twice that of the coarse ones. The SiO 2 : Al 2 O 3molar ratio of the amorphous material ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 incoarse clays and from 3.0 to 5.8 in fine clays. Amorphousaluminosilicates in coarse clays were composed of tetrahedral[Si 3 AlO 6 (OH) 4 ] followed by octahedral [Al(OH)2.5] and neutral[FeOOH] components, whereas in fine clays they are dominantlycomposed of tetrahedral component. These components have beendefined in the model for soil amorphous ferri-aluminosilicates.182 Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)Zinc adsorption by arid soil clays. Clay Research. 2: 52-56The clay fraction from a few typical soils of arid zone of Rajasthanwas separated after removal of carbonates, organic matter and ironoxides sequentially. These clays were equilibrated with zincsolutions having zinc concentration in the range of 0 to 200 ppm, tomeasure Zn adsorption. The suspension in 0.01N Na 2 SO 4 wasmaintained at pH 6.0. Langmuir adsorption isotherm described theadsorption data and coefficients were used to evaluate the Znadsorptive capacities of the clays. Adsorptive capacity variedbetween 7.8 to 29.2 mg g -1 clay and could be explained bymineralogy of soil clays. Removal of organic matter and oxidesdecreased adsorption of Zn. Adsorption maxima is found to beinversely related to bonding energy.183 Choudhari, J.S., Dhir, R.P. and Singh, S.K. (1985)Mineralogy of some soils from reddish brown sandy plain of aridRajasthan. Clay Research. 4: 38-48Clay and silt fractions of a few soils from reddish brown sandy plainof Rajasthan were studied for their minerological composition byXRD along with chemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy

and CEC determinations. Five clays though dominantly micaceous,contained high proportion of smectite and/or vermiculite withrelatively low content of chlorite. Coarse clays were chiefly composedof mica, chlorite, smectite and mixed layer of minerals. Smallamounts of attapulgite, quartz, feldspar and kaolinite were alsopresent. The amorphous components of the clay fraction rangedfrom 5% to 12%. They were siliceous in nature. The silt fractionswere dominated by mica, feldspar and quartz. Minor amounts ofother minerals were also present.184 Choudhari, J.S., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, V.C. (1980)Magnitude of geomorphic influence on soil and land characteristicsof some watershed areas in arid regions. Indian Journal of SoilConservation. 8: 157-163The watersheds occurring in rocky and coarse textured buriedpediment were mostly covered with shallow, sandy, moderate toseverely eroded soils with moderate slope and were grouped incapability class VI, VII and VIII. Watersheds occurring in rocky andmedium textured buried pediment were generally observed to havedeep, moderately fine textured soils grouped in class III and IV withthe exception of Boori watershed which was observed to havemajority of the area in the class VI. Watersheds occurring inundulating sandy buried pediment were observed to have commonlydeep, sandy soils grouped in class III and IV. In flat aggraded olderalluvial plain dominantly deep soils of sandy loam and loamtextures occurred which was grouped in class II, III and IV.185 Dhir, R.P. (1974)An approach to use of aerial photos in small scale soil mappingbased on experience of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. Journal ofIndian Society of Photo interpretation. 2: 13-18Photo characteristics of some of the dominant soils were alreadyknown from experience within and outside the survey area. Usingthese known photo characteristics an interpretation was carried outenabling a coverage of nearly 65% of the total area of the district.Simultaneously, the remaining 35% area split into various sizedpatches was photo-analysed and the characteristics noted.Thereafter field traversing was taken to carry out checking of thealready interpreted area and interpretation of photoanalytical unitsand a few uncertain areas. This method of partial interpretationcum-analysis in the first stage itself was found fully workable forthe present area. Interpretations of some of the new dominantanalytical units are reported.186 Dhir, R.P. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977)

Observations on genesis and evolution of arid zone soils. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 25: 260-264Dunes in western Rajasthan are devoid of any pedogenic activityexcept for weak segregation of free alkaline earth carbonates.Occurrence of accumulative interdunes, however, suggests that thedunes are not a recent phenomenon and belong to the aeolianactivity reported to have taken place 10,000 years B.P. The soils onhummocky aggraded old alluvial plains show weak argillisation, buta distinct illuvial accumulation, partly as crystalline concretions, offree carbonates. Degree of development of concretionary horizontogether with some radio- carbon assay, suggests that the landscapebelongs to atleast late Pleistocene. The old flat-plains owe theircharacteristics to influence of fine sedimentary rocks. These soilsand landscape are also old but are almost devoid of deflationevidences. High silt and clay contents apparently provided therequired strength and stability against aeolian activity. The soil insitu and proluvial landforms are distinguished by presence of graveland transition to substrata. It seems that though fluctuation mighthave taken place in wind activity and rainfall, but general aridityhas existed at least from late Pleistocene.187 Dhir, R.P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1978)Recognition of arid zone soil features from LANDSAT imagery.Indian Journal of Photo interpretation. 6: 46-52Results are based on analysis of band 7 coverage and bands 5 and 7for a limited area followed by a comparison of these with the knownsoil distribution as seen in Bikaner, Jodhpur and part of Jalore, Paliand Nagaur districts. At band 7 the dominant course loamy TypicCamborthids in association with dunes could be recognised.Vegetation was found non-interfering though surface soil moisturevariation of the period immediately following monsoon months(Sept-Dec.) appeared to do so. Hard pan soils were identifiablelargely by their associated features than by soil characteristicsproper. Fine loamy Typic Camborthids could not be recognised atseries level and as a group also these could be identified only inpost-monsoon period when the land is devoid of much of itsvegetation cover. Saline areas could be recognised but thoseoccurring in south-eastern tract were largely inseparable fromadjoining shallow soils. For these, band 5 image of monsoon monthswas quite satisfactory. For all other soils, band 7 was better thanband 5.188 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1983)Availability of iron, manganese, zinc and copper in some soils ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 343-349

A wide spectrum of soils spread over 35,000 km 2 area of Nagaurand Jodhpur districts was subjected to analysis for available formsof various micronutrients. Amongst the various soils found in thearea, Parbatsar series showed appreciably high value of all thenutrient elements. Kumprawas and Silgaon soils were found to haveabove average value of zinc whereas Palaripichkian variant, Silgaonand Khajwan soils had more of copper in comparison to other soils.Available manganese ranged mostly from 10 to 20 ppm but it wasless than 7 ppm in dune soils. An assessment of the nutrient statusof the soils in light of the currently available criteria suggests thatall the soils have adequate level of micronutrient elements, only thedune soils appear marginal in respect to manganese and zinc.Available manganese and copper contents were positively andsignificantly correlated with clay, silt and organic carbon content ofthe soils. Iron and zinc were not significantly influenced by any ofthe soil parameters studied.189 Dhir, R.P., Singh, N. and Sharma, B.K. (1979 )Nature and incidence of soil salinity in Pali block, westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 27-34The paper presents results of a field and laboratory study of thenaturally salt affected lands in Pali block located in the southeasterntract of western Rajasthan. It is seen that area occupied bysuch lands forms 25% of the total geographic area of the block. Thesalinity is generally high to very high and ranges from exclusivelysodium chloride type to sodium-calcium chloride-sulphate type.Distribution of salt affected lands appears related to the down-slopenature of the sites and poor surface drainage. Source of salts in alllikelihood is the weathering crust within the area itself.190 Dhir, R.P., Chaudhary, M.R., Jagan Nath and Somani, L.L.(1991)Constraints of sandy soils of arid and adjoining areas of western andnorthern India and their management. Bulletin of the Indian Societyof Soil Science. 15: 52-69It is estimated that sandy soils in the region occupy nearly 20 Mhain the region. The paper describes the morphological features, waterretention characteristics, poor structure development, erodibilityand saturated and unsaturated state hydraulic conductivity of thesoils. The implications of the latter in conservation of storedmoisture and nutrient diffusivity are discussed. While discussinglow nutrient reserves, the exacting fertility managementrequirements are highlighted with illustrations of behaviouralaspect from intensively cropped region of the country. The soils areprone also to severe deep percolation losses under irrigation. There

are severe leaching losses of applied nutrients. Scope of availabletechnologies has been given. Though poorly suited to intensivefarming, the soils are fairly well suited to pastures and rainfedfarming and do offer some response to improved management.191 Dubey, D.D., Bangar, K.S. and Sharma, O.P. (1986)Characteristics and classification of some salt affected soils. Journalof the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 889-892Reconnaissance soil survey has revealed that salt affected soilsoccupy 3,83,766 hectares in Anjar, Bhuj, Mundra and Mandvitalukas of Kachchha district, Gujarat. Three pedons have beencharacterised. Pedon 1 located in Anjar taluka has beencharacterised as Typic Natrargid. Where salinity-sodicity is low, thesoils are cultivated for bajra. Pedon 2 located in banni area of Bhujtaluka has been characterised as Typic Salorthid. These soils havevery high EC and ESP. Pedon 3 located on fluvio marine alluvium ofdissected coastal plain and deltaic plain in Mundra taluka havebeen classified as Fluventic Camborthid. Where salinity/sodicity islow, the soils are cultivated for coconut.192 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1983)Studies on different forms and potassium fixation in some alluviumderived soils of arid zone. Indian Potash Journal. 8: 27-36Studies on the forms and fixation of potassium in the arid soilsdeveloped from alluvium associated with mica schist and lime stonehave been carried out. In different soils the content of the formsranged in the following order : HCl soluble 77.5 to 550 mg; 1 NHNO 3 soluble 36 to 325 mg; fixed 29 to 164 mg and 1 N NH 4 OAcextractable 9.5 to 26.5 mg per 100 gm soil. These contents werefairly high in comparison to other arid soils. Simple correlation andmultivariate regression analysis indicated that different soilparameters accounted for variation in HCl soluble, N HNO 3 soluble,fixed and NH 4 OAc extractable potassium content to the extent of20.9, 10, 11.5 and 23.1 per cent, respectively. The potassium fixationwith the addition of 0.1 and 1 mg K g -1 of soil, was 5.5 and 43.7 mg100 g -1 soil, respectively. The studies revealed that none of the soilparameters studied were found significantly related with potassiumfixation. Increased potassium fixation was observed with the higheraddition of potassium.193 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1989 )Forms and availability of K in the medium textured alluvial soils ofarid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 101-111The soils had better contents of potential and available forms butthe potassium saturation percentage was lower than that in the

dune and interdunal soils. Correlation of soil parameters andmultiple regression analyses with different forms of K revealed thatvarious soil parameters better accounted for the variabilities inavailable forms than for the potential forms of K. The dynamicrelationship between various forms has been discussed.194 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1989 )Influence of soil properties on forms of potassium in dune andinterdunal soils of arid Rajasthan. Journal of Potassium Research.5: 61-69The study pertained to the role of soil physical, chemical andphysico-chemical characteristics in influencing the content anddistribution of forms of potassium in samples from dune andinterdune locations in the arid sandy tracts of Rajasthan. Theinterdunal samples contained slight to moderately higher amountsof all the K fractions than the dune soils. Potassium soluble inconcentrated HCl and 1N HNO 3 (boiling) and the fixed form werepositively correlated with cation exchange capacity while NH 4 OAcextractable K showed negative relationship with CaCO 3 content.The available K as determined by using different extractants waslargely independent of the soil properties. Availability of potassiumappeared to be governed by the potential forms of the nutrientrather than the soil attributes.195 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1990)Quantity-intensity parameters of potassium and their relationshipwith available forms and soil properties in dune and interdune soils.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 404-409Quantity and intensity parameters of potassium and theirrelationship with the available forms of K and the soil properties indune and interdune soils of arid Rajasthan are reported. These soilswhich had low amount of clay, silt and organic matter werecharacterised by values slightly higher for A R K and lower for(PBC) k and ΔG. K potential is positively correlated with CEC andnegatively with pH. Among different extractable forms of K and Kextracted by cold sulphuric acid is negatively related with ΔG.Multiple regression analysis shows significant influence ofpotassium saturation percentage on KL; of potassium saturationand clay on Kx; of pH on K potential and of HNO 3 , NaHCO 3 andwater soluble K on Kx. The extractable forms of potassium givepredictability of quantity (KL, Ko, Kx) and intensity (A R K)parameters.196 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1992)

The quantity-intensity parameters of potassium and theirrelationship with available forms in the salt affected soils of aridRajasthan. Journal of Potassium Research. 8: 96-105The quantity-intensity parameters of potassium have been studiedin the salt affected soils of western Rajasthan. The curved Q/Irelationship through out the range of activity ratio indicated anumber of exchange sites. The ARok for these soils ranged between2-9 x 10 -3 (mol L -1 ) 1/2 . The ranges (me kg -1 ) observed were: 1.1-6.0for K L , 0.2-3.7 for Ko and 0.6-2.5 for Kx. The PBCk and K potentialvalues (me kg -1 ) (mol L -1 ) 1/2 showed wide variations of 62 to 725 and1.3 to 210, respectively. The PBCk was also positively related withthe H 2 SO 4 K and negatively with water soluble K. Among differentQ/I parameters better predictability was given for PBCk and Kpotential by the soil attributes and for PBCk by the available formsof K.197 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1993)Studies on potassium fixation and release in arid soils of Rajasthan.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 18: 191-199Studies on the potassium fixation and release in arid soils ofRajasthan revealed that all the dune-interdune and some sandyplain soils are characterised by K release. Soils having less than 5per cent clay exhibited K release. In different ranges of clay contentthe mean K fixation was in the order: less than 5% clay: 1.8 mg; 5 to10% clay : 14.5 mg 11 to 15% clay : 28.4 mg and 16 to 25% clay : 30.8mg 100g-1 soils. Irrespective of soil texture with increase in the Ksaturation per cent (KSP) decrease in K fixation was in the order: 0-1.5 KSP : 24.09 mg ; 1.6 to 6.0 KSP, 16.6 mg and 6.1 to 12 KSP : 9.28mg.198 Dutta, B.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1994 )Potassium status of the sandy plain soils of arid Rajasthan.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 19: 9-19The potassium status of sandy plain soils of the arid Rajasthan andrelationship of K with the soil parameters has been reported. Thesoils were adequate in respect of the available K status but whenviewed with KSP, 50% samples are likely to have inadequate Krelease. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the studied soilparameters accounted for 35.6 to 62.0 per cent variability in theavailable K status. Among different soil parameters only soil pH,CaCO 3 and KSP were related with some of the available forms of K.199 Gajbhiye, K.S. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1979)Study of water soluble boron in some rainfed soils of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 246-252

In forty two surface soil samples (0-20 cm) from rainfed areas ofnine locations of western Rajasthan, water soluble boron variedfrom 0.43 to 2.58 ppm (average 0.90 ppm). The content of watersoluble boron in soils of different locations was found to bemaximum in soils of followed by Pali, Sumerpur, Palsana, Luni andBikaner. It correlated significantly only with EC (sat) and silt plusclay (r=0.697) amongst the soil characteristics studied and hence itsfertility status may be predicted by the equation, Y=0.0982 + 0.2442X 1 +0.0353 x (R=0.823), where Y, X 1 and X 2 is boron, EC (sat) andsilt plus clay, respectively.200 Gupta, I.C. (1972)Note on the relationship between pH of saturated soil paste and 1:2soil water suspension. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 42:962-963Sixty soil samples containing Na 2 CO 3 as dominant salt and 29 soilswith NaCl as dominant salt were analysed for pH 2 and pHs. In bothsoils, pH 2 and pHs were positively and significantly correlated. ThepH 2 values were larger in Na 2 CO 3 than NaCl soils. It has beenconcluded that carbonate soils may be rated as `tending to becomealkali' if the pH 2 is between 8.5 and 9.5 and `alkali harmful for crop'if pH 2 is above 9.5 whereas in chloride soils the corresponding limitsshould be 8.5-9.0 and above 9.0, respectively.201 Gupta, I.C., Singhla, S.K. and Bhargava, G.P. (1974)Distribution of lithium in some salt-affected soil profiles. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 22: 88-89Distribution of lithium in four salt affected soil profiles has beenpresented alongwith depth, pH, EC e , and ESP. In general, salinesoil contained lithium more than 0.5 ppm and highest content oflithium was recorded as 2.5 ppm.202 Gupta, J.P. (1983)Some studies on hydrothermal regime and daytime heat fluxes in adesert sandy soil with and without vegetation. Archives forMeteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology Series B. 32: 99-107The studies conducted during 1977-78 showed higher moistureregime of a bare sandy soil of Jodhpur than the soil with vegetativecover. Mean maximum temperature of a bare soil at 5 cm depth, ingeneral, was 1 to 2° C higher than the soil with vegetative coverexcept during July when there was considerable fall in temperatureof a bare soil. Daytime soil temperatures at 5 cm depth duringsummer were higher than the lower depths leading thereby todownward movement of heat. In winter, however, the temperaturesof lower layers were higher facilitating the upward flow of heat and

the vapour flux. A high variability in heat fluxes with generallypositive daytime heat fluxes in summer and negative in winter wereobserved.203 Gupta, R.S. (1958)Investigation on the desert soils of Rajasthan - Fertility andminerological studies. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.6: 115-120Desert sands contain phosphates in fair amounts, but nitrogencontent is low. Salt content is not in toxic doses. All aeolian sandsare calcareous, but calcium content does not vary in any particulardirection. In stabilised sandy areas, leaching down of lime causeskanker pan formation in the sub-soil. Minerologically the aeoliandesert soil and sands from different localities are similar. In theheavy residue, hornblende predominates while in the lighter residuequartz predominates and next is feldspar, markly kaolinised. Originof these sands is likely to be similar and may perhaps be greatlymarine.204 Johri, S.N., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, V.C. (1978)Studies on the manganese status of some soils of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 133-135Significant positive correlation of easily reducible manganese withavailable and negative correlation with extractable and acid solublemanganese indicated that easily reducible and available forms weregoverned by the same sets of conditions whereas extractable andacid soluble forms were inversely related and were of more oxidisednature and less reactive.205 Joshi, D.C. (1981)A study on the nature and composition of humus in major soil ordersof Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 29: 25-29Eight profiles representing major soil orders in different agroclimaticregions of Rajasthan were studied for humus composition.Nature of humic and fulvic acids was characterised by opticaldensity ratios (E4/E6) and coagulation threshold values. Alfisols andMollisols were characterised by the preponderance of humic acidwhereas in Entisols and Vertisols, less of humic acid andsignificantly higher amounts of non-humic and fulvic acid fractionswere observed. Narrow E4 / E6 ratios and lower threshold values ofhumic acids of Entisols, Mollisols, Alfisols and Vertisols ofBanswara profile indicated their well condensed structure but widerE4/E6 ratio and higher coagulation threshold values of humic acid ofKota soil suggested their less condensed aliphatic structure. Fulvicacid of all the profiles studied had wider E4/E6 ratio and higher

coagulation threshold values. Thus, the studies suggest that thoughthere were differences in the composition of humus in different soils,the nature of humic and fulvic acids in these soils were not verymuch different except the humic acid of Kota and fulvic acid ofBanswara profile.206 Joshi, D.C. (1984)Relationship of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in majorsoils of Rajasthan and in their humus fractions. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 32: 35-38In eight major soil associations of Rajasthan and their humusfractions, the organic C:N:P:S ratio showed much variations. Ascompared with other soils, the ratios were rather narrow and thesoils appeared to contain higher proportion of phosphorus andsulphur in their organic component. The humic acid showedrelatively lower content of sulphur and phosphorus but in fulvic acidand humin their proportions were comparable with that of the soil.Wide variability in the C:N:P:S ratios of soil and humus fractionssuggests differential accumulation of sulphur and phosphoruscontaining organic compounds.207 Joshi, D.C. (1986)Potassium release behaviour in some arid soils. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 34: 56-63The effect of cyclical heating on the release of potassium in typicalarid soils and the influence of soil properties on it was studied. Theamount of potassium extractable in 1 N ammonium acetate and thatafter first heating was relatively higher in grey brown loam than inthe light loam and light brown sandy soils. On further heatingexcept in a few cases, there was not much difference in K release.Potassium released on first heat treatment was significantlyassociated with organic matter in all the three types of soils; withsubsequent heating in grey brown loam and brown light loam soils,weathered K bearing minerals in silt fraction and illitic nature ofclay minerals appeared to contribute for the release. Multipleregression of potassium release on some soil properties indicatedbetter predictability in grey brown loam and brown light loam thanin light brown sandy soils. The first two soils also contained more ofreserve and interlayered K than in brown sandy soils but there wasnot much difference in the amount of potassium resistant todepletion. Apart from clay, silt appeared as a major contributor forthe reserve and interlayer K in grey brown loam and brown lightloam but no such significant association could be identified in lightbrown sandy soils.

208 Joshi, D.C. (1986)Studies on the adsorption and availability of copper in some aridsoils. Plant and Soil. 94: 357-367Eight texturally different arid soils have been studied for theadsorption reactions of copper and thereby evaluated for theirquantity, intensity and supply parameters for the copper. In thesesoils with the addition of increasing amounts of copper there wasincrease in the equilibrium concentration, adsorption, per centsaturation of adsorption capacity and supply parameter of copper.However, negative relationship of differential buffering capacitywith quantity, intensity and supply parameters revealed that thesandy loam soils exhibited comparatively more resistance to changein the solution concentration of copper. Multiple regression analysisrevealed that in all soils quantity, intensity and differentialbuffering capacity were the sole parameters accounting for thesupply of the nutrient. Sandy loam soils having comparativelyhigher values for the adsorption maxima, bonding energy constantand differential buffering capacity of the soils required higher dosesof applied copper to change in the solution concentration than insandy soils.209 Joshi, D.C. (1990)Composition and nature of humus in typical aridisols of Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 93-97In arid soils bulk of the organic carbon was present in the non humicform. Organic carbon associated with humic and fulvic acids variedfrom 3.2 to 48.4 and 3.1 to 30 per cent respectively. With increase insilt + clay, mean values tended to increase slightly for humic anddecrease for fulvic acid associated carbon. The humic acids werecharacterised by well aromatised, condensed nuclei and their naturewas similar in different soils.210 Joshi, D.C. (1992)Relationship between the quantity and intensity parameters oflabile potassium in aridisols of Indian desert. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 40: 431-438Relationships between quantity and intensity parameters of labile Kin the aridisols of Indian desert have been studied. Coarse texturedsoils occurring on sand dune, interdune and sandy plain generallycontained low values of quantity parameters (K L , K X , K O ), potentialbuffering capacity and K-potential than the alluvium derivedmedium and fine textured soils. However, in these two soil groupsthere was no regular pattern in the intensity parameters, viz. AR O kand free energy of exchange (ΔG). Multiple and step down regression

analysis revealed (i) positive influence of silt and pH on labilepotassium and K adsorbed on nonspecific site; and (ii) negativeinfluence of silt on PBC K and positive on K-potential. Among thestudied soil attributes, most of the variation was accounted for (i) bysilt and pH on K L , K O and PBC K ; (ii) by silt and EC on K-potentialand (iii) by pH, EC and organic C on -ΔG. Relationship of AR O kpositive with K L , K X , K O and negative with -ΔG indicate that soilslow in K supply rate were associated.211 Joshi, D.C. (1993)Forms and immediate quantity intensity relationship of potassiumin salt affected soils of arid zone of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture.17: 19-29A comparison of the data on medium textured salt affected andassociated non-saline soils of arid Rajasthan showed that HCl-K wasslightly higher in the former than the latter whereas there was nodifference in the HNO 3 and NH 4 OAc soluble and fixed K content ofsalt affected and associated non saline soils. In both, salt affectedand associated non-saline soils, the CaCO 3 was related positivelywith HCl K (r=0.393, 0.819; P= 0.01) and negatively with HNO 3soluble (r= -0.615. -0.451) and fixed (r=-0.564, 0.469) forms ofpotassium. Compared to non-saline soils, the predictability of all theforms of K due to soil parameters was considerably reduced in thesalt affected soils. The graphical presentation of Q/I curves andvalues of quantity-intensity parameters for these two soil groupswere comparable indicating that despite high salinity, availability ofK was adequate to meet the crop requirement.212 Joshi, D.C. (1995)Adsorption and desorption of copper by calcareous arid soils. Annalsof Arid Zone. 34: 253-257The study on adsorption of copper by calcareous arid soils ofRajasthan, India, showed that with increasing additions of copperfrom 2 to 500 mg L -1 there was slight increase in the equilibriumconcentration values in Khajwan, Panchroli, Pali and Asop I andAsop II soils. The amount of copper adsorbed at 2 mg L -1 (0.01 to0.019 mg g -1 ) increased to 4.99 mg g -1 at 500 mg Cu L -1 addition.Adsorption of copper followed the Freundich's equation. The sameconcentration of desorbed copper (1.79 x 10-6 to 1.35 x 10-5 moles L -1) low concentration of desorbed copper (2.69 x 10-6 to 2.19 x 10-5moles L -1 ) at 500 mg Cu L -1 and the copper hydroxide potentialvalues in the range of 18.5 to 19.9 indicated precipitation of addedcopper rather than multilayer adsorption.213 Joshi, D.C. (1996)

Adsorption and desorption of zinc by calcareous aridisols. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 319-324Adsorption and desorption of zinc by calcareous soils of aridRajasthan were studied. Both the calcareous and non-calcareoussoils followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calcareoussoils had low adsorption maxima and high bonding energy constantsthan the non-calcareous soils. Addition of up to 1000 mg Zn g-1 soildid not significantly increase the per cent zinc saturation,differential buffering capacity and supply parameter values. Withfurther addition of Zn there was rapid rise in saturation. Incalcareous soils high per cent saturation , low buffering capacity andlow supply parameter values indicated that inspite of high zincapplication, availability of zinc was limited. Lower desorbed zinc incalcareous soils indicated strong affinity of zinc with CaCO 3 .However, the zinc potential (pZn+ pOH) values in the range of 17.7to 20.1 suggested that applied zinc could be retained by the soil asZn² + . Frequent application of Zn was necessary in calcareous soils tomaintain its availability to plants.214 Joshi, D.C. (1996)Status and availability of potassium in arid soils : state ofknowledge. Current Agriculture. 20: 33-42The review of research work on the status, fixation release andquantity-intensity parameters of potassium in arid soils ofRajasthan has been presented. Total K in different arid soils was innarrow range (0.54-1.57%) with slightly higher values in dune andinterdune soils. Of the total K, the HCl soluble K accounted for 7 to9 per cent in dune interdune and 10 to 18 per cent in medium/finetextured soils. The N HNO 3 soluble and fixed K were in slightlylower ranges than in other soils. The mean values of NH 4 OAc-Kwere much different in dune, interdune, sandy plain and themedium textured and salt affected soils. The dune/interdune soilsshowed negative K fixation where as in sandy plain and mediumtextured soils the values were higher. With increase in K saturationper cent there was decrease in K fixation capacity. The potassiumrelease increased with the soil texture getting finer. Apart from clay,silt appeared to contribute for K release in medium/fine texturedsoils. The ARoK values were slightly higher for medium/finetextured soils. The coarse textured dune, interdune and sandy plainsoils were generally low in labile K, K adsorbed on non-specific andspecific sites and buffering capacity than the medium textured soils.Higher intensity parameters were associated with higher quantityparameters and low energy of K removal.215 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)

Distribution of different forms of copper and zinc in the soils ofextremely arid part of western Rajasthan. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science 29: 379-381The soils of arid Rajasthan are being investigated for theirmicronutrient status. The present communication reports results inrespect of extremely arid tracts of Jaisalmer, Barmer and part ofJodhpur districts. Copper and zinc in the extracts were determinedwith the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The soilswere also analysed for CaCO 3 , organic carbon, particle sizedistribution, pH and salinity by following conventional methods.216 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1982)Distribution of different forms of manganese and iron in the soils ofextremely arid part of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21:1-8Total manganese and iron contents of the soils were slightly higherin south western sandy plain. Except the playa soils, whichcontained lower amounts of reducible and active manganese, all thesandy plain soils generally contained these forms of manganesecomparable to the adjoining arid zone soils but were quite low whencompared with the similar soils of Punjab and Haryana. Thesignificant correlation between forms of iron and with the soilparameters indicated that availability of these two nutrients wasnot governed by the similar soil characteristics.217 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)Available forms of manganese and iron in some arid soils and theirrelation with soil properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 7-14Available forms of manganese and iron in some arid soils of westernRajasthan have been determined and their contents related withpH, CaCO 3 , finer fraction(silt+clay) and organic carbon of the soils.The mean values of the exchangeable, reducible and DTPA solublemanganese decreased with increase in pH and CaCO 3 contents.Though with the increase in finer fraction and organic carboncontents the mean values of the available forms did not followsteady trend. The exchangeable and DTPA soluble iron content didnot appear dependent on pH, CaCO 3 , finer fraction and organiccarbon content and even very light dune sand contained higheramounts of available forms of iron. Among all the samples studied,only 15 per cent samples appeared deficient in manganese. Asregards iron, all the soils studied contained more than 2 ppmexchangeable and DTPA soluble iron and were sufficient inavailable forms.218 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)

Distribution of micronutrient forms along duny landscape. Annals ofArid Zone. 22: 135-141Different forms of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in duny landscape of tworainfall zones of Indian arid region have been reported. The duneand interdunal soils of higher rainfall zone contained more of HClsoluble Mn, Zn and Cu; free Fe and Mn; reducible and active Mnand DTPA-Mn than their counter parts in the low rainfall zone. Inboth the rainfall zones, interdunal soils contained higher amounts ofthese constituents. DTPA-Fe and Zn were more in the dune soils oflow rainfall zones and in both the rainfall zones interdunal soilscontained less amounts than the associated dunes. Most of thesesoils appeared well provided with the iron, copper and zinc butdeficient in manganese content.219 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1988)Contribution of micronutrient forms to their DTPA extractable poolin arid soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 64-70Contribution of forms of micronutrients to their DTPA extractablepool was variable in three textural groups of the soils examined. Incoarse, medium and fine textured soils, amongst themselves thevarious forms of Mn showed positive relationship and exchangeableMn appeared a significant contributor to the DTPA pool. DTPA-Fewas negatively influenced by the studied forms. Positive influence ofHCl-soluble and exchangeable Zn was evident in the mediumtextured soils. Significant and variable influence of HCl-soluble Cucould account for only 8 to 16% of the variations in DTPA pool.Considering different forms, variability in DTPA extractablefraction was much better explained for Mn in coarse and to someextent for Zn and Cu in medium and for Fe in fine textured soils.220 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1978)Studies on the fractionation of organic sulphur in some broad soilgroups of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 2: 79-82Fractionation of organic sulphur in typical nine profiles studied inarid and semi arid regions has been carried out. Most of the organicsulphur was associated with non humic fraction. Among the humicfractions higher amount of organic sulphur was associated withhumin followed by FA and HA. General decrease of HA-sulphur/FAsulphurratio with depth indicated that higher amount of FA bondedsulphur occurred in B horizon. Significant correlation of organicsulphur with all the humic fraction bonded sulphur and withorganic sulphur indicated that transformation among these formswere interrelated.221 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1979)

Chemical and potentiometric titrations for characterisation offunctional groups in humus fractions of some Rajasthan soils. TheAndhra Agriculture Journal. 26: 209-213Potentiometric and chemical titration techniques have been used forthe characterisation of functional groups in humic acids, fulvic acidsand humin of Rajasthan soils. Potentiometric titration curves weresigmoidal for humic acid, flat to linear for fulvic acid and almostlinear for humin. Humic acid showed two, fulvic acid two to threeand humin one inflexion points. First inflexion point correspondedwith the neutralisation of carboxylic and second and third inflexionwith phenolic groups.222 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1979)Studies on humus characterisation and distribution in particle sizeseparates in some typical soils of Rajasthan. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 27: 252-260Infra-red spectra of fluvic acid showed a very sharp peak at 1725cm-1 band indicating preponderance of carboxyl and carbonylgroups. The very sharp and steep curves at 1630 cm -1 band forhumic acid and humin indicated the presence of aromatic C=Cnucleus in these compounds. Differential thermo-gravimetry ofthese humus fractions showed three pyrolysis bands, relating tomain reactions governing pyrolysis. Absence of high temperaturepeaks in humic and fluvic acids in some soils suggested openness oftheir structure. The variation in the organic matter associated withparticle size fractions was in the order: clay (30 to 80%), silt (9 to82%) and sand (2 to 17%). In all soils, clay fraction accounted forbulk of organic matter with the exception of Ganganagar and Jaipursoils. In Banswara (black), Sirohi and Udaipur profiles, humic acidcarbon dominated the clays in all the horizons. In Kota, Banswara(red) and Chittorgarh profiles, carbon found with silt and clayaccounted for only small fraction of humus and most of it was eithernon-humic or in firm linkage with inorganic constituents. There wasno definite relation of humus fractions with sand and silt but claywas significantly related with organic carbon and humic acidcarbon.223 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1980)Physico-chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of humin of sometypical soil groups in Rajasthan. The Madras Agriculture Journal.67: 85-89Humin extracted from eight profiles representing typical soil groupsin Rajasthan was studied for elementary composition, functionalgroups, spectre under visible ranges and coagulation threshold

values. Variation in C, N and S contents and functional groups ofhumin of different soils were in ranges comparable with thosereported elsewhere. Variation in elemental composition of huminappeared to be related with the stage of humification. E4/E6 ratioand coagulation threshold values indicated that humin of Banswara(black) and Kota soils were similar in behaviour to humic acid.Humin of Jaipur, Ganganagar. Sirohi, Udaipur, Banswara (red) andChittor soils was characterised by wider E4/E6 ratio and highercoagulation threshold values indicating their resemblance to fulvicacid.224 Joshi, D.C. and Ghonsikar, C.P. (1981)Distribution of total and humus phosphorus in relation to some soilcharacteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 137-144Content and distribution of total phosphorus and different forms oforganic phosphorus have been studied in some typical soil profiles ofRajasthan. Most of the organic phosphorus was associated with nonhumicfraction followed by fulvic acid and humic acid. Humin didnot contain any phosphorus. Humic and fulvic acid boundphosphorus increased with organic carbon and clay + silt content ofthe soil but the relationship was not significant. Significantcorrelation between phosphorus associated with humic and fulvicacid and also between organic phosphorus and non-humicphosphorus fraction indicated association among some componentsof these fractions.225 Joshi, D.C. and Saxena, S.N. (1972)Distribution of organic phosphorus in humus fractions. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 20: 117-120Maximum organic phosphorus has been fractionated with nonhumusfraction, followed by ß-humus, fulvic acid, humic acid andhymatomelanic acid. Humins did not contain phosphorus.Phosphorus associated with humus fraction is not interrelatedexcept in case of fulvic acid and ß-humus which has significantnegative correlation.226 Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, B.K. (1986)Adsorption and desorption of zinc by some sandy soils of aridRajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 34: 257-263In zinc adsorption studies with six sandy soils of arid region ofRajasthan it was seen that with increasing additions of zinc therewas rise in equilibrium concentration, adsorption and per centsaturation of zinc, adsorption capacity and supply parameters whiledifferential buffering capacity decreased. The adsorption followedLangmuir isotherm; adsorption maxima and bonding energy

constants varied from 1.18 to 5.26 mg g -1 and 0.002 to 0.014 ppm -1 ,respectively. Little higher values of zinc hydroxide potentialsuggested that all these soils were under-saturated with respect toZn(OH) 2 and ZnCO 3 and Zn² + was held more strongly.227 Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, K.D. (1987)Characteristics of the short distance transported fluvial sedimentsin an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 55-66Characteristics of the short distance transported sediments in anarid environment have been studied. Sediment derived from thesandy plain, dune complex and rocky gravelly catchments containedmore clay and silt than the matrix soil. The sand fraction of thesesediments, dominated by poorly sorted finer grade, showed narrowersize range than the soil proper indicating restricted velocityfluctuation during sedimentation.228 Joshi, D.C., Choudhari, J.S. and Sharma, V.C. (1982)Infiltration characteristics of the arid zone soils. Indian Journal ofSoil Conservation. 10: 25-28The infiltration studies were carried out at 14 different locationsrepresenting very deep/sandy, deep medium-textured and shallowsoils underlain by rocks and pervious concretionary strata. Theinfiltration rate decreased in the order: very deep sandy (18-6cm/hr)> deep medium textured (10.8-1.25 cm/hr) > shallow soil (12to 0.8 cm/hr). Higher content of coarse sand in soils of Mathaniaseries (Balrava and Baori Khurd) and Dune series (Rampura) wereassociated with high infiltration rate whereas Chirai soils of Agolaicontaining more of fine sand was associated with relatively lowinfiltration rate. Similarly shallow soils underlain by concretionaryzone showed higher infiltration rate than those underlaid by therock.229 Joshi, D.C., Dhir, R.P. and Gupta, B.S. (1982)Distribution of different forms of copper and zinc in some soils ofarid Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 30:547-549In the present study, data on available copper and zinc in sometypical arid soils are reported and their relationship with the soilcharacteristics discussed.230 Joshi, D.C., Dhir, R.P. and Gupta, B.S. (1983)Influence of soil parameters on DTPA extractable micronutrients inarid soils. Plant and Soil. 72: 31-38

The influence of soil parameters on the DTPA extractablemicronutrients in texturally different soils appeared variable. In thethree types of soils. Among the different soil parameters negativedominating influence of CaCO 3 on the DTPA extractable iron and ofsoil pH on the DTPA extractable manganese indicated that soil pHand reduction-oxidation status exerts major influence on theiravailability. The DTPA extractable manganese was also influencedpositively in coarse textured soils by organic carbon and freemanganese and in fine textured soils by free iron. The DTPAextractable zinc content, in coarse and medium textured soils wasnegatively influenced respectively by free iron and pH. The DTPAextractable copper in coarse and medium textured soils appearedrelated with the organic carbon content. The predictabilities ofDTPA extractable iron, manganese and copper was much better inthe coarse textured soil (34, 66 and 37 per cent) whereas DTPAextractable zinc could be better predicted (26 per cent) only in thefine textured soils.231 Joshi, D.C., Gupta, B.S. and Dutta, B.K. (1982)Soil factors affecting forms of potassium and potassium fixation insome arid soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 199-205Mean values of HCl soluble, N HNO 3 soluble, fixed and availableforms in dune and interdunal sand, light brown sandy and brownlight loam soils were low than the grey brown soils. The potassiumfixation capacity of different soils decreased in the order: Greybrown loam > brown light loam > light brown sandy > dune andinterdunal sand. The dune and interdunal soils because of very lowclay content showed negative potassium fixation. The clay, silt andorganic carbon content of soils significantly affected the relationshipbetween fixed potassium and potassium fixation capacity. Differentsoil parameters accounted for 44.9, 49.6, 53.4 and 72.6 per centvariability in HCl soluble, N HNO 3 soluble, fixed and availablepotassium and potassium fixation capacity, respectively. Potassiumfixation capacity can be best predicted by the regression equationarrived at as it gives 72.6 per cent variability.232 Joshi, D.C., Johri, S.N. and Sharma, V.C. (1978)Studies on the forms of potassium and potassium fixing capacity insome arid soils of Jodhpur region. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 273-278Studies on the forms of potassium and potassium fixing capacityhave been carried out in nine profiles of arid region. HCl soluble,water soluble and exchangeable potassium were low and N HNO 3soluble and fixed potassium were in comparable amounts with thatin semi-arid and sub-humid soils. Significant correlation of organiccarbon, CaCO 3 , clay contents and CEC of soils with forms and fixing

capacity of soils indicated their impact on relative accumulation ofdifferent forms of potassium and their distribution in profiles.Potassium fixing capacity of arid soils ranged from 0.3 to 1.9 m eq100 gm -1 soils.233 Joshi, D.C., Sharma, B.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1983)Studies on the adsorption of Zn by fine textured alluvial soils of aridRajasthan. Clay Research. 2: 39-45Typical fine textured alluvial soils of arid Rajasthan wereequilibrated with Zn ranging in concentrations from 5 to 1000 ppmand the data were fitted to Langmuir adsorption equation. Widevariation in the amount of Zn adsorbed by different soils wasobserved at higher concentration. The adsorption maxima, varyingfrom 2.03 to 10.91 mg g -1 , had significant negative relationship withCaCO 3 and silt content. The bonding energy constant, ranging from0.004 to 0.085 ppm -1 , showed positive relationship with clay andCaCO 3 content. Highly significant positive correlation of ppm Znadded with equilibrium concentration, per cent saturation andsupply parameters of Zn and the significant negative correlationwith differential buffering capacity suggested that with increased Znapplication, quantity and intensity parameters increased in aridsoils and showed lesser resistance to change in the Zn concentration.234 Joshi, D.C., Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1988)Forms of iron and manganese and their availability in the saltaffectedsoils of the Guhiya catchment of the upper Luni basin ofRajasthan. Tropical Agriculture. 65: 41-48There was little difference in the HCl- soluble Fe and Mn and freeMn contents of the salt affected and normal soils of an arid region ofRajasthan, but in the highly saline surface horizons exchangeableand DTPA-soluble Fe and Mn were higher. Free Fe and forms of Mnshowed negative relationship with pH and CaCO 3 but norelationship with EC was observed. Despite high salinity, availableFe and Mn were adequate in the salt-affected soils except the Jelwaand Haryadhana soils. Free, reducible and active forms of Mn werelow in the highly saline and/or calcareous horizons of the saltaffectedsoils. Compared with normal soils, in salt-affected soilspredictability of different forms of these micronutrients was verymuch reduced. Thus salinity vitiated the interacting effects of soilparameters on the forms and availability of Fe and Mn.235 Joshi, D.C., Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1988)Influence of salinity and associated soil properties on status ofavailable Zn and Cu in salt-affected soils of Guhiya catchment

(Rajasthan). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 833-836Present study was taken up to evaluate the influence of soil salinityand other properties on the forms and availability of Zn and Cu inthe salt-affected soils of Guhiya catchment. The salt affected soilsand associated non-saline soils contained HCl soluble, exchangeableand DTPA extractable Zn as 31.9, 1.10, 1.10 and 33.4, 1.37, 0.90ppm, respectively. The corresponding contents of Cu were 5.3, 0.54,1.18 ppm, respectively. Soil texture., CaCO 3 and organic carbonaccounted for major part of variability but high EC/ESP appeared tovitiate different forms.236 Kaushalya, R., Joshi, D.C., Vats, P.C. and Gheesa Lal. (1990)Morphology and texture of shifting sand in western Rajasthan,India. The Indian Geographical Journal. 65: 26-39The morphology and texture of shifting sand in the western part ofRajasthan has been described here. While knob dunes predominatethe western side of the traverse between Jodhpur and Bikaner,barchan dunes are conspicuous by their presence in Bhaler-Chururegion. Longitudinal dunes which are almost stable are found in theBikaner-Pugal -Chattargarh area. With minimal shifting sand, sandveneer and deflated surface are significant features in the landscapebetween Kuchamman and Gotan. The prevailing unidirectionalwinds are responsible for these features which are slightly alteredby presence of vegetation and local wind patterns created by thetopography.237 Kalra, N.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1994)Spectral reflectance characteristics of salt-affected arid soils ofRajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 22:183-193The spectral reflectance characteristics of different types of naturaland anthropogenic salt-affected soils have been studied under fieldconditions. The spectral reflectance value for non-saline and alltypes of salt-affected soils was maximum in near infra-red region(800-1000 nm). The natural salt-affected soils having surface saltencrustation showed highest reflectance value followed by the sodicsoils (formed due to high residual sodium carbonate waterirrigation) natural saline soils and saline soils due to saline waterirrigation. Soil texture, pH, CaCO 3 and organic matter togetheraccounted for 29.6% variation in the maximum reflectancepercentage value out of which only pH accounted for more than half(14.2% variation).238 Kalra, N.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1996)

Potentiality of LANDSAT, SPOT and IRS satellite imagery, forrecognition of salt affected soils in Indian arid zone. InternationalJournal of Remote Sensing. 17: 3001-3014LANDSAT, SPOT and IRS data, black and white and false colourcomposite (FCC) imagery of the summer (April, May), rainfed cropseason (October) and winter irrigated crop season (January,February) of Indian arid zone were interpreted for recognition ofthree types of salt affected soils, viz. (1) natural salt affected; slight,moderate and severe, (2) saline soils due to saline water irrigation,(3) sodic soils due to high residual sodium carbonate (RSC) waterirrigation. These were field checked and supported by analyticaldata. The LANDSAT MSS band 4 could only provide the overallextent of salinity. The moderate and severe natural salt affectedsoils were identified by LANDSAT-MSS band 2, LANDSAT-MSSand TM, IRS LISS-I and LISS-II and SPOT HRV2 data for Apriland January. But the differentiation between the saline and sodicsoils was possible only by the use of multi-date imagery (Octoberand January) and the clue provided by the use of multi-date imagery(October and January) and by cropping pattern. The potentiality ofremote sensing data products for identification of the types anddegree of salt affected soils is discussed.239 Kolarkar, A.S. and Abichandani, C.T. (1967)Soil survey of Jalor development block-using aerial photointerpretationtechnique. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 220-227A reconnaissance survey was conducted in Jalor development block(Western Rajasthan)comprising an area of about 94.280 hectares.The survey was done with the use of aerial photo interpretationtechniques. Apart from dissected sand dunes and hilly terrain, 10different tentative soil series were mapped. The soils are brieflydescribed. The scale of the photographs was 1:40,000. A total of 9days actual field traverse was done and during the traverse, 45 soilprofiles and 51 auger bores were studied. Before finalisation of map3 days field work was carried out for field check of the interpolatedsoil boundaries with 21 check points. The interpretation andinterpolation were mainly based on the relationships checked in thefield between soils and the landscape elements and the latter stereoimages on aerial photos. The relationship of soils mapped and thelandscape elements with their photo-image characters has beenbrought out.240 Kolarkar, A.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)Observations on cropping pattern and crop performance in varioussoil taxonomic units in Jodhpur district (Western Rajasthan).Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 1-5

Observations on pattern and yield of crops in relation to soils in a300-400 mm rainfall zone shows that as a mono crop, pearl millet isdominant and does well on light to medium textured soils. Onlargely droughty dune sands the crop is grown more in mixture withmoth bean. On medium textured soils, besides pearl millet, sorghumand sesamum become increasingly prominent. On the heavytextured silty clay loam soils, large area is left fallow on whichwheat and barley are grown in rabi on conserved moisture. On lighttextured soils with hard pan, clusterbean is more popular. Thesaline-alkali lands are largely put to wheat farming with the use ofsaline ground waters. The results thus show that despite climaticrestraints, the soil conditions have appreciably affected the choiceand performance of crops.241 Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1970)Diagnosis of sodic conditions in saline - alkali soils of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 31-35An attempt has been made to find out the relationships between:(i) pH of soil and the ESP status (ii) SAR of soil paste extract andESP in the saline and alkali soils of western Rajasthan. Highlysignificant correlations exist between these characters and hencecould be used for rapid appraisal of ESP status in saline and sodicsoils. An adaptability of the equation given by U.S. Salinitylaboratory to find out ESP from SAR has also been considered.Depending on correlation coefficient and the coefficient ofdetermination pH:ESP relation stands first, equation given by U.S.Salinity laboratory second and SAR:ESP relation the third.242 Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1978)Soil survey of the area under dry land agriculture scheme inwestern Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 2: 15-22A detailed soil survey was carried out in 5 villages in Jodhpurdistrict, comprising total area of 21912 ha., where the work on dryland agriculture scheme is being implemented. The soil and landcapability groups were mapped using base maps of 1:6386. The soilcharacteristics are discussed and the information on land capabilityclassification and soil phases is provided with the area distributionand the map.243 Kolarkar, A.S., Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)Effect of July 1979 floods on soils of arid Rajasthan II. Availablemicronutrient status. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 163-167Analysis of sediment deposits ranging in thickness from 20 cm tomore than 100 cm due to July 1979 floods on irrigated andintensively managed agricultural lands along the Luni river and its

tributaries revealed that the available micronutrients, viz., Fe, Mn,Cu and Zn are half to the third of the composition of the original soilshowing thereby considerable depletion. The sediments are sandy innature. Finer the sand, higher the available micronutrients. Anumber of samples indicated values even below critical levels forcertain micronutrients in different sectors.244 Kolarkar, A.S., Dhir, R.P. and Singh, N. (1980)Characteristics and morphogenesis of salt-affected soils in southeasternarid Rajasthan. Photonirvachak. (Journal of the IndianSociety of Photo-interpretation and Remote Sensing) 8: 31-41Aerial photographs coupled with ground check and laboratoryanalysis have helped in mapping of four categories of salt affectedsoils located in the south-eastern tract of arid Rajasthan. Thecategories are (1) natural saline soils (2) relict saline soils(3) secondary salinised soils due to high water table and(4) secondary salinised soils due to highly saline water use forirrigation. Salinity in natural salt affected soils is mostly sodiumchloride followed by sodium-calcium chloride and sodium-chloridesulphatetype. The distribution of the natural salt affected soilsalong the natural drainage or inconspicuous depressional areassuggest that their occurrence is due to insufficient surface drainage.Further, the pattern of distribution indicates that the origin of saltis within the catchment itself. Deep ploughing and application oforganic material have reversed the upward flux of salts andimproved the soils. This phenomenon also seems to explain the largeoccurrence of soils of relict salinity.245 Kumar, V.R. (1962)Genesis of alluvial soils in arid and semi-arid tracts. The MadrasAgriculture Journal. 49: 71-76Genesis of arid and semi-arid soils from tracts of West UttarPradesh is reported. The clay minerals in these soil comprise amixture of Illite and montmorillonite. In the light soil fraction,quartz mica and feldspar constitute 98% of the minerals.Minerological analysis of fine and analysis indicate the origin ofthese alluvial soil from granite and genesis rocks and their furthertransportation by action of water to the plain.246 Lodha, B.K., Joshi, D.C. and Jain, S.V. (1982)Physiography and soil association in Rajasthan. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 30: 326-333Physiography and soil association relationship has been attemptedfor Rajasthan state. Physiographic regions are based on publishedliterature and supplementation by authors' own study. Dominant

ange and description of major soils are given. Study showed thatphysiographic regions together with source rock variability aresignificant factors in governing distribution of soils. Eastern plainderived from schists and gneisses are dominated by Haplustalfs.Chappan plain derived from schists and shales has Ustochrepts andChromusterts. Hadoti plateau formed from the alluvium of Deccanbasalts and Vindhyan shales has Chromusterts, Ustochrepts andUstifluvents. In western part parent material is important butclimate is the dominant factor in highly restricted profiledevelopment.247 Mathur, C.M., Moghe, V.B. and Talati, N.R. (1964)Distribution of boron in soils of western Rajasthan irrigated withhigh boron waters. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 12:319-324Total and available boron contents were much greater in irrigatedsoils than in unirrigated soils. In irrigated soils only the subsoilcontained more available B than the surface layer. Available B wassignificantly correlated with pH in irrigated soils. In both irrigatedand unirrigated tracts it was negatively correlated with finer soilfraction. Total B was significantly correlated with CaCO 3 only inunirrigated tracts; it was strongly correlated with content of finerfractions in both kinds of soils. No relationship was observedbetween available and total B.248 Megh Singh and Singh, K.S. (1981)Zinc and copper status of soils of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.20: 77-85The soils were in general alkaline in reaction and low to medium inorganic carbon. Total and available zinc contents of different soilgroups ranged from 34.8 to 79.6 and 0.34 to 1.50 ppm respectively.Sand dunes, non-calcic brown and recent alluvial soils were deficientin available zinc while the rest of the soils (except hilly and red loamwhich were in general sufficient) were in general marginal and cropsgrown on these soils are likely to respond to zinc fertilisation.Available zinc was negatively related with pH and CaCO 3 , andpositively related with organic carbon and silt + clay content while itshowed no relationship with total zinc content. Total and availablecopper content of soils varied from 17.2 to 62.8 and 0.23 to 0.84 ppmrespectively. Soil samples belonging to sierozem, sand dunes, recentalluvial, noncalcic brown and deep and medium black soils were ingeneral low in available copper and a response of crops to copperapplication is expected. Remaining soil groups were sufficiently wellsupplied with available copper. Available copper was negativelyrelated with pH and positively related with organic carbon and silt +

clay. No significant relationship was observed between availablecopper and CaCO 3 as well as total copper content of soil.249 Mehra, R.K. and Baser, B.L. (1982)Available micronutrients in sandy loam soils of Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 21: 141-144Soil samples representing sandy loam region of Rajasthan wereanalysed for the available content of micronutrient elements.Exchangeable manganese, reducible manganese, available copper,boron and iron were found to range between 0.05-18.4 ppm, 19.18-191.25 ppm, 0-30-1.54 ppm and 0.55-5.28 ppm, respectively. Effectof pH, calcium carbonate and organic matter content of soils on theavailability of these nutrients was also calculated statistically anddiscussed.250 Misra, D.K. and Bhatt, P.N. (1960)Soils of Rajasthan with special reference to arid tract. Soil andWater Conservation in India. 8: 33-38The soils of desert have been studied. Study of the estimate ofparticle size distribution in wind blown sand at different heightsfrom ground level, arrest the blowing and encroachment of sand,building up of moisture reserves in the soil, trial of dry farmingpractices, building up the fertility of the soils, use of special droughtresistant strains, develop special cropping practices like wind stripcropping and stubble mulching, special studies of soil moisture andcrop production, effect of wind breaks and shelter belts on cropproduction and soil fertility, studies on tillage implements and theireffect on soil and water conservation and special pot culture studieshave been made.251 Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1966)Status of boron in some arid soils of western Rajasthan. Soil Scienceand Plant Nutrition. 12: 95-98In typical soils of the arid tract of western Rajasthan, water-solubleB content was 0.89-10.24 ppm, averaging 3.22 ppm and total B was4.10-42.19 ppm, averaging 18.99 ppm. No significant correlation wasfound between these two forms of B. Available B was correlated withsoil pH. Total B (but not available B) was significantly correlatedwith the amount of CaCO 3 and finer soil fractions.252 Mondal, R.C. (1967)Review of work on trace elements in Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 6: 161-169

The study of trace elements in Rajasthan has not received muchattention so far. There is a great need for detailed study ofmicronutrients, interalia, demarcation of soil regions ofmicronutrient deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity for cultivatedplants, top feed and domestic animals. Establishment of criticallimits of micronutrient requirements of various crops underdifferent soil and environmental conditions. Effect of micronutrientson crops under fertilised condition. Seasonal trace element contentsof pasture grasses and top feeds and their influence on sheep andother animals. Factors affecting the trace elements availability ofsoil under prevailing conditions. Methods of transformation of nonavailablemicronutrients into available form and suppression oftoxic effect of micronutrients. It is felt that in future programme ofintensive agricultural production, these aspects of investigation, ifincluded, will be of great help in achieving the objectives.253 Murthy, K.N.K. (1984)Characterisation of infiltration in desert soils of western Rajasthan.Journal of the Institute of Engineers.. 64: 348-353Field infiltration data of 31 sites comprising 217 observations andlocated in different soil types of Sukri catchment in the Luni basinof western Rajasthan, are fitted into Philip's equation. A significantrelationship between S and A of Philip's equation is found(correlation coefficient = 0.95). Using similar media concept, theseparameters are scaled for all observations and the infiltrationphenomenon is characterised. Results indicated that S, A and I at t= 30 m are better approximated by log normal distribution. Theerror sum of squares from average and best curves suggest betterscaling with _ A. Infiltration data scaled by _opt show considerablereduction in the scatter of points around the average curve. Allscaling factors correlate fairly well _opt.254 Murthy, K.N.K., Gupta, B.S. and Issac, V.C. (1978)Interrelationship between rainfall-runoff of treated catchments inarid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 259-266This paper aims to explain the statistical verification of thedeveloped techniques to generate maximum surface water yieldfrom treated catchments under prevailing rainfall condition. Variousimpervious and water proofing surface covers were tested on acatchment model and their efficiency for generating more surfacerun-off worked out. The mathematical model developed establishes adynamic relationship between two major parameters of thehydrologic cycle viz., rainfall and run-off. The model also highlightsthe relative efficiency of different indigenous materials forharvesting maximum water on an economic basis. Regression

equations both linear and quadratic, for each treatment have beenworked out.255 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982)Occurrence of Azotobacter and nitrogen fixation in the desertic soils.Indian Journal of Microbiology. 22: 255-257Azotobacter population was recorded in all the desertic soils but inlow numbers. The population in these soils varied widely. Similartrend was observed with respect to N 2 fixing capacity (N 2 -aseactivity) of these soils. A positive significant correlation wasobtained between the organic matter content and N 2 -ase activity.The N 2 -ase activity of A. chroococcum in culture medium wasstimulated by the addition of small amount of soil. The stimulationvaried from one soil to another and was not related to the organicmatter content of the soil.256 Rao, A.V., Venkateswarlu, B. and Kaul, P. (1982)Isolation of a phosphate dissolving soil actinomycete. CurrentScience. 51: 1117-1118The present paper reports the isolation and characterisation of aphosphate solubilizing actinomycete from a desertic soil. Furtherphosphorus release as influenced by the period of incubation andtemperature is also investigated.257 Raychaudhuri, S.P. (1952)Desert soils and desert farming. Bulletin of the National Institute ofScience, India. 1: 266-268In India 4.4 million acres of land can be classed as desert soils. Thesoils are sandy and clay percentage is less at surface than in thesub-soil due to wind erosion and run-off. Some soils are also salineand alkaline. Two profiles one from Bikaner and other from Ajmerare described. The soils are classed as sierozen. Cultivation of thesesoils depends on moisture conservation by dry farming methods likebunding, preparatory tillage by ploughing, stirring the soil to absorband conserve rain water, use of seed drills, low seed rate,interculture, manuring with FYM and leguminous rotation.258 Roy, B.B. and Sen, A.K. (1968)Soil map of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 1-14On the basis of morphological descriptions of about 200 soil profilesand other soil data collected from various sources a soil map ofRajasthan state in the scale of 1:2 million has been cartographed.The map shows 13 soil associations. Delineation of the soilboundaries has been made by taking into account such soil forming

factors as the morphology of the landscape, vegetation, geology,drainage and climate, maps of which in the scale of 1:2 million wereprepared simultaneously. Description of the soil associations and oftheir typical soil profiles have been given.259 Sanghi, C.L., Lodha, B.K. and Jain, S.V. (1976)Morphology and soil fertility of western Rajasthan (Jodhpurdivision). Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 23-28Analysis of over 24 thousand soil samples from Jodhpur divisionarranged according to soil group are reported. The sandy soils(desert soil) are low in fertility whereas grey brown alluvial soilshave higher nutrient status. Brown soils of saline phase have moreproblems of salinity and alkalinity whereas desert soils, calcic brownand hilly soils least. Fertiliser recommendations according to soilgroups for major crops are indicated.260 Sangwan, P.S., Singh, K. and Sangwan, B.S. (1986)Micronutrient status of arid soils in relation to landforms. Annals ofArid Zone. 25: 333-335In the paper, available micronutrient contents of soil in relation tolandforms and some soil characteristics are reported for a part of theMahendragarh district of Haryana.261 Sankaran, V. (1980)On some algae from the desert soils of Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 19: 389-394The desert soil of Suratgarh, Rajasthan, contains algal forms, mostof which are potential soil aggregators and some of which arepotential nitrogen fixers. These algal forms are not merely primaryproducers in the desert, but they also possess potentialities for soilaggregation and N 2 fixation. They are capable of surviving,multiplication and reproduction under desert conditions. These algalforms, though presenting certain taxonomic problems, giveconsiderable scope for optimism in checking erosion and promotingnitrogen fertility in desert soils.262 Sarin, J.L. (1952)Salinity of Rajasthan desert. Bulletin of the National Institute ofScience, India. 1: 83-88The salinity of Rajasthan desert is widespread and extensive. Thecauses of its origin still remain to be explained. They are, however,closely correlated to natural factors which are responsible for theformation and expansion of the desert. Any attempt to arrest thespread of the desert must necessarily give proper consideration to

the conservation of its salinity since it forms a natural source ofgreat economic importance. In this paper attention is drawn to someof the problems that affect the preservation and proper utilisation ofsalinity to national advantage.263 Satyanarayan, Y. (1958)Water soluble boron in some desert soils of India. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 6: 223-226Sixteen soils from arid and semi-arid regions have been analysed.Water soluble boron in these soils varies from 2.6 to 12.2 ppm. andis comparable to that of other desert soils. There was no relationshipbetween water soluble boron and pH. It was however higher in soilswith high organic matter and high clay content. Soluble B tended todecrease with depth.264 Seth, S.P. and Mehta, K.N. (1963)Fertility survey and soil test summaries of some districts of aridregion of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 61-68Soil test summaries based on the analysis of about ten thousandsamples from nine districts of western Rajasthan in arid zone havebeen prepared. The fertility status of the soils of these districts havebeen discussed. Single value nutrient indices have also beencalculated for the purpose of comparing the fertility level of eachdistrict. On the basis of the soil test data, general fertiliserrecommendations for the principal crops of the region are also given.265 Sharma, B.K. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1983)Available major and micronutrients in arid soils of Jamnagardistrict of Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 1-5Jamnagar district of Gujarat state, receiving only 250 to 300 mmannual rainfall, falls in the arid climate region. Twenty sevencomposite soil samples were collected and analysed for major andmicronutrients from this area. These soils are poor in organiccarbon, fairly well supplied with available P 2 O 5 and very high inK 2 O. As regards available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, they are found to beadequately supplied and none of the samples is found deficient inany of these nutrients. Zn and Cu are found to be significant andpositively correlated with organic carbon content. Zn is also found tobe positively correlated with CaCO 3 , while Mn is negativelycorrelated with it.266 Sharma, B.K., Dhir, R.P. and Joshi, D.C. (1985)Available micronutrient status of some soils of arid zone. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 50-55

Four hundred and sixty samples from 16 soil series in the centralpart of Rajasthan arid zone were analysed for availablemicronutrient contents using DTPA as extractant. Inter-seriesvariation was generally larger than the intra-series one, indicatingthereby not only the specificity of individual series but also theimprovement that can be brought out in using soil series assampling base. Available Fe and Zn were not found to be correlatedwith any of the soil properties studied, but Mn and Cu variedpositively with clay, silt and organic carbon content. Unusual valuesassociated with some of the soil series could be due to the source ofsediments constituting the parent material.267 Sharma, B.K., Raikhy, N.P., Gupta, B.S. and Joshi, D.C. (1984)Influence of landscape soil relationship on the forms of manganeseand iron in arid soils of Rajasthan. Tropical Agriculture. 61: 221-226Forms of Mn and Fe were studied in different physiographicallylocated soils in an arid region of India (Rajasthan). The soil contentof various forms of Mn and Fe soluble in HCl and DTPA were higherin the soils of the alluvial plain of mid-west India followed by theGaggar plain, a plain of interior drainage and a sandy arid plain. Insoil profiles of the Gaggar Plain and the alluvial plain of the midwest,there was a slight increase in total, HCl-soluble and reducibleforms of Mn with depth, whereas in other soil profiles all the formsof Mn and Fe showed either uniform or irregular patterns ofdistribution. All the soil parameters together accounted for 74-97%and 47-98% of the variation in different forms of Mn and Fe,respectively. Clay, silt and organic C appeared to be the mosteffective soil parameters influencing the distribution of differentforms of Mn and Fe.268 Sharma, D.L., Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1968)Salinity and alkalinity problems and fertility status of soils of Palidistrict (Rajasthan). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.16: 263-269Morphological characteristics (colour, texture, structure, consistenceand drainage) of saline alkali soils and chemical profile data aregiven in tables. High water tables and saline underground waters incanal-and-well-irrigated areas, respectively, which led to the salinityproblem are discussed. The nutrient status and possibility ofreclamation of these soils are briefly dealt with.269 Singh, C.J., Singh, C.B. and Chaudhary, M.R. (1995)Physical characterisation of the rainfed aridisols of Punjab. Annalsof Arid Zone. 34: 21-26

Three profiles, representing two soil series of south west Punjab,were studied to identify physical constraints affecting cropproduction and to determine water storage. Soil texture ranged fromloamy sand in Jassi Pauwali to sandy loam in Jodhpur Ramana I &II. None of these profiles showed physical constraints to rootpenetration. Final infiltration rate and field capacity of the profilesvaried from 0.26 cm min -1 and 0.068 kg water kg -1 soil (0-180 cmdepth) in Jassi Pauwali, and 0.5 cm min -1 and 0.081 kg water kg -1soil (0-180 cm depth) in Jodhpur Ramana series.270 Singh, N. and Kolarkar, A .S. (1983)Some physico-chemical properties of soils of “Khadin” in westernRajasthan. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 11: 5-11“Khadin” is an age old practice of land use in arid parts of India. Itis a system which involves water harvesting from the shallow, rockysurfaces; collection of it on the nearby low lying farm lands duringmonsoon period and subsequently taking crops like wheat, gram etc.during winter. In the arid region characterised by scanty and erraticrainfall, particularly in Jaisalmer district, this system has proved tobe the most useful now for ages without causing any seriousdeterioration to the crop lands. It is a land use system whichensures some crop yield even in years of low and erratic monsoonrains. Soils from a number of Khadins have been examined and arereported their physico-chemical properties in details.271 Singh, N. , Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1992)Identification and mapping of saline-alkali wastelands in Jodhpurdistrict, western Rajasthan using remote sensing techniques.Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 247-254Application of remote sensing techniques in conjunction with groundtruth for the identification, classification and mapping of naturaland man-induced saline-alkali wastelands and their genesis andalso morphological and physico-chemical characteristics of soilsoccurring under different geomorphic settings in Jodhpur district ofwestern Rajasthan has been discussed in this paper. Thesewastelands appear in whitish grey to yellowish grey, whitish grey todull red and milky white to dull white and light blue tones onLANDSAT TM false colour composites whereas on LANDSAT blackand white products, they exhibit white to grey and dark grey tone.The genesis of natural saline-alkali wasteland is associated with thesaline depressions, natural drainage channels and low lying areasand the man induced wastelands associated with older and youngeralluvial plains and buried pediment had resulted due to the use ofcanal and saline ground water for irrigation and rise of groundwater table.

272 Somani, L.L. and Saxena, S.N. (1974)Studies on organic phosphorus compounds in some soils ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 202-207The nature of organic phosphorus compounds in some soils ofRajasthan was determined. The nucleic acid content represented byhydrolyzable phosphates ranges from 1.8 to 97.2 ppm (12.21 to 65.14%) and inositol phosphates i.e. unhydrolyzable fraction ranges from7.2 to 84.0 ppm (16.5 to 54.5 %). Ratios of organic carbon to organicphosphorus have been found to be narrow, indicating a high Pmineralization potential. Significant correlations have been reportedbetween organic C, total N, organic P, available P and hydrolyzableorganic P.273 Talati, N.R. and Agarwal, S.K. (1974 )Distribution of various forms of boron in north-west Rajasthan soil.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 22: 262-268Available and soluble (sat. extract) boron varied from 0.11 to 3.87and traces to 4.75 ppm, respectively. Total boron ranged from 2.75to 53.12 ppm with an average of 22.27 ppm in surface soil. Normalsoil contained the highest total boron (34.69 ppm) and desert soilscontained the least (2.75 ppm). CaCO 3 gave significant negativecorrelation with total boron while available B gave significantpositive correlation with pH, EC and finer fractions of soils.274 Talati, N.R., Dongne, R.S. and Mathur, S.K. (1979 )Studies on flood plain desert soils of north-west Rajasthan.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 22-29The floodplain desert soils of N.W. Rajasthan are highly stratified,with texture ranging from sand to clay, with light to mediumtextured soils occurring in 80 per cent of profiles sampled. Waterinfiltration rate in the fine textured soils varied from 0.02 to 0.10 cmhr -1 . Salinity and alkalinity were highly variable: 64 per cent ofprofiles were moderate to highly saline, and 57 per cent weremoderate to highly sodic. Application of FYM, gypsum and CaCl 2increased water infiltration rate and reduced EC, ESP and bulkdensity of these soils.275 Talati, N.R., Mathur, G.S. and Atri, S.C. (1975)Characterisation of alkali hazard in floodplain soils of Rajasthancanal area. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 23: 410-415Form of sodium not readily soluble in water and exchangeable wasevaluated in medium and fine textured floodplain soils of Rajasthancanal area. The correction for this form of sodium, besides negative

adsorption gave good agreement between ESP and SAR values.While classifying alkali hazard of floodplain soils of Rajasthan canalarea, non-exchangeable form of sodium should also be considered.276 Tamhane, R.V., Subbiah, B.V. and Seth, S.P. (1959)Soil fertility survey and soil test summaries of some communityproject areas in India - Indian arid and semi arid zones. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 7: 239-247The community project area of Ajmer (Rajasthan), Vivapur(Bombay), Alipur (Delhi), Bhadson (Punjab), Nilokheri (Punjab),Sumerpur (Rajasthan), Junagarh (Bombay) and Nawaspahar(Punjab) of arid and semi-arid region of India have been discussed indetail with respect to geology, soil characteristics, pH, TSS,available N, P and K and organic carbon.277 Tamhane, V.A. (1952)Soils of Rajputana and Sind deserts. Bulletin of National Institute ofScience, India. 1: 254-289Soils of Sind are formed from deposits of river Indus. Due to hotclimate and low rainfall, salts deposit in the soil mostly sodiumchloride, sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate. Due tointroduction of irrigation, it has been possible to reclaim these soilsand grow good crops. Rajputana soils lying in the North West ofAravalli range are sandy, ill watered and unproductive. Periodicwinds drift large quantities of sand affecting the productivity of theland. Region lying to the S.E. of Aravalli range is fertile containingvariety of soils. viz. sandy loam, clay loam and clay.278 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1981)Distribution of micro-organisms in stabilised and unstabilised sanddunes of the Indian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 203-207Water ResourcesThe distribution of micro-organisms in stabilised and unstabilisedsand dunes has been studied at three sites in the Indian desert. Thepopulations of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter andnitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) were low, as in other deserts,but the percentage of actinomycetes was higher than that of fungi.Stabilisation of dunes led to approximately a 200-fold increase in themicrobiological populations. The population of actinomycetesdecreased with depth after 30 cm, while bacteria and fungi generallydeclined with increasing depth from the soil surface. Azotobacterand nitrifying bacteria in stabilised dunes were higher than inunstabilised dunes.

279 Bhandari, L.M., Bhargava, T.N., Purohit, A.D. and Gupta, I.C.(1970)Potability classification of ground waters in arid zone of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 221-228About 900 samples of ground waters from the four districts ofJodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Bikaner, falling in the arid-zone ofwestern Rajasthan, have been classified in five classes on the basisof total dissolved solids, chlorides, total hardness and sulphates, andin three classes with respect to pH, Class I (good) and II(satisfactory) waters, confirm to permissive and excessive limits asper international standards devised by World Health Organisation.Class III (less satisfactory) type of waters are generally used in thisregion for drinking purposes satisfactorily due to scarcity of good tosatisfactory potable water as far as total dissolved solids, chloridesand total hardness are concerned. Class IV (unsatisfactory) watersare also found to be in very rare use for drinking purposes in thisregion but their utilisation is doubtful as far as health hazard isconcerned. Class V (unpotable) waters require definite improvementin their quality.280 Bhandari, L.M., Purohit, A.D., Jodha, H.R. and Gupta, I.C.(1971)Classification of ground waters for irrigation in arid zone of westernRajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 1-4About 700 representative ground waters from three districts ofBarmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner falling in lowest rainfall zone of150-350 cm, have been classified in seven classes with respect toelectrical conductivity and three subclasses on the basis of divalentcations percentage. Suitability of the ground waters has beenassessed for growing salt resistant crops like Kharchi wheat andbarley on the desert soils and an appraisal has also been made ofthe waters which may be used successfully to reclaim sodic soils ofthe region.281 Chandrasekharan, H. (1983)A resistivity investigation on archean metamorphics for groundwater in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 351-357Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys conducted at shortintervals on a metamorphic region in western Rajasthan arepresented. Results obtained are analysed both qualitatively andquantitatively in the light of available geological and hydrologicalinformation in order to locate ground water potential zones.Different aquifer and their nature are associated with clays and silt.

A concealed ridge has also been located in one of the two sectionsinvestigated.282 Chandrasekharan, H. (1984)Geo-electrical investigations-an assessment of groundwaterpotential zones in Bandi catchment (Upper Luni basin), westernRajasthan. Transactions of Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9:46-53Geo-electrical investigations were conducted in Bandi catchment, asub-catchment of Luni basin, W. Rajasthan. Based on resistivitydata, in situ conductivity measurements of adjoining wells andprevailing hydrogeological features, an overall picture of the existinggroundwater potential zones and ground water conditions have beenmade. Resistivity data have been compared with available boreholelithological data. Also, an attempt has been made to delineate theground water zones favourable for domestic and irrigation purposes.283 Chandrasekharan, H. and Ramaniah, D.V. (1984)Geo-electrical investigations for ground water in a catchment of aridwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 275-283Utility of electrical resistivity measurements at short intervals indemarcating potable and saline ground water potential zones hasbeen discussed. Based on resistivity data, four distinct types ofzones have been demarcated in the Guhiya catchment. Resistivitydata have also been compared with data on borehole lithology andother hydro-geological parameters.284 Chatterji, P.C. and Gupta, R.K. (1969)Geo-botanical studies in geo-hydrological surveys in the arid zone ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 246-250Occurrence of Euphorbia cauducifolia on the volcanic hills andAcacia senegal - Anogeisus pendula community on the granite hillsindicate ground water up to 18 m with salt content of the order of1500-10,000 ppm and 12-24 m with 500-1000 ppm salt, respectively.Similarly different plant communities in natural conditions wereused as indicator of water at different depths and its quality.285 Chatterji, P.C. and Mondal, R.C. (1964)Quality of ground water for irrigation in Siwana development blockregion (Barmer district), western Rajasthan Annals of Arid Zone. 3:99-108Ground water exploration zones of the Siwana development block, asemi-arid tract of western Rajasthan, have been classified as overexploited.Classification of ground water given in revenue records is

ased on the oral taste which does not agree with the classificationbased on the chemical analysis of the water except in extreme classof salinity. Two additional classes of ground water, have beenproposed. Nearly 75 per cent of the total area of ground waterexploitation zones have Class II to Class IV types of ground water.Ground water up to class IV is considered suitable for irrigation butin Siwana Class V and Class VI type waters are regularly used forirrigation. For proper assessment of ground water quality sodiumabsorption ratios should also be considered in addition to totaldissolved salts.286 Chatterji, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980)A proposed photo-hydrogeomorphic technique as an aid for fasterexploration of ground water potential areas in the Indian arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 58-64Major portion of western Rajasthan is covered with a blanket ofsandy alluvium. As a result studies of hydrogeological features areobscured. Though, it is possible to study these formations with thehelp of geophysical methods but these are time consuming andcostly. Systematic hydrological investigations have indicated thatthe development of potential aquifers in this area are directlyrelated to the geomorphic features. Hence, mapping and analysis ofgeomorphic characteristics in relation to groundwater condition byemploying photo-hydrogeomorphic technique would prove to bemuch faster and economical in broadly delineating the potentialaquifers. This would provide a sound basis for faster geophysicalsurvey which would also reduce the cost of exploration. Moreover,such mapping also helps in assessing the surface water potentialsareas either to augment the ground water potential or to adoptconjunctive utilisation of resources.287 Chatterji, P.C. and Singh, S. (1980)Geomorphological studies for exploration of ground water inRajasthan desert. Proceedings of the Indian National ScienceAcademy. 46: 509-518In this article, the significance of geomorphology in location andexploration of the ground water potential zones in the Rajasthandesert has been discussed. The ground water zones i.e., aquifersoccurring under different geomorphological settings, have beenclassified into two major groups viz., (i) shallow aquifers and (ii)deep aquifers. The deep aquifers have been further divided into twosubgroups (a) moderately deep aquifers and (b) very deep aquifers.The shallow aquifers have developed in the younger alluvial plains,along the buried courses of the drainage channels and intermontanebasins. Moderately deep aquifers mostly occur under rocky/ gravelly

and buried pediments. The dominant geomorphic factors which havefavoured the development of the potential aquifers under thesegeomorphological settings are : type and extent of drainage pattern,thickness of alluvial and aeolian materials, presence and extent ofstructurally weak zone, and presence or absence of concealedstructure. These geomorphic features also control the subsurfaceflow direction, geochemical zonation and gradient of the acquifers.Very deep aquifers have been encountered under the coarse grained,gritty and friable sandstone formations. These aquifers are notcontrolled by geomorphic features but have either fossil waters ortheir sources of recharge are far away.288 Chatterji, P.C., Gupta, B.S. and Taimni, V. (1984)Use of discriminant technique to classify ground water fromdifferent aquifers- a case study of Nagaur district. Annals of AridZone. 23: 263-267An attempt has been made to use Fisher's linear discriminantfunction to differentiate between aquifer types and betweenindividual aquifers of the same type under different physiographicsettings. The principal ionic composition of ground water fromdifferent aquifer types was subjected to the analysis. Fisher's lineardiscriminant function was found significant at 1 per cent probabilitylevel. Mahalanobis-D² technique was applied to study the relativecontribution of each characteristic in discriminating between twoaquifers.289 Chatterji, P.C., Saxena, R.K. and Sharma, M.L. (1968)Hydro-geology of Quaternary formation from river Luni and itstributaries catchment. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 31-48In this region Quaternaries are the main water potentialformations. Of this the most widespread formation is blown sand.The static water level is more shallow in the younger alluvium,which is followed by older alluvium and blown sand. In general theeffective depth range for all these formations is within 3 to 18 mexcept for blown sand which has the effective depth range from 30 to80 m in the western and south-western portion of the region.Younger alluvium has the maximum number of wells with fair togood discharge potential i.e. the discharge potential above 5.1 p.sand can stand mechanisation for irrigation, followed by olderalluvium and blown sand. Water having total soluble salt contentsup to 7000 ppm is associated equally with blown sand and youngeralluvium and in little more proportion in older alluvium. Averagesodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate and carbonatecontents are the least in the Older alluvium and potassium andbicarbonate in younger alluvium.

290 Chatterji, P.C., Singh, S. and Qureshi, Z.H. (1978)Hydro-geomorphology of the central Luni basin, western Rajasthan(India). Geoforum. 9: 211-224This paper examines the interrelationships and interactions of thegeomorphic features and the various hydrological parameters whichcontrol the development of water potential zones in the central Lunibasin. Aerial photo-interpretation techniques were used to delineatethe boundaries of geomorphological features, and facilitated theidentification of twelve types of aquifers in eight geomorphologicalsettings. The water potentials of these aquifers have been evaluatedby taking into consideration nine important hydrological parameterswhich together govern water quality and yield. This investigationhas revealed that the development of zones of ground waterpotential is principally governed by the geomorphic characteristicsof the terrain, which in turn is controlled by lithological variability,geological structure, drainage pattern, climatic characteristics, etc.The relevance of geomorphic characteristics has been evaluated byweight point analysis. Based on these findings, it is suggested thatdetailed studies of geomorphic features are of paramountsignificance for the rapid delineation of possible ground-waterpotential zones in arid and semi-arid regions.291 Chatterji, P.C., Vangani, N.S. and Sharma, M.L. (1985)Unmanaged drinking water sources in arid areas of Rajasthan : Acase study of Nagaur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 47-55The study on the quality of drinking water in Nagaur districtrevealed several types of water-borne diseases viz., stomachdisorder, deformation of bones, guinea-worm infestation and otherinfectious diseases especially in the villages using tank water.Deformation of bones and stomach disorders were more common inthe villages mostly dependent on ground water. The ground waterwas also found to have high total soluble salts, sulphate, nitrate,chloride and fluoride contents. It emerges from this case study thata major percentage of the inhabitants do not receive potable andsafe drinking water. Hence, some measures to overcome thesehealth problems associated with drinking water sources have beensuggested.292 Chaudhari, J.C., Sen, N.K. and Bhargava, T.N. (1966)Chemical analysis of brines from salt lakes of Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 5: 248-254Sambhar brine is more alkaline than any of the other brines andthat none of the brines show any presence of iron. Didwana brinehas the highest percentage of dissolved materials (37.11%) and

Phalodi has the minimum. Chlorides (Cl) and sulphates (SO 4 ) arethe highest for Didwana. Cl is minimum in Sambhar and SO 4 isminimum in Phalodi. Sambhar brine is rich in carbonate andbicarbonate. Bicarbonate is minimum in Phalodi. NeitherPachbhadra nor Phalodi brines contain any carbonate. All the brinescontain nitrite, nitrate and boron. Nitrite and nitrate are high inPachbhadra brine. Boron content is highest in Didwana brine.Calcium and magnesium are completely absent in Sambhar brine.Each of the Didwana, Pachbhadra and Phalodi brines contains bothcalcium and magnesium salts. Phalodi is richest in calcium, havingan average value of 0.095% and Pachbhadra is richest inmagnesium having an average value of 1.22%. All the brines containpotassium. Pachbhadra shows the highest percentage. Sambhargives 0.046% while Didwana and Phalodi gives 0.058% and 0.094%respectively. Didwana and Pachbhadra brines contain traces ofammonium salts.293 Choudhari, J.S., Sharma, K.D. and Vangani, N.S. (1984)Suspended material and solute concentration in flash flood waters ofLuni river and its tributaries. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 55-62Suspended material and chemical composition of the flood waters ofthe Luni river and its tributaries draining an area of about 34,866km² in arid parts of western Rajasthan reveals that, suspendedsediments were two to three times higher during flood than duringlow flows. Solute concentration shows reverse trend because ofdilution, to that of suspended sediment. Lithology of the areacontrols sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrationsduring flows.294 Darra, B.L. and Mehta, K.M. (1963)Inter-relationship between electrical conductivity and total solublesalts of the underground and irrigation waters in Rajasthan.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 11: 287-292Relationships between EC and total soluble salts in ppm, me l -1 andpercentage for four salinity groups of USSL are given on the basis ofdata on 70 water samples. The conversion factors for converting EC(mmhos cm -1 ) in TSS (per cent) were found as 0.6680, 0.6699, 0.7220and 0.7224 for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 waters respectively; the factors forconversion of EC in TSC (me l -1 ) were 9.40, 9.50, 11.06 and 10.45.295 Darra, B.L., Mehta, K.M. and Pareek, B.L. (1964)Quality of irrigation waters in Rajasthan. Journal of the IndianSociety of the Soil Science. 12: 121-130The quality of 599 well waters from all parts of the State wasdetermined. Canal waters are of good quality. In general, the waters

of Rajasthan can be classified as saline-alkaline. The nature of wellwaters is also found to vary from one soil region to another and it isnot possible to correlate water quality with soil type on region basis.296 Dhir, R.P. and Bhatia, O.P. (1975)Use of saline water in agriculture. I. Description of the system.Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 206-211Saline to highly saline sodic underground waters consideredunsuitable for irrigation according to all available water qualityclassifications, are in use in western Rajasthan. Use of saline tohighly saline and high sodium hazard waters is in vogue for manydecades. The soils commanded with these waters range widely intheir texture and most of them have loam to clayey textures, with60-90 cm as the common depth. Lands irrigated with waters below5.0 mmhos are generally double cropped whereas those with highersalinity are used in rotation with a fallow period of varying durationbut extended mostly to 18 months in between for naturalamelioration. Wheat variety "kharchia" is most common followed bybarley. With waters below 5.0 mmhos raya, jowar and maize arealso grown.297 Dhir, R.P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Bhola, S.N. (1976)Rapid estimation of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium insaline underground waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Indian Journal of Technology. 14: 198-200The wavelengths 3302 Å, 4227 Å and 2025 Å are recommended forthe estimation of sodium, calcium and magnesium in salineunderground waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Themaximum error in sodium estimation using the line 3302 Å is 4% inthe working range 50-400 ppm Na, but the choice of this lineobviates the need for heavy dilution and permits determination ofother major cations in one dilution. For the estimation of calciumand magnesium, it is necessary to add strontium chloride to aconcentration of 1500 ppm so as to suppress the interference due tovarious cations and anions. For estimating sodium, calcium andmagnesium in one single dilution, the extent of dilutionrecommended is 5, 10 and 25 times for water samples of 5000, 9000and >9000 μmhos electrical conductivity respectively.298 Dhruvanarayana, V.V. (1965)Water potential studies of Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 99-105Ground water investigations and its mapping and stream gauginghave, therefore, been taken up by the Central Arid Zone ResearchInstitute in detail. With the accumulation of scientific knowledge

oth in respect of surface and ground water it will be possible towork out ways and means of their economic utilisation.299 Dubey, D.D., Sharma, O.P. and Khan, S.M. (1985)Release of non-exchangeable sodium from saline water irrigatedvertic ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33:297-303Soil irrigated with different SAR waters were repeatedly extractedwith normal potassium and magnesium acetate (KOAc and MgOAc)to find the release of non-exchangeable sodium and changes in itscationic bond in energy during leaching. The release of Na decreasedrapidly with progressive extraction. KOAc extracted more sodiumthan MgOAc but the differences were small to detect significantamounts of non exchangeable Na and zeolite. Quasi-crystalformation and differences in hydration state seemed to cause partialimmobilisation of sodium in case of MgOAc extraction. The CEC ofK-saturated soil was lightly higher than the Mg-saturated one. TheESP determined by using these values differed slightly butcorrelated significantly with the routine method. Sodium was looselybound with the clay in soils irrigated with waters having SAR of 19and more. The binding of sodium increased with repeatedextractions. Reclamation of soils irrigated with high SAR watershould require more amendment.300 Gajbhiye, K.S., Kolarkar, A.S. and Bhatia, O.P. (1973)Quality of ground waters in Bikaner district of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 65-70Waters are mostly saline to highly saline in nature with EC in therange of 533 to 21500 mmhos cm -1 . They have generally a markedconcentration of chloride, chiefly of sodium. In general, in waters ofsalinity below 2250 mmhos cm -1 , calcium is more than magnesiumwhereas reverse is generally the case in very high saline waters.The value of SAR ranges from 0.64 to 56.11 and 33.58 per cent ofwaters fall under high to very high SAR classes. The content ofboron is not an any acute problem and its distribution issignificantly correlated with EC and SAR.301 Gopal, R., Ghosh, P.K. and Madan, N.K. (1988)Estimation of fluoride and nitrate in ground waters of arid regionsof Rajasthan using ion selective electrodes. Annals of Arid Zone. 27:241-245Standard spectrophotometric methods are ineffective for theestimation of fluoride and nitrate in polluted/coloured samples ofwaters. For such waters, the method using ion-selective electrodes is

more reliable, simple and rapid. Ground-waters of arid westernRajasthan containing high concentrations of chlorides, bicarbonates,sulphates and other dissolved salts were analysed for fluoride andnitrate contents by this method. In high fluoride waters, thereexisted positive linear relationship between F and HCO 3 andnegative relationship between F and (Ca² + + Mg² + ). Concentration ofMg² + was generally higher than that of Ca² + in high fluoride waters.302 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Bhati, O.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1984)Quality of ground waters of Jodhpur in relation to possible healthhazards. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 149-155Physico-chemical analyses of about 150 water samples indicate thatonly 4% waters conform to drinking water standards of WHO andICMR, i.e., these water samples contain less than 500 mg l -1 of totaldissolved solids. The hand pump waters are mostly saline andcontain health affecting ions like fluoride and nitrates. Traceelements (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) have also been found in a few watersamples. Considering 1.5 ppm as the maximum permissible limit,about 55% of the water samples are fit for consumption, while 48%of the samples are potable keeping in view the 50 ppm NO 3 limit ofWHO and ICMR. Measures for improving the quality of water havebeen discussed in brief.303 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Ghosh, P.K. and Rai, S. (1983)Fluoride and nitrate levels in ground waters of arid districts ofRajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 87-93Fluoride and nitrate toxicity has been studied in 760 ground watersamples of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. Water resources mapshowing distribution of fluoride and nitrate in waters of these ariddistricts has also been presented. As per drinking water standardsof WHO fluoride and nitrate toxicity is present in 55% and 37%waters, respectively. Based on our earlier studies the maximumallowable concentration of total dissolved solids up to 2000 ppm,fluoride up to 2 ppm and NO3 up to 100 ppm have beenrecommended for potable waters in desert areas of Rajasthan.304 Gopal, R., Bhargava, T.N., Bhati, O.P., Tak, T.C., Ghosh, P.K.,Rai, S. and Bhutra, M.K. (1980)Salinity and toxicity of brackish waters of arid zones of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 249-250None of the water samples analysed is contaminated with As, Ba,Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, Ag and CN but fluoride and nitrate contents arepresented in all the samples. About 49% samples lie within 0.2 ppmF while 2% ground water contain NO 3 more than maximumconcentration of 50 ppm.

305 Gupta, B.S. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1980)Multiple relationship of electrical conductivity with concentration ofions of well waters of Jodhpur division, Rajasthan. CurrentAgriculture. 4: 17-21Multiple prediction equations have been evolved between electricalconductivity in mmhos cm -1 (Y) and different cations like (i) sodium(X2), (ii) potassium (X3) (iii) calcium + magnesium (X1) and variousanions like (i) chloride (X4), (ii) carbonate (X5) and (iii) bicarbonate(X6) of different well waters of Jodhpur division. Step wiseregression programme and Bita B coefficients were employed toestablish the order of relative importance of different cations andanions for their contribution to electrical conductivity of well waters.The study revealed that chloride and carbonate ranked first andlast, respectively.306 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1967)Seasonal variations in the composition of some saline irrigationwaters of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 108-116Saline ground waters from seven sites in Jodhpur and Pali districtsof western Rajasthan were examined for seasonal variations in saltcomposition. Salinity varied from 2316 to 10, 160 mmhos cm -1during rabi season of wheat cultivation. Recharge of waters in thewells was prominent after the start of monsoon and sites withrecharge source near about showed more seasonal fluctuations insalinity levels than sites with recharge source farther away. Thewaters were predominantly Cl-SO 4 -Na-Mg type, except at Surayata,where the water was Cl-SO 4 -Mg-Na type. After the monsoon, siteswith recharge source near about tended to be Cl-HCO 3 -Na-Mg typeand this change was accompanied with sharp drop in the SAR value.307 Gupta, I.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1970)Note on the comparison of some chemical ratios of irrigation watersand irrigated soils. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 4: 181-182Comparison of various chemical ratios like Na/Cl, Ca/Cl, SO 4 /Cl andHCO 3 /Cl worked out for saline irrigation waters and soils irrigatedwith these waters showed close resemblance with each other.308 Gupta, I.C., Bohra, R.K. and Abichandani, C.T. (1969)Relationships between certain indices of saline water irrigated soilsof western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 27-32In the saline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan, theelectrical conductivity of soil water suspension (EC 2 ) seem to behighly correlated with electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract (EC e ), the total cation concentration (TCC) and solublesodium concentration (SSC). The relationship of EC 2 with theseindices is further improved by the use of saturation percentage ofsoil. Simple and multiple regression of relationships are given andprediction equations have been worked out to estimate EC e , TCCand SSC from the observed value of EC 2 both by the use of simpleregression equations and multiple regression equations. Reliabilityof the use of prediction equations has been tested and the coefficientof correlation between observed and calculated values seem to behighly significant.309 Gupta, I.C., Rao, J.S. and Abichandani, C.T. (1971)Some more relationships between certain indices of saline waterirrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of AgriculturalResearch. 5: 195-198An attempt has been made to correlate various cations and anions ofsaturation extract of the soils with EC 2 , EC 2 and S.P., and EC e . Thecorrelation in general is the most significant with EC e followed byEC 2 and S.P., and EC 2 alone.310 Gupta, S.C. (1991)Quality classifications of groundwater of western Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 30: 315-321An integrated classification of quality of ground water based uponEC, SAR and RSC values of 4145 water samples has been made toevaluate water quality for irrigation in 11 districts of westernRajasthan. It is observed that ground waters are sodic in characterdue to high SAR and RSC values. The SAR ranges from 0.15 to176.8 with an average value of 13.9. In districts Barmer, Bikanerand Jaisalmer more than 33.3 per cent waters have SAR more than18. High RSC generally occurs in low to medium salinity waters andranges from nil to 68.8 meL -1 with an average value of 3.1 meL -1 .The districts viz., Jhunjhunu, Nagaur and Sikar have high RSC inground waters. Based upon salinity, SAR and RSC distribution, thewhole region has been divided in six saline-sodic zones.311 Gupta, S.C., Doshi, C.S. and Paliwal, B.L. (1986)Occurrence and chemistry of high fluoride ground waters in Jaloredistrict of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 255-264Fluoride has been a veritable problem associated with groundwatersin western and south-west Rajasthan. More than 40 per centground-waters in Pali and Jalore districts contain fluorideconcentration above the permissible limits of 2.0 mg l -1 . The groundwatersin the region are saturated with respect to calcite and about27 per cent of them have fluoride concentration above the solubility

product for fluoride. High fluoride waters have, in general, highsodium and bicarbonate contents; however, such relationship doesnot hold true on the principles of chemical thermodynamics.312 Gupta, S.C., Sanganeria, M.P. and Rai, P.C. (1990)Contents and distribution pattern of trace elements in groundwaters of Jodhpur district in western Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 29: 265-269Concentration and distribution pattern of some major traceelements viz., copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese and zinc werestudied in ground waters of Jodhpur district in western Rajasthan.The trace element concentration varied considerably with respect tohydro-geology of the region, depth, salinity, total hardness andalkalinity. The average concentration of Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, and Znwas found to be 31, 516, 114, 66, 157 and 237 ppm with themaximum value of 125, 5610, 416, 364, 1150 and 4000 ppmrespectively.313 Handa, B.K. (1966)Agricultural quality of ground water in Kutch. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 36: 233-238The ground waters vary from medium to highly saline (EC 1000-6,650 mmhos) and can be used for irrigation of plants with moderateto high salt tolerance. Most of the waters are low-to-medium in Nacontent ratio. Some of the waters with higher Na concentration canbe made suitable for irrigation by addition of CaSO 4 or some othercheap Ca salt.314 Hoon, R.C. (1962)Characteristics of ground water of area to be commanded byRajasthan canal project. Irrigation power. 19: 429-441The sub-soil water table of the area varied from 16 to 90m. Thewater in over 93 per cent of the wells is markedly saline. The pH ofthe waters varied between 5.9 and 8.4 but in about 80% of the wellsit was in the range of 7 and 8. Sodium chloride is the main salt. Theuse of such waters for irrigation is not recommended.315 Jain, B.L. (1979)A note on the quality of ground waters in the arid tract of Palidistrict, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 135-139It is suggested that due emphasis should be given to residualsodium carbonate concentrations at low salinity levels and to boronconcentration at high salinity levels of irrigation waters for cropproduction.

316 Jayaram, N.S., Ramanath, B. and Verma, B. (1973)Water budget estimation in Bellary region. Annals of Arid Zone. 12:51-58The water budget has been worked out for the Bellary region basedon computation of potential evapo-transpiration by Penman'sequation for the cropping years 1957-58 to 1967-68. The meanpotential evapo-transpiration and the precipitation respectively, are186.34 and 49.42 cm thus showing a total deficit of 136.92 cm.317 Kar, A. (1990)A stream trap hypothesis for the evolution of some saline lake in theIndian desert. Annals of Geomorphology. 34: 37-47The origin of most saline lakes in the Indian desert is thought to belinked with aeolian segmentation of former streams and saltdeposition at stream confluence. Observation of some lakeenvironments in the eastern part of the desert, however, indicate adifferent origin. The lakes lie at the wind-shadow zone of anassociated hill, with flanking longitudinal dunes produced by the leevertices. Downwind, courses of former streams flowing away fromthe lakes, but sending dune-guided distributaries to the lakesindicate the possibilities of former streams being trapped byadvancing dune arms and then forced towards the base of the hills.Identical present-day process form interactions in the vicinityfurther validate the hypothesis.318 Kar, A and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1984-85)Some environmental considerations for the management of surfacewater in the upper Luni basin of Rajasthan, India. Indian Journalof Geography. 14: 33-42The upper Luni basin with an area of 13440 km 2 , is largelydominated by alluvial plains in an arid environment. Integration ofinformation on geological, geomorphological and pedological aspectswithin the basin with stream characteristics helped to analyse thecauses, spatial variability and future vulnerability of problemsrelated to fluvial processes. Based on these a number of suggestionswere made for better management of the basin's surface waterresource.319 Khan, M.A. (1992)Evaporation of water from free water surface - climatic influence.Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 20: 22-27Influence of climatic parameters on rate of evaporation from freewater surface are described. Air temperature was found to be theprincipal factor affecting evaporation. Water temperature influenced

evaporation indirectly by conveying radiation energy and was initself effected by evaporation. The effect of the relative humidity ofthe air seemed to be far out weighed by other climatic factors. Attimes wind had a marked effect on evaporation. Climatic factorunder the conditions prevailing at the test site, complemented eachother in either increasing or decreasing evaporation.320 Khan, M.A. (1993)Suspended sediment and solute characteristics of two desert riversof India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 151-156Suspended sediment and solute were studied in two desert rivers for3 years. Suspended sediment concentration in both the streams washigher in the first seasonal flow and decreased in subsequent flows.The average sediment concentration in Sukri was 4.68 and 2.30 g L -1in Guhiya. Water from both the streams was alkaline. Guhiya, dueto its highly mineralised basin carried higher salt concentrationthan the river Sukri. Except for K, concentration of individual ionstended to decrease with an increase in discharge. Compared withmajor Indian rivers and world average, salt concentrations in desertriver waters are high.321 Khan, M.A. and Bohra, D.N. (1990)Water-loss studies in the Sardar Samand reservoir. Journal of AridEnvironments. 19: 245-250Water loss from the Sardar Samand reservoir, in the form ofmonthly and annual mean evaporation, seepage, and the pancoefficient (reservoir to pan ratio) was studied over a period of 10years. The average annual loss was 3267 mm; annual seepage was504 mm and constituted only 15.4% of the total water loss, whereas,annual evaporation was 2189 mm and constituted 84.6%. The pancoefficient of 0.67, obtained on an annual basis, is well within therange of 0.60-0.81 reported for other lakes and reservoirs, and canbe used for estimating evaporation loss from other reservoirs, tanksand lakes in this part of the world.322 Khan, M.A. and Issac, V.C. (1990)Evaporation reduction in stock tanks for increasing water supplies.Journal of Hydrology. 119: 21-29Studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of shading andfloating materials in reducing evaporation from a free water surface.White polythene sheet used for shading the water surface reducedevaporation by 91% and costs Rs. 2.54 per(US$0.15) 1000 litre.Floating materials evaluated were polythene sheet, foam rubbersheet, polystyrene sheet, bamboo and Sacchrum munja. Evaporationreduction for a 19-month test period ranged from 37% for S. munja

to 82% for polystyrene sheet. Foam rubber sheet and polythenesheet and bamboo reduced evaporation by 74, 66 and 53%,respectively. The polystyrene sheet and polythene sheet covers werethe most economical, saving water at a cost of Rs. 3.07(US$0.19) andRs. 4.44 (US$0.27) per 1000 l, respectively.323 Khan, M.A. and Issac, V.C. (1990)Floating ‘thermocool’ blocks for reducing stock tank evaporation.Journal of Arid Environment. 18: 245-247Floating ‘thermocool’ (polystyrene) blocks for reducing stock tankevaporation were found to be highly resistant and showed nodegradation over 12 months. The mean evaporation reductionefficiency of the material was 83% or 2030 mm of water. Theestimated value of water saved was Rs 2.94 or US $0.18 per 1000litres.324 Khan, M.A., Issac, V.C. and Bohra, D.N. (1990)Hydrological characteristics of Sardar Samand reservoir in aridRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 87-92Long term results of measured hydrological data of Sardar Samandreservoir in arid region of Rajasthan and its 1634.11 km² catchmentarea are reported. Most of the inflow to the reservoir occurred inresponse to few high magnitude rainfall of more than 50 mm in thecatchment and ranged from 0.1-10% depending upon its magnitude.The number of such flow ranged from 5 to 12 in a year. However, theannual runoff ranged from 1.2-6.8%. In 10 out of 12 years the wateryield was less than 25% of the reservoir capacity. The coefficient ofvariation of the annual runoff and rainfall was 98% and 86%,respectively.325 Krishnan, A. and Thanvi, K.P. (1969)Water budget in the arid zone of Rajasthan during 1941-1960.Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 295-299Considerable year to year variation in moisture deficiency andactual evapo-transpiration occurs for the stations in arid zone. Highwater surplus which would produce runoff and recharging ofaquifers beyond the soil mantle generally occurs once in 20 years.Even in the wettest year, the moisture deficiency during January toon-set of monsoon is high. The soil moisture storage up to waterholding capacity generally gets utilised by the vegetation by the endof December.326 Mehta, K.M., Puntamkar, S.S., Seth, S.P. and Sharma, O.P.(1970)

Quality of underground water and its possible utilisation for cropproduction in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 40: 776-781The quality of underground water of 50 representative samples fromBarmer, Jalore, Jodhpur and Pali districts, and 21 samples from thetube-wells in Jaisalmer district in the western Rajasthan werecollected and analysed. The majority of waters were saline and a fewsamples from Pali were alkaline. Sodium dominated as cation in allwaters. All water samples except those from Barmer and Jaisalmerhad a high sodium adsorption ratio.327 Mehta, P.C., Puntamkar, S.S. and Seth, S.P. (1973)Quality of tube-well waters in western Rajasthan and its utilisationfor crop production. Rajasthan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4:113-119Analysis of 55 Govt. tube-well waters collected from Jalore,Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagaur and Jodhpur has beenpresented. Almost all the waters are suitable for irrigation. EC isgenerally less than 4,000 mmhos cm -1 and SAR is less than 20.328 Paliwal, K.V. and Gandhi, A.P. (1973)Some relationships between quality of irrigation waters andchemical characteristics of irrigated soils of the Nagaur district,Rajasthan. Geoderma. 9: 213-220Electrical conductivity of the soils was less than waters used forirrigation and was correlated with soluble ions in both waters andsoils. pH of the soils and water was interrelated and correlated withcarbonate and bicarbonate contents. All the correlations were oflimited value for prediction purposes, due to other factors operatingunder field conditions.329 Paliwal, K.V. and Maliwal, G.L. (1971)Some relationships between constituents of irrigation waters andproperties of irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 19: 299-303Studies on soils irrigated continuously by irrigation waters ofvarious qualities have shown that electrical conductivity andcontents of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in theirrigation waters are significantly correlated with those of thesaturation extract of soils. Significant correlations of sodiumadsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage both of irrigationwater and saturation extracts exist with the exchange sodiumpercentage of soil. However, no such relation was found betweenSAR and ESP of soils.

330 Prakash, M. and Gopinath, G. (1962)"Tanka" for human and live-stock consumption. Indian Forester. 88:861-864This paper deals with one aspect of surface water utilisation,namely, the collection and storage of runoff in "Tankas"-coveredunderground reservoirs. Observations of age-old practices andexperiences in design and construction works in this region havebeen contributed. The cost of a particular structure of "Tanka"varies with site, soil conditions and availability of materials locally.On an average the cost works out to be Rs. 90/- to Rs. 120/- per 1000gallons of water stored.331 Ramachandran, K. and Balak Ram (1987)A geographical appraisal of water supply system in Jodhpur,Rajasthan. Indian Geographical Journal. 62: 127-129Existing water supply system in Jodhpur has distanced itself fromthe historical set up of the past and falls short of meeting thedemands of the future. Due to lack of perennial drainage system andwater-deficit in arid conditions, the problem is compounded. Therational utilisation of this precious liquid cannot be over-emphasisedin the present context of continuing drought and urban expansion.Only one fifth of the present requirement of 1140 lakh litres day -1 isbeing met by the present sources; hence the urgent need forstreamlining them and commissioning of newer ones. A geographicalappraisal of the existing water sources and proposed new resourceshas been attempted here.332 Raychaudhuri, S.P. (1978)Evaluation of the quality of underground water in the desert andsemi-desert areas in Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian NationalScience Academy. 45: 198-204It has been shown that the quality of ground water is equallyimportant as the quantity in influencing the cropping pattern. Thequality of the groundwater has been assessed mainly by finding itssalt-load with electrical conductivity method and also bydetermining its boron content. The quality varied from the nature ofthe soil strata, drainage conditions, existing cropping patterns,leaching of the soils etc. Accordingly, the groundwater ratings havebeen assessed and superimposing the same on soil maps, watersuitability maps, for some areas in the desert and semi-desertregions have been drawn. Such maps at once clearly depict theeffects of good and bad waters on the soils, and thus help in theadoption of suitable cropping and irrigation patterns.333 Saksena, R.K., Sharma, M.L. and Jodha, H.R. (1966)

Quality of ground water for irrigation in Ahor development block,Jalore district, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 204-218The paper is based on the geological, hydro-geological, ground waterexploitation and utilisation surveys of Ahor development block. Theregion has been classified into four exploitation zones dependingupon the safe yield from wells in the region. Ground water samplescollected from the region have been chemically analysed andclassified from C1 to C7 types with the total salt concentrationvarying up to 10,000 ppm and its suitability for irrigation has beendetermined from the salinity and alkalinity hazards.334 Sharma, K.D. (1991)Water resources - An overview of the world deserts. Annals of AridZone. 30: 283-300The surface water resources in the arid regions of the world areextremely variable both in quantity and quality and areundependable. Quality of the underground water is a constraint inthe deserts for their enhanced use. Available water resources in thearid region of the world have stretched to the limit as a result ofincreased demand. Therefore, a long term planning of water use is aprime need.335 Sharma, K.D. and Dhir, R.P. (1992)Modelling suspended sediment flow in arid upland basins.Hydrological Sciences Journal. 37: 481-490A conceptual basin model of the instantaneous unit sediment graphwas developed for sediment graph prediction from arid uplandbasins by routing mobilised sediments through a series of linearreservoirs. The sediment graphs generated by convolution of theinstantaneous unit sediment graph compared reasonably well withthe observed ones for four representative arid upland sub-basins inthe Luni basin, India. The mobilised sediment during a storm wasrelated to effective precipitation and the parameters of the modelwere estimated from the observed events. The model can be appliedto ungauged flow events through parameterization.336 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1981)`Nadis', the vital water resources of the Indian arid zone. Journal ofArid Environments. 4: 247-251The ancient practice of harnessing precipitation in ‘nadis’ for humanand livestock consumption is studied in relation to the environment.‘Nadi’ characteristics are dependent upon catchment, rainfall, soiltype and physiography. The present study provides a scientific

explanation for the design of nadis and suggests guidelines forimproving their construction.337 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1983)Optimisation of nadi characteristics to minimise evaporative andseepage losses. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 277-281Heavy losses of water through evaporation and seepage from smallearthen excavated or embanked ponds locally called nadis (whichserve as principal drinking water resources in the Indian arid zone),often exceed the amount of water withdrawn for human and animaluse. These losses could be minimised by optimising the depth andsurface area of the nadis in different environments.338 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994)Estimating transmission losses in an arid region. Journal of AridEnvironments. 26: 209-219Flow volumes in ephemeral streams in arid regions decreasesignificantly in magnitude downstream. These transmission lossesare important not only in their obvious effect on flow reduction, butalso as a source of ground water recharge to underlying alluvialaquifers. A distributed model for estimation of transmission lossesdescribed herein represents an attempt to develop a procedure forpractical applications and is shown to produce reasonable estimates.The model is simplified and requires a minimum of observed datafor calibration. Based on available information obtained fromLANDSAT maps and regression analyses, the model can be used toestimate transmission losses from ungauged channels in aridregions. Transmission loss data are compared with some previouslypublished data, and despite some scatter, are generally consistentwith them.339 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994)Modelling sediment transport in stream channels in the arid zone ofIndia. Hydrological Processes. 8: 567-572Ephemeral channels in arid regions convey larger amounts ofsediment than perennial channels in humid regions. Sedimentgraphs at the outlet of channels have been derived by the standardsediment rating curve technique and by a lumped model based onthe instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) concept. The IUSGgives estimates of sediment transport that are better than thosederived with the sediment rating curve as it takes into account theavailability of erodible material within the channel bed.340 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1996)

A conceptual sediment transport model for arid regions. Journal ofArid Environments. 33: 281-290A conceptual model of an instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG)has been developed for sediment transport prediction in aridregions. It involved routing of the sediment through a cascade ofidentical linear reservoirs. The sediment graphs generated byconvolution of IUSG compared well with the observed values for fourrepresentative arid sub-basins of the Luni River in India. Thesediment supply is related to the effective precipitation and totransmission losses in the upland and channel phases, respectively,and the model parameters are estimated from the observed events.The model can be applied to ungauged flow events throughparameterization.341 Sharma, K.D. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1996)Ephemeral flow modelling in arid regions. Journal of AridEnvironments. 33: 161-178Flow hydrographs in arid upland basins, where the runoff is directlyrelated to the rainfall, are simulated by a combination of regressionand differential equation techniques. The rising limb of thehydrograph is modelled through a regression analysis and therecession portion through a conceptual analog of discharge from asingle leaky reservoir, which is described by a continuity equationand by discharge-stage and storage-stage relations at the basinoutlet. A good agreement between observed and model-predictedrecession curves was obtained by optimising the reservoir leakagerate and the initial storage in the reservoir. Best parameter valuesare physically realistic and best reservoir configuration has leakagethat varies as the cube of stage for the initial event of the season inthe organised stream network and as the square of the stage for restof the events. The technique can be applied to the ungauged flowevents through parameterization.342 Sharma, K.D., Choudhari, J.S. and Vangani, N.S. (1984)Transmission losses and quality changes along a desert stream: TheLuni basin in North western India. Journal of Arid Environments.7: 255-262During 18-24 July 1981, five storms produced 69-144 mm rainfallupstream in the Jojri river catchment in the Indian arid zone. As aresult, 22.31 x 10 6 m3 runoff was recorded in mountainous terrain,which was reduced to 6.82 x 10 (Hole Sequre Six) m3 305 kmdownstream. Diminution of discharge downstream is attributable tohigh transmission losses in the alluvial channels. Suspendedsediment concentration increased from 6.1 to 16.8 g l -1 and specific

conductance, along with selected ions, also increased leading todeterioration in water quality downstream.343 Sharma, K.D., Murthy, J.S.R. and Dhir, R.P. (1994)Streamflow routing in the Indian arid zone. Hydrological Processes.8: 27-43A lumped model for streamflow routing in arid ephemeral channelshas been developed. The governing equations for movement of floodwaves subjected to transmission losses are simplified through a timeaveraging process and ordinary differential equation describingtransmission losses as a function of distance, inflow, channel width,time parameters of flow and effective hydraulic conductivity. Theresulting equation has an analytical solution and simulates runoffvolume and peak discharge rates for individual storm events. Theoutflow hydrograph is fairly well approximated with a triangularapproximation. The model is simplified and constructed to require aminimum of observed data for calibration. It can also be used forungauged basins in arid regions through parameterization.344 Sharma, K.D., Murthy, J.S.R. and Dhir, R.P. (1996)Modelling sediment delivery in arid upland basins. Transactions ofthe ASAE, 39: 517-524An upland sediment delivery model was developed for estimatingthe sediment delivery rates at the rising, peak and recession stagesof a flow hydrograph in an arid upland basin. The model uses asteady state sediment continuity equation and a first order reactionmodel for deposition since the initial potential sediment load isalways greater than the overland flow transport capacity, calculatedby the Yalin method in the arid regions. It is sensitive to unit widthdischarge and the Manning's roughness coefficient. A simplifiedversion of the Yalin equation when used with the model accuratelyapproximates the sediment delivery rates in the arid upland basins.345 Sharma, K.D., Vangani, N.S. and Kalla, A.K. (1988)Modified runoff curve numbers for arid rhyolite basins. Annals ofArid Zone. 27: 109-113As against the soil conservation service hand book values of 90-92,the actual optimised CN was found to be 74, indicating a lesservolume of runoff from these basins than estimated by the SCSmethod. The hand book CN value over predicted runoff by 31 to 54%for storms > 100 mm, and by 88 to 267% for storms < 50 mm.Reasons for the same have been discussed. A significant correlation(r=O.82, n=89) was found between the observed and predictedvalues using the modified CN based on the measurements.

346 Sharma, K.D., Singh, H.P., Pareek, O.P. and Yadav, R.C. (1983)Infiltration in relation to slope characteristics, antecedent soilmoisture and other soil properties. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 15-21Correlation and regression analyses using data on infiltration rate,degree and length of slope, antecedent soil moisture indices, soiltexture and sorptivity from 16 runoff plots having different slopesand slope lengths were carried out. Water infiltration into the soiltook place through the water free pores being directly proportionalto pore volume (r=0.5468) at field capacity. As such, it was found tobe inversely proportional to antecedent moisture (r= -0.5468) andrelative moisture content (r=- 0.4952). A negative correlation wasobtained between infiltration rate and silt content (r= -0.6583) as aresult of closing of pore space by silt particles which disperse easilyunder low clay content. Major infiltration in unsaturated sandy soilwas assigned to capillarity(r=0.8157). It was not found to becorrelated with slope, length of run, sand and clay contents. Themultiple correlation coefficients between infiltration rate and othersoil properties were higher and significant. Variation of about 48%in the infiltration rate was accountable to the soil texture alonewhereas 93.97% variation was attributed to antecedent soilmoisture content and the soil texture.347 Sharma, K.S. and Murthy, J.S.R. (1994)Estimating transmission losses in an arid region - A realisticapproach. Journal of Arid Environments. 27: 107-112Transmission loss in ephemeral streams in arid regions is importantnot only in its obvious effect on downstream flow reduction, but italso forms a part of water balance. Three regression equations weredeveloped for relating transmission loss to channel characteristicsfor an arid region in north-west India. Two equations utilising logtransformeddata are a better predictor of transmission losses.Although there was some scatter, the transmission loss data aregenerally consistent with that previously published for otherregions.348 Shukla, J.P. and Pandey, S.M. (1991)Suitability of electrical resistivity survey for selecting anicut site inorder to augment ground water - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone.30: 187-195Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using Schlumbergerconfiguration were conducted at three anicut sites at villagesBinjwaria, Rampura and Manaklao, on Rampura rivulet, originatingfrom Binjwaria of district Jodhpur. A total of 162 VES data wereobtained along and across the main stream. A close distribution of

observation has enabled mapping of sub surface topography. Inorder to augment the ground water of the area, these anicuts on thisrivulet are proposed. Resistivity parameters reveal that sandstone islikely to encounter shallow depth at Binjwaria and therefore it is thebest suitable site for anicut. Gradual depth to sandstone increasestowards Manaklao as evident by the fence diagram. Hencesuitability of constructing anicut in this direction is less.349 Singh, D., Singh, Y.P., Bairwa, S.P., Dass, P., Porwal, C.P. andMathur, K.M. (1996)Isotope study of ground water in arid areas of Jaisalmer. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 313-317In order to understand the ground water recharge process inShergarh area of arid Jaisalmer district, an environmental isotopicstudy based on measurement of D, 18O and 3H contents was carriedout on shallow ground waters. The area as characterised by very lowrainfall, sandy terrain and very little vegetation. Water level in thescattered shallow wells and hand pumps varies from 10 to 30 m.Stable isotope analysis of water samples indicate very highdepletion of the heavy isotope contents, i.e. _D~-50% and _ 18 0-6 to-7% and suggest quite old origin of these waters. The 3H contentsare also very low. A 3H tracer injection experiment of Mehranaindicated negligible recharge due to modern precipitation. Theground water is potable to brackish, the TDS ranging from 200 to1500 mg l -1 . A higher fluoride content was observed in two wells.350 Singh, N. , Kolarkar, A.S. and Bohra, P.C. (1994)Quality of ground water and its effect on soil properties in Samdari-Siwana- Balotra area of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.33: 287-293These waters are moderate to highly saline and sodic with EC rangeof 240 to 33213 uScm -1 and pH from 7.0 to 9.5. These waters havemarked concentration of chloride of sodium with high solublesodium percentages in 97 per cent samples. In all cases, calcium islower than the magnesium, except in few samples of low salinity ofC1 and C2 classes. The value of SAR ranges from 1.85 to 96, and54.5 per cent water samples fall under high to very high SARclasses. The content of RSC in well waters ranges from 0.4 to 38.6me L -1 , and 29.20 per cent waters have RSC more than 5 me L -1 . Thesaline water irrigated soil has pH of 7.1 to 8.5 at the surface and 7.3to 8.6 in the subsurface, while the EC varies at these locations from249 to 9565 and 359 to 2123 uScm -1 respectively. The total areaaffected by the use of such problematic waters is 880.75 km².351 Singh, S. (1966)

Impact of present and palaeo drainage systems on geo-environmentof the Indian desert and adjoining regions. National Geographer.31: 177-192In the Indian desert and adjoining areas, exhibit positive andnegative impacts over the geo-environment of the desert and itssurroundings. Positive effects have contributed to the evolution ofalluvial plains, saline depressions and salts, ground water resourcesand also the cultural development in these areas. On the contrary,the increasing biotic stress on the drainage systems has createdseveral environmental problems like salinity, erosion and floodhazards, etc.352 Singh, S. (1976)New inter-relationships between quantitative geomorphiccharacteristics of the drainage basins of western Rajasthan. TheGeographical Observer. 12: 53-57The result of the study on new inter-relationships revealed thatbifurcation ratio and stream length, bifurcation ratio and total basinarea and stream frequency and drainage density are closely relatedto each-other. These geomorphic variables could be used forevaluating the hydrological conditions of the different drainagebasins.353 Singh, S. (1977)A note on the photo-geomorphic technique for locating ground waterresources in Rajasthan desert. The Indian Journal of Geography.12: 83-84The findings of the study conducted in a region in east of Jodhpurdistrict reveal that the photo-geomorphic technique developed atCAZRI Jodhpur can be employed for locating and exploiting groundwater resources in other regions of Rajasthan desert.354 Singh, S. (1977)Quantitative analysis and evaluation of the geomorphologicalcharacteristics and surface water potentials of the drainage basinsin western Rajasthan (India). Indian Journal of Geography. 12: 59-67An attempt has been made to discuss the morphohydrologicalcharacteristics of the small agricultural drainage basins in thewestern Rajasthan. Quantitative analysis of the geomorphologicalcharacteristics revealed that phylete-Scheit and rhyolite pedimentswill have better surface water potentials than that of granitepediments and older alluvial plains.

355 Singh, S. (1981)Geomorphology as an important tool in the exploration and planningof water resources in the Indian desert. Development Policy andAdministration Review. 7: 23-37In the present paper, the impact of the geomorphology on thedistribution, development and planning of water resources indifferent parts of the Indian desert has been discussed.356 Singh, S. (1984)Dynamics and morphology of meandering rivers in westernRajasthan, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 213-219Morphometric characteristics of the meandering rivers viz.,amplitude, length and width of the meander belt, width of theexisting channel, mean radius of curvature, their relationships andnature and size of the river bed material are discussed in this paper.The width of the meander belt is significantly related to its lengthand width of the existing channel. The length of the meander beltand amplitude are significantly related with the width of existingchannel. Predication of length, width and amplitude of the meanderbelt can, thus, be done by taking into account the width of theexisting channel. Lands located within the meander belt from 515 to1890 m are highly unstable and these should be avoided forconstructing dams and bridges etc. In the top layers of the point andthe sand bars, sediments are coarser but finer in the bottom layers.357 Singh, S. (1984-85)Role of geomorphology in the exploration of ground water resourcesin an arid environment : A case study of Jodhpur district. TheIndian Journal of Geography. 14: 53-67It has been inferred from this study that the geomorphic featureslike the nature and thickness of surface sediment, presence andextent of surface and sub-surface drainage patterns, presence andextent of structurally weak zones, slope and altitude, natural levels,meander loops and scars, buried stream beds, presence or absence ofdeposits which would release salts to deteriorate the quality ofwater, presence or absence of concealed structures and welldeveloped lineaments influence the distribution and development ofdifferent types of aquifers and the quality and quantity of groundwater. It has also been observed that remote sensing in conjunctionwith the geomorphic features of the landforms is a fast and sharptechnique for obtaining the ground water information and to selectpromising areas for more detailed geophysical investigations andexploitation of potential aquifers.358 Singh, S. (1988)

Application of remote sensing techniques for exploration andmanagement of ground water in the middle Luni basin. Annals ofArid Zone. 27: 231-239In the middle Luni basin, eleven landforms, which control thedevelopment and distribution of different aquifers, have beenidentified by using remote sensing techniques in conjunction withground truth. Ten aquifers having different ground water potentialshave been identified and located. Morpho-hydrologicalcharacteristics of these aquifers led to the delineation of therecharge (donor) and recharged (receptor)zones for propermanagement of ground water.359 Singh, S. (1994)Remote sensing in the evaluation of morpho-hydrologicalcharacteristics of the drainage basins of the Jojri catchment. Annalsof Arid Zone. 33: 273-278Quantitative evaluation of the morphological characteristics of thedrainage basins of the Jojri catchment using remote sensingtechniques and ground truth has revealed that the drainage basinarea, drainage density, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio andcircularity ratio influence the surface runoff and peak discharge.The mean annual runoff estimated for all the drainage basins variesfrom 7.74 to 106.28 ha m. The relations established betweenmorpho-hydrological variables have shown that the mean annualrunoff is significantly correlated with drainage basin area, totalstream length and first order stream frequency and have a practicalapplication in basin hydrology.360 Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1979)Application of aerial photo-interpretation in the investigations of thesmall drainage basins in sandstone region of Jodhpur. The DeccanGeographer. 17: 616-628In the present paper, the authors have attempted to establish themathematical relationships between geomorphic characteristics ofthe drainage basins and mean annual runoff. It is inferred thatmean annual runoff is geomorphologically related to total streamlength, drainage density and first order stream frequency. Thisrelationship could be used to predict the hydrological or geomorphiccharacteristics of other basins of this region.361 Singh, S. and Sharma, K.D. (1994)Prediction of sediment yield from the Bandi catchment usingmorphometric characteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 109-112

Morphometric characteristics of different drainage basins, theirinterrelationship and regression analysis for the prediction ofsediment yield from the Bandi catchment have been highlighted inthis paper. The regression analysis of sediment yield with differentmorphometric characteristics showed that the sediment yield fromdifferent drainage basins could be predicted by constant of channelmaintenance, followed by relief ratio and drainage density.362 Singh, S. , Ved Prakash and Bhargava, R.K. (1974)A note on physico-chemical analysis of water samples collected fromdifferent parts of Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 377-380Most of the samples had high chloride values as well as high totaldissolved solids contents. Incidence of alkalinity was also noted inmost samples. The colour odour, pH, total hardness and sulphatescontent of most of the samples analysed more or less conformed tothe standards set for potable water.363 Singh, S. , Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1988)Temporal change detection in river courses and flood plains in anarid environment through satellite remote sensing. Journal ofIndian Society of Remote Sensing. 16: 53-56Temporal changes in ephemeral river courses and associated floodplains, which could not be detected by LANDSAT MSS due to itspoor spatial resolution of 80 m, have been identified and mappedwithin 10% accuracy by LANDSAT TM False colour compositebecause of its higher spectral and spatial resolution of 30 m. Over aperiod of 28 years (1958-86), the river courses widened up to 1.8times through bank erosion due to the recurring flash floods. Theflash floods have also caused morphological, soil fertility andlanduse changes in the associated flood plains, which could also bemonitored by the LANDSAT TM.364 Somani, L.L., Gandhi, A.P. and Paliwal, K.V. (1972)Note on the toxicity of fluorine in well waters of Nagaur and Jaipurdistricts in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 42:752-54In Nagaur district fluorine content varied from 1.5 to 13.3 ppm withan average value of 5.5 ppm whereas in Jaipur district it variedfrom 4.4 to 28.1 ppm with an average value of 12.2 ppm. The largenumber of waters in Nagaur district are confined up to 8 ppm offluorine whereas in Jaipur district, about 50 per cent waters containfluorine between 8 and 18 ppm.365 Sundara Sarma, K.S., Chandrasekharan, H., Datta, D.,Mookerji, P. and Das, D.K. (1993)

Geo-electrical investigation on sub-surface configuration andgroundwater salinity in Indira Gandhi Canal command, westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 145-150Knowledge of sub-surface configuration and studies on perchedwater salinity are important for efficient water managementdecisions in Indira Gandhi Canal command, western Rajasthan.Results of geo-electrical investigations carried out at theLunkaransar State Agricultural Farm in the IG Canal command,indicated that gypsiferous layer is responsible for the occurrence ofperched water varied from 2 to 26 m in thickness. Highly salinewater is encountered beneath it in confined conditions. Salinitylevels of the perched water was found to be governed partly by thenature of soils and partly by the sub-surface flow of excess irrigationwater.366 Tanwar, B.S. (1979)Salinity hazards in sub-surface waters of desert region in Haryana.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 5: 17-24The eastern fringe of Thar desert lies in the Haryana territory. Thesubsurface water is 2 to 50 m deep and is fresh to highly saline.Ground water quality is inherently brackish or highly saline withvariation in EC from 3 to 45 mmhos cm -1 but the flushing of salinewater with fresh water seepage from local surface water bodies hascaused favourable modifications in salt balance and hydro-geologicalregime. Ground water of better quality with EC 0.35 to 2 mmhoscm -1 occurs in shallow aquifers in vicinity of natural or artificialrecharge source. Shallow and deep ground water structures exist inthe isolated areas of the desert region. The frequency distribution ofwell waters and salinity hazards have been discussed. It is obvious,the desert region is scarce of water resources and improvedmanagement of water resources is one means of alleviating acutedeficiency in water supply. One promising management technique isintegration of ground water and surface water supplies and localstorage units.367 Trivedi, P. (1984)Toxic well water in Surnana village of Bikaner district. Transactionsof Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 54-57The well water has high EC value and is sodium chloride type. Itcontains unusually high concentrations of nitrate (3400 ppm) andfluoride. This water is very hard and is not suitable for domestic aswell as animal consumption. Toxicity of water is due to high fluorideand nitrate contents. This water was highly saline and not useful forirrigation purpose.

368 Trivedi, P. (1986)Quantitative assessment of nitrate in a well water of Pachpadravillage of Barmer district of western Rajasthan. Transactions ofIndian Society of Desert Technology. 11: 99-100The analytical determination of nitrate in routine analysis of groundwater is often neglected as its concentration is to be negligible ascompared to other anions. This is so because there does not exist anynitrate bearing mineral in nature and whatever amount of nitratepresent in ground water is the oxidised product of nitrogen. Nitratecontent in ground water has been attributed to biological activity ofnitrogen fixing bacteria, plant decay, animal and agriculture wasteand excessive use of fertiliser. For bat infested cave areas nitrate upto 450 ppm has been reported.369 Vangani, N.S. (1994)Runoff potential of nadis in different landforms in the Guhiyacatchment, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 19-22Small earthen embankment dug out ponds called nadis are theprincipal drinking water sources in the Indian desert. The structureand functioning of this ancient practice is studied in relation withgeomorphic units to design for greater storage and better utilisationof runoff water. The interrelationship between runoff volume andcatchment area in different landforms have been explained byregression equations. It is revealed that in buried pediments, thenadis should be constructed under catchment slopes of less than 1%.370 Vangani, N.S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1979)A method of evaluating development priority based on inventory ofwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas. Annals of Arid Zone.18: 35-47Availability of water is one of the important factors for thedevelopment of any area, specially for arid and semi-arid areas. Sofar very little importance is being paid to evaluate variousparameters governing the water potential of any area whileformulating any development plan. In this paper authors havesuggested the method for evaluating various parameters governingthe surface and ground water potentials which would give a soundbasis for formulating a development plan and assessing the priorityareas.371 Vangani, N.S. and Chatterji, P.C. (1990)Index catchment - A tool for water balance study in the arid zone ofIndia. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 1-7

A considerable area of western Rajasthan is composed of impededdrainage basins bounded by the dune ridges and eroded rockyoutcrops. Method for computing ground water balance of impededbasins as independent hydrological unit have been termed as Indexcatchments. The results obtained from three different methods ofwater balance computation of two index catchments in the Nagaurdistrict and that of the district area, were statistically analysed andwere found to be of the same order. It has been suggested to adoptthe `Index catchment's, a method of water balance studies forminimal time and manpower requirements.372 Vangani, N.S. and Kalla, A.K. (1985)Manning's coefficient of roughness for rivers of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 258-262Generalised value of coefficient of roughness 'n' give an arbitraryestimate of the discharge because every river section has its owngeomorphological and geological conditions. For monitoringdischarge from any river section, the coefficient of roughness 'n'must be computed as a convenient method so as to minimise theerror.373 Vyas, N. and Nama, H.S. (1991)Pollution ecology of freshwater reservoir at Jodhpur, with specialreference to micro-organisms. Geobios. 18: 33-37Plant ResourcesEcology of Akharaj-ji-ka-talab, a pollution prone pond of Jodhpur,was studied during April, 1987 to September, 1988, for somephysico-chemical and biotic factors. Air and water temperaturevaried from 19.5°C to 29°C and 17.2°C to 27.5°C, respectively, pHfrom 6.5-8.0, free CO 2 ranged from 17 to 26 ml l -1 , carbonatealkalinity from 11 to 32 ml l -1 , dissolved O 2 from 1.9 to 13.6 ml l -1 .Biotic community consisted of bacteria, protozoan, helminth eggs,rotifers and arthropods.374 Agharkar, S.P. (1952)Plant ecology of the Rajputana Desert. Bulletin of the NationalInstitute of science, India. 1: 246-247A brief list of common trees, shrubs and herbs of the Indian desert isgiven. The flora is regarded as a mixture of the Western (Arabian-African), Eastern (Indo-Malayan) and general Indian and widelydistributed elements. They are found in varying proportions in thedifferent parts, the western types being more common in the west,and the eastern types being found near foot of the Aravallis.

375 Arora, R.K. and Mehra, K.L. (1981)Plant genetic resources of arid and semi-arid lands of India. Annalsof Arid Zone. 20: 145-154Two distinct types of arid environments, namely the tropical and theextra-tropical, prevail in the Indian sub-continent. The ecogeographicdistribution, regional diversity and the present status ofexploitation/utilisation of the plant genetic resources of the hot andcold arid lands of India, are discussed. In both the zones, croppingpatterns change from area to area, depending upon the amount ofavailable water. The botanical wealth of (i) the cold desert ofLadakh, Lahaul and Spiti, and the adjoining tract, and (ii) thetropical desert of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the semi-arid belt in theeastern Maharashtra and down south, is enumerated as the familiesrepresented. The causes of plant genetic diversity occurring in bothregions are briefly discussed. The nature and extent of the prevalentdiversity is analysed of major crop groups, viz., cereals and millets,grain legumes/pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, fibre crops, forage,spices, condiments and useful wild plants.376 Arun Kumar. (1975)Variety, standing crop and net community productivity of thevegetation on a hard ground and stabilised dune near Pilani,Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 124-134Variety ratio (species/individuals) increases progressively with theageing of community. The greatest growth of green biomass andunderground biomass occurred in August-September whichcorresponds to the period of maximum rainfall. There was aconsiderable reduction in green biomass following maturity on theadvent of dry season. Simultaneously there was a substantialdepletion in the underground biomass also. The turnover ofunderground biomass is very high, the value being 0.94. the totalannual net community production on sites I and II are 370.75 and83.57 g m -2 yr -1 respectively and the corresponding rates ofproduction on yearly basis are 1.01 and 0.20 g m -2 day -1 on these twosites.377 Bansal, R.P. and Sen, D.N. (1981)Dispersal strategies in plants of the Indian desert. Journal of AridEnvironments. 4: 3-14Seeds of Indian desert plants have developed various types ofadaptive dispersal mechanisms. Most seeds are dispersed byautochory and wind currents; only a few by birds and mammals,including man. One of the outstanding features of these seeds isthat they possess structures which provide extended atmospheric

uoyancy. The parachute-like pappus of Compositae is perhaps oneof the most common, but Asclepiadaceae possess a similarmechanism. The fruits of a number of Gramineae have long awns,with pointed ends which become attached to clothing and mammalhair, and cannot be easily removed. Hooks and barbs, whichcompose the surface covering of many fruits and seeds, are alsoimportant appendages for dispersal by animals. When suchstructures are absent, as in some members of the Scrophulariaceae,smaller and lighter seeds are produced and dispersal is effected bywind currents. There are clear archetypic constraints on the types ofdispersal mechanism adopted by related groups of plants, andwithin whole families similar mechanisms are often found.378 Bhandari, M.M. (1962-63)Notes on Indian desert plants ii. On the identity and nomenclatureof Talinum portulacifolium (Forsk.) Aschers and schweinf. Annals ofArid Zone. 1: 176-179Desertification of Talinum portulacifolium and its socio-economicimportance have been discussed. It grows on rocks almostunapproachable to animals and man.379 Bhandari, M.M. (1963)Notes on Indian desert plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 181-184Critical notes on the identity and nomenclature of four species ofIndian desert plants were reported. These species were currentlyreported to be new records for N.W. Rajasthan. They are Cassiaobtusa, Cleome quinquenervia and Dignathia hirtella.380 Bhandari, M.M. (1967)Flora of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 200-210A large number of corrections and additions are needed in therecently published Flora of Rajasthan. In the presentcommunication, which is first of a series dealing with additions andcorrections, 19 taxa have been included, which are either newrecords for the area or need corrections in the nomenclature,citations and synonymy. Critical and field notes have been appendedin most of the plants included here.381 Bhandari, M.M. (1977)A new species of Sida (malvaceae) from the Indian desert. Annals ofArid Zone. 16: 455-457Sida tiagii Bhandari sp. nov. (Malvaceae) has been reported fromIndian desert and its biology and plant characters have beendescribed.

382 Biswas, K.R. (1962)Desert vegetation. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science,India. 1: 247Botanical surveys are considered imperative and such studiesshould include xerophytes in various parts of the country. Theactual areas covered by xerophytic, psammophytic, halophytic andlithophytic communities should be worked out. Autecological studiesof different species are suggested.383 Durani, P.K., Singh, G. and Kachroo, P. (1975)Phyto-sociological studies on the vegetation of Ladakh desert.Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 75-86The present paper analyses the vegetational changes fromtemperate to arid climate along 350 km long tract from Sonarmargto Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State. Data from seven sites indicatethe reduction in vegetational cover and number of species towardsxeric valleys of Leh. The woody species which are predominant onKashmir side of the tract disappear and mesophytic herbs arereplaced by tufted low herbs with massive rootstocks on Ladakhside.384 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1973)Phyto sociological changes in an enclosed area on old alluvial flats ofJodhpur in the Indian arid zone during a period of five years.Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 52: 99-108Phyto sociological variations on the old alluvial flats in westernRajasthan at Jodhpur in an enclosure were recorded for a period offive years by charting ground vegetation during different seasons ofthe year. During the study period subnormal rains were recordedexcept in 1967 and 1970. Perennial grasses are the prominentcontributor to the basal cover in all the seasons. Ephemeral andthermophytes contribute relatively less after the post-monsoonseason due to heavy loss of moisture by evaporation and downwardpenetration to sub-soil layers. Annual grasses in their percentagefrequency and density suffer heavily during successive droughts. Adecrease in total percentage basal cover was recorded underenclosure. Perennials remained alive during adverse soil moistureconditions due to their relatively deeper root system. Deep soil layeris interestingly enriched during April-June by vapour condensationinto lower subsoil layer.385 Gupta, R.S. and Krishnaswamy, V.S. (1952)Rajputana desert - Its vegetation and its soil. Indian Forester. 78:596-601

Chemical analyses show that Rajasthan desert soils do not containsalts in quantities toxic to plant growth and that they are present inthat desirable moderation to impart a certain amount ofimpermeability to the soils, to keep rain or other water in the regionof the plant roots for a longer time. They indicate that the soils aremoderately rich in nitrates which are readily available to plants.The percolation experiments conducted with a typical sample ofdesert soil suggest how floods are caused in Rajasthan sandy desertseven with small rainfall and how the large flat expanses of landnear the mouth of Luni river remain inundated for long periods evenafter the rains.386 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1977)Eco-climate and the primary production of the ephemerals in thedesert ecosystem. Geobios. 4: 190-193Boundary of aridity or humidity is a zone which fluctuates from yearto year with variations in climate. Ecoclimatic formula for the years1972, 1973 and 1974 were computed. The aridity index wasmaximum in 1974 and minimum in the year 1973. This aridityindex is correlated with the biomass production. A positive linearcorrelation between annual precipitation and biomass was reported.387 Jain, S.K. (1963)"Invasion of plants in arid regions of India". Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences India. Section B. 33: 58-60In India arid and semi-arid conditions are met with chiefly northwest in the States of Rajasthan, Kutch and Saurastra. It has beensuggested with reasonable evidences that about 25 centuries ago,this area supported a flourishing population and was richlypopulated. Due to various climatic, political and biotic influences thetract has become devoid of vegetation. Xerophytic flora hasgradually established in the area. Recent plant collections of theauthor from Rajasthan and Kutch revealed that a number of plantsreported earlier only from Arabia and Sind are now frequently metwithin these States. Examples are Juncus maritimus, Premnaresinosa, Dipterygium glaucum , Decaisene Astragalus prolixus,Cassia angustifolia, Heliotropimu calcarsum, Chrysopogon aucheri,and Asparagus dumosus.388 Jha, P.K. and Sen, D.N. (1981)Ecology of Indian arid zone weeds IX- Echinops echinatus Roxb.Geobios. 8: 69-71E. echinatus which is threatening as a weed in cultivated and wasteplaces, adapts well under diverse conditions. Although it possessesmedicinal value in hoarse-cough, hysteria, dyspepsia, scrofula and

opthalmia but attention for its control as a weed, is needed. Due tocharacteristic spinous globular head inflorescence, this weed isnamed here as "spine ball".389 Joshi, M.C. (1956)Plant ecology of Bikaner and its adjacent areas in comparison withthe rest of western Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Botanical Society.35: 495-511The vegetation of Bikaner and its adjacent areas is described. Thevegetation is described to a definite ecological status, viz.Calligonum-Zizyphus-Capparis association. Comparison ofvegetation of Bikaner with neighbouring areas of western Rajasthanshows similarity with the vegetation of Jaisalmer, Phalodi andsandy plain of Shekhawati in the east.390 Joshi, M.C. (1958)Preliminary survey of the sand dune vegetation of Pilani and itsneighbourhood. Journal of Indian Botanical Society. 37: 309-327A preliminary report of the sand dune vegetation of Pilani and itsneighbourhood is reported. Location and topography of the area aredescribed. Environmental factors like climate, physiography, soiland biotic influences are given. The existing vegetation growingwithin the area is in discontinuous patches of plant associationswhich vary from patch to patch and give the region the appearanceof a typical scrub jungle. A brief account of the plants growing ondifferent types of dunes and soils has been given. No definiteecological status had been assigned to the vegetation of the area.The existing vegetation seems to be a Prosopis-Capparis climaxassociation.391 Joshi, M.C. and Kambhoj, O.P. (1959)Autoecology of Gisekia pharnaceoides L. Journal of Indian BotanicalSociety. 38: 8-34The morphology and ecology of G. pharnaceoides are reported. Theplant grows in patches in open sandy areas and sand-dunes. Itsprouts with the first monsoon showers and completes its life-cyclein 5 to 8 weeks. The environmental factors influencing the speciesrevealed that the species, which is of medicinal value, is welladapted for xerophytic conditions and is both "drought-evading" and"drought-escaping". The average capsule and seed output per plantis 188 and 940, respectively; the capsule numbers increasing withheight and age of plant. Its aggressive capacity is low. The plantgrows healthiest in sand and most stunted in black cotton soil.

392 Kanodia, K.C. and Gupta, R.K. (1969)Sand dune flora of western Rajasthan. Journal of the BombayNatural History Society. 65: 681-695About 60% of the arid region of western Rajasthan is sandy and amajor portion of this is occupied by sand dunes. These dunes arefound mostly in Bikaner, Churu, Barmer, Jaisalmer and Jodhpurdistricts, though scattered patches are also met in Pali, Jalore andSirohi, Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts. The present studies areaimed at making a preliminary record of the flora of some of thesesand dunes, based on the plants collected during our surveys.393 Kaul, A. and Vinod Shankar. (1988)Ecology of seed germination of the chenopod shrub Haloxylonsalicornicum. Tropical Ecology. 29: 110-115From 10 to 30° C the germination was in the increasing order andat 40° C it was slightly reduced. The germination response wasequally good in both light and dark. Increase in moisture stress andlevels of salinity shows adverse effect on rate as well as percentagegermination. Various chemicals viz. sodium chloride, calciumchloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and sodiumbicarbonate do not inhibit germination equally. Maximum declinewas observed in the seeds germinated in solutions of magnesiumsulphate and sodium bicarbonate.394 Lekhak, H.D., Jha, P.K. and Sen, D.N. (1983)Ecological races: adaptation of Aerva javanica to the Indian desert.Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 99-105Two forms of Aerva javanica look so unlike that they are frequentlymistaken for different species. The flower, a conservative organ,shows scarcely any difference, but variations were observed inpigmentation, leaf shape and size, hairy covering survival anddistribution. The two have been recognised as distinct `broad-leaved'and `narrow-leaved' forms. Morpho-ecological variations arediscussed.395 Mathur, T. and Sen, D.N. (1972)Ecology of Indian desert VIII. On the water relations and assimilatebalance of some desert plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 19-30A reduction on the water loss and stomatal openings took placewhen the soil water decreased. The percentage of absolute moisturein Calotropis procera was found to be the maximum among the fourspecies, probably because of latex. It was minimum in Prosopiscineraria. The percentage of relative water content of P. cineraria, P.juliflora and T. purpurea decreased but in C. procera increased with

decrease in soil moisture. The polysaccharides were detected only inNovember and the presence of monosaccharides in summer monthshad led to a high osmotic potential, resulting in an enhanced wateruptake. The values of total nitrogen do not appear to show anyparticular trend in relation to the survival or otherwise of thesedesert plant species.396 Meher-Homji, V.M. (1985)Classification of the Indian arid zone : Bioclimatic and phytogeographicapproaches. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 191-211An attempt has been made to demarcate the arid and the semi-aridzones of India using bioclimatic and vegatational criteria. An indexof aridity-humidity based on the values of precipitation and lengthof dry season seems to delineate the dry zones fairly well withvarying degrees of aridity. another approach is to apply the climaticformulae of several authors to a station for a number of individualyears. A truly arid station is one turning out arid according to allthe formulae, all the years. Vegetation types also help incharacterising the degrees of aridity; we have in decreasing order ofaridity, the Calligonum type of the desert sand-dunes. Prospis-Capparis-Zizyphus-Salvadora of western Rajasthan, Acacia-Capparis decidua of northern Gujarat and the Deccan, and Acaciasenegal-Anogeissus pendula and A. pendula of the Aravallis.397 Nair, N.C. and Kanodia, K.C. (1959)Study of the vegetation of Ajit sagar bundh, Rajasthan. Journal ofthe Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 524-557The vegetation on the hills is regarded to be a thorny scrub. Thepoor vegetation is attributed to the limited water supplying capacityof the soil, and the existing vegetation is considered to be thedeterioration product of a climatic climax vegetation. Of the 384plants listed, 379 are angiosperms which include 126 cultivated and253 indigenous plants. Leguminosae, compositae and gramineae arethe most dominating families. The largest genera include Indigofera,Heliotropium, Cyperus, Euphoriba, Commelina and Tephrosia.398 Puri, G.S. (1952)Present position of plant ecology of the deserts of Rajasthan andSaurashtra. Bulletin of the National Institute of Science, India.1: 233-241The environmental factors and the vegetation of the Indian desertare discussed. Afforestation is suggested, by maintenance ofplantations along river banks, hill-sides, parallel sand dunes,coastal dunes, north-west face of the Aravallis and along the sides oftributaries of Luni river.

399 Puri, G.S. (1954)Plant ecological research in India. Indian Forester. 80: 435-441Ecology is the synthesis of all the diverse sciences that areconcerned in the study of plant environment. This present phase inthe ecological research is, therefore, of synthesis and application ofecological knowledge to problems of regeneration, growth,development and management of forests and other forms ofvegetation. The ecological knowledge will also be applied toproblems of erosion, proper land utilisation, Van Mahotsava, natureconservation and other human affairs.400 Puri, G.S. (1960)Edaphic controls of vegetation on a regional scale in India. Journalof the Indian Society of Soil Science. 80: 151-155In Rajasthan and Kutch, the relation between edaphic conditionsand vegetation is not clear due to uniform and intense bioticinterference and formation of immature soils. P. spicigera forms theclimax community on sand dunes and sand plains. On limestone, A.senegal and G. tenax form the dominant community. Alluvial soilsknown as "rakhals" are covered by Acacia leucophloea, A. senegal, A.arabica, G. tenax, G. villesa and P. spicigera. Sandy areas arecolonised by Euphorbia nivulia.401 Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K. (1961)"Succession of plant communities in the Rajasthan Aravallis".Indian Forester. 87: 745-750The plant communities occurring at Mount Abu, Ajmer, Rajgaddi,Bhitur, Pachmata, Kishenpubra and Bir Jhunjhnu on the Aravallisranges in Rajasthan are described. The successional trends in thevegetation are discussed and have been shown in a chart.402 Raheja, P.C. (1965)Influence of climatic changes on the vegetation of the arid zone inIndia. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 64-73The conditions of aridity in western Rajasthan were set, in thegeologically recent and sub-recent time consequent on the rise ofHimalayan and Siwalik ranges. In the protohistoric and prehistorictimes the whole region was well drained by the mighty river system,desertic conditions were set in about 1500-2000 BC The process washastened by the invasion of Huns and Gurjar nomadic tribes fromcentral Asia. There is evidence that precipitation is slowlydecreasing in this region as heat and moisture balance are becomingadverse. The present vegetation cover in relation to micro-climaticzones has been diagrammatically represented and its floristic

characteristics have been described. Experimental work conductedto rehabilitate vegetation and its likely influence on micro-climatehave been discussed in the text.403 Rao, R.S. (1970)Studies on the flora of Kutch, Gujarat state (India) and their utilityin the economic development of the semi-arid region. Annals of AridZone. 9: 125-142So far about 700 species covering 95 families have been reported.Families like Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Convolvulaceae and Cyperaceae have been found tobe predominant. Among these more than 70 species of grasses ofand 50 species of legumes from the main source of fodder in semiaridzone of Kutch where the maximum temperature in summer isabout 39° C and the minimum in winter 10° C with a very scantyrainfall of 350 mm. The Banni grasslands of Kutch are renownedfor cattle wealth, Forage grasses like Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus,Panicum antidotale, Chrysopogon fulvus and a few others have beenfound to be most nutritious, bringing about higher yield of milkwhen judiciously mixed up with legume species of Alysicarpus,Desmodium and Indigofera. To add to this, growth of soil stabiliserslike species of Saccharum, Themeda and the cultivation of saltthriving species of Sporobolus, Chloris, Cenchrus and others forreclamation of saline tracts, have to be encouraged. Other naturalresources like gums of Commiphora wightii and Acacia species,essential oils from Cymbopogon martinii and Vetiveria zizanioidesand medicinal extracts from species of Withania, Psoralea, Grewia,Peganum can be developed by the systematic cultivation of thesespecies in their natural habitat. By utilising such limited plantresourcesdata of floristic studies and by proper planning on thevarious aspects suggested above, coupled with the suitableexploitation of the underground water resources, the economicstandards can be satisfactorily improved.404 Rao, R.S. and Kanodia, K.C. (1962)Studies on the vegetation and flora of Jodhpur division, Rajasthanstate. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 16-47Useful notes on habitat, flower colour, flowering and fruiting, seasonbased on field studies and supported by Herbarium material of 322species collected from different parts of the Jodhpur division aregiven under the enumeration of species. Nine species have beennewly recorded for the Rajasthan state.405 Rao, R.S. and Kanodia, K.C. (1963)

Studies on the vegetation and flora of Jodhpur division, Rajasthanstate. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 35-60The plants occurring in Jodhpur division of arid zone have beendescribed in detail.406 Santapau, H. (1959)Lecto types of the species and varieties described by Blatter andHallberg in their `flora of the Indian desert'. Journal of the BombayNatural History Society. 56: 276-281The new species and varieties discovered from Rajasthan desert byFather Blatter and Hallberg and deposited in Herbarium aredetailed in this paper.407 Satyanarayan, S. and Gaur, Y.D. (1967)Phyto-sociological variations in floristic composition of thevegetation in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 178-199Studies on the sociological variations in the floristic composition ofthe monsoonal vegetation of the alluvial plains of the arid zone haveshown the occurrence of only five species in summer, of which theperennials Cenchrus setigerus and Eleusine compressa are thedominant and remain in living condition, up to April. Three weeksafter the first showers, the number of species increased to 24 and afortnight later to 26. During the monsoon period of 30th July to22nd September, the perennials except C. setigerus increase in thenumber of colonies and decrease in the number of individuals.Among the annuals C. biflorus and Digitaria adescendens, Aristidaadscensionis and Eragrosits ciliaris behave like the perennials.Forbs rapidly increase in number but perennial weeds germinatemore slowly. Ephemerals like Urochloa panicoides and Tragusbiflorus do not stand in competition with other species. Weedscompete successfully with the others. Changes in the cover-growthare accompanied by relative increase in the height-growth. Eleusinecompressa proves to be the best growing species among all thegrasses of alluvial plains. The highest percentage cover and densityof annuals are found during the middle of monsoon, while inperennials it may be up to end of monsoon. Mortality in annuals isdue to their short life period and poor establishment and lack ofcompetitive power. A. adscensisnis, C. biflorus, D. adscendens, C.arenarius and Tribulus terrestris behave sometimes as annuals orbiennials or perennials depending on the environmental conditions.The soil profile is divisible into five zones according to thestratification of the root zones.408 Satyanarayan, Y. (1963)

Ecology of the central Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.2: 82-100The plant communities of central Luni basin in western Rajasthanhave been grouped into five formations: (1) mixed xeromorphic thornforest, (2) mixed xeromorphic woodland, (3) dwarf semi-shrubdesert, (4) psammophytic scrub desert, and (5) succulent halophyticdesert. The mixed xeromorphic thorn forest occurs on erosional landformsof granite and rhyolite hills with skeletal soils. The mixedxeromorphic woodland is characteristic of depositional plains ofolder alluvium, with calcareous sandy loam soils overlying a hardpan. The dwarf semi-shrub desert is confined to the youngeralluvium in the flood plains, consisting of loamy sand, calcareousthroughout the profile. The psammophytic scrub desert ischaracteristic of sand plains and sand dunes formed by deep finesands of aeolian origin. The succulent halophytic desert is confinedto saline alluvium with medium heavy calcareous and saline soils.409 Satyanarayan, Y. and Gaur, Y.D. (1968)Phyto-sociological changes of monsoon vegetation in semi-rockyhabitats. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 47: 371-381A brief description of the semi-rocky habitat with its climaticparticulars is given. The physical and chemical properties of soilsare described. The herbaceous perennial and annual vegetation aresubjected to considerable seasonal changes in their floristiccomposition, cover, density, composition and mortality. Floristiccomposition and density are least in summer and highest in themiddle of monsoon mainly due to rapid growth of annuals andsprouting of perennials. Perennials show continuous increase inpercentage cover throughout the season while the annuals last onlyfor a few weeks during the monsoon and disappear due to lack ofmoisture in the surface layers and improper establishment.Tephrosia purpurea and Eleusine compressa are the most droughtresistantspecies of their habitat.410 Satyanarayan, Y. and Shankaranarayan, K.A. (1964)Vegetation of Bellary district, Mysore state, II. Vegetation types.Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 54-62The flora which is grouped under the Deccan phyto-geographicalprovince consists of 285 species, belonging to 228 genera and 68families. There are 180 genera with 221 species of dicots and only 48genera and 64 species of monocots. The dominant families areleguminosae, gramineae, compositae and euphorbiaceae. The

forests of the district are categorised into different communitiesbased on the dominant species.411 Saxena, S.K. (1977)Desertification due to ecological changes in the vegetation of Indiandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 367-373Over-exploitation of the natural vegetation by way of overgrazingand removal of tree species for fuel and for other purposes andcultivation of marginal lands like sand dunes etc. lead to a series ofecological changes in the desert area of western Rajasthan due towhich the whole tract becomes susceptible to erosion hazards andthis finally leads to desertification.412 Saxena, S.K. and Singh, S. (1976)Some observation on the sand dunes and vegetation of Bikanerdistrict in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 313-322The morphology and vegetation of five types of dunes namelyparabolic, longitudinal, transverse, barchen and shrub-coppice ofBikaner district have been discussed. The dunes of the first threetypes belong to an old dune system. Within the systems, theparabolic dunes occupy larger areas, are better stabilised andcontain higher percentage of calcium carbonate and fine sandparticles than all the other types of dunes. Two vegetation typeshave been recognised on dunes of the old system, viz."psammophytic scrub desert" and "mixed xeromorphic thorn forest".Calligonum polygonoides-Panicum turgidum is the most commonplant community of psammophytic scrub desert which occurs on allthree types of dunes of the old system. The plant density andnumber of trees are more on parabolic dunes than other duneswhich also indicate better stabilisation of the former types of dunes.Presence of Prosopis cineraria on the lower slopes of longitudinaldunes and that of Haloxylon salicornicum on the lower slopes of thetransverse dunes have been observed. The therophytic species foundon three types of stabilised dunes are more or less similar, except fortheir densities. However, only a limited variety of species occur inthe western sector. It is inferred from these studies that the dunesof the old system do not need any plantation to ensure their stabilitybut must be protected from biotic interference. The dunes of the newsystem are active and must be stabilised through suitable dunestabilisation techniques involving the use of psammophyticindigenous species which are well adapted to the existingenvironmental conditions of the sand dunes.413 Shanti Sarup. (1952)

Plant ecology of Jodhpur and its neighbourhood. RajasthanUniversity Studies (Biological Science). 1: 29-36The great Indian desert is spread principally in the west and northwestern part of Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner divisions ofRajasthan, India and the Thar district in Sind. The general aspect isthat of a succession of dry undulating plains of shifting sand dunesof various sizes. The desert area lies between 24.5 N and 30.5 Nlatitude with hot summers and cold winters. The summertemperature is among the highest in the world and coincides withthe season of the greatest droughts. In the west and the north westpart of the desert the rainfall is not more than a few inches and isvery irregular. Humidity is low. Three ecological zones arerecognised. To the south and south east of the region near theAravalli hills but not strictly in the desert. Here some naturalvegetation occurs.414 Shanti Sarup and Vyas, L.N. (1957)Ecological studies on the vegetation of Jodhpur tehsil. Journal of theIndian Botanical Society. 36: 589-590Six plant associations are distinguished according to differentsituations, viz. (1) hills, (2) mixed hill and plains, (3) plains, (4) sanddunes, (5) roist rock streams and (6) saline river beds and loamysoils.415 Singh, R. and Joshi, M.C. (1986)Distribution and cycling of potassium in soil-vegetation componentsof sand and dune herbaceous vegetation around Pilani, Rajasthan,India. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 265-276The distribution and cycling of potassium in the herbaceousvegetation were studied in sand and dune regions around Pilani atfive sites from June, 1973 to May, 1974. Only 3-7% of the total soilpotassium was involved in the biological circulation. Maximumuptake (3 g m -2 ) of potassium occurred in interdunal lows duringrainy season, out of which 83% was reflected in above ground liveshoots and 17% in roots. The transfers were higher during winter.The maximum release of potassium through roots and litterdecomposition occurred during winter season. On all the five sites,the total potassium annually absorbed by the vegetation rangedfrom 1.45 g m -2 to 3.35 m -2 , 40-67% of it was returned to the soilthrough root and litter decomposition.416 Singh, R.P. and Bahar, N., Prasad, B. and Gupta, M.K. (1991)

Ecological studies on Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. in Spiti valley ofHimachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 119-122The study was conducted in the cold desert of Spiti valley in thestate of Himachal Pradesh. Plantation of Hippophae rhamnoidesLinn in one hectare can meet the fuel wood needs of twenty familiesin this region. Total biomass on dry weight basis was 34.27 t ha -1and energy ranged from 3.5 to 4.4 K. cal g -1 dry weight.417 Singh, R.P., Nav Bahar and Prakash Chand. (1992)Autoecology of Capparis spinosa Linn. in cold desert of Spiti valleyin Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 291-293Capparis spinosa Linn. is a dominant trailing shrub of cold desert ofSpiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. Its seed has hard seed coatdormancy which can be overcome by concentrated sulphuric acidtreatment and mechanical scarification. Root system contributesmaximum (65.33%) to the total biomass followed by above groundbiomass (34.66%). A single plant covers 4.24 m² areas of soil byaerial portion. Root of single plant can bind soil up to 3.43 m² withthe strong lateral roots. The taper rate varies from 0.42 to 10.4which itself is an indication of strong root system.418 Singh, V., Mathur, K., Sethia, M., Bhojak, S. and Nag, T.K.(1990)Ascorbic acid from some arid zone plants of Rajasthan. Geobios. 17:35Studies on free endogenous ascorbic acid content in different parts ofsome of the plants common to arid zone of Rajasthan which form alarge part of vegetation were made. Plants of Rajasthan havebiosynthetic potential to produce free ascorbic acid in every stage ofgrowth which is regarded as one of the essential constituent oflivestock feed.419 Suresh Kumar. (1992)Comparing classification and different ordinations of vegetation inthe Thar desert of India with implications in resource management.Tropical Ecology. 33: 110-131Importance value (RIV) data of perennial vegetation sampled intenth hectare quadrates at 251 sites covering all habitats inJaisalmer were analysed for classification and ordinations. Resultsobtained in respect of vegetation data of sandy undulatinghummocky plains are however, discussed here. Classification ofvegetation by Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN)

evealed three site classes and four species classes, both arrangedalong a gradient of soil texture. Of the ordination analysis by PolarOrdination (PO), Principal component analysis (PCA), Reciprocalaveraging (RA) and Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), siteand species classes obtained in DCA were most near to the naturalsituation. Moreover addition of five non-existent species with zeroRIV to the main matrix, completely aborted RA, compressed PO andPCA outputs but these were completely eliminated by DCA andTWINSPAN. Six site and ten species classes, which corresponded toeach other in DCA were an improvement over TWINSPAN classes.Examining these classes for trends of 19 vegetational and 10edaphic parameters alongwith its ecological status, dominancediversity curves, beta diversity and dominance concentrationprovided cues for vegetation management on these sites.420 Suresh Kumar. (1996)Trends in structural compositional attributes of dune-interdunevegetation and their edaphic relations in the Indian desert.Vegetatio. 124: 73-93Vegetation of 127 sites on different aspects of dune-interdunes inthe Indian Thar desert was classified using TWINSPAN.TWINSPAN groupings of sites separated better vegetated dunes ofthe north-east form the poorly vegetated dunes of the north-westand the south-west. Of the different ordinations using non centred,centred and standardised principal component analysis, reciprocalaveraging and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the siteand species classes in DCA correlated well with ten edaphic and tenvegetational attributes of each site. Strong correlation of vegetationgroupings with soil texture, moisture holding capacity and lowcorrelation with pH and electrical conductivity revealed the possibleimportance of soil physical properties in affecting vegetationcomposition. The eleven species classes in TWINSPAN wereregrouped into 18 species classes in DCA, which separated highlyfrequent species from those of less and least frequent species. Basedon dominance-diversity attributes, Calligonum polygonoides-Lasiurus sindicus was brought out as bioedaphic climax stage.Correlation of ordination scores in different site groupings withvegetational attributes showed specific trends : From the zero of x, yand z axes to their maximum, the ordination scores of grasses andbrowse species declined while score of spinous species increased. Thesites near the origin of the x, y and z axes were therefore leastdegraded and those at or near the maximum of x, y and z axes weremost disturbed as was confirmed by the dominance diversity trends.Thus trends of compositional and functional attributes of vegetation

of sites in different groupings helped in inferring a site'sdegradation status.421 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1985)Vegetation ecology of the Guhiya catchment in the upper Luni basin- India. Tropical Ecology. 26: 1-11Dry tropical forest type is confined to the east of the Guhiyacatchment on the Aravalli ranges. The alluvia and the isolatedhillocks in the west of the catchment are covered by Desert thornforest type. Seven grass covers i.e. Propetium-Eragrotsis type,Dactyloctenium-Eleusine type, Dichanthium-Desmostachya-Cynodon type, Cenchrus type, Aristida type, Chrysopogon-Sehimatype and Sporobolus-Chloris type have been identified. Three grasscovers, viz. Cenchrus type, Dichanthium-Desmostachya-Cynodonand Chrysopogon-Sehima type are higher in successional hierarchyand exhibit specific edaphic affinities. The sprinkling of trees andshrubs in each grass cover varies in composition and density, by andlarge, according to the soil texture and the relief.422 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1987)Vegetation ecology of the Bandi catchment in the upper Luni basin,western Rajasthan. Tropical Ecology. 28: 246-258In the Bandi catchment (2748 km 2 ) of the upper Luni basin, bulk ofthe area (73%) was cropland and the remaining 27% area supportednatural vegetation. In the forest area (13.4%) two distinct zoneswere: 1-forests on the Aravalli ranges in the east occupying 13.03%of the catchment area, and 2-forests on the alluvia and hillocks inthe western part of the catchment covering 0.40% area. The firsttype closely corresponds to the Northern dry tropical forest and thesecond to the Desert thorn forest. In the 13.35% of the catchmentarea located mostly in the western part, seven grass covers wereidentified. These are : Oropetium thomaeum-Eragrostis ciliarisoccurring over 3.92% area, Dactyloctenium sindicum-Eleusinecompressa on 3.48% area, Dichanthium annulatum-Desmostachyabipinnata-Cynodon dactylon on 3.2% area, Chrysopogon fulvus-Apluda mutica on 1.79% area, Cenchrus ciliaris-Cenchrus setigeruson 0.30% area. Sporobolus marginatus-Chloris virgata on 0.28% andAristida spp. on 0.30% area. Tree and shrub cover in these typesvaried according to the topography, soil depth and texture.423 Vinod Shankar. (1988)Vegetation ecology of the Indian Thar desert. Indian Journal ofEcology and Environmental Science. 14: 131-155

Environmental factors, vegetation types and their successionalstatus have been briefly discussed. Different classical approachesused for vegetation description and classification in India arereviewed. Based on a study of 26 interdunal plains in Jaisalmerdistrict, it is shown that multivariate analysis and ordinationtechniques are most appropriate for summarising spatialheterogeneity and temporal variability in plant communities.424 Vinod Shankar and Dadhich, N.K. (1977)Effect of long term exclosure on changes in dune vegetation. Annalsof Arid Zone. 16: 381-386Protection led to improvement in the species diversity and richness.Marked improvement in the botanical composition, relativefrequency and relative cover of herbs and shrubs was also noticed onthe top, the slope and at the base of protected dune. Protected dunewas rich in species of higher ecological status e.g. Calligonumpolygonoides, Panicum antidotale and Sericostoma pauciflorum etc.Mobile barchan dunes supported under-shrubs of lower ecologicalstatus e.g. Crotalaria burhia and Aerva persica was almost devoid ofgrassy vegetation. Wind seems to be a major ecological factor in thedistribution of species to windward and leeward side of the dune.Protection also improved herbage yield.425 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1984)Ecological distribution of Haloxylon salicornicum (MOQ.) bunge asan aid to the reconstruction of the lost courses of the Saraswati riverin the Indian desert. Tropical Ecology. 25: 227-238Studies on the geographical and ecological distribution of achenopod shrub, Haloxylon salicornicum in the western Rajasthanrevealed its predominance in three situations meeting its nicherequirements viz., dry beds of prior courses of the river Saraswati,sand dunes and sandy undulating interdunal plains underlain withgypsum at varying depths. Based on its distribution pattern, fourabandoned courses of the Saraswati have been reconstructed andcertain courses suggested by other workers confirmed.426 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1984)Ecology of crop-area weeds in Guhiya catchment of the upper Lunibasin in Rajasthan. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 5:321-327Twenty nine species of weeds occurring in Guhiya catchment of theupper Luni basin were sampled for estimating their abundance ondifferent landforms and botanical composition in a variety of cropfields in both rabi and kharif. Phenology of these weeds was

observed. The estimate of total dry matter of crops and the weedsrevealed 2 to 4 times more dry matter in weeds as compared to thatof the crop.427 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1986)Top feed and fuel wood resources of the Guhiya catchment of theupper Luni basin and measures to upgrade them. Indian Journal ofRange Management. 7: 53-62Existing vegetation was invetroyed and its condition was evaluatedon ten characteristic habitats in the Guhiya catchment of the upperLuni basin. Quality of different representative sites on thesehabitats was assessed on the basis of plant and soil indicators.Based on existing vegetation, its condition and sire quality,measures have been suggested to upgrade the top feed and fuelwood resources.428 Whyte, R.O. (1976)Bioclimatic and taxonomic consequences of tectonic movement andorgeny. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 247-269Land UseNine major periods are recognised in the palaeo-climatic and recenthistory of the South Asian subcontinent, associated with or createdby the major geological events, the arrival of the South Asian Plateand the orgeny of Tibet, the Karakorum and the Himalaya. Only inthe eighth and ninth of these periods would conditions have begunto favour the dispersal and rapid speciation of the herbaceousvegetation thus indicating how remarkably young is the richgraminaceous flora of the present day.429 Abichandani, C.T. and Sen, A.K. (1977)MLRU' mapping - a concept of composite mapping unit forintegrated land survey. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 263-270Working out a composite mapping unit for integrated regionalsurvey, with the aim of providing a basis for the assessment ofresource potentials of an area deserves special cartographicattention. The hitherto available mapping techniques do not fullyserve the purpose under Indian arid zone conditions. A newcomposite mapping unit-Major Land Resources Unit (MLRU)-hasbeen evolved based on the principle of classification of lands havingrecurring patterns of biotic and abiotic environments. Thecartographic techniques and advantages of the MLRU system havebeen described.

430 Balak Ram. (1981)An appraisal of land distributed to the weaker sections in Silorablock (Rajasthan). National Geographer. 16: 119-125Social work and research centre, Tilonia has undertaken a projectentitled `Development for increasing agricultural labourers andscheduled castes in Silora block, Ajmer, Rajasthan. About 1618.7 haof land were distributed amongst 1000 landless labourers andscheduled castes under the government's land allotment scheme.But many of the allottees have not been able to secure the actualpossession of the land and some are even not inclined to accept thesame owing to poor fertility of the soils and inaccessibility. Besides,some of the allottees have been forcefully driven away by theconcerted efforts of the former owners. The SWRC aims to pick up200 farmers every year and highlight the following detailsconcerning (a) identification of allottees, (b) location of water on theunutilised land, (c) digging of new wells, (d) water and soil testing,(e) land development, viz., land levelling, contour bunding, etc., (f)crop rotation, (g) tillage operations, and (h) supply of basic inputs,i.e., seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, etc.431 Balak Ram. (1987)Importance of detailed land use mapping for operational researchproject area in arid zone. Indian Cartographer. 7: 313-321Central arid zone research institute has recently taken up Doli andJhanwar villages of Jodhpur district for Operational Researchproject. For this a detailed mapping of the present land use has beendone. Aerial photographs were used in locating and delineating theactual boundaries of different land uses and to incorporate recentcharges. Over a period of last 25 years irrigated area is substantiallyincreased, particularly in Doli village but the over-exploitation ofground water has also caused sodicity/salinity problems. Noadditional land has been put under cultivation but long fallow areais decreased. The paper concludes with the important points ofdetailed land use mapping in identifying and selecting the lands forvarious extension and demonstration activities for OperationalResearch Programme.432 Balak Ram. (1990)Mapping detailed land use changes under different landforms in anarid region. Indian Cartographer. 10: 276-279Detailed mapping of land-use and cropping in five villages locatedunder different geomorphic units of an arid region has been carried

out for 1963-64 and 1983-84 and changes over time and space areworked out. In younger alluvial plain and flat buried pedimentirrigated double cropped area has significantly increased and at thesame time fallow land has declined. Rainfed agriculture hasdeveloped in older alluvial plain with good communication network.No specific change has occurred in villages occupied by sand dunesexcept that the long fallowing system has declined. Changes incropping pattern and reasons thereof are also discussed in the lightof varying micro environment.433 Balak Ram, Sharma, J.R. and Ghosh, T.K. (1989)Feasibility of digital image processing techniques in land usemapping of Indian desert. Indian Cartographer. 9: 450-455A study was undertaken by the Division of Resources Survey andMonitoring (Central Arid Zone Research Institute) in collaborationwith RRSSC, Jodhpur to map present land use of an arid zone areaby digital image analysis of TM and IRS-IA data. The paperdiscusses the results of this study. The paper lists the various landuse classes which could be correctly identified on the TM scene. Theland use classes which could not be identified have also been listedand the reason for their getting mixed up with other classes hasbeen explained. The paper suggests a method by which more landuse classes can be identified correctly. The various plus points ofdigital image processing as emerged from the study have also beenbriefly discussed.434 Balak Ram and Chauhan, J.S. (1994)Mapping the marginal lands in arid zone of western Rajasthanusing satellite imagery. Indian Cartographer. 14: 117-153Increased farming practices over marginal lands disregarding theirpotential and regeneration capabilities has caused serious problemsof land degradation in recent years, particular in arid zone. Thelands which are not suitable for agriculture owing to their inherentlimitations and physio-climatic conditions, but still cultivated oncein three or more years, yielding an average return of not more thanthe production cost, are termed marginal lands. Cultivation on suchland is uneconomic and involves high probability of crop failure.Based on the visual interpretation of LANDSAT TM and IRS LISS-II FCC and aerial photographs supported with field survey, themarginal lands of the western Rajasthan have been identified andmapped. Characteristics, limitation and consequences of the use ofdifferent categories of marginal lands are discussed. Feasibility ofremotely sensed data are also highlighted. The paper includes themajor findings and suggested potential use of these lands.

435 Balak Ram and Chauhan, J.S. (1994)Satellite based appraisal of land use and related problems in coastaldesert of India. Indian Cartographer. 14: 152-153Coastal desert of Gujarat constitutes 62180 km 2 or 19.6% area ofIndian arid zone. Of this 73.4% is occupied by Kachchh districtalone. As compared to `Thar' desert the land use and relatedproblems of this region are quite different. Out of total geographicalarea its mainland constitutes only 42.81% while rest is occupied bysalt ranns even though per head total land area comes to 1.57 haand that of agricultural lands 0.63 ha. But the lands are notproperly and fully utilised owing to vast stretches of rocky/stony andsalt affected terrain associated with salinity, water erosion andother natural hazards as well as meagre surface and ground waterresources subjected to inhospitable climatic conditions. Theuneconomic and over-exploitation of natural resources haveaggravated land degradation and caused serious land use problems.In order to formulate any planning for sustainable development forsuch a fragile region, the appraisal of land use and related problemis a pre-requisite. The present study aims to map and focus thepresent status of landuses, pinpoint the problem and potential areasand assess their use and misuse.436 Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal. (1988)Mapping the landuse characteristics of an arid environment : a casestudy of Bandi watershed, western Rajasthan. Indian Cartographer.8: 359-369Landuse mapping reflect the resource potentials, the nature andlevel of exploitation which forms basis for development planning.Based on landuse survey and mapping and available relatedinformation, decadel, lateral and regional landuse changes and thevariations in and along the sub-catchments have been studied anddiscussed. Irrigated and double crop areas have been substantiallyincreased during the last decade while fallow lands, and culturablewastes have been decreased. The paper also concludes with themajor findings on problematic areas and areas available for furtherdevelopment.437 Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal. (1995)Landuse problems and potentialities of hot arid coastal region ofIndia. Indian Cartographer. 15: 34-39Arid zone in India constitute 317090 km 2 area of which 19.61% isconcentrated in Gujarat state. Jamnagar district occupies 9.45% of

India's total arid zone and about 22.72% arid area of Gujarat. Thelow erratic and high variable rainfall, shallow soils, vast stretches ofrocky/gravelly uplands, salt affected lands, moderate to severe watererosion and saline and meagre groundwater potentials are some ofthe major hazards restricting the proper use of land andcontributing to the low food and fodder production. Constantlyincreasing population injudiciously used and even over exploitedsome of the vital land resources far beyond their use andregeneration capability. In order to make sustainable land andwater resources development planning for such a fragile ecosystem,the proper assessment of the present status, problems andpotentials of lands under different systems of management is amust. The present study is one such attempt in this direction. Basedon semi-detailed survey and remotely sensed data, the present landuse mapping of Jamnagar district has been done. Spatialdistribution and characteristics of different land use categories arediscussed, their related problems are highlighted and potentialareas are pin pointed. Suggestions are also made for rationalutilisation of lands.438 Balak Ram and Joshi, D.C. (1984)Land use soil relationship in an arid zone area. The DeccanGeographer. 22: 505-510Land use pattern in relation to soil characteristics has been studiedin a typical arid zone area. The sandy area covered with varyingintensity of dunes, hummocks and loose sand is under singlecropping with varying intensity of cropping. Dune soils have lowintensity (20 to 30 per cent) as compared to interdunal are as (60 to80 per cent). The area of moderately deep to medium textured soils,free of over burden sand double cropped. It may be inferred from thestudies that beside other factors land use pattern is closely relatedwith the soil characteristics.439 Balak Ram and Kolarkar, A.S. (1993)Remote sensing application in monitoring land-use changes in aridRajasthan. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 14: 3191-3200Land-use changes in various parts of arid Rajasthan were identifiedand mapped on reconnaissance, semi-detailed and detailed levelsusing multidate remotely-sensed data, supported with field checkand secondary information. During the last three decades the netsown area in arid Rajasthan has increased by 36 per cent whilecurrent and long fallows have declined by 29 and 41 per cent,respectively. The net irrigated area has increased by 140 per cent.Forest and pastures become highly degraded although their areas

have increased to some extent. Land-use changes that occurredduring the 1979 and 1990 floods are also discussed. In addition, theadvantages and limitations of remote sensing and their comparisonwith traditional methods are also highlighted.440 Balak Ram, Chauhan, J.S. and Sen, A.K. (1989)Mapping the use and misuse of lands of Indian arid zone. IndianCartographer. 9: 450-453.A large part of the Arid zone lands are either not properly utilised ormisused. To assess their use and misuse is the prerequisite forregional planning. This can be better achieved through systematicland use survey and mapping primarily based on remote sensingtechniques. The techniques to assess and map such use and misuseof lands are discussed and supported through an example of Barmerdistrict of Rajasthan where 49% lands are found to be not properlyutilised and 31% are misused. Merits of the techniques and utility ofthe maps are highlighted in the text. Possibilities in furtherimprovement of the mapping and its relevance are projected in theconcluding part of the paper.441 Balak Ram, Gheesa Lal and Sen, A.K. (1983)Land use in the Guhiya Catchment. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 65-75The characteristics of the present land use in the Guhiya catchmentof the Luni basin and the factors affecting the land utilisation arediscussed. Distinct cropping patterns, practices under differentcategories of lands are discussed. The results of survey, over andunder exploitation of lands, potential and problem areas are pinpointed. Measures for proper land use are finally suggested.442 Daulay, H.S. and Henry, A. (1987)Desert ecological environments and their management systems foroptimising crop/plant production. The Geographer. 34: 26-38The paper described the agro-ecological zones, climate, land usepattern, soil conservation for improving the desert biome, viz., sanddune fixation and wind erosion control, natural vegetation of hotarid zone, animal husbandry, human ecology and improved crophusbandry practices.443 Daulay, H.S. and Henry, A. (1988)Crop diversification and alternate land use system for rural land useplanning in Indian arid zone. The Geographer. 35: 13-22

The system of agriculture followed in arid areas indicates thelimitation imposed by aridity. Based on the land use capabilities ofthe land holding, scientific technology developed in recent past hasrevealed that much can be achieved by choosing right species oftrees / crops / grasses / forestry / horticultural crops, betteragronomic practices, fertiliser use and soil and water management.444 Dhir, R.P. (1981)Role of integrated natural resource survey in development planning.Development Policy and Administration Review. 7: 67-73The paper gives in brief the purpose and methodology of naturalresource survey and outlines the advantages of integration of surveydata of multidisciplinary nature. It illustrates the type ofinformation generated in terms of resource characterisation,assessment of potential for development and treatment needs forrealisation of the same. Best interpretations are possible through aninteraction of surveyor, resource management specialist anddevelopment planner.445 Gheesa Lal. (1987)Impact of ground water on the land use changes in the desertenvironment : a case study of Borunda village. The GeographicalObserver. 23: 35-44The problem of food in Rajasthan, particularly in westernRajasthan, is very acute and serious. The evidences for foodproblems are available in the economic and agricultural historyrecords of Rajasthan, in which numerous instances of crop failuresand lack of proper food supply are cited. Every third year is adrought year, which affects the agrarian economy of the regionseverely. In addition to this, the cultivable land is not sufficientlyavailable to the farmers, because of large expansion of sandy waste,stony waste gravelly waste and barren land in the region. Thus, notmany changes have been observed in the landuse pattern evenunder the green revolution period, except in certain pockets wheresweet ground water is available. In Borunda village sweet groundwater is available in lime-stone formation and filled valleys. Theextensive use of this ground water potential has not only changedthe land use pattern but also has pushed up the economy of thevillage as a whole.446 Gheesa Lal and Sen, A.K. (1990)Land use mapping by IRS data in Jalore district of westernRajasthan. Indian Cartographer. 10: 283-291

An attempt has been made to prepare a map of the current land useof Jalore district in the arid western part of Rajasthan by the use ofIRS data with limited field check. The landuse characteristics andtheir relationship with other basic resources of the various unitshave been described. The percentage of identified land use units likecultivated land (75.6%) including short and long fallow, the croppingpatterns and other practices have been described. Besides, differenttypes of wasteland (10.2%), the landuse of settlements and waterfeatures (4.1%), forest (2.0%) and permanent pastures and orans(8.0%) are also described. Although the major categories of landutilisation have been mapped, it is concluded that further studiesare required on waste and degraded lands, reclamation of marginallands and correct estimation of pasture lands and orans thoughremote sensing and other methods. The entire cartographic workwas carried out by analysing IRS data and it was found that it wascomparable to LANDSAT TM. data.447 Gheesa Lal, Balak Ram and Malakar, A.R. (1991)Significance of detailed land use mapping for resource managementand micro level planning in arid environment. Indian Cartographer.11: 246-252Land use in arid zone is very important factor affecting theagricultural economy. The rational utilisation of land resources is ofgreat importance for agricultural development and regionalplanning. In this context study of land use planning based ondetailed land use mapping and survey is the first step towardsputting out lands to the proper and rational use. Local and regionalland use surveys and mapping at the village level are most helpfulin the field of rural development planning. Such studies assumesignificance in arid areas of western Rajasthan, where the resourceshave not been fully assessed. The region is represented bymonocropping rainfed agriculture where choices of crops is verylimited. The extent of cultivation and crop production is veryuncertain and least dependable. Pastures are highly degraded. Sandmovement is main problem of this region. During the last twodecades long fallowing practices are considerably declined.Agricultural land with intensity of cultivation below 40% are notsuitable for crop production and hence silvi-pastural practicesshould be adapted. Other cultivated lands require agro-forestrypractices and improved dry farming technology.448 Ghose, B. and Singh, S. (1965)Observations on geomorphology and land use of Kitnod village. TheGeographical Review of India. 27: 143-156

There are five landform units such as flood plains, aggraded alluvialplains, alluvial fans, hills with bare surface and the graded riverbed. The flood plain is recent and most productive and supportsmost of the village population. The texture of soil of the flood plainranges from sand to loamy sand having very low fertility status. Yetthe flood plains show higher organic matter content. This area is thepotential source of subsurface water which is used for irrigation andstock. Keeping in view the soil type water is fairly good for irrigationand is not likely to create salinity problem. Interpretation andanalysis of aerial photographs of this region have revealed that theclimate was humid in the past when the vast aggraded alluvial plain(old flood plain) was built up. Condition was deteriorated later andthe land surface covered with blown sand. Productivity was reduced.People migrated to the newly formed flood plain in the north wherethey could counteract the desiccation with subsurface water. Thedegenerated land in aggraded alluvial plain (old flood plain) was leftuncared for, subject to very high wind erosion hazards. Thecapability of land and its use described in the paper depict only thepresent phase of arid environment although the initial landform isof fluvial origin.449 Ghose, B., Pandey, S. and Singh, S. (1968)Processes and extent of erosion and its effects on land use in thecentral Luni basin, western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 15-29There is no relation between the slope of the lands and wind erosion.Slope only plays a significant role in water erosion in the piedmontzones and hills. In the central Luni basin wind erosion is prominentand covers 42.16 per cent of the total area. Water erosion is quitenegligible. It affects an area of 0.74 per cent. About 3.32 per cent ofthe total area is affected by both water and wind erosion. The rest ofthe area is practically free from erosion. The west and north-westsectors of the region have dunes, hummocks and blown sand.450 Mann, H.S., Lahiri, A.N. and Pareek, O.P. (1976)A study on the moisture availability and other conditions ofunstabilised dunes in the context of present land use and the futureprospects of diversification. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 270-284The prospects of plant production on desert dunes have beenconsidered with special reference to prevailing soil plantenvironmentconditions. The soil moisture status of unstabiliseddunes is consistently more than the stabilised ones where vegetationexists, although the moisture conditions of unstabilised dunes, assuch may vary from one place to other depending on rainfall and

other variations. High rate of water use by the dune vegetation,which is linked with the decrease in their leaf temperature, seems tobe the main cause of low soil moisture status of stabilised dunes.Observations on soil temperature during the hottest period ofsummer days indicated a sharp fall up to 20 cm depth from surfaceand at lower depths temperature variations were minimum. Theconserved moisture in barren dunes, however, is not sufficient tomeet the total water need of a rabi or a kharif crop although soilfertility may not be a serious limitation. The resource of conservedmoisture of unstabilised dunes is being profitably utilised by certainfarmers in Bikaner area, who sow water melon and long melon inMarch and make use of this moisture for early growth of plantswhile natural precipitation meets the needs of later developmentalstages. The details of this unirrigated farming on barren dunes havebeen described with special reference to cultural practice, plantgrowth behaviour, rate of transpiration and chemical composition ofplants. The prospects of diversification of such agricultural practicehave been considered where a need for developing a suitablecropping pattern, in association of grass and trees, has been feltwhich may fetch maximum returns with minimum of erosion.451 Mann, H.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1977)Irrational land use and desertification in Rajasthan desert. Annalsof Arid Zone. 16: 387-394The prevalent land use practices, soil fertility, agricultural practice,livestock population and grazing pressure, fuel consumption etc.provide ample evidence to illustrate how the arid eco-system isslowly but inexorably degrading beyond ecological capabilities andresilience leading to a stage of entropy in the arid tracts ofRajasthan. It has been suggested that land capability is a basictenet of any conservation policy but such a policy should be bothdynamic and flexible and commensurate with the resources.452 Roy, B.B., Gupta, R.K. and Pandey, S. (1970)Natural resources and their development in Mahendergarh districtof Haryana state. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 65-76Mahendergarh district with an area of about 3474 km 2 consists oftwo bio-climatic regions, namely arid and semi-arid zones.Maximum temperature of 41-42° C sometimes rising to 47° C, isrecorded in the months of May- June, while the minimumtemperature is recorded in December-January. The annual rainfallvaries from 300 to 500 mm. The desertic soils with sandy to loamysand texture are found in the arid part and soils belonging tosierozems are found in the semi-arid part. The main problems are

shifting sand dunes, severe wind erosion, degraded pastures andscarcity of water. Recommendations for solving these problems havebeen made.453 Sen, A.K. (1968)Crop yield map of Rajasthan. The Deccan Geographer. 6: 77-88In the first part of the paper the cartographic techniques adopted forpreparing the 1:2 million crop yield map of Rajasthan has beendescribed. In the second part of the paper the crop yields and theirvariations as evident and interpreted from the map are criticallyanalysed. It is found that the primary cereals like barley, maize andwheat, although they are the minor produce of Rajasthan trendhigher yields than the secondary cereals which are the majorproduce of the State. The study shows the cultivation in the State isstill dependent on rainfall and the fluctuation in rainfall results invariation of yield. The variation of yield is not so striking in generalbecause there are very little changes in land use and area undercrop in the years under consideration.454 Sen, A.K. (1974)Categorisation of land utilisation units in arid zone. The DeccanGeographer. 12: 61-72The paper deals only with the scheme of land utilisation mappingunits for detailed reconnaissance mapping and as such thedescription and characteristics of various units are not dealt with indetails. To prepare land utilisation maps to show the extent anddistribution of the units field surveys are conducted as generalpractice. Recently aerial photo-interpretation techniques are beingapplied extensively for such surveys. Use of aerial photographs canexpedite land utilisation survey and mapping work, photointerpretation enables preparation of tentative land use beforesurvey is undertaken.455 Sen, A.K. and Singh, S. (1977)Significance of geomorphic factors on land use planning anddevelopment in Bikaner. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 13-24By a faithful correlation of the land use and geomorphic maps,arising out of our field surveys, the variations of land use indifferent geomorphic units are worked out. The relationship betweenthe geomorphology and the land use in the area is then examined. Itshows that relation exists between the two. The macro and microgeomorphic factors affecting the intensity of cultivation are studiedin this context. In this area, wind erosion and slopes have been

found to be the important factors which influence the distribution ofcultivated lands and the intensity of their use. The data obtained inthe course of field surveys are statistically analysed in order to findout the significance of micro geomorphic differences. The effect oferosion is more pronounced and significant than other factors. Assuch, it is suggested that any programme adopted for land useplanning should be in the direction of wind erosion control, aided orcorrelated with modern dry farming or irrigation farmingtechniques.456 Sen, A.K. (1980)Methodology of land use survey and mapping in arid zone. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 307-319In aggraded older alluvial plains the intensity of cultivation anderosion are negatively correlated and the correlation is significant at1 per cent level. Intensity of cultivation and slopes are alsonegatively correlated which however is non-significant . Ininterdunal plain erosion and intensity of cultivation are negativelycorrelated. The degree of correlation is non-significant. The studyreveals : (i) as degree of erosion increases, intensity of cultivationdecreases in aggraded older alluvial plain; (ii) effect of erosion ismore pronounced; (iii) slope increases as erosion increases; (iv) winderosion control is the primary need to put more land undercultivation and (v) cultivation on marginal lands should not bepractised.457 Sen, A.K. and Abraham, C.T. (1966)Crop belts and cropping patterns of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.5: 105-116Rajasthan is predominantly an agricultural state where 75 per centof the total population is directly or indirectly dependent onagriculture. The highest concentration of agricultural land is in thenorth eastern districts of the state where 50 to 75 per cent of thetotal area is cultivated. The extent of cultivated land is lowest in thearid zone. The geographical distribution of crops reveals thepredominance of secondary cereals like bajra, jowar and smallmillets. About 18.5 per cent of the total cropped area is under pulseswhile only 9 per cent of the total cropped area is under commercialcrops. The intensity of cropping is very high in the districts ofChambal valley due to irrigation facilities and high rainfall and inDungarpur, Udaipur and Bhilwara districts due to high rainfall. Itis medium in Ajmer, Banswara and Chittorgarh districts. It is verylow in the districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jodhpurwhich form part of the Indian desert. Six crop belts in Rajasthan

have been demarcated and mapped on the basis of 45 per cent ormore coverage of the total cultivated land and the area occupied bythe major crop. Bajra belt is the most important covering 58.05 percent of the total area.458 Sen, A.K. and Chakraborty, S. (1958)Selection of appropriate legends for soil and land use maps. TheGeographical Review of India. 20: 97-103The aspects to be incorporated in soil and land use maps aresuggested and legends for detailed soil and land use maps in blackand white and multicolour are worked out. The advantages anddisadvantages of colour and black and white maps are discussed.459 Sen, A.K. and Gheesa Lal. (1974)A comparative analysis of present land use in two typical areas ofwest Indian arid zone - A case study. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 75-83To assess the use and misuse of lands and to visualise the land useproblems of the Indian arid zone, land utilisation surveys have beenconducted in Bilara (rocky desert) and Shergarh, (sandy desert)tehsils. The survey and mapping works have been based mainly onaerial photo-interpretation. The present land use pattern of thetehsils has been described. A comparative analysis of the results inboth the tehsils has been attempted. This has enabled us to drawthe problems of land use in different environmental set-up of thearid zone. The study reflects on some problems like detailed soil andland capability surveys on waste land, reclamation of marginal land,correct estimation of pasture land etc., which require furtherconsideration.460 Sen, A.K. and Gheesa Lal. (1988)Land use characteristics of Jaisalmer district, western Rajasthan.National Geographer. 23: 169-178Jaisalmer, the largest district of Rajasthan, lies in the heart of theGreat Indian desert, Thar. The district is very sparsely populatedwith low agricultural production. However it has immense resourcepotential which has not been properly utilised. Rather theuneconomic land use practices and unscientific utilisation ofresources have accentuated the menace of soil erosion anddesertification hazards, Recent observations have proved that thedesertic conditions have further deteriorated which need ourimmediate attention. Hence, programmes for a balanced regionalplanning should be taken up immediately. Rajasthan canal isexpected to be extended up to Ramgarh, along the northern part ofthe district, well within the heart of the desert.

461 Singh, H.P. (1986)Problems and principles of management of desert soils. CurrentPractices in Geotechnical Engineering. 3: 123-151The normal features of tropical and sub-tropical deserts - lowrainfall, hot summers, large annual and diurnal variations intemperature and low humidity - are to some extent modified in thelittoral. The major difference is the humidity which is high incoastal deserts. Nearly 70 per cent of the desert region is covered bywind worked sandy soil-sands, loamy sands and sand dunes (Dhir1977) . The remaining area is under medium-textured, old andrecent alluvium (brown light loams and grey brown loams), sandy,rocky and gravely soils (Skeletal or Lithosolic), salt marches (Kutcharea) and sierozems. Rocky and gravelly soils are particularly metwith in Gujarat. It would, therefore, appear that sandy soilsdominate the desert environment.462 Singh, S. (1987)Impact of geomorphology on land use planning in the Rajasthandesert. Annals of the Association of Rajasthan Geographers. 7: 7-14The morphological properties, erosion and slope have a pronouncedeffect on the agricultural productivity, cropping patterns andintensity of cultivation. Flat older alluvial and interdune plains, flatburied pediments and younger alluvial plains due to almost levelslope and slight water and wind erosion hazards have betteragricultural potentials. Whereas undulating older alluvial andinterdune plains due to undulating topography and severe to verysevere wind erosion/deposition hazard are fit for occasionalcultivation. The crop yield of these landform units could beincreased by using proper land use and soil and water conservationmeasures viz., use of high yielding crop varieties, proper doses offertilisers, contour furrows, contour bunding, trenching, stripcropping, shelterbelts and stubble mulching. The sand dunes androcky gravelly surfaces should be developed into silvi-pastures andpastures, respectively to increase the forage production.463 Singh, S. (1996)Geomorphology in the appraisal of natural resources for integratedsustainable land use planning of an arid environment. IndianJournal of Geomorphology. 1: 47-75Significance of geomorphology in the growth, development,distribution, appraisal and assessment of the physical potentialsand limitations of natural resources viz., landform, soil, vegetation,surface and ground water and landuse of Challakere taluka,

Chitradurga district has been highlighted in this paper.Development and management of surface and ground water,agricultural lands, grazing lands, animal husbandry, saline/alkalisoils and agro-industries have been recommended for integratedsustainable land use planning of the taluka.464 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1992)Landforms and land use planning in western Rajasthan. Landuseand Agricultural Planning. 4: 147-159In the present paper the morphological and LANDSAT spectralcharacteristics of landforms and their impact on land use planningin Barmer district of western Rajasthan has been described. It hasbeen suggested from the findings of this study that animalhusbandry and agro-industries should be main occupation of thepeople residing in the western part of the district whereas the crophusbandry and animal husbandry will be main source of livelihood.465 Singh, S. and Vats, P.C. (1994)Types, distribution and management of sand dunes in westernRajasthan. The Geographical Observer. 30: 30-36In the western Rajasthan about 58 per cent area is covered bydifferent type of sand dunes which adversely affect the agriculture,settlements and means of transportation. The morphologicalcharacteristics of different dune types have been highlighted. Due toincreasing biotic impact these dunes are degraded and hencesuitable measures for their management and rehabilitation havebeen recommended.466 Singh, S., Sharma, K.D. and Bohra, D.N. (1993)Satellite remote sensing in land use planning of arid environment.Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 33-42Satellite remote sensing using IRS-1A(LISS-1) False ColourComposites (FCCs) of kharif and rabi seasons for the year 1988-89in conjunction with ground truth enabled to identify and to mapdifferent landuse/land cover categories at levels I and II in Jodhpurdistrict comprising an area of 22,85,000 ha of western Rajasthan.The extent of different landuse/land cover categories from IRS FCCproducts and revenue records has been computed and tabulated.The area mapped from IRS FCC products for all the landuse/landcover categories is less than that of revenue records due to the smallscale and poor resolution of the remotely sensed data. The suitablecropping patterns, plant species and soil and water conservation

measures have been suggested for the rational land use planning ofdifferent landuse/ land cover categories of the district.467 Vats, P.C. (1970)The role of aerial photography in land use planning. UniversityStudies in Geography. 2: 61-66The aerial photographs of 1:25,000 and 1:40,000 scale areinterpreted to study the various landforms i.e. geomorphologicalfeatures, hydrological features, geological information, type of soils,vegetation, cropping patterns etc.. Generally vertical photographsare used to demarcate the boundaries.468 Vats, P.C. (1981)Geomorphic factors of land use planning of village Kharda. TheDeccan Geographer. 19: 35-44Based on geomorphological characteristics Kharda village has beendivided into 5 major landform units, viz., hills, rocky/gravellypediments, flat buried pediments, older alluvial plains and tanks.The land use patterns under different landform units vary accordingto physical potentialities of the units. Flat buried pediments,moderate deep older alluvial plains and tank bed have goodagricultural potentialities whereas hills and rocky/gravellypediments are not suitable for cultivation. Shallow to moderatelydeep older alluvial plains, saline buried pediment plains havecomparatively less agricultural potential. Ways to best utilisation ofthese units have been suggested. It may be inferred from the abovefindings that the information on the geomorphic factors willsignificantly contribute to rational land use planning of Khardavillage (Pali district).469 Vats, P.C. (1983)Geomorphic factors in land use planning: a case study of villageAsan tiloria. The Geographical Observer. 19: 11-17In Rajasthan agriculture and animal husbandry are thepredominant sources of earning of the people. The scope of irrigationis limited and the cultivation depends mostly on rains. Generally,every third year there is drought which adversely affects food andfodder production. Physical conditions like landforms, soil andquality of water pose a serious constraint to cropping patterns andpractices. Of the parameters mentioned above, landforms assumedominant role in determining the rational land use planning.470 Vats, P.C. and Singh, S. (1983)

Impact of geomorphology on the land utilisation in westernRajasthan - a case study of Nagaur district. The Deccan Geographer.21: 441-448The utilisation of the land under different landform units viz., rocky,gravelly, flat and undulating pediments, flat, saline and undulatingalluvial plains, saline depressions, sand dunes and interdunal plainsand younger alluvial plains vary according to the physicalpotentialities and limitations of these landform units. Thepercentage of cultivated land under above landforms varies from 30to 70.5. The highest percentage of the cultivated land is in theburied pediments and the lowest percentage is in the sand dunes.The statistical correlation between the geomorphic factors and thecultivation intensity revealed that the slope and erosion influencethe utilisation of the different land-form units. Rational and properutilisation of these different landform units according to theircapabilities have been suggested.471 Vats, P.C., Ghose, B. and Pandey, S. (1972)Land utilisation in a village of western Rajasthan - a case study. TheGeographical observer. 8: 1-10Land DegradationThe utilisation of land in various ways in arid and semi-aridwestern Rajasthan has mostly been conditioned by the prevailingclimate and availability of water resources. The farming efficiency isalso very much related with these two factors. A case study ofParasurampura, one of the villages of western Rajasthan has beenpresented in this paper. The total geographical area is 10852.50acres. The total population as per 1961 census is 5155.472 Balak Ram and Chouhan, J.S. (1992)Remote sensing in mapping the vulnerability and dynamics of thegullied lands in Sikar district, Rajasthan. Indian Cartographer. 12:47-50Gullies born land degradation is a serious and enlarging problem ofsandy soil region when a single heavy downpour may permanentlyerode the top soil. Sikar is the only district of arid Rajasthan wherethis process is more dominant and occupies about 2% of its area. Buteven within the district their extent, nature, severity, land use,vegetative cover, morphological characteristics and productionpotentials vary from region to region. Thus, before planning themanagement and rehabilitation of such land, it is obvious to makean appraisal and mapping of such land and also the changes over

time and space. This can only be possible through the studies ofmultidate satellite imagery and aerial photographs. The presentstudy is one of such attempt in this direction. Expansion of gulliesoccurring in different environmental conditions have been studiedand mapped. The impact of such land degradation process on socioeconomiclife of region is also discussed. Suggestions are made forrehabilitation and management of these lands. Besides, utility andlimitation of satellite imagery experienced in the present study arealso highlighted.473 Dhir, R.P. (1977)Soil desertification due to over exploitative human effort. Annals ofArid Zone. 16: 321-330In over two thousand year old history of human settlement inwestern Rajasthan, the whole area appears to have been populatedand politically organised by the 8th century AD From then onwardsthrough Medieval and late Medieval periods there has been only aslow growth of population under a dominantly pastoral land use.However, from the third decade of present century, there had been acontinuous sharp increase in population with a parallel increase inincidence of arable farming. This human activity is manifested inincreased component of loose sand and hummock formation withsome loss in productivity in form of reduced fertility and poor standof crops.474 Dhir, R.P. (1993)Problem of desertification in arid zone of Rajasthan- A view. Annalsof Arid Zone. 32: 79-88Though vicissitudes have occurred in the past, the climate with itsassemblage of good and bad years is believed to have remainedsteady from the historic period up to the present. The dominantsandy soils have high basic erodibility but are conservative ofmoisture and fertile enough to support a vegetation cover as ispermitted by the rainfall regime. The natural vegetation is diverse,well adapted, largely palatable and efficient builder of biomass.Therefore while granting an ecological fragility to the area, thenatural endowments are not the root cause for all the degradationtaking place in the arid region of western Rajasthan. The tract haslong history of human settlement and landuse but the past six-sevendecades, have witnessed a vast expansion of crop-based landuse.This has occurred partly at the cost of the earlier fallow farmingsystem but mainly by taking cultivation onto new lands includingthe dunes and the areas where climate is only marginally conduciveto farming. The change is the direct outcome of the rising human

population and man's increased competence. The situation has leadto greatly increased incidence of wind erosion and generation of driftsands, including appearance of barchans. However, overall the landproductivity losses are fortunately mild so far though other costs areconsiderable. A more serious consequence of man's intervention hasbeen in the open pasture lands, where more than two thirds of thearea is in a state of largely severe degradation. Declining watertable in good aquifers due to over exploitation is another alarmingdevelopment. Scientific research has given a set of technologies andlikewise impressive strides have been made in development ofirrigation, electrification, means of communication, drinking watersupply and afforestation. However, application of technologies hasbeen tardy and environmental content of development effort ismeagre. The crying need is containment of biotic pressure, revertingof marginally suited lands to pastures and a scientifically soundmanagement of resources.475 Dhir, R.P. (1994)Strategy to combat desertification and wind erosion. Indian Journalof Soil Conservation. 22: 125-133The natural vegetation is diverse, well adapted, mostly palatableand nutritious as well as an efficient builder of biomass. The soils,though sandy and highly erodible are fertile enough to support avegetation cover as permitted by rainfall regime. Agriculture isessentially a mixed farming enterprise and bespeaks generations ofexperience and human wisdom. Despite these, the recent spurt inhuman and livestock population pressure with a somewhatexploitative management have caused widespread degradation.Deterioration of pasture lands, depleting groundwater resources andwind erosion are the major manifestations. Control effort of the pastfew decades has some positive effect but outstripping degradationremains a big challenge. Major expansion of developmentprogrammes with peoples participation, containment of furtherbuild-up of human pressure, rehabilitation of degraded pasturelands, restructuring of landuse with increased emphasis on animalhusbandry and adoption of simple wind erosion control measuresare some of the ingredients of a control strategy.476 Ghose, B., Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1977)Desertification around the Thar - A geomophological interpretation.Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 290-301Desertification around the peripheries of the Thar is still acontroversial topic. The author's studies on the different geomorphicaspects of the Thar desert in Rajasthan indicate that the desert is

not expanding towards its eastern peripheries at present althoughthere are evidence of more than one climatic fluctuations andconsequent expansion and contraction of the desert during the past.The present study also shows that there are indications of recentshrinkage of the desert in areal extent. However, the unscientificexploitation of resources by man have resulted in wind depositionaland salinity hazards and is causing serious ecological imbalances.477 Kar, A. (1986)Physical environment, human influences and desertification inPushkar - Budha Pushkar lake region of Rajasthan, India. TheEnvironmentalist. 6: 227-232The hazard of desertification is now threatening one of the mostcelebrated and sacred lake regions in India, the Pushkar- BudhaPushkar region, which is situated within Aravallis, in Rajasthan.While, on the basis of known climatic records and physicalpotentiality of the land, secular changes of climate can be ruled outas a possible cause for the present situation, the location of the zonealong the fringe of the desert, and its inherent vulnerable naturedue to its terrain characteristics, are more important factors forconsideration. A lack of understanding of the type of responses ofthe terrain to indiscriminate biotic activities, and a reluctance totake any measure to stabilise the ecosystem by the alien group ofpeople residing in the area, have resulted in destruction of thenatural vegetation, accelerated the movement of sand from theformerly well-stabilised dunes and sandy plains, and deterioratedthe lake environment. However, such destructive trends could stillbe reversed through well planned programmes of afforestation, soiland water conservation, and people's supportive participation.478 Lukose, N.G. (1977)Palynological evidence on palaeo-climate of Jaisalmer basin anddesertification of Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 342-348The palaeo-climate of Jaisalmer basin, during Albian to Sub-Recenttimes inferred on the basis of palynological studies carried out onvarious rock formations representing the above geological period, isdiscussed. On the basis of the evidences, it has been postulated thatsemi-humid conditions started during the late Cretaceous and earlyTertiary period gave way to progressive and continued aridityduring the successive geological periods, thereby leading to theformation of the Thar desert.479 Mann, H.S. (1977)

The desertification process - an overview. Annals of Arid Zone. 16:279-280Process of desertification and factors responsible for desertificationprocess have been presented in a diagram.480 Mann, H.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Kalla, J.C. (1974)Desert spread - a quantitative analysis in the arid zone ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 103-113In this study an attempt has been made to examine quantitatively,the spread of desert through comparison of parameters like landuse,availability of water. and crop yield performances betweendesert area and bordering districts for more than 13 years. Theresults do not support the popular belief that the desert is on themarch to engulf adjoining areas to the east of the desert.481 Prakash, M. (1958)Tree lands or grass lands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 84:384Suggests that in areas receiving mean annual rainfall less than 10"grass lands should be given priority over tree lands for ameliorationof the desert conditions.482 Raghav, K.S. (1988)Desertification process in the north-eastern part of the Aravallimountains fringing the Thar desert, India. Annals of Arid Zone. 27:221-229The distribution of sand dunes in space and time and nature ofpresent drainage system in the north-eastern part of the Aravallimountains indicate a gradual desertification. The natural andanthropogenic causes of desertification have been discussed.483 Raina, P. (1992)Influence of degradation on the fertility status of sandy soils.Current Agriculture. 16: 43-50Surface soil samples were collected from degraded and non-degradedsites of cultivated, pasture and oran (wood land) and analysed forpH, EC, organic carbon, available potassium and availablephosphorus. All the three nutrients were higher in soils of nondegradedsites than degraded sites in the three land use systems.The decrease in the organic carbon content in the soils of degradedsites was more in oran (50.7%) followed by cultivated (50.3%) landand pasture (39.4%). In case of potassium the decrease was

apparent in cultivated (55%) soil followed by oran (35.2%) andpasture soils (12%). Decrease in the available phosphorus contentwas maximum (72.4%) in pasture soils followed by cultivated(52.9%) and oran land (52.3%). In all cases significant differenceswere observed in degraded and non-degraded soils under differentland uses (P=0.05). The F test indicated that the interactionsbetween land uses and degradation were significant at 5% level.484 Raina, P. (1994)Assessment of soil degradation hazards in Jalor and Ahor tehsil ofJalor district (western Rajasthan) by remote sensing. Journal of theIndian Society of Remote Sensing. 22: 169-181In the present study efforts have been made to identify and mapareas affected by various land degradation processes with the aid ofLANDSAT TM imagery data of 1988 and ground truth verification.The kind, extent and degree of land degradation have been mapped.In an area of over 4,124 sq. km. 51% was affected by water erosionand 30% area by wind erosion. Nearly 1.14% area is affected bysalinity. Degradation due to combined effect of water and winderosion and water erosion and salinisation has affected 8.20% of thestudy area. 1.53% area is free from any hazard. Remaining 7.85%area comes under hills and rivers. Nearly 44 per cent area issubjected to moderate and severe degradation which can easily becombated by techniques referred.485 Raina, P. and Joshi, D.C. (1994)Desertification and soil health hazard in Indian arid zone. CurrentAgriculture. 18: 55-64The desertification processes as the soil health hazard in the Indianarid zone have been discussed. Natural soil body, well aggregated;maintaining optimum moisture-air relationship, nutrientavailability and rich soil fauna regulating biochemical processes hasbeen considered as a "healthy soil". The processes causingdesertification, viz. aeolian hazards, water erosion, floods andsalinisation have adversely affected the physical, chemical andbiological properties of the soils. Reduction in nutrient availability,compaction of soil, deposition of aeolian/fluvial sediments, strippingoff of the surface soil and reduction in the soil organism populationare the ultimate effects of desertification, which deteriorate the soilhealth.486 Raina, P. and Sen, A.K. (1991)Soil degradation studies under different land use systems in an aridenvironment. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 11-15

Local (micro level) soil degradation processes going on in Jhanwarand Doli villages of Jodhpur district in different land use systemshave been studied. The cultivation on marginal land accelerate thewind erosion and the use of poor quality irrigation water is creatingsodicity problem in soil resulting in severe degradation. Pastureland has been completely degraded due to over exploitation of thevegetation resulting in severe wind and water erosion. However, theland under oran have suffered the least degradation. Influence ofdegradation on fertility status of soils has been observed.487 Raina, P., Joshi, D.C. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1991)Land degradation mapping by remote sensing in the arid region ofIndia. Soil Use and Management. 7: 47-52In arid regions of India, cultivation of marginal areas andovergrazing of pastures have resulted in degradation of land.Accelerated wind erosion on sandy surfaces and water erosion on theshallow soils of piedmont areas are both common. LANDSATThematic Mapper sub-scenes have been used to map the type,extent and degree of degradation. In an area of over 5000 km², 42%was affected by wind erosion and 50% by accelerated water erosion.A quarter of the whole area needs urgent attention for soilconservation.488 Raina, P., Joshi, D.C. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1992)Mapping of soil degradation by using remote sensing on alluvialplain, Rajasthan, India. Arid Soil Research Rehabilitation. 7: 145-161Identification and mapping of areas affected by various soildegradation processes in medium textured alluvial plain of aridregion of India was performed. Impact of degradation on physicochemicalproperties of soils was evaluated. Soil degradationprocesses were identified by using LANDSAT TM FCC subscene andground truth verification. The kind, extent, and severity ofdegradation were mapped. Soil stripping, sheet wash, gully erosion,and natural or man-induced salinisation were the major soildegradation processes. In an area of over 3563 km², 52% of the areawas degraded due to soil stripping, sheet wash, and gully erosion,and 8% due to salinity. Degradation due to combined water erosionand salinisation covered 33% of the total area. Nearly 30% of thearea needs urgent attention to arrest the process of soil degradation.Soil degradation processes have resulted in the loss of organiccarbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium.489 Roy, B.B. and Pandey, S. (1970)

Expansion or contraction of the Great Indian Desert. Proceedings ofthe Indian National Science Academy. 36: 331-344The evidences show that the Great Indian Desert is a part of theAfro-Asian desert belt which stretches from the west coast of NorthAfrica to almost up to the Aravallis in Rajasthan. From thediscussion of the points in favour as well as against expansion of thedesert and possible causes for its origin, it emerges that the desert ismore or less stationary and is neither expanding nor contracting.There has, no doubt, been some movement of the unstable sanddunes here and there, but this is only the effect due to the localphenomena.490 Sen, A.K. and Balak Ram. (1987)Mapping of land degradation by remote sensing method. IndianCartographer. 7: 300-305Central Arid Zone Research Institute of India, Jodhpur isconducting research work for monitoring desertification in the aridand semi arid regions of India. An attempt has been made in thispaper to focus on the significance of remote sensing techniques toconduct this work in a fragile eco-system like desert. The paperconcludes with a note that in an inaccessible area like desert thistechnique has more advantages than traditional ground survey.Actually this expedites and increases the efficiency of mappingwork.491 Sen, A.K. and Mann, H.S. (1977)A geographical appraisal of the expansion and deterioration of theIndian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 281-289An attempt has been made in the paper to examine the creep anddeterioration of Indian desert on the basis of some physiographicand topographic parameters. The extent of the Great Indian Desertand its geographic limits have been defined. The Indian desert hasbeen identified as a true desert. The creep of the desert has thenbeen considered in relation to the increase and decrease of deserticsand, the extent of sand dunes, water table, climatic phenomenon,drainage system and soil. The paper includes a note on the causesof the deterioration of the conditions within the desert.492 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Kolarkar, A.S. and Singh, N. (1985)An attempt at soil degradation mapping in Guhiya catchment inarid western Rajasthan, India. Soil Survey and Land Evaluation. 5:49-58

Maps of soil degradation and soil degradation hazards highlightareas that are most at risk from misuse. This paper describes themapping of about 3000 km² of arid western Rajasthan, where theprincipal hazards are wind erosion, biological degradation andsalinisation. Soil degradation continues despite increasing concernabout it from natural resources professionals and planners. Clearly,a greater awareness needs to be generated concerning continuedmismanagement of resources. The preparation of maps showing therisks of soil degradation and its rate seems to be one of the morepragmatic way to generate the required awareness and encouragesound land use planning. With this aim, we mapped soil degradationin Guhiya catchment of Luni river in arid western Rajasthan. Soilsurvey had already been completed and the provisional methodologyfor soil degradation assessment proposed by FAO/UNEP/UNESC)(1978, 1979) was followed. The method is relatively simple, and maybe adopted at different scales and in different environments.493 Singh, S. (1983)Anthropogenic factors and desertification of different landforms(ecosystems) in the Rajasthan desert, India. Man and Environment.7: 87-97It has been observed that the desert landforms (ecosystems) createdby the past climatic fluctuations have undergone conspicuousmorphological changes due to the impact of biotic activities andtheir biological productivity has also declined to a great extent. Inthe present article, an attempt has, therefore, been made toinvestigate the impact of the anthropogenic factors on thedesertification of different desert ecosystems and to suggest somemethods to control further desertification.494 Singh, S. (1995)Desert spread and desertification- some basic issues. Annals of AridZone. 34: 87-98Significant variations detected from the multidate and multispectralsatellite images and ground truth on the climatological, physical andbiological resources have conclusively proved that the Indian desertis not spreading towards east and north-east. Contrary to it, theformer limit of the desert was more extensive and wide-spread andthe desert has shrunk to the west. However, due to increasinghuman activities and climatic fluctuations in the last few decades,the desertification processes like wind erosion/deposition, watererosion, salinity /alkalinity and vegetation degradation havedepleted the biological productivity of four major landuse systems of

the Indian desert. Thus, the desert spread and desertification aretwo different problems.495 Singh, S. and Ghose, B. (1983)Role of photogeomorphology in the reclamation and development ofRajasthan desert. Geological Survey of India. 49: 1-10Integrated geomorphological surveys and studies on the differentaspects of applied geomorphology with the help of photointerpretation have been completed in 80,000 sq. km., area ofRajasthan desert. These studies reveal that the existing landformsof the desert are the outcome of fluvial and aeolian processes. Themajor lacunae in the reclamation and development of Rajasthandesert are the water scarcity, salinity, erositional/depositionalhazards and active dunes. Photo-geomorphological analysis of theseproblems will provide guidelines to the planners and policy makersfor the reclamation and development of the Rajasthan deserts.496 Singh, S., Ghose, B. and Kar, A. (1978)Geomorphic changes as evidence of papaeoclimate anddesertification in Rajasthan desert, India (Luni development block -A case study). Man and Environment. 2: 1-13Geomorphic studies using remote sensing techniques revealed thatin Luni block different ecosystems are affected by climate-geneticgeomorphic processes and biotic activities leading to desertificationunder two major dry phases. Drifting sand and salinisation are twoimportant factors of desertification. If present trend ofdesertification continues then 18,000 ha land will be affected bysand deflation and 4030 ha land by salinisation. In order to checkthis menace rational and scientific methods of land utilisationshould be adopted for the areas vulnerable to biotic desertification.497 Singh, S., Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Bohra, D.N. (1990)Temporal change detection in uplands and gullied areas throughsatellite remote sensing. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 171-177Upland and gullied areas, the potential indicators of desertification,can be identified and mapped reasonably and reliably within ± 10%accuracy through LANDSAT TM false colour composite images inconjunction with ground truth. Due to increased biotic activity, theareal extent of uplands in the Jodhpur district decreased by 20%over a period of 28 years (1958-86). On the other hand, the arealextent of gullied areas, due to increased fluvial activity increasedfrom 198.5 to 242.0 ha during the same period. These temporal

changes indicate that the desertic environmental conditions aredeteriorating in the region.498 Singh, S., Kar, A., Joshi, D.C., Balak Ram, Suresh Kumar,Vats, P.C., Singh, N., Raina, P., Kolarkar, A.S. and Dhir, R.P.(1992)Desertification mapping in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.31: 237-246In this article by using the 1990 UNEP definition of desertificationan attempt has been made to map the desertification hazards in thewestern Rajasthan. The first stage involve the mapping of dominantlanduse in different rainfall zones. This was followed by dominantand associate processes of desertification and their severity fordesertification status.499 Singh, S. , Kar, A., Joshi, D.C., Suresh Kumar and Sharma,K.D. (1994)Desertification problem in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.33: 191-202Desertification problem in western Rajasthan as caused byaccelerated and natural processes and manifested through degradedfeatures like sand sheets, drifting sand, active dunes, deflationhollows, rills, gullies, soil crust, salt encrustation, impeded drainageconditions, poor vegetation cover, low plant density and low biomassproduction under different rainfall zones, has been highlighted inthis paper. In the less than 300 mm rainfall zone, wind erosion/deposition, salinisation and waterlogging are the dominantprocesses of desertification. In the more than 300 mm rainfall zone,water erosion and wind deposition are the major processes leadingto degradation of the croplands and grazing lands.500 Suresh Kumar. (1992)Assessment of vegetation degradation : Status of methodologicalresearch. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 53-62Vegetation degradation manifests itself at plant, community andregional levels. Basic parameters at the plant level viz., habit,vigour, yield, litter, and seed bank; at the community level, viz.botanical composition, plant density, dominance, cover and extent,biomass and carrying capacity, quality and palatability, ecologicalstatus, age distribution and finally at the regional level viz.biological spectrum, dominance-diversity relations and stability,resilience, equilibrium status are discussed. Using these parametersa score card has been devised and presented in the paper forassessing degradation of vegetation.

CROP IMPROVEMENTCereals and Millets501 Bhatnagar, M.P. and Kumar, K. (1960)Anthesis studies in Rajasthan bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum).Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 30: 185-195The spike took about six days to emerge from the sheath. Themaximum emergence of the spike from the sheath took place onfourth and fifth days. Anthesis always began when the spike waspartially in the sheath. It took place in three flushes and lasted for12 days. The stigma took five to seven hours for coming out ofglumes to assume the forked condition and receptivity lasted for 18-21 hours. The styles between 1/10th to 1/4th of the total length ofthe spike from its tip were the first to come out and two days wererequired for completing the emergence throughout the spike. Themaximum number of styles emerged during day time between 9:00a.m. and 3:00 p.m. and their peak hour in a particular spike was12.00 hours on the second day. Stamens emerged during day andnight and they required four to nine days to complete theiremergence throughout the panicle. The first stamen emerged two orthree days after the style from a point ranging from tip to 1/3rd ofthe total length of the spike downwards. The maximum number ofstamens came out between 0 hours and 2:00 a.m. while minimumnumber came between 3.00 to 6.00 p.m. Anthers took 15-20 minutesto dehisce and the filaments elongated 3-7 mm. During rains verylittle or no dehiscence took place.502 Bidinger, F.R., Mahalakshmi, V., Talukdar, B.S. and Sharma,R.K. (1995)Improvement of landrace cultivars of pearl millet for arid and semiaridenvironments. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 105-110Successful cultivars for arid and semi-arid environments mustcombine adaptation to drought stress for dry years with areasonable yield potential for better years. Improving the yieldpotential of adapted landrace cultivars may be the easiest way toachieve this combination for breeding programs with limitedresources. This study, conducted with four adapted pearl milletlandrace cultivars, compared the yield improvement from one cycleof S1 progeny plus mass re-selection with that from top-crossing thelandraces on an early male-sterile line, with a good combiningability for grain yield. A single cycle of re-selection increased meanyield of the landraces by 11% over seven test environment, rangingin yield from 470 to 3010 kg ha -1 . Top-crossing raised yields by an

average of 32% over the same test environments. Top-crossingincreased responsiveness to improved environmental resources, asthe advantage of the topcross hybrids over their parent landracesincreased as environmental mean yield increased. Re-selection, incontrast, increased mean yield but did not improve the response ofthe re-selected cultivars to a changing environmental yield level.503 Chaudhary, B.S., Subba Rao, G.V., Saxena, M.B.L. andManga, V.K. (1981)Note on phenotypic stability in population vs. hybrids of pearlmillet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 457-458Phenotypic stability study of 12 varieties of pearl millet [Pennisetumtyphoides (Burm. F.) stapf and Hubb.] under arid environmentsrevealed that stable populations coupled with high yielding abilitywill be more suitable than hybrids for unpredictable climate of aridzones.504 Gill, C.B.S., Sastry, E.V.D. and Sharma, K.C. (1993)Line x tester analysis in local ecotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetumtyphoides (Burm.) S & h) of Sikar district of Rajasthan for qualityattributes. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 171-174A line x tester analysis with 143 lines developed from local ecotypescollected from Sikar district of Rajasthan and 5 testers of fodderpearl millet revealed that differences between the progenies weresignificant for all the quality characters studied. Combining abilityanalysis indicated that variances due to GCA were non-significantwhile the variances due to SCA were significant for all thequalitative traits studied, indicating preponderance of non-additivegene action in the control of the inheritance of the quality traits.Comparison on the basis of GCA effects indicated that lines 62 and131 are the desirable ones for most of the quality traits studied. Thecrosses exhibiting desirable SCA effects had testers which did nothave desirable GCA effects for the quality traits.505 Henry, A., Gupta, Y.K. and Sisodia, N.S. (1983)Components of grain and dry matter yields in sorghum. ForageResearch. 9: 43-48Genetic advance and correlation were studied for grain yield, drymatter yield and their components using 30 genotypes of sorghum(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.). Grain yield was significantly andpositively associated with ear girth, days to maturity, test weightand plant height, while significant negative association wasobserved with ear length. Dry matter yield was significantly

associated with total green weight, leaf weight, stem weight, plantheight, leaf length and leaf number. Non-significant association ofprotein content was observed with both grain yield and dry matteryield. Estimates of heritability and genetic advance revealed thatthere was ample scope for improvement of these characters bypractising phenotypic selection without adversely affecting thequality. Path coefficient analysis of dry matter yield indicated thatgreen weight and leaf length were the two major characters thatdirectly contributed to the total dry matter production.506 Hooda, M.S., Solanki, K.R. and Kishor, C. (1978)Phenotypic stability of green-fodder yield in pearl millet. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 358-362Genotype-environment interaction for green-fodder yield in pearlmillet was studied by growing 6 inbreds and their 15 F, hybrids in 4different environments. A large portion of the genotype-environmentinteractions was accounted for by the linear regression onenvironmental means. Although inbreds 'A 296' and 'F 848' andhybrid 'Anand' x 'F 1284' were stable, their mean performance wasbelow average. 'NB 72' x 'F 1284' had stability with above-averagemean and was suitable for favourable environments. Lack ofassociation between mean performance, responsiveness and betweenresponsiveness and stability of genotypes suggested a possibleinvolvement of separate genetic systems in the control of theseparameters.507 Joshi, P. (1992)Genetic variability in ‘Kharchia’ wheat (Triticum aestivum) fromsalt affected areas in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 103-106Kharchia wheat collections revealed significant variation for all theeight attributes including grain yield and four indices, both undernormal and saline conditions. Salt stress had maximum effect onnumber of grains spikelet -1 due to high abortion in central florets.Three distinct mechanisms of salt tolerance were identified.Collections with high yield potential could be grouped in types withhigh susceptibility for spikelet index and those having poor grainsspikelet -1 index. Third group included entries with low yieldpotential but performance at par under salinity due to internalcancellation in component performance. Suggestions for their utilityin salt stress breeding were made.508 Lekh Raj and Khairwal, I.S. (1994)Rate of germination, seedling vigour and field emergence in pearlmillet hybrids and their parents. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 121-123

Hybrids and the cytoplasmic male sterile lines had the samegermination percentage, but the hybrids showed higher germinationindex and the rate as well. Hybrids also had higher dry weight perseedling, vigour index and seedling vigour in the field. Significantand positive correlation were found between standard germinationand field emergence, and also between dry weight per seedling,vigour index and seedling vigour.509 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985)Inter-relationships and path-coefficients of yield and its componentswith synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet. Crop Improvement.12: 130-132Correlation and path-coefficients of yield and yield components withsynchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet revealed positiveassociation of synchrony of ear emergence with ear girth, ear weightand yield per tiller, negative association with tiller number perplant and 250 grain weight and no association with grain yield perplant. Yield per plant, however, showed maximum positive directeffects on synchrony of ear emergence followed by ear weight.510 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986)Combining ability and heterosis for root and related traits in pearlmillet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 164-167A line x tester study conducted with 4 lines, 2 testers and their 8crosses in pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb] indicated the preponderance of both additive and nonadditivegene action for dry root weight. Non-additive gene actionwas predominant for root length, root number, dry shoot weight andtotal dry matter. High heterosis over the mid-parent was observedfor dry root and shoot weights, total dry matter and root length.511 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986)Genetic analysis of synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 221-223A study of the diallel crosses involving 10 inbreds of pearl millet[Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.] showedpreponderance of both additive and non-additive gene effects withcomplete dominance for synchrony of ear emergence. The rankcorrelation between mean performance of parents and their generalcombining ability was positive and highly significant. Heterosisranged from 7.80 to 87.59% over the mid-parent and from 12.86 to80.21% over the better parent. Heritability in narrow sense was

moderate (0.51). The results suggested the possibility ofimprovement of synchrony of ear emergence through selection.512 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1988)Association of root and related traits at different growth stages inpearl millet. Crop Improvement. 15: 105-106Studies on 18 genotypes of pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides(Burm f.) Stapf & Hubb] at three growth stages, of crop revealedsignificant variability for number of roots, root length, dry root,shoot weight and total dry matter in fifteen and thirty days cropstages. The number of roots and root length were positivelycorrelated with dry root weight, dry shoot weight and total drymatter. Dry root weight showed positive association with dry shootweight and total dry matter. Association of traits from different cropgrowth stages revealed that root length and dry root weight fromfifteen days crop showed positive association with the thirty dayscrop stage. Thus screening for root characters can be made in earlycrop stage of fifteen days old seedlings.513 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1990)Variability for seedling vigour and its association with yield in pearlmillet. Crop Improvement. 17: 83-84Variability studies on seedling vigour under rainfed and irrigatedconditions in fifty eight genotypes of pearl millet revealed significantdifferences among genotypes in both environments. Early seedlingvigour was positively correlated with grain yield plot -1 and plantpopulation under rainfed condition and negatively correlated withrelative per cent yield reduction under rainfed conditions. No suchassociation was observed under irrigated conditions.514 Manga, V.K., Chaudhary, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1989)A study on synchrony of ear emergence, yield and related charactersunder arid environment in pearl millet. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Research. 23: 223-229Variation for synchrony of ear emergence, yield and relatedcharacters was studied among thirty genotypes of pearl millet.Significant differences existed among the genotypes for all thecharacters studied. Genotypes were clustered into six groups on thebasis of synchrony of ear emergence and grain yield per plant.Crossing among selected genotypes of different clusters fordeveloping a desirable high yielding line having high synchrony ofear emergence has been emphasised.

515 Manga, V.K., Gupta, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985)Path coefficient analysis in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 24:25-29Path coefficient and variability studies in thirty genotypes of pearlmillet revealed high values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficientsof variation and genetic advance for grain yield plant -1 . There waspositive association of grain yield plant -1 with plant height, tillersplant -1 and ear weight, and negative association with days to earemergence. Path analysis revealed direct contribution of tillersplant -1 and ear weight to grain yield and indirect contribution tograin yield or ear length and girth through ear weight.516 Manga, V.K., Gupta, B.S. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1986)Phenotypic stability of synchrony of ear emergence in pearl millet.Genetica Agraria. 40: 363-368Thirty genotypes of pearl millet were tested for synchrony of earemergence in three environments. Significant genotype Xenvironment interactions were observed. Both linear as well as nonlinearcomponents of genotype x environment interactions weresignificant. Fourteen genotypes showed complete absence ofgenotype x environment interactions. In two genotypes, CR30 andBD111 only linear component of genotype x environment interactionwas significant, while non-linear component was significant in theremaining fourteen genotypes. Positive significant correlation werefound between X and b as well as b and S 2 d for this trait. GenotypeV2DIB having the highest synchrony of ear emergence was highlyunstable and responsive, while Serere 38-142, CM46 and ICMS7703were stable and average in performance and response.517 Manga, V.K., Venkateswarlu, B. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1985)Gene action for nitrogenase activity in the roots of pearl millet.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 391-392In a diallel cross involving 5 inbreds of pearl millet both additiveand dominance gene action, with predominance of the latter, wasnoticed for nitrogenase activity in the roots. Heritability in narrowsense was low (0.28). Both dominant and recessive genes in equalproportions governed high nitrogenase activity. The resultsindicated the possibility of improvement of nitrogenase activitythrough selection for early plant types with small ears.518 Manga, V.K., Venkateswarlu, B. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1987)Combining ability and heterosis for non-symbiotic nitrogen fixationin pearl millet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 135-137

In a diallel set involving 5 inbreds, viz. 'D 24', 'P 631', 'AIB 2', '76 K2' and 'CR 28' of pearl millet both additive and non-additive geneeffects played an important role in expression of non-symbiotic N 2fixation. 'P 631' x '76 K 2' showed a significant heterosis fornitrogenase activity over the mid-parent, while 'AIB 2' x '76 K 2' x'76 K 2' x 'CR 28' showed a significant high heterosis for this traitover the mid-parent as well as better parent. Selection of highyieldingplants in the segregating population of these crosses, theirconversion to inbreds and subsequent utilisation in breedingprogrammes is suggested.519 Sagar, P., Kapoor, R.L. and Jatasra, D.S. (1984)Phenotypic stability of drought index in pearl millet. Annals of AridZone. 23: 207-211Phenotypic stability of drought index in pearl millet wasinvestigated by growing 80 genotypes in six environments includingfour water stress conditions. G x E (linear) interactions showedsignificant differences indicating that performance of the genotypesin stress conditions could be predicted.520 Saxena, M.B.L. and Chaudhary, B.S. (1977)Studies in the breakdown of male sterility in some male sterile linesof pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) under conditions of arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 427-432The expression of stability in eight male sterile lines of bajra inrelation with temperature, relative humidity, day length andrainfall were studied during kharif 1974 and 1975 M.S. lines23D2A, 101A, 111A and 239D2A gave out pollen shedders and thefrequency was very low in the second year. Correlation fortemperature (positive) and relative humidity (negative) with pollenshedding plants were found significant. Negative correlation for daylength and rainfall were, however, non significant.521 Saxena, M.B.L. and Subba Rao, G.V. (1980)Adoption and genetic divergence in pearl millet germplasm of aridregion of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 399-405Heterozygosity might be the cause of wide adaptation because ofhigh out crossing and populations maintained as open varieties. Theunpredictable environments in the arid areas may also be a causefor genetic diversity. It is emphasised that locally adapted diversepopulation may be exploited for pearl millet breeding programme forarid areas and the population from Barmer district could be of greatvalue.

522 Sharma, A.K. and Choudhary, B.R. (1994)Variability studies in foxtail millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 331-332Maximum genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded foreffective tillers plant -1 , followed by biological yield plant -1 , testweight, grain yield plant -1 and main spike weight suggestingexistence of genetic variations for these traits.523 Sisodia, N.S., Henry, A. and Gupta, Y.K. (1983)Genetic divergence in grain sorghum. The Madras AgricultureJournal. 70: 678-80Genetic divergence was assessed in 30 varieties of sorghum using D²statistics for eight characters related to yield. The population wasgrouped into 8 clusters. Clusters II, I and III were large andconsisting more than two third of the total population. Days tomaturity, plant height, ear girth and ear length were mainlyresponsible for genetic divergence. Clusters with small statisticaldistances were considered less diverse than those with largedistances. Only genetically diverse lines with specific characters ofinterest and having high yield potential should be intercrossed. Thevarieties belonging to V and VII, respectively, were foundgenetically diverse and also of high yield potential and as such couldbe crossed with varieties belonging to II for evolving high yieldingand early maturing varieties.524 Yadav, O.P. (1994)Factorial analysis of downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. CropImprovement. 21: 72-74Twenty crosses of pearl millet produced by crossing each of the fourmale-sterile lines with five pollinators differing in their reaction todowny mildew (Sclerospora graminicola Sacc. Schroet) wereevaluated for disease incidence. The pollinators P 1449, a recentlyidentified resistance source from Senegal, and ICMP 85410 andmale-sterile lines 841 A and 81 A were identified as good combinersfor transferring the downy mildew resistance to their progeny. Onthe other hand, pollinators J 104 and 7042 S and male-sterile line843 A proved as poor combiners. The mean downy mildew incidenceof crosses was in order of resistant X resistance < resistance Xsusceptible < susceptible X susceptible indicating thereby thepreponderance of additive gene effects in the inheritance of downymildew.525 Yadav, O.P. (1994)

Influence of A1 cytoplasm in pearl millet. Plant Breeding Abstracts.64: 1375-1379The commercial production of hybrid seed of pearl millet is based oncytoplasmic genic male sterility, commonly referred to ascytoplasmic male sterility. Among the available sources of malesterile cytoplasm, the A1 source has been exploited most in breedingcommercial F1 hybrids. The objective of this review is to report theinfluence of A1 cytoplasm on the incidence of major diseases,expression of agronomic traits and combining ability in pearl millet.It has been conclusively established that the A1 source of malesterilityinducing cytoplasm does not confer higher susceptibility todowny mildew, the most important disease of pearl millet, or to leafblights. In the case of smut, where pollination affects diseasedevelopment, a wide range of results are available on the role of A1cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic source has been shown to havedesirable influence on combining ability for grain yield, yieldattributes and grain yield per se. The possible danger of exploiting asingle source of cytoplasm is discussed and the future direction ofresearch is indicated.526 Yadav, O.P. and Manga, V.K. (1992)Factorial analysis for threshing ratio, grain yield and its attributesin pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 307-308Factorial analysis in pearl millet revealed that additive geneticvariance played a predominant role in the inheritance of time toflowering, ear length and grain yield, whereas dominance variancewas more important in the genetic control of threshing ratio, plantheight and dry fodder yield. Pollinator CZI 848 exhibited high GCAeffects for both threshing ratio and grain yield.527 Yadav, O.P. and Manga, V.K. (1995)Visual evaluation for seed yield in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone.34: 301-303The effectiveness of visual discrimination for seed yield was studiedin pearl millet. Results indicated that it is possible to visuallydiscriminate the lines for seed yield in case the differences amongthem were large but not when such differences were small. Plotsintermediate in yield were more prone to misjudgement duringvisual evaluation in comparison to high or low-yielding ones. Theobserver's perception of yield was influenced by plant height andearliness resulting into over estimation of actual yield for certainplots and under estimation for others. In general correctly classified

lines were taller, while no particular trend was observed withrespect to earliness.528 Yadav, O.P., Manga, V.K. and Gupta, G.K. (1993)Influence of A1 cytoplasmic substitution on the downy mildewincidence of pearl millet. Theortical and Applied Genetics. 87: 558-560Large-scale cultivation of pearl millet F1 hybrids in India has led toincreased incidence of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola).There is concern that the A1 male-sterile cytoplasm used in all thehybrids released so far is responsible for this increase. The influenceof A1 male-sterile cytoplasm on downy-mildew incidence in pearlmillet was studied by comparing the disease reaction of 40 pairs ofF1 hybrids, each pair carrying respectively A1 male-sterile andnormal B cytoplasm. Mean downy-mildew incidence was similar inthe hybrids carrying either A1 male-sterile or B cytoplasm. Thegeneral combining ability of lines with and without A1 cytoplasmwas found to be similar for downy-mildew incidence. These resultsindicated that in pearl millet A1 cytoplasm is not associated withincreased downy-mildew incidence. The possible danger of usingonly one source of cytoplasm has been briefly discussed.529 Yadav, O.P., Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1994)Ontogenetic approach to grain production in pearl millet based onpath-coefficient analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.64: 233-236Path-coefficient analyses, based on ontogeny of pearl millet plant,were carried out during rainy seasons (kharif) of 1990 and 1991 tostudy the relationship among grain yield, yield components, prefloweringperiod and threshing ratio. Thirty genotypes were grownfor 2 years at Jodhpur under natural moisture stress during grainfillingstage. Variation in grain yield primarily depended onthreshing (%) and panicles m -2 . However, 500-grain weight hadnegligible influence on seed yield. More days to flowering affectedadversely the threshing (%), whereas panicles m -2 positivelyinfluenced it via pre-flowering period. High threshing ratioincreased the 500-grain weight considerably. The variation inpanicle length did not significantly influence any trait.530 Yadav, O.P., Mathur, B.K. and Manga, V.K. (1993)Path analysis of pearl millet yield and yield components undermoisture stress. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 21-23Grain yield of pearl millet is influenced by several yield components.Path coefficient analysis was conducted to study the relationship

etween grain yield and its components. Thirty hybrids of pearlmillet were grown under natural terminal moisture stress atJodhpur. Grain yield mainly depended upon threshing percentage,biological yield and number of panicles m -2 . Early maturinggenotypes yielded higher. Longer duration of pre-flowering periodaffected inversely seed weight and threshing percentage. Seedweight showed negligible direct effect on grain yield but influencedit through threshing percentage. Similarly plant height influencedgrain yield via biological yield.Legumes531 Arora, R.N., Saini, M.L. and Paroda, R.S. (1986)Gene effects and heterosis for some quantitative characters inclusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 199-202Studies on gene effects, heterosis and inbreeding depression foreleven quantitative characters in two crosses of clusterbean[Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] revealed that additive,dominance and additive x additive genetic components werepredominant in Mills x Durgajay whereas HFG60 x Durgajayexhibited dominance x dominance gene effects for most of the traits.Both duplicate and complementary type of epistasis were involved inmost of the characters in both the crosses. High heterosis and lessinbreeding depression were observed for pods/plant and seed yieldplant -1 in Mills x Duirgajay.532 Bhandari, M.M. (1990)Path analysis in moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 147-148Direct effects of pod length, pods per plant, hundred seed weight anddays to maturity except plant habit were less on seed yield thanindirect effects via straw yield per plant.533 Bhandari, M.M. and Mehrotra, H.N. (1990)Genetic divergence in moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 227-230Varieties included in clusters with maximum inter-cluster distanceare obviously genetically more divergent. Varieties in the clusters Vand VIII are the most divergent. It would be therefore to incorporatesuch varieties in the breeding programme.534 Chaudhary, B.S., Lodhi, G.P. and Arora, N.D. (1981)Heterosis for grain yield and quality characters in Clusterbean.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 638-642

In a 6 x 6 diallel cross of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(Linn.) Taub.] heterosis for grain yield varied from 9.43 to 95.90%over the better parent and from 4.64 to 94.23% over the best check.Among component characters, high heterosis was present for plantheight, number of clusters plant -1 , number of pods cluster -1 andnumber of branches plant -1 . For gum content the heterosis was12.23% over the better parent as well as the check. A goodrelationship was found between genetic diversity and hybrid vigour.'HFG 381' x 'No. 2', 'HFG 381' x 'D 39-1', 'HFG 445' x 'D 39-1' and 'D39-1' x 'No. 2' showed maximum heterosis for grain yield and gumcontent.535 Choudhary, B.R. and Bhatnagar, S.K. (1995)Correlated response of seed yield in clusterbean. Annals of AridZone. 34: 319-320Maximum correlated response in yield was expected throughselection on component traits like pods plant -1 (3.34), pods cluster -1(2.23) and cluster plant -1 (1.20). This indicated that indirectselection, made on these component traits, would not be effective asdirect selection for the yield itself.536 Choudhary, B.R. and Sharma, A.K. (1996)Path analysis of yield and yield components in clusterbean. Annalsof Arid Zone. 35: 163-164The traits, viz., pods plant -1 , pods cluster -1 and clusters plant -1 weresignificantly and positively correlated with seed yield plant -1 . Thedirect effects obtained in path analysis showed that number of podsplants 2 was the most important component of seed yield. Selectionbased on these traits would lead to further improvement in seedyield of clusterbean.537 Chaudhary, M.S., Ram, H., Hooda, R.S. and Dhindsa, K.S.(1973)Effect of gamma irradiation of yield and quality of guar [Cyamopsistetragonoloba L. (Taub)]. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 19-22The seeds of guar were irradiated with 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Kr dosesof gamma rays and the X 2 population was raised. Investigationswere made to study the effect of irradiation on grain yield and itsprotein and gum contents. Yield per plant has been found toincrease with increasing doses of gamma rays. Similar trend hasbeen observed for protein content of the grains. The gum contentwas also higher in all the gamma ray treatments as compared tocontrol.

538 Dwivedi, N.K., Bhandari, D.C., Dabas, B.S., Mandal, S. andRana, R.S. (1996)Variability in clusterbean germplasm with fallacious bracts. Annalsof Arid Zone. 35: 151-153Most of the collections had normal, linear, subulate and hair likebracts, whereas, twenty four collections from Mehsana district ofGujarat had leaf like bracts on all the inflorescence.539 Henry, A. (1993)Note on performance of clusterbean genotypes on dryland of westernRajasthan. Forage Research. 19: 338-340Performance of diverse group of genotypes, G 8, medium latebranched genotypes unbranched genotypes and early maturinggenotypes were tested under rainfed conditions. In medium lategroup 2470/12 (Maru-guar) and HFG-75 were high yieldinggenotypes both under normal and late sown conditions. Among theunbranched genotypes, PLCa-119, PLG-85 and PLG-174 provedbetter. Among early maturing genotypes HG-7-2 (Naveen) andSuvidha were the best.540 Henry, A. (1995)Note on performance of moth bean genotypes on drylands of westernRajasthan. Forage Research. 21: 149-151Performance of 23 genotypes of different centres were evaluatedfrom 1982-1985 so as to select the desirable genotypes for the regionand for use in breeding programme. The high yielding genotypeswere IPCMO-995, PLMO-34, IPCMO-996 and IPCMO-999. Out ofthese, former three were responsive to favourable growingconditions. Genotype IPCMO-433 was suitable for unfavourablegrowing seasons, while IPCMO-371 had unit responses to thechanging environmental conditions.541 Henry, A. (1995)Phenotypic stability in moth bean for seed yield on drylands ofwestern Rajasthan. Forage Research. 21: 58-61Performance of 33 genotypes was evaluated under drylandconditions. The genotype x environment interaction was significantand both linear and non-linear components were significant.Genotype JMS-23 had average stability and was suitable forfavourable growing season. Genotypes like JMS-18 and JMS-7 werestable under favourable and less favourable environments,

espectively, and were low yielders. Genotypes like JMS-11, JMS-19and T-16 had near unit responses to the changing environmentalconditions and better yielders but had low stability.542 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 467-468On rainfed lands 24 clusterbean varieties collected from all overIndia were grown for 4 rainy seasons (1977-1980). The genotypesreacted considerably with the environment in different years. Muchof the interaction was accounted for by the presence of linearcomponent, although non-linear component was also significant.Study indicates that exploitation of HFG-75, HFG-182, Durgapurasafed and `4210(26)' which had high yield and stability, will help inimproving the productivity of the clusterbean variety 2470(12)performed well in unfavourable seasons.543 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in moth bean.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 469-470In monsoon season of 1978, 1980 and 1981, 13 varieties of mothbean were evaluated under dryland conditions. Genotype `T 2' and`Jodhpur Local selection' gave more seed yield than the rest of thevarieties. But `T 2' showed almost unit response with less deviationfrom regression and `Jodhpur Local selection' was more responsiveto favourable seasons. Thus, `T 2' being stable for seed yield, couldbe used as a parent in breeding better moth bean varieties.544 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983)Genotype x environment interactions of induced mutants in mothbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 70: 705-708Genotype-environment interaction was investigated over 3 years(1977, 1978 and 1980) for grain yield in respect of 25 moth mutantsevolved by treating `Jadia' a locally adapted variety of the region,with chemical mutagen (EMS). There was a significant variation forgenotypes and genotypes x environment interaction for grain yield.The mutant genotypes, JMM-259, JMM-60 and JMM-211 appearedto be best suited for favourable growing seasons, whereas mutantgenotypes JMM-242, JMM-25, JMM-277, JMM-202, JMM-273 andJMM-265 gave stable performance under fluctuating environmentalconditions. In general the mutants were able to exploit thefavourable growing seasons better than check varieties.

545 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1983)Performance of induced mutants in moth bean. Indian Journal ofGenetics. 43: 342-44Seeds of `Jadia' variety of moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.)Marechal] were treated with aqueous solution of EMS with 0.3%concentrations and 25 mutants showing a higher number of podsthan the parent were isolated in the M2 generation. The mutantswere further carried forward up to M5 and M6 generations andtested under dryland conditions for their yield performance alongwith other high yielding varieties. It was observed that mutants,`JMM-211', `JMM-259', and `JMM-60' consistently maintainedsuperiority in yield and pod number per plant over their parent`Jadia' under varying conditions of rainfall. They also exhibited acombination of higher yield potential, earliness in maturity and highdegree of tolerance to drought conditions. It has been proved thatvariation for pod number per plant and growth pattern in moth beancould be brought about by induced mutations.546 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1984)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean.Madras Agriculture Journal. 71: 217-220Genotype x environment interaction was investigated for grain yieldin 12 branched genotypes of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L.) Taub), under rainfed conditions, during monsoon seasons (1979-1981). There was a significant variation for genotypes xenvironment interaction for grain yield. The linear as well as nonlinear components were significant and between the two, linearcomponent was higher in magnitude. The genotype `DurgapuraSafed' was the most stable genotype under fluctuatingenvironmental conditions. Genotypes `HFG-556' and HFG-189' werebest for favourable growing seasons while `DSE1J' and `DSE16J'were suitable for unfavourable growing seasons.547 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1984)Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in singlestemmed varieties of clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 71:603-605Genotype-environment interaction for yield in clusterbean wasstudied by growing 10 unbranched genotypes for 3 years duringmonsoon seasons of 1979-1981. There was a significant variation inrespect of genotype x environmental interaction for seed yield. Alarge portion of these interactions was accounted for by the linearregression on the environmental means; although the non-linear

component was also significant. The genotype FS-277 was found tobe comparatively stable with high mean yield and average responseto the changes in environmental conditions. The genotype HFG-134had the highest mean yield, and was found especially suitable forunfavourable growing seasons. Thus, the exploitation of thesevarieties in a breeding programme will help in improving theproductivity of the crop.548 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988)Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in horsegram(Macrotyloma uniflorum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.58 : 684-86A 6-year experiment comprising 9 genotypes of horsegram[Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.; syn. Dolichos uniflorus Lam.,D. biflorus auct. non Linn.] collected from Rajasthan showed asignificant variation for genotypes and genotypes x environmentinteraction for seed yield. Both the linear and non-linearcomponents were significant. In general, the deviations fromregression were significant for all the genotypes. `PL selection'showed average stability and high potential for seed yield undernormal and late-sown conditions, whereas `SN selection' had higherseed-yield potential under normal-sown condition.549 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988)Relative performance of pigeon pea genotypes in an arid region ofwestern Rajasthan. International Pigeonpea Newsletter. 7: 8-9The performance 15 varieties of pigeon pea during the winter of1979 /80 and 1982 /83 indicated that variety `Basant' gave aconsistently higher performance in both the years, followed by`Bahar', as well as a higher level of productivity per day over theother varieties tested.550 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Induced dark brown mutant in moth bean. Madras AgricultureJournal. 77: 501-504Seeds of `Jadia' variety of moth bean were treated with aqueoussolution of 0.3% Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. Four mutants havingdark brown seed coat colour, increased number of pods and early inmaturity with varying plant characteristics were isolated in M 2.The mutants were studied further up to M 6 generation and thesegregation not conforming to the mutant plant types werediscarded and tested during kharif along with parent and superiorchecks. It was observed that mutants JMM-DBS-1, JMM-DBS-2 and

JMM-DBS-3 consistently maintained their superiority in earlymaturity, higher number of pods per plant and maintained darkbrown seed coat colour as compared to its parent and check Jwalahaving buff seed coat colour under varying rainfall situations. It issuggested that these JMM-DBS mutants could be utilised as geneticmarker in future hybridisation programmes.551 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986)Genetic divergence in moth bean. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 56: 298-99Fifty three promising genotypes of moth bean were grown duringthe rainy season of 1978 for study of genetic divergence. In thepresent study, `Sojat Local', `Absar', `4425', `4301-12', `4307-1' and`Jaipur-1' showed high statistical distances and contained highyielding and early maturing genotypes. Crosses among them mayresult in high yielding moth bean types suited to the rainfedcultivation.552 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1990)Correlation and path coefficient analyses in pigeon pea. MadrasAgriculture Journal. 77: 440-42Seed yield per plant in pigeonpea showed significant positivecorrelation with plant height, number of branches, number ofclusters and number of seeds pod -1 . Similarly, path coefficientanalysis indicated the importance of number of pods plant -1 , whichhad maximum direct effect on seed yield. However, characters likeplant height, number of branches plant -1 , number of clusters plant -1and number of seeds per pod affected seed yield via number of podsplant -1 . Therefore, selection based on early maturity, medium tallplant height, moderate number of branches plant -1 , number ofclusters plant -1 , number of seeds pod -1 with more number of podsplant -1 and medium seed size is expected to improve the seed yieldin pigeon pea.553 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1990)Genetic divergence in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 77:116-120Twenty four promising varieties of clusterbean were evaluated forgenetic divergence. Genotype belonging to clusters IV (HFG-408,HFG-363) V (D 39-1, Kutch-8) and VII (FS-277) are separated byhigh statistical distances. It would, therefore, be logical to effectlosses among these genotypes so as to evolve desirable high yieldingvariety.

554 Henry, A. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1992)Genetic divergence in pigeon pea. Madras Agriculture Journal. 79:41-47Forty two genotypes of pigeonpea have been studied for geneticdivergence. Clusters V and IX and II and VIII were separated byhigh statistical distances and contained genotypes having earlymaturity, medium tall plant height, moderate number of branchesper plant, Number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per podwith more number of pods per plant and medium seed size. Hencecrosses between the genotypes belonging to these clusters will effecthigh yielding lines suited to the rainfed conditions of the region.555 Henry, A. and Mathur, B.K. (1987)Studies on correlation and path coefficient analysis in clusterbeanunder rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 157-162Seed yield per plot and seed yield per plant were positivelyassociated with number of pods per plant. Plant height had negativeassociation with number of branches while number of branches hadpositive association with number of clusters per plant in both theenvironments. Path analysis at genotypic level revealed thatcharacters like higher number of pods per plant with more numberof branches, 100 seed weight and number of seeds per pot withmedium early maturing and medium dwarf plant type will givemore seed yield per plot in seasons having early cessation of rains.In environment with relatively better distribution of rains, the planttype which have medium tall in plant height, late in maturity andhigh seed yield plant -1 together with more number of pods plant -1 ,clusters plant -1 , seeds pod -1 and 100 seed weight will result in higherlevel of seed yield plot -1 in case of clusterbean.556 Henry, A., Daulay, H.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1990)Phenotypic stability in clusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal.77: 417-421There was a significant variation for genotypes and genotype xenvironment interaction for seed yield in clusterbean. The linear aswell as non-linear components were significant. Genotypes guar 46-P7 and guar 44-P15-2 were stable under fluctuating environmentalconditions. Genotypes guar 46-P24-1, 4210(26), guar 46-P16-2, guar44-P10 appeared to be the best for favourable growing seasons,while guar 46-P3-1, guar 46-P17-1 and guar 46-P27-1 were suitablefor unfavourable growing conditions. The exploitation of these

genotypes in a breeding programme will help in improving theproductivity of the crop in its growing areas.557 Henry, A., Daulay, H.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986)Correlation, path coefficient analysis and genetic diversity inclusterbean. Madras Agriculture Journal. 73: 11-16Thirty six genetically diversified clusterbean were studied for 10metric traits during monsoon 1978 for the correlation, pathcoefficient analysis and genetic diversity. Seed yield plant -1 showedsignificant positive correlation with number of pods plant -1 , 100 seedweight, plant height, number of branches plant -1 and number ofclusters plant -1 . Similarly path coefficient analysis indicated theimportance of number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, which hadmaximum direct effect on seed yield. However, plant height, numberof branches plant -1 and number of clusters plant -1 affected seed yieldvia pods plant -1 . Mahalanobis D² statistics was used to assess thegenetic diversity among the genotypes which could be grouped in 5clusters. The distribution of genotypes in different clusters was notaccording to their places of origin.558 Henry, A., Mathur, B.K. and Daulay, H.S. (1984)Genetic divergence in clusterbean. Forage Research. 10 : 89-94Genetic divergence was assessed in twenty and twenty sevengenotypes of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.)during rainy seasons of 1979 and 1980 respectively, using D²statistics for 11 characters alongwith seed yield. The population wasgrouped into 5 and 8 clusters in environments E1 and E2,respectively. Seed yield, pods per plant, clusters per plant, branchesper plant, plant height, days to maturity and 100-seed weight inenvironment E2, were mainly responsible for contributing towardsgenetic divergence. Genotypes belonging to Rajasthan, Haryana andPunjab were found to be distributed in more than one cluster IV andV in E1 and cluster II from clusters I and VI in E2 were separatedby high statistical distances. Hence crosses between the genotypesbelonging to these clusters may generate more variability to theseattributes. However, it may or may not be of fixable nature.559 Jindal, S.K. (1985)Genetic divergence in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) underrainfed conditions. Genetic Agriculture. 39: 19-24Fifty two indigenous and exotic strains of cowpea were assessed forgenetic divergence using D²-statistic. The strains were grouped intoeight clusters. Cluster I consisted of maximum number of genotypes.

Inter-cluster distance was maximum between clusters III and IV.The clustering pattern of the strains, in general, did not follow theirgeographical distribution. Use of the strains 3183-1, EC 123292,TVU 3427-2 and 757, selected from different clusters, inhybridisation programme for getting desirable segregates isadvocated.560 Jindal, S.K. (1988)Intra-specific divergence in moth bean for grain yield and itscomponents. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 267-270Genetic divergence, as measured by Mahalanobis D² statistics wasstudied in 22 diverse genotypes of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia(Jacq.) Marechal). The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters.Geographic diversity did not seem to have a direct association withgenetic diversity. Use of IPCMO 1015, IPCMO 569, IPCMO 939,IPCMO 911 and Jadia in crossing programme is advocated.561 Jindal, S.K. (1989)Harvest index and its relationship with yield components in cowpeagrown under arid conditions. Transaction of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 14: 73-79Fifty five genotypes of cowpea were used to study the associationbetween harvest index, seed yield and its components. Phenotypiccorrelation coefficients of harvest index with number of pods plant -1 ,seed yield and number of bunches plant -1 were positive andsignificant. Harvest index was largely affected by seed yield whichwas largely influenced by plant height and number of bunchesplant -1 . An ideal plant type of cowpea may be developed having a tallplant with maximum number of bunches and early maturing for itscultivation in arid areas.562 Jindal, S.K. (1989)Path coefficient analysis in fodder cowpea grown under rainfedconditions. Madras Agriculture Journal. 75: 121-124The correlation coefficients both at the genotypic and phenotypiclevels between seven quantitative characters and path coefficientsat the genotypic level were estimated using thirty nine strains ofcowpea (Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp) grown under rainfedconditions. All the characters viz. green fodder yield, leaf weight,stem weight, number of branches, plant height, leaf number andstem girth were positively and significantly correlated amongthemselves. Based on path coefficient analyses, branches/plant wasfound to be the major component for fodder yield and leafiness.

563 Jindal, S.K. and Gupta, B.S. (1985)Genetic divergence in fodder cowpea. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 55: 1-3Genetic divergence for 7 characters was assessed in 39 strains offodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using D²-statistics. Thepopulation was grouped into 5 clusters, of which 2 had only a singlestrain each. The varieties differed significantly for the 7 charactersconsidered collectively. Leaf number and branches plant -1contributed maximum towards the total divergence.564 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1983)Adaptability in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) forseed yield in rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 83-86Twenty two genotypes of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.)Marechal) were evaluated for their seed yield over fiveenvironments to gather information on stability parameters. Bothlinear and non-linear components of the interactions weresignificant and the prediction of performance across environmentsappeared to be difficult. The genotypes namely IPCMO 911 andIPCMO 259 were high yielding and phenotypically stable acrossrainfed environments.565 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1983)Studies on variability and character association in moth bean.Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 221-226A study was undertaken to determine the extent of geneticvariability for grain yield and seven other quantitative characters,inter-relationship of these characters and the cause and effectrelationship of grain yield with other characters in 22 strains ofmoth bean. Strong correlation of yield with pods plant -1 , pod length,seed pod -1 , plant height, clusters plant -1 and 100-seed weight wereobserved. The path-coefficient analysis indicated that pod lengthand pods plant -1 exerted positive direct effects on grain yield.566 Jindal, S.K., Singh, Saroj and Satya Vir (1982)Metroglyph and index score analysis of morphological variation infodder cowpea. Forage Research. 8: 83-86Metroglyph and index score analysis performed on 39 strains ofcowpea suggested that three distinct morphological complexes canbe recognised. Use of strains 434, 702, TVU 37 and TVU 1035-1 isadvocated in breeding programmes in fodder cowpea.

567 Jhorar, B.S., Solanki, K.R. and Jatasra, D.S. (1985)Genetic architecture of gum content in cluster bean under differentenvironments. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 39-45Genetic architecture of gum content in cluster bean has beeninvestigated using numerical and graphical analysis of a six-parentdiallel cross under different environmental conditions.Environments exerted substantial effect on gene expression. Thecharacter was governed mostly by non-additive gene effects. Theadditive genetic component was stable whereas the dominancecomponent significantly interacted with environments and was,thus, unstable. The mean degree of dominance invariably revealedoverdominance in all the environments. Symmetry of positive andnegative genes was observed in the parental population. One to fourdominant genes governed inheritance of the gum content.Heritability estimates were low in all the environments. Graphicalanalysis revealed that cultivars HG 182, FS 277 and DPS possessedthe maximum number of dominant genes and hence theirexploitation in breeding programmes for developing varieties withhigh gum content has been suggested.568 Kackar, N.L. and Henry, A. (1984)Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in clusterbean.Indian Journal of Genetics. 44: 465-468Genotype-environment interaction was investigated under rainfedconditions over three years (1977, 1978 and 1980) for seed yield inrespect of 24 genotypes of clusterbean. There was a significantvariation for genotypes and genotype x environment interaction forseed yield. The genotypes HG 182, FS 277, D 39-1, 1260/17 andDurgapura safed appeared to be best suited for favourable growingseason, whereas genotypes 2470/12 and 4210/16 gave stableperformance under fluctuating environmental condition. Theexploitation of these genotypes in a breeding programme will help inimproving the productivity of the clusterbean.569 Kumar, D. (1995)Variability studies in induced mutants of moth bean on rainfed aridlands. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 125-128In genetically diverse and stabilised mutant lines of moth bean,irrespective of the year, number of pods plant -1 had the maximumestimates of GCV (49%), broad sense heritability (69%) and thegenetic gain (78-85%). Heritability for the grain yield during dryyear was moderate (46%), but was quite high for days to 50%

flowering (74.20%). During dry season, plant height and number ofpods plant -1 had significant positive association. The days taken to50% flowering and the number of pods plant -1 were most importanttraits for yield improvement through selection, during dry and thewet seasons, respectively.570 Rangaswami, G.N. and Ayyangar, B.A. (1993)A note on the chromosome numbers in cluster bean. Indian Journalof Agricultural Sciences. 63: 934-935The chromosomes of the cluster bean (Cyamopsis psoralioides) arebest seen in buds fixed between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. The haploidnumber as counted in pollen mother cells is seven. The diploidnumber, as counted in cells of the ovary wall, is 14. These numbersare similar to those of the genera, in the tribe, Vicieae of Papilionae.571 Saini, M.L., Jhorar, B.S. and Solanki, K.R. (1977)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in clusterbean.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 344-347Genotype-environment interactions for the grain yield inclusterbean were studied by growing 10 genotype in 4 differentenvironments. There were genotype-environment interactions, and alarge portion of these interactions are accounted for by the linearregression on the environmental means. Although the non-linearcomponent was also significant, its magnitude was approximatelyone-third of the linear component. Varieties 'No. 2', 'HFG 281', 'HFG444', 'HFG 363' and 'HFG 244' were most stable, and thus theirresponse to change in environment could be predicted. 'HFG 444'was the most promising variety.572 Singh, V.P., Yadava, R.K. and Chowdhury, R.K. (1981)Note on determinate mutant of clusterbean. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 51: 682-683OilseedsObservations suggested that closer plantings have a tendency tosuppress determinate growth habit.573 Bhargava, B.D. and Saxena, N.B. (1964)Phenotypic variations and its heritable component in someimportant quantitative characters contributing towards yield in til(Sesamum indicum L.) Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 85-90Genotypic variability was studied in 8 progenies of til, under refinedconditions. These progenies exhibited large variations among

various phenotypic characters. The genetic coefficient of variation,heritability estimates and genetic advances were computed.Characters like branching and grain weight were found to have highheritability and high genetic advance and as such these traits are ofconsiderable value to the breeder for plant selection.574 Dhari, R. and Yadava, T.P. (1993)Inheritance studies of some biochemical and anatomical traits inBrassica juncea (L) Czern & coss for aphid resistance. Annals ofArid Zone. 32: 199-200The characters in question were under the control of both additiveand non-additive genetic components, the former being moreimportant. Under such a situation maximum improvement may beexpected through conventional breeding procedures which couldexploit both additive and non-additive type of genetic components.575 Gupta, B.S. and Chopra, D.P. (1984)Genetic variability, correlation and path-coefficient analysis insesamum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 1030-1033Genotypic coefficient of variation was high for clusters and capsuleson branches in 12 genotypes of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.)Heritability was high for branches on plant, followed by clusters onbranches and capsules on main shoot. High heritability coupled withgenetic advance was observed for clusters on branches and capsuleson branches. Capsules on branches affected seed yield directly aswell as indirectly. Plant height had a negative direct effect. Henceemphasis should be given to the selection of dwarf plants havingbranches with more capsules.576 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1985)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in castorbean.Madras Agriculture Journal. 72: 196-198Twelve promising genotypes of castorbean (Ricinus communis L.)were evaluated for seed yield during monsoon season of 1978, 1980,1981 and 1982. Genotype x environment interactions weresignificant indicating the differential response of genotypes. A majorportion of the interaction was accounted for by the presence of linearcomponent although non-linear component was also significant. Thegenotypes (Aruna) and (279) appeared best suited for favourablegrowing seasons, whereas genotypes 1578 and R 63 gave stableperformance under fluctuating environmental conditions.577 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1985)Genotype x environment interactions for seed yield in Indianmustard. Madras Agriculture Journal. 72: 347-49

Genotype x environment interactions were investigated duringwinter season over three years (1979-80, 1981-82, and 1982-83) inrespect of 17 promising genotypes of Indian mustard under limitedmoisture supply conditions. There were significant differencesamong the genotypes and the environment. Genotype `T 59' was astable genotype and was able to take the advantage of thefavourable growing conditions as well yielded reasonably high underless favourable growing conditions as compared to rest of thegenotypes studied.578 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1987)Genotype-environment interactions for seed yield in sesamum.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 622-624A 4-year rainfed experiment showed a significant variation forgenotypes and genotype x environment interaction for seed yield of14 genotypes of sesamum (Sesamum indicum Linn.). The linear aswell as non-linear components were significant. Deviation fromregression was significant for most of the genotypes for seed yield.'TC 25' gave the maximum mean grain yield (257.50 kg ha -1 ) andshowed near-unit responses under fluctuating environments. 'T 13','T 43', '4-2', and 'Pratap' were better genotypes in favourablegrowing seasons (with better rainfall distribution). 'N 32' performedbetter especially in the years of long spell of drought. Animprovement in stability of these genotypes through breedingprogrammes would lead to the improvement of the productivity ofthe crop in the region.579 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988)Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in brown sarson(Brassica rapa var. Ulti). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.58: 634-635Ten promising genotypes were evaluated for seed yield during thewinters of 1982-83 1983-84 and 1984-85 with 3, 2 and 1 irrigationrespectively. The mean square due to genotype x environmentinteraction was significant, indicating that the genotypes interactedwith the environmental conditions. The estimates of stabilityparameters for `Pusa Kalyani' approached unity and high mean seedyield. However, `BID-10' gave the highest mean seed yield and wasconstant in its performance in all the 3 environments besides beingstable.580 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1988)

Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in Indianmustard (Brassica juncea Subsp. juncea). Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 58 : 794-795Performance of 25 genotypes of Indian mustard was evaluated forseed yield. Of the 25 genotypes tested, 20 had significant deviationfrom regression for seed yield. Pusa bold, RH 8133, T 59 , RK 8203and RLC 1012 performed well under high yielding environment.DIR-147 performed best under low yielding environment, whereasDIR-146 and RK 8202 gave almost unit responses to the differentenvironmental conditions.581 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Genotype x environment interaction for seed yield in yellow sarson.Madras Agriculture Journal. 77 : 570-571Five genotypes were grown during winter season of 1982-83 to 1984-85 under limited moisture supply conditions. Genotypes DYS-3,DYS-2 and YID-3 had almost unit responses to changes inenvironmental conditions. YID-3 has less deviation value with highyield and hence stable. The genotype YID-1 was found suitable forfavourable growing environments.582 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Phenotypic stability for seed yield in Indian mustard. MadrasAgriculture Journal. 77: 533-536Twenty nine promising genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea (L.) Czern & Coss) tested for their seed yield and phenotypicstability, interacted considerably with environmental conditionsthat prevailed in different situations. Both linear and non linearcomponents were significant. S²d value was significant for 19genotypes. Genotypes DIR 153 and RH 827, though having high S²dvalues, had almost unit responses to changes in environmentalconditions and were high yielders. Genotypes RK 8302 and RK 8301had high mean seed yield and indicated stable performance in highyielding environments. However, it was T 59 with high deviationvalue, which gave higher productivity in such situations. GenotypesRIK 81-1, RK 8304 and RS 83 performed promisingly in low yieldingenvironments with latter two genotypes giving stable performance.583 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Phenotypic stability for seed yield in Indian rape. MadrasAgriculture Journal. 77: 522-525

The performance of 11 diverse promising genotypes of Indian rape(Brassica campestris L. var. toria) evaluated for genotype xenvironment interactions for seed yield in four environmentsrevealed that the genotypes interacted considerably withenvironmental conditions. Both linear and non-linear componentswere significant. Genotypes Sangam, TGC 1, PT 507 B and T 9performed better especially in high yielding environments. Out ofthese except TGC 1, all had large deviation values from regression.Genotypes TLC 1, TK 6 and TH 63 were found promising under lessfavourable situations. PT 43 had almost unit responses to thechanging environmental conditions and was a stable genotype;However, it was low yielder.584 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Phenotypic stability for seed yield in safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.). Madras Agriculture Journal. 77: 471-474There was a significant variation in respect of genotype xenvironmental interactions for seed yield in safflower. A largeportion of these interactions was accounted for by the linearregression on the environmental means, although non-linearcomponent was also significant. The crop, in general, gave betterperformance when grown in closer row spacing of 30 cm underfavourable moisture conditions. However, under moisture stress, nomarked yield response was observed to the different row spacing.Genotypes like C 438 and AN 1 were found to be stable with highmean yield and average responses to the changes in theenvironmental conditions. Hence their exploitation in a breedingprogramme will help in improving the productivity of the crop.585 Henry, A. and Daulay, H.S. (1990)Phenotypic stability for seed yield in taramira. Madras AgricultureJournal. 77: 510-511Genotype x environment interactions investigated for seed yield intaramira (Eruca sativa L.) during winter seasons over three yearsrevealed significant variation for genotypes and genotype xenvironment interaction for seed yield. The major portion of theinteraction was accounted for by the presence of linear componentsas non-linear component was non significant. The genotype RTM-1gave the maximum mean seed yield and showed near unit responsesunder fluctuating environments. Genotypes LDCH-2 and RTM-2performed better under favourable and unfavourable growingseasons respectively.586 Jain, T.C. and Misra, D.K. (1965)

Two new varieties of Ricinus communis for arid zone. Annals of AridZone. 4: 43-45Two varieties of castor (Maru-1 and Maru-2) meant for cultivation inarid zone have been described about their characteristics with plant,inflorescence, fruit and capsules.587 Jindal, S.K. and Labana, K.S. (1986)Combining ability in a complete diallel cross of Indian mustard.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 75-79The nature of combining ability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea(Linn.) Czern. & Coss.) was studied in a set of diallel crosses(including reciprocals) of 14 lines for primary branches, secondarybranches, length of main shoot, siliquae on main shoot, plant height,days to maturity, seed yield plant -1 and 1,000-seed weight. Bothadditive and non-additive gene effects were equally important for allthe traits. Reciprocal differences were significant for all charactersexcept primary branches and days to maturity. None of the parentsappeared to be good general combiner for all the characters. `T 59'and `RLM 196' were good combiners for seed yield and some yieldcontributingcharacters. `RL 18' x `T 6342' and RLM 188' x `T 6342'appeared to be good for yield and most of its contributing characters.Both additive and non-additive gene effects might be exploited andrecurrent selection might be practised for exploiting the geneticvariability.588 Kumar, D. (1984)Combining ability for seed yield and its components in brown sarsonin arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 41-46A diallel involving 10 inbreds of brown sarson, revealed thesignificance of non-additive gene effects in inheritance of plantheight, main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot,number of primary branches plant -1 , 1000-seed weight and seedyield plant -1 , whereas non-additive gene effects were important fornumber of secondary branches plant -1 . Two inbreds (IB 14 and IB15) were best general combiners for seed yield. The former withmaximum seed yield was also a good combiner of siliquae on mainshoot. IB 19 was characterised with maximum general combiningability estimates and means for main shoot length, number ofsiliquae on main shoot and number of secondary branches plant -1 . IB10 x IB 19 followed by 1B 10 x IB 15 and IB 15 x IB 19 were the bestspecific combiners for seed yield.589 Kumar, D. (1988)

Tolerance of oilseed to salinity and alkalinity - A review. CurrentPractices in Dryland Resources and Technology. 4: 183-201Efforts have been made to review the oilseed crops and theircultivars for relative tolerance on a wide range of experimentalconditions of saline and alkaline situations. Although hugegermplasm of oilseeds is available yet only a fraction has beenscreened for tolerance to saline and alkaline conditions, hencenumber of suitable strains is too meagre. Barring sunflower to someextent oilseeds are in general rated moderate to highly susceptiblefor seedling emergence. Moreover, due to lack in reporting of agroclimaticconditions, type of soil and salinity and stage of evaluation,data on tolerance of genotypes becomes unreliable. There is nosuitable salt tolerant cultivar in groundnut, sesame and castor; andthat of Indian mustard towards alkaline situation. Ethiopianmustard (B. carinata L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.) have beenobserved better tolerant than whole of the brassica group in alkalinecondition. Sunflower has been observed equally tolerant to saline(ECe 8.6) and alkaline (pH 9.3) conditions for emergence. Promisingstrains of important oilseed crops have been listed in the presentreview.590 Kumar, D. (1993)Variability studies in Indian mustard on normal and saline soils.Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 25-28Study on variability in 30 genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassicajuncea (L) Czern & Coss] indicated higher estimates of GCV, PCVheritability and genetic advance for number of primary branchesand siliquae plant -1 on normal soil; and for seedling emergence,number of siliquae on main shoot, number of secondary branchesplant -1 and seed yield on saline soil. Number of siliquae plant -1 onnormal soil; and seedling emergence and plant height on saline soilhad significant positive association with seed yield. Seedlingemergence and plant height exhibited maximum direct positiveeffects on seed yield on saline soil.591 Kumar, D. (1995)Salt tolerance in oilseed brassicas - present status and futureprospects. Plant Breeding Abstracts. 65: 1439-1447Tolerance of oilseed brassicas to salt stress is a complex trait, whichis greatly modified by cultural, climatic and biological factors and bythe high degree of heterogeneity on saline soils. Brassicas exhibitsusceptibility to salinity at seedling emergence and early seedlinggrowth but are relatively more tolerant at later growth stages,

particularly from flowering to siliquae formation. The amphitetraploidsBrassica napus, B. carinata and B. juncea are moretolerant of salinity and alkalinity than their respective diploidprogenitors ( B. campestris, B. nigra and B. oleracea) and also otherdiploids (B. tournefortii and Eruca sativa [E. vesicaria]). B. napusfollowed by B. carinata have proved more promising in extended coolclimates whereas B. juncea is more suited to arid and semi-aridregions with short winters. Early maturing bold seeded cultivarstolerant to salinity are available in B. juncea, while few promisingtolerant cultivars have been reported in B. napus and B. carinata.The mechanism of salt tolerance differs among species. There aremany selection parameters for salt tolerance which, however,require confirmation for commercial exploitation. Research reportson the extent of variability for salt tolerance and the genetic of thetrait are limited and fragmentary.592 Kumar, D. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1989)Genetic variation of salt tolerance in seedling emergence, earlygrowth characters and phosphatase activity of sunflowers growingon arid soils. Journal of Arid Environments. 16: 263-269Seedling emergence on the 16th day of sowing; seedling height, leaf,shoot and root dry matter plant -1 in seedlings of 30 day old werereduced by 81.9, 65.0, 72.2, 86.0 and 54.4%, respectively at salinitylevels of ECe 20.5 dS m -1 over the controls. Hybrids KBSH-13 andNSH-30, with 30.0 and 25.0% emerging at this salinity, were ratedbest of the genotypes, while hybrids KBSH-9 and NSH-98 showeddistinct superiority in growth characters. Acid and alkalinephosphatase activities in the rhizospheres of KBSH-9 and NSH-98were many times higher on saline than on control soils. There weresharp differences between tolerant and susceptible genotypes forphosphatase activity and total P nutrition on saline soil (ECe 16.0dS m -1 ).593 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1985)Line x tester analysis for certain quantitative traits in brown sarsonon normal and alkaline soils. Sabrao Journal. 17: 21-28A study of heterosis and combining ability in brown sarson onnormal and alkaline soils indicated a preponderance of non-additivegene effects in the expression of seed yield and its components.Assam selection and BSH-1 among the males and IB-3 and IB-1among the females were the best combiners for seed yield and itschief components on normal and alkaline soils, respectively. TheGCA and SCA estimates varied considerably with the soil

conditions, with SCA highest in IB-7 x BSH-1 and IB-5 x Pusakalyani for seed yield in normal and alkaline soils, respectively.Nineteen crosses in normal soil and 13 crosses in alkaline soilsshowed significantly positive heterosis for seed yield. IB-3 x Pusakalyani and IB-9 x BSH-1 had the highest heterosis for seed yieldand its important components, in normal and alkaline soils,respectively. IB-8 x Assam selection was the only cross with positiveSCA and heterosis for seed yield in both soil conditions.594 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1986)Combining ability in taramira under rainfed conditions. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 229-233Combining ability analysis of a diallel cross among 10 inbreds oftaramira [Eruca vesicaria (Linn.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.;syn. E. sativa Mill.] revealed that both GCA and SCA varianceswere significant for yield and all its components except siliqualength and 1,000-seed weight. The GCA : SCA ratio indicated thepreponderance of non-additive genetic variations for all the traitsexcept primary branches and seed yield plant -1 , which showedadditive variance. The best general combiners were 'Ldh Comp 1-3'for seed yield, main shoot length and number of siliquae on mainshoot; 'TMC 13 p 4' for number of branches plant -1 and 'RTM 2-1-6'for siliqua length. 'T 27 P 7-9' x 'TC 13 p 4' and 'RTM 2-1-6' x 'LdhComp 1-3' were the best specific combinations for seed yield and itsimportant components. There was no close agreement between themean performance and the GCA effects.595 Kumar, D. and Yadav, I.S. (1986)Genetics of yield and its components in taramira. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 56: 167-170In a 10-parent diallel cross of taramira dominance was found to besignificant for all traits except siliqua length for which additivecomponent was important. Dominant genes were in excess ofrecessive genes for all traits except 1,000-seed weight and seed yieldplant -1 . The genes controlling the desirable characters like moreheight, longer main shoot, larger siliquae and heavier seeds wererecessive. Narrow-sense heritability was high for siliqua length,main shoot length, 1000-seed weight, plant height and seedssiliqua -1 , and low for seed yield. Rapid genetic advance in siliqualength could be brought out by simple selection. Heterosis could beexploited for other traits including seed yield.596 Kumar, D., Daulay, H.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1987)

Phenotypic stability of certain growth characters of sesame at theflowering stage. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 12: 47-54Ten strains of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied in 8environments to characterise the stability of 5 growth traits at theanthesis stage. Linear component was more important for leaf dryweight plant -1 , dry matter plant -1 and pre-flowering growth rate,whereas non-linear component was involved in days to 50%flowering and fresh weight of leaves plant -1 . Strain C 6 with belowaverage in linear response was the most stable and early to flower;and also exhibited maximum stability of dry matter plant -1 in thepoor environments. TC 171 with variable responses was unstable inall the traits. Stability of Pb 1 in the poor environments was realisedon leaf dry weight and dry matter plant -1 , whereas in betterenvironments it showed stability to other 3 traits. With moderatepre-flowering growth rate and below average response, Patan 64was the most stable for this trait.597 Kumar, D., Yadav, I.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1988)Combining-ability analysis for quantitative traits of rocket-salad(Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) grown on normal and alkaline soils.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58 : 11-15A 8 x 8 diallel cross of rocket-salad or taramira indicated thepreponderance of additive genes for pod length and non-additivegenes for primary branches plant -1 on both normal and alkalinesoils. The main shoot length and seed yield plant -1 were influencedby additive genes on normal soil, whereas by non-additive genes onthe alkaline soil. Parent `ITSA' had the maximum estimates ofgeneral combining ability for seed yield on both the soils and wasalso a best combiner for plant height and pod length on the normalsoil and an average combiner for main shoot length on alkaline soil.`TC 35' was also a good combiner for yield on these soils. `T 27' x`RTM 13' on normal soil and `RTM 13' x `TC 35' on alkaline soilwere the best specific combiners for seed yield. The former cross alsoshowed significant specific combining ability for pod length, whereasthe latter for main shoot length on alkaline soil.598 Nehra, M.R. and Sastry, E.V.D. (1995)Varietal diallel analysis for yield and yield traits in taramira (Erucasativa L.) Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 35-38A varietal diallel performed in taramira, indicated complexinheritance for seed yield and its component traits. The heterosiscomponent accounted for more than 70% of the total sum of squares,

and among the heterosis components, the SCA component accountedfor more than 70% to the total heterosis sum of squares. Trendbetween the per se performance and the varietal heterotic effectswere reverse. The crosses involving RTM-465 or RTM-314 were thebest for mean seed yield including yield traits and the SCA effects.599 Singh, R.P., Malik, B.P.S. and Singh, D.P. (1987)Variation for morpho-physiological characters in genotypes of Indianmustard. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 225-230A study of 179 genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)indicated significant differences among genotypes for variousmorpho-physiological characters, except for seeds siliquae -1 , morningleaf-water potential, primary branches plant -1 , and siliqua length.Range of means and coefficients of variation suggested thatsubstantial genetic variability for different morpho-physiologicalcharacters existed within Indian mustard. Seed yield was positivelycorrelated with shoot height, siliquae plant -1 and primary andsecondary branches plant -1 , but siliqua plant -1 and seeds siliqua -1were negatively correlated with the water loss from the excisedplants. The oil content showed significant and positive correlationwith shoot height and 1,000-seed weight and negative with waterloss from the excised plants.600 Yadav, I.S. and Kumar, D. (1984)Stability for harvest index in taramira. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 54: 1088-1089Pooled analysis of variance for stability indicated that the genotypesshowed variability and were sensitive to the sowing date and Nfertilisation.601 Yadav, I.S. and Kumar, D. (1984)Variability, correlation and path studies in taramira. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 54: 30-35OthersA study of variability and inter-relationships in taramira (Erucasativa Mill.) indicated that secondary branches plant -1 , siliqualength, seeds siliqua -1 and 1,000-seed-weight possessed higherestimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance. In theearly-sown as well as the late-sown crop, the association of seedyield with siliquae on main shoot and siliquae plant -1 and siliquaeon main shoot had maximum direct positive effects on seed yield.

602 Godawat, S.L., Sharma, A.K. and Bordia, P.C. (1995)Stability analysis in blond psyllium (Plantago ovata). IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 797-799An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1992-93and 1993-94 to study stability in 12 promising genotypes ('RI 49', 'RI87', 'RI 88', 'RI 89', 'MSB 2', 'MSB 4', 'MSB 6', 'MSB 8', 'Sel 10', 'G12','HI 2' and 'HI 5') of blond psyllium under 4 different environments.Variance due to genotypes, environments, genotypes x environmentinteraction and its linear and non-linear components were foundsignificant for spikes plant -1 and seed yield. The genotypes 'RI 89'and 'GI 2' had high mean, regression coefficient around 1 and nonsignificantdeviation from regression for seed yield. These genotypeswere found suitable in different agro-climatic conditions of Mandorand Udaipur in Rajasthan.603 Mathur, S.C., Mathur, P.K. and Chandola, R.P. (1971)Genetic variability in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 513-515Genetic variability of 6 quantitative characters, viz. plant height,number of branches, days to flower, days to maturity, grain yield perplant and 1,000-grain weight, was studied. The characters like1,000-grain weight and yield per plant showed high heritability anda high genetic gain, because of additive gene effect. Therefore thesecharacters may be used in advanced plant-breeding programmes.604 Mehta, K.G., Patel, R.H. and Kachhadia, B.T. (1981)Phenotypic stability for seed yield in cumin. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 51: 643-645The adaptability of promising selections of cumin (Cuminumcyminum Linn.) under various environments was studied from 1973-74 to 1977-78. Genotypes, environments and their interactions werehighly significant, and g x e (linear) and pooled deviation weresignificant. 'VIJ 5' showing highest mean yield, lower regression (b 1 )value than unity and negligible deviation from regression (S²d) wasthe most promising and suitable for both favourable andunfavourable environments.

CROP PRODUCTIONAgronomic Practices605 Bhati, D.S. (1988)Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) response to sowing dateand spacing. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 437-39Delay in sowing from 7 to 27 November adversely affected yield(decreased 29.5% yield) and yield attributes along with growthparameters. The crop sown on 7 November gave highest yield (12.1 qha -1 ) and yield attributes. Closer row spacings of 20 and 30 cm gavesignificantly higher yield than 40 cm row spacing. The yield plant -1and pods plant -1 were higher with wider row spacing (40 cm). Plantheight, primary branches plant -1 , seeds pod -1 , pod length and testweight were not effected by row spacing.606 Bhatia, P.K. and Sundarsan, Y. (1992)Water use efficiency in Pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 : 305-306The photosynthetic rates of all the genotypes were similar atvegetative, half bloom and dough stages but at the physiologicalmaturity stage, there was a significant decline. The estimatedvalues of the 21 genotypes for water use efficiency were alsostatistically similar at the various growth stages.607 Bhatnagar, M.P. (1961)Responses of barley to nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilisers underRajasthan conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 5: 188-192Application of 60 lbs N acre -1 has given statistically higher yieldsover control and 20 lbs N acre -1 through (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . At higher levelsof N, i.e. 60 lbs acre -1 application of P 2 O 5 @ of 64 lbs acre -1 hasgiven profitable returns which was not economical with low levels ofnitrogen 20, 40 lbs acre -1 .608 Bhatnagar, M.P., Bhargava, P.D. and Gandhi, S.M.. (1960)Performance of improved wheat varieties in Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Agronomy 5: 80-88Condition of the different regions of Rajasthan differ and hence thewhole state divided into four different regions according to the soiland climate. (a) northern region (Shri Ganganagar)- c 591. (b) northwestern zone (Mandore - Jodhpur) RS-9-11, RS 31-1 and NP 718.(c) north eastern region -1 Durgapura W. zone RS 31-1. Bassi andAjmer. RS 31-1; NP- 718, Hy 65 and (d) southern region (Kota andUdaipur) NP-718, and RS 31-1.

609 Bishnoi, O.P., Umamaheshwara Rao, V. and Singh, D. (1985)Heat unit requirement for growth and development of pearl millet.Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 241-250The experiment on the heat unit requirements of four pearl milletvarieties had three dates of sowing. The heat unit requirement foremergence of leaves did not differ within varieties up to 4 or 5 leafstage but the difference surfaced later on, towards emergence of thelast leaf. The heat unit requirement for appearance of nodes wasalmost similar and in variety BJ 104 it was maximum 91152.5 dayC). The variety HC-4 accumulated maximum heat-units. Withconsecutive delay in sowing from 18 July to the following two dates,the heat unit requirement for year emergence, seed setting andmaturity increased.610 Bishnoi, U.R. (1966)A note on the estimation of leaf area in two varieties of sorghum.Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 255-256In the present investigation, a suitable constant factor was workedout for finding out leaf area in the field. For this purpose severalleaves of two sorghum varieties at full maturity stage were taken atrandom. Their length from base of the leaf blade to the tip (alongmidrib) and breadth at the point where it was maximum wererecorded. The arbitrary area of these leaves were then worked outby multiplying their lengths and breadths. The Planimeter readingsof the leaves were taken three times for each and their average wereconsidered as exact area. The exact area of about 300 individualleaves were determined by planimeter and a constant factor wascalculated by dividing the exact area with the arbitrary area of thesame leaf. This constant factor was later utilised in calculating theleaf area in the field.611 Choudhari, S.D. and Varade, S.B. (1986)Sorghum leaf sugary exudate caused by plant water status andenvironment. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 121-26Leaf injury with sugary exudate in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(Linn.) Moench] was found to occur at air-saturation deficit at 22 to33 mm Hg. minimum temperature of less than 18.1° C, andmorning humidity 55 to 74%. This was partly borne out by highertranspiration rate and low leaf turgidity. Rapid transpiration atcritical air-saturation deficit reduced the osmotic potential byutilising soluble sugars. The increased potential gradient seemed tocause higher water flux from the soil. An increase in turgor andswelling pressure seemed to have ruptured the cell-wall, throughwhich cell-sap oozed out.

612 Dass Sain, Kapoor, R.L., Jatasra, D.S. and Kumar, P. (1985)Regression analysis of general adaptation for grain yield in pearlmillet. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 223-227There was a significant interaction between 82 genotypes (inbred,F1's and checks) of pearl millet with dates of sowing and levels ofnitrogen fertiliser. Both linear and non-linear componentscontributed to the total genotype x environment interactions. Thereappeared to be a feasibility of predicting phenotypic performanceacross the dates of sowing and levels of nitrogen fertiliser. Thereseemed to be scope for genetic improvement of productivity andstability because 17 crosses ranked above the best availablestandard `BJ 104'. These desirable hybrids could be used forpopulation improvement. The parents were less responsive andmore stable than their F1's. Inbreds `5141B' and `L 111B' were goodgeneral combiners for yield and `700251-2-1 was a good combiner forstability.613 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, R.P. (1981)Effect of seed treatments and seeding depths on crop standestablishment and yield of sunflower and safflower. Annals of AridZone. 20: 35-40Irrespective of the seeding depths, soaked seeds of sunflowerresulted in higher values of mean coefficient of velocity of emergencethan the unsoaked seeds. Whereas the seed yield of sunflower wasnot significantly influenced by seeding depths, soaked seeds resultedin 16 per cent higher yield over the unsoaked seeds. In the case ofsafflowers, neither the seeding depths nor pre-sowing seedtreatments influenced the seed yield significantly.614 Daulay, H.S., Ahuja, C.P. and Singh, R.P. (1974)Studies on the seeding depths and pre-sowing treatments on theseedling emergence of sunflowers and safflowers. Annals of AridZone. 13: 231-236Soaked and unsoaked seeds were dibbled at depths of 3, 5, 7 and 9cm. Sowing of sunflower and safflower seeds at 3 and 5 cm depthsresulted in higher seedling emergence than the other depths tried.Soaked seeds of sunflowers and safflowers performed better at theshallower seeding depths (3 and 5 cm). From the view point of finalplant stand, 5 cm depth appears to be optimum for plantingsunflowers and safflowers.615 Daulay, H.S., Chakravarty, A.K. and Bhati, G.N. (1968)

Inter-cropping of grasses and legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 265-269Two experiments on inter-cropping with dhaman (Cenchrus ciliaris)and sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) singly and in combination withmung, moth and guar were conducted at various fertility levels inthe Central Research Farm, Jodhpur on sandy soil in the first yearof establishment of the grasses. Inter-cropping increased the forageyield of the grass by 20-30 per cent in the mixtures as compared tothe yield of the grass alone. Under arid condition moth and guarwere found to be the most compatible legumes for inter-croppingwith dhaman and sewan and this practice may be a source ofadditional income to the farmer. Moisture status of the soilimproved when the legumes grown in association with dhaman.616 Daulay, H.S., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1978)Studies on the relative efficiency of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides)and mung (Vigna radiata) in utilising rainfall and stored soilmoisture on drylands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.17: 19-29In almost all the seasons, bajra HB-3 gave consistently higher grainyield and moisture use efficiency than rest of the varietiestried. Amongst mung varieties, mung S8/S12 in 1971 and 1972 andG-2 in 1973 resulted in higher seed yield and moisture useefficiency. Considering the relative efficiency of Bajra and mungvarieties together, cultivation of mung S8 in years of normal andsub-normal rainfall years and Bajra HB-3 during good and welldistributed rainfall years, appears to be an appropriate choice ofcrops providing higher moisture use efficiency and monetaryreturns.617 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982)Effects of N and P rates and plant densities on the yield of rainfedSesame. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 52: 166-169Plant densities in the good rainfall year (1976) did not influence theseed yield significantly, but in the subnormal year (1977) yield washighest with lowest plant density (250,000 ha -1 ). Irrespective ofquantum and distribution of rainfall, seed yield increased with anincrease in the N level. P did not affect the yield significantly in boththe years. On an average, the response per kg N was 9.3 kg seed at30 kg N ha -1 and 8.0 kg at 60 kg N ha -1 . For obtaining high yields,application of 60 kg N ha -1 was equally profitable.618 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1980)

Fertiliser use in rainfed sunflower. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 50: 825-828A progressive increase in the yield of sunflower was recorded withthe corresponding increase in the levels of both N and P in 1975 andonly to N levels in 1973. Similar trend was observed in theconsumptive use and moisture use efficiency with N levels only.Responses per kilogram of nutrients for the doses of nitrogen andphosphorus (30, 60, 90 kg ha -1 ) were 9.0, 7.5, 7.4 and 2.8, 2.5 and 1.8kg seeds ha -1 , respectively. The corresponding figures for the returnper rupee invested in nutrients were Rs. 5.63, 4.73 and 4.65 fornitrogen and Rs. 0.90, 1.00 and 0.75 for phosphorus at 30, 60, 90 kgha -1 , respectively.619 Dayal, R., Singh, A. and Saraf, N.H. (1973)Preliminary study on movement of available water in sandy loamsoils under dry farming conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 172-178The study on movement of availability of moisture under dryfarming conditions in relation to time of planting/sowing, revealsthat the crops planted in the early stages of rainfall provides betterutilisation of moisture and its availability during the crop growth.Late planting has shown that there is a deficit of moisture in theeffective root zone at the later stage of crop growth which results inlow yields.620 Datta, D., Das, S.N., Pathak, S. and Sharma, J.R. (1995)Studies on water-use efficiency and energy gain of some crops grownin Sikar district. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 273-281Relative suitability of six crops (maize, pearl millet, mung bean,gram, wheat and mustard / toria) grown at Neem ka thana tehsil ofSikar district were evaluated with respect to their consumptivewater need, energy use scenario and water-use efficiency underrainfed conditions. Among Blaney-Criddle, Radiation andThornthwaite methods, the first one agreed well with Mo-Penmanmethod in all the seasons, except during summer and could be usedfor calculation of PET. The variability among different methods ofcalculating PET was less (cv = 16.51%) in kharif than in rabi crops(cv = 28.21%). Toria always had minimum water requirement whilemaize and pearl millet had comparatively higher water requirementwith no definite order. In kharif season, mung bean was found to bethe highest gainer of energy and harvested photosynthetically activeradiation most efficiently, whereas, during rabi, all the crops hadpositive energy balance and gram was the highest energy gainer.

Wheat had the highest water-use efficiency among kharif and rabicrops. Considering water requirement, energy gain and water-useefficiency, mung bean was the best selection during kharif andtoria/mustard during rabi season.621 Faroda, A.S. (1970)A note on the effect of nitrogen and irrigation levels on growth andfodder yield of barley. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 22-25Application of 30 Kg N ha -1 irrespective of its source increased theplant height and green fodder yield per hectare over unmanuredcontrol. Five irrigations were found slightly better in terms of greenfodder yield per hectare as compared to lower irrigation levels.622 Faroda, A.S. (1972)Effect of seeding rates and row spacings on fodder production ofmoth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 183-186Seeding rates of 20 and 25 kg ha -1 produced significantly highergreen and dry matter ha -1 as compared to 15 kg ha -1 . The differencesbetween 20 and 25 kg ha -1 were, however, non-significant. Linesowing at a row spacing of 25 cm was found to be significantly betterthan broadcasting and line sowing at 59 cm row spacings.623 Faroda, A.S. (1973)Note on the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus andpotash on fodder production of cowpea (Vigna sinensis). IndianJournal of Agricultural Research. 7: 217-218Cowpea provides highly nutritious fodder and is grown throughoutthe country. Very little attention has been paid towards fertilisationunder semi-arid rainfed conditions to increase the productionpotential. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to findout optimum doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash for cowpeagrown as rainfed crop under semi-arid conditions with averageannual rainfall of 50 cm.624 Faroda, A.S., Chauhan, D.S. and Daulay, H.S. (1970)Effect of different plot size and frequency of irrigation on fodderproduction of Oats. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 4: 73-76Oats is an important fodder crop during rabi season. Different plotsize and frequency of irrigation were tried. Maximum green fodderyield per hectare and net profit Rs ha -1 were obtained with the plotsize of 3x1.5 m and irrigation at 8 days interval.

625 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1992)Integrated resource management for sustained crop production inarid region of India. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. 7:157-160In arid areas of western Rajasthan, major constraints responsiblefor low plant production include low and erratic rainfall, highevaporation, and low soil fertility, particularly with respect toorganic carbon and nitrogen. These problems lead to acute shortagesof grain, fodder and fuel-wood. Sustainable crop and biomassproduction can be achieved through adoption of agroforestry,silvipastoral, and agri-horticultural systems. Integrated nutrientand moisture management practices can help in controllingpathogens and in improving the soil environment for highersustained production.626 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1982)Effect of post emergence cultivation on weed growth nutrient uptakeand yield of pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 241-247One post emergence cultivation of 5 cm depth done after 20 days ofseedling emergence substantially reduced weed population, loweredsoil bulk density and increased root growth and proliferation. Thisled to an average increase in production of pearl-millet from 3.4 to11.8 q ha -1 with higher uptake of nutrients. In the absence of weedsalso one post emergence cultivation was found useful in raising theaverage production from 9.5 to 11.8 q ha -1 . More cultivations,however, were not found useful in further raising the level of cropproduction.627 Gupta, J.P. and Yadav, R.C. (1978)Soil crust formation and seedling emergence in relation to rainfallintensity and mode of sowing. Journal of the Indian Society of SoilScience. 26: 20-24Field trials three simulated rainfall intensities (0, 1.47 and 2.11cm/min) and three modes of sowing (ridge, furrow, and flat) wereundertaken to find out the effect of soil crust formation on theemergence of mustard and sunflower seedlings. The resultsindicated maximum emergence ranging from 69.80% for mustardand 60-65% for sunflower under no rainfall-conditions (no crustformation). However, under low and high rainfall intensityconditions (low and high crust strengths, respectively) theemergence was found to range from 59-75% and 38-54% for mustardand 39.57% and 21-40% for sunflower, respectively. Harrowing and

sprinkling water treatments were found to lower crust strength andthus improved the emergence of seedlings. The use of double seedrate and 10% phosphoric acid solution at the rate of 1000 l ha -1 wasnot found effective in improving seedling emergence.628 Henry, A. and Kumar, D. (1991)Performance of some varieties of oilseed crops on drylands ofwestern Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 16: 113-120An evaluation of a wide range of varieties of til, sunflower,groundnut and safflower indicated that variety of PB Til-1 and TC25 of til; BSH 1, MSFH 9 and MSFH 7 of sunflower gave consistenthigher seed yield under fluctuating environmental conditions. Thesevarieties were relatively early in duration. In groundnut, variety G201 gave superior performance in good rainfall years. However, indrought year the crop does not hold any promise in the region. Insafflower, under adequate moisture supply conditions varieties likeAPPR-1 and JLA 900 and under limited moisture supply conditions,varieties like A-1 and S-4 gave higher seed yield and productivityper day.629 Jadhav, J.D., Mokashi, D.D., Shewale, M.R., Gaikwad, C.B.and Patil, J.D. (1994)Thermal requirement for pearl millet crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 33:299-302The accumulated heat units and number of days for various growthstages decreased under delayed seeding. The variation inaccumulated heat units and number of days required for variousgrowth stages did not indicate any definite trend. The early cropreceived maximum thermal energy compared to later seeded crop inall the years of experimentation.630 Joshi, N.L. (1987)Seedling emergence and yield of pearl millet on naturally crustedarid soils in relation to sowing and cultural methods. Soil andTillage Research. 10: 103-112In drill sowing, higher penetration strengths of 108-128 K Pa wererecorded on day 3 which slightly decreased on days 4-5 and againincreased to 162-172 K Pa on day 7 after sowing during the years ofcrust formation. Minimum penetration strengths (64-74 K Pa) wererecorded where farm yard manure (FYM) was applied over seedfurrows. High rates of emergence (19-20 day -1 ) and ultimateemergence (65-69%) with a low mean period of emergence (3.5-3.6

days) and seedling mortality (30-34%) were recorded with FYMapplied over seed furrows. Furrow planting in a ridge and furrowsystem improved emergence parameters as compared with drillsowing and was dependent on the compactness of the ridges.Application of FYM over seed furrows gave significantly higheryields compared with drill sowing, seed soaking and mixed sowingwith legumes. The mixing of FYM in the soil gave a higher numberof plants than did mixed sowing of pearl millet and a legume in theyears of crust formation, although yields were the same.631 Joshi, N.L. (1988)Millet yield under natural drought conditions on arid loamy sandsoil : cultivar differences. Effect of planting dates, and relativeenergy yield equivalent. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2:203-216Crop yields by pearl, foxtail, and proso millet cultivars grown undervarious drought conditions on loamy sand arid soils weredetermined in field trials covering three consecutive seasons. Theaverage yield for pearl millet under normal sowing (leading tomoderate drought stress) was 1026 kg grain ha -1 . Under similarconditions, the foxtail and proso millets produced 62 to 66% lessgrain than pearl millet. In late sowings, where all crops encounteredprolonged drought, pearl millet yielded 223 kg grain ha -1 while smallmillets produced about 5% as much. The greater drought toleranceof pearl millet was ascribed to its well-developed root system. Rootdry weight was strongly correlated with grain yields. Under aridconditions drought tolerance may be a more desirable characteristicthan drought avoidance. Applications of N reduced the adverseeffects of drought on crop yields. Consumptive use by pearl milletwas 35-42% higher than by small millets but gave three to four foldbetter water use efficiency. The radiant energy use efficiency ofpearl millet was 0.65% compared to 0.14-0.18% for small millets.The pearl, foxtail, and proso millet plantings required 6041, 5102,and 4801 MJ ha -1 of commercial energy input to yield 54, 307, 15,493and 16,095 MJ ha -1 output, respectively, based on total crop biomassproduced. The highest energy output per unit of commercial energyinput (Eo:Ei values for foxtail and proso millets were 3.22 and 3.55under normal sowing. Late sowings (resulting in prolonged exposureof crops to drought) reduced the Eo:Ei to 4.81 for pearl millet,whereas in small millets this ratio decreased to less than unity.632 Joshi, N.L. (1989)Efficient use of energy inputs in rainfed pearl millet. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment. 25: 91-102

The paper summarises the results of four field trials aimed to gauge,quantify and determine relationships between various energy inputsand output to augment pearl millet productivity and energy useefficiency. Application of 40 kg N ha -1 with one manual weedinginvolving 8034 MJ ha -1 total energy input resulted in 72% increasein grain production, and a total energy output of 39817 MJ ha -1compared to 27226 MJ ha -1 output without nitrogen. Nitrogenaccounted for 12591 MJ and the weeding for 21886 MJ ha -1 energyoutput. Combined application of these resulted in complementary of15.5% over effect of individual input. The least specific energy of1.76 MJ kg -1 biomass with the highest energy output per unit input(7.45) was recorded by the application of 40 kg N ha -1 together withherbicide application. Energy output per unit of energy input variedwith the cultivars, BJ 104 being the most efficient. Intercroppinggrain legumes with pearl millet increased the total crop productivityas well as the energy output. The intercrops clusterbean, dew gramand green gram, with only 91 MJ ha -1 extra energy input resulted in7938, 3810 and 2215 MJ ha -1 additional energy output, respectively.The energy output between the paired and uniform-row plantingwith the same plant populations in a good rainfall year was similar,while in a subnormal rainfall year the paired planting gavesignificantly higher energy output.633 Joshi, N.L. (1991)Leaf dry weight and area relationship to estimate the leaf area ofpearl millet and green gram. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 75-78Estimates of leaf area could accurately be made from the leaf weightat all stages in pearl millet and up to 60 days in greengram. Furtherleaf area could be predicted from any of the equations withstatistically equal precision as the leaf area increased with dryweight.634 Joshi, N.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1986)Economising nitrogen use for pearl millet in the Indian arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 321-325Economic analysis of the response of six pearl millet varieties tonitrogen application was done to determine minimum fertiliserdoses which can economically substitute optimal nitrogen doses.High magnitudes of coefficients of determination (R²) were obtainedfor CM 46, PHB 12 and local cultivar. The varieties BJ 104 and BD111 registered medium degrees of R². The nitrogen alone could notgenerate more than 18% R² in WCC 75. The optimum nitrogen levelfor local, BJ 104, BD 111, CM 46, PHB 12 and WCC 75 was 63.95,65.98, 74.37, 84.19, 82.47 and 181.34 kg ha -1 , respectively. The

highest nitrogen utilisation efficiency for maximised and optimisedproduction was 17.86 and 20.52 kg grain kg -1 N with BJ 104. The'pragmatic' N levels revealed possibility of maximum nitrogencurtailment (62 kg ha -1 ) from optimum nitrogen level in WCC 75while about 24 kg N ha -1 curtailment was possible for CM 46 andPHB 12. The varieties BJ 104 and BD 111 were highly sensitive toN curtailments with a reduction of 16 and 19 kg N ha -1 , respectivelyfrom the optimum doses.635 Joshi, N.L. and Singh, P. (1985)Additive and complimentary effects of various agronomic inputs ofthe yield on pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 218-222Nitrogen, as an independent input, increased the grain and stoverproduction linearly. In the absence of weeding, nitrogen effect washowever, not reflected in the grain yield. Nitrogen and weedinginteraction indicated linearly additive effect up to 40 kg N ha -1 andthereafter, non-linearly additive. Chemical weeding was better thanthe conventional hand weeding. Application of boron, zinc and FYMled to increased yields while Azotobacter inoculation had no sucheffect.636 Joshi, N.L. and Singh, Y.V. (1994)Estimation of crop water requirement and crop planning for virginarid lands under canal command. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 113-116Irrigation planners need information on crop water requirement forproject planning in command area. Under Indira Gandhi NaharProject stage-II about 1.012 M ha area would come under irrigation.The estimated annual evapo-transpiration (ET) demand in IndiraGandhi Nahar Project stage II area ranged between 1833 mm and2897 mm. The maximum reference ET of 2897 mm in Jaisalmerdistrict was due to the harsh climatic conditions of the region, whilethe minimum annual ET of 1833 mm for Ganganagar district wasdue to the boundary effects of developed irrigated agriculture.Variations in the water requirement of various crops in differentdistricts was estimated. In the absence of detailed fieldexperimentation, modified Penman method was found appropriatefor estimation of water requirement of crops in the command area.With an overall irrigation intensity of 87 per cent, 354200 ha underkharif, 474140 ha under rabi and 50600 ha under perennialcropping was found appropriate, based on water availabilityconstraint factors.637 Joshi, N.L. and Yadav, M.S. (1982)

Leaf area determination in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.Leeke). Indian Botanical Reporter. 1: 73-74Leaf area measurements are required for the assessment ofphotosynthetic activity and transpiration rates, the importantphenomena for crop productivity and water use efficiency. Todetermine the actual leaf area for CAZRI local, BJ-104, BD-111 andPAB-12 were 0.7570, 0.74249, 0.7832 and 0.7567, respectively.Based on these factors an overall average factor (0.7554) wasworked out for pooled analysis. The regressions of actual leaf areaon the estimated leaf area were worked out for individual cultivarand a pooled regression overall cultivars. The highly significantcorrelation coefficient between actual leaf area and 0.7554 x L x Wleaf area was evident from lack of scatter from the least square fit ofthe data.638 Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patil, R.G., Patel, G.A. and Patel,I.S. (1995)Response of dryland sorghum to sulphur application. Annals of AridZone. 34: 31-33A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons from 1989to 1992 to study the effect of sulphur on dryland sorghum grown ona Typic Ustipsamments deficient in available S. Three sources of S,viz. ammonium sulphate (AS) gypsum (GS) and elemental sulphur(ES) were tested at 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg S ha -1 levels along with twocontrols. A significant fodder yield response to S was obtained onlywhen the rainfall distribution was favourable (895 mm. 41 rainydays) and yield levels were high. Application of 20 kg S ha -1 throughgypsum or elemental sulphur, or use of ammonium sulphate tosupply 80 kg N ha -1 was found advantageous, both from yield andeconomic point of view.639 Khan, G.M. and Agarwal, S.K. (1985)Influence of sowing methods, moisture stress and nitrogen levels ongrowth, yield components and seed yield of mustard. Indian Journalof Agricultural Sciences. 55: 324-327A 2-year field experiment on sandy-loam soil showed that ridge-andfurrowsowing was significantly superior to the conventional flatsowing in increasing plant height, branches plant -1 , dry matter,siliquae plant -1 , seeds siliqua -1 , 1,000-seed weight and seed yield ofmustard (Brassica juncea L) When compared with moisture stress,an ID/CPE ratio of 0.4 enhanced all the growth and yield charactersand a ratio of 0.6 further increased plant height and dry matter.Application of N up to 80 kg ha -1 significantly increased all the

characters, but a further increase to 120 kg N ha -1 was no betterthan 80 kg N ha -1 .640 Khan, M.A. (1989)Influence of tillage methods and mulches on soil moisture and yieldof gram and wheat under rainfed condition. Annals of Arid Zone.28: 277-283Influence of tillage methods in association with mulches was studiedon the conservation of soil moisture, its utilisation and the yield ofgram and wheat crops raised on a vertisol under rainfed condition.In gram subsoiling + gypsum and sub-soiling + saw dusttreatments, respectively, retained soil moisture 17.5 to 21.5% and 16to 20% higher than light harrowing + no mulch and no-tillage + nomulch treatments. In wheat, soil moisture was 9.4 to 9.9% and 8.2 to8.8% higher under deep ploughing + gypsum, and sub-soiling +gypsum treatments compared to light harrowing + no mulch andno-tillage + no mulch treatments, respectively. Soil moistureutilisation by gram and wheat was better in deep ploughing +gypsum treatments. The highest grain yields of gram and wheatwere obtained with sub-soiling + gypsum and deep ploughing +gypsum treatments. Deep tillage and gypsum proved superior toother tillage and mulches on soil for moisture conservation, itsefficient use and grain yields of the gram and wheat.641 Krishna, G.V.S.R. and Yadav, M.D. (1985)Forecasting yields of pearl millet and sorghum in arid regions.Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 21-24Yield forecast models for pearl millet and sorghum, have beendeveloped. Yield of the pearl millet can be predicted at about 10weeks after sowing, using the weighted rainfall, minimumtemperature and eye estimates while that of the sorghum at about11 weeks after sowing using the rainfall, maximum and minimumtemperatures, average sunshine hours and eye estimates.642 Krishna, G.V.S.R., Joshi, N.L. and Gupta, B.S. (1986)Optimum size and shape of plots and blocks for experiments onpearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 234-236Optimum size and shape of plots and blocks for conductingexperiments on pearl millet have been worked out by growing 5different varieties in various size of plots and blocks.643 Krishnamoorthy, C.H., Chattopadhyay, S. and Rao, S.B.P.(1966)

Safflower for better utilisation of shallow and medium black cottonsoils of Bellary area. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 44-48Jowar and cotton failed miserably in the saline alkali soils of field4A-I, the yield of both the crops being never more than 58 percent ofthe average from a normal soil. On the other hand safflower didfairly well. Even on soils with salinity in 30-45 cm layer, the yield ofsafflower is approximately 80 per cent, and when grown in theentire 4A-I the yield is hardly different from the yield in a normalsoil. It is concluded that in the Bellary region, it is not economical togrow jowar or cotton crops on soils with salinity at 30-45 cm or 45-60cm depths, whereas, safflower is found to be a paying crop even inthese soils. Since the yield of safflower from such area is not muchdifferent from the yield in normal soils, it appears there is noadvantage in growing safflower in soils which are more suitable forjowar or cotton.644 Krishnan, A., Singh, S.D. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1981)Effect of plant population and nitrogen on water-use efficiency ofpearl millet in the arid zone of the western Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 865-870In rainfed pearl millet there was a significant increase in theseasonal consumptive use (Et) from 218 mm with no N to 268 mmwith 120 kg N ha -1 . Water-use efficiency in terms of kg of grainproduced mm -1 of evapo-transpiration was the highest with 60 kg Nha -1 , being 3.54, 5.38 and 4.83 kg mm -1 under N 0 , N 60 and N 120respectively. No difference in water-use efficiency was noticed forspacing levels of 10 and 20 cm. Thus the crop grown with optimal N,which was about 60 kg ha -1 , gave much higher production than theunfertilised crop, without significant increase in the waterrequirement. The soil-moisture storage predicted by climatic waterbudgetingmethod agreed well with the observed storage when theinitially measured soil-moisture storage was taken intoconsideration. The conventional prediction method under-estimatedthe soil-moisture storage.645 Kumar, R., Singh, V.P. and Faroda, A.S. (1988)Response of mustard cultivars to nitrogen under irrigated andconserved soil moisture conditions. Crop Research. 1: 230-233An experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, (HAU),Bawal, Haryana, India during winter (Rabi) season of 1985-86, tostudy the effect of nitrogen on yield and yield attributes of mustardcultivars (T 59, RH 30, Pusa Bold, RH 8113) grown under irrigatedand conserved soil moisture conditions. Yield and yield attributes

increased significantly due to 60 kg N ha -1 , whereas 1000 seedsweight increased significantly at 90 kg N ha -1 . Application of twoirrigations, first at blooming and second at siliqua developmentstage also increased the yield attributes significantly.646 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1985)Effect of sodicity and seed rate on seed yield and oil content ofIndian mustard. Current Agriculture. 9: 21-26Response of certain varieties of Indian mustard to salinity indicatedthat the germination of seeds decreased linearly with rise insalinity, whereas seed yield, oil content and oil yield plant -1increased up to EC 12 dS m -1 and decreased thereafter. Appress Podpossessed maximum germinability of seeds whereas T 59 was betterto others in respect of seed and oil yield plant -1 . T 59 and AppressPod cultivars did not reflect any adverse effects of salinity on theiroil content. Effect of seed rate and salinity on yield and oil content ofAppress mutant cultivar indicated that 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0 kg seed ratesgave maximum seed yield at control, 4 and 8 dS m -1 salinity levels,respectively. Maximum oil content at control and EC 4 dS m -1 wasobserved with 5 kg whereas, the same at 8 dS m -1 onwards wasobserved with 5.5 kg seed rate. Oil yield in general showed a closeassociation with seed yield over the levels of salinity and the seedrates.647 Lahiri, A.N. (1966)Role of anti-transpirants with special reference to water turn-over inarid plants. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 97-104A great need is felt for developing ideal anti-transpirants and for thesimultaneous study of their merits under different plant andenvironment conditions. Nevertheless, present achievements in thisfield suggested that plant anti-transpirants have a great possibilityfor moisture conservation in arid and semi-arid areas where nativeplants commonly transpire at a very fast rate till the low soilmoisture brings about high diffusion pressure deficit in leaves andreduces the rate of transpiration.648 Mali, O.P. and Mali, A.L. (1991)Response of promising cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes to rowspacing and phosphate levels. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 61: 672-673'RC 2' cowpea gave the highest seed yield as compared to othervarieties. The dry weight of nodules, nitrogen accumulation innodule, NPK uptake and other yield contributing characters were

also improved by phosphatic fertilisation. Graded dose of P affectedthe grain production significantly where in P at 17.2 kg ha -1registered the highest yield.649 Malik, A.S. , Faroda, A.S. and Singh, J. (1986)Effect of interculture on performance of pearl millet under rainfedconditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 239-241Interculture with wheel hand hoe and country plough gavesignificantly higher grain yield of pearl millet over all othertreatments. Interculture resulted in better weed control and lesseruse of soil moisture.650 Malik, A.S., Singh, J. and Faroda, A.S. (1991)Impact of integrated agronomic practices on raya and gramproduction under rainfed conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 217-220Improved varieties, improved management (sowing with ridgerseeder and proper hoeing and weeding) and recommended dose of Nand P fertilisers (40 Kg N + 20 Kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 for raya and 20 Kg N +40 Kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 for gram) gave maximum average yield of raya (18.3q ha -1 ) and gram (20.1 q ha -1 ). Improved varieties of raya (Prakash)and gram (H-208) alone gave 50 and 92 percent higher yield,respectively, over local varieties. The yields of raya and gram withimproved management practices were 40 and 51 percent higher,respectively, than conventional management. In both themanagement practices, the recommended dose of fertilisers gavesignificantly higher yield over one-third but was at par to two-thirdof the recommended dose.651 Mallapa, M. and Radder, G.D. (1992)Performance of rabi crops in relation to stored soil moisture atsowing. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 263-268Investigation on response of different rabi crops to the stored soilmoisture level (125, 200 and 275 mm) at sowing revealed thatsorghum, sunflower, wheat and gram could extract the soil moisturefrom 60 to 100 cm soil depth. A low soil moisture level (125 mm),sorghum utilised more moisture and recorded the highest per centincrease in total dry matter and grain yield. However, irrespective ofsoil moisture level, sorghum recorded the highest grain yield, wateruse efficiency, crop equivalent yield and net income. Rabi sorghumat low soil moisture level (125 mm) and safflower and sunflower atmedium (200 mm) and higher (275 mm) stored soil moisture levelsgave higher grain yields and net income.

652 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1975)The place of pulses in India with particular reference to the aridzones. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 251-262The possibility of alleviating India's food protein deficiency throughthe propagation of high-yielding pulse crops with the aid of theindigenously developed improved production technology has beendiscussed. The need for vigorous extension efforts at this stage,rather than further research in the field of pulse crop production hasbeen emphasised. The importance of the arid and semi-arid regionsin this context has been highlighted.653 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1977)Oilseeds in India with special reference to arid zone. Annals of AridZone. 16: 240-256The hectareage, production and the average productivity of majoroilseeds viz. groundnut, rape and mustard, sesamum, linseed andcastor in the country during the last two decades (1955-56 to 1973-74) have been stated and future strategies suggested. Over thedecades the area and production levels of 12 millions ha and 5.7million tonnes respectively in the fifties increased by 30 and 40%respectively in the seventies. The area and also the production ofdecades remained highly unstable. Over these years the area andproduction of groundnut increased by 21 and 54% respectively whilethat of rape and mustard by 6.5 and 80%. In case of sesamum andlinseed the increase in the production has been in proportion to theincrease in the area. Contrary, inspite of 11.5% decrease in thecoverage under castor in the country, the production increased by45.5%. Average productivity of groundnut, sesamum, linseed andcastor in the fifties and seventies is comparable. The increase intotal oilseeds production in the country was mainly contributed bythe increase in the productivity of rape and mustard and castorbesides increase in the hectareage under other oilseed crops.654 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1977)Sorghum in India with special reference to arid zone. Annals of AridZone. 16: 95-106The hectareage, production and the average yields of sorghum(Sorghum vulgare L.) in last two decades have been stated. Area,production and also the average yields recorded during the fiftiesand seventies are comparable. Over the base year of 1967-68,marked as the year of green revolution, the average hectareage insorghum during 1968-75 decreased by 7.3% while the production by

16.9% inspite of 1.5% increased coverage under the hybrid varieties.During a decade of the green revolution (1967-75), the totalproduction increased by 2.4% inspite of 2% decrease in totalhectareage compared to those a decade preceding the greenrevolution (1955-65). This increase was mainly for higher nationalproductivity and total production in 67-68 and 74-75. The averageproductivity of 500 Kg ha -1 attained in the late fifties remained moreor less same in the sixties and decreased to around 450 kg in earlyseventies. The existing varieties do have potentialities to yield manyfold higher than those presently obtained but only under propermanagement conditions. In this paper it has been emphasised toallot priorities to increase in coverage under the high yieldingvarieties and their cultivation under suitable managementconditions through massive extension programmes for an earlyincrease in the total sorghum production in the country.655 Mann, H.S. and Singh, P. (1978)Maize in India and in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 52-58The position of maize production has been highlighted withretrospective effect. The impact of technological advances includingintroduction of new hybrids on total maize production has also beenassessed. Average production per unit area per se, poor coverageunder hybrid varieties and the dominance of old and conventionalmethods of cultivation practices appear to limit the total productionof maize in the country. For an early rise in the total maizeproduction, allotment of priorities to the extension of availablevarieties and technologies over further intensification of researchhas been suggested.656 Mann, H.S., Singh, P. and Malhotra, S.P. (1976)Pearl millet in India and in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 53-62Present status and future prospects of pearl millet cultivation inIndia in general and in arid zones in particular have been discussed.657 Mehta, U.R., Shekhawat, G.S. and Mathur, B.N. (1970)Method and rate of fertiliser application in bajra varieties underBarani condition. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 17-21A field trial was conducted at the Government Agriculture Farm,Mandore (Jodhpur) for three kharif seasons (1963 to 1965) to studythe effect of two different levels of nitrogen, applied in single or insplit doses; with phosphatic fertiliser (broadcast and drilled) andwithout phosphatic fertiliser on the grain yield of bajra (var. Chadi

and R.S.J.). Both the varieties yielded at par. There was nodifference in yield due to broadcast or placement of phosphaticfertiliser. Basal application of 30 Kg N ha -1 with 15 Kg P 2 O 5provided the highest yield.658 Misra, D.K. and Jain, T.C. (1968)Castor bean production in India's arid zone. World Crops. 20:Castor can be grown on poor to fertile soils in arid to humidclimates. For better development of the crop well-drained coarsesoils are usually preferred to heavy soils. Suggestions made on thebasis of investigations for the cultivation of castor in arid regionsare detailed.659 Misra, D.K. and Vijay Kumar. (1963)Influence of depth of seeding on emergence, growth, crop stand andyield of Pennisetum typhoides in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 2:114-122Maximum field germination was in case of seed placement at 7.62cm soil depth. The final plant height at maturity showed similartrend as in emergence studies. The maximum plant height of 127.8cm was obtained in seed placement at 7.62 cm soil depth. Themaximum number 4.1 tillers per plant was recorded in case of seedplacement at 7.62 cm soil depth. A mean increase of 9.8 per cent ingrain yield was recorded during the four years period ofexperimentation in case of seed placement at 7.62 cm.660 Misra, D.K., Manohar, M.S., Daulay, H.S., Jain, G.L., VijayKumar, Mathur, M.K. and Jain, T.C. (1966)A critical appraisal of two Pennisetum typhoides varieties in aridzone. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 36-43Hybrid No. 1 produced 87% more tillers, 29% more number of leaveson main shoot as well 66% more on tillers but had slightly less plantheight as compared to R.S.K. Amongst the yield attributingcharacters, Hybrid No. 1 indicated reduced ear-head length andgrain size than R.S.K. However, Hybrid No. 1 gave 69% increasedgrain yield which is mainly due to 167% increased number of fertiletillers and ear-heads. There was a decrease in water potential ofbajra leaves with the corresponding depletion of soil moisture.661 Moolani, M.K. (1966)Effect of N-P fertilisation on growth and yield of gram. Annals ofArid Zone. 5: 127-133

Nitrogen application alone at 10 and 20 kg ha -1 depressed the grainand straw yield of gram and yield contributing characters.Superphosphate application stimulated vegetative growth, seedsetting, grain and straw yield. Grain yields increased directly withthe increasing dose of superphosphate. Phosphate alone or incombination with nitrogen promoted rapid growth and increased thecrop yield significantly. The best treatment for more number ofbranches, better pod formation and increased grain and straw yieldwas with N20 P60.662 Nehra, D.S., Singh, R., Newas, R. and Bishnoi, O.P. (1995)Effect of temperature on radiation-use efficiency in toria (Brassicacompestris Var. toria) crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 121-124A field experiment was conducted on toria crop for three seasons(1989-90 to 1992-93) to study the effect of temperature on radiationuseefficiency (RUE). Two cultivars, Sangam and TH 68, were sownon three dates. Delay in sowing from first week of September to firstweek of October significantly increased the RUE. Efficiencies variedfrom 3.07 to 4.07 g dry matter MJ-1 of interceptedphotosynthetically active radiation for toria crop in three differentyears. Across years, varieties and sowing dates, RUE and meantemperature of the whole season were negatively associated.663 Patidar, M., Joshi, N.L. and Singh, H.P. (1996)Effect of tillage on yield and moisture use efficiency of clusterbean inarid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 147-149Grain and straw yields were significantly influenced by tillagetreatments. Maximum grain yield was recorded with cross discharrowing followed by single disc harrowing. The total water use inharrowing treatment was more than plough plant system.664 Porwal, B.L. and Mathur, M.K. (1973)Response of bajra varieties to nitrogen application. Annals of AridZone. 12: 77-81From the results of the experiment on comparison between ten bajravarieties at three levels of nitrogen application, it could be concludedthat under rainfed condition, Hybrid bajra-1 with nitrogen dose of40 kg N ha -1 could be recommended.665 Ram Niwas and Sastri, C.V.S. (1995)Seasonal influence on biomass of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucumR. (Br.) Crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 147-148

Greater absorbed PAR, sunshine hours and DTR among the weatherparameters, and CGR and DMC among the growth parameters,contributed more to higher dry matter production. Various responsefunctions between weather and growth parameters were generated.666 Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1994)Determination of crop growing period in arid and semi-arid regionsof Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 229-231Simple criteria has been used for determination of crop growingperiod (CGP) in arid/semi-arid regions of Rajasthan based oninformation about soils, crop water requirement and assuredrainfall of the region. Through the soil-water-budgeting of long-termrainfall in relation to crop water requirement, the assured CGP atselected locations of Rajasthan was worked out using a computerprogramme. The assured CGP thus analysed varied from 3 to 13weeks under shallow soils and from 5 to 15 weeks under deep soils.A test analysis of CGP-pearl millet grain yield relationship for thearid region of Jodhpur district is also presented.667 Rao, D.S., Poonia, B.L. and Ahuja, D.B. (1995)Performance of castor (Ricinus communis) cultivars and theirresponse to fertiliser and plant protection. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 65: 648-51Castor hybrid GCH 4 showed superiority to Aruna for 1,000-seedweight, oil content, and seed and oil productivity and less incidenceof jassid (Empoasca flavescens Fabr.). The former gave additional oilyield (723 kg ha -1 ) and net return (Rs 6609 ha -1 ) compared with thelatter. Hybrid GCH 4 significantly responded to fertiliser applicationin terms of seed and oil types. However, yield of Aruna was at parunder fertilised and unfertilised conditions. Two cultivars respondedsignificantly to plant-protection sprays, recording higher seed andoil productivity and net return than their unprotected crop. Despitelow jassid infestation in GCH 4 compared with Aruna, both sufferedsimilar loss in yield in unprotected plots.668 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Vyas, B.M. (1983)Risk analysis for kharif crop production under rainfed conditions inNagaur district. Mausam. 34: 111-116The planting schedules, the probabilities of occurrence of sowingrains and the chances of getting satisfactory yield for crops of 75 to90 days duration at five different stations in Nagaur district arepresented. Short duration crops are less risky compared to mediumduration crops. The low yields in respect of medium duration cropsis due to the fact that crops suffer moisture stress during

physiological maturity stage. This can be avoided to some extenteither by transplanting the crops around 26th week or by providingsupplementary irrigation during the stress period with the surpluswater harvested if any. Measures to be taken under severe tomoderate stress condition have also been indicated. The possibilitiesof raising rabi crops under conserved moisture condition in the highrainfall zones have been examined.669 Singh, K.C. and Prasad, M.V.R. (1977)Soil moisture depletion and moisture use efficiency of some guarvarieties. Forage Research. 3: 67-69.The variety 2470 (12) showed the highest moisture use efficiency(4.38 kg ha -1 mm -1 ), the lowest being in case of FS 277 (3.03 kg ha -1mm -1 ). The consumptive use was highest in case of 4210 (26) (404mm), where as FS 277 had the lowest (397 mm). The waterrequirement of guar was more at seedling and grand growth stagesand least at grain development stage.670 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D., Acharya,G.V.N. and Chary, G.V. (1978)A note on the effect of sulphate of potash on hydraulic conductivity,water holding capacity and crop yields under rainfed agriculture atAnantapur. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 236-238The results indicate that the rates of hydraulic conductivity andwater holding capacity of the soil and increased by 25 to 30% and 10to 16% respectively under all the cropped plots of 50 kg potash levelat the final stages as compared to control. The root weight of all thecrops had also increased by 25 to 40% with increasing dose of potashapplication. Besides application of K 2 O at a 50 kg ha -1 significantlyincreased the grain yields of groundnut, bajra and sunflower but notSetaria.671 Sahu, D.D. and Sastry, P.S.N. (1992)Water availability pattern and water requirement of kharif crops inSaurashtra region, Gujarat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 127-133Climatic water balance on weekly basis for individual years inrespect of three main agricultural research stations in Saurashtraregion was evaluated and periods of water deficits and soil moisturerecharge were worked out. Aridity index with reference to cropphenophases was determined and the reference crop ET, waterrequirement , water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) in eachof the phenophases for the important kharif crops, pearl millet,sorghum, groundnut and cotton were evaluated. In general, analysis

showed that Junagadh has large surplus while the Jamnagar andRajkot showed mid-seasonal moisture deficit with no water surplusduring any week in the growing season. In case of Junagadh, for thefour crops studied, the coefficient of variation in water requirementsat individual growth stages of crops are also discussed.672 Saini, S.S., Singh, J.P. and Faroda, A.S. (1987)Effect of soil profile moisture levels, seed rates and row spacings onchickpea yield. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 5-9Effect of initial soil profile moisture (100, 150 and 200 mm m -1 ),seed rates (25, 40 and 55 kg ha -1 ) and row spacings (30, 60 and 90cm) on the performance of chickpea was studied. The soil moisturelevels of 150 and 200 mm-m -1 gave similar grain yield of chickpeabut they were significantly better than 100 mm m -1 soil moisturelevel. The row spacings of 30 cm and 60 cm gave significantly highergrain yield than 90 cm row spacing. The 30 and 60 cm row spacingswere, however, comparable. There was significant increase in theyield of chickpea with 40 kg seed ha -1 over 25 kg seed ha -1 . Seed ratehigher than 40 kg ha -1 did not increase the yield significantly.673 Sankhla, H.C. and Mathur, R.L. (1968)Effects of growth-regulating substances, inorganic fertilisers,oilcakes and soil pH on germination of cumin (Cuminum cyminumL.) Seeds. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 38: 270-274Experiments show that up to 84 per cent germination of cuminseeds can be obtained by treating the seeds with 100 ppm solution ofIAA in comparison to 46 per cent in the control. Nitrogenousfertilisers such as ammonium sulphate nitrate and calciumammonium nitrate at 22.4 kg ha -1 and urea at 44.8 kg ha -1 couldgive germination of 82.5 per cent. In case of oil cakes, castor gave 75per cent, while sesamum at 1:50 and 1:100 gave 70 and 72.5 per centgermination, respectively. In case of pH the best germination wasobtained at 8.5 pH. At pH 9.3 it decreased, while towards acidic sideit went on decreasing as the pH was decreased.674 Saksena, A. and Bhargava, P.N. (1983)Suitability of kharif crops to agro-climatic conditions of Jamnagar.Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 143-150Suitability of kharif crops for Jamnagar district has been examinedon the basis of the data on productivity of crops, rainfall,evaporation and soil characteristics. It is observed that Jamnagarhas a safe crop growing season of 17 weeks from 24th to 40thstandard week. Variation in average yields of these crops has

indicated that cotton crop is more adaptable to the agro-climaticvariations than other crops. Performance of groundnut is betterthan that of bajra and jowar. Critical examination of weeklymoisture availability Index (MAI) has shown that if there are 8 ormore weeks with MAI _50 during the entire crop season yields ofcrops are normal in jowar and bajra and mild reduction ingroundnut yield. The yield of cotton is not significantly reduced tillnumber of such weeks is 4 or less. Fitting of requirement andavailability of soil moisture shows that cotton and groundnut shouldbe sown around 24th week and jowar and bajra around 26th week.Growing of cotton and groundnut should be encouraged in thedistrict.675 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1995)Allelopathy of pearl millet as influenced by vegetative andreproductive stage of crop growth. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 293-296The root and shoot aqueous extracts from vegetative andreproductive stages of pearl millet cv. MH 179 were assayed atconcentrations of 20,40,60 and 80 g L -1 (fresh weight basis) for theireffects on seed germination and early seedling growth of pearlmillet. Rate of germination declined with increase in concentrationof both root and shoot extracts while ultimate germination, root andshoot length were maximum at 20 g L -1 and decreased with furtherincrease in concentrations with extracts of vegetative stage. Theseparameters were inversely related with the extracts concentration ofreproductive stage and were minimum at the highest concentration.The highest concentration assayed resulted in 17.7 and 29.4%decline over control in germination with root and shoot extracts ofvegetative stage. The corresponding decline caused by extracts ofreproductive stage was 57 and 25.6%, respectively. The results ofthe study suggest that extracts of reproductive stage were morephytotoxic than the extracts of vegetative stage.676 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1995)Auto-allelopathic effects of pearl millet. International Sorghum andMillets Newsletter. 36: 58-59After harvest, root and shoot residues were extracted with distilledwater and blended. Extracts were filtered and centrifuged to asupernatant concentration of 100 g tissue DW L -1 . Applications of 0,20, 40, 60 or 80 g l -1 supernatant were assessed on seeds placed onfilter paper in Petri dishes. Root and shoot length was measured 7 dafter germination. Application of root and shoot aqueous extract upto 20 g l -1 had no effect on germination rate compared with thecontrol. However, application of 40-80 g l -1 of either root or shoot

extracts resulted in a decline in germination, germination beingreduced by 60.4% compared with the control by 80 g root extract l -1 .The root growth of seedlings increased significantly at the lowestconcentrations of root and shoot extracts and was only decreased at80 g l -1 . No significant differences were observed for shoot length forany root or shoot extract treatment. It is suggested that theagronomic importance of autotoxic effects may be greater in lowrainfallareas where less dilution of toxins takes place.677 Saxena, A. Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1996)Allelopathy in agroecosystems. Field Crop Abstracts. 49: 891-899The effect of allelopathic interactions on growth and yield undermonoculture, crop rotations and agroforestry, the influence of cropson weeds and weeds on crops, and allelochemicals are discussed inthis review. Allelopathic interactions between plants and otherorganisms offer alternative uses in agriculture, including decreasingdependence on synthetic pesticides for the control of diseases,insects and weeds. Most of the research work on allelopathy hasinvolved testing of aqueous extracts under laboratory conditions.These studies require validation under field conditions. Suchfindings would open up the scope of breeding crop varieties withallelopathic potential and the development of ecologically safeagrochemicals. The thrust areas and future research needs are alsodiscussed.678 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1996)Autotoxic effects of pearl millet aqueous extracts on seedgermination and seedling growth. Journal of Arid Environments.33: 255-260The root and shoot aqueous extracts of pearl milet cv. MH 179 wereassayed at 20, 40, 60 and 80 g l -1 (dry weight basis) for their effectson seed germination and early seedling growth of pearl millet. Rateof germination declined with the increase in concentration of bothroot and shoot extracts while ultimate germination, root length,shoot length and total dry matter were at a maximum at 20 g l -1concentration and then decreased with further increase inconcentrations of both extracts, indicating concentration ratedependency. All concentrations of extracts increased the meanperiod of ultimate germination compared to the control. The highestconcentration assayed (80 g l -1 ) resulted in 60% and 40% decline inseed germination with root and shoot extracts, respectively,compared to control. The results of the study suggest that root andshoot of pearl millet contain water soluble compounds which areautotoxic.

679 Saxena, A., Singh, D.V. and Joshi, N.L. (1997)Effects of tillage and cropping systems on soil moisture balance andpearl millet yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 178: 251-257Three tillage treatments, viz. minimum tillage (one harrowing),conventional tillage (two harrowing, cross) and deep tillage(ploughing followed by two harrowing), and four cropping systems,viz. mono-culture of pearl millet, pearl millet-clusterbean rotation,mono-culture of pearl millet with 5 t ha -1 farm yard manure (FYM),and intercropping of pearl millet and clusterbean, were compared.Deep tillage improved the soil moisture storage, water useefficiency and grain yield of pearl millet while consumptive use ofwater was higher with minimum tillage. Total dry matter yield withdeep tillage and conventional tillage was 23.2 and 10.2% higherthan minimum tillage in the season 1, and the corresponding valuesfor season 2 were 30.7 and 13.3%. The pearl millet-clusterbeanrotation and mono-culture of pearl millet with the application of 5 tha -1 FYM gave 17.2 and 6.1% higher yield than mono-culture ofpearl millet, respectively. Maximum water use efficiency wasobserved in rotation followed by FYM application.680 Shah, H.C. and Mehta, B.V. (1959-60)Comparative studies on the effect of ammonium chloride and otherfertilisers on the yield and crude protein content of pearl millet.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 4: 105-112Significant response to N fertilisation was obtained in three seasons.Nitrogen at 40 1b increased yield significantly over 20 1b N dose.Crude protein content of straw and grain was also significantlyincreased with the nitrogen dose. The percentage of reservednitrogen in grain and straw was decreased with the increasing ratesof N. The regression analysis employed to study the relationshipbetween the yield and crude protein content of pearl millet showedthat there was no significant correlation between the two.681 Sharma, R.C., Godawat, S.L. and Choudhary, B.R. (1995)Stability analysis in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 834-835High yielding genotype 'UM 116' was stable for seed yield and maybe exploited for cultivation and used in breeding programme forstabilising the productivity of fenugreek.682 Sheelvantar, M.N., Ratnam, B.P. and Tilve, N.S. (1991)

Evapo-transpiration and water balance of maize. Annals of AridZone. 30: 107-110Evapo-transpiration studies were made on maize during the kharifseasons of 1980 to 1987 at Dharwad by using gravimetriclysimeters. The seasonal total ET was 339.7 mm with a daily meanof 2.4 mm. Water balance computation indicated that the maize cropcan be raised during kharif season without moisture stress andirrigation. The water use efficiency was 17.78 kg ha mm -1 .683 Shiyani, R.L. and Jha, B.K. (1993)Growth rates and relative contributions of different componentstowards the production of oil seed crops in Gujarat. Annals of AridZone. 32: 55-58An attempt has been made in this paper to study the compoundgrowth rates in area, production and productivity of major oil-seedsviz. groundnut, sesamum, castor, rapeseed and mustard of the inGujarat. To measure the relative contribution of area, yield andprices in increase of oilseeds production, decomposition analysis hasbeen carried out. The results revealed that the productivity ofgroundnut and sesamum remained almost stagnant in all thedistricts under study, while the area, production and productivity ofcastor, rapeseed and mustard increased significantly. The Kutchdistrict was an exception in both the cases. Decomposition analysisrevealed that the price factor individually contributed the most toincreases in the production of groundnut and sesamum, whereas thecombination of yield, more area and better price gave positivegrowth impact for castor and rapeseed-mustard.684 Shrotriya, G.C., Pareek, B.L. and Mathur, C.M. (1966)A note on nitrogenous fertilisation on wheat in Pali, westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 257-258Higher temperature, low relative humidity and high winds in thelater stages of plant growth caused pre-mature drying of wheat earsresulting in over all low yields. Grain and straw yields and economyof fertiliser application were taken as criteria for evaluating thesuitable nitrogen level. Increasing yield responses were obtained upto 112.0 Kg N ha -1 . For grain yield this level was statisticallysignificant over 0, 22.4 and 44.8 Kg ha -1 levels giving an increase inyield by 106.7, 61.1 and 45.2% respectively. All the levels higherthan 44.8 Kg ha -1 levels were found significant over no nitrogenapplication.685 Singh, A. (1979)

Moisture fluctuations, moisture use and water balance underprincipal land use systems of arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 18:80-85In the agro-climate of Pali, Western Rajasthan, moisture in 0.54 cmsoil water under cultivated fallow was 12 per cent in rainy seasonand 8 per cent in winter. In crop land moisture fluctuated between12 and 6 per cent. Moisture status under grassland and forestry waslower. Maximum (150 mm year -1 ) water use was recorded fromgrassland followed by cropped and (135 mm), forest and cultivatedfallow. July and August were the surplus months and waterdeficiency prevailed during rest of the period.686 Singh, B.P. (1983)Response of mustard and chickpea to moisture in soil profile andplant population on aridisols. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 53: 543-549In a 4-year field study conducted on the aridisols, high soil moisture(182 to 199 mm in 1-m soil profile) increased the grain yield ofmustard by 43% and that of chickpea by 23.3% over low soilmoisture (134 to 154 mm in 1-m soil profile). A sparse plantingdensity of 167,000 plant ha -1 (60 cm x 10 cm) was found to be thebest for mustard and 222,000 plants ha -1 (45 cm x 10 cm) best forchickpea. The water-use efficiency was maximum when mustardwas planted at 45 cm x 10 cm on soil profile having high moisture,and when chickpea was planted at 60 cm x 10 cm on soil profilehaving low moisture.687 Singh, B.P. and Dhankhar, O.P. (1982)Note on the response of rainfed Indian mustard grown on aridisolsto nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science.52: 874-875Application of N and P increased the water use efficiency as also theseed yield besides a significant enhancement in seed yield.Application of 20, 40 and 60 Kg N ha -1 increased the yield by 7.58,8.90 and 7.30 kg, respectively for every Kg N applied. The variationin yield in different years was caused by stored profile moisture.688 Singh, B.P. and Singh, J.P. (1986)Intercropping of wild turnip in taramira and chickpea in dryaridisols of Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56:96-100

In a 3-year field study conducted on aridisols of Bawal (Haryana),wild turnip (tora-sarson; Brassica tournifortii Gouan.) inter-croppedin taramira (Eruca vesicaria) and chickpea in paired rows (2:2) gave11.1% more total productivity than sole-cropped taramira and 81.9%more productivity than sole-cropped chickpea. Wild turnip andtaramira (2:2) gave land-equivalent ratio of 1.06 and 15% more netreturns over taramira mono-culture. Parallel inter-cropping of wildturnip in chickpea (2:2) resulted in the highest land-equivalent ratio(1.37), and a net return of Rs. 2,538.55 ha -1 , which was 64%increase over chickpea sole crop. The water-use efficiency was morein a 2:2 system of wild turnip and taramira in the years of normal orgood and in a 1:1 system in dry year. It is suggested to grow wildturnip in paired rows (2:2) in taramira and chickpea for more totalproductivity, net returns and efficient utilisation of moisture in dryaridisols.689 Singh, D.P., Rathore, D.N., Singh, H. and Vijay Kumar. (1978)A note on crude protein and gum production of two varieties of guar(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taub.) as influenced by differentseed rates and row spacings. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 329-331There was no significant difference in % gum or protein in differentvarieties but production of gum and protein was influenced byvarieties and row spacing as the production varied.690 Singh, K.C. (1982)Response of green gram to phosphorus application in the arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 275-278Application of phosphorus (30 to 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) to green gramsignificantly increased the yield over control in two out of threeyears. Placement of fertiliser (10-15 cm deep) also resulted insignificantly higher seed yield over control in one out of two years.The response varied from 1.3 to 2.7 in normal sown crop and 0.9 to2.0 kg grams kg -1 P 2 O 5 in case of the late sown crop. The responsedecreased with an increase in the level of phosphorus.691 Singh, K.C. and Singh, R.P. (1977)Intercropping of annual grain legumes with sunflower. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 563-567Inter-cropping of green gram, cowpea, moth bean and groundnut didnot affect the seed yield among companion crops, offered severecompetition to sunflower. In general, total productivity of the intercroppingsystem was 74% higher than the pure cropping ofsunflower. Higher monetary returns were obtained from sunflower +

cowpea and sunflower + green gram inter-cropping system over theother systems tried. Application of 60 kg N ha -1 to sunflower grownas a pure crop led to significant increase in yield over 30 kg N ha -1and the control. However, in case of inter-cropping systemsinvolving green gram and cowpea, application of 30 kg N ha -1 in thesecond year gave as good yield as that obtained with the applicationof 60 kg N ha -1 , resulting in a saving of 30 kg N ha -1 .692 Singh, K.N., Singh, R.P., Mahabir Prasad, Warsi, A.S.,Sandhu, H.S., Awasthi, O.P., Shekhawat, G.S. and Narula,P.N. (1972)Effect of methods and rates of nitrogen application on the grainyield of rainfed barley. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 17: 290-293A multi-locational trial on methods and rates of nitrogen applicationto rainfed barley was conducted for 4 years under the All IndiaCoordinated Improvement Project on Barley. Barley responded tonitrogen (20 kg N ha -1 in north western plain zone and 20-40 kg Nha -1 in the north eastern, central and hills zones, on an average) andplacement of nitrogen at 10 cm depth at the time of sowing proved tobe a desirable method of nitrogen application.693 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1994)Effect of mixed and inter-cropping systems on dry matter and grainyields of component crops in arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone.33: 125-128A field study on sole, mixed, intercropping and strip cropping ofpearl millet and clusterbean was conducted to identify the bestsuitable cropping system for the arid region. Pearl millet andclusterbean grown in alternate rows (1:1) gave mean combined drymatter yields at par with sole cropping of pearl millet butsignificantly higher than mixed, inter-cropping and strip cropping.The increase was in the order of 42 to 194%. The 1:1 system alsoproduced maximum grain yield among different inter-croppingsystems. Better performance of 1:1 system was attributed tocreation of more border rows that resulted in the least influence byshorter component crop through the formation of a two tier system.The highest gross and net returns accrued from alternate rowintercropping system (1:1) followed by sole cropping of pearl millet.694 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1994)Performance of pearl millet-based inter-cropping systems underdrought conditions. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 8: 277-283

Performance of sole, mixed, row, and inter-cropping systems wasassessed under drought conditions. The mean index of moistureadequacy for the initial two weeks of crop growth was (0.62 and0.69) in two seasons which indicated enough moisture during theseedling stage. The crops faced mild drought (mean Ima = 0.27 and0.33) during vegetative phases and severe drought (mean Ima =0.07) during reproductive phases in both seasons. Mixed croppingand row inter-cropping produced lesser yields than the solecropping, while strip cropping gave better yields and more riskcoverage over sole cropping. A pearl millet clusterbean mixtureshowed superiority over a mixture of pearl millet with green gram orcowpea. Lower yields under row inter-cropping systems as comparedwith the sole cropping in drought years was attributed to higherpopulations in row inter-cropping. In strip cropping (4:4 rows), boththe components produced grain, thereby showing superiority overmixtures and row inter-cropping. The border rows of strip yielded12% to 169% higher grain than adjacent inner rows whenintercropped with cowpea, green gram, and clusterbean. The pearlmillet-greengram strip cropping (4:4) showed the highest landequivalent ratio of 1.26, indicating 26% advantage over solecropping.695 Singh, P. (1977)Productivity constraints in arid land agriculture. Annals of AridZone. 16: 374-380The lack of management and methods of crop cultivation haverendered most of the arid lands unproductive. Inspite of severalscientific achievements, the productivity on these lands continues tobe more or less static at a lower level and dependent on monsoon.On the other hand, the yields from research farms and fromNational demonstration trials conducted at farmers field haveshown much higher production potentials on these lands whichessentially suggests to bridge the gap between the obtained andobtainable levels of productivity. Many-fold increase in biomassproduction on these lands through proper management, besidesincreasing total food grain production, will be one among the manysuggested to check the march of the desert through its variousmeritorious effects. In this paper some such steps have beendetailed.696 Singh, P. and Joshi, N.L. (1980)Inter-cropping of pearl millet in arid areas. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 50: 338-341

In a 2 year study on arid land, double rows of dew gram, clusterbeanand green gram planted in the inter-spaces of paired rows of pearlmillet (30/70 cm) yielded 381, 381 and 458 kg ha -1 additional grainwithout adversely affecting the yields of pearl millet. Pearl milletgreen gram planting ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 decreased the grain yieldof pearl millet by 81 and 19%. Cowpea as an intercrop showedmaximum competition. On the basis of land equivalent ratio,growing double rows gave the maximum advantage (54%), followedby growing double rows of sesame (31%), single row of dew gram(30%), and double rows of clusterbean (21%) and green gram (19%).Planting 2 rows of green gram in the inter-spaces of paired rows ofpearl millet gave the maximum gross return (Rs 2,566 ha -1 ), closelyfollowed by 1:1 pearl millet green gram (Rs 2,517 ha -1 ).697 Singh, R. (1995)Mixed cropping in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in arid zone ofRajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 276-278The 2-year study concluded that sowing of a crop mixture of 4 kgseed of pearl millet and 2.5 kg seed of moth bean gave higher pearlmillet equivalent yield and cost : benefit ratio than sole pearl milletand other crop combination.698 Singh, R.C. and Faroda, A.S. (1982)Performance of mung bean varieties under different sowing dates inrainfed conditions. Haryana Agriculture University Journal ofResearch. 12: 639-643Seven mung bean varieties were sown on three dates (July 15,August 1 and 18). Variety K-851 gave significantly more seed yieldha -1 than all other varieties during both the years and in the pooleddata. This variety out yielded significantly all other varieties underall the dates of sowing except T-44 in August 1 sown crop. Variety T-44 was second best in the first two sowing dates. Variety H 70-16was lowest yielder under all sowing dates. Variety K-851 hadmaximum seed yield plant -1 and number of seeds/pod. The numberof pods/plant were maximum in S-8 and K-851 while the test weightwas maximum in H 70-16. There was significant reduction in seedyield with delayed sowing beyond July 15. The seed yield plant -1 ,test weight, number of seeds pod -1 and number of pods/plantdecreased with delay in sowing.699 Singh, R.P. (1970)A note on the performance of some promising varieties of barleyunder irrigated and rainfed conditions and their response tonitrogen fertilisation. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 12: 16-18

Levels of nitrogen did not show any significant differences amongstthemselves in the first and second year of the trial. It seems thatunder rainfed conditions method of application of nitrogen is moreimportant than levels of nitrogen. Barley responds very well tonitrogen application under rainfed conditions provided it is placed inthe moist zone at sowing time.700 Singh, R.P. (1980)Cropping systems for drylands of the Indian arid zone. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 437-443Based on the productivity, water conservation and its use andeconomic returns, different cropping systems including inter andmixed cropping have been discussed. Of all the rabi crops tried,highest returns rupee -1 invested were obtained in sarson (1:5),followed by gram (1:2.8) and linseed (1:2.1). Application of N tolinseed and 60 kg N ha -1 to sarson, resulted in the highest netprofits. In case of grain the highest net profit accrued due to 40 kgP 2 O 5 ha -1701 Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1976)Moisture use efficiency of dryland crops as influenced by fertiliseruse. IV. Grain legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 285-296Studies carried out on the response of various grain legumes tofertiliser use under rainfed conditions both at I.A.R.I., New Delhiand C.A.Z.R.I. Jodhpur showed that under Delhi conditions pigeonpea exhibited the highest moisture use efficiency (2.81 kg/mm/ha)followed by mung beans (2.34 kg/mm/ha) and soybean (2.24kg/mm/ha). Soybean and chick peas had responded to lower doses offertiliser (40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) and to the placement method of fertiliserapplication, while mung beans and pigeon pea responded to higherlevels of fertiliser (80 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ), the broadcasting method provingas efficacious as other methods tried. At Jodhpur mung beans, mothbeans and cluster beans had exhibited higher moisture useefficiency and had responded well to fertiliser application.702 Singh, R.P. and Singh, J.S. (1980)Relative efficiencies of fertiliser sources in dryland areas. FertiliserNews. 25: 34-38A set of recommendations with regard to the choice and use ofdifferent fertilisers have been given, together with future line ofwork. Considerations like effective cost in the field, per unit ofnitrogen, physical characteristics and specific effects on soilproperties weigh heavily in the choice of a nitrogen source.

Agronomic efficiency of all N-carriers being about the same,preference should be given to high analysis N-carriers. In a widerange of soil conditions, water soluble sources of phosphorus havebeen found superior over other forms. Where crop quality is of primeconsideration, use of chloride forms of potassium are better avoided,although they may be cheaper source of K than sulphate forms.Complex fertilisers, in particular, nitrophosphates with higherpercentage of WSP, hold out great prospects in dryland areas.703 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1980)Relative performance of rainfed moth varieties grown underdifferent fertility levels. Forage Research. 6: 161-164A field experiment on the relative performance of six promisingmoth varieties grown with different fertility levels was carried outin rainfed conditions at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur during kharif seasons of 1976 and 1977. Varieties T2 andT18 excelled other varieties in terms of grain yield. T18 also gavethe highest number of pods per plant. Varieties T23 and T25 - bothblack seeded type, gave the lowest seed yield. Application ofphosphorus did not affect the seed yield of moth significantly.Inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium culture did not confer anyadditional advantage in terms of seed yield of moth.704 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1981)Relative performance of moth varieties grown during summerseason with different fertility levels. Forage Research. 7: 43-48In a field experiment carried out for two summer seasons, 1976 and1977, at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur,varieties T 16, T 3 and T 23 exhibited higher yield potential thanrest of the varieties tried. Application of 30 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 to mothcrop and inoculation of seeds with 'Nitragin' resulted in significantincrease in seed yield in 1978 only.705 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1973)Fertiliser use in drylands of western Rajasthan. Fertiliser News. 18:31-35The economics of fertilisers use has been worked out in respect ofeach crop grown in the cafeteria. All crops grown under drylandconditions exhibited good response to balanced fertiliser use. Foragecrops gave the highest response to fertiliser application, thepercentage increase over unfertilised crops being 246-318. Jowaramong cereals, “guar" (FS 277) among grain legumes and sunflower(Sunrise) gave the highest response to fertiliser application.

706 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1978)Response of mustard to different levels of nitrogen and row spacingsin fields having limited moisture supply. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 48: 234-239The seed yield of mustard was not significantly influenced by rowspacings in any season. Applications of N @ 30, 60 and 90 kg ha -1 to'T 59' resulted in significantly more seed yield than the control in1974-75. In 1975-76, significantly more seed yields were obtainedwith 60 kg N ha -1 over 30 kg N ha -1 . The number of siliquae plant -1was favourably influenced by N application. The oil percentage andoil yield were more in 'KYSR' than in 'T 59' at all row spacings andN levels. For a high yield of mustard with limited moisture supply,sowing in rows 30-40 cm apart and application of 30 kg N ha -1 seemto be necessary.707 Singh, R.P., Singh, A. and Ramakrishna Y.S. (1974)Cropping patterns for drylands of India - An agro-climaticapproach. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 145-164At almost all stations, improved varieties of the conventional cropshaving higher yield potential and better moisture utilisationefficiency have been identified. For the arid region (Zone I), havingmoisture index range of -100 to -66.7, new and remunerative cropslike sunflower, castor and cowpeas have been indicated. Possibilitiesof substituting til with sunflower exist in Jodhpur and Anandregions. At Bellary, rabi jowar and safflower have shown greatpromise. Yields to the extent of 300 per cent could be increased incase of rabi jowar by advancing the sowing date to September. Onthe red soils of Anantpur, Hyderabad and Hebbal, double croppingin the kharif season is a possibility with promising short durationvarieties in years when early monsoon is received. Cotton andsafflower could be popularised on the black soils.708 Singh, R.P., Singh, K.C. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1978)Effect of systems of planting green gram on the yield, totalproductivity, moisture use and monetary returns. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 48: 320-323In a study conducted in 1975 and 1976 both paired-row and triplerowsystems of planting resulted in higher grain yield of green gramthan the conventional (uniform) system of planting. The highesttotal productivity, gross returns and moisture-use efficiency wereobtained under the paired-row system with one row of pearl millet

in the inter-spaces, the additional gross returns being Rs. 1612 ha -1over the conventional system.709 Singh, R.P., Singh, K.C. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1978)Effect of systems of planting pearl millet on the yield, totalproductivity, moisture use and monetary returns. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 48: 138-142The paired-row system of planting led to 9.1% more grain yield ofpearl millet and an additional monetary returns of Rs 270 ha -1 overthe conventional system of planting in uniform rows. The paired-rowsystem of planting proved to be more efficient for the utilisation ofmoisture from deeper layers of the soil profile than the conventionalsystem, besides exhibiting higher moisture-use efficiency. Intercroppingof green gram in the inter-spaces, in any of the systems ofplanting tried, did not lead to either higher total productivity,moisture-use efficiency and gross returns when compared with thepure cropping of pearl millet.710 Singh, R.P., Daulay, H.S., Singh, K.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1978)Effect of rates and methods of nitrogen application on the yield andyield attributes of rainfed bajra HB-3 grown in the arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 136-144Application of 40 kg N ha -1 either broadcast and incorporated orplaced 10 cm deep at the time of sowing resulted in increased grainyields of the order of 44 to 96% over the unfertilised control, theresponse being 10.0, 5.3 and 3.4 kg grains kg -1 N to 40, 80 and 120kg N ha -1 , respectively. Response beyond 40 kg N ha -1 wasuneconomical. The optimum dose of fertiliser nitrogen for rainfedbajra HB-3 at the current price of nitrogen (Rs 3.80/kg) and currentmarket price of bajra worked out to 47 to 55 kg ha -1 . Half soil andhalf top dressing method of nitrogen application proved mostefficacious and gave the maximum net returns (Rs 627 ha -1 ). It ismore economical and safe to apply half the dose of nitrogen (20 kg Nha -1 ) through placement 10 cm deep at the time of sowing and theremaining half (20 kg N ha -1 ) as top dressing at 35 to 40 days aftersowing.711 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1977)Response of brassicas to varying moisture - Initial soil profilesaturation and fertility levels. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 22: 90-95In 1972-73 and 1973-74, neither moisture nor fertility levels,resulted in any significant increase in seed yield. In 1974-75,

however, when a supplemental irrigation of 25 mm was given atflowering-grain filling stage, increase in both fertility and moisturelevels led to significant increase in seed yield. Application of bajrahusk as surface mulch did not cause any marked difference in soilmoisture conditions and seed yield under those conditions.712 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1981)Effect of periodical application of nitrogen in organic and inorganicform on the yield of rainfed pearl millet. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 51: 409-416In a long-term study conducted from 1975 to 1979, application ofsheep manure, in general, gave substantially higher productivity ofrainfed pearl millet grown in continuous pearl millet-pearl milletsystem than application of urea. In 1975, the starting year of theexperiment, however, application of urea @ of 40 kg N ha -1 everyyear gave grain yield higher than that obtained with sheep manureapplied @ 40 tonnes ha -1 once in 2 years. In subsequent years,particularly from 1977 to 1979, application of sheep manure gavesignificantly and consistently higher grain yield and moisture-useefficiency, and increased the soil organic carbon. It also increasedthe availability of soil P considerably.713 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P., Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1981)Fertilisation of rainfed greengram-pearl millet sequence. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 51: 498-503In a 4-year field experiment involving green gram - pearl milletsequence, greengram did not respond significantly to inoculationwith Rhizobium and application of P. The grain yield of thesucceeding pearl millet crop was also not favourably influenced by Pfertilisation of the preceding crop of green gram, suggesting onlymarginal residual effect. However, top-dressing pearl millet with 20kg N ha -1 , at 30 to 35 days after sowing, led to 65.6 and 73.7%higher grain yield over the control in 1977 and 1979 respectively.For sustained productivity, inoculation of green gram fertilised with40 kg P ha -1 , and top-dressing of the succeeding crop of pearl milletwith 20 kg N ha -1 was found beneficial.714 Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Joshi, N.L. (1996)Growth response of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and coss] toirrigation levels in relation to temperature and radiation regimes.Journal of Arid Environments. 33: 379-388Field experiments on mustard were conducted for 4 consecutiveyears to quantify crop growth and development in relation to

thermal time under arid conditions. The crop was maintained under(a) three irrigations (control), each of 60 mm depth, (b) at 50%potential evapo-transpiration (PET) irrigation level, and (c) at 100%PET irrigation level. Growth of mustard in relation to accumulatedgrowing degree days under all treatments was closely representedby the Hoerl function. The correlation coefficients ranged between0.95 and 0.99 and were significant at p= 0.01. The crop irrigated at100% PET level required less thermal time (40° C d) compared tocontrol crop (45° C d) for appearance of each leaf tip on the mainshoot. Heat and energy use efficiencies were higher for the cropirrigated at 100% PET. However, water-use efficiency was higher forthe crop maintained at 50% PET rates. Measurements of lightdistribution within canopy revealed that red to infrared ratio at thebottom of the crop canopy was the lowest at peak flowering stage ascompared to other stages.715 Singh, R.S., Rao, A.S. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1991)Growth characteristics of mustard crop in response to thermalenvironment under arid condition. Mausam. 42: 409-410To study the influence of thermal environment on biomassproduction and grain yield of mustard grown in three gravimetriclysimeters during rabi seasons of 1986-87 and 1987-88 wereconducted. Ambient temperature relationship with phenology, andbiomass accumulation were studied with crop maintained atdifferent irrigation rates in sandy loam soils of the region. Heat useefficiency and crop growth rate of mustard were presented anddiscussed. The study reveals that the reduction in heat units by 24per cent during vegetation and elongation phases of mustarddecreased grain yield by 8 to 10 per cent.716 Singh, S.D. (1976)Method and timing of nitrogen application in rainfed bajra. Annalsof Arid Zone. 15: 308-312Experiments were conducted over three seasons to integrate timingand method of nitrogen application to bajra such that theeffectiveness of fertiliser is maximum and risk in fertiliser use isminimum. Considering results of individual seasons, 30 kg ha -1 ofnitrogen can be added at sowing and 15 kg later as topdressingduring normal rainfall years, or as spray in moderately dry seasons.Handicapped by lack of spray facilities, 15 kg nitrogen can seldombe applied as top-dressing in dry seasons. In that case only 39 kg ha -1 basal nitrogen is recommended. Time and methods of nitrogenapplication carefully selected could minimise the risk in use offertiliser, besides improving N use efficiency.

717 Singh, S.D. (1985)Direct, residual and cumulative effects of manure and fertiliserphosphate in a pearl millet-wheat rotation. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 55: 104-109In a 5-year double-cropping study, ‘HB 3' pearl millet grown duringJuly-September did not respond to the application of manure and P,but Kalyan Sona wheat grown during November-March showed a15% yield increase with the application of manure and a linearincrease with the application of P. When the rainfall was low andpearl millet failed, the unused manure and P were utilised by thesucceeding wheat. For the maintenance of the soil application ofmanure or P to any of the crops was not necessary, since there was a20% build-up of the soil organic matter with a basal application of60 kg N ha -1 to pearl millet and 120 kg N ha -1 to wheat. To obtainhigh grain yield and to maintain the soil organic matter at a desiredlevel, a single application of 26 kg N ha -1 in addition to 120 kg N ha -1as basal dose to wheat in the rotation was found to be optimum.Such a schedule resulted in a total grain yield of 5,250 kg ha -1 year,a 48% build-up in soil organic matter, and a decrease in soil bulkdensity from 1.67 to 1.62 g cm -3 .718 Singh, S.D. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1976)Yield and nitrogen utilisation by wheat in relation to moisture andfertility levels. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 43-52Studies undertaken to determine the effect of three moisture levelscreated by irrigating when available water in 0-30 cm soil depth was30,50 and 70% (designated respectively as 0, I1, I2) indicated that asthe moisture supply was increased from I0 to I2 level, the yieldincreased to an extent of 33%. On each of these moisture levels, theN-yield relationship was curvilinear, the association, however wasclose (R²=0.82) at I1 level of irrigation. With increase in moisturesupply the general trend was one of a modest decrease in per cent Nin grains and N requirements, but the N uptake showed steadyincrease. Use efficiency of applied N increased with increase inmoisture supply but decreased with increasing levels of nitrogen.From this study it seems that irrigation at 50% water depletionlevel (which corresponded to an average 11 days irrigation interval)and 80 kg N ha -1 make a suitable water-nitrogen combination foroptimum yield of wheat and nitrogen utilisation under limited waterand fertiliser supplies.719 Singh, S.D. and Rao, J.S. (1994)

Yield-water-nitrogen response analysis in cumin. Annals of AridZone. 33: 29-34The response of cumin [Cuminum cyminum L.] to irrigation andfertiliser N was studied for two years under field conditions using a2-factor central rotatable design with water and N each atpredetermined values -1.414, -1, 0, 1 and 1.414. The actual values,in order to their predetermined levels, were 120, 180, 340 ,490 and550 mm of water and 0,18, 60, 102 and 120 kg N ha -1 . However,interactive effects of water and N were examined at theirequidistant intervals. Seed yield to water and yield to Nrelationships followed a quadratic model, and water x N interactionemerged significant. The crop N requirements varied withvariations in the water supplies, the N optima being 22, 44, 65, 87and 109 kg ha -1 for 120, 140, 360, 480 and 600 mm of water supplies,respectively. The treatment combining 480 mm of water and 87 kgN ha -1 emerged as the optimal package of practices for optimal seedyield of 1467 kg ha -1 . The highest irrigation water-use efficiency of4.1 kg ha -1 mm -1 was obtained from the package comprising 240 mmwater and 44 kg N ha -1 , but at a low level of production. Thus theleast-cost combination of 455 mm of water and 100 kg N ha -1 isrecommended for a yield goal of 1500 kg ha -1 .720 Singh, S.D. and Yusuf, M. (1981)Effect of water, nitrogen and row spacing on the yield and oilcontent of safflower. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51:38-43The yield response of safflower to N was quadratic under adequate(51 cm), negligible and restricted (8 cm) supply of moisture. Narrowrow spacing (20 cm) required less water and N to produce theoptimum yield than wider row spacing (60 cm). The oil content hadquadratic relationship with moisture supply but was independent ofrow spacing. Its relationship was inverse with N levels when watersupply was restricted and direct when it was adequate. Narrow rowspacing (20 cm), optimum water supply (29 cm), and adequate N (80kg ha -1 ) were necessary for obtaining optimum oil yield.721 Singh, S.D., Bhandari, R.C. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1985)Long-term effects of phasing of phosphate fertiliser on soil fertilityand yield of pearl millet grown in rotation with grain legumes.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 274-278In a 16-year study the yield of pearl millet was found to be 11%higher when the crop was grown in rotation with clusterbean thanthe pearl millet itself. The yield was 36% higher when 26 kg P ha -1was applied once in 2 years to the legume instead of to the millet in

otation. The schedule improved the soil organic carbon by 12% andsoil-available P by 25%. When monocropped pearl millet other year,the soil organic carbon could be maintained but the yield wasdepressed. Application of 60 kg N ha -1 to pearl millet and 26 kg Pha -1 to legume in alternate years resulted in high yields andmaintained soil productivity. It saved 60 kg N ha -1 thatmonocropped pearl millet other wise required in the cycle.722 Singh, S.D., Misra, D.K., Vyas, D.L. and Daulay, H.S. (1971)Fodder production of sorghum in association with different legumesunder different levels of nitrogen. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 47: 172-176Yield of green and dry forage of sorghum grown alone were higherthan when it was grown as a mixture with cowpea, cluster-bean andgreen gram, all of which gave identical yields. Sorghum-cowpea gavehigher protein yield than the other mixtures, and was also superiorto sorghum grown alone at 10 per cent level of significance. Nitrogenapplication increased the forage yield, and 24 kg N ha -1 was aboutthe optimum dose for total yield of dry matter obtained fromdifferent crop mixtures including sorghum grown alone. Nitrogenincreased the yield of protein. Three doses of N gave identicalprotein. At 0 kg N ha -1 the yield of dry matter of sorghum inmixture, computed in terms of pure stand, was 50, 50 and 36 percent higher when grown with cowpea, cluster bean and green gramthan when grown alone, whereas the percentages increase in drymatter of sorghum grown alone and fertilised with N doses were 4.7to 6.2.723 Singh, S.D., Misra, D.K., Vyas, D.L. and Daulay, H.S. (1971)Forage production of sorghum varieties in relation to different levelsof nitrogen. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 216-220Sojat Bavni' variety of sorghum was superior to RS 610, Local Paliand NK 210, but was similar to Meera Type in forage yield. The lowstem : leaf ratio of Sojat Bavni (3.5) indicates its palatability andconsequent suitability for forage more than Meera Type, which hasa stem : leaf ratio of 7.5. The yield of green forage increased withincreasing N level; N at 53.7 kg ha -1 was optimum for 'Sojat Bavni'.Seasonal changes occurred in varietal performance and response toN, perhaps owing to the differential rainfall distribution during thegrowing season. The response to N increased at the normal rainfall,but decreased with high rainfall.724 Singh, S.D., Singh, R.C., Vyas, D.L., Misra, D.K. and Bhati,N.S. (1973)

Studies of tillage-fertility on pearl millet in sandy arid plains ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 145-154Plough-plant gave yield as good as other tillage methods, saved Rs39 to 83 per ha, and thus finds a place in sandy arid plains ofRajasthan. Application of farm yard manure to supply 11.2 and 22.4kg N ha -1 increased the grain yield over the control by 60, and 100kg ha -1 . Ammonium sulphate on equal N basis gave higher yieldand profit. Its most profitable rate at assumed prices of Rs 80 per qof pearl millet and Rs 2 per kg of N was 17.5 kg N ha -1 at which thepredicted response was 12 kg and the profit Rs 66. The "minimumrate" of N advocated for average dryland grower was 10 kg ha -1 atwhich the returns per rupee spent on fertiliser would be Rs 38.2 .725 Singh, U.B, Shekhawat, G.S. and Mathur, B.N. (1963)Cultivation studies in bajra III. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 7:246-251A maximum seed rate of 4.4 Kg ha -1 with 9-12" row spacing hadgiven better yields at Durgapura and 2.2 Kg with 9"-12" row spacingshowed significantly higher yields of bajra over other combinationsat Bassi. Fodder yield was highest with maximum level of seed ratei.e. 8.8 Kg ha -1 .726 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D. and Acharya,G.V.N. (1977)A note on the effect of deep ploughing on basic infiltration rate ofsoils, root growth and grain yields under rainfed agriculture atAnantpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 149-152The soil structure was better improved with deep ploughing. Theinfiltration rates had increased with the depth of root penetrationand found to be maximum at the harvesting stage. Significantlyenhanced grain yields of castor, redgram and bajra were realised inthe deep ploughing as compared to the shallow ploughing.727 Subbarami Reddy, D., Ramachandra Reddy, D. and Acharya,G.V.N. (1978)Studies on water intake and hydraulic conductivity in shallow anddeep ploughing operations under rainfed agriculture at Anantpur.Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 291-297The experiment consisted of two ploughing operations namelyshallow (10 cm depth) and deep (30 cm depth) in a strip lot designhaving six replications. The crops grown were castor(Aruna), redgram(T-21), groundnut (TMV-3) and bajra (HB-3). It was observed

that breaking up of the hard layer below the plough sole by deepploughing increased the water intake rate and hydraulicconductivity. It resulted in enhanced root growth and increasedyields of castor, redgram and bajra.728 Subramanian, P. and Ganesaraja, V. (1992)Response of Setaria italica to different management practices underdryland farming. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 269-271An investigations on the response of dryland Setaria to intercropping,maturing and fertiliser levels revealed that growingSetaria with black gram and field bean in 3:1 ratio in a replacementseries with a basal application of 12.5 t FYM + 20 kg N + 10 kg P ha -1 gave 52.3% and 42% higher monetary returns and fodder to cattlepopulation compared to the sole crop. The land use equivalent wasalso greater by 11.2% in Setaria + blackgram combination and 4.9%in Setaria + field bean combination over sole Setaria. Among theintercrops, blackgram is comparatively less competitive and more ofcomplimentary than field bean.729 Suraj Bhan. (1966)Effect of methods of sowing and fertility levels on the yield andquality of jowar (Sorghum vulgare) and guar (Cyamopsistetragonoloba) for fodder. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 153-160No difference between pure and mixed cultures of jowar and guar ofsowing was found either on the yield or quality of fodder undernormal fertility conditions, however, at high level of fertility, linesowing proved significantly superior over conventionalbroadcasting. Taking into consideration the yield and quality offodder as well as production of different quality constituents perhectare, the mixture having seed proportion of 2/3 jowar + 1/3 guarwas proved to be the best over other mixtures as well as pureculture of jowar and guar. Nitrogen improved the yield and qualityof fodder appreciably over Control. Since two levels of nitrogen didnot differ significantly therefore, the lower dose of nitrogen i.e., 30kg ha -1 may be recommended over 60 kg of nitrogen. Phosphorusapplication did not show significant effect either on the yield orquality of fodder.730 Suraj Bhan and Misra, D.K. (1970)Effects of variety, spacing and soil fertility on root development ingroundnut under arid conditions. Indian Journal of AgriculturalScience. 40: 1050-1055

The erect variety AK 12-24 showed more primary and secondaryroots and greater root weight, but was shallower in its penetration.It was inferior to PG 1 in nodulation and nitrogen content of theroots and nodules. Increased spacing between plants and balancedfertilisation with N and P favoured the development of roots andnodules and increased their nitrogen content. The amount of evapotranspirationand pod yield were positively correlated with rootgrowth.731 Tomer, P.S. (1970)Test weights and protein content in bajra in relation to methods ofsowing, manurial treatments and seed rates. Annals of Arid Zone.9: 159-162Under broadcast sowing, the test weight and protein content inbajra improved appreciably over that under line sowing. Applicationof 55 Kg N ha -1 at sowing, half as ammonium sulphate plus half ascompost gave the highest test weight and maximum contents ofprotein in grain and stover of 2.5 Kg seed rate gave significantlyheavier test weight and non significantly greater protein content ingrain and stover.732 Tomer, P.S., Dalal, S.K., Gill, P.S. and Bishnoi, K.C. (1973)Comparative efficiency of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.)varieties with varying phosphorus levels and seed rates. Annals ofArid Zone. 12: 163-166On an average both the varieties were at par in terms of growth andforage production. Maximum forage yield was obtained when FS-277variety was sown with 55 kg seed ha -1 or variety No. 2 sown with 40kg seed ha -1 . Among phosphorus levels, 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 increasedthe forage yield significantly over control. There was no substantialincrease in forage yield beyond 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 .733 Tsunekawa, A., Kar, A., Yanai, J., Tanaka, U. and Miyazaki, T.(1997)Influence of continuous cultivation on the soil properties affectingcrop productivity in the Thar desert, India. Journal of AridEnvironments. 36: 367-384Soil profiles under different cultivation/fallow status were examinedin a village in the Thar desert. Among the factors influencing plantproductivity at three representative sites, the following wereidentified:(a) effective soil depth from the surface down to thecalcrete layer, (b) clay content and (c) nutritive elements such as N,P, K, Ca and Mg. The distribution of available P was reflected from

a history of landuse, i.e. cultivation and fallowing. The concentrationof available P was higher in fallow than cultivated land and in thesurface layer than in the lower layers. This was attributed to theabsorption of available P by plant roots and replenishment by returnin the form of root litter.734 Umrani, N.K., Daftardar, S.Y., Patil, C.B. and Walujkar, R.B.(1983)A note on the effect of inter row spacing, plant density and nitrogenapplication on pearl millet BJ-104 under scanty rainfall conditions.Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 173-175Under scanty rainfall condition at Solapur, a population of 1.5 lakhplants ha -1 was beneficial. High population was disadvantageous. Inlow rainfall situations wider spacing (60 cm) was advantageous andapplication of 50 kg N ha -1 was found better compared to high doseof nitrogen.735 Venkataraman, S. (1988)Some lysimetric observations on the water requirements and wateruse of pearl millet hybrids at Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 27:157-159It is inferred that the moisture requirement of pearl millet crop,irrespective of variety, is equal to 1/3 of pan evaporation andremains static in the first month after sowing. ET would equal to EP6 weeks after sowing. Moisture extraction of cv HB-3 is better thanthat of BJ-104.736 Venkateswarlu, J. (1990)Innovations in improvement of crop production in drylands. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences 60: 373-381Drylands in India constitute 70% of arable lands. They contributeup to 45% of foodgrains and 75% of the legumes and oilseedsproduced in the country. These are both ecologically andeconomically disadvantaged areas. Still in the future additionalproduction of foodgrains has to come from these lands only. Aresearch breakthrough came only with the introduction of highyieldingvarieties coupled with the use of external inputs likefertilisers along with improved management systems. Somerefinements are needed for improving and stabilising the productionin drylands. Choice of crops and cropping patterns should be basedon assessing the assured moisture supply periods. Versatility inseeding equipment needs consideration. On-farm moistureconservation and residue management are important. Integrated

nutrient-supply systems through trees, livestock as well as chemicalfertilisers should be practised. Agronomic manipulation in pestcontrol is important. Deep and strong roots should be a majorselection criterion for crops to be grown in drylands. Run-off rainwaterharvesting and management would bring stability inproduction. Marginal lands need special attention, where cropsshould be grown with trees or in rotation with fodder legumes (layfarming). Network research to correlate productivity with soil seriesis needed for transferring technologies from the known to unknownareas.737 Venkateswarlu, J. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1990)Fertiliser use in west dry region. Fertiliser News. 35: 73-75The west dry zone representing a major agro-climatic zone of thecountry, comprises of eleven districts covering 32.96% cropped are ofRajasthan state and of this 97% area is rainfed and mono-cropped.The region is characterised by low and erratic rainfall (100 mm to450 mm annual rainfall) frequented with droughts, and stress of soilmoisture and nutrients. These factors are responsible for very lowyields and lower response to fertiliser nutrients by crops. To meetthe targeted foodgrains production of about 8 million tonnes in thisregion by 2000 AD, the thrust has to be both on irrigated andunirrigated areas.738 Venkateswarlu, J. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1991)Nutrient balance and sustainable agriculture in western dry region.Fertiliser News. 36: 75-79West Dry Zone is characterised by low and erratic rainfallfrequented with droughts and stress of soil moisture and nutrients.Fertiliser use is also low and irrational. At the present productionlevel of 320 kg ha -1 , the mean fertiliser use is about 2 kg and 27 kgnutrients ha -1 for kharif and rabi crops respectively. The nutrientsbalance with respect to N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O shows a deficit of about90.4, 14.3 and 95.4 thousand tonnes which is expected to be 79.1,30.7 and 169.2 thousand tonnes by 2000 A.D. The socio-economicstatus of farmers in this dryland region is weak. Therefore, forsustainable crop production and to reduce the gap of nutrientdeficiencies in this dryland, the adoption of integrated nutrientssupply system for mobilising nutrients supply from organic,biological (N-fixation) and crop residues along with the mineralfertilisers is suggested.739 Vijay Kumar, Raheja, P.C. and Chaudhary, M.S. (1973)

Agronomic studies of bajra (P. typhoides) under dry landagriculture. 2. Nitrogen content of plants as affected by varieties,doses of N and methods of weed control. Annals of Arid Zone. 12:155-162Overall average protein percentage in bajra plant was maximum at35 days after sowing (12.6 per cent) and was reduced progressivelywith the time up to harvest (2.3 per cent). There was no significantdifferences in the protein percentage of various varieties. However,variety R.S.K. showed better quality grain. Protein percentage ingrain and stover was significantly increased by nitrogen application.Every kg of nitrogen per hectare increased on an average 0.035 and0.061 per cent protein in stover and grain respectively. It may, thus,be concluded that nitrogen fertilisation improved the quality ofgrain more than that of stover. Weed control measures showedsignificant increase in the protein percentage of stover in the secondyear over that in the unweeded plots.740 Vyas, P., Jambakia, T.K. and Patel, A.T. and Sharma, A.N.(1990)Phenology growth and yield of sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) inrelation to rainfall and temperature. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 43-46The correlation coefficient between growing degree days (GDD) andplant height, leaf area and total dry matter production were 0.91,0.93 and 0.82, respectively. About 281 GDD were needed foremergence of sesamum seed and about 31 GDD were required toproduce 1 g dry matter. The rainfall growing degree days (RGDD)was better than GDD in explaining the phenological stages i.e. 50%flowering and maturity of sesamum crop.741 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1995)Influence of nitrogen on Indian mustard grown under differentlevels of stored soil moisture. Journal of Arid Environment. 29: 173-184Decreasing moisture levels caused a general decline in all observedparameters. Nitrogen fertilisation enhanced the soil moistureextraction (especially below 40 cm depth) and increased the wateruse through larger leaf area, particularly during the vegetativeperiod without affecting the water use during the reproductivephase. An increase in nitrogen dose increased dry matterproduction, seed yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen andphosphorus uptake coupled with increased levels of totalchlorophyll, starch, reducing sugars, soluble protein and free aminoacids, despite a consistent decline in plant water potential and

percentage relative turgidity at all levels of stored moisture.Notwithstanding the decline in the activities of nitrate reductaseand glutamine synthetase under low soil moisture, the increase inglutamate dehydrogenase activity on one hand and nitrogenmediated increases in all these enzymes irrespective of soil moisturestatus, on the other, possibly helped the fertilised plants to maintainammonia assimilation.742 Yadav, N.D. (1992)Parallel cropping of legumes with castor (Ricinus communis) underrainfed condition. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 37: 800-801The field experiment conducted at CAZRI-RRS Bikaner during 1989revealed that among different parallel crops green gram was theleast competitive as compared with clusterbean giving highest yieldof main crop castor. Highest grain yield of clusterbean was recordedin Castor + clusterbean (2:2) system followed by system (2:4). Themaximum LER value 1:94 was recorded in Castor + green gramsown in system (2:4).743 Yadav, N.D. (1992)Studies on strip cropping of pearl millet + arid legumes in rainfedarid western Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 16: 89-92An experiment on legume + pearl millet strip cropping conducted atBikaner on sandy loam soil during 1990-92 under arid rainfedcondition revealed that highest total produce of main crop(P) wasobtained in system P+C (4:4) where as strip crops (C) producedhighest total produce and total biological yield in system P+C (4:8).Highest LER was recorded in system P+C (4:4).744 Yadav, N.D. (1994)Effect of different planting systems on dry matter production inpearl millet + legume parallel cropping under arid rainfed condition.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 35-38Parallel cropping of moth bean and cluster bean with pearl millergave significantly higher total produce and total biological yieldthan their sole cropping during 1992. Among different plantingsystems parallel cropping of two rows of legumes with pairedplanted pearl millet (P+C 2:2) gave highest total biological yieldthan their sole cropping during both the years. Planting system P+C(1:1) and P+C (2:2) gave highest total biological yield than their solecropping during both the years. Planting system, P+C (1:1) and P+C(2:2) gave an yield advantage of 137 and 126%, LER of 2.37 and 2.26during 1990 and 1992, respectively.

745 Yadav, N.D. (1994)Response of lucerne to phosphate application in arid zone. CurrentAgriculture. 18: 105-106Lucerne grown in sandy soils at Bikaner under sprinkler system ofirrigation with 4 levels of phosphate (20, 40, 60 & 80 kg ha -1 ) withuniform dose of 16 kg N ha -1 . The maximum green forage and dryforage were obtained with 40 and 60 kg ha -1 phosphate respectively.Out of four cuttings II and III cuttings contributed more than 70% oftotal forage yield.746 Yadav, N.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989)Effect of planting systems on different kharif pulses under rainfedcondition during subnormal rainfall year and drought year inwestern Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 13: 89-93Green gram and moth bean gave highest plant height of 76.9 cm and48.9 cm under 60 cm of planting, during 1986 (sub-normal rainfall,229 mm) and plant height of 22.6 cm and 24.6 under 60/120 cm and30/90 cm of planting, respectively during 1987 (extreme drought,92.6 mm). Clusterbean gave maximum plant height (85.6 cm) andbranches per plant (18.1 cm) under 30/90 cm of planting during 1986but planting in 22.5 cm and 60/120 cm showed maximum plantheight (40.4 cm) and branches per plant (15.9), respectively, during1987. The highest straw yield of green gram and clusterbean wasrecorded at 22.5 cm of planting and in mothbean under 60 cm ofplanting during 1986 whereas paired planting system 60/120 cmgave highest straw yield in green gram and 30/90 cm in moth beanand clusterbean during 1987.747 Yadav, N.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1990)Row spacing and spatial arrangements effect on pulses monocroppingin rainfed condition in arid zone of western Rajasthan.Current Agriculture. 14: 9-12Response of three kharif pulses viz. green gram, moth bean andcluster bean to different row spacings (22.5, 30 and 60 cm) undernormal and paired row arrangements (30/90 and 60/120 cm) wasstudied at Bikaner during 1987 and 1988 under rainfed condition.Number of branches per plant and dry matter production under lowand erratic rainfall condition was higher under wider row spacingswhereas under paired row arrangement it was at par duringsubnormal rainfall year. All the crops attained maximum plantheight under narrow spacings with lower number of branches perplant.

748 Yadav, R.C. and Gupta, J.P. (1977)Germination and seedling emergence in relation to soil moisture andpost-sowing compaction. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.47: 448-455Stress PhysiologyField trials were conducted during 1973-94 and 1974-75 on loamysandsoil of Jodhpur to find out the effect of post-sowing compactionof seeded rows under different moisture conditions on thegermination and emergence of seedlings of mustard (Brassica juncea(L.) Czern & Coss.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Postsowingcompaction of seeded rows with narrow iron wheel (20 cm X5 cm) of 9.2 kg weight resulted in maximum seedling emergence of70-80% under 7.2-7.4% moisture conditions and 50-60% under 5.5-6.0% moisture conditions. Post-sowing compaction with iron presswheel, besides helping in early completion of emergence, alsoresulted in high emergence rate. To obtain 75% ultimate emergencewithout compaction, 9% moisture in the seedbed was foundnecessary, whereas the use of the iron press wheel brought the sameultimate emergence percentage in less moist seedbed (6% formustard and 7% for sunflower).749 Abichandani, C.T. and Bhatt, P.N. (1965)Salt tolerance at germination of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) andjowar (Sorghum vulgare) varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 36-42In general bajra is more salt tolerant than jowar at germinationstage. Amongst the bajra varieties, eleven show no significantchange in germination upto 16 mmohs cm -1 EC, and nineteen showno change upto 12 mmohs cm -1 EC. Varieties AF3 from Bombay andCumbu x 3 from Madras also do fairly well upto 20 mmohs cm -1 EC.Amongst jowar varieties, three show no significant change ingermination upto 12 mmohs cm -1 EC and the rest upto 8 mmohs cm -1 EC. The highly salt tolerant varieties, Gadra Road, Pokaran an M-47-3, also show over 80 per cent germination at 16 mmohs cm -1 EC.750 Bohra, S.P. and Bora, K.K. (1992)Salinity - ethylene interaction on activities of enzymes of nitrogenmetabolism in Paspalum scorbiculatum Linn. Annals of Arid Zone.31: 161-162Increasing concentrations of salt and enzyme relating substanceCEPA (2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid) individually and incombination promoted the activity of glutamate pyruvate

transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase (GOT)and nitrate reductase (NR) and content of proline.751 Chauhan, R.P.S., Chauhan, C.P.S. and Kumar, D. (1980)Free proline accumulation in cereals in relation to salt tolerance.Plant and Soil. 57: 167-175In a micro-plot experiment it was observed that free prolineaccumulation in barley and wheat crops increased with the saltstress. But in sensitive strains of both the crops it did notaccumulate in accordance with the preceding values after theirtolerance limit and at this point yield reductions were not observedwith tolerant strains. Proline accumulation was also found to berelated to tissue K / Na ratio and the critical limits of this ratio wereobserved between 0.60 and 0.34 for barley and 4.2 and 1.4 for wheat.752 Chopra, Nisha and Chopra, N.K. (1991)Salinity tolerance of wheat varieties. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 65Seedling emergence at highest salinity level (12 dS m -1 ) wasmaximum in HD-2189. Kharchia was found to tolerate high salinityat seedling stage.753 Chopra, Nisha and Chopra, N. K. (1993)Tolerance of some sorghum varieties to salt stress in Marwar tract.Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 65-66Among the cultivars, sorghum varieties SPV-678 and SPV-669 werefound superior to other varieties in respect of seed yield of varietiestested for salt tolerance. SPV-669 could be considered tolerantbecause, a variety with least yield decline under increasing salinityand higher salinity level for 50% yield decline is characterised assalt tolerant.754 Datta, K.S. and Dayal, J. (1988)Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth of guar(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology.31: 357-63Twenty-five genotypes of guar were germinated at four conductivitylevels viz. 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m -1 with distilled water as control. Theseedlings were sampled after 120 hr of soaking. Per centgermination did not vary much with salinity levels while rootelongation was consistently increased, the shoot length decreasedwith increment in salinity. Similarly, fresh weights of shoot and rootwere considerably reduced, but that of cotyledons was enhanced

with higher levels of salt stress. However, depletion of dry weightfrom the cotyledons was less with increase in salinity. Of thecultivars studied, PLG-119 and HGS-18 were found relatively salttolerant and PNB and HG-258 were sensitive.755 Datta, K.S., Ashok Kumar and Verma, S.K. (1994)Variations in growth and physiology of barley under chloride andsulphate salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 303-307Sulphate salinity, in general, was found more detrimental thanchloride salinity in all the four cultivars. Amongst the cultivars,6-Row appeared to be more salt tolerant and Maris mink andSunbar comparatively sensitive in respect of shoot/root length andtheir ratio, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance towater vapour and sub-stomatal CO 2 concentration (in 2nd leaf).Even interaction effects of cultivar versus treatment wereprominent in cultivar 6-Row and chloride alone in the abovementioned parameters, thereby, indicating the resistance of 6 Rowunder chloride salinity as well.756 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1983)A note on the effect of soil moisture stress of different growth stagesof sunflower. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 169-171Sunflower crop is capable of surviving at very low moisture contentin the soil profile. Seedling stage was identified as critical stage formoisture stress.757 Dhawan, R.S., Sharma, N.D. and Chowdhary, J.B. (1987)Effect of salinity on germination and yield components in three ofBrassica spp.. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 107-11When 9 varieties of Brassica species, viz., 'Parkash', 'RH 30', 'RH7819' and 'RH 7846' and 'Varuna', 'Indian mustard [Brassica juncea(Linn.)], 'BSH 1' and 'Pb 24' Indian colza [B. rapa (Linn.)], 'Sangam'rapessed [B. rapa (Linn.)] and 'Local' wild turnip (B. tournefortiiGouan.), were grown at Hisar in a salt stress @ 0, 60 and 120 me l -1of NaCl, 'RH 7819', 'RH 30' and 'Pb 24' performed better forgermination and yield than the other varieties.758 Garara, B.B. and Yadav, B.S. (1992)Yield, reproductive efficiency and quality of groundnut as influencedby water stress at different growth stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 31:273-276

Groundnut was subjected to water stress during flowering, pegging,pod formation and pod development stages at individual, any twoand three growth stages alongwith control of no water stress. Waterstress significantly reduced dry matter yield, number of flowers,total and effective pegs, pod : peg ratio, pod : haulm yield ratio, podyield and shelling percentage. These parameters decreased withincrease in the cycle/period of water stress. The magnitude ofreduction in pod yield due to single, double and triple cycle of waterstress over that of unstressed plants was 48.2, 58.1 and 69.7%,respectively. Pod development stage alone or in combination withany other stage (s) with water stress was found most sensitive forpod yield, reproductive efficiency and shelling percentage whereaspegging stage alone or in combination with any other stage (s) wassensitive to haulm yield.759 Garg, B.K. (1987)Sodium carbonate and bicarbonate induced growth and somemetabolic changes in green gram seedlings. Current Agriculture. 11:41-44Effects of equal concentrations (0, 15, 30 and 45 me L -1 ) of Na 2 CO 3and NaHCO 3 were studied on growth and some metabolic indices ofgreen gram (Vigna radiata L. cv.Varsha) seedlings. Both the saltssuppressed root and shoot growth and the reduction was significantat and above 30 me L -1 . The salt treatments enhanced RNAconcentration but reduced chlorophyll, protein and free amino acids.NaHCO 3 proved more deleterious than Na 2 CO 3 . Free proline did notaccumulate under the influence of these salts.760 Garg, B.K. and Garg, O.P. (1982)Germination and some metabolic characteristics in green gramseedlings as affected by sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. BiologiaPlantarum. 24: 28-33With increasing conductivity both the salts depressed germination,length of shoot and root and their mass. NaHCO 3 was moredepressive than Na 2 CO 3 . The contents of chlorophyll, RNA, proteinand free amino acids were higher and affected to a lesser extentunder salt stress in leaves of Varsha than Pusa Baiskhi. PusaBaiskhi was generally more susceptible to salt stress than Varsha.761 Garg, B.K. and Garg, O.P. (1985)Influence of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate on photosynthesisand respiration in green gram and pea. Current Agriculture. 9: 39-42

Effects of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 were studied on chlorophyll, netphotosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of green gram andpea. Both the salts increased respiration rates but decreasedchlorophyll and net photosynthesis. The reduction was more ingreen gram as compared with pea. However, Na 2 CO 3 was moresuppressive than NaHCO 3 in green gram and NaHCO 3 was found tobe more detrimental that Na 2 CO 3 in pea.762 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1996)Mechanisms of varietal differences in salt tolerance. CurrentAgriculture. 20: 1-18Variation in salt tolerance between and within varieties may beused for the improvement of salt tolerance of cultivated species. Themechanisms causing varietal differences in salt tolerance are notclearly understood. However, it has been found that saltconcentrations (mostly sodium and chloride) in leaves reach toxiclevels quickly in sensitive than in salt tolerant genotypes. This hasbeen attributed primarily to the ability of roots to exclude the saltfrom the xylem sap flowing to the shoot. Rates of accumulation ofsodium and/or chloride in the shoot are the critical processesdetermining varietal differences in salt tolerance. Evidences in thisregard have been presented and discussed for a large number ofcrops in this review. In certain species (e.g. tomato and chickpea)both halophytic mechanisms of Na and Cl comparatmentation invacuoles, as well as glycophytic mechanism of salt exclusion havebeen simultaneously observed in different cultivars. However,maintenance of high K : Na ratio and potassium versus sodiumselectivity seem important factors contributing to salt tolerance ofcrops. Metabolic processes responsible for varietal differences in salttolerance, both at the whole plant level and at the cellular level havebeen outlined.763 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1996)Physiology of salt tolerance of arid zone crops I. Pearl millet.Current Agriculture. 20: 19-32Notwithstanding depressive effects of salinity on seed germinationand early seedling growth significant genotypic differences reportedat these stages indicate possibility of selection of salt tolerant pearlmillet lines. Likewise at later growth stages salt tolerant genotypesof pearl millet have been reported. Although populations arerelatively more salt tolerant than hybrids but due to high absoluteyields hybrids outyielded populations on saline soils. This indicatesthe scope of developing salt tolerant hybrids from inbreds of salinitytolerant populations. Tall populations with long earheads and bold

seeded and bristled hybrids had high salinity tolerance. Osmotic andspecific ion effects have received little attention in pearl millet. Inmost cases NaCl was more detrimental than PEG. Salt inducedwater imbalance led to stomatal closure and thereby reducedtranspiration rates. Salinity depressed N, P and Ca uptake while Naand K contents increased. However, salt tolerant genotypesaccumulated more K and less Na than salt sensitive genotypes.Salinity is also known to reduce photosynthetic rates, levels ofchlorophyll, soluble protein and activities of nitrate reductase,glutamate dehydrogenase and several others, while enhancing levelsof reducing sugars and free proline in pearl millet leaves. Genotypicdifferences in this respect are also known but deserve furtherattention. Several management practices such as pre-soaking seedtreatments, use of FYM and fertilisers, gypsum application, cyclicirrigation and mixing of saline and canal waters have beendiscussed in the light of present information for improvement ofpearl millet production under saline conditions.764 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N. and Vyas, S.P. (1981)Drought resistance in pearl millet. Biologia Plantarum. 23: 182-185The influence of wilting on the levels of free proline, solubleproteins, reducing sugars, starch and on the activities of nitratereductase, invertase, amylase and pyro-phosphateses have beenstudied in the leaf tissue of five cultivars of pearl millet at theirvegetative stage under pot culture conditions. The metabolicchanges could not be correlated with the yield behaviour of thecultivars under a drought condition in the field.765 Garg, B.K. , Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982)Influence of soil fertility on the growth and metabolism of wheatunder salt stress. Biologia Plantarum. 24: 290-295Fertiliser induced improvement of growth and yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kalyan sona), under salinity stress, wasassociated with an increase in the concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium and a decrease in the level of chloride inthe tissue. The concentration of chloride in grains was also reducedunder high fertility as compared to low fertility condition. Underboth normal and saline conditions, nutritional improvement leads tohigher chlorophyll concentration and increased efficiency of enzymeslike nitrate reductase, ATPase, alkaline pyro-phosphatase andamylase in the leaves. This imparts importance to fertiliserapplication under saline conditions.766 Garg, B.K. , Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983)

Influence of salts on growth, yield and metabolism of wheat. Annalsof Arid Zone. 22: 329-335A popular salt tolerant wheat cultivar, Kharchia 65, showed ahighly variable sensitivity to different salts having a similar EC (10mmhos cm -1 ). Maximum adverse effects on growth and yield werebrought about by Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 and NaCl while Na 2 SO 4 andKCl caused negligible effects. CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 reduced dry matterbut not grain yield. The magnitude of decline in chlorophyll andsoluble protein and increases in free amino acids and RNA contentsin leaves depended much on the salt species and age of the plants.General inhibition of nitrate reductase activity, by all salts andparticularly by Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 at the advanced stages,suggested the possibility of performance alteration throughderanged nitrogen metabolism. Effect on other enzymes were notconsistent. Direct influences of the Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 on plantsseem as important as their effects on soil physical conditions.767 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1990)Effect of saline water irrigation on tolerant and sensitive wheatvarieties under disparate soil fertility conditions. Annals of AridZone. 29: 179-189Improved soil fertility significantly increased the growth and yield ofboth salt tolerant (Kharchia-65) and sensitive (HD-2009 and HD-4502) wheat varieties under saline water irrigation. Thisimprovement of plant performance was associated with increasedconcentrations and absolute quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium, decreased concentrations of sodium and chloride in theshoot tissue and reduced Na : K ratio. Nutritional improvement ledto higher concentrations of chlorophyll and soluble protein andincreased activity of nitrate reductase in the leaf tissue. However,the adverse effects on growth, yield, nutrient uptake andmetabolism, induced by salt stress, were markedly higher insensitive varieties, HD-4502 and HD-2009 as compared to thetolerant variety, Kharchia-65.768 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1993)Effect of plant density and soil fertility on pearl millet underdrought and good rainfall situations. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 13-20Pearl millet (var. BJ 104) was grown in a drought and a goodrainfall years with four plant densities (30, 45, 60 and 75 cm rowsproviding about 2.17 x 10 5 to 0.91 x 10 5 plants ha -1 ) under low andimproved soil fertility conditions. Crop performance, water use andnutrient uptake were better due to more favourable soil moistureconditions during the good, as compared to the drought year.

However, in both the years increased row spacing progressivelyincreased the height, tiller number, leaf area, dry matter, grainyield and N and P uptake plant -1 . Water use increased withincreased row spacing in a good rainfall year but was unaffected byplant population in the drought year. The improved performance ofindividual plants could possibly be attributed to larger availabilityof moisture and nutrients under wider row spacing. However, adecrease in plant population below ca. 1.45 x 10 5 plants ha -1 or 45 cmrow spacing reduced the dry matter production, grain yield, leafarea index, water use efficiency and uptake of N and P per unit ofarea in both the years. It seems that improved performance ofindividual plants under wider spacing could not compensate for thelosses accrued due to a decrease in plant population per unit areabeyond a point. Improved soil fertility imparted significantbeneficial effects, per plant or per unit area, in both the years.However, the magnitude of this effect was less in the drought year.769 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996)Relative effects of sodium salts on growth, yield and metabolism ofarid legumes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 23: 148-152Clusterbean was relatively more tolerant to these salts than mungbean and moth bean. Among three salts, NaHCO 3 was the mostdetrimental for growth and yield of these legumes. Na 2 SO 4 wasmore detrimental than NaCl for pod and seed yields of clusterbeanand mung bean while NaCl had more adverse effect than Na 2 SO 4 inmoth bean. Increasing salt concentrations decreased chlorophyllcontent but increased RNA and free proline in leaves at theflowering stage. Activity of nitrate reductase was reduced by saltsbut activities of acid and alkaline pyro-phosphatases were generallyincreased. However, the magnitude of these metabolic alterationsvaried with the crop and type of salt.770 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1997)Alleviation of sodium chloride induced inhibition of growth andnitrogen metabolism of clusterbean by calcium. Biologia Plantarum.39: 395-401Increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM)progressively decreased growth and seed yield of clusterbean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.) which was associated withdecreased concentrations of potassium and calcium and increasedconcentration of sodium in the shoots. Supplemental calcium (2.5and 5.0 mM) significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCldue to enhanced Ca and K uptake and reduced Na uptake. Calciumalso alleviated the negative effects of NaCl on activities of nitrogen

metabolism enzymes as well as on contents of soluble protein andfree amino acids.771 Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1997)Sensitivity of clusterbean to salt stress of various growth stages.Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2: 49-53Salt sensitivity varied with the stage of growth, and flowering stagewas the most sensitive to NaCl for seed and pod yields. However,dry matter production was affected more adversely by salinity at theseedling stage, followed by vegetative and flowering stages. Salinityinduced changes in the levels of certain leaf metabolites (starch,reducing sugars, total chlorophyll, soluble protein, free amino acidsand free protein) and activities of enzymes (NR, GS and GDH) alsoshowed stage dependent variations. However, increasing salinity ledto significantly higher metabolic derangements which wereparticularly more pronounced at the flowering stage as comparedwith other stages of growth.772 Garg, B.K., Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N.(1984)Relative activities of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in mungbean and clusterbean under dryland condition. Science and Culture.50: 128-130This study suggests that the interplay of processes involved inbiological N 2 fixation and NO 3 assimilation may vary widely indifferent legumes and a generalisation in this area seems ratherdifficult. NO 3 reduction and N 2 ase activity seem to be parallelrather than successive processes. But mung bean and clusterbean,under field drought, showed wide divergence in N 2 -ase, leaf-andnodular-NRA activities.773 Garg, B.K., Venkateswarlu, B., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N.(1984)Nodulation and N 2 -ase activity in clusterbean and moth bean undersalt stress. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 22: 511-512Salt stress decreased the nodule number, dry weight andnitrogenase activity per plant in both clusterbean and moth bean.The specific activity of the nitrogenase significantly increased underNaCl and NaHCO 3 in mothbean but was unaffected in clusterbean.Na 2 SO 4 did not have significant effect on either crop.774 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984)

Influence of repeated water stress on wheat. Proceedings of theIndian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 93: 477-484Fertility-induced performance alterations in wheat (cv Kalyansona)have been evaluated under two cycles of droughts at variousdevelopmental stages and also repeated droughts. The significantalleviation of growth and yield, despite the higher stressexperienced by plants under improved soil fertility, seems to berelated to larger root growth and greater post-drought nutrientuptake and not to favourable tissue water modulations. Limitedwet-period interludes, under repeated stress, reduced theseadvantages. Stress-mediated increases in proline and free aminoacids and decline in chlorophyll content in leaves followedestablished trends. Their levels, however, were relatively higherunder better soil fertility. The proline accumulation was reduced inthe second cycle of drought, as compared to the first, indicating anabsence of hardening effect.775 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984)Study of relative consequences of water and salt stresses in pearlmillet. Science and Culture. 50: 96-97Taking all the facts into consideration the cultivar differences do notacquire any significance, while it seems that this crop generallysuffers more from salt (NaCl) rather than water stress, under acomparable osmotic condition.776 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1986)Effects of saline waters on drought affected cluster bean.Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 96:531-538The influences of saline water irrigation of different concentrations(0, 40, 80 and 120 me L -1) were compared in droughted andundroughted plants of cluster bean (cv. FS-227) at its critical prefloweringstage. Observations recorded on plant water status,diffusive resistance, nodulation behaviour and on differentmetabolic parameters (free proline, reducing sugars, starch andactivities of N 2 -ase and nitrate reductase) after one and seven daysof saline water irrigation revealed that the adverse effects were fargreater in droughted plants revived with saline water, as comparedto those which suffered only salt stress. These resulted in significantdeclines in growth and yield in the former as compared to the lattercase, at all salt concentrations. The seed yield obtained inundroughted plants even under 120 me L -1 , significantly exceededthe level of droughted plants revived with non-saline tap water.

Since drought and salt stresses appeared to have cumulativeadverse effects, it is proposed that irrigation with saline water atthe critical stage, in the beginning of a dry spell, may be morerewarding than irrigation with saline waters at a belated stagewhen the plants have already suffered water stress. Salinity buildupin soil under this condition was not high.777 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N., Mali, P.C. andSharma, P.C. (1993)Salinity-fertility interaction on growth, mineral composition andnitrogen metabolism of Indian mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition.16: 1637-50Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was grown under low fertility(IF) [60,40, and 20 kg ha -1 N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O, respectively] andirrigation with saline waters of different concentrations (0, 50, 100,and 150 meq L -1 ) of the same composition as local ground waters.Although a progressive decline with increasing salinity wasobserved on all parameters, growth and seed yield was consistentlyand significantly greater for the IF as compared to LF plants. Themagnitude of the detrimental effects at increasing salinity was alsoless in the IF as compared to the LF plants. An improvement in theconcentration and uptake of NPK, particularly N, and an increase inK:Na ratio under IF, stimulated nitrate reductase (NR) activity aswell as the ammonia assimilating enzymes, such as GS, GOGAT,and GDH, despite the high salinity. This led to higher levels of freeamino acids and soluble protein in the plants. Starch tissue contentalso showed a marked increase. This suggests the importance offertiliser treatment under salt stress.778 Gill, K.S. (1987)Effect of salinity on germination and seedling establishment in pearlmillet. Current Agriculture. 11: 31-34Under salt stress, varieties WCC-75 and C1 X C1 gave highergermination percentage, shoot and root length than varieties CSP-2and 269 X 269 which gave lowest germination and poor seedlingestablishment. These tolerant varieties were observed to havelowest sodium content and no significant decrease in potassiumconsequently keeping low Na/K ratio disturbances than susceptiblevarieties.779 Gupta, I.C. (1974)Lithium tolerance of wheat, barley, rice and gram at germinationand seedling stage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 8:103-107

The germination percentage was not affected up to 100 ppm inwheat and barley; up to 10 ppm in rice whereas gram was adverselyaffected even at 5 ppm. Sand culture experiments in Petri-dishesusing Li as LiCl, showed that solution concentration of 5 ppmlithium was not toxic for wheat and barley and 10 ppm for rice butgram seedlings appeared to be most sensitive and criticalconcentration appeared to be much lesser than 5 ppm. The rootextension growth was affected more adversely than shoots. Theorder of relative tolerance was as rice > barley > wheat > gram.780 Kackar, N.L., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1978)Influence of morphactin on pearl millet plants under water stress.Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 20: 425-430The effects of foliar application of morphactin (0, 10, 50 and 100ppm) on Pennisetum typhoides (cv. HB3) have been studied underdifferent soil moisture conditions. Morphactin application reducedthe plant height, increased the tillering and leaf number of the mainshoot and adversely affected the growth characters associated withthe grain production. The overall performance of plants was notimproved by morphactin treatment under low moisture regime andit did not impart any efficiency of water use for grain production.Findings on the phosphorus and potassium levels of the shoot tissuesuggested a possibility of its interference in the nutrient uptakeprocess.781 Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1976)Effect of soil fertility on the activities of certain enzymes ofdesiccated wheat leaves. Plant and Soil. 44: 709-713Isolated wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Kalyansona) leaves obtainedfrom plants raised under high and low soil fertility were subjected toquick and slow drying conditions avoiding temperature stress. Theleaves of plants raised under high fertility display higher enzymeactivity (Amylase, acid pyrophosphatase and ATPase) and largechlorophyll content as compared to the leaves of plants raised underlow fertility. Adequate nutrition conducive for greater plant vigourbrings about an efficient enzyme activity and higher chlorophyllcontent, despite desiccation, as compared to plants raised under lowsoil fertility. The hydrature of the tissue need not necessarily be anindex of efficiency of metabolism. Under desiccation leaves of plantsunder high fertility may loose more moisture as compared to leavesof plants raised under low fertility. At the low identical states ofhydrature enzyme activities and chlorophyll content remain higherin leaves of plants raised under high soil fertility.

782 Kathju, S., Kackar, N.L. and Lahiri, A.N. (1980)Effects of nutrients, water deficits, CCC and their interactions ongrowth and development of wheat plants. Agrochimica. 24: 143-148The study on the effects of CCC on various performance parametersof wheat (var. Kalyansona) grown under high and low soil fertilityand soil moisture levels indicated that CCC significantly reducedonly the plant height. The effect of CCC on the nitrogen, phosphorusand potassium contents in the shoot tissue and in grain has alsobeen discussed. High soil fertility even under low moistureconditions seemed to favourably influence the yields.783 Kumar, A.P., Kumar, A., Masik, S.N. and Shamshery, A.P.(1981)Tolerance of some barley varieties to salt stress at seedling stage.Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 24: 304-311Twelve varieties of barley were grown at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS m -1 EC levels using NaCl, NaHCO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 and CaCl 2 together.Tolerance of the varieties to salt stress differed significantly atdifferent salinity levels. Percentage germination decreased withincreasing salinity levels and varieties `DL 7 O' and `RDB-57'showed only 13-16% germination at 20 dS m -1 EC levels. Length anddry weight of shoot and root decreased at the levels of salt stressincreased except in varieties DL-157 and DL-171 which showedinitially an increasing trend up to 12 dS m -1 EC levels and declinedthereafter. Number of roots also decreased as the level of salt stressincreased in all the varieties.784 Kumar, D. (1984)The value of certain plant parameters as an index for salt tolerancein Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plant and Soil. 79: 261-72In a microplot study involving 6 cultivars irrigated three times withwaters varied salinity, germination and seed yield plot -1 decreasedlinearly with rising salinity. Seed yield plant -1 increased withincreasing salinity until at a critical salinity level it fell abruptly.Compared with sensitive cultivars, the tolerant ones showed agreater reduction in stomata/unit area (stomatal frequency) at thecritical salinities (12 dS m -1 and above) of irrigation water, whereasthe decrease in leaf water potential was not so marked at the samesalinity levels. Tolerant cultivars were also notable for having awider K:Na ratio, namely 1.63 and 1.28, respectively, and higheraccumulation of free proline, namely 2.1 and 2.3 mole g -1 , atrespective irrigation water values of 12 and 16 dS m -1 . Reductions inyield at these same salinities was lower, namely 27% and 79.8%,

espectively, in tolerant cultivars compared with 59% and 92%respectively, in sensitive ones.785 Kumar, D. and Malik, R.S. (1983)Salt tolerance in six Indian mustard cultivars. Indian Journal ofAgronomy. 28: 325-331A micro-plot study on salt tolerance of six Indian mustard cultivarsrevealed significant adverse effects of salinity on seed germination,1000-grain weight and yield. Grain yield decreased by 48.4 and86.9% at EC 12 mmhos cm -1 over control during 1978-79 and 1979-80, respectively. Though seed germination was adversely affected byrising salinity, cultivar T-59 was better than others in respect ofgrain yield hence, was rated tolerant whereas, RL-18 was the mostsusceptible one. Oil content decreased but, protein and iodine valuesincreased with the salinity. T-59 was inferior to RL-18 in oil andprotein content but possessed higher iodine value.786 Kumar, D., Daulay, H.S. and Sharma, P.C. (1989)Tolerance of castor to soil salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 249-255Screening of 16 strains of castor (Ricinus communis L.) for salttolerance in micro-plots, filled with naturally salinized soils ofdifferent salinity levels, revealed significant adverse effects ofincreasing salinity on seedling emergence, plant height, clusterlength, stem girth, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Emergence andseed yield were the most seriously affected traits, exhibiting areduction of 85.0 and 90.0% at the salinity of 16.0 and 12.5 dS m -1 atcrop sowing and at maturity, respectively, over the control. StrainsVI9 and 1379 and the hybrid GCH 4 had lesser extent of decrease inyield, and had higher values of mean susceptibility index (MSI).These strains were, therefore, better tolerant than the rest. Tolerantstrains were, in general, marked with more contents of Na and CIin leaf tissue and had lesser reduction of nitrate reductase at ECe16.0 dS m -1 corresponding to ECe 12.0 dS m -1 at maturity of thecrop.787 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1987)Effect of salinity and gamma-ray treatment on alpha-amylaseactivity in 'HD 2009' bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 313-314Effect of salinity and gamma-ray treatment on alpha-amylaseactivity in'HD 2009' bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has beenstudied in this paper.

788 Lahiri, A.N. (1970)Studies on plant-water relationships V influence of soil moisture onplant performance and nitrogen status of the shoot tissue.Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 36 B: 112-124Applications of high doses of nitrogenous fertilisers are not favouredby agronomists under arid conditions. Under unfavourableconditions it leads to the so-called 'burning' of the crop. Our studiesindicate that decrease of soil water close to permanent wilting onlyimpedes the intake of nitrogen. The adverse soil moistureconditions, however, affect the photosynthetic efficiency and drymatter production. Under high dose of fertiliser increased vegetativegrowth is expected to favour greater soil water exploitation.Consequently, if plants wilt, it will automatically increase theammonia nitrogen in the tissue which being toxic with this process.In conclusion it may be said that the information provided in thisinvestigation presents only a part of the complex influence of soilmoisture on plants. It is possible again that the processes ofaccumulation of other nutrients are altogether different from thoseoutlined here for nitrogen.789 Lahiri, A.N. (1975)Water use by desertic vegetation and its hydrological implications.Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 135-148Water use behaviour of certain rainfed vegetation of westernRajasthan has been quantified. Most desert trees display largewater turn-over which is possibly due to their capacity to tap waterfrom great depths. Changes in moisture conditions in the upper soillayers hardly influence the transpiration and relative turgidity ofestablished trees as it is discernible in their seedlings with limitedroot system. The consumptive use of moisture of shallow rootedplants like Pennisetum typhoides, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba,Phaseolus aconitifolius and P. aureus and of grasses with otherassociated vegetation have been described with special reference torainfall and soil water conditions. Modulations in water use byvegetation suggested limited prospect of ground water recharge fromsandy plains.790 Lahiri, A.N. (1978)Plant-water relations as a basis for maximising plant production inthe arid areas. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy.44 B: 344-356This paper deals with various aspects of drought effects on cropplants with insect transpiration potential in droughted plants after

irrigation, nitrogen uptake and metabolism under water stress,nitrogen induced vigour as a measure for drought evasion andprospects of higher production with meagre irrigation water.791 Lahiri, A.N. and Kackar, N.L. (1985)Influence of potassium on plants under soil water deficit. Potassiumand Plant Physiology. 57-65Increase in the K level in sand culture progressively andsignificantly increased the shoot growth and K uptake even underacute soil water deficit. Higher growth and larger uptake was,however, noticed when water was not limiting. It appears thatreduced nutrient availability may be the principle cause of growthreduction under water stress. under conditions of phasic drought,adequate K fertilisation induced growth and yield restoration,irrespective of the stage at which drought was imposed. Thisnutrition-mediated drought avoidance could be related to enhancedK uptake in the wet phase and its use in the dry phase. At differentsoil moisture tensions, when N and P fertilisation promoted drymatterproduction and K availability became limiting, measurabledecline in K concentration in tissue suggested that K limitation maypresent a barrier to optimum production. Thus, adequate Kfertilisation is important under both favourable and water stressconditions. However, it assumes a greater significance in the lattersituation.792 Lahiri, A.N. and Kathju, S. (1973)Influence of soil fertility on the thermo-stability of different enzymesof pearl millet leaves. Proceedings of the Indian National ScienceAcademy. 39 B: 705-709Activities of hydrolysing-enzymes like acid and alkaline pyrophosphatase,acid β-glyceropho- sphatase, acid phenyl-phosphataseand invertase were found to be higher in the leaves of Pennisetumtyphoides (var. RSK) under high soil fertility as compared to thoseobtained from low fertility condition. the magnitude of thisdifference, however, varied in case of different enzymes. In vitrothermo-stability (60±1° C) of these enzymes was more when plantswere grown under high fertility condition although prolongedexposure to high temperature caused inactivation in all cases. It wasconcluded that adequate nutrition conducive for greater plantvigour, brings about efficient enzyme activity and higher level ofactivity is maintained even under hyperthermia, as compared toplants grown under poor soil fertility.793 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1965)

Studies on plant-water relationships : Effects of moisture deficit atvarious developmental stages of bulrush millet. Proceedings of theNational Institute of Science of India. 31 B: 14-23In general, susceptibility to drought increases with the age of theplant although magnitudes of responses may alter in differentphases with respect to different characters under consideration. Itseems that the climax of sensitivity for vegetative growth occurs alittle earlier to maturity and yields affected at 5th and 6th weekstages. It has further been observed with respect to growthcharacters that in the younger plants effects of drought may bereversed under conditions of optimum moisture regime and thisreversion mechanism becomes weaker with ageing. In the light ofeffects of drought on yield characters, it has been speculated thatreversion mechanism during the reproductive phase may not be thateffective. Relatively higher moisture content in the older plantsunder drought conditions and greater vulnerability to moisturestress at those stages lead to the conjecture that in older plantssmall changes in tissue hydration may bring about large changes inmetabolism or it may be that a large part of this moisture remainsin an unavailable state.794 Lahiri, A.N. and Kumar, V. (1966)Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the NationalInstitute of Science of India. 32 B: 116-129A marked reduction in the growth in height was observed whendrought was imposed at the advanced stages. Similarly, for leafnumber drought susceptibility increased from the 4th week stage.For the characters of time taken for ear and anther emergence,grain initiation, to attainment of milky stage and for maturation ofgrains, drought caused minimum adverse effect at the 3-week andthe climax of sensitivity was attained at the 6th week whileintermediary effects were produced at 4- and 5 week stages. Thelength of ear was also significantly reduced by droughting at the 5and 6 week stages. Reduction of thousand grain weight due todrought was only found at the 6 week stage but difference over thecontrol was of a low order of significance. Drought at the 3 weekstage caused marked increase in the grain yield per ear butsignificant reduction was noted at 5 and 6 week stages ofdroughting. Thus, the reversion of drought effect in the young plantsand weakening of this reversion mechanism with age suggests aclose relationship of drought sensitivity and senescence in bulrushmillet. A parallelism of drought sensitivity at differentdevelopmental stages in two varieties (var. RSK and T55), withreference to their respective controls, indicated that the mechanism

of drought action, in general, was similar in both the varieties and acommon mode of action may also be operating in all other varieties.795 Lahiri, A.N. and Sudama Singh. (1968)Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of NationalInstitute of Science of India. 34 B: 313-322Quantitative changes in different nitrogenous substances have beenstudied in 3-week old plants of Pennisetum typhoides with specialreference to changes in soil moisture, tissue moisture, relativehumidity and temperature in a drought cycle. Alterations in thenitrogen metabolism were largely influenced by the tissuehydration. In the initial stages of tissue dehydration increasedaccumulation of soluble nitrogen further increased, due toimpediment of protein synthesis associated to a certain extent, withproteolysis. Increase in the total nitrogen content in the waterdeprivedplants could be due to unrestricted nitrogen uptake andgreater translocation from root to the aerial organs. Inhibition ofprotein synthesis resulted in increase in the level of amino-acidnitrogen in the initial stages of tissue dehydration while in thewilted plants degradation of proteins could also be a contributingfactor. Ammonia nitrogen, which could only be detected in the wiltedplants, showed a sharp decrease on re-watering with an associatedincrease in the level of amide nitrogen suggesting quickincorporation of ammonia with organic acids as a measure againstammonia toxicity. Increase in the nitrate and nitrite nitrogen in thewater-deprived plants lead to the speculation that enzymesparticipating in the nitrate reduction process may be affected bywater shortage.796 Lahiri, A.N. and Singh, S. (1969)Effect of hyperthermia on the nitrogen metabolism of Pennisetumtyphoides. Proceedings of National Institute of Science of India.35 B: 132-138This investigation was undertaken to study the effects ofhyperthermia on the nitrogen metabolism of Pennisetum typhoides.For this purpose alterations in the levels of various nitrogenoussubstances have been studied after exposing three-week-old plantsto high temperature conditions (48 ±1° C) for different duration of 24hours. Soil water stress was negligible during the experimentalperiod. High temperature conditions triggered off proteolysis leadingto increased accumulation of soluble nitrogenous substances.Increased organic acid production under hyperthermia may be abasis for heat hardiness in plants. Large increase in nitrate andnitrite nitrogen beyond six hours has been thought to be caused by

progressive oxidation of ammonia. The mechanism of action of heatand moisture stress has been compared and differences in metabolicevents have been outlined.797 Lahiri, A.N., Singh, S. and Kackar, N.L. (1973)Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the IndianNational Science Academy. 39 B: 77-90The adverse effect of drought, no matter at which stage of growththe water shortage was experienced, may be substantially evadedwhere optimum plant vigour was induced by adequate level of soilfertility, particularly of nitrogen, the variation of which has beenstudied here. It has been demonstrated in both the varieties that theplant performance remained superior, despite drought, under higherdose of nitrogen. Under such conditions root growth was increasedand the ear emergence was hastened. Drought decreased theabsolute nitrogen content per plant at subsequent stages ascompared to undroughted plants. But high dose of nitrogen helpedto maintain high endogenous level of nitrogen per plant underdrought conditions and the level was comparable or higher thancontrol plants under lower nitrogen doses. Varietal traits anddrought effects have been discussed with special reference tonitrogen level.798 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. Vyas, S.P. and Mali, P.C.(1987)Responses of clusterbean to soil salinity. Annals of Arid Zone. 26:33-42Final plant growth and seed yield significantly reduced only at 6mmhos cm -1 and above. However, the adverse effects of salinity onthe levels of leaf metabolites at the pre-flowering stage werediscernible at a lower salinity level (4 mmhos cm -1 and above).Activities of different enzymes (i.e. nitrate reductase, protease,peroxidase, acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases) displayed variablesensitivity to salt concentration (2 to 6 mmhos cm -1) . Increasingsalinity progressively increased the Na concentration and uptake inthe shoot tissue without causing significant changes in the N, P andK concentrations. But their uptakes were reduced due to the declinein dry matter production. Taking all facts into consideration, crophas been deemed suitable for cultivation in salt affected areas undersummer fallow.799 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Mali, P.C.(1996)

Genotypic differences to soil salinity in clusterbeen. Arid SoilResearch and Rehabilitation. 10: 333-345This study relates the changes in performance (dry matter, seedyield, and leaf area), mineral composition (N, P, K, Na and Cl),concentrations of leaf metabolites (chlorophyll, starch, reducingsugars, soluble protein, free proline, and free amino acids), andactivities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase at soilsalinity of 10 dS m -1 in 10 genotypes of clusterbean. Based on theextent of reduction in seed yield genotypes were initially categorisedas tolerant (Malosen and HFG-182), moderately tolerant (AG-111,Kutch-8, KVS -2, DP Safed, and B-22-11-55), and sensitive(Durgajai, FS-277, and B-31-1-55) to increased salinity. Theresponses between the tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinitywere different in all the parameters. The responses of themoderately tolerant genotypes to salinity were variable andinconsistent. The sensitive genotypes had higher concentrations ofNa and Cl in the shoot tissue and also a lower K : Na ratio understress as compared to tolerant genotypes. Some sensitive (FS-277)and moderately tolerant genotypes (DP Safed, KVS-2, and Kutch-8)provided yields comparable to tolerant ones under salt stressbecause of their high yield potential. Reliable evaluation of toleranceto salinity seems to warrant consideration of diverse physiologicalparameters in a fairly large number of genotypes.800 Lahiri, A.N., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S., Vyas, S.P., Mali, P.C. andBurman, U. (1992)Influence of the duration of favourable moisture between droughtson wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 191-194The first cycle of drought imposed for a period of 10 days on separatesets of plants at 51, 54, 57 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) causedcomparable reductions in plant water potential, relative turgidity(RT%) and grain yield. All these plants were simultaneouslysubjected to a second cycle of drought at 73 DAS for a uniformperiod of 9 days. Observations on ψ plant, RT, stomatal resistanceand also contents of free amino acids, free proline and solubleprotein, at the end of the second drought cycle and 48 h afterirrigation, indicated that the adverse effects of water stress weremore severe in plants which were given shorter (3 and or 6 days)compared to longer (9 and 12 days) periods of adequate soil moisturebetween two droughts. Changes in the activities of amylase, nitratereductase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6- phosphatedehydrogenase generally revealed a similar trend. Notwithstandinga larger decline in grain yield under two, as compared to one cycle of

drought, the grain yield was also depressed more under shorter (3and 6 days) as compared to longer (9 and 12 days) period ofadequate water supply between the stress events. Evidencesprovided here show that, among other factors, the period offavourable moisture between droughts has a significant influence onmetabolism and crop performance.801 Malik, R.S., Karwasra, S.P.S. and Khera, A.P. (1992)Effect of chloride and bicarbonate on sulphur uptake and dry matteryield of raya. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 195-197A pot culture experiment with sandy soil low in available S wasconducted to study the effect of anion application on S uptake anddry matter yield of raya. Sulphur application @ 30 μg g -1 increasedthe dry matter yield of raya (Brassica juncea Coss) var. RH-30. Thedeleterious effect of Cl and HCO 3 anions was only visible at higherdose of S. High dose of anions reduced the dry matter yield at all Slevels. Sulphur uptake was positively correlated with yield and Sconcentration in raya irrespective of the salts applied.802 Maliwal, G.L. and Paliwal, K.V. (1970)Salt tolerance studies on some bajra (Pennisetum typhoides)varieties at germination stage. Journal of the Indian Society of SoilScience. 18: 209-14Fifteen bajra) varieties were studied for the relative salt and alkalitolerance at germination stage using five levels each of salinity andSAR. The time of emergence was delayed and the percentagegermination decreased with increase in the salinity, SAR or both.Significant varietal differences have been observed in relation to thesalt tolerance at the germination stage.803 Manga, V.K. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1981)Effect of salinity on germination and early seedling growth ofdifferent millet crops. Agriculture Science Digest. 1: 100-102Relative tolerance of Pennisetum typhoides (BJ 104) Setaria italica(Se-21-1) and Panicum miliaceum (PM 31) to salt solutions of sevendifferent salinity levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mmhos cm -1 ) wasstudied at germination and early seedling stage. Delay and declinein germination in all the three crops with the increase in salinitywas observed. Bajra was found to be the most salt tolerant thaneither of Setaria and Panicum in respect to germination and rootand shoot growth.804 Manga, V.K. and Yadav, O.P. (1995)

Effect of seed size on developmental traits and ability to toleratedrought in pearl millet. Journal of Arid Environments. 29: 169-172Seeds of seven genotypes were graded into small and large sizes tostudy the influence of seed size on the field performance of pearlmillet under moisture stress conditions. Analysis of variancerevealed that both seed size and genotypes significantly influencedearly vigour, number of tillers per plant, plant height, days towilting initiation, days to permanent wilting and dry matterproduction. Larger seeds in general produced vigorous seedlings,taller plants with greater tillering and higher levels of dry matter.Plants from larger seeds took longer to initiate wilting and thenpermanent wilting compared with plants from smaller seeds. Weightof 1000 grains significantly and positively correlated with all traitsstudied except plant height. To improve the performance of pearlmillet under arid conditions, conditioning of the seed lots for seedsize is suggested.805 Manohar, M.S. and Mathur, M.K. (1965)Germination studies of Pennisetum typhoides seeds treated withsuccinic acid under different water potentials. Annals of Arid Zone.4: 141-151Bajra seeds were treated with various concentrations of succinicacid for different periods and were subjected to different osmoticpotentials to investigate their effects on the rate, total germinationand seedling growth. Succinic acid treatment did not effect any ofthe characters whereas the osmotic potentials influencedgermination and dry weight of seedlings.806 Manohar, M.S., Suraj Bhan and Prasad, R. (1968)Germination in lower osmotic potential as an index of droughtresistance in crop plants - a review. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 82-88Not much systematic work has been done in the past to confirm anyof the prevailing hypotheses. Various workers working with variouscrop species, using different levels of osmotic potentials, producedfrom various chemicals, and under varying environmentalconditions have reported conflicting results. It is, therefore, difficultto conclude a definite relationship between the germinability ofseeds in lower osmotic potentials and its relation to droughtresistance in the resultant crop plants. A clear thought, however,seems to emerge regarding the suitability of various chemicalswhich have been used in the past e.g. sodium chloride,polyvinylpyrrollidone, sucrose, glycerol and mannitol may enterinside the germinating seeds and thus their effects are much more

complex than producing drought. Recent work has, however shownthat the true osmotic stress may be produced by using polyethyleneglycol (Carbowax) solutions.807 Mathur, C.M., Moghe, V.B. and Khetawat, G.K. (1967)Studies on the salt tolerance of various improved wheat varieties atgermination and seedling stage in sodium chloride and sodiumsulphate solutions. LABDEV Journal of Science and Technology. 5:254-257Germination percentage and length of root and shoot in all varietieswere more affected by sodium chloride than sodium sulphate at theequivalent concentrations. Kharchi variety and NP 860 performedbest with Na 2 SO 4 and NaCl, respectively. In general, Sonara 64, NP860, K 65, H-7-2 and H-7-8 varieties were found to be salt tolerantto a considerable degree.808 Meher-Homji, V.M. (1965)Aridity and semi-aridity - a phyto-climatic consideration withreference to India. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 152-163An improved version of the Schardakow dye technique has beendescribed as applied in the present study for the measurement ofwater potential of Ricinus communis leaf. This consisted of five leafdiscs of one centimetre per millilitre of lightly coloured test solutionwith methylene blue indicator and two hours of equilibrating period.809 Misra, D.K. (1956)Relation of root development to drought resistance of plants. IndianJournal of Agronomy 1: 41-46The study revealed that the capacity of any variety or strain todevelop a root system rapidly in the early stages of growth is animportant feature of drought resistance in plants.810 Misra, D.K. (1957)Drought resistance in plants when grown at different moisturelevels and rate of transpiration. Indian Journal of Agronomy.1: 167-175Green house investigations were conducted on four strains of corn tostudy the drought survival percentage of plants raised at 1/3, 2/3and field capacity available ranges of water in the soil, and therelation between drought resistance and water requirements. Theability of strains to resist drought was significantly influenced bythe level of moisture at which plants are grown. the recovery of

plants grown at field capacity when subjected to drought was verypoor and comparatively high at 1/3 available moisture. There was noevidence of real difference between drought resistance and droughtsusceptible strains in transpiration rate.811 Misra, D.K. (1961)Inducing drought resistance in crops. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Science, India. 31: 117-125The hardening process consisted in allowing plants to grow withscant moisture supply. Plants grown under such stress conditionswere assumed to have hardened. Hardened plants processed greaterresistance to drought in both resistant and susceptible types.812 Misra, D.K. (1962)Inducing drought resistance in cereals by pre-sowing seedtreatments. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 46-53The percentage survival of plants after drought from treated seedswas higher at growth stages. This survival increased with increasein plant age. Sodium sulphate, Sodium chloride and Potassiumnitrate proved better than ammonium sulphate for pre-seedtreatment to induce drought resistance in cereals. Greater degree ofdrought resistance was shown by plants grown at field capacity ascompared to plants grown at two-third and one-third field capacity.813 Misra, D.K. and Daulay, H.S. (1963)The resistance of bajra seedlings to soil drought. Indian Journal ofAgronomy. 7: 240-245The plants were grown in six inches earthen pots field with wellmixed air dried mixture of clay, sand and farmyard manure in equalparts. The artificial drought was created by withholding the soilmoisture supply to the plants. The plants were given regularwatering, after these were subjected to differential period ofdrought. The finding are Bajra variety JTR (Jetsar) showed betterability to withstand drought when subjected to 5, 7 and 9-dayperiods of drought compared to other three varieties tested. Nineday period of drought had caused maximum plant mortality ascompared to 5-and 7-day period of drought. The plant survival indirect competition at four and six weeks age when subjected tovarious periods of drought has exhibited that the order of theirsurvival has been JTR (Jetsar), JJNU (Jhunjhunu), SRDR(Sardarshahar) and RSK. The 6-week old plants showed higherdesiccation and crop loss due to plant mortality. This mortalityincreased with the prolonged as the drought period.

814 Nathawat, K.S., Joshi, P., Bagrecha, L.R. and Bhargava, P.D.(1969)Influence of soil drought on the relation between yield and yieldcomponents in Brassica campestris L. Var. sarson prain. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 39: 397-399Correlation in Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain was studiedunder conditions of soil drought for number of primary branches,number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, number ofseeds per plant, and height. A negative correlation between primaryand secondary branches was found. The number of pods per plantwas positively correlated with primary branches, Primary brancheswere negatively correlated with yield. The number of pods per plantincreased the yield significantly.815 Paliwal, K.V. and Maliwal, G.L. (1973)Salt tolerance of some arhar (Cajanus indicus) and cowpea (Vignacinencis) varieties at germination and seedlings stages. Annals ofArid Zone. 12: 135-144The germination percentage and the height of the seedlingsdecreased with the increase of salinity. Varieties showed significantdifferences in their salt tolerance behaviour in germination andelongation of shoots. Most of arhar and cowpea varieties are salttolerant from 6 to 12 mmhos/cm. In general, arhar is more salttolerant than cowpea.816 Patel, M.M. and Mehta, H.M. (1984)Effect of growth regulators on mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernand coss.) variety varuna under stress and non-stress conditions ofsoil moisture. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 249-254Under non-stress conditions of soil moisture, application of succinicacid and cycocel gave significantly higher yield of mustard. Betweengrowth regulators, concentrations and frequency of spray, thedifferences were not apparent. Single spray application of 500 ppmsuccinic acid at 43 DAS along with three irrigation gave 14.10% andwith single irrigation gave 11.45% higher yield over no application.The incremental cost: benefit ratios for growth regulators wereencouraging. It was 1:6.69 for succinic acid and 1:3.53 for cycocelunder stress conditions of soil moisture.817 Ramesh Babu, V., Murthy, P.S.S. and Reddy, D. Narasimha.(1984)

Moisture stress effects at different phenophases in four groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 13-20Spanish bunch groundnut cultivars (TMV 2, J 11, DH 3-30 andJyoti) regulate vegetative growth under moisture stress and exhibithigher rates of leaf area expansion and biomass production uponalleviation of stress. They however, show continued loss of groundcover and biomass production when stressed beyond early poddevelopment phase. No significant variability was observed amongstthe four cultivars in the above features. Results indicate that soilmoisture stress during the vegetative, flowering, pegging and earlypod development caused no significant losses in yields. On the otherhand plants with adequate water supply in the above phases thatwere exposed to stress in their late pod development and podmaturation periods showed significant reduction of yields.818 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1987)Nitrogen fixation as influenced by water stress in selected croplegumes of the Indian arid zone. Arid Soil Research andRehabilitation. 1: 89-96The comparative sensitivity of nitrogen fixation process in threecrop legumes, viz., mung bean, clusterbean and moth bean wasevaluated under varying intensities of water stress in a pot cultureexperiment. Even a mild level of stress, i.e. a drop in plant waterpotential of -0.4 MPa significantly reduced the nitrogenase activityin all the three species, while the nodule number and fresh weightshowed a gradual decline with increasing stress. The thresholdlimits for nitrogenase activity were found to be -2.4, -2.2 and -1.8MPa in clusterbean, mung bean and moth bean, respectively. For acomparative stress level the activity in cluster bean was found to bethe least sensitive followed by mung bean and moth bean. Withincreasing stress intensity there was an accumulation of ureides inboth the nodules and shoots of mung bean and moth bean while noeffect was found in cluster bean. Water stress also caused areduction in transpiration and shoot dry weight in all the threespecies.819 Rathore, A.K., Sharma, R.K. and Lal, P. (1977)Relative salt tolerance of different varieties of barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) at germination and seedling stage. Annals of Arid Zone.16: 53-60Germination was delayed and the percentage of germinationdecreased with an increase in salinity levels. The varieties 'Mexican19’, ‘Russian 20’, ‘Jyoti’, ‘Belodi 16’, ‘N.P. 21’, ‘BHD 44' and 'RSD 29'

germinated satisfactorily up to the EC level of 32 mmhos cm -1 . Onlytwo varieties i.e. 'Jyoti' and 'Russian 20' had more than 50 per centgermination at the salinity level of 40 mmhos/cm. 'RDB 1’, ‘RMB 9’,‘RS 6','C 138’, ‘RS 55’, ‘RD 31’, ‘Mexican 22' and 'BL 41' couldgerminate satisfactorily only at EC level of 24 mmhos/cm. 'BAG 1’,‘HD 37','K 15/96-1’, ‘RD 57’, ‘RD 118’, ‘DG 2' and 'DL 26' had theleast relative salt tolerance of all the varieties.820 Reddy, M.P. (1987)Effect of NaCl salinity on protein metabolism of pearl millet(Pennisetum typhoides) seedlings. Transactions of the Indian Societyof Desert Technology. 12: 59-69Seeds of pearl millet were sown in distilled water and in 0.4% NaClsolution of 0.4% (-2.89 bars) and 0.8% (-5.58 bars). Protein, freeamino acids, RNA and enzymes protease, nitrate reductase, andRNase activities were estimated in endosperm and embryo axisafter 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of germination. In cudoslena proteinbreakdown was delayed by NaCl treatments as compared to control.However, levels of free amino acids were unaffected. The delay inbreakdown of protein was not due to proteolytic activity which wasunchanged by salinity. However, endosperm exhibited slightenhancement of nitrate reductase activity in saline conditions. NaClalso caused an inhibition in RNase activity and RNA hydrolysis inthe endosperm, whereas embryo axis showed an increase in theactivity of RNase under saline conditions as compared to control.821 Reddy, M.P. and Vora, A.B. (1985)Effect of salinity on protein metabolism in bajra (Pennisetumtyphoides S and H) leaves. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28:190-195Changes in protein soluble protein, free amino acids and RNAcontents and protease and ribonuclease activities were determinedin bajra leaves under 0.2 (34.2 meq) and 0.4% (68.4 meq) NaClsalinity during progressive maturation. Protein and RNA contentswere decreased by salinity. Soluble protein showed a little variationwhile amino acid content, protease and ribonuclease activities wereincreased in leaves of the treated plants.822 Roy, P.K. (1991)Effect of salinity on variability and correlation in wheat seedlings.Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 61-63Genotypic coefficient of variation increased under saline conditionsfor germination and coleoptile length. Germinability at high salt

concentrations, instead of low or moderate salinity would be a moreuseful criterion for early screening of genotypes for salinitytolerance.823 Saxena, M.B.L. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1981)Effect of salinity on the germination and growth of radicle andplumule of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) varieties. Annals of AridZone. 20: 203-207Varieties babapuri, RSK and BJ 104 of pearl millet were tested fortheir tolerance to six levels of water salinity at germination. Percent germination, radicle length and plumule length were studied.Varieties babapuri and BJ 104 withstood high salinity better thanRSK on account of their longer radicles and plumules and thesecharacters are suggested as criterion in selection for salinitytolerance.824 Sharma, P.C., Mali, P.C., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. andLahiri, A.N. (1989)Interactive effects of soil fertility and salt stress on the activities ofcertain enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in mustard. CurrentScience. 58: 390-392Increasing salinity of irrigation water progressively reduced thelevel of soluble protein and activities of enzymes of nitrogenmetabolism (NR, GS, GOGAT and GDH) of Indian mustard at prefloweringand flowering stages of growth. But plants raised underimproved soil fertility condition displayed a greater efficiency of allthese enzymes despite salt stress at both the stages.825 Sharma, S.K., Joshi, Y.C. and Bal, A.R. (1984)Osmotic and ionic effects in salt sensitive and resistant wheatvarieties. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27: 153-158Twenty five day old seedlings of wheat varieties known for theirsensitivity (HD-4502) and resistance (Kharchia-65) to salineconditions were exposed to iso-osmotic levels of NaCl andpolyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000) in a hydroponics experiment. NaClproved more inhibitory to growth of HD-4502 whereas PEG wasmore detrimental to Kharchia-65. The poor performance of the saltsensitive variety under NaCl was traced to excessive accumulationof Na and Cl ions. The better performance of the salt resistant‘Kharchia’ was because of its success in osmotic adjustment withoutexposing itself to excess of ions.826 Singh, G. (1980)

Relative salt tolerance of different varieties of guar (Cyamopsistetragonoloba) and cowpea (Vigna catjung) at germination andseedling stages. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 14: 155-158Five varieties of each crop were given three salinity treatments (2.5-10.0 mmhos cm -1 ). C. tetragonoloba `Malason' and the cowpea FS 68were the most resistant representatives of their respective crops.827 Slatyer, R.O. (1964)Efficiency of water utilisation by arid zone vegetation. Annals ofArid Zone. 3: 1-12Water use efficiency is generally expressed in terms of the'transpiration ratio", the ratio of transpiration (or, under naturalconditions, total evaporation) to apparent photosynthesis (or totaldry matter production). Typical values for the transpiration ratioare lowest for high soil evaporation, inadequate photosyntheticsurface, and infrequent brief periods of photosynthesis increase theratio observed.828 Upadhyaya, A., Reel, S., Tikku, A., Trivedi, S., andSankhla, N. (1981)Bio-regulants and metabolic patterns under stress. III. Interactionbetween salt and cycocel. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 6: 128-131Salt and cycocel (CCC) together inhibited the seedling growth ofmung and caused a decrease in leaf pigments, total sugar andreducing sugar levels in the leaves, but sucrose content increasedafter the treatment. CCC by itself had little effect, but was found todecrease the salt-induced accumulation of proline. Salt and CCC inboth cases increased the activities of peroxidase and alpha-amylase,but had no effect on the activity of polyphenol oxidase or alkalinepyro-phosphatase. CCC promoted the activity of acid pyrophosphatase,but effect was counteracted by salt.829 Upadhyaya, A., Reel, S., Tikku, A., Trivedi, S. and Sankhla, N.(1981)Effect of salt on early seedling growth and metabolic patterns inmung. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.6: 124-127Salt inhibited the extension of the hypocotyl and root, and reducedthe number of laterals in seedlings of mung. It also inducedmeasurable increases in total sugars, sucrose and free proline but

arrested the formation of pigments and reducing sugars in theleaves. Peroxidase activity increased, but no increase in polyphenoloxidase activity was observed. Activity of alkaline pyrophosphatasewas slightly inhibited, but the activity of acid pyrophosphatase wasnot affected.830 Varshney, K.A. (1980)Growth and development of two differentially salinized guarvarieties under the influence of some hormones. Indian Journal ofPlant Physiology. 23: 199-205Studies were made to determine the interaction between the growthregulating substances IAA and kinetin and salinity on the growthand development of two varieties of guar. Growth of guar (Var. S2395) was stimulated with treatments by both of these hormones incontrols not treated with salts. Both varieties grow poorly undernon-saline conditions because of some hormonal imbalance. IAA wasfound to stimulate growth at all salinity levels for both varietieswhile kinetin proved to be inhibitory for growth and elongation ofplants at higher salinity level. Chlorophyll content decreased withsalt treatment and was not significantly influenced by hormonaltreatments. IAA had little influence on water content in roots andshoots, whereas plants treated with kinetin showed reduction intheir water contents.831 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1987)Quantitative effects of field water deficits on N 2 (C 2 H 2 ) fixation inselected legumes grown in the Indian desert. Biology and Fertility ofSoils. 5: 18-22The nitrogenase activity of irrigated and rainfed plants of mungbean, clusterbean and moth bean was studied throughout thegrowth period in order to estimate the reduction in the potentialnitrogen fixation (C 2 H 2 reduction) rate due to field water deficits.Nitrogenase activity followed a similar trend in all crops and wasdependent on both plant ontogeny and soil moisture levels. The lossof activity due to water deficits varied from 13% to 100% at differentgrowth stages and was related to the plant water potential. Thespecific activity was directly correlated with the plant waterpotential under both the treatments. The average loss of nitrogenfixation rate during the season did not differ markedly among crops.There was an accumulation of ureides in the nodules withincreasing field moisture stress in mung bean and moth bean whileno such effect was found in clusterbean. The significance of theseresults is discussed in the N-economy of these legumes grown in thedrought-prone areas of the Indian desert.

832 Venkateswarlu, B. , Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N.(1983)Effect of water stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of guar(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Proceedings of the IndianAcademy of Sciences (Plant Science). 92: 297-301The effect of water stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofguar was studied at both vegetative and flowering stages. Stress didnot induce any change in the nodule number but caused asignificant reduction in nodule fresh weight. Drought-inducedreduction in nitrogenase activity was observed at both the stages.Upon rewatering, rapid recovery in the activity was noticed whichseems to be related to the adaptation of this legume to arid region.833 Vyas, S.P. and Sankhla, N. (1977)Role of bio-regulants in growth and productivity of desert plants II.Effects of morphactins on growth, flowering, protein and phosphoruscontent in Sesamum. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 2: 246-254Morphactins when used at a low concentration (10 ppm) increasedplant height, number of branches, number of nodes and internodallength. The leaf growth and dry matter was also affected favourably.Both the derivatives also promoted reproductive growth. Totalprotein content of the treated plants decreased but the phosphoruscontent increased as compared to untreated control.834 Vyas, S.P., Bohra, S.P. and Sankhla, N. (1973)Antagonism between morphactin and ethylene in root-coiling ofIpomoea pentaphylla. Zeitscbrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie. 68: 183-188Ethrel (2-chloroethane-phosphonic acid), and ethylene generatingcompound, caused extensive coiling of the main root of Impomoeapenetaphylla seedlings. This effect of ethrel could be almostcompletely reversed if morphactin was added simultaneously.835 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983)Sensitivity of Sesamum indicum L. to soil moisture stress atdifferent developmental stages. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 191-197Results relate performance alteration in Sesamum indicum L. dueto water stress at different stages of growth. Stress inducedmaximum adverse effects at 30 and 40 days from slowing when thegrand period of growth and flowering just commenced. Favourablemoisture condition at subsequent stages did not alleviate this

irreversible damage although growth, flowering and fruitingcontinued due to the indeterminate flowering habit of the crop. Theyield reduction seemed to be linked with reduction in seed numberper capsule and 1000-seed weight. Causes of irreversible changes atthe critical stage could not be ascertained from the study ofmetabolites, such as, proline, free amino-acids, soluble protein,reducing sugars and starch, as well as activities of enzymes likenitrate reductase, alkaline pyro-phosphatase and peroxidase in theleaves, at wilting and recovery of 30-days old plants. Droughtmediated reduction in seed yield was associated with increase in oilcontent and with indications of decline in protein andcarbohydrates.836 Vyas, S.P., Garg, B.K., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1987)Influence of soil fertility on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) underrepeated water stress. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 259-266The dry matter production and seed yield of plants under one or twocycles of drought were significantly more under IF than under LFconditions notwithstanding the fact that ψ plant RT% and diffusiveresistance indicated relatively more water stress in the former thanin the latter condition. This advantage was, however, lost underthree cycles of drought. IF-plants under one or two cycles of droughthad higher absolute nitrogen content which declined in the thirdcycle. Improved soil fertility generally increased both oil content ofseeds and oil yield per plant. Droughts marginally increased the oilcontent of seeds but reduced the oil yield per plant.837 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1985)Performance and metabolic alterations in Sesamum indicum L.under different intensities of water stress. Annals of Botany. 56:323-331Effects of mild (ψ plant - 0.7 MPa), moderate (-1.6 MPa) and severe(-2.2 MPa) water stress on diverse plant processes were comparedwith the control(-0.2 MPa) at the critical stage of onset of floweringof Sesamum indicum L., under pot-culture conditions.Measurements were taken on different aspects of growth,development and yield, uptake and concentration of N and P in theshoot and also the oil, protein and carbohydrate contents of seeds atharvest. Changes in the levels of leaf metabolites and the activitiesof leaf enzymes were estimated just before the end of droughtperiods of different intensities. The effects of water stress on thevarious parameters generally increased with the increase in stressintensity, but a discernible change, large or small, occurred in allcases under mild stress.

838 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1991)Effects of duration of `wet period' between two drought events andsoil fertility status on performance and metabolism of Sesamumindicum L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 18: 96-100Longer favourable moisture periods between two drought events at25 and 35 DAS and improvement in soil fertility status lessened theadverse effects of second drought at 35 DAS. The longer periods ofmoisture availability has significant effect on growth, yield andmetabolic efficiency of plants. The beneficial effects of longer wetperiods between two drought events enlarged with improvement insoil fertility.839 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996)Activities of nitrate reductase and ammonia assimilating enzymes ofmoth bean under water stress. Science and Culture. 62: 213-214Increasing moisture stress from -0.70 to -2.5 Mpa progressively andsignificantly decreased the nitrate reductase activity and solubleprotein content in moth bean plants. The activities of primeenzymes of ammonia assimilation (GS and GOGAT) also declined.However, GDH activity increased in plants experiencing a stress of -1.5 Mpa or more. The activity of GDH probably increases as anadaptive mechanism to accumulated ammonia.840 Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1996)Response of clusterbean genotypes to shade. Indian Journal of PlantPhysiology. 1: 234-238In clusterbean genotypes (FS-277, Suvidha and Maruguar) shade(25 and 50%) induced by white cotton fabrics increased the plantwater status, transpiration rates, levels of chlorophyll, protein andaminoacids. Activities of NR, GS and GDH increased but GOGATactivity decreased. Increase in pod and seed number per plant due toshade improved the seed yield of shaded plants. Variety Suvidhawas most benefited among three genotypes studied, due to shade.Integrated Nutrient Management841 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kaul, P. (1978)Loss of nitrogen as ammonia volatilisation from urea on loamy sandsoil of Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 242-245A loss of about 18 per cent took place within 14 days of ureaapplication, the greater part of the loss (10 per cent) occurred during

the first three days. The losses of N as volatilisation can, therefore,be brought down to minimum if urea is placed in the plough depth.842 Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1981)Evaluation of soil fertility status of stabilised and unstabiliseddunes of the Indian desert. Agrochimica. 25: 54-60The available literature on the soil fertility conditions of the Indianarid zone does not indicate any comparative evaluation of the soils ofthe unstabilised and stabilised (vegetated) dunes which abound over58 per cent of 1, 96, 150 km² of this desert. consequent upon thedevelopment of the technique of sand dune stabilisation in thisInstitute, shifting dunes over an area of 5467 ha have also beenstabilised through introduction of plants. The crux of the problem inthis regard is to assess whether soil fertility status of dunes isadequate for sustaining vegetation and the influences of theintroduction vegetation on the fertility conditions of the unstabiliseddunes. Present study is directed towards understanding theseproblems.843 Aggarwal, R.K. and Prasad, M.V.R. (1981)Cation exchange capacity of roots and its relation to nitrogenaddition to soil in certain green gram (Vigna radiata) varieties.Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 17-21Relationship between the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of rootsand nitrogen addition to soil was studied in a wide range of greengram(Vigna radiata) varieties. It was observed that CEC of roots atflower initiation stage is positively correlated to the total nitrogenadded to soil by green gram varieties and as such may serve as anindicator to select varieties of green gram for high nitrogen additionto soil.844 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1993)Changes in soil nitrogen due to cultivation of grain legumesfertilised with phosphate in an arid loamy sand soil. Annals of AridZone. 32: 195-196Phosphorus application to legumes enhanced the per cent N innodule and weight of nodules. Cultivation of legumes increased inorganic carbon by 12.5 to 15.0% over the initial level and with Papplication, this level further increased from 21.2 to 28.7%.845 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1994)Availability and management of nitrogen in soils of arid ecosystem.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 1-18

The available literature on status of soil nitrogen, its succession andtransformation under natural ecosystems suggest the variability inarid regions which are dependent on the soil climatic conditions. InIndian arid zone particularly western Rajasthan, the organic carbonand nitrogen are reported as low as 0.05% and 0.007% respectivelyin sand dunes, however, the stabilisation of dunes with vegetationincreases these contents albeit slowly. Amongst tree species ,Prosopis cineraria has been found to be a soil fertility restorer.Compared to the figure of 4 kg N ha -1 annum -1 for Indiansubcontinent, the precipitation in arid region of western Rajasthanbrings about 6-10 kg N ha -1 annum -1 , however in Negev desert ofIsrael, this value goes up to 20 kg N ha -1 annum -1 . Amongst differentpathways of N loss, NH 3 volatilisation is a major process operatingin arid region. The ways to reduce such losses have been discussed.Use of on-farm organic residues and inclusion of legumes in croprotation, are some of the management practices suggested whichensure importance for sustainable production, fertility maintenanceand enhancing fertiliser N use efficiency in arid region.846 Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1996)Integrated use of farm yard manure and fertiliser-N for sustainedyield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in an arid region. Annalsof Arid Zone. 35: 29-35Effects of organic manure (FYM) on yield of pearl millet, efficiencyof applied nitrogen and soil fertility were studied under rainfedfarming for seven years (1983-1989) in Jodhpur. Pearl millet yieldwas strongly dependent on the distribution of rainfall, particularlyat the reproductive phase. Total biomass yield (grain + straw) washighest for plots receiving FYM @ 10 t ha -1 annum -1 in good rainfallas well as in drought years. Fertiliser nitrogen up to 80 kg ha -1increased yield in good rainfall years, but in drought years, nosignificant effect was observed beyond 40 kg N ha -1 . Application offertiliser N along with FYM further increased yield. Yield with 40kg N ha -1 + FYM was nearly equal to that obtained with 80 kgfertiliser N ha -1 alone. FYM significantly increased the utilisationefficiency of fertiliser N by crop and status of organic carbon,available N, P and micro-nutrients in soil. Residual N effects wereobserved for plots receiving FYM but no such residual effects wereobserved for fertiliser N.847 Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, V.K. (1983)Note on the effect of added sulphur on the mineralisation of nitrogenin desert sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 95-97

A study was conducted to assess the influence of sulphur onnitrogen mineralisation in desert sandy soil which is poor in organiccarbon. Application of SO 4 -S caused a slight decrease in NH 4 -N upto 90 days of incubation but increased at 120 days while NO 3 -Nfollowed a reverse trend. Maximum increase in mineralised N wasobserved after 30 days of incubation period.848 Aggarwal, R.K. and Singh, P. (1978)Effect of Zn and P levels on the concentration and uptake of N and N/ Zn ratio in rainfed pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 267-272The concentration and total N uptake increased with the increase inlevels of Zn and P, but decreased when higher levels of one elementwere combined with low levels of another. Drought during cropgrowth increased the concentration of N but decreased total uptake.N/Zn ratio in grain was 2-3 times higher than either in straw orroot. Decrease in N/Zn ratio negatively affected the quality andproduction of grain.849 Aggarwal, R.K. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1989)Long term effect of manure and fertilisers on important croppingsystems of arid region. Fertiliser News. 34: 67-70The soils of arid region are mostly sandy in nature. They are notonly thirsty but hungry too. The yield levels of rainfed crops are lowdue to low and uncertain rainfall. To realise the crop productionpotential on sustainable basis, use of mix or organic and chemicalfertilisers has been found to be greatly needed in these drylands.Such a blend improves the soil environment and stabilises cropproduction. The results of studies on long term use of manure andfertilisers conducted in arid regions have been reviewed anddiscussed in this paper. The results indicate a positive response oforganic wastes on yield of crops as well as soil properties.Introduction of legume in crop rotation was found to be beneficial inN economy and soil fertility build up. Smaller but repeatedapplication of organic wastes along with smaller quantities ofchemical fertilisers is suggested taking into account the lowmoisture and high temperature conditions.850 Aggarwal, R.K., Dhir, R.P. and Kaul, P. (1977)Study on nitrogen fractions in some arid zone soils differentiallymanaged under normal rainfed farming and saline-sodic water use.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 25: 112-117It was found that there was increase in NO 3 -N, hydrolysable-N,animo acid-N and hexosamine-N in soils irrigated with saline-sodic

water. The soils under rainfed farming contained higher amount ofunidentified and non-hydrolysable-N. Na + and SO 4 ions inirrigation water were significantly correlated with soil amino acidand hexosamine-N fractions but negatively correlated withunidentified-N.851 Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, J.P. and Kaul, P. (1980)Nitrogen mineralisation as affected by the addition of pondsediments and bentonite clay to a sandy soil under differentmoisture regimes. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 28:444-449The effect of addition of bentonite clay and pond sediment, varyingin their N contents, to a loamy sand soil under different moistureregimes, on mineralisation of nitrogen was studied under laboratoryconditions. With the increase in the moisture level from 4 to 15%there was corresponding increase in nitrogen mineralised in bothtreated and untreated soils. Maximum mineralisation of N occurredin soil treated with pond sediment followed by bentonite clay andthe untreated soil at comparable moisture levels.852 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1979)Accession of sulphate sulphur through precipitation in arid and semiarid areas of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 253-259The concentration of SO 4 -S in rainwater and its accession werestudied during 1976 and 1977 of five stations of Rajasthan havingan annual rainfall ranging from 215 to 613 mm. The mean annualconcentration of SO 4 -S ranged from 0.75 to 1.56 ppm, maximumbeing in Jaisalmer. Although the average concentration indicatedthe highest value for June, the peak concentration during a monthvaried at different stations. The annual accession of SO 4 -S addedwas found to be highly correlated with the amount of rainfallreceived.853 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1980)Accession and origin of certain ions found in rainwater over theIndian desert. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 259-264Monsoon rainwater collected at five different stations in the aridand semiarid regions of Rajasthan, displayed large local andmonthly variations in electrical conductivity and in concentrationsof sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. Total accession of ions isrelated to the amount of precipitation, while correlation between ECand ions, as well as between different ions, indicated among otherthings, the occurrence of sodium chloride in the rainwater. Ionic

atios implied that terrestrial, rather than oceanic salts, are theprincipal source of dissolved ions.854 Aggarwal, R.K., Kaul, P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982)Ammonia and nitrate in rainwater over arid and semi-arid areas ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 299-305The average concentration of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen inmonsoonal precipitation, at five stations in western Rajasthan (Av.rainfall, 185-607 mm) varied from 0.34 to 1.87 ppm and 0.38 to 4.79ppm, respectively. Generally, concentrations were higher at theonset of the monsoon. Nitrate nitrogen in rainwater was relativelyhigher in drier region of Jaisalmer as compared to other areas.Experimental data suggested the lightening may not be the causefor the occurrence of nitrate nitrogen in precipitation. Thesuspended atmospheric dust, however, seemed to be the principalsource of mineral nitrogen of the rainwater. On an average, totalannual wash out by rain ranged from 2.97 to 6.95 kg ha -1 ofammonia nitrogen and from 1.84 to 7.11 kg ha -1 of nitrate nitrogen.The ratio of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen varied from 0.50to 2.00.855 Aggarwal, R.K., Lahiri, A.N. and Kaul, P. (1980)The accession of nitrogen through rain water in the arid areas ofwestern Rajasthan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,India. 50 (A): 64-68Concentration and addition of ammonium-N, nitrate-N weredetermined at three sites in the arid areas of western Rajasthanduring the 1975 among individual showers in different months at allthree sites. The annual amounts of inorganic-N added per hectareranged from 9.3 kg in Jodhpur to 24.6 kg. in Pali. The expectedaddition during a normal rainfall year ranged from 5.2 kg N to 13.4kg N ha -1 . The ratio of NH 4 -N/NO 3 -N was found to beapproximately 1. The amount of precipitation was found to be highlycorrelated with the amount of inorganic-N (NO 3 + NH 4 ). Each mm ofrain seems to add about 28 gm of inorganic-N per hectare.856 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Sharma, B.K. (1990)Distribution of nitrogen in some aridisols. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 38: 430-433Low total N, (212-518 ppm) in different depths was significantlycorrelated with organic carbon and decreased with depth in the soilprofiles. The major proportion of N was in its organic form whichwas acid hydrolysable, constituting about 62 to 87 per cent of total

N. Amongst organic-N hydrolysable fractions, the order ofdistribution in different depths of profiles was amino acid-N (14.3-47.6 per cent), unidentified-N (3.9-45.4 per cent), amino sugar-N(3.7-20.3 per cent), hydrolysable ammoniacal-N (1.0-10.1 per cent).Amino acid-N and total hydrolysable N were correlated with organiccarbon ands that of amino sugars-N with clay. A positiverelationship of amino acid-N and amino sugar-N with NO 3 -Nindicates that these two fractions contribute to the available N poolof these soils.857 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Raina, P. (1993)Nutrient availability from sandy soils underneath Prosopis cineraria(Linn. Macbride) compared to adjacent open site in an aridenvironment. Indian Forester. 119: 321-25Long term effects of P. cineraria (khejri) on the nutrients status andtheir availability from the underneath desert sandy soil werestudied in comparison to adjacent open soil. The relative availabilityof nutrients i.e. NPK and S from these soils was studied followingmissing nutrient technique in greenhouse study. The results onnutrients status showed a significant increase in organic matter,total N, P and S, and available N, P and K contents in khejri soilsover non-khejri soil. The dry matter yield of pearl millet in khejrisoil increased significantly by 2-3 times over non-khejri soil at allthe comparable treatments. Per cent relative yields of nutrientsshowed the increased capacity of khejri soil to supply thesenutrients. In khejri soil, the per cent relative yields due to P, K andS were nearly 100% compared with full treatment of NPKS, while itwas 85 per cent for N indicating the lower availability of nitrogen.858 Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen-Kumar and Power, J.F. (1997)Use of crop residue and manure to conserve water and enhancenutrient availability and pearl millet yields in an arid tropicalregion. Soil and Tillage Research. 41: 43-51Crop residues and manure are often used in temperate regions tocontrol soil erosion and maintain soil organic matter. Because cropresidues and manure oxidise more rapidly in warmer climates,benefits from use of these materials may not be as evident fortropical as for temperate soils. In 1991 and 1992, a field experimentwas conducted to study the effect of crop residue incorporation in aloamy sand (Typic Camborthid) in Rajasthan, India. Residues ofclusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub], mung bean [Vignaradiata (L) R. Wilczek], and pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R.Br.], and farmyard manure (FYM) were incorporated by disking inOctober. Pearl millet crop was grown the following Kharif (summer)

season with and without fertiliser N. Crop residues increased soilwater content at seeding in the order pearl millet > mung bean =farmyard manure > clusterbean. Addition of crop residues and FYMgenerally enhanced soil fertility status 10 to 20%. Clusterbeanresidues and FYM increased pearl millet grain yield by 0.1 to 0.2 Mgha -1 , compared with no residue. These treatments also increasedstraw yields by 0.4 to 0.6 Mg ha -1 , but mung bean and pearl milletresidues increased pearl millet straw only marginally whencompared with no residues. Crop residues plus 20 kg fertiliser N ha -1provided pearl millet grain yield equivalent to that for 40 kgfertiliser N ha -1 with no residues, thus effecting a 50% savings offertiliser N. The use of clusterbean residues or FYM with fertiliser Nimproved N-use efficiency by 20 to 30%. Results indicate that liketemperate regions, incorporation of crop residues and FYM in aridtropical soil benefits soil water storage, soil nutrient availability,and crop yield.859 Aggarwal, R.K., Raikhy, N.P. and Raina, P. (1985)Effect of elemental sulphur on crop growth and chemicalcomposition of desert sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 69-71Application of 10 ppm sulphur increased the dry matter yield ofcowpea significantly. With higher level (20 to 40 ppm) of sulphur,decrease in yield was noticed. Soil pH decreased with increasinglevel of elemental sulphur.860 Aggarwal, R.K., Raina, P. and Praveen-Kumar. (1987)Ammonia volatilisation losses from urea and their possiblemanagement for increasing nitrogen use efficiency in an arid region.Journal of Arid Environments. 13: 163-168The extent of losses by volatilisation of ammonia from nitrogenfertilisers was studied on an arid loamy-sand soil of westernRajasthan under field conditions. Surface application of urea tocultivated soil under kharif resulted in losses of ammonia of 9 and23% within 20 days for applications of 40 and 120 kg N ha -1 ,respectively. Losses from the same soil type under a Prosopiscineraria tree community were 7 and 17% for the same rates ofapplication of nitrogen. These slightly smaller losses were probablydue to lower temperature and higher organic matter content underthe tree community. Mixing urea with sulphur in the proportion 4parts urea to 1 part of elemental sulphur, reduced the losses byabout 50%. Losses were also lower with nitrogenous fertiliserscontaining sulphate or phosphate ions. The efficiency of use ofnitrogen by pearl millet under field conditions increased from 15 to

48% when elemental sulphur was mixed with the urea beforeapplication.861 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, B.K. and Raina, P. (1987)Nature and distribution of fixed ammonium and acid-hydrolysable Nin some soils of an arid zone. Tropical Agriculture. 64: 27-32The fixed NH 4 -N proportion of total N increased with depth inprofiles and its content ranged 6.0-45.6% at different depths. Asignificant positive relationship was observed between fixed NH 4 -Nand clay contents. The total hydrolysable N proportion of total Nvaried from 48.9 to 87.4% at different depths and correlatedsignificantly with clay content and fixed NH4-N. From theregression equation relating fixed NH 4 -N to total acid-hydrolysableN, it was possible to predict fixed NH 4 -N content in these soils witha fair degree of accuracy. The C/N ratios when calculated from totalacid-hydrolysable N remained more nearly constant with very smallvariations in depth than when calculated from total N or organic Nwhere large variations were observed. Total acid-hydrolysable N isa useful index for fixed NH 4 -N and the nature of organic matter inthese soils.862 Aggarwal, R.K., Sharma, B.K. and Raina, P. (1987)Phosphate adsorption characteristics of some aridisols as affected bysoil physicochemical properties. Indian Journal of AgriculturalResearch. 21: 164-170Four dominant soil belonging to aridisols of western Rajasthandiffering in physico-chemical properties were studied for P-adsorption isotherms. The adsorption maxima (b) values varied from0.12 to 0.46 mg P g -1 soil and were significantly related with organicmatter content of soil. However, bonding energy coefficient (k)values varying from 0.036 to 0.439 (µg ml -1 ) showed significantpositive relationship with CaCO 3 and NH 4 OAc extractable Cacontent. Per cent phosphate adsorption followed the bonding energy'k' values and thus phosphate requirement of these arid soils withlow organic matter and clay depends much on CaCO 3 and NH 4 OAcextractable Ca.863 Aggarwal, R.K., Dhir, R.P., Bhola, S.N. and Kaul, P. (1975)Distribution of nitrogen fractions in Jodhpur soils. Annals of AridZone. 14: 183-190Non hydrolysable-N and hydrolysable-N ranged from 2.5 to 68.8 and3.2 to 97.5 per cent of total N, respectively. Relative distribution ofdifferent hydrolysable N fractions was amino acid N > unidentified-

N > ammonium- N > hexosamine-N, their contents ranged from 18.8to 40.0, 14.1 to 50.0, 3.1 to 9.4 and 0.8 to 3.1 per cent, respectively oftotal N in surface soils. The soils were found to be rich in amino acidN but low in hexosamine-N and hydrolysed NH 4 -N. Based on simplecorrelation, organic carbon was significantly and positively relatedto hydrolysable N, unidentified N and mineralised-N. HydrolysableNH 4 -N was found to be significantly negatively related withmineralised-N. Clay content did not bear any significantrelationship with either of the organic fractions studied.864 Aggarwal, R.K., Vangani, N.S., Raikhy, N.P. andChatterji, P.C. (1984)Chemical composition of precipitation in major physio-graphic unitsof Nagaur district of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23:119-123The chemical composition of precipitation with regard to Ca, SO 4 ,Cl, NO 3 and F indicated a wide variation in concentration of theseions among four major physiographic units of Nagaur region inWestern Rajasthan. In interdunal plain, the precipitation containedthe highest concentration of Ca, SO 4 and F while Cl content (18.00ppm) was maximum in sandy plain. The results support the viewthat the local lithological formations have much influence on thechemical composition of the precipitation.865 Bhati, D.S., Mathur, J.R. and Sharma, R.C. (1988)Response of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) tograded levels of N and P. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 63-64Application of nitrogen significantly increased the grain, straw andbiological yield of moth bean. Similarly increasing levels of P 2 O 5significantly enhanced grain yield and favourably affected variousyield attributes.866 Dahiya, S.S., Hooda, I.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1989)Response of raya to NPK fertilisation under rainfed conditions inHaryana. Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 5: 83-84Mustard is a major oilseed crop of rabi and its fertilisation has beenengaging the attention of scientist due to shortage of edible oil in thecountry. Since scanty information is available on N P Krequirement of raya under rainfed conditions at farmers' fields,hence the present investigation was under taken to study the impactof graded doses of NPK on the yield of Raya RH 30 on farmers fieldin Rohtak district.

867 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1980)Fertiliser use in rainfed sunflower. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 50: 825-828A field experiment was conducted to study the response ofsunflower(Helianthus annum Linn)' EC 68414 to 4 levels of nitrogenand phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha -1 ) in the monsoon seasons of1973-1975. A progressive increase in the yield of sunflower wasrecorded with the corresponding increase in the levels of both N andP in 1975 and only to N levels in 1973. Similar trend was observedin the consumptive use and moisture use efficiency with N levelsonly. Responses per kg of nutrients for the doses of nitrogen andphosphorus (30, 60, 90 kg ha -1 ) were 9.0, 7.5, 7.4 and 2.8, 2.5 and 1.8kg seeds ha -1 , respectively. The corresponding figures for the returnper rupee invested in nutrients were Rs. 5.63, 4.73 and 4.65 fornitrogen and Rs. 0.90, 1.00 and 0.75 for phosphorus at 30, 60, 90 kgha -1 , respectively.868 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982)Effects of N and P rates and plant densities on the yield of rainfedsesame. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 52: 166-169Plant densities in the good rainfall season (1976) did not influencethe seed yield significantly, but in the subnormal season (1977) yieldwas highest with lowest plant density (250,000 ha -1 ). Irrespective ofquantum and distribution of rainfall, seed yield increased with anincrease in the N level. P did not affect the yield significantly in boththe seasons. On an average, the response per kg N was 9.3 kg seedat 30 kg N ha -1 and 8.0 kg at 60 kg N ha -1 level. The most economicN was 30 kg N ha -1 . For obtaining high yields, application of 60 kg Nha -1 was equally profitable.869 Ghonsikar, C.P. and Saxena, S.N. (1973)Influence of molybdenum and tryptophane on nodulation in clusterbean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 43: 938-941Spraying the foliage with 0.2% Mo solution 15 days after emergenceof cluster bean seedlings resulted in 46 nodules plant -1 , whereasspraying with 0.15% Mo solution 30 days after seedling emergenceresulted in 53 nodules plant -1 . Pre-soaking of seeds in tryptophanesolution, followed by Mo spray, increased the nodule number verysignificantly. The effect was greatest with 0.1% Mo spray. The effectof tryptophane was not apparent with higher Mo concentration. Avery significant increase of about 4½ times in dry weight of podswas observed with 0.2% Mo spray. Tryptophane treatment further

promoted the growth of plants and increased the dry weight of podsplant -1 . The increase in N content of grains from Mo spray wasphenomenal, the maximum being 2½ times that of the control.870 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, G.N. and Kaul, P. (1983)Effect of continuous application of farmyard manure and urea onsoil properties and the production of pearl millet in westernRajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 53-56Field trials were conducted from 1975 to 1979 to find out the effectof continuous application of farmyard manure in association withurea on soil properties and the production of pearl millet in westernRajasthan Farmyard manure + urea increased the moistureretentioncharacteristics and decreased the bulk density andsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The combination ofthese 2 nitrogen sources to supply 50% nitrogen from each provedoptimum for crop production. With their combination pearl milletgave 30% higher grain and straw production than with farmyardmanure alone and nearly equal to that with urea alone.871 Gupta, S.P., Gupta, V.K. and Ram Kala. (1993)Response of sulphur to some kharif crops grown in coarse texturedsoils of Haryana. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 255-256Sulphur application markedly increased the dry matter yield ofpigeon pea, green gram, clusterbean, pearl millet and groundnut.Response of 20 mg S kg -1 soil to crops ranged from 28 to 45% andwas highest in pigeon pea followed by pearl millet and groundnut.872 Gupta, V.K. and Mehta, D.S. (1991)Influence of cadmium-sulphur interaction on growth and nutrientconcentration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in aridisols. Annals ofArid Zone. 30: 23-28Investigations carried out in net house to study the influence of 0,20, 40, 60, 80 and 120 μg S/g soil; and 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg Cd/gsoil on growth and nutrient concentration of wheat was investigatedin net house. Cadmium application repressed and S improved wheatdry matter yield. The depressing effect of Cd on shoot dry matteryield was alleviated by S application. Addition of Cd decreased P, K,Cu, Mn and Zn concentration and enhanced Fe content in wheatshoot. Sulphur application markedly improved P, K, Mn, Cu and Feconcentration but decreased Zn concentration.873 Gupta, V.K. and Potalia, B.S. (1987)Determination of critical limit of Fe in soil for predicting response ofsorghum to Fe application in aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 26:139-142

Mean yield of sorghum shoot studied in 18 aridisols was observed toincrease by 19 per cent in response to the application of 10 ppm Feover control. A response of more than 20 per cent was obtained in54.5 per cent soils. A highly significant positive relationship wasobtained between Bray's per cent yield and DTPA extractable Fe. Acritical limit of 4.5 ppm DTPA extractable Fe was established toseparate Fe responsive soils from non-responsive ones.874 Gupta, V.K. and Potalia, B.S. (1990)Evaluation of critical limit of iron in aridisols for wheat. Annals ofArid Zone. 29: 271-274The DTPA extractable Fe in 19 surface soils of arid region ofHaryana, ranged from 1.4 to 6.4 ppm. A response of less than 10 percent was obtained in 42 per cent soils while 58 per cent soils gave aresponse of more than 10 per cent. Soils having less than 3.2 ppmDTPA extractable Fe were highly responsive to Fe application.Bray's per cent yield ranged from 44.5 to 103.7 and was significantlyand positively correlated with DTPA Fe. The critical DTPAextractable Fe concentration in soil below which wheat will respondto Fe application was found to be 4.0 ppm.875 Gupta, V.K., Potalia, B.S. and Mehta, D.S. (1991)Influence of sources and mode of zinc application on yield anduptake of zinc by wheat in aridisols. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 209-211ZnSO 4 produced higher grain yield than ZnO, broadcast methodproved superior than placement. Seed coating with 50 g ZnO kg -1seed, produced higher yield than soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 asZnO applied either as broadcast or placement method. Uptake of Znwas more through ZnSO 4 at 10 kg Zn ha -1 irrespective of mode ofapplication.876 Husigi, G. (1975)Soil temperature and nutrient availability. Annals of Arid Zone. 14:87-91Nutrient availability is governed chiefly by three processes viz.,diffusion, mass flow and root interception which are largely affectedby soil temperature. Ions like Ca, Mg and NO 3 are made availableby mass flow while NH 4 , Rb, Zn, Mn, Fe and P are made availableby diffusion. Soil temperature affects the root extension and theeffective soil volume is reduced at low temperature which might alsodiminish the effectiveness of root as "sink". The net result is thereduced nutrient availability. The effects of soil temperature on

nutrient availability is not known under Indian conditions. It islikely that the yearly variation in crop response to applied fertilisersmay be partly ascribable to variation in soil temperature. Coldtemperature encountered in winter may reduce the nutrientavailability. Mulching with straw, spreading translucent plasticfilms help to warm the soil. Ridges and orientation of plants inNorth-south rows may increase soil temperature favourably.Electrical methods of soil heating will be too expensive. However, insummer very high temperatures attained may fix the added P.Shading and irrigation is a common agronomic practice to lower thesoil temperatures favourably.877 Intodia, S.K. and Tomar, O.P. (1994)Effect of Thiourea on growth and yield of foxtail millet. Annals ofArid Zone. 33: 129-131In foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) seed-soaking with thiourea (500and 1000 ppm) significantly increased growth and grain yield. Foliarsprays of mercaptoethanol and thiourea increased grain yield by26.9 and 33.7 per cent, respectively, over control. Significantimprovement in harvest index was noted with these two chemicals,but straw and biological yields remained unaltered. Since, foliarspray of urea (1000 ppm) did not have any effect, the effects ofthiourea are largely attributed to a function of sulphydryl group.878 Jain, G.L. (1968)Molybdenum in field crop production. LABDEV Journal of Scienceand Technology. 6: 67-71The distribution of total molybdenum in three profiles of Rajasthanrepresenting the arid regions of India was uniform. The solubility ormobility of soil Mo increase with increasing saturation of mineralcolloids and humic acids with calcium. Mo in soil is bound primarilybe sesqui-oxides. Total Mo varies from 1.6 to 8.4 ppm and availableMo from 0.2 to 4.4 ppm in soils from neutral to moderately alkalinereaction. Most of the Indian soils regarding Mo are above deficiencylevels and well below the toxic levels (20 ppm or more). Theminimum requirement for normal growth of plants of Mo is 0.12ppm of dry material. Increasing doses of P fertiliser resulted in abetter assimilation of Mo. Plants vary widely in their capacities toabsorb Mo from soil. Legumes tend to absorb more than do nonlegumeswhen grown on soil with high soluble Mo. Very minutequantities of Mo are required to permit nitrate utilisation in plants.Appreciably greater quantities are needed in the symbiotic N 2 -fixation process. Mo increases the drought resistance of oats.

Considerably large quantities of the elements including No enterplants at 28-32° C than at 14-20° C.879 Jain, G.L. (1971)Secondary and micro-nutrients in relation to crops in arid zone ofIndia : I. Effect of soil application of S, Fe, Zn and Mo on growth,post harvest character and yield of moth. Rajasthan. Journal ofAgricultural Science. 2: 125-137Application of sulphur, iron and molybdenum increased the weightof functional leaves and significantly increased the growth in height,number of functional areas, total number of leaves, straw yield,number of pods, total dry weight and grain yield per plant. Singleapplication of Fe, S and Mo seemed to be better than combinedapplication of any of these or other elements. There were indicationsof injurious effects of combined application of various nutrientsunder investigation particularly under dry year.880 Jain, S.V. and Mathur, C.M. (1961)Efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilisers for bajra production indesert soils of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 25: 151-156The study has revealed that bajra yield was statistically the sameirrespective of the level of nitrogen, i.e. 10, 15 and 20 lbs acre -1 andsource of fertiliser i.e. ammonium sulphate, urea and ammoniumnitrate at Bassi and Mandore.881 Joshi, N.L. and Rao, A.V. (1989)Response of pearl millet to Azospirillum as influenced by N fertiliserunder field conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 291-297Response of pearl millet to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense,in conjunction with nitrogen application, was studied under fieldconditions. There was an increase of 37.9% in tillers, 44.3% in headsand 31.2% in test weight upon inoculation. Inoculation effect wasreduced with increase in N-application. Azospirllium inoculationresulted in enhanced N 2 -ase activity and root dry weight. Thepopulation of Azospirllium in the roots of inoculated plants washigher as compared to uninoculated once. The inoculation responseon grain yield was equivalent to about 13 kg.882 Kailash Chand., Dixit, M.L. and Gupta, V.K. (1995)Influence of phosphorus fertilisation on Fe and Zn in foragesorghum genotypes. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 313-315Shoot dry matter yield increased with the application of P. Uptakeof Fe in shoots increased with P application. Zinc uptake in shoot

anged form 21 to 924 μg per pot and this increased with Papplication.883 Kathju, S., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1987)Evaluation of diverse effects of phosphate application on legumes ofarid areas. Tropical Agriculture. 64: 91-96Mung bean, moth bean and clusterbean, grown over three successiveyears under low and variable rainfall on loamy sand soils of aridwestern Rajasthan, did not reveal any marked effect of phosphateapplication on the consumptive use of moisture. The effects on drymatter production and seed yield were marginal, but not significant.Uniform distribution of precipitation during the growing period,rather than its quantum, had the more favourable influence onplants. P application induced a small increase in the available Pstatus of the soil and also in N and P uptake. But the weight ofnodules per plant and root CEC progressively increased withincreasing level of P up to 40-60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 . P application also ledto an increase in soil N, particularly of the hydrolysable organic-Nfraction. Effects on mineralised N were marginal. The amount of N 2fixed was greater in mung bean and moth bean than in cluster beanbut the mineralised and hydrolysable organic-N fractions increasedmore under clusterbean. While the phosphate levels did not haveany effect on the succeeding pearl millet, the legumes significantlypromoted its yield equivalent to > 80 kg N ha -1 , despite theprevalence of acute drought conditions. The beneficial effect ofclusterbean was found to be greatest, followed by moth bean andmung bean. It seems that the beneficial effect of legume cultivationarose not only from the total N 2 fixed but also from the level ofmineralised and hydrolysable organic-N contributed by plantresidues left in the soil.884 Kiran Bala and Rao, A.V. (1987)Growth and nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum brasilense asinfluenced by fungicides. Current Science. 56: 951-953The present study aims at evaluating the effect of certain commonlyused fungicides on the growth and nitrogen-fixing ability of thestrains of Azospirillum brasilense.885 Kiran Bala, Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1989)Occurrence of VAM associations in different plant species of theIndian desert. Arid soil Research and Rehabilitation. 3: 391-396Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infections were examinedin 17 different Indian desert tree species. The intensity of infectionsvaried among the species. Maximum infection of roots was recorded

for Azadirachta indica, Acacia tortilis, and A. aneura while A.catechu had the lowest rate of infection. Glomus and Gigaspora werethe common VAM genera found associated with roots. VAMinfections were common in Opuntia spp. and Euphorbia spp. and theinfection rate (30-100%) in these species was comparatively higherthan in trees. VAM infection of A. indica (neem tree) was observedon roots up to 250 cm depth. The intensity of VAM infections variedwith the availability of water. The deep-rooted growth habit alongwith VAM infections of, desert vegetation may be a survivalmechanism in competition for water and nutrients with shallowrootedand fast-growing plant species.886 Kolarkar, A.S., Choudhari, J.S. and Dhir, R.P. (1981)Effect of July 1979 floods on soils of arid Rajasthan I. Soil fertilitystatus and other characteristics. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 155-161Wide spread floods of July 1979 have caused great damage to thevaluable lands along the banks of the river Luni and its tributaries,supporting prosperous agriculture based on irrigation in aridRajasthan. The flood waters on these lands have left behind coarsesediments of varying thickness burying down the original fertile soil.Apart from the poor physical conditions of these sediments, they arelow in fertility status, particularly in major nutrients as comparedto normal soils. Considerable efforts would be required to restore theoriginal fertility and improve the productivity of these lands.887 Kumar, A. (1987)Note on nodulation and nitrogen fixation efficiency of guar undersalinity. Current Agriculture. 11: 85-86Salinity had adverse effect on number of nodules plant -1 , dry weightof nodules plant -1 , and nitrogen fixation efficiency (N fixed nodulesweek -1 ). However, the number of nodules plant -1 was quite high atEC 4 dS m -1 after 6 week of sowing as compared to control.888 Kumar, V., Mathur, G.S. and Seth, S.P. (1973)Preliminary studies on the fertility status of the soils ofSriganganagar district, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 59-64For this purpose in all 4475 surface soil samples have beenanalysed. The soils can be grouped into three soil groups i.e. desert,sierozems and reverine. The nutrient index values for these soilgroups show that desert and sierozems are poor in organic matterstatus, while reverine soils are medium in this respect. Desert soilsare also poor in available P and K and normal in reaction, whileseirozems are medium in available P and K. Reverine soils are

tending to become alkaline with low available P and mediumavailable K content.889 Kumar, V. and Seth, S.P. (1983)Studies on soil fertility status of Sri Ganganagar district. Annals ofArid Zone. 22: 77-81Soils were not problematic with respect to salinity and alkalinity.Soils were low in organic carbon and medium to high in availablephosphorus and available potash. These studies were initiated sothat rational schedule of manurial treatments and other culturalpractices could be followed. The nutrient status with respect to N, Pand K has been distinguished on Panchayat Samiti basis andrecommendations for various fertility groups have been given.890 Malik, R.S., Karwasra, S.P.S. and Khera, A.P. (1993)Interactive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and sulphuruptake by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea.). Annals of Arid Zone.32: 135-137Sulphur content in plants varied greatly in different treatments.Increasing levels of N had non-significant effect on S concentrationin plants. In case of P application, maximum S concentration wasobserved at 40 μg P g -1 with 60 μg S g -1 soil S uptake increased withincrease in N application upto 60 μg S g -1 .891 Mathur, C.M., Jain, S.V. and Mehta, H.M. (1959)Study on effects of micro-nutrients on crop yields in Rajasthan.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 4: 36-42The effects of micro-nutrients in crop yields in Rajasthan was notsignificant on wheat, barley and gram to borax, zinc sulphate,copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate.892 Nandwal, A.S., Dabas, S., Bharti, S. and Yadav, B.D. (1990)Zinc effect on nitrogen fixation and clusterbean yield. Annals of AridZone. 29: 99-103Zinc significantly increased the nitrogenase activity, carbohydrateand protein contents. At 60 days the contents of protein,carbohydrate and nitrogen were higher than at 80 days. There wassome parallelism in total nitrogenase activity and nitrogen contentper plant. The seed yield response to zinc as reflected in the numberof pods has been discussed in relation to nitrogen fixation and drymatter production. Spray mg with ZnSO 4 proved to be the mosteffective treatment in this regard.

893 Polara, K.B., Patel, C.L. and Pathak, S.R. (1985)Effect of soil moisture stress on inflow rate on N, P, K, Fe and Mn atvarious growth stages of groundnut. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 77-79Inflow rates of N and K were highest followed by those of P, Fe andMn. At the initial growth period, inflow rates of N, P, K, Fe and Mnhave spectacularly higher. Later, these declined with theadvancement in growth. Maximum inflow rate of these nutrientshave been noted under control (1/3 bar).894 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K.A modification of Douglas and Bremner method for colorimetricestimation of urea. Communications in Soil and Plant Analysis. 20:2171-2176The use of H 3 PO 4 in colorimetric estimation of urea by the method ofDouglas and Bremner sometimes leads to wide batch variations. Amodification of this method is proposed where H 2 SO 4 only is used inplace of H 3 PO 4 . The use of H 2 SO 4 increased the linear calibrationrange almost two-fold without affecting the precision of the originalmethod. The developed colour remains stable for 72 hours in thedark.895 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1987)Substitution of reduced iron by zinc in total nitrogen estimation bymodified Olsen's method. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 108:681-682NO 2 and NO 3 are not included in the total N estimation by kjeldahlmethod. A method is proposed to include both of these forms in totalN estimations and is based on earlier modification of kjeldahlmethod by Olsen. It involves oxidation of NO 2 to NO 3 by KMnO 4 andH 2 SO 4 and reduction of NO 3 to NH 4 with Zn and H 2 SO 4 beforeconventional digestion.896 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1988)Influence of some leaf extracts on ammonia volatilisation from urea.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 359-362The soils alongwith the leaf extracts were incubated in anincubation apparatus designed as per Bremner and Douglas (1971)and the loss of ammonia was studied. The extract of leaves studiedreduce the ammonia volatilisation and nitrification and can be usedfor increasing the nitrogen use efficiency in crop production.897 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1988)

Reduction of ammonia volatilisation from urea by rapid nitrification.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 2: 131-138Loss of NH 3 from urea fertiliser in a cultivated sandy desert soil wasevaluated by using various treatment regimes. The nitrification ofadded urea increased with the pre-treatment of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Theincrease in nitrification rate was directly related to the amount of(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 added. When urea was applied after sufficient increasein nitrification rate i.e., 3 to 5 weeks after the pre-treatment withNH 4 fertilisers, NH 4 produced by the hydrolysis of urea was quicklynitrified, leaving low concentration of NH 3 in soil and resulting indecreased losses of NH 3 . Among different NH 3 containing or formingfertilisers, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was significantly better in arresting NH 3 lossfrom a subsequent application of urea. The decreased loss of N wasreflected in higher yields of pearl millet.898 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1991)A comparative study on methods of urea estimation for sensitivitydue to changes in the makes / batches of acids used. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 39: 358-360The present study was conducted to compare variations in all thethree methods, i.e. Douglas and Bremner (DB method), Mulvaneyand Bremner (MB method) and Praveen-kumar and Aggarwal (PAmethod), with a view to determine the most suitable method for theestimation of urea so that the error due to batch variations could beminimised.899 Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, R.K. (1996)Estimation of NH 4 -N, NO 2 -N, NO 3 -N and total N using thechemifold III with same set of tubes and modifications in apparatusfor degassing. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 44: 32-37A modified method for estimation of nitrite and nitrate is beingproposed using flow injection analyser (FIA star Tecator). It can beintegrated with ease along with the estimation of ammonium andtotal Kjeldahl nitrogen on the same chemifold with the same set oftubes. The minimum detectable concentration of nitrate, (5 mg kg -1 ),by the proposed method was same as that of standard method butthe maximum detectable limit was ten times higher. Satisfactorydegassing of the reagents was also achieved using ordinary filterpaper in the modified apparatus instead of polymer filter disc. Byusing the proposed modification, the use of different chemifolds andpolymer disc can be dispensed. This would remarkably reduce thebasic as well as operational cost of the equipment.

900 Praveen-Kumar and Burman, U. (1996)Visual evidence of nitrate reductase exudation from plant roots.Current Science. 71: 585-586To prove the nitrate reductase exudation, roots of 22 plant specieswere kept in contact with filter sheet impregnated with N-(1-naphthyl) ethyl-diamine dihydrochloride, sulphanilamide andpotassium nitrate. Nitrate reductase exudation was indicated by theappearance of root impressions in red colour. Nitrate reductaseexudation was observed from the roots of 13 plant species eventhough roots of all species showed its activity.901 Praveen-Kumar and Tarafdar, J.C. (1997)Rhizobium-induced changes on nitrate reductase activity inrhizosphere and phyllosphere. Current Science. 73: 204-205A field experiment was conducted to determine Rhizobium-inducedchanges in nitrate reductase activity in rhizosphere of clusterbeanand moth bean. Effective inoculation with Rhizobium decreasednitrate reductase in rhizosphere by reducing nitrate reductaseactivity in plants.902 Praveen-Kumar, Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, B.M. (1989)Nitrification and nitrate movement from ammonium sulphate andurea in sandy soils as affected by their previous applications.Fertiliser Research. 21: 29-36Two successive applications of urea and ammonium sulphate (AS) atvarying intervals were given in two soils, one of which was saltaffected. The nitrification and nitrate leaching after both theapplications of fertilisers was studied. The nitrification of firstapplication of AS was faster than urea of both soils. However, thenitrification rate of both fertilisers was slow in salt effected soil. Thesame trend of results was observed with second application offertilisers. However, the nitrification of second application givenwithin 6 weeks of the first application proceeded at a much fasterrate than that of the first application. The amount of NO 3 thatmoved down with periodic water application was related withnitrification rate and the amount of fertiliser nitrified at the time ofwater application.903 Praveen-Kumar, Aggarwal, R.K. and Sharma, B.M. (1990)Effect of method of application of urea, time and depth of waterapplication on movement of urea in an arid sandy soil. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 38: 394-403

In soil columns movement of urea applied on soil surface and mixedin 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm or 10-15 cm deep layer of soil and its subsequentredistribution as NH 4 -N was studied in initially dry and moistsandy soil. In the initially dry soil, when water was appliedimmediately after addition of urea, the urea moved along with thewater front but it lagged behind the water front in initially moistsoil. The depth of urea movement increased with increase in theamount of water applied and was more in initially moist soil. Thezone of NH 4 -N accumulation widened and shifted to lower depthswith increase in the amount of water and initial moisture content ofsoil. The differences in the pattern of urea movement among thedifferent methods of urea application were marginal in air dried soil,however, in initially moist soil the depth of urea movementincreased with increasing depth of urea application.904 Randhawa, N.S. and Singh, R.P. (1983)Fertiliser management in rainfed areas - available technologies andfuture needs. Fertiliser News. 28: 17-32There is a great potential in rainfed areas to contribute significantlyto the country's food production. Scientific fertiliser managementholds the key in increasing and stabilising productivity of theseareas. Almost all these areas are deficient in nitrogen, low tomedium in phosphorus and generally adequate in potash at presentlevel of productivity. Therefore, response to N application is verymuch apparent in rainfed crops. In P deficient soils, full benefit ofapplied N is not achieved until P deficiency is taken care of. Potashand zinc response have also been observed in some pockets. Use ofamendments like lime, paper sludge, etc. also increase the yield ofrainfed crops in problematic soils. Maintenance of optimum plantpopulation and proper control of weeds are considered to be veryimportant agronomic practices in increasing production andproductivity of these areas. This paper reviews various agronomicand fertiliser management practices on soil group basis. Dueemphasis has also been given to various methods of soil and waterconservation. The importance of time and methods of fertiliserapplication to increase fertiliser use efficiency have beenhighlighted. Some operational research projects under dryland areasindicate tremendous potentially in increasing fertiliser use andconsequent increase in crop productivity. The paper also suggestsfuture line of work in dryland areas.905 Raikhy, N.P., Aggarwal. R.K. and Raina, P. (1985)Performance of pyrite and gypsum as sulphur source in an aridsandy soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 447-449

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect ofsulphur fertilisation on an arid sandy soil from two sources viz.,pyrite and gypsum, on growth and nutrient uptake by cowpea aswell as on some soil properties (pH and available P status).906 Rao, A.V., Kiran Bala and Tarafdar, J.C. (1990)Dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in soil as influenced bythe growth of arid-land crops. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 115:221-225The distribution of dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and the activitiesof phosphatases were studied in the rhizosphere of four varietieseach of clusterbean, moth bean and pearl millet grown in potscontaining soil low in available P. Activities of DHA andphosphatases were greatest at 25 days after sowing and remainedconstant from 50 days after sowing until crop maturity. Rhizospheresoils showed higher activities than other soils : 26-158% for acidphosphatase, 66-264% for alkaline phosphatase and up to 292% forDHA. Dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities weresignificantly higher in the rhizospheres of legumes than in those ofpearl millet. In general, the rhizospheres of guar 'HFG314', mungbean 'PDM62', moth bean 'IPCM0344' and pearl millet 'RCB2' hadhigher activities than those of other varieties of the same species.Acid phosphatase activity was lower than alkaline phosphataseactivity and difference between species and varieties were small andnon-significant. The results suggest that the higher phosphataseactivities in the rhizospheres of some crops may increase Pavailability and utilisation from arid soils.907 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1990)Development of antibiotic resistant mutants of (Azospirillumbrasilense) by UV irradiation, their performance on various saltsand the growth of pearl millet. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 15: 127-135Azospirillum brasilense (S14) was passed through UV rays andthree antibiotic mutant strains (D, G, M) were isolated. Variation ingrowth, N 2 -fixation and level of antibiotic resistance were foundamong the mutant strains. Bicarbonate was found to be the mosttoxic, followed by sulphates and chlorides. The process of N 2 -fixation(N 2 -ase activity) was found to be more sensitive to all the saltstested as compared to growth. Inoculation of pearl millet with themutant resulted in significant increase in growth and dry matterproduction. Mutant showed better performance than the parentstrain. UV-irradiated mutants of A. brasilense are more effective

than parent strain and strain G (the most effective one) can be usedin biofertiliser production.908 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1992)Seasonal changes in available phosphorus and different enzymeactivities in arid soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 185-189Available P and phosphatases and dehydrogenase activitiesassociated with arid soil were assessed over a 12 month periodunder crops, grass, trees and fallow land. There were considerableseasonal fluctuations. Generally, maximum enzyme activities aswell as available P status were observed during the rainy season inall the soils, while the activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatasesand the amount of available P were at minimum during summermonths. The soils under crops and trees had significantly higheractivities of dehydrogenase and phosphatases and available P thanthose observed under grass and fallow. Surface soil had significantlyhigher available P and enzyme activities compared to sub-surfacesoil. Enzyme activities and available P status in the soil aredependent upon vegetation, temperature and moisture.909 Rao, A.V. and Tarafdar, J.C. (1993)Role of VAM fungi in nutrient uptake and growth of clusterbean inan arid soil. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 7: 275-280A study was undertaken to determine the effect of VAM fungi ongrowth and nutrient uptake of clusterbean and to elucidateconcurrent role of phosphatases in P uptake. Nodulation, N 2 -aseactivity, per cent root infection by VAM fungi, and the number ofVAM spores in the rhizosphere increased significantly uponinoculation. There was no change in the activity of acid phosphatasein the mycorrhizosphere, while alkaline phosphatase activity wasenhanced, indicating that the enzyme increased the availability of Pby the breakdown of organic phosphates. An improvement in drymatter production and grain yield of clusterbean upon inoculationwith VAM fungi was evident. Inoculation did not influence theuptake of K and Fe but the concentration of P, Zn, Cu and Mn in themycorrhizal plants was increased.910 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1983)Microbial ecology of the soils of Indian desert. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment. 10: 361-369A comprehensive study on the microbial ecology of the Indian desertsoils was carried out. Although different groups of micro-organismse.g. fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria, Azotobacter and nitrifyingbacteria were present, but in relatively low numbers. There was

considerable variation in numbers from one site to another withinthe desert as the physico-chemical characters of the soils varied.Actinomycetes formed a high proportion of the total microflora. Inthe majority of the soils, 80% of the fungal population belonged tothe genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, while Gram-positive sporeformers were the dominant group among bacteria. No significantdecline in the population of micro-organisms was observed duringsummer, in spite of high surface soil temperatures. Microbiologicalproperties of these soils also varied depending on the type of landuse pattern : grasslands, in general, supported higher numbers ofmicro-organisms than tree plantations, cultivated fields of barrenland. Stabilisation of shifting sand dunes by the introduction ofvegetation has markedly increased the soil microflora. In generalthe low organic matter content and poor moisture availability ofdesert soils were the major factors limiting optimum microbialactivity.911 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1983)Pattern of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in moth bean. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 53: 1035-1038A fast-growing Rhizobium isolated from moth bean could nodulategreen gram, siratro, cowpea and clusterbean. The nodules, mostlypresent on the tap root, were spherical and few. Maximumnodulation and nitrogen fixation occurred in the 4th week and thendeclined. Moth bean showed varied response to inoculation withdifferent strains of Rhizobium and the maximum increase in drymatter and grain yield was obtained with JMT-2D, a strainreisolated from the plants inoculated with the original strain JMT-2and repeatedly subjected to water stress.912 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1985)Most probable numbers of Azospirillum associated with the roots ofinoculated pearl millet. Plant and Soil. 88: 153-158Inoculation of pearl millet with Azospirillum significantly increasedthe numbers of this organism in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane,washed and crushed roots and surface sterilised and crushed roots.The maximum number of organisms plant -1 were localised in therhizosphere. The numbers of Azospirillum on the roots of inoculatedplants grown under sterilised conditions were much higher than inthe field grown plants. In both cases populations outside the rootswere higher than in the surface sterilised roots. The highest numberper unit root weight were recorded between 60-75 days of growth.N 2 -ase activity throughout the growth cycle was very low and wasnot related to the populations of Azospirillum on the roots. Root

exudates and extracts of pearl millet showed a stimulatory effect onthe growth of Azospirillum suggesting their possible involvement inthe colonisation of this organism on the roots of inoculated plants.913 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1985)Salt tolerance of Azospirillum brasilense. Acta MicrobiologicaHungarica. 32: 221-224The effect of various salts on the growth and N 2 -ase activity ofAzospirillum brasilense was tested. Bicarbonate was found to be themost toxic, followed by chlorides and sulphates. Tolerance of A.brasilense to these salts was comparable to that of many species ofRhizobium. SO 4 was stimulatory to growth and N 2 -ase activity up to40 meq. The process of N 2 -fixation (N 2 -ase activity) was found to bemore sensitive to all the salts tested as compared to growth.914 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1986)Influence of seed exudates of graminaceous plants on Azospirillumbrasilense. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 26: 235-238Seed exudates of Cenchrus ciliaris, Lasiurus sindicus andPennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke contained physiologically activecompounds like sugars, amino acids and organic acids. There werequantitative differences in the exudation among the plant specieswith the exudates from grass seeds containing higher amounts oforganic carbon, reducing sugars, total and amino nitrogen. Thegrowth of Azospirillum was stimulated with increasingconcentration of seed exudates of all the plant species but thestimulation was not directly proportional to the concentration ofseed exudates. However the nitrogenase activity increased at lowconcentrations but levelled off at the higher concentration. Theimportance of these results in the seed inoculation of graminaceousplants with Azospirillum is discussed.915 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1987)Nitrogenase activity of pearl millet - Azospirillum association inrelation to the availability of organic carbon in the root exudates.Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science). 97:33-37There were significant differences in the amount of organic carbonexuded by the roots of different pearl millet varieties. Thenitrogenase activity of the axenically grown pearl millet varietiesinoculated with Azospirillum was related to the quantity of organiccarbon released by their roots. However, the amount of exudate wasfound to be inadequate for the optimum expression of N 2 -ase activity

which was considerably enhanced following the addition of carbonsource. The stimulation of activity varied with the type of a carbonsource and was related to preference shown by the organism for itsgrowth in vitro. There was no significant change in the total plantdry weight following the addition of carbon to the root zone butthere was a marginal reduction in the root growth and root/shootratio.916 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1988)Seeds of graminaceous plants as carriers of Azospirillum. CurrentScience. 57: 257-258The continuity of the association between this organism andgraminaceous plants is maintained by a process of cyclic infectionfrom seed-plant-seed. Further the occurrence of Azospirillum only inthe seeds of graminaceous plants and not others, might be one of themain reasons for the close association of this bacterium withgraminaceous plants.917 Rao, A.V., Venkateswarlu, B. and Henry, A. (1984)Genetic variation in nodulation and nitrogenase activity in guar andmoth. Indian Journal of Genetics and plant Breeding. 44: 425-428The nodulation and nitrogenase of 17 varieties of guar and 16 ofmoth were studied under field conditions. FS-227 in guar andJodhpur local in moth were found to be the best N 2 -fixing varieties.No apparent relation was observed between nodulation, nitrogenfixing ability and the grain yield in both these legumes.918 Rao, A.V., Tarafdar, J.C., Sharma, S.K., Praveen-Kumar andAggarwal, R.K. (1995)Influence of cropping systems on soil biochemical properties in anarid rain-fed environment. Journal of Arid Environments. 31:237-244The effect of eight crop rotations was studied for 3 years (1990-92)on enzyme activities, nitrifying bacteria, VAM spores organicmatter, NO 3 -N and available-P, on loamy-sand soil under desertconditions. Inclusion of the legume crops, clusterbean or mung beanin the rotation had a beneficial effect on these parameters overfallow-pearl millet, resulting in a significant increase in pearl milletproduction. Continuous clusterbean for 3 years in rotation gave themaximum increase in soil organic matter, NO 3 -N, available P andenzyme activities (dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases,nitrogenase) over continuous pearl millet while the trend wasreversed for the nitrifying bacteria and VAM spores population. In

general, the effect on soil biochemical properties was greater insurface soil (0-15 cm) than subsoil. However, the build up of VAMspores was greater in subsoil. The results demonstrate that in aridsandy soils, in order to improve soil quality, legumes, particularlyclusterbean, should appear for more than 1 year successively inlegume-cereal rotations.919 Sancheti, A.K. and Saxena, S.N. (1972)Effect of plant growth on the transformation of inorganicphosphorus in soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 51-54It was found that soils were rich in calcium phosphate content. Soilsafter superphosphate addition showed decrease in aluminium boundphosphorus and increase in iron bound phosphorus after cropgrowth. Correlation studies indicated that plants mainly derivetheir phosphorus from aluminium bound phosphorus.920 Shah, H.C. and Mehta, B.V. (1959)Magnesium - phosphorus - crude fat inter-relationships in seeds ofpearl millet. Soil Science. 87: 320-324Pearl millet seed samples were analysed for magnesium,phosphorus, and crude fat contents, and their inter - relationshipswere worked out by regression analysis. Calcium and potassiumcontents were also determined. Ca and Mg in the seeds of pearlmillet were inversely related, and Mg was present in amountshigher than those of Ca . Of the three mineral elements Mg, P and Kbelieved to be associated with the formation of the crude fats inplants. Only Mg had a direct and significant role in crude fatformation. The percentage of crude fat was higher with higher Mgcontents and lower with lower Mg contents.921 Sharma, B.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989)Effect of rate and source of nitrogen and moisture content of soil onammonia volatilisation from sandy soils. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 37: 665-669A series of experiments were conducted on sandy soils underlaboratory conditions to measure ammonia volatilisation losses asaffected by rate of N application, modified forms of urea, source ofnitrogen and moisture content of soil. Ammonia volatilisation lossesincreased with increase in the rate of N application. Ammonia losseswere drastically reduced when urea was blended or coated withneem cake (13.2%), neem oil (11.2%) and shellac losses (9.1%). Thehigher ratio of FYM than urea suppressed the ammoniavolatilisation losses in arid soils. Moderately moist soils (25 and 50%

FC) showed higher N losses as compared with sufficiently moistsoils (75 and 100% FC) and relatively dry soils (25% FC).

922 Sharma, B.M., Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1989)Water retention and nutrient availability in a fly ash amendeddesert sandy soil : a study in vitro. Arid Soil Research andRehabilitation. 4: 53-58Fly ash collected from two sources, that is, directly from an electricprecipitator and an old deposit, were mixed with soil each at 0, 8,and 15% and maintained moisture at 50% field capacity andanalysed after one month. Addition of fly ash resulted in aconsiderable improvement in available water holding capacity and amarginal increase in available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu of thesandy soil. Adsorption maxima of phosphates increased while thebonding energy constant decreased due to addition of fly ash. Flyash collected directly from the electric precipitator was moreeffective in improving the moisture retention capacity and availablenutrient status of the sandy soil.923 Shende, N.K. and Sen, S. (1958)Phosphate manuring of legumes. VIII manuring of guar withphosphate and micro-nutrients and its effect on physical andchemical properties of soil. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 3: 89-98Studies on fertility building of guar was done when differentcultural practices were followed. The phosphate and micro-nutrientslike boron and molybdenum increased the green matter yield by31%. The application of phosphate to guar crop improved thenutritive value of the guar. Soil aggregates were formedsignificantly higher in manured plots.924 Singh, P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1979)Effect of zinc and phosphatic fertilisers on the incidence ofdownymildew and the nutrient contents in pearl millet. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 459-62Application of Zn had a significant and positive effect on the controlof the downy mildew, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, in `HB 3'pearl millet. The effective level of Zn was 15 kg when the diseaseincidence was less than 45% and 30 kg when it was more. Theincidence of the disease had a negative correlation with the Zncontent in the grain and a positive correlation with the P content inthe straw. The antagonistic effect of P on the concentration of Znwas more pronounced than that of Zn on P.925 Singh, R. and Joshi, M.C. (1982)Studies on decomposition of root and litter materials in sand duneregions at Narhar near Pilani, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21:157-161

In the present study, temperature and moisture have been foundcritical environmental factors for high rates of decomposition inafforested dune area, non-afforested dune area, and enclosure(sandy plain). Root decomposition was found maximum (52.34%) inOctober and minimum (13.97%) in January on afforested area.However, maximum decomposition for root materials was found inOctober on all the sites. The litter decomposition was foundmaximum (55.46%, 47.64% and 52.60% on afforested, non-afforestedand enclosure, respectively) in August during rainy season.926 Singh, S.D. (1977)Effects of rhizobia inoculation on nodulation and yield of moong[Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 79-84A small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus promotes nodulationprofusely during the normal period of branching and flowerprimordial initiation. This may be the possible reason for thehighest number of riped pods on inoculated control plant. Through asuch gain in important yield contributing character, inoculatedcontrol crop gave 51 per cent higher yield than uninoculated control.For a nominal inoculation cost of Rs. 8 ha -1 , such yield gains arebound to grip the attention of farmers. Yield gain of this magnitudecould not be obtained either from 20 kg ha -1 of nitrogen, or 30 kg ha -1of phosphorus, or the two applied together. As far these data show,rhizobia inoculation alone obviated the need for fertiliser nitrogenand phosphorus in moong crop to be grown under natural rainfallconditions.927 Sinha, K. and Ramakrishna, K. (1996)Variation among promising genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenun graecum Linn.) for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 331-334A study was conducted on eleven high yielding varieties offenugreek along with a local variety to evaluate their symbioticpotential with five local Rhizobium meliloti isolates under controlledconditions. Significant differences were observed among the hostgenotypes and rhizobial isolates in respect of six symbiotic traitsstudied on plants cultured for 33 days. Interaction between the hostand rhizobia was also significant for all the traits. On the basis ofplant nitrogen content, isolate FR 3 and FR 9 were found superior.Host genotype UM 117 was generally a superior symbiotic partner.928 Tarafdar, J.C. and Praveen-Kumar. (1996)

The role of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on crop, tree andgrasses grown in an arid environment. Journal of AridEnvironments. 34 : 197-203In the arid region of western Rajasthan, India, the effect of differentvesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) were studied ontrees (Prosopis juliflora), grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and crops (Vignaaconitifolias) under field conditions. Plants were grown in poorfertility sandy soil with a low indigenous VAMF population. After 8weeks of growth, per cent root infection increased by 2.9 folds ininoculated plants. At maturity of crop and after 1 year growth ofgrass and trees, shoot biomass, N, P, K, Zn and Cu concentrationswere significantly improved in all cases of inoculated plants,although Mn concentration decreased significantly. In general, theeffect was most pronounced in tree and Glomus fasciculatum wasfound to be the most effective VAMF. Increased uptake of nutrientsby plants with VAMF under field conditions may be a generalphenomenon which would have important implications for elementalcomposition of plants.929 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1990)Effect of manures and fertilisers on dehydrogenase andphosphatases in the rhizosphere of arid crops. Polish Journal of SoilScience. 23: 189-193Effect of manures (cow dung and goat manure) and chemicalfertilisers on phosphatases (acid and alkaline) and dehydrogenase inthe rhizosphere of arid crops has been studied. Although acidphosphatase activity was not affected much with the application ofmanures and fertilisers, significant increase in alkaline phosphataseand dehydrogenase activity was observed. In general, effect offertilisers was more than manures. Among the manures, cow dungshowed slightly better than goat manure. Plant P uptake and drymatter yield are found to be strongly correlated with thephosphatase activity in rhizosphere of different crops.930 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1996)Contribution of Aspergillus strains to acquisition of phosphorus bywheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) grownin a loamy sandy soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 3: 109-114The efficiency of different Aspergillus strains in arid soils wasstudied in pot experiments to evaluate the effects of these fungi onthe enhancement of rhizosphere enzyme activities, P uptake byplants, available P status in the soil, dry matter production andgrain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chick pea (Cicer

arietinum Linn.). In wheat, significant increase in phosphatase (acidand alkaline) and dehydrogenase activities were observed upon soilinoculation and in chick pea there was also an increase innitrogenase activity. Inoculation significantly improved dry matterand grain yield in both crops and decreased the shoot : root ratio. Ingeneral, there was a significant improvement in P uptake by plantsand crops and extractable P status in the soil. Aspergillus niger wasfound to be least effective relative to the other fungi. Theexperiment showed that Aspergillus strains significantly increasedthe P uptake and biomass yield of wheat and chick pea.931 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1997)Response of arid legumes to VAM fungal inoculation. Symbiosis. 22:265-274A field study was conducted to determine the effect of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on growth and nutrient uptakeof the drought-hardy legumes, clusterbean, mung bean and mothbean. Nodulation, nitrogenase activity, percent root infection byVAM fungi, and the number of VAM spores in the soil wereincreased significantly upon inoculation. Phosphatase activity wasenhanced significantly due to VAM inoculation. An improvement indry matter production (20 to 38%) and grain yield (15 to 22%) uponinoculation was obtained. Concentrations of N, P, Cu and Zn in theshoot were found to be significantly higher in inoculated plants.However, in general, concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe and Mnremained unaffected. From the results, a positive interactionbetween Rhizobium and VAM fungi is evident under arid fieldconditions. All the legumes showed similar effects upon inoculationwith Glomus mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum.932 Tarafdar, J.C., Chatrath, R. and Kiran Bala. (1991)Role of phosphate solubilising bacteria in pearl millet (Pennisetumamericanum) rhizosphere as affected by genotypes in arid soils.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 129-137The influence of inoculation with phosphate solubilising bacteria(Pseudomonas striata or Bacillus polymyxa) on pearl millet growth.P uptake, available soil P status and phosphatase activity in therhizosphere as studied under field conditions. The establishment ofphosphobacteria in the rhizosphere varies among the genotypes. Ingeneral, 64.4% increase in P. striata and 71.2% increase in B.polymyxa population were observed after 5 weeks of growth. Thefungal population declined by 20% whereas bacterial populationincreased by 40% due to inoculation. The genotypes showednegligible change in phosphatase activity. Increase in available P in

hizosphere soil was observed. P uptake and dry matter yield wereincreased by 16.2 and 20% respectively. The phosphate solubilisingbacteria are effective in pearl millet for utilisation of nativephosphorus in arid soils.933 Tarafdar, J.C., Kiran Bala and Rao, A.V. (1989)Phosphatase activity and distribution of phosphorus in arid soilprofiles under different land use patterns. Journal of AridEnvironments. 16: 29-34Significant increase in acid phosphatase activity was found below45-cm depth under vegetation, whereas a gradual decrease inalkaline phosphatase activity with depth was noticed under alltypes of land use. Increases were observed in fungi under trees andin actinomycetes under crops. Surface soil (0-15 cm) hadsignificantly higher available phosphorus. The available phosphoruscontent of the soil varies from 15 to 28 kg P ha -1 , depending upon thepattern of land use, while that of organic phosphorus is 96-110 kg Pha -1 (i.e. about 15-20% of total phosphorus). In general, a decreasingtrend in organic phosphorus was observed in the soil profiles.Phosphatases were significantly and positively correlated with soilorganic matter, available and organic phosphorus, and microbialpopulations.934 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Kiran Bala. (1988)Production of phosphatates by fungi isolated from desert soils. FoliaMicrobiology. 33: 453-457Twelve fungal cultures isolated from Indian desert soils belonging toAspergillus, Penicillium, Acrophialophora and Alternaria werefound to produce both acid and alkaline phosphatases in liquidmedium, and their amounts varied from culture to culture.Maximum production of these enzymes was observed with A. niger.In general, acid phosphatase activity was much higher as comparedto alkaline phosphatase. The optimum incubation period for theproduction of these enzymes was found to be 14 days and thereafterstarted declining. There was a significant and positive correlationbetween biomass production and acid phosphatase activity but notwith alkaline phosphatase.935 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Praveen-Kumar. (1992)Effects of different phosphatase-producing fungi on growth andnutrition of mung beans [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in an arid soil.Biology and Fertility of Soil. 13: 35-38

The efficiency of different phosphatase-producing fungi in arid soilswas studied in pot experiments in order to evaluate the effect ofthese organisms on the enhancement of rhizosphere enzymeactivities, the uptake of different nutrients, dry matter productionand grain yields of mung bean. A significant increase inphosphatases, nitrogenase, and dehydrogenase activities wasobserved upon inoculation. Inoculation with phosphatase-producingfungi significantly increased dry matter production and grain yieldcompared with uninoculated controls. In general, there was asignificant improvement in the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Znwhile no effect on Na, Mn and Cu was recorded. A significantpositive correlation was observed between the activities of variousenzymes in the rhizosphere on the one hand and N and P uptake,dry matter production, and grain yields of the mung bean on theother. Aspergillus rugulosus was the best phosphatase-producingfungi that were tested, followed by A. terreus. Phosphataseproducingfungi have a significant effect on growth and nutrientuptake in mung bean and indicated that these fungi are particularlyimportant in arid soils.936 Tarafdar, J.C., Rao, A.V. and Praveen-Kumar. (1995)Role of phosphatase-producing fungi on the growth and nutrition ofclusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Journal of AridEnvironments. 29: 331-337The efficiency of different phosphatase-producing fungi (PPF) in aridsoils (loamy sand) was studied in pot experiments in order toevaluate the effect of these fungi on the enhancement of rhizosphereenzyme activities, the uptake of different nutrients, dry matterproduction and grain yield of the clusterbean. A significant increasein phosphatases, dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activities wasobserved. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were most affectedupon inoculation. Inoculation significantly improved the dry matterproduction, grain yield, number and dry weight of nodules anddecreased shoot:root ratio. In general, there was a significantenhancement in the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn whileno effect on Mn with the inoculation of any PPF on clusterbean. Asignificant improvement in K concentration due to inoculation of A.fumigatus and Cu concentration with the inoculation of A.rugulosus and A. terreus were noted. A. rugulosus was found to bethe best among PPF tested followed by A. fumigatus. Theexperiment confirmed that PPF have a significant effect on growthand nutrient uptake in the clusterbean and indicated theimportance of these fungi on its production in an arid soil.937 Trivedi, B.S., Patel, K.G. and Patel, L.K. (1996)

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on sorghum varieties grownin semi-rabi conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 129-132The effect of 0-0, 40-8.6, 60-17.2 and 80-17.2 kg ha -1 of nitrogen (N)and phosphorus (P) levels on sorghum varieties GJ-36, GJ-9, Swatiand GSH-1 under stored moisture conditions during semi-rabiseason was studied. Increased grain and stover yields, total N and Puptake and consumptive water use and water-use efficiency (WUE)were recorded with increasing N and P levels for all varieties. GJ-9was the best due to its highest yield, lowest consumptive water useand highest WUE at the 80 N-17.2 P kg ha -1 level.938 Venkateswarlu, B. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980)Influence of different management practices on micro-organisms of adesertic soil. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 20: 149-151In view of the sparse above ground vegetation and low organicmatter content of the desertic soil, it is of importance to know thedistribution of various groups of micro organisms in these soils.Studies conducted in other desertic regions of the indicated that thenature of vegetation can influence the microbial activities. However,no information is available on microbial populations from Indiandesert and their change in response to different managementpractices like silvipastural systems which have undertaken for soilconservation.939 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1983)Response of pearl millet to inoculation with different strains ofAzospirillum brasilense. Plant and Soil. 74: 379-386Inoculation of pearl millet with A. brasilense resulted in significantincrease in growth and dry matter both under sterilised andunsterilised conditions. There was a marked stimulation of rootgrowth and increase in the number of lateral roots and root hairs.Nitrogenase activity of the roots was very low and did not supportthe increase in plant growth due to inoculation. Significantdifferences in plant growth were observed among the strains of A.brasilense and the most effective strain was S14, an isolate fromCyanodon dactylon. Strains which caused maximum increase inplant growth in all the experiments showed lower specificnitrogenase activity and total N 2 -fixation in the laboratory butproduced higher quantities of auxins in the culture filtrates.940 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1983)Use of reducing compounds in the cultivation of Azospirillum sp.Acta Microbiologica Hungarica. 30: 99-102

Attempts were made to grow the micro-aerophilic N 2 -fixingbacterium Azospirillum sp. in complete liquid medium byincorporating some reducing agents. Ascorbic acid, glutathione andNa-thioglycollate stimulated while methylene blue inhibited thegrowth and N 2 -ase activity. In complete liquid medium, Nathioglycollateand ascorbic acid increased the N 2 -ase activity withincreasing concentration upto 800 ppm. With glutathione, growth ofthe bacterium was increased markedly but N 2 -ase activity wasrepressed below 200 ppm. The possibility of employing thesecompounds for the cultivation of Azospirillum in complete liquidmedium seems to be indicated.941 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1985)Interactions between the root exudates of pearl millet andAzospirillum brasilense. Proceedings of the Indian Academy ofSciences (Plant Science). 95: 237-245Root exudates of different pearl millet varieties showed quantitativedifferences in organic carbon, reducing sugars, total and aminoacids. The growth and nitrogenase activity of Azospirillum werestimulated by the addition of root exudates in the culture medium.Root exudates were also found to support the growth of Azospirillumin the rhizosphere. Inoculation with Azospirillum significantlyenhanced the root exudation in axenically grown pearl millet plantsaccompanied by an increase in the permeability of roots. N 2 -aseactivity of the inoculated plants differed among the varieties andwas related to the amount of organic carbon released in theexudates. Addition of extraneous carbon source significantlyincreased the nitrogenase activity of the roots as the carboncompounds provided by the root exudates appear to be inadequatefor the optimum expression of nitrogenase activity. The implicationsof these results in the pearl millet - Azospirillum association werediscussed.942 Venkateswarlu, B., Raikhy, N.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1982)Effect of inoculation and cobalt application on nodulation andnitrogen uptake in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 30: 550-51The application of cobalt to the soil has been found beneficial forimproving nodulation and nitrogen fixation in guar and the effectwas more in the presence of seed inoculation with Rhizobium.943 Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Lahiri, A.N. (1982)

Symbiotic performance of rhizobial strains on guar (Cyamopsistetragonoloba L. Taub.) grown in a desertic soil. Egyptian Journal ofMicrobiology. 18: 9-14A field experiment was conducted to study the symbioticperformance of three rhizobial strains on 4 varieties of guar interms of nodulation and dry matter production. About eight foldincrease in N 2 -ase activity was recorded in the inoculated plantsover the control. Compatibility of the rhizobial strains within thevarieties varied. From the symbiotic performance values the strainJG-5 was found to be more compatible with all the varieties ascompared to other two strains.944 Venkateswarlu, B., Rao, A.V. and Raina, P. (1984)Evaluation of phosphorus solubilisation by micro-organisms isolatedfrom aridisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 32:273-277The population of phosphate solubilising micro-organisms wasgenerally low in desertic soils (Aridisols) possibly due to the lowlevel of organic matter and high temperature regime. Bacilluscereus, Pseudomonas flourescens, Penicillum pinophillum andAspergillus niger were some of the predominant phosphorussolubilizers found in majority of the soils. In vitro evaluation ofthese cultures indicated that fungi were more efficient than bacteriain phosphorus solubilisation. Phosphorus release by all theorganisms was associated with the production of organic acids likelactic, glycollic and succinic in the medium. The solubilising effect ofA. niger was progressively enhanced by increasing glucoseconcentration (0.5 to 2.0%) in the medium, but with rock phosphatesuch enhancement was not observed beyond 0.25%.945 Venkateswarlu, B., Kaul, P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lahiri, A.N.(1981)Nodulation and nitrogen uptake patterns of selected grain legumesin desertic soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 235-240Wide variations in nodulation and nitrogen uptake have beenobserved in moong, guar, moth and cowpea, grown in desertic loamysand soil. Differences in this regard, between the varieties of alegume, however, were not so marked. Guar and moth exhibitedrelatively poor nodulation as compared to cowpea and moong. Hostfactors like root growth pattern rather than the soil rhizobialpopulation, seemed to have a direct influence on the nodulationpatterns. The time course of nodulation during different growthstages of these legumes showed distinctive patterns.

946 Venkobarao, K., Nair, P.K., Prabhanjan Rao, S.B. andChattopadhyay, S. (1967)Ineffectiveness of farm yard manure in improving soil aggregationin black soils of Bellary. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 138-145Rain WaterApplication of 12,000 kg ha -1 over a period of 6 years of well rottenfarm yard manure neither increased the yield of jowar cotton norimproved soil aggregation in the black soils of Bellary area. Underlaboratory conditions, even an application of 50,000 kg ha -1 of wellrotten farm yard manure did not improve aggregation. Possiblereasons for lack of crop response and soil aggregation are discussed.947 Abraham, M. and Iyengar, E.R.R. (1976)Effect of amendments to sand to increase the moisture level for thegrowth of bajra (Pennisetum typhoides S & H) under salinity stress.Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 10: 115-121A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of amendments(vermiculite and FYM) to sand on the growth and ion accumulationin bajra grown with tap water and diluted sea water of 20,000 ppm.Application of vermiculite and FYM increased the moisture contentin the substrate compared to only sand without such amendments.Growth of bajra was improved in the salinity treatments when thesand contained FYM singly or in combination with vermiculite. Butaccumulation of minerals in different plant parts was higher whenirrigated with sea water and the effect was more pronounced in thetreatment with vermiculite and FYM combination to sand.948 Bhaskar, K.S. (1985)Effect of straw mulch and anti-transpirant on growth and yield ofsorghum (SPV-233) - A note. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 171-174Significantly higher grain and stover yields were recorded in mulch+ anti-transpirant (kaoline) treatment followed by mulch treatment.Maximum gross income was also obtained for mulch + kaolinetreatment.949 Daulay, H.S., Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1979)Effect of different mulches on yield and moisture use of pearl millet(Pennisetum typhoides). Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 108-115Application of bajra husk and polyethylene mulch gave 25% highergrain yield over control. Crop grown in the mulched plots exhibitedhigher moisture use efficiency over the unmulched control. Besidesthe mulches were found effective in modifying thermal and moistureregimes conducive to growth and development of pearl millet. When

the rainfall distribution was uniform, mulches did not show anyadvantage. Bajra husk in general was found to be the cheapest.950 Gupta, J.P. (1978)Evaporation from a sandy soil under mulches. Annals of Arid Zone.17: 287-290In a sandy soil also, mulches play an important role in checkingevaporation. Polyethylene has been found to be the most effectivefollowed by organic and rubble mulches in conserving soil moisture.951 Gupta, J.P. (1980)Effects of mulches on moisture and thermal regimes of soil and yieldof pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 132-138Throughout the growth period mean maximum soil temperature wasunder higher polyethylene and lower under bajra husk mulch incomparison to control. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth was higher by1 to 3° C under polyethylene and lower by 2 to 4° C under bajrahusk. A significant decrease in temperature with depth was noticedunder polyethylene while there were minor changes under bajrahusk. Maximum grain yield of pearl millet was obtained from soilunder polyethylene followed by bajra husk and control with wateruse efficiency of 10.4, 8.5 and 6.0 kg mm -1 ha -1 , respectively.952 Gupta, J.P. (1985)Improvement of soil physical environment for increased cropproduction. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.10: 46-54Soil preparation with conventional tillage (3 disking) and reducedtillage (one disking) and post sowing compression of seeded rowswith an iron roller of 10 kg weight provided favourable environmentfor faster seed germination, seedling emergence of mustard and theyield of pearl millet grown in kharif season. During summer seasonthe use of light and frequent irrigations of 30 mm at E=30 mm werefound highly useful in increasing the yield of tomato and okra crops.The application of pearl millet straw as mulch at the rate of 6 t ha -1lowered the maximum day time temperature (measured at 2 P.M.)by 3-8° C, increased the soil moisture status by reducing theevaporation from soil and thus markedly increased the yield of thesevegetable crops. Drip system of irrigation was also found to behighly useful to improving soil environment and increasing theproduction of potato crop grown in winter and cucurbits grown insummer. Application of pond sediments at the rate of 76 t ha -1 andthe use of farmyard manure (8 t ha -1 ) alongwith urea optimised soilphysical environment and increased the production of pearl milletand green gram by 30% to 50% more than the control. These

techniques could, therefore, be used for improving soil environmentand achieving higher and sustained crop production.953 Gupta, J.P. (1986)Moisture and thermal regimes of the desert soils of Rajasthan, Indiaand their management for higher plant production. HydrologicalSciences. 31: 347-359During the high rainfall water percolated down a 900 mm soilprofile at Palsana, leading thereby to low moisture regimes and amoisture utilisation by the grass vegetation of only 276-294 mm.Wide variations in diurnal soil temperatures ranging from 28° C to56° C at the surface and from 33°C to 37°C at 300 mm depth wereobserved at Jodhpur leading thereby to downward movement ofmoisture time (0400 h). The moisture movement was predominantlyin the vapour phase as observed by higher values of thermal vapourdiffusivity. The monthly variations in soil temperature controlledthe movement of moisture which was observed by the increase in theprofile moisture storage during the winter month of December atBeechwal and Palsana. An integration of management techniquessuch as a sub-surface moisture barrier of pond sediments, waterharvesting, and the use of pond sediments and farmyard manure,increased the initial moisture storage of the 600 mm soil profile from73 to 91 mm. It also significantly increased the height, canopydiameter and dry matter production of pruned material of Acaciatortilis tree seedlings from 980 to 1750 mm, from 594 to 1100 mm,and from 40.6 to 123.5 g respectively.954 Gupta, J.P. (1987)Effect of tillage and mulch on soil and the growth and yield ofcowpea grown in the arid tropics. Arid Soil Research andRehabilitation. 1: 161-172To conserve soil, to save petroleum, and to improve the physicalenvironment, soils should be minimally tilled for crop production.Our understanding of the tillage effects on light textured soils of thearid tropics for crop production is limited. Studies were conductedfrom 1982 to 1984 to find out the effect of tillage and surfacemulching of loamy sand soil on physical properties, growth, andyield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. FS-68) grown in arid westernRajasthan, India. Reduced soil tillage (one disking with a diskharrow) for three years significantly increased the final organicmatter content decreased the moisture retention, soil bulk density,soil strength and steady state infiltration rate. There were, however,marginal differences between reduced and excessive tillage (threedisking). Under all the tillage conditions, mulching the inter rowspaces with native weeds (6 t ha -1 ) increased the organic matter,

infiltration rate, moisture retention and decreased the bulk density,soil strength and maximum temperature at 10 cm depth. Tillageincreased the grain yield (mean of 1983 and 1984) from 8.2 to 12.3 qha -1 . There was, however, no significant difference in yield obtainedfrom reduced and excessive tillage treatments. Mulchingsignificantly increased the grain yield from 50 to 150% with notillage, 25 to 45% with reduced tillage and 25 to 40% with excessivetillage with lower water use and higher water use efficiency.955 Gupta, J.P. (1989)Integrated effect of water harvesting, manuring and mulching onsoil properties, growth and yield of crops in pearl millet mung beanrotation. Tropical Agriculture. 66: 233-234Field trials were conducted for three years (1982-1984) to evaluatethe integrated effect of water harvesting, manuring and mulchingon soil properties, growth and yield of pearl millet and mung bean.Continuous crop production using water harvesting along withmanuring and mulching significantly increased organic mattercontent of the soil, steady state infiltration rate, moisture retentionin soil. As a result of this there was an increase in soil moisturestorage and a reduction in maximum temperature up to 6-7° Cduring the crop growth period and thus significantly increased thegrowth and yield of mung bean and pearl millet.956 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980)Effect of asphalt sub-surface moisture barrier on watercharacteristics and productivity of sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone.19: 445-450Asphalt moisture barrier helped in more water retention andefficient utilisation of applied N fertiliser resulting in higher grainyield and dry matter production of bajra. Its use can be moreprofitable for cash crops like vegetables, sugarbeet etc. Water useefficiency can be enhanced significantly by the use of asphaltbarrier.957 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980)Soil physical properties and nitrogen mineralisation as affected bybentonite clay and pond sediment amendments. Agrochimica. 21:416-423The result of a laboratory study to find out the effect of the additionof bentonite clay and pond sediment on physical properties andmineralisation of nitrogen showed improvement in moistureretention characteristics at 1/10th and 15 bars tension and also theavailable water capacity of the modified soils. Hydraulicconductivity and bulk density was found to decrease while total

porosity and dry aggregates > 0.25 nm increased. Total mineralisednitrogen (NO 3 + NH 4 ) was also found to increase with increase inaddition of amendments particularly pond sediment and also periodof incubation. However, increase was more with the addition of pondsediment than with bentonite clay.958 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1980)Use of an asphalt sub-surface barrier for improving the productivityof desert sandy soils. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 215-222Field studies were conducted during 1974-80 to determine the effectof an asphalt sub-surface barrier 2 mm thick at a depth of 60 cm oncrop production, water and nitrogen conservation. The resultsshowed 100 per cent increase in moisture and nitrogen retention.This led to an average increase in the production of pearl millet by40-60 per cent.959 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.K. (1986)Effect of tillage and mulching on soil environment and cowpeaseedling growth under arid conditions. Soil and Tillage Research. 7:233-240One disking and three disking with a disc harrow up to 15-cm depthimproved the soil environment and increased the final seedlingemergence count, but did not affect the population of Macrophominaphaseolina in soil. Disking also increased plant growth andmarkedly reduced seedling mortality. Placement of weed mulch inbetweenthe crop rows at the rate of 6 t ha -1 along with diskingtreatments significantly increased the mean moisture status of the15-cm soil depth, significantly decreased the mean maximumtemperature of the 10-cm depth by 3.9° C and thus increased plantgrowth and dry matter production. Mulching also markedly reducedthe population of M. phaseolina and the mortality of the cowpeaseedlings.960 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1983)Effect of grass mulching on growth and yield of legumes. AgricultureWater Management. 6: 375-383With increasing amounts of grass mulch there was a decrease inmaximum soil temperature and an increase in root growth,nodulation, shoot growth and plant water status, particularly duringperiods of moisture stress. Mulching reduced weed population andweed growth. At 9 t ha -1 of mulch there was an increase of 200% inthe average production of green gram, dew gram and cluster bean.Though there were no significant differences in water use by thecrop, water use efficiency was generally higher in mulched plots.

Waste grass therefore can be used favourably as mulching materialfor increasing crop production.961 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1985)Effect of mulches on hydro-thermal environment of soil and cropproduction in arid western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 131-142The application of grass mulch at the rate of 6 t ha -1 decreasedmaximum temperature of the soil by 1 to 9° C, reduced evaporationloss and increased emergence of the pearl millet during the hotmonth of June. During kharif, the magnitude of temperaturereduction however, narrowed down to 1-6° C : polyethylene mulch,on the contrary, raised it by 1 to 3° C. The mulches also suppressedweed growth improved moisture status of the soil and thus,increased production of the pearl millet and okra Abelmosehusesculentus (L.). With increase in the application rate of grass mulch,there was also reduction in the water status of the soil and plant,and improvement in the root growth and nodulation. Mulchapplication @ 6 t ha -1 led to 40% increase in production of the greengram over control. these mulches, can, therefore, be used tomanipulate the soil environment for increasing crop productionunder arid conditions.962 Gupta, J.P. and Rao, A.V. (1989)Effect of mulching on nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth andyield of green gram (Vigna radiata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculatasubsp cylindrica) grown in arid western Rajasthan. Indian Journalof Agricultural Sciences. 59: 181-182Mulching increased the height, leaf area and dry matter of greengram and cowpea. Nodulation and N 2 -ase activity of these cropsunder mulching were significantly higher compared to that under nomulch. But mulching did not significantly effect the water use butincreased the water use efficiency in terms of grain production.Though the cost benefit ratio for mulch was not economicallybeneficial but it helped to conserve soil and moisture resourcesincrease the overall productivity of the soils.963 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Kaul, P. (1979)Effect of the application of pond sediments on soil properties andyield of pearl millet and green gram in arid areas of westernRajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 49: 875-879In a 2-year field trial, application of pond sediments to a loamy sandsoil was found to have increased the moisture-retention

characteristics, available water capacity and wind-stable aggregatesand decreased the infiltration rate of the soil. N and organic matteralso increased with an increase in the quantity of pond sediments.Pond sediments @ 76 ha -1 increased the moisture retention at 0.3-bar tension, N and organic carbon, resulting in 40-50% increase inthe grain yield of 'BJ 104' pearl millet and 'RS 4' green withassociated increase in the N uptake, water use and water-useefficiency.964 Jain, B.L. and Singh, R.P. (1980)Run-off as influenced by rainfall characteristics, slope and surfacetreatment of micro-catchments. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 119-125Minimum threshold values of rainfall for inducing run-off from runoffstrips were found to vary between 3 and 5 mm for moist surfacesand 7 to 9 mm for dry surfaces. Total amount of run-off increasedlinearly with the quantum of rainfall, the run-off fraction of rainfallincreasing with the intensity of rainfall. Increase in the slope andsurface application of bentonite and tank slit increased the run-offby 5 to 7 per cent. Micro-catchments having 4 per cent slopeprovided 40 to 70 per cent of rains in run-off and increased availablerain water in run-off skips by 50-80 per cent of the total rainfallduring the crop seasons.965 Jain, B.L. and Singh, R.P. (1982)Crop yields as influenced by run-off and soil moisture storage.Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 19-23Field trials carried out for four consecutive years, 1974 through1977, at the CAZRI-Regional Research Station, Pali-Marwarrevealed that micro-catchments (run-off plots), irrespective of slopes,provided 50 to 80 per cent additional run-off to the cropped strips(run-on plots). Higher yields of the order of 40 to 60 per cent wereobtained in the run-on plots over control, besides relatively highermoisture content in the soil profile.966 Misra, D.K. (1965)Effect of encap mulch on growth of Pennisetum typhoides. Annals ofArid Zone. 4: 230-231Use of emulsion mulch sprayed in 22.8 cm bands along the sides ofthe roads did not show any beneficial effects on soil moistureconservation as well as on growth attributes of pearl millet.967 Misra, D.K. and Bhattacharya, B.B. (1963)Effect of bentonite on growth and yield of wheat in arid zone.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 2: 45-49

The application of bentonite increased the water holding capacityboth in desert and alluvial soils. In desert soils the water holdingcapacity showed an increased trend with the increasing doses ofbentonite application and the same was of the order of 6.50, 13.02and 16.27 per cent more in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 per cent bentonite doses.Thus water retention capacity of desert soil and consolidatedalluvial soils was enhanced by bentonite application.968 Oswal, M.C. (1994)Water conservation and dryland crop production in arid and semiaridregions. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 95-104In this paper, the work on rain water conservation, harvesting andits appropriate use in dryland crop production, carried out byvarious dryland centres located in hot arid and semi-arid regions ofIndia receiving annual rainfall up to 750 mm, has been reviewed.The generated technology of water conservation and its productiveuse is capable of greatly improving and stabilising dryland cropproduction. This requires selection of short duration and low waterrequiring crops/cropping systems, effective moisture conservationmeasures, establishment of crops under ridge-furrow system andfarm pond for harvesting run-off for providing life saving/criticalirrigation. Further research is required on refinement of thetechnology for pond water harvesting and water budgeting underbare and cropped conditions with different crops. For rapid diffusionof the technology costume-hire services for deep tillage, ridge furrowcultivation and recycling of water harvested in farm pond isrequired.969 Singh, S.D. (1985)Potentials of water harvesting in the dry regions. Annals of AridZone. 24: 9-20The paper briefly describes basic needs, potential sites, systemsdesign, production potential, and future research and developmentopportunities of the water harvesting technology. Run-off, forcatchment to cultivated area ratio of 0.5, varied from 38 to 68% ofthe growing season rainfall. Each hectare of the cultivated area thusreceived 140 to 636 mm of rainfall although the actual rainfall was117 to 528 mm in different years. As a result, run-off concentrationtechnology facilitated cropping under otherwise too dry a conditionfor agriculture, lead to increased and stabilised yields, lowered therisk of crop failures and saved production inputs. The totalproduction from two-thirds cropping of a unit area (one-third goingto the micro-catchment) by runoff farming was the same as from theconventional cropping under flat surface control.

Irrigation Water970 Bhaskar, K.S. (1986)Comparative performance of different wheat varieties under salinewater irrigation in Marwar tract of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.25: 92-94Comparative performance of different wheat varieties under salinewater irrigations in Marwar tract of Rajasthan has been studied inthis paper.971 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, R.P. (1980)Optimum utilisation of limited water resources of arid lands forefficient crop production. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 203-213In order to have precise comparison among various crops for theirefficiency in utilising limited irrigation water, mean yield andmoisture use efficiency data pertaining to treatment combinationsinvolving low water regimes x fertility level in respect of all thecrops was converted to money value at the current market price.Among various crops, mustard exhibited the maximum money outturn followed by peas, safflower, barley, wheat and gram. In all thecrops, medium fertility level resulted in the highest money out turn,the exception being in case of wheat and safflower where highfertility level resulted in slightly higher money out turn than themedium fertility level.972 Deo, R. and Ruhal, D.V.S. (1971)Effect of salinity on the yield and quality of Indian rape (Brassicacampestris L. Var. sarson Prain) and linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 134-136Indian rape was more tolerant to salt than linseed. The yield of rapeand linseed decreased significantly at the electrical conductivity of17.5 and 6.1 mmhos cm -1 , respectively. Boron had less effect on rapethan on linseed. The percentage of oil decreased, but the iodinevalue increased with an increase in salinity. Addition of borondecreased the iodine value of linseed.973 Dhir, R.P. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (1975)Effect of saline water irrigation on chemical composition of Kharchiawheat in farmers' fields. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 20: 215-217Analysis of plant samples collected from 23 fields, irrigated withsaline to highly saline waters containing mainly sodium chloride,showed that though content of sodium increased with increasingsalinity or sodium in irrigation water and soil, contents of major

nutrients including calcium and magnesium in plants wereunaffected. Phosphorus and potassium contents in plants correlatedsignificantly with the available content of these elements in soil.974 Dhir, R.P., Bhola, S.N. and Kolarkar, A.S. (1977)Performance of Kharchia 65 and Kalyan Sona wheat varieties atdifferent levels of water salinity and nitrogenous fertilisers. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 47: 244-248A microplot experiment was conducted during 1972-73 and 1973-74in a split plot design with 3 levels of N (0, 40, 80 kg ha -1 ) and 4levels of water salinity (upto 16 mmhos/cm) on a loamy sand underarid environment. 'Kharchia 65' performed better than Kalyan Sonawheat and showed only negligible decrease in yield up to 8 mmhossalinity of irrigation water. The yield data were supported by tillernumber, grains ear -1 , 1000 grain weight and protein content. Therewas a response to N application, particularly up to 8 mmhos ECilevel.975 Dubey, D.D., Sharma, O.P. and Khan, S.M. (1985)Release of non-exchangeable sodium from saline water irrigatedvertic ustochrepts. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33:297-303Soil irrigated with different SAR waters were repeatedly extractedwith normal potassium and magnesium acetates to find the releaseof non exchangeable sodium and changes in its cationic bond energyduring leaching. The release of Na decreased rapidly withprogressive extraction. KOAc extracted more sodium than MgOAcbut the differences were small to detect significant amounts of nonexchangeable Na and zeolite. Quasicrystal formation and differencesin hydration state seemed to cause partial immobilisation of sodiumin case of MgOAc extraction. The CEC of K-saturated soil waslightly higher than the Mg-saturated one. The ESP determined byusing these values differed slightly but correlated significantly withthe routine method. Sodium was loosely bound with the clay in soilsirrigated with waters having SAR of 19 and more. The binding ofsodium increased with repeated extractions. Reclamation of soilsirrigated with high SAR water would require more amendment.976 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1995)Plant responses to saline sprinkling waters. Current Agriculture.19: 1-11Crops sprinkled with saline irrigation waters are potentially subjectto additional damage by foliar salt uptake and leaf burn.

Susceptibility to foliar injury depends on leaf characteristics, rate ofabsorption and concentration of salts (primarily Na and Cl) in theleaves as well as weather conditions and water stress. Deciduousfruit trees are more susceptible. At present guidelines do not exist tocorrelate the leaf injury with leaf salt concentration and theinformation on the relative salt tolerance of crops to salinesprinkling water is rather inadequate. Plant response to salinesprinkling waters, the mechanism of foliar salt absorption and theeffect to environmental factors on foliar salt injury have beendiscussed in this review. Based on the available, although limitedinformation, the relative tolerance of crops to saline sprinklingwaters has been described and the methods to minimise sprinklinginjury have been outlined. It has been suggested that larger and lessfrequent irrigations be practised to reduce the foliar salt damageand irrigation should be done during night hours when theevaporation and wind velocity are low.977 Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N. (1984)Effect of saline waters on pearl millet under drought. Annals of AridZone. 23: 41-45A study on the influence of saline waters (Composition similar tolocal ground waters) at the critical pre-flowering stage of pearlmillet (cv. BJ-104), under drought and undrought conditions,revealed that a significantly higher dry matter production and grainyield can be achieved if the water stress is avoided throughirrigation with sub-standard waters (160 me l -1 ). The derangementsin the levels of a number of leaf metabolites, induced by waterstress, were not normalised even seven days after irrigation withsaline waters. Notwithstanding the increasing adverse effects foundin most cases with higher salt concentration, metabolicderangements were far less where drought was avoided throughsaline water irrigation.978 Gill, K.S. (1988)Stage dependent differential effect of saline water irrigation ongrain yield and chemical composition of pearl millet (Pennisetumtyphoides). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58: 210-212Saline water irrigation at vegetative growth stage caused severereduction in grain (100%) and straw yield (59.4%) of `P9' pearl milletat electrical conductivity 10.6 dS m -1 onwards. The reduction wasless at flowering and grain-filling stage due to lesser Na and greaterK uptake with advancement in growth stage.979 Goyal, R.S. (1984)

Modification in soil properties due to siliceous irrigation water use.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 32: 781-783Irrigation with siliceous waters increased the cation exchangecapacity of soils and also modified other properties due to high silicapotential favourable for the formation of mont-morillonite. Largeamounts of silica added through irrigation which may be of theorder of 2 q ha -1 per year not only retard soil profile developmentbut also put it in reverse gear, in terms of weathering time,especially under existing climatic features of low rainfall. Sixirrigations given with water containing 75 ppm silica increased ESPof the soil from 2.4 to 21.8 and pH from 7.8 to 9.4.980 Goyal, R.S. (1984)Sieving of ground water silica by soils. Journal of the Indian SocietySoil Science. 32: 353-357The depletion of silica increased with the rise in pH of the soilleachate. There was consistent trend of silica retention by non-salinesoil behaving like a sieve. The composition of soil extract indicatedsimilar content of silica irrespective of its original concentration inthe extracting water. The amount of silica adsorbed per unit massof soil decreased with the narrowing of soil to solution ratio. Salinesoil exhibited higher affinity to silica adsorption, however,unirrigated non-saline soil generally indicated a steady stateretention behaviour. The interaction of other chemical constituentsof siliceous saline water with soil indicated sodification due todecrease and increase sodium and calcium concentration,respectively in the leachates whereas magnesium behavedindifferently. Silica again was sieved off from original content of53.5 µg ml -1 to a steady state concentration level of about 11.5 µg ml -1 in the leachates.981 Goyal, R.S. (1985)Effect of irrigation with saline ground water containing silica oncrust formation in arid zone soils. Journal of the Indian Society ofSoil Science. 33: 235-242Underground waters of western Rajasthan very often contain highamounts of dissolved silica. The average concentration of silica inwaters from alluvium, phyllite and granite rock formation was 31.2,20.3 and 31.8 ppm, respectively and the samples from phylitic rockswere most saline. The dissolved silica was adsorbed almostinstantaneously on both fine and coarse textured soils and theadsorption exhibited a highly significant relationship with itsconcentration in water. Adsorption reactions involved high free

energies (- G) being 6.11 K Cal degree -1 mole -1 for loamy soils whichindicated involvement of chemical type of forces. Increased strengthof soil crust was found to be associated with higher amount of silicadeposition (from irrigation water). Very high degree of correlationwas found between concentration of silica in irrigation water andthe soil crust force.982 Goyal, R.S. and Jain, B.L. (1982)Use of gypsum in modifying crust conducive condition in salinewater irrigated soils. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.30: 447-454Saline water irrigated soils prone to soil dispersion, exhibit problemof water stagnation during rainy season. The high sediment load instagnant water impregnates the soil with fine soil particlesrendering the soil poor in hydraulic conductivity with increase in thesoil crusting. Gypsum application to soil irrigated with saline water(6-12 dS m -1 ) reduced soil dispersion, water stagnation concentrationof silt and clay and also decreased crust strength besides loweringthe suspension load in ponded waters. Row application of gypsumwas found to be equally effective even at its low application dose of 1t ha -1 in comparison with broadcast method. The performance of flatbed system proved better than ridge furrow system as the formerresponded more favourably to gypsum application. More crustthickness and low moisture content of the soil were found toincrease the crust strength in highly dispersed soils. However,gypsum application ameliorated the crust conducive properties ofthe soils.983 Gupta, I.C. (1979)A new classification and evaluation of quality of irrigation watersfor arid and semi-arid zones of India. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 2: 6-12The irrigation waters have been classified in 5 classes each on thebasis of adjusted SAR, boron and electrical conductivity todetermine the usability for irrigation, depending upon the soiltexture and crop tolerance. The suggested class limits are: for EC 10 mmhos cm -1 ; for B 10 ppm; and for adjusted SAR 40. Tolerant and semi-tolerant crops have been listed. Whereas,lowest limits are permissible for most of the crops on most of thesoils, the highest limits are critical. The critical limits of EC andadjusted SAR decrease as the texture of the soil becomes heavier butin case of boron it is reverse.

984 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1968)Salt composition of some saline water irrigated soils of westernRajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 16: 305-313Irrigation with saline ground waters of varying salinity and sodiumadsorption-ratiovalues on coarse-to-medium-textured soilsincreased the soluble-Na percentage in soil solution to 75 andexchangeable-Na percentage to over 30. Irrigation waters containedmore Mg than Ca.985 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970)Seasonal variations in pH and total cation concentration of thesaline water irrigated soils of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal ofScience and Industry. 4A: 77-81In four typical semi-arid zone soils with CaCO 3 content rangingfrom 0.3 to 18.5% and with texture ranging from sandy loam to clayloam, salt accumulation was greatest during summer, when surfacepH's were 8.5 and lowest at the end of the monsoon, when pH's of8.5-9.0 occurred. Irrigation with saline waters during thesubsequent rabi season when wheat was grown resulted in the reaccumulationof salts and the return of pH to the original level.986 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970)Seasonal variations in salt composition of some saline waterirrigated soils of western Rajasthan. I Effect of rainfall. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 18: 428-435After the rains (35-45 cm) high salt concentrations were reduced sothat the top 40 cm of soil was completely nonsaline. The hydrolysisof Na-clay was of small significance and leaching did not result inhigh alkalinity. In calcareous soils exchangeable Na was alsoreduced. Surface soils of the type Na-Mg-Cl-SO 4 before the rains,became Na-Ca-Cl-HCO 3 type after rainfall.987 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970)Use of salt waters predominant in divalent cations for irrigation inthe semi-arid zone of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 40: 711-715On deep sandy to sandy loam soils under wheat for over 50 years,and irrigated each winter (rabi season) with saline water containinga predominance of divalent cations, high accumulations of salts,except at depths below 40 cm, occurred temporarily, but pH andconcentrations of soluble and exchangeable Na in the root zone werenot harmful to plant growth. Na adsorption ratios were low and theavailability of Ca and Mg ions was high.

988 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1978)Use of saline water for irrigated soils in western Rajasthan.Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44 B: 213-17A review paper deals with ground water characteristics in westernRajasthan, classification of waters, seasonal variations in thequality of ground waters, characteristics of saline water irrigatedsoils and effect of rainfall on the salt composition of saline waterirrigated soils. In arid and semi-arid zones of western Rajasthan,about 85 per cent of ground waters have EC between 2.25 and 10mmhos/cm whose SAR values vary largely between 10 and 34.989 Gupta, I.C. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1986)Crop tolerance to saline irrigation waters. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 34: 379-386The available crop yield data in relation to different degrees ofsalinity of the irrigation waters pertaining to different agro-climaticand soil conditions in India have been analysed. The critical limits ofECiw above which yields decrease by 10, 25 and 50% have beenworked out. Barley, wheat, mustard, pearl millet, sorghum andsafflower are tolerant (ECiw up to 10.0 dS m -1) . Sunflower, cotton,clusterbean, fenugreek, sesame, rice, maize and lady's finger aresemi-tolerant (ECiw up to 5.0 dS m -1) . Groundnut, pigeonpea,cowpea, onion and finger millet are sensitive crops as these could begrown with waters having EC only up to 3.0 dS m -1 . The criticaltolerance limits of salinity of irrigation waters decrease as thetexture of the soil becomes finer, and annual and seasonal rainfalldecrease in the area. Due to higher rainfall and reduction in numberof irrigations, the same crop seems to be more tolerant in summerthan winter season. Similar soils and similar rainfall pattern mayhave identical critical limits of tolerance for the same crop atdifferent locations in India.990 Gupta, J.P. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1975)The effect of different water regimes and nitrogen sources on theyield of wheat. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 194-196N lignin, a slow releasing nitrogen source when used under limitedmoisture conditions, helps in getting higher yields possibly due toslow but continuous availability of nitrogen to the growing plantsand reduced leaching losses.991 Handa, B.K. (1964)

Modified Eaton's methods for the calculation of gypsum andleaching requirement of irrigation waters in arid regions. Journal ofthe Indian Society of Soil Science. 12: 25-28Sodium adsorption ratio is superior to the percentage sodium valuesas an index of the sodium and alkali hazards of the irrigation water,instead of converting them to 70 per cent sodium as envisaged in theformula proposed by Eaton, they are converted to the S1 or S2 class.992 Jain, B.L. (1978)Soil characteristics and irrigation water hazards. Annals of AridZone. 17: 337-342Suitability of irrigation waters in relation to the content of finemechanical fractions, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchangecapacity was evaluated in a highly saline sodic ground water zone inthe arid region of south west Rajasthan. Salinity hazards of waterincreased with increase in the content of silt and clay and waspredominant in the surface soil layers. Sodic hazards were loweredwith increase in silt and clay content, hydraulic conductivity andcation exchange capacity of the soils.993 Jain, B.L. (1981)Salt balance studies in saline water irrigated soils. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 29: 160-167Salt balance studies of the soils irrigated with saline water (EC 2.7to 12 mmhos cm -1 ) in four different crop sequences have shownseasonal cyclic changes in salinity, exchangeable sodium and ioniccomposition. Salt concentration increased during irrigation cycle,whereas monsoon rain prevented salt accumulation in the surfacelayers. High salinity of the irrigation water lowered the evapotranspiration(ET) but increased the leaching fraction (LF) ofirrigation water and modified the ionic composition. Irrigationdepth, salt concentration and leaching fraction governed the saltaccumulation in soil. Only 23-27 per cent of the added salts ofsodium and chloride accumulated in the soil and the rest got leacheddown during crop season itself. Frequent irrigations with salinewater were conducive for higher values of ET and LF and to lowerthe salinity and ESP levels of the soil, thereby resulting in higheryields of different crops.994 Jain, B.L. and Kaushik, B.D. (1989)Effect of algalization on crop response under saline irrigation.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 37: 382-384

Algalization of sorghum and wheat for two crop seasons, each onsaline-sodic soils followed with saline water (EC 2.7 to 12.0 dS m -1 )irrigation has shown beneficial effect in economising on nitrogenapplication. Algalization decreased soluble Na/(Ca+Mg) ratio andexchangeable sodium in sandy clay loam Calciorthid soils.995 Jain, B.L. and Pareek, O.P. (1989)Effect of drip irrigation and mulch on soil and performance of datepalm under saline water irrigation. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 245-248Date palm cv Khadrawy and Shamran were irrigated with waters ofEC 2.7,6.0 and 9.0 dS m -1 . Salt accumulations in soil, considerablyhigher during irrigation phase in pre-monsoon period wereeffectively leached by the seasonal rainfall in conjunction with runofffrom micro-catchment during monsoon period. No carry over ofsalts was evident during five years of study. Drip irrigation waseffective in limiting the salt accumulation. Gravel mulch did notshow any ameliorative effect in saline water irrigation.996 Jain, B.L. and Saxena, S.N. (1971)Lysimeter studies on the short term effect of composition ofirrigation water on the boron accumulation in soil. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 19: 171-174Boron concentration in available form and water soluble form(saturation extract) increased in the profile up to 150 cm depth, withincrease in boron of irrigation water. Increase in SAR of irrigationwater decreased the accumulation of available boron and increasedthe water soluble boron in the profile. Application of irrigation waterhaving boron concentration up to 1.0 ppm did not lead toaccumulation of boron to toxic concentration in the short duration of3 months.997 Jain, T.C. (1975)Use of Constant Level Jain Evaporimeter in scheduling irrigation.Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 25-28The "Constant level Jain Evaporimter" described in the paper can besuccessfully used to measure the evaporative demand of anatmosphere and hence for scheduling irrigation. In this equipmentthe level of evaporating surface is constantly maintained from abottle connected with a tube. As soon as the water evaporates, it isrefilled with water in the bottle and hence the amount of waterevaporated can be accurately read directly from graduation in thebottle. A relationship of 1.4-1.5 is obtained between the values of

this evaporimeter and the U.S. Pan evaporimeter. The equipment issimple, can be easily handled by a skilled farmer, is economical(approximately costing Rs.45/- each) and is a better representativeof evaporative demand.998 Jain, T.C. and Jain, K.C. (1979)Response of dwarf barley to levels of irrigation and nitrogen in lighttexturedsoils of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.49: 330-335A 3-year study on the loamy-sand soils of Jobner showed that 'RDB1' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) consumed more than 40% of totalwater from the surface 15 cm and 65% from the surface 30 cm of thesoil layer. The soil moisture loss and grain and straw yieldsincreased with an increase in the frequency of irrigation, and thedepth of irrigation had little effect. The yield did not increasesignificantly when N fertiliser was over 40 kg ha -1. When the cropreceived a pre-irrigation, the first irrigation at the stage of crownrootinitiation (22-25 days after sowing) and subsequent irrigationsof 45 mm at cumulative pan evaporation of 56 mm, its grain yieldwas 44.6 q ha -1 with 130 kg N ha -1 . An average yield of 9.7 kg ofgrain and 14 kg of straw was produced per hectare-mm of appliedwater, which gave a gross income of Rs. 13.9, compared with onlyRs. 10.2 with the best treatment in wheat.999 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1994)Amelioration and management of soils irrigated with sodic water inthe arid region of India. Soil Use and Management. 10: 30-34Field studies at five locations on farmer's fields irrigated withresidual sodium carbonate waters (RSC) indicated that gypsumapplications at the rate of 100% of the gypsum requirement of soilplus the quantity of gypsum required to neutralise RSC in execs of 4me l -1 decreased SAR values, and improved infiltration rate, cropemergence and wheat grain yields. The soil pH decreased by 0.3-0.4units. Once soils have been ameliorated by this treatment, furthersmall applications of gypsum are needed to decrease the RSC inirrigation water and avoid further soil deterioration.1000 Katageri, S.R. and Sheelvantar, M.N. (1991)Influence of scheduling of irrigations on water use, water useefficiency and moisture extraction pattern of chickpea in vertisols.Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 221-225Under limited water supply scheduling of one irrigation at 45 DASwas found most effective for chickpea with maximum water use

efficiency (6.51 kg ha -1 mm) than scheduling of irrigation either at30 or 60 DAS on medium black clay loam soil. If water is availablefor two irrigations, higher yields could be obtained with water useefficiency of 5.28 kg ha -1 mm by scheduling irrigation at 30 and 60DAS. Under unlimited water supply, maximum yield of chickpeacould be obtained by scheduling of irrigation at 30, 45 and 74 DASwith water use efficiency of 5.27 kg ha -1 mm. Maximum moisturewas extracted (31.2%) from deeper layers (61-90 cm) when oneirrigation was scheduled at 45 DAS followed by two (29.3%) andthree (27.8%) irrigation schedules. As the frequency of irrigationincreased from one to three, the moisture extracted from top layer(0-30 cm) increased and consequently water use efficiency declined.1001 Kathju, S., Garg, B.K., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N. (1993)Effects of supplemental irrigation and soil fertilisation on pearlmillet under drought. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 7:317-326Pearl millet was grown under rainfed (188 mm precipitation with anearly and a terminal drought) or with one supplemental irrigation(63 mm during the early drought at 10 days after sowing) and with(80 kg N, 18 kg P, and 17 kg K ha -1 ) or without application offertilisers. Improvement of soil fertility increased the dry matterand grain yield, water use efficiency, mining of soil water,concentrations of some leaf metabolites and the activity of nitratereductase, despite larger declines of plant and relative turgidity ascompared to unfertilised plants under both the rainfed and irrigatedconditions. Fertiliser- induced effects on soil water extraction, cropperformance, and metabolism were higher under the irrigated ascompared to the rainfed condition. Irrigation and soil fertilisationshowed an additive favourable effect, possibly because of theirsimilarity of action on different plant processes, notwithstandingtheir differential effects on the plant water status.1002 Khan, M.A. (1988)Sprinklers tested for soil crack problem in arid area. Water andIrrigation Review, Israel. 8: 14-15The study evaluates the relative merits of water application bysprinkler and conventional surface irrigation of wheat. Waterapplied during first year and second year by sprinklers was 72.5%and 64.9% less than the volume applied by surface irrigation. Theyield of wheat under sprinkler irrigation was 2,560 and 2,780 kg ha -1 compared to 2,460 and 2,660 kg ha -1 during first and second years,respectively. The water use efficiency of sprinkler irrigation wasnearly twice as high as that of surface irrigation during both the

years. Soil cracks under surface irrigation were 2-3 cm wide and 0.5-1m deep, whereas under sprinkler irrigation only a few fine crackswere observed.1003 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, Y.V. and Lahiri, A.N. (1983)Use of discarded plastic infusion sets from hospitals in irrigation onsmall farms in arid regions. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 385-389Discarded plastic infusion/drip sets from hospitals have been usedfor irrigating cauliflower grown on sandy soils of arid regions,thereby adopting the concept of drip irrigation. Irrigation levels hada significant effect on the yield and 31.5, 23.6 and 15.7 cm of waterprovided yields of 23.0, 20.8 and 16.7 t ha -1 , respectively. The yieldswere comparable with those obtained with the conventional dripsystem of irrigation under identical conditions. The system adoptedhere seems promising for the small farmers located in the dryregions of many developing countries, where an efficient use ofwater in agriculture is warranted through simple and inexpensivetechnologies.1004 Kubsad, V.S., Hunsal, C.S., Vishwanath, D.P., Chimmad, V.P.and Mansur, C.P. (1995)Effect of saline water irrigation on properties of vertisols and yieldof Setaria. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 43-45Effect of saline irrigation water (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 dS m -1 ) on soilproperties, available nitrogen, water soluble cations and yield ofsetaria (Setaria italica L.) revealed that the soil EC 2 graduallydecreased after sowing till 61 DAS and it increased till 75 DAS andtherefore, again decreased at harvest. The available nitrogen andphosphorus were more in surface layer after harvest and were lessaffected due to salinity levels. Among the water soluble cations, theconcentration of K, Mg and Na increased with increasing salinityand Ca increased upto 6 dS m -1 at both the soil depths after harvest.The grain yield increased upto 6 dS m -1 salinity level and decreased,thereafter.1005 Kumar, D. (1995)Enhancing and sustaining the production of Indian mustard[(Brassica juncea) L. Czern & Coss] on saline conditions.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 177-188Salinity is a serious threat for realisation of satisfactory yields of oilcrops in irrigated areas of arid and semi-arid regions. Indianmustard which contributes nearly 25% to the national oilseeds

production, suffers heavy yield losses due to its susceptibility tosalinity and sodicity, particularly at germination stage. Plant standsin such conditions are poor and too much patchy. Certain agrotechniquesevolved through experimentation in prevailing situationswhich could be helpful have been briefed. High seedling emergencerate on moderately saline (ECi 8-12 dS m -1 ) and sodic (ESP 30-50)situations; and high seedling emergence alongwith high seed yieldper unit area on highly saline and sodic situations are the mostsensible growth parameters for selecting salt tolerant genotypes.Amongst the biological parameters, wider K/Na ratio in leaves atflowering stage at the threshold salinity levels has been observedthe most pertinent criterion. The cv. DIRA-387, NDR-8604, RLC-1357 and CS-52 have been identified the most salt tolerant onesyielding 10-12% higher over the existing national checks. Increasedseed rate (20% higher) over the usual quantity has been foundeffective in increasing yields with a significant margin at salinitylevel of ECi 12-16 dS m -1 . Saline water application at the tolerantgrowth stage(s) has tremendous scope for yield enhancement. Salinewater (ECi 8-16 dS m -1) may reduce yields by 30-40%, when appliedas presowing irrigation, but when applied at the pod formationstage, may reduce yields with a very narrow margin. Application ofN on low to moderate saline and sodic situations may follow theusual doses as for non-saline and N @ 120 kg ha -1 on high sodicitylevels may be responsive and beneficial.1006 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1990)Response of Indian mustard to saline water application at differentgrowth stages. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 15: 121-125Grain yield averaged over two years was declined by 70, 48 and 1%with the water of ECi 16 dS m -1 applied at all the stages, pre-sowingand at secondary branches initiation, respectively corresponding tothe EC of soil extract 12.6, 7.0 and 7.2 dS m -1 at the respectivestages. Water of ECi 16 dS m -1 applied at flowering stage, howeverstimulated grain yield by 15%. Pusa bold was better tolerant thanrest of the two strains, nevertheless, seedling emergence was acritical sensitive stage for it, whilst secondary branches initiationstage was more crucial for Prakash.1007 Kumar, V. and Kumar, D. (1989)Response of wheat to suboptimal nitrogen under saline waterirrigation. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 57-61A micro-plot study on HD 1593 wheat was carried out during 1978-80, in a single-strip plot design with 2 levels of N and 4 levels of

water salinity on a sandy loam soil. Adverse effect of salinity wasgreatly manifested on grain and dry matter yield during rainfalldeficit year 1979-80. Normal level of N (120 kg ha -1) proved optimumat ECi 8 and 12 dS m -1 whilst suboptimal N (72 kg ha -1) wassignificantly superior at ECi 16 dS m -1 .1008 Kumar, V. , Kumar, D. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1986)Effect of saline water with varying levels of SAR and Ca : Mg ratioson growth and yield of wheat and soil properties. Annals of AridZone. 25: 73-80Plant height, number of spikelets and grains spike -1 and grain yieldwere markedly affected with poor quality waters. Depression ingrain yield was maximum (56.9%) with EC of 10 mmhos cm -1 andleast (40.0%) with Ca : Mg ratio of 1:8 over control. Although maineffects of SAR and Mg/Ca ratios also drastically affected grain yield.There was more salt build-up with saline water than with SARvalues and Ca : Mg ratios. Na content increased dramatically in allthe treatments, whereas Ca and Mg were maximum at EC 10mmhos cm -1 but their high contents were associated to the lowerlevels of SAR and Ca : Mg ratios. Mg was twice to that of Ca at SAR10 having Ca : Mg ratio of 1 : 8 and Ec 10 mmhos cm -1 whereas thesame was 1 : 1 in other treatments. Contents of Cl and SO 4 roseconsiderably with salinity levels, however remained unchanged withother treatments.1009 Kumar, V. , Kumar, D. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1987)Effect of saline waters with varying Cl : SO 4 ratios and phosphoruslevels on the growth and yield of bread-wheat and soil properties.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 57: 668-671An experiment was conducted to ascertain the effects of salinewaters with varied Cl : SO 4 ratios and the P levels on growth andyield of bread-wheat (Triticum aestivum L..) and properties of soil.Irrigation with the water of high salinity (> 8 mmhos cm -1 ) whencontaining higher proportion of Cl to SO 4 (i.e. 9 : 1) would behazardous for wheat.1010 Kumar, V., Kumar, D., Singh, S.P. and Chauhan, C.P.S. (1987)Response of bajra and wheat to different levels of nitrogen andphosphorus grown with saline waters. Current Agriculture. 11: 59-64Dry matter of bajra and grain yield of wheat were significantlyreduced with saline water of EC 12 dS m -1 . Usual dose of N (120 kgha -1 ) was found optimum for bajra grown with saline waters. For

wheat, lower or higher than usual dose of N (120 kg ha -1 ) broughtdown the grain and dry matter yield grown with low to moderatelysaline waters (

est is being made from the lowest layer. Application of 80 kg N ha -1was found to be the most effective but still higher response can beobtained with higher doses in between 80 and 160 kg N ha -1 .Distance of 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants wasfound to be optimum.1014 Negi, S.C., Kachhwaha, A. and Tak, T.C. (1994)A rapid field test for estimation of boron in irrigation water. Annalsof Arid Zone. 33: 151-152A rapid field test for estimation of boron in irrigation water has beendeveloped under controlled pH of water. Capsules have beenprepared consisting of CaO (100 mg), citric acid (2.3 mg), mannitol(100 mg) and bromothymol blue (0.1 mg). The method is described inthe paper.1015 Paliwal, K.V., Maliwal, G.L. and Manohar, S.S. (1976)Effect of the level of salinity of irrigation water on the growth andyield of barley varieties grown on a sandy soil of Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 46: 159-164Studies were conducted for two years on the effect of irrigation withwaters of salinity levels ranging from 28 to 240 me l -1 on the yield of4 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Both straw and grainyield decreased with an increase in the salt concentration and themaximum reduction was 34% in straw yield and 49% in grain yieldat the highest salt concentration. Barley could be irrigated withwaters having a salt concentration of 80 me l -1 . The relative yieldpotential was in the order: RS 17 > C 167 > NP 21 > RS 6.1016 Ramakrishna, Y.S., Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S. and Joshi, N.L.(1990)Effect of irrigation on evapo-transpiration, water and energy useefficiency of mustard crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 259-264Performance of mustard crop grown at three levels of irrigation(100% PET 50% PET and control) was studied for two consecutiveseasons in lysimeters to ascertain its optimum water requirements.Mustard crop responded linearly upto 50% PET and thereafter thewater use efficiency (WUE) decreased as a result of lower efficiencyof the crop to utilise the excess available water for increasing grainproduction linearly. Both water and energy use efficiencies (EUE)were found to be higher during flowering, pod formation and seedfilling stages of crop. Radiation profile measurements revealed thatin mustard crop maintained at potential rate (100% PET),65% oftotal incident radiation was absorbed by the crop during vegetative

and reproductive stages as against 49% in the control crop whichhad 70% less leaf area compared to the crop grown at potential rate.1017 Shankarnarayana, H.S. and Ganu, S.N. (1963)Properties of soils irrigated by saline waters in arid tracts ofwestern Rajasthan. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation inIndia. 11: 83-89pH was 7.2-8.6 without irrigation and > 8 with irrigation. EC of thesaturation extract was < 2.4 mmhos cm -1 in unirrigated profiles and3.0-25.0 mmhos cm -1 in irrigated profiles; In one profile it increasedwith depth owing probably to leaching by monsoon rain. Irrigatedsoils contained more exchangeable Mg (where the irrigation waterwas high in Mg) and notably more exchangeable Na thanunirrigated soils.1018 Shankarnarayana, H.S., Moghe, V.B. and Mathur, C.M. (1965)An appraisal of the quality of saline ground waters of arid tract ofwestern Rajasthan for agricultural utilisation. Journal of the IndianSociety of Soil Science. 13: 103-108The quality of 74 under ground waters of Jodhpur and 84 of Palidistrict has been discussed. The waters were highly saline, ECvarying between 0.9 and 55.0 mmhos cm -1 and 1.0 and 48.1 mmhoscm -1 in Jodhpur and Pali, respectively. Highest sodium percentagewas 96. There was no problem of RSC.1019 Singh, A. (1977)Effect of irrigation and fertiliser on the yield and quality of seedcotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 16: 67-72Branching, flowering and seed development were the most criticalstages of irrigation in cotton and gave 566 kg ha -1 seed cotton yieldduring 1974 and a mean yield of 350 kg ha -1 . It remained at par withhigher number of irrigations. Soil being moderate in fertility, thecontrol treatment gave 331 kg ha -1 yield of seed cotton and higherlevels of fertility did not push up the yields. When the irrigationswere applied at branching, flowering and seed formation stages ofplant growth, best quality of cotton fibre was obtained as judged bydifferent indices namely short fibre percentage, maturity of fibreand fibre fineness.1020 Singh, A. (1977)Effect of phasic drought on the yield, water use and moistureextraction pattern of hybrid grain sorghum in Marwar tract ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 231-239

Seedling and milk stages were found to be relatively more moisturesensitive. During a drought year application of single supplementalirrigation at milk stage gave 12.7 q ha -1 grain and 59.9 q ha -1 dryfodder yield. Maximum yield in dry season was obtained when theirrigations were applied at all the stages of plant growth formaintaining optimum soil moisture content in the agro-climaticconditions of Pali-Marwar. However, in a high rainfall seasonirrigation effects were not significant in respect of grain and fodderproduction of hybrid sorghum. Amount and pattern of moisture usewere similar in 1973 but in 1974 maximum amount of water wasused with irrigation at seedlings heading and milk stages and peakrate being at 60-90 days age of crop and the entire moisture wasutilised from 30 cm soil only. In rainfed condition, moisture wastapped from deeper soil up to 45 cm.1021 Singh, A. (1978)Root development of crops under irrigation in the arid zone. Annalsof Arid Zone. 17: 370-376The calcareous substratum in soils of Pali (Rajasthan) does not actas a barrier to root growth and ramification. All the crops studiedmade full root development and exhibited yield potential. Most ofthe roots of urd, sorghum, wheat, barley and cumin crops werefound in the upper 15 cm soil. Crops like chilly, maize, sunflowerand safflower expanded their root zone upto 30 cm soil depth andmade full growth. Roots of cotton, arhar and raya permeated upto 46cm soil, made optimum growth and expressed yield potential.1022 Singh, Ved, Ramdeo, Sharma, S.K. and Verma, B.L. (1995)Effect of irrigation and phosphorus on safflower (Carthamustinctorius) yield in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 65: 644-647Two irrigations applied to safflower either at rosette + flowering orrosette + seed-setting stages gave significantly higher yield, yieldattributes, net return and benefit : cost ratio (1.47) compared with 1irrigation. Application of 26.4 kg P ha -1 gave significantly higherseed yield and oil yield than the control and 13.2 kg P ha -1 .However, irrigation level did not affect the oil content in seed.Interaction effect of irrigation and P on seed yield was significant.Application of P @ 26.4 kg ha -1 gave additional net return of Rs.1095 ha -1 compared with 13.2 kg ha -1 and of Rs. 2,470 ha -1 comparedwith the control. Highest mean consumptive use was recorded whensafflower received 3 irrigations (rosette + flowering + seed-settingstages) and highest water-use efficiency was obtained when 2irrigations were applied at rosette + seed-setting stages.

1023 Vijay Kumar, and Raheja, P.C. (1969)Irrigation studies on cotton in arid zone I. Effect of various methodsof irrigation and levels of soil moisture on growth and yield of threevarieties of cotton. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 98-104Variety 216 F and H-14 did not show much difference in variousgrowth and yield characters. Variety Andrews appeared to be totalfailure in arid soils and needs further investigations. Differences insprinkler furrow irrigations were not marked but both showedconsistent superiority as evident from growth and yield data. Assuch, furrow irrigation may be recommended for the cotton crop inarid soils. As evident from various observations availability of waterto plant decreased progressively from 0.3 to 0.85 atmosphere tensionrespectively. Consequently growth and seed cotton yield wassignificantly reduced. It thus appears that cotton may be irrigatedbetween 0.3-0.6 atmosphere soil moisture tension.1024 Vijay Kumar, and Raheja, P.C. (1969)Irrigation studies on cotton. II. Boll weight and fibre properties.Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 105-108There was practically no difference in V 1 and V 2 in various bollsfibre characteristics. However, both these varieties showedsignificantly higher boll number, dry weight of bolls per plant,ginning out turn and strength of fibre than V 3 . Reverse was true for500 seed weight and mean fibre length. Various methods ofirrigation did not show any effect on various fibre properties. Fibrestrength was, however, significantly increased by flat irrigation overfurrow irrigation in the first year. Effect of I 1 was significantlysuperior over I 3 for mean fibre length, while reverse was true forfibre strength in 1963.1025 Vyas, K.K., Khurana, G.P. and Vyas, B.M. (1982)Soil properties as affected by saline irrigation waters of Bilara(Jodhpur district). Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 225-233Six representative sites irrigated with saline waters in Bilara tract,a south-eastern part of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, were chosenfor pedon sampling along with their irrigation waters and analysedfor different constituents. The soils have high EC and ESP and aresaline-alkali and alkali in character. The irrigation waters are sodicand possess high SAR and SSp values. Irrigation waters are thesource of soluble salts in these soils. EC of the waters is significantlyrelated to the EC of saturation extract of soils as also the SAR ofwaters and soil extracts. The criteria used to classify soils as well as

the irrigation waters as having high salinity hazards are not tenablefor well drained light textured soils and need modification.1026 Wasi, U. Mathur, C.P. and Singh, S.D. (1971)Uniformity of water application from revolving head-sprinkler.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 41: 253-259WeedsThe pattern and application efficiency of water at wind velocitiesless than 3 km h -1 were high with revolving head-sprinkler. The lossof water by evaporation and wind drift was within the limits of 10-15 per cent. The application rate was satisfactory. The waterdistribution pattern as evident from the uniformity coefficient wasuniform. Wind velocities higher than 6 km h -1 resulted inconsiderable loss and non-uniform application of water. The data onwater caught in cans approximately reflected the pattern of internaldistribution of soil moisture. The observed non-uniform applicationof water significantly affected the yield.1027 Bondale, K.V., Daulay, H.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1969)Chemical control of Chenopodium murale. Indian Journal of Scienceand Industry. 3: 111-112Proper deals with an experiment conducted to control Chenopodiummurale in rabi fallows used for sheep grazing at CSWRI,Avaikanagar. Weekly observations were recorded on the mortalitycount from the date of spray upto 35th day. Plants which survivedeven after 5th week of spray of 2, 4-D did not show any appreciableplant growth and development.1028 Dahiya, S.S., Faroda, A.S. and Singh, J.P. (1987)Effect of weed control methods on growth and yield of pearl milletunder rainfed conditions. Haryana Journal of Agronomy. 3: 13-16Two years field experiments conducted on loamy sand soils revealedthat three hoeings done by wheel hand hoe were most effective incontrolling Cyperus rotundus (L) and Trianthema portulacastrum(L) in pearl millet. Application of atrazine at 0.25 a.i. kg ha -1 .significantly reduced the population and dry matter accumulationby total weeds as compared to two hoeings done at different times.Three hand hoeings done at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing andapplication of atrazine gave significantly higher yield than othertreatments.1029 Daulay, H.S. and Singh, K.C. (1982)Chemical weed control in green gram and clusterbean. IndianJournal of Agricultural Science. 52: 758-763

The predominant weed species associated with both these cropswere Cyperus rotundus, Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. and Pulicariawightiana, Trifluralin, chloramben and alachlor were effective incontrolling major weeds of greengram. Though alachlor proved to bethe most effective on clusterbean, nitrofen was more effective on P.wightiana. All the herbicides except nitrofen gave more than 100%higher grain yield of greengram than the unweeded-control, buttrifluralin and chloramben proved more promising. In clusterbeanalachlor, trifluralin and nitrofen proved effective in controllingweeds, giving a yield equal to that of the hand-weeded treatment.1030 Faroda, A.S., Daulay, H.S. and Bondale, K.V. (1969)Control of Tribulus terrestris by use of 2, 4-D ester at differentlevels. Indian Journal of Science and Industry. 3: 207-210Ethyl ester formulation of 2, 4-D was sprayed at the rates of 0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 Kg ha -1 on Tribulus terrestris. Mortality wasrecorded from 64 to 96% under different concentrations.1031 Jalaja Kumari, Sundaramoorthy, S. and Sen, D.N. (1987)Effect of tillage on weed population and seed reserve in arid soils.Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 105-109Zero tillage has been found to be very effective in controllingCyperus rotundus, as the rhizomes do not become free to sprout.Dicots and grasses also showed less presence. However, ploughingthe land once or twice and leaving fallow showed insignificantvariation in presence of dictos and grasses. The land prepared andleft fallow, and then again ploughed in the same season, resulted inlesser emergence of weeds.1031 Kumar, V., Yadav, B.D. and Yadav, A. (1996)Crop-weed competition in clusterbean under rainfed conditions.Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 79-81Dry weight of weeds increased with the corresponding increase inthe weedy period for first 15 DAS to harvesting. However, reversewas true in the treatments where weeds were not allowed to grow.Grain yield of clusterbean increased significantly when plots werekept weed free upto 15 DAS and beyond.1032 Mathur, M.K. and Raheja, P.C. (1974)A note on the effects of phenoxy herbicides on the germination andearly growth of bajra seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 172-173

At 1000 ppm, all the herbicides reduced the germination andplumule length of bajra seedlings. The length of radicle linearlydecreased with an increase in herbicidal concentration.1033 Misra, D.K. (1962)Tribulus terrestris weed in arid zone farming. Indian Journal ofAgronomy. 7: 136-141Tribulus terrestris is a very pernicious weed in the arid region ofwestern Rajasthan, commonly known as Chota Gokhru or Kanti inMarwar (Rajasthan). It alone was found to cover 4 to 9% of theground surface in cultivated bajra fields in western Rajasthan.Some of the control measures have been discussed. Controlmeasures be carried out in the early growth stages of the plantbefore fruits are formed, as these may mature after the death of theplant. Seedlings are easily uprooted by mechanical methods such ashoeing and weeding, depending on the extent of the infestation.Deep cultivation or ploughing , therefore, should be avoided.1034 Misra, D.K. and Vijay Kumar. (1962)Response of Pennisetum typhoides to weeding in arid-zone farming.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 6: 260-269Some of the arid zone weeds under study namely Convolvuluspluricaulis, Tribulus terrestris, Indigofera cordifolia, Zizyphusnummularia have shown the root length of 114, 112, 107 and 147cms. respectively. At 6" soil depth the moisture in an unweeded plotwas 2.5% as against 4% in weeded plots. Subsequently, there was1.8 and 3.1% moisture in second and 1.1 and 1.5% moisture in 3rdobservation respectively in control and weeded plots. The moistureretained in weeded plots was significantly higher as compared toplots which were not weeded.1035 Parihar, G.N. and Singh, R. (1994)Effect of cultural and herbicidal weed management on the yield ofcumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 309-312Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha -1 with onehand weeding at 30 days after sowing demonstrated satisfactoryweed control on sandy loam soil and recorded 56.8% higher seedyield (892 kg ha -1 ) and higher benefit:cost ratio (22.42:1) thanconventional two manual weedings (569 kg ha -1 ). Application of 1.0kg ha -1 pendimethalin alone gave seed yield of 819 kg ha -1 . Thelowest weed dry weight production was recorded under thistreatment.

1036 Sen, D.N., Bhandari, D.C. and Ashraf, N. (1980)Adaptations for survival of weeds in the Indian arid regions.Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 99-106Weeds are an excellent example of the successful struggle forexistence. In spite of inhospitable conditions in the Indian arid zone,weeds there have become adapted through a variety of ecologicaland physiological characters. These include prolific reproduction,variability in colour, size, shape, weight and viability of seeds,various types of dormancy and germination. Seeds possess specialtypes of structures such as papery outgrowths, hooks, stiff haris,stiff ends and spines, which help in dispersal. Vegetativemultiplication by means of runners, rhizomes and tubers also takesplace.1037 Singh, R. and Yadav, S.K. (1994)Effect of method of weed control on nutrients uptake in pearl millet.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 81-82Two hand hoeings, atrazine at 0.5 kg ha -1 and terbutryne at 0.75 kgha -1 significantly brought down N and P uptake by weeds comparedto one hand hoeing, one hand wheel hoeing, atrazine at 0.25 kg ha -1and terbutryne at 0.5 kg ha -1 .1038 Singh, R. and Yadav, S.K. (1994)Effect of time of weed removal on nutrients uptake in pearl millet.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 79-80Uptake of N and P by different weeds increased progressively withan increase in the time of weed removal and was maximum at 60DAS in Echinochloa colonum and at 50 DAS in Traubthemaprotulacastrum and Digera arvensis.1039 Singh, R.P. and Moolani, M.K. (1969)Chemical control of itsit (Trianthema monogynal) in maize anduncropped land. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 151-156The experimental results have revealed the promising immediateeffects of contact herbicides such as gramoxone and reglone in thecontrol of this weed in uncropped land. The performance of esterformulations of 2,4-D was equally effective but the completemortality was obtained only after a period of 2 weeks. In maize crop,best results were obtained from the application of simazine at 1 kg I.ha -1 . This treatment has completely weeded the plot and gave themaximum yield. The high rate of simazine has controlled the weedbut suppressed the crop growth and thus the yield was reduced. The

performance of 2,4-D amine salt at 720 gms a. ha -1 was found next tolow rate of simazine.1040 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Sen, D.N. (1988)Ecology of Indian arid zone weeds- XI : Polycarpaea corymbosa(Linn.) Lamk. Geobios. 15: 235-237DiseasesPolycarpaea corybosa is an important weed in arid agriculture.Seeds express an embryonic dormancy. Complete biology of thisweed has been described. Nitrates seem to induce seed germination.1041 Arya, H.C. and Kumar, A. (1976)Diseases of bajra - a serious problem of Rajasthan. Transactions ofthe Indian Society of Desert Technology. 1: 177-182Last few years green-ear and ergot diseases have been foundcausing considerable damage to bajra crop in Rajasthan. Themenace of diseases has increased due to the susceptibility of newlyintroduced, high yielding hybrids of bajra. The damage caused is notonly in terms of percentage of infection to the crop but more sobecause of contamination of the grains with both of these fungi, alsocausing poisoning to human and live-stock. Green-ear infected plantdevelops acute symptoms of complete proliferation andmalformation. The perpetuation of the disease is throughcontaminated soil and seed. The development of chemical control isstill inadequate. The exposure of the infected seeds to 55° C waterfor half an hour is recommended for control of the disease. Besidesfew cultural practices and some fungicidal sprays have beenreported for its control.1042 Arya, H.C. and Kumar, A. (1982)Ergot epidemic of pearl millet in Rajasthan. Recent Advances in thebiology of Micro-organisms. 2: 439-451Results of investigations of pearl millet ergot with special referenceto Rajasthan, India, were reviewed and discussed. Ergot appeared inan epidemic form in Rajasthan in 1967-68, 1973, 1975 and 1976.Disease syndrome and etiology of the pathogen were described. Theauthors also presented a diagrammatic representation of the diseasecycle of the fungus. The pathogen produces ergotoxins that causedrowsiness followed by hyperexitation and redness of face in humanbeings. Ergot was reported as endemic with primary infection by thesclerotial inoculum and secondary spread by means of conidiaEnvironmental factors greatly influence disease development.

Optimum growth of the fungus on Kirchoff's and Leonian's mediaoccurred at 25° C in light between 2000 and 3000 lux.1043 Bairwa, L.N. and Mahrishi, R.P. (1991)Association of Fusarium moniliforme sheldon with seedling blightand premature stalk rot (Wilt) of Pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone.30: 167-168Symptoms of stalk rot of pearl millet were observed at the anthesisin a patchy and localised manner. Isolations made from theinternodes of such affected plants yielded F. moniliforme.1044 Bohra, A. (1981)Effect of seed coat leachates on fungal spore germination. Geobios.8: 128-129Seed coat leaches of some cucurbits have been found to inhibit thegermination of various fungi and inhibition varied with the speciesand this inhibition was attributed to the presence of certainantifungal substances in the seed leachates.1045 Burman, U. and Lodha, S. (1996)Macrophomina phaseolina induced changes in plant water relationsof resistant and susceptible cowpea genotypes. IndianPhytopathology. 49 : 254-259Susceptibility of cowpea (genotypes to dry root rot caused byMacrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid increased with increasingsoil moisture stress. Shoot water potential decreased significantly inthe healthy and diseased plants of susceptible genotype ARSDurgapura compared to resistant V-265. At severe moisture stress,diseased plants of ARS Durgapura reflected greater magnitude ofchanges in leaf transpiration, turgiscence and temperaturecompared to those of V-265. Higher susceptibility of ARS Durgapurato Macrophomina infection was associated with impairment of itswater uptake susceptibility of ARS Durgapura to Macrophominainfection was associated with impairment of its water uptakeprocesses.1046 Gandhi, S.K. and Chand, J.N. (1985)Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the bacterial blight ofclusterbean. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 376-377Application of 20 to 40 kg N ha -1 , which maintained the normalvigour of the plants, was also conducive to the development ofbacterial blight, but further any increase in supply of N from 40 to

60 kg ha -1 had not affected disease severity significantly, confirmingsimilar observations made on bacterial diseases of other crops.1047 Gaur, R.B., Ahmed, S.R. and Bhari, N.R. (1983)Influence of fertilisers and cultural practices on the incidence ofAlternaria leaf spot of clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 199-201Incidence of Alternaria leaf spot of clusterbean decreased with theincrease in nitrogen fertiliser. Minimum disease was recorded at 10kg N and 20 kg P 2 O 5 per hectare. Crop sown in last week of Juneescaped the disease and yielded more grains. Widely spacedplanting exhibited more disease.1048 Gupta, G.K. and Gupta, A. (1984)Biochemical components of pearl millet varieties in relation todowny mildew infection. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 269-274Seeds of the downy mildew resistant pearl millet variety (BJ 104)had more sugar (42.5 mg 100 -1 mg) and less crude protein content(16.2 %) than those of the susceptible variety (HB 3) i.e. 31.9 mg100 -1 mg sugar and 20.3% protein. By downy mildew infection,reducing sugars decreased and non reducing sugars increased inleaves of the resistant variety while a reverse trend was observed inthe susceptible variety. Crude protein content increased in theleaves of both the varieties. In roots of the resistant variety,reducing, non-reducing and total sugars increased due to infectionwhile reverse trend was noticed in the susceptible variety. In theroots of both the varieties crude protein decreased.1049 Gupta, G.K. and Gupta, J.P. (1988)Influence of water harvesting and soil moisture on downy mildewincidence in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 277-279Correlation studies revealed a high negative correlation of the soilmoisture upto 30 days of sowing with (%) disease incidence and (%)infection index. Downy mildew incidence on pearl millet could bereduced considerably by proper management of the initial soilmoisture level.1050 Gupta, G.K. and Verma, S.K. (1991)Control of downy mildew of pearl millet with Ridomil. IndianPhytopathology. 44: 458-461Seed treatment with metalaxyl (apron 35SD) controlled the downymildew upto 30 days after sowing. Seed dressing (metalaxyl 5g a.i.kg -1 ) followed by a 0.2 % a.i. spray of ridomil ZM-280FW at 23 days

after sowing gave the best results with disease incidence 77.2 % lessat 40 DAS. and yield 100 % more than the check. At dough stage,per cent infection index was a better measure than per cent diseaseincidence to assess treatment differences. Harvest time residues ofmetalaxyl and of ziram were practically nil.1051 Gupta, G.K., Lene Lange and Olson, L.W. (1991)Role of internal seed borne mycelium of downy mildew of pearlmillet in the transmission of disease in the western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 169-174Seeds formed close to the affected parts of the partially transformedears of downy mildew infected plants were analysed for the presenceof viable mycelium of Sclerospora graminicola. No viable myceliumwas found in such seed. There is very remote possibility oftransmission of the disease through the seed produced in arid zone.1052 Gupta, G.K., Subba Rao, G.V. and Saxena, M.B.L. (1983)Relationship between meteorological factors and the occurrence ofergot disease (Claviceps microcephala) of pearl millet. Tropical PestManagement. 29: 321-324Using four meteorological factors, i.e. atmospheric temperatures,relative humidity, sunshine and rainfall, an attempt was made todetermine, by a curvilinear regression method, the optimum valuesfor ergot disease of pearl millet. The optimum values for initiationand spread of the disease were found to be 12 mm mean rainfall, 6 hday -1 mean sunshine, 75% mean relative humidity and 20°C meantemperature from protogyny to early flowering of pearl millet. Toquantify the relative importance of these meteorological factors, thecoefficient of determination was calculated and this showed thatatmospheric temperature contributed 45%, relative humidity 35%,sunshine 10% and rainfall 5% towards the total variation of theergot infection index.1053 Gupta, R.B.L. (1995)Assessment of losses due to mosaic virus in mustard (Brassicajuncea). Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 71To understand the economic importance of the disease, losses inseed yield and yield components in mustard were assessed and arereported here.1054 Kumar, A. (1980)Production of phytotoxins in ergot of pearl millet. Seed Science andTechnology. 8: 347-350

Production of phytotoxins by Claviceps fusiformis, the causal agentof ergot disease in pearl millet was studied. A considerableinhibitory effect of the sclerotial filtrate was observed on thegerminating grains. Root elongation was markedly inhibited incomparison to the plumule. The percentage germination of grainswas also reduced from 70% in controls to 30% at 12.5%concentration of the filtrates. Unidentified substances present in thesclerotia are believed to be the cause of inhibition due toallelochemic interactions.1055 Kumar, A. (1985)Ergot disease of pearl millet - A review of current status. IndianReview Life Science. 5: 93-106Ergot of pearl millet is the most important disease occurring in allthe millet growing tracts of India. The disease has been proved apotential threat to the production of pearl millet since all the highyielding varieties are highly susceptible to it. In this review anattempt has been made to review the work done on this diseaseduring the last decade. Besides taxonomy, reproduction andalkaloids of the fungus, considerable information is available on theepidemiology of the fungus. Appreciable progress has been madetowards determining the screening procedure and disease ratingscale for selecting the resistant sources, but the information onlosses, infection, disease cycle, and control is inadequate.1056 Kumar, A. (1992)Progress of Alternaria leaf spot on barley cultivars in relation toenvironment. Current Agriculture. 16: 97-98Investigations were made to analyse the role of environmentalfactors in disease development by Alternaria alternata on barleycultivars. Moderately high temperature, normal relative humiditywith dry rainless days favoured the disease development. Out of sixcultivars evaluated, two viz. RD 31 and BL 2 were completely freefrom disease but rest of the four cultivars exhibited diversereactions.1057 Kumar, A. (1995)Occurrence and incidence of plant diseases in Pali region. Annals ofArid Zone. 34: 73-75As information on plant diseases of the region is inadequate,therefore, extensive surveys were undertaken to determine theprevalence and distribution of diseases on major crops and trees.

1058 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1978)Estimation and identification of alkaloids produced by Clavicepsfusiformis loveless on some varieties of pearl millet. Current Science.47: 633-635Following thin layer chromatography technique and takingdymoclavine as standard samples the total alkaloid content wasestimated between 0.182 and 0.362% (average 0.263%) in honeydewand between 0.160 and 0.548% in sclerotia of C. fusifarmis collectedfrom 20 varieties of pearl millet. The alkaloid content was maximum(0.548%) in cultivar B-463 and minimum (0.160%) in CV RC-216.Six alkaloids were detected : setoclavine, agroclavine, penniclavine,elymoclavine, chanoclavine, and one unidentified.1059 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1978)In vitro production of honey-dew in Claviceps fusiformis lov. CurrentScience. 47: 781-782Claviceps fusiformis, isolated from pearl millet ergot sclerotia,produced honey-dew like secretion in pink to dark brown coloniesafter 20 days of inoculation on calcium nitrate agar medium.Conidia from these cultures induced ergot symptoms uponartificially inoculating pearl millet hybrid HB 4. The authorsconsidered that production of honey-dew was not a consequence ofparasitism.1060 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1981)Nature of resistance and susceptibility in vitro in ergot of pearlmillet caused by Claviceps fusiformis lov. Phytopathology. 20: 43-45Five varieties of pearl Millet, viz.: B-389, J-88, PIB- 228, HB-4 andHB-5, were selected to work out the nature of resistance andsusceptibility to the ergot inciting fungus C. fusiformis Calli fromhighly resistant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptiblevarieties were raised on modified Murashige and Skoog's medium.Callus pieces were transferred to 0.6% water agar and inoculationswere made. In highly susceptible varieties almost all conidia thatcame in contact with callus surface germinated and germ tubespenetrated the cells directly, while in highly resistant andmoderately susceptible varieties only a small number of conidiagerminated. The growth of mycelium was inter-as well as intracellular.1061 Kumar, A. and Arya, H.C. (1984)Nutritional studies on Claviceps fusiformis, causing ergot disease inpearl millet. I. influence of nutrient media, light, temperature, pH

and carbon nitrogen ratio. Indian Journal of Mycol Plant Pathology.14: 256-259Calcium nitrate medium supported best growth and sporulation ofC. fusiformis. Alternate light and darkness. 4.5 to 5.0 pH and 25°Ctemperature supported luxuriant growth and sporulation. Sucrosegave the best mycelial growth while maltose supported profusesporulation. Amongst inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium nitratesupported best growth whereas excellent sporulation was obtainedon calcium nitrate. Asparagine and glutamic acid as organicnitrogen sources supported growth and sporulation, respectively.1062 Kumar, A. and Joshi, H.K. (1995)Development of leaf spot caused by Ramularia carthami andreaction of safflower cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science. 125:223-225A severe leaf spot disease caused by Ramularia carthami Zaprom.was observed in 1983 and investigations were carried out in order toanalyse the role of environmental factors in disease development.High temperature and normal relative humidity, with dry rainlessdays, favoured disease development. Studies on the nature of in-vivoresistance and susceptibility to R. carthami showed that growth ofthe fungal germ-tube was slower on resistant than on susceptiblesafflower cultivars, where the germ-tube extended with or withoutbranching and penetrated infected leaves through the stomata. Ofthe four safflower cultivars evaluated, none were entirely free fromthe disease, but on the basis of lesion number and size, cultivarIGFRI-116 was rated as highly resistant.1063 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath (1991)A new banded leaf and sheath blight of pearl millet in India. IndianJournal of Plant Protection. 19: 215-216In August, 1989, a new disease was observed on leaves and sheathsof pearl millet, growing in experimental plots at Pali, westernRajasthan. Disease characteristics are described. A fungus wasisolated and identified as Fusarium equiseti. Pathogenicity wasconfirmed. This is the first report of F. equiseti on leaves andsheaths of pearl millet in India. Field screening showed thatincidence of the disease varied between different hybrids andcultivars.1064 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1991)Epidemiology of sorghum long smut in semi-arid India. SorghumNewsletter. 32: 43-45

In October 1990 air-borne teliospores of Tolyposporium ehrenbergiiwere detected at all heights investigated in a long smut infectedfield in India. Insects visiting the infected fields were collected andidentified. It was demonstrated that only Leptocorisa acutatransmitted the disease but colonies of fungus were also isolatedfrom Coccinella sp. and Nezara graminea.1065 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1991)Fungicidal control and disease rating-scale of long smut(Tolyposporium ehrenbergii) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences. 61: 225-227Seed treatment with thiram was more effective than carbendazim,though neither gave complete control of long smut. Disease severitywas recorded at dough stage by estimating the number of sori on aninfected panicle, using an illustrated rating scale. Percentages ofgrain loss per ear and per plot were determined. At present,breeding for resistance appears to be the best approach forcontrolling this disease, which is severe in areas with annualrainfall < 635 mm.1066 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1993)Toxin production by Fusarium solani causing Eucalyptus wilt.Indian Forester. 119: 306-309Toxin production by Fusarium solani, the causal agent ofEucalyptus wilt was studied in-vitro. The fungal culture filtratesinhibited considerably seed germination along with radicle andplumule elongation. Richard's, Conn's, Czapek's, Asthana andHawker's media were found to support phytotoxin production by thepathogen.1067 Lodha, S. (1984)Varietal resistance and evaluation of seed dressers against bacterialblight of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Indian Phytopathology.37: 438-440Of the 126 collections of guar, 4 collections appeared moderatelyresistant to bacterial blight under artificially inoculating conditions.Seed treatment with streptocycline (250 ppm) proved effective inreducing disease intensity and increasing the yield of guar grain.1068 Lodha, S (1989)Soil Solorization for the control of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi)Goid. in arid soils. Indian Phytopathology. 42:170-171.

Polyethylene mulching for a period of 15 days during hot summerdays was found highly effective in reducing soil population densitiesof Macrophomina phaseolina in arid soils. The reduction was morein top soil layer.1069 Lodha, S. (1995)Soil solarization, summer irrigation and amendments for the controlof Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. cumini and Macrophomina phaseolinain arid soils. Crop Protection. 14: 215-219Field tests were carried out to examine the efficacy of soilsolarization in conjunction with amendments (urea 20 kg N ha -1 andfarmyard manure) for the control of wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.cumini) of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and dry root rot(Macrophomina phaseolina) of clusterbean. During the summer of1987, solarization of soil by covering it with transparentpolyethylene sheets for 15 days greatly reduced the population ofthe two soil borne pathogens at 0-30 cm depth. As a result,significant reductions in the incidence of wilt, dry root rot and weedpopulations, and improvements in seed yields were recorded insolarized plots. Soil amendments extended the effectiveness ofsolarization by restricting the rebound of Fusarium, even after twosuccessive crops of cumin, compared to solar heating alone.Similarly Macrophomina populations did not increase significantlyafter one crop of clusterbean. Populations of these pathogens werealso reduced considerably merely by the natural heating of themoistened bare soil after amendments. These results suggest a newapproach to disease control by the application of summer irrigationin hot arid regions.1070 Lodha, S. (1996)Influence of moisture conservation techniques on Macrophominaphaseolina population, dry root rot and yield of clusterbean. IndianPhytopathology. 49: 342-349Effect of varying levels of soil moisture on Macrophominaphaseolina populations and dry root rot intensity in clusterbean wasstudied under arid conditions. Mulching with a layer of pearl milletstover (3.5 ton ha -1 ), farmyard manure (10 ton ha -1 ) and low plantpopulation (1.6 lakh ha -1 ), alone or in combination, effectivelyconserved available soil moisture of varying levels during differentstages of crop growth. This resulted in increased population ofresident bacteria with a corresponding decrease in sclerotial countsof M. phaseolina. Correlation of soil moisture with total bacteriawere positive but these factors were negatively correlated with M.

phaseolina. In path coefficient analysis, the highest negativeindirect effects of soil moisture modified the behaviour ofantagonistic micro-organisms. Enhanced soil moisture and adecrease in M. phaseolina population significantly reduced the dryroot rot intensity and increased seed yield of clusterbean.1071 Lodha, S. and Anantha Ram, K. (1993)Effectiveness of streptocycline spray schedules on the bacterialblight intensity and yield of clusterbean. Annals of Arid Zone. 32:237-240Thirteen schedules of streptocycline were attempted to record theireffectiveness against bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris Pv.cyamopsidis Dye] of clusterbean. Seed treatment (250 ppm) followedby two sprays of streptocycline (100 ppm) at 5th and 7th week afterplanting significantly reduced the blight intensity and increased thegrain yield. The combination provided an additional seed yield of1.52 kg per rupee of additional investment on the antibiotic.1072 Lodha, S. and Solanki, K.R. (1992)Influence of solar heating on control of dry root-rot (Macrophominaphaseolina) and weeds in arid environment. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 62: 838-843Solar heating achieved through polyethylene mulching of the soilduring hot days could considerably increase the soil temperature.The maximum soil temperature at 2.00 PM in mulched plots was58°C (wet) and 69°C (dry) at 5 cm depth, which in non-mulched plotsdid not exceed 53°C (wet) and 63°C (dry). Elevated soil temperaturesand a shift in favour of antagonistic micro organisms reduced thepopulations of M. phaseolina from 350 to 7 sclerotia g -1 soil. Thisreduction was more in the surface soil, and decreased with anincrease in soil depth upto 30 cm. In the arid region solar heatingwas effective with the application of a single irrigation only.Clusterbean raised in solarized plots gave higher grain yield due tosignificant control of the dry root-rot and weeds like Indian sandbur(Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.), mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.],heliotrope (Heliotropium subulatum Hochst.), nut grass (Cyperusrotundas L.), bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.],spreading hog-weed (Boerhavia diffusa L.) and gisekia (Gisekiapharnacioides L.).1073 Lodha, S. and Solanki, K.R. (1992)Inheritance of resistance to dry root rot in clusterbean. IndianPhytopathology. 45: 430-433

Inheritance of resistance to dry root rot caused by Macrophominaphaseolina in clusterbean was studied. Scaling test revealed thepresence of epistasis in R x R and S x S crosses and appropriatenessof additive dominance model for R X S cross. In gene effect studies,additive, additive x additive and dominance x dominance were morepronounced in R x S cross. Low value of heritability (37.8%)indicated significant role of environmental conditions in theexpression of this trait.1074 Lodha, S. and Vaidya, A. (1990)Influence of soil solarization on the viability of Fusarium solani inan arid environment. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 4: 199-202Efficacy of soil solarization (polyethylene mulching) was testedagainst a root rot fungus, Fusarium solani, in hot arid environment.Mulching during the month of June increased soil temperatures byas much as 12 and 9°C at 5 cm depth in dry and wet plots,respectively, resulting in a pronounced reduction of F. solanipopulation. An initial population of 250 propagules g -1 soil wasreduced to 13 (dry) and 7 (wet) propagules during a period of 15days. Elimination of propagules at 15 and 30 cm soil depth wasrelatively low. Considerable reduction in the Fusarium populationoccurred in moistened non-mulched soil, indicating a possibility ofdisease control by the application of a single irrigation in summermonths.1075 Lodha, S., Gupta, G.K. and Singh, Saroj. (1986)Crop disease situation and some new records from Indian arid zone.Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 311-320Surveys of plant diseases were undertaken during 1977-1984 in thearid zones of Rajasthan. A comprehensive plant-wise list ofcommonly occurring fungi, bacteria and viruses is given andincludes 28 new host records. Root rots, wilts, ergot, blight andpowdery and downy mildews were the most frequent and severediseases on different hosts. Maximum yield loss (75.36%) wasrecorded due to yellow mosaic virus on moth bean, followed bydowny mildew of pearl millet (50.15%) and bacterial blight ofclusterbean (50%). Agro-climatic factors influencing root rots, ergotand mildews development are also indicated.1076 Lodha, S., Mali, P.C. and Burman, U. (1993)Development of bacterial blight and changes in biochemicalcomponents in the resistant and susceptible genotypes ofclusterbean. Indian Phytopathology. 46: 354-359

Development of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv.cyamopsidis) was studied in five genotypes of clusterbean.Maximum blight intensity (76.6 per cent) and apparent infectionrate (0.052) was recorded in Pusa Navbahar. Two sprays ofstreptocycline significantly reduced the blight intensity andinfection rate in all the genotypes. Lesser change in solublecarbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll coupled with more change inphenols and peroxidase due to blight infection in HG 75 compared toPusa Navbahar partly accounts for the bacterial blight resistance inHG 75.1077 Lodha, S., Mathur, B.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1990)Factors influencing population dynamics of Macrophominaphaseolina in arid soils. Plant and Soil. 125: 75-80The population of the fungus increased under continuous monocroppingwith a susceptible host, but considerable reduction wasrecorded with crop rotation or a change in crop sequence. The effectsof fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, total microbial population,minimum and maximum soil temperature on the survival of M.phaseolina population were studied in the absence of a crop atdifferent soil depths. Highest population and survival rates wererecorded at 0-5 cm soil depth. Correlation and path coefficientanalyses were carried out to determine the role of individual factorsinfluencing M. phaseolina population. In winter months, lowtemperature and high actinomycete population were found to be themajor factors governing the reduction of the population of M.phaseolina.1078 Lodha, S., Sharma, S.K. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1997)Solarization and natural heating of irrigated soil amended withcruciferous residues for improved control of Macrophominaphaseolina. Plant Pathology. 46: 186-190The efficacy of summer irrigation and soil solarization combinedwith cruciferous residues was tested against the dry root rotpathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in an arid climate. In irrigatedamended soil, polyethylene mulching during May increased the soiltemperature to 57°C and 50°C at depths of 0-15 and 16-30 cm,respectively. As a result, within 15 days the population of M.phaseolina was almost eradicated (93-99%) at both soil depths. Aconsiderable reduction (75-96%) was also achieved by naturalheating of irrigated soil (46-53 C) for 15 days after amending withcruciferous residues. Mulching alone was only partially effective (69-89% reduction). These results suggest a new approach to controllingsoil-borne pathogens in hot arid regions by combining summer

irrigation with soil amendment. Amendment with residues alone orin conjunction with soil solarization also increased the population oflytic bacteria against M. phaseolina.1079 Mahrishi, R.P. (1991)A new host for pearl millet ergot in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.30: 175-176It was observed that some grasses like Pennisetum squamulatum, P.massaicum, Panicum antidotale and Cenchrus ciliaris serve ascollateral hosts to ergot of pearl millet .1080 Mali, P.C., Vyas, S.P. and Lodha, S. (1989)Biochemical components of cluster bean genotypes in relation tobacterial blight. Indian Phytopathology. 42: 559-561Among the varieties, HG-75 was found to be resistant while pusaNavbahar highly susceptible to bacterial blight. Genotypes differedin metabloic constituents upon infection. Severe infection broughtabout more of metabolic derangements towards the assimilatoryactivities in plants which finally resulted in yield reduction. Studysuggested the possibility of the use of glutamine synthetase as anadditional parameter for determining relative resistance inclusterbean genotypes.1081 Mathur, B.L. and Prasad, N. (1964)Studies on wilt disease of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.cumini. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 34: 131-137Wilt of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. cumini isresponsible for heavy losses to this crop in Rajasthan. The pathogenmay incite pre-emergence death but does not rot the seed. The seedand plant parts may play a role in introduction of the disease in newareas. The fungus is composed of a large number of cultural andpathogenic variants which range from severe parasites to almostsaprophytes. Host-range studies showed that the cumin-wilt Fusariawere specific to their own host, although some infection wasobtained by few isolates on coriander and carrot in seedling stage.1082 Mehta, N. and Thakur, D.P. (1986)Role of different grasses in the occurrence of ergot on pearl millet.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 473-475Out of 20 grasses and 14 strains of Panicum and Cenchrus tested,only P. antidotale Retz. and C. ciliaris Linn. contracted ergotincidence under artificial inoculation with both ergot suspension of

pearl millet and blue panic-grass (P. antidotale Retz.) in 1982 and1983. Only P. antidotale has been observed to contract the ergotinfection in the field.1083 Podder, S. and Purohit, D.K. (1993)Changes in protein content of mustard and taramira seeds due tofungal infestation. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 277-278Seeds of mustard cv Aruna and taramira cv T-27 showed steadyand gradual decrease in total protein when inoculated withAspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera tetramera,Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium pinophilum. The declinecontinued with prolongation of the incubation period.1084 Podder, S. and Purohit, D.K. (1994)Aflatoxin contamination of mustard and taramira seeds understorage in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 67-68Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from seeds of mustard (Brassciajuncea) and taramira (Eruca sativa) collected from different parts ofRajasthan were screened for aflatoxin producing potentials. Fortynine out of 50 and 71 out of 75 isolates from mustard and taramirarespectively were toxigenic and elaborated varying amounts ofaflatoxins. Similarly when 27 and 38 naturally infested samples oftaramira and mustard were analysed for the presence of aflatoxins,13 and 10 samples were positive for aflatoxin contamination.Aflatoxin B1 was invariably present in all the contaminated samplesand the amount of aflatoxin B1 varied from trace to 489 ppm intaramira, while in mustard it ranged from trace to 729 ppm.1085 Rathore, G.S., Majumdar, V.L. and Champawat, R.S. (1993)Studies on witches broom of moth bean. Annals of Arid Zone. 32:103-105Yield of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) reduced by 88.75% at 100%to that at zero per cent disease severity. Per cent loss in yield plant -1increased progressively with increasing disease severity. Plantgrowth parameters of diseased plants were significantly reduced ascompared to healthy plants. Spray of 250 ppm tetracyclinehydrochloride suppressed the symptoms of mycoplasma andincreased the growth of plant. Seventy one varieties were screenedagainst mycoplasmal withches broom, out of which only 25 werefound to be completely resistant.1086 Satya Vir. (1984)

Assessment of yield loss due to yellow mosaic virus infection in mothbean. Pesticides. 8: 33-34YM is capable of causing substantial losses even under aridcondition of Rajasthan. The cultivation of variety T-2, T-16, IPCMO943 of mothbean are recommended for cultivation in Rajasthan.1087 Senecha, P. and Srivastava, H.P. (1981)Fungi associated with the seeds of moth bean (Phaseolusaconitifolius L.) Geobios. 8: 75-76Aspergillus niger, A. termarii, Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularialunata, Rhizoctonia bactaticola and Rhizopus arrhizus are moreharmful and virulent pathogens as compared to Alternaria dianthi,A. raphani, Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium brefeldianum.1088 Sharma, S.K., Aggarwal, R.K. and Lodha, S. (1995)Population changes of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cumini in oil-cake and crop residue-amended sandysoils. Applied Soil Ecology. 2: 281-284Population changes of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cumini were followed in a sandy soil amended withmustard and castor cakes or nitrogen-enriched pearl millet residues,singly or in combined form. Populations of both the pathogens werereduced by 100% in the mustard-cake amended soil within a periodof 30 days after addition. Amendment with nitrogen-enriched pearlmillet residue significantly reduced the population of M. phaseolinawithin 45 days, but not that of F. oxysporum. However,incorporation of pearl millet residue in both types of cakes delayedthe rate of reduction. The induced suppressiveness in the cakeamendedsoil was associated with a substantial increase in thepopulation of antagonistic actinomycetes. Amendment of soil withmustard cake in fields infested with M. phaseolina and F.oxysporum f.sp.cumini may reduce yield loss caused by dry root rotof guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)Taub.) and wilt of cumin(Cuminum cyminum L.).1089 Singh, S.K. and Srivastava, H.P. (1988)Symptoms of Macrophomina phaseolina infections on moth beanseedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 151-152Germination of infected seeds varied from 20 to 90% Discoloration ofthe seedlings at 7 to 15 days was observed and the rotting startsfrom the root tips. At advanced stage, the stem starts discoloration

with dark brown to black patches and subsequently to whole plantswilts.1090 Singh, S. and Lodha, S. (1986)Varietal resistance of cowpea to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.)Goid, causing dry root-rot and its control. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Science. 56: 552-556On arid soil, the build-up of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid.was more and the mortality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) washigh when the soil was inoculated with the fungus at the time whenthe cowpea was sown than when 15-days-old plants were inoculated.Of the 33 genotypes evaluated, `26/4/1', V16', `K39',`25/8/2' and `CO3' were moderately resistant. In the green-house and field,carbendazim, benomyl and phenyl mercury acetate appeared asmost promising seed-dressers in reducing disease incidence.1091 Singh, S., Lodha, S. and Singh, M.P. (1984)Evaluation of fungi-toxicants against Euphorbia rots caused byMacrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Annals of Arid Zone. 23:127-130The laboratory evaluation of fungitoxicants indicate that pathogenwas most sensitive to carbendazim 50 at 10 ppm concentration butno fungicide checked the rotting completely as soil drench.1092 Yadava, N., Rathore, G.S., Majumdar, V.L. and Yadav, V.K.(1994)Stomatal response to Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidinfection in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia). Annals of Arid Zone. 33:91-92Significant decrease in transpiration rate was observed withincreasing degree of infection. Leaf diffusive resistance increasedwith increasing severity of infection. This shows that infectingfungus Macrophomina phaseolina inhibited the opening of stomata.Insects and Nematodes1093 Ahuja, D.B. (1991)Assessment of loss in seed yield due to leaf webber-and-capsuleborer (Antigastra catalaunalis) in different varieties of sesame(Sesamum indicum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 61:147-49A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1988and 1989 with 'C 50', 'TC 25', 'CST 785', 'Krishna', 'Improved

Selection 5' and 'RT 46' sesame to assess the loss in seed yield due toleaf webber and capsule borer under rainfed condition at Mandor.The pest caused significant loss in seed yield. 'C 50' showedmaximum loss (68.24%) in seed yield, followed by 'CST 785'(57.77%), 'TC 25' (52.48%), 'RT 46' (32.67%), 'Improved Selection 5'(20.88%) and 'Krishna' (12.00%). The difference in seed yield, plantinfestation (%) and pod damage (%) between the protected andunprotected plots of all the varieties was significant.1094 Bansal, S.K., Chaudhary, R.C., Singh, V. and Lakshminarayana,J. (1996)Seasonal prevalence and insecticide susceptibility status ofphlebotomine sandflies (Diptera : Psychodidae) in the north-westernthar desert (district Bikaner, Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 35:377-382Five species of sandflies viz. Phlebotomus papatasi (71.7%),Sergentomyia punjabensis (19.0%0, S. babu babu (7.3%), S. clydei(1.8%) and S. baghdadis (0.8%) were collected from indoor habitatslike human dwellings, cattle sheds and rodent burrows. Maximumdensity of all the sandflies was observed during the monsoon andpost-monsoon season (July-October) followed by spring (March andApril), summer (May and June) and winter season (November toFebruary). P. papatasi is susceptible to fenitrothion and permethrin,resistant to DDT, dieldrin and propoxur while a verification wasrequired with malathion. LD50 values for DDT and dieldrin were4.3 and 0.43% respectively, while LT50 values for fenitrothion,propoxur and permethrin were 42.6, 50.0 and 15.7 minutes,respectively.1095 Burman, U., Kaul, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1995)Soil amendment induced changes in growth and physiology ofnematode infested Solanum melongena. Afro-Asian Journal ofNematology. 5: 213-217Effect of four oil cakes viz. castor, neem, rayada and mustard at 3%w/w and carbofuran at kg a.i. ha -1 to Meloidogyne incognita infestedsoil on nematode multiplication and growth and water relations ofegg plant (var. Pusa Purple Long) was studied at 40 and 80 daysafter planting. Oil cakes in general proved more efficient in checkingnematode population and also alleviating adverse effects ofnematodes on the growth of egg plants. On the other hand,carbofuran at 1 kg a.i. ha -1 did not reduce nematode populationsthough it initially checked transpirational water loss.1096 Doval, S.L., Mathur, B.P. and Kaul, C.K. (1975)

Studies on the biology and control of Chaetocnema basalis baly(Chrysomelidae : coleoptera). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 57-62The pest passed through two generations during a single wheatgrowing period. Under field conditions the activity of firstgeneration starts in the second half of November and that of thesecond generation in the last week of January. Thereafter thepopulation undergoes hibernation. DDT + methyl parathion, BHCand carbaryl dusts gave very good results in the control ofChaetocnema basalis Baly, in wheat crop.1097 Garhwal, S.N., Verma, S.K. and Sharma, J.K. (1994)Field efficacy of different insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphiscraccivora (Koch.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 159-160The percentage reduction in the population of cowpea aphids (AphisCraccivora) 1 day after the insecticide application showed theimmediate efficacy of the sprays. Methyl demeton was the mosteffective, followed by dimethoate. All the insecticides showedmaximum efficacy in containing the aphid population after 4 to 7days of application.1098 Gupta, B.M. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1985)Effect of BHC dust on germination of groundnut and moth bean.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 754-755BHC 10% dust applied to soil had an adverse effect on thegermination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and moth bean[Vigna aconitifolius (Jacq.) Marechal], but a dosage of 20 kg ha -1 hadno marked effect on the germination of both the crops.1099 Gupta, B.M. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1986)Susceptibility of released and elite cumin germplasm to aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.56: 174-176In a 2-year field experiment, none of the 50 genotypes of cumin(Cumin cyminum Linn.) was to be resistant to aphid. `UC 187', `UC154', `UC150', `UC 88', and `UC 33' showed the least susceptibilityto the attack of the aphid. `UC 47', and `UC 192' possessing thehighest volatile oil content were found to be infested by the highestpopulation of aphids, and `UC 88' having the lowest volatile oilcontent was infested by the lowest population. There was nocorrelation between the degree of infestation and the plantcharacters.

1100 Jain, P.C. and Yadava, C.P.S. (1986)Effect of dates of sowing on the incidence of insect pests of coriander.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 56-59That there was an increase in the population of coriander aphid[Hyadophis coriandori (Das)] by 224 and 226 aphids 5 plants -1 , anddecrease in the yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum Linn.) by1.75 and 2.01 q ha -1 with each delay in sowing by 15 days beyond 25October in 1980 and 22 October in 1981. Date of sowing except 25October in 1980 did not influence significantly the population ofbrown wheat mite (Pentrobia latens Muller).1101 Joshi, M.L., Ahuja, D.B. and Mathur, B.N. (1989)Loss in seed yield by insect pests and their occurrence on differentdates of sowing in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea subsp juncea).Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 59: 166-168Loss in seed yield and occurrence of different insects were studiedduring the winters (rabi) of 1984-87 in 'Varuna' Indian mustard.The crop was sown on 6 different dates under protected andunprotected conditions. The painted bug (Bagrada hiliaris Burm.)and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) were major pestscausing significant damage. The crop sown in September-Octoberescaped aphid attack but suffered 26.8-70.4% loss in seed yield dueto painted bug. The crop sown in November-December was heavilyinfested by the aphid and the loss in seed yield was 28.8-63.8%.Painted-bug infestation was not severe during these dates of sowing.The highest grain yield and minimum percentage of loss in seedyield were recorded in the crop sown on 15 October in 1984-85 and1986-87.1102 Kavadia, V.S. and Verma, S.K. (1970)Quisqualis indica Linn. and Dodonea viscosa Linn. as new hosts ofcastor semilooper, Achoea janata Linn. Journal of the BombayNatural History Society. 70: 226-227The present report records the feeding of A. janata larvae on twoadditional hosts, namely the hedge plant Dodonea viscosa (FamilySapindaceae) and the ornamental Rangon creeper, Quisqualisindica (Family Combretaceae).1103 Kulkarni, K.A. and Jotwani, M.G. (1978)Control of sorghum shootfly by carbofuran seed treatment. Annals ofArid Zone. 17: 184-191

Studies on the efficacy of carbofuran seed dress for sorghum shootflycontrol was made at the Regional Research Station, Dharwar andmedium research station, Bijapur in kharif and rabi seasons of1973-74 and 1974-75 on CSH-1 and R-16. Carbofuran treated seedstried alone or in combination of untreated seeds in the ration of80:20 and 60:40 gave effective control of sorghum shootfly. Costbenefit studies indicated that among the significant treatments,80:20 ratio was found to be economical.1104 Kumawat, K.C. and Kanwat, P.M. (1995)Efficacy of some insecticides against sesame gall fly, Asphondyliasesami felt. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 151-152A good check of the gall fly damage was afforded by the spray ofmonocrotophos 36 WSC and phosphamidon 86 EC significantlyreducing the malformed capsules to 2.56 and 3.00%, respectively.1105 Pal, S.K. and Doval, S.L. (1970)Some observations on the white grub Holotrichia insularis Brenske(Melolonthidae: coleoptera) and its control in Jodhpur division ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 151-156The peak period of activity of the white grubs (Holotrichia insularisBrenske) in six localities in and around Jodhpur covered the periodAugust-September. The highest population density of the pest inthese areas was found to be 61,000 larvae per ha in the month ofAugust. Chemical control studies on the pest in a field of bajra cropin Borunda village near Jodhpur revealed that the use of lindaneand thiodemeton granules @ 1 Kg actual ingredient per ha is highlysuccessful and economical in controlling this pest.1106 Parihar, D.R. (1978)Field observations on the nature and extent of damage by Indiandesert termites and their control. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 192-199Desert termites attacked not only the roots of the seedlings but alsothe trunk and bark of the trees. Monomorium longi Forel. Pheidolesmythiesi Forel, Humbertiella indica Sauss, Calotes versicolor andFunambulus pennanti were recorded as new predators of thetermites in India. Endrin EC at 0.02% and 0.03% of aldrin EC werefound most effective against Odontotermes brunneus, attacking theDalbergia sissoo trees for one year; while 5% aldrin and 10% BHCdust @ 10 kg a.i. ha -1 proved to be effective against Microcerotermestenuignathus infesting wheat crop.1107 Parihar, D.R. (1979)

Life-history of Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti (Bei-Bienko)(Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae), Jodhpur, India. Zeitschrift FurAngewandte Zoologie. 27: 417-422P. bispinosa deserti is a very common grasshopper species in thetropical countries. It feeds on grasses, cowpea and seedlings of bajra.Its life history was studied both in field as well as in the laboratory.It has two generations in a year. Copulation is of `riding type'. Thenumber of nymphal instars is variable from 5-7; males have 5 to 6instars and females 6 to 7 instars.1108 Parihar, D.R. (1979)Outbreak of katra, Amsacta moorei pest in the rajasthan desert.Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 140-141The occurrence of katra (Amsacta moorei) was maximum in Nagaurdistrict where the soils are heavy. Further the incidence was moreon pulses and minimum on bajra in all the localities.1109 Parihar, D.R. (1983)Seasonal variations in population and food preference ofgrasshopper, Pyrogomorpha bispinosa deserti (Bei-Bienko) in thedesert of Rajasthan. Bulletin of Entomology. 4: 1-5Hopper and adults of Pyrogomorpha bispinosa diserti are fairlyabundant in the Rajasthan desert during monsoon (July toSeptember). It has two egg laying periods in a year. Density of boththe hopper and adults has been observed to be low in winter andsummer months. Peak population of hoppers was found in themonth of August and adults in September. Grasshoppers prefer softgreen grasses and they meet with a high mortality when they feedon dry grass. Twenty four plants were tested to find out the foodpreference of this grasshopper. Plant species like Cenchrussetigerus, C. ciliaris, Pennisetum purpureum, Setaria speciolata,Brocharia spp. are most preferred, while Cyamopsis tetragonoloba,Tragus biflorus, Eragrostis sp. Dactyloctenium sindicum Cyperus sp.are least preferred.1110 Parihar, D.R. (1983)Some biological observation on short-horned grasshoppers(Orthoptera : Acridoidea) at Jodhpur, India. Annals of Arid Zone.22: 239-252Notes are given on the biology of twelve species of short-hornedgrasshoppers very common in Indian desert. Number of generationsper year were noted. Two species, viz., Oedaleus senegalensis and

Sphingonotus rubescens showed egg dispause. Sex-ratios of thesespecies have been determined. Gracid female preferred sparselydistributed short grasses for oviposition and breeding. Seasonalchanges in colouration of some species have been observed.1111 Parihar, D.R. (1984)Eco-biogeography of grasshoppers in Indian desert. ZoologischeJahrbucher Systematik. 111 : 219-230From 1976-1981 survey and sampling of grasshoppers wereundertaken throughout the Indian desert, the vegetation of whichshowed considerable variations. Twenty Seven species in 23 generawere recorded and their classification and biogeography worked out.The faunistic composition of Acridoidea is high whereas that toTetricidae is the lowest.1112 Parihar, D.R. (1984)Predation of grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) by lizard(Ophiomorus tridactylus Blyth.) In great Indian desert. Zeitschriftfur angewandte zoologie. 79: 129-133Lizard, Ophiomorus tridactylus is voraciously predating on anumber of grasshoppers in Indian Desert. The rate of predation ishighest from August to October, whereas it is the lowest in thewinter. Most preferred grasshoppers are Truxalis e. eximia,Ochrilidia affinis, Cyrtacanthacris tatarica, Acrida sp.,Hieroglyphus negrorepletus, Chrotogonus t. trachypterus, and whilethe least preferred are Acrotylus humbertianus and Pyrgomorphabispinosa deserti. Poekilocerus pictus is never prayed by the lizard.1113 Parihar, D.R. (1984)Structure of egg-pods and eggs in a grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus(Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Journal of Animal Morphology andPhysiology. 31: 79-88The egg-pod of Peokilocerus pictus is generally elongated, soft,fragile and bent near the base. The posterior pole of the egg pointsdownwards. Eggs are cylindrical and elongated and are occasionallyslightly bent. The egg-wall shows a mosaic pattern of hexagonalcells with a thick tubercle at each angle; the tubercles are wantingin the micropylar region. Mean length and with of an egg increases0.78 mm and 0.70 mm respectively during development. Eggpossesses a ring of about 62-66 micropylar canals, which does notseem to penetrate the vitelline membrane.1114 Parihar, D.R. (1985)

Crop termite damage in Indian desert and its control in castor.Zeitschrift fur angewandte zoologie. 10: 309-315The subterranean termite, Microtermes mycophagus is the culpritspecies, degrading castor crop in Indian desert. All the seven castorvarieties tested, were found susceptible to termite infestation. Thehighest infestation (was recorded in 157-B variety, while the least inthe local variety. Both root as well as stem were attacked by them.Seed dressing with aldrin 30 EC a 10 ml. per kg seed proved thebest treatment and next followed by treatment with aldrin 5% dustat the rate of 10 g kg -1 seed. Pre-sowing soil application of 5% dustat the rate of 37.5 kg h -1 also have good result, but the commonlyused BHC 10% dust is least effective for controlling termites ofcastor crop.1115 Parihar, D.R. (1985)Ecology of katra, Amsacta moorei butlure (Arctiidae : Lepidoptera)in Indian desert. Bulletin of Entomology. 26: 159-165The katra (Amsacta moorei) is widely distributed in north India, andit is one of the noxius pests in the desert. The emergence of insect ismostly governed by the erratic rainfall pattern, and it has oneannual generation in year. Generally, the caterpillars roost and feedin their early stages for development on the seasonal grasses andforbs, before migrating to the field crops. The highly preferred foodcrops are pulses like cowpea, moong and cucurbit, and the leastpreferred crops are guar and chandalia.1116 Parihar, D.R. (1986)Effect of seed treatment and soil application of aldrin and BHC ontermite damage and yield of cowpea. Pesticides. 20 : 41-44No proper estimates of losses of pulse crops due to termites areavailable, nor have remedies been worked out, hence this problemwas investigated at CAZRI, Jodhpur and main results are reportedin this paper.1117 Parihar, D.R. (1992)Bio-ecology of Acrotylus humbertianus. Annals of Arid Zone. 31 :143-146The grasshopper, Acrotylus humbertianus is an important species inRajasthan desert. It damages grasslands, cowpea and seeedling ofbajra crops. In this paper the bioecology of grasshopper is discussedin detail.

1118 Parihar, D.R. (1993)Field observation on pest status of some crickets (grylloidea) in aridzone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 133-134Eight species of cricket (Gryllus) have been identified from thedifferent locatlities of western Rajasthan. Their Biologicalcharacters, host plants and extent of damage of some of theidentified Gryllus species are discussed in the paper.1119 Parihar, D.R. (1994)Termite management in arid zone of Rajasthan, India. PestManagement and Economic Zoology. 2: 81-84Nature and extent of damage by termites on crops and trees inwestern Rajasthan was studied. Microtermes was the majorgenuinfesting trees and Odonototermes infesting crops. Efficacy ofleaves of Calotropis procera and seed kernels of Azadirachta indica,azadirachtin, diazinon, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were testedagainst termites. All the treatments checked the infestation andgave effective control of both the species.1120 Parihar, D.R. (1995)Additions to grasshopper fauna of Rajasthan state. Annals of AridZone. 34: 59-60The considerable increase in grasshopper fauna has brought out thefact that even an arid area can sustain a great variety ofgrasshoppers which shows considerable resistance of grasshoppersto arid climate.1121 Parihar, D.R. (1995)Influence of agricultural and soil management practices on termiteabundance and activity: study in an arid environment. Journal ofSoil Biology and Ecology. 15 : 169-174Termite diversity and abundance increase in uncultivated land, andare adversely affected in the lands kept under continuous cropping.Continuous cropping resulted in the disappearance of some of theendemic species and replacement by new species.1122 Parihar, D.R. and Pal, S.K. (1978)Effect of temperature on development of eggs and hoppers of surfacegrasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.).Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie.14: 205-212At 30 ± 1° C and 8 % moisture, the eggs developed at thesufficiently fast rate and the viability was the highest. Eggs did not

hatch at 10° C and 45° C. Exposure of freshly laid eggs to lowtemperature (10° C) for a longer period of time adversely affectedthe development. Eggs exposed to alternating temperatures of 35° Cand 50° C failed to hatch at 35° C when the exposure time at hightemperature was more than a day. The optimum condition of thedevelopment of hopper appeared to be within the range of 25 to30°C. the number of hopper instars was six at all levels oftemperature.1123 Parihar, D.R. and Pal, S.K. (1978)Weight and moisture content in developing eggs of surfacegrasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanch.)(Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Zeitschrift fur angewandte zoologie.10: 139-149The eggs of Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus absorbed waterfrom moist soil in which they were incubated at 30° ± 1 C. The meanwet weight of a single egg increased from 1.59 ± 0.15 mg whenfreshly laid to 3.35 ± 0.18 mg at the start of blastokinesis (halfdeveloped) and 4.38 ± 0.22 mg when about to hatch (fully developed)thus, total increase of wet weight was 2.79 mg (141.43%). The meandry weight of an egg decreased from 1.11 ± 0.44 mg when freshlylaid to 1.47 ± 0.05 mg when about to hatch. The total mean decreasewas 0.04 mg (2.73%). The amount of water in an egg, in terms of wetweight of egg, increased during development by 46.08 per cent.During the same period, the mean absolute weight of water in anegg increased from 0.48 ± 0.16 mg in freshly laid egg to 3.31 ± 0.26mg in an egg about to hatch.1124 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1997)A note on the thrips of the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 36 : 73-74Thirteen species of thrips belonging to two families: Phaleothripidaeand Thripidae have been identified causing damage to vegetationsin Rajasthan desert. Their distribution and host plants have beenrecorded.1125 Parihar, D.R. and Toms, S.V. (1995)Faunal diversity and abundance of tenebrionidae in Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 133-136Tenebrionidae was examined by means of bimonthly surveys carriedout using pitfall traps. A total of 20 species were collected.Distribution and preference of habitats of most of the species wereanalysed. Sand dune habitat had the highest species dominance,

while it was the least in the saline habitat. Relative abundance ofsome species decreased in the winter season.1126 Rathore, N.S. (1987)First Indian record of imago of the termite Eremotermesneoparadoxalis (Termitidae : Anitermitinae). Annals of Arid Zone.26: 177-180The imago caste of the termite Eremotermes neoparadoxalis hasbeen recorded for the first time from India. It was previously knownonly from Pakistan.1127 Rathore, N.S. (1994)Breeding biology of Indian desert termite Microcerotermes raja(Isoptera termitidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 61-66Swarming of the desert termite Microcerotermes raja occurred fromearly June to the first week of September in the morning and withintwo hours, 10 AM to 12.15 PM. However, during four out of 19years, the swarming activity extended upto 3 PM. Alates emergedfrom small holes in the ground. After the usual dealation, the alatesshowed strong tandem coupling behaviour and burrowed undersuitable object to excavate a small brood chamber either in massesor in pairs. The first egg was laid 3-5 days after swarming and the'First Sprut' of egg laying activity lasted for one week during whichfive successive ovipositions occurred, a female laying upto 8 eggs.This was followed by a long resting period. Eggs increased in size,during development, presumably by the imbibition of externalmoisture. The incubation period was about 19-21 days. Hatchingtook 20-22 days. The first instar nymph was white and about 1.4mm long. After 17-19 days, the fully grown worker extended theexisting gallary system and helped the parents in establishing thenew colony.1128 Roonwal, M.L. and Rathore, N.S. (1972)Sex ratios, sexual dimorphism, body-moisture and moisture contentin two desert termites, A.macrocephalus (Hodotermitidae) and M.mycophagus from India. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 92-110Among 1284 swarming imagoes in Anacanthotermes mocrophalus(Desn.) males predominate in the ratio of 9:7.7 . Similarly, inMicrotermes mycophagus (Desn.) among 689 imagoes, malespredominate in the ratio of 4.1 : 3. In dealate imagoesA.mocrophalus the sexes do not differ in respect of either the totallength (without wings) or the maximum head-width, but theabdomen is slightly wider in females than in males. No sexual

difference is noticeable in the body-weight of dealates. InM.mycophagus the total length (with wings) and the head-widthshow no appreciable sexual differences, but the total length of body(without wings) and the maximum width of abdomen aresignificantly greater in males. Females are significantly heavierthan males. For dry weight this difference is about 2.4 mg. Themean moisture-content of body is about 43.5% of wet weight inmales and 44.8% in females , the sexual difference being only poorlysignificant.1129 Roonwal, M.L. and Rathore, N.S. (1974)Biological observations on three indian desert termites,Eremotermes paradoxalis Microcerotermes raja and AngulitermesJodhpurensis (termitidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 237-2581. Eremotermes paradoxalis Holmgren (Termidae : Amitermitinae) :Swarming occurs in middle August in late afternoon and earlyevening from holes in the ground. Alates wait in a swaring chamberbefore emerging. After swarming, the alates shed their wings andshow tandem-coupling behaviour. 2. Microcerotermes rajaRoonwal and Bose (Termitidae : Amitermitinae) : Swarming occursfrom end-June to third week of August in morning to early afternoonin bright sun. After the usual dealation, the imagoes show strongtandem-coupling and burrow underground to excavate a smallbrood-chamber. The first eggs are laid 3 days after swarming. 3.Angulitermes jodhpurensis Roonwal and Verma (Termitidae :Termitinae) : Swarming occurs in the second and third weeks ofAugust in early afternoon even while it is raining. After the usualdealation, the imagoes show strong tandem-coupling and excavate abrood-chamber in the soil where the first few eggs are laid about 6days after swarming followed by upto four layings in a first spurt ofactivity. This is followed by a long rest period during which no eggsare laid. Eggs increase in size during development. The incubationperiod is about 18 days. Hatching occurs with the aid of peristalicmovements in the head region and of hatching spines on the headand body. The first stage larva is white and about 1.3 mm. long.1130 Roonwal, M.L. and Verma, S.C. (1973)Observations on sex ratios, sexual dimorphism, weight andmoisture-content in two termites from indian desert,Microcerotermes raja and Microtermes obesi. Annals of Arid Zone.12: 107-124Microcerotermes raja Roonwal and Bose (Amirermitinae) :Among365 swarming imagoes, the females predominate in the ratio of 2:3.Females are somewhat longer than males in respect of total length.

The sexes do not differ in respect of the maximum width of head andthe maximum width of abdomen. Microtermes obesi Holmgren(Macrotermitinae): Among 950 swarming imagoes the range is 48.8-62 %, 38-51.2 %. Females are distinctly larger than males in regardto the total length (with wings) and the maximum width of head.Females are distinctly heavier than males.1131 Satya Vir.Neem- potential pesticide. Pest Management. 20 5: 23-28Simple neem seed preparations prepared and tested at Central AridZone Research Institute, Jodhpur are reported to be very affectiveand possess by for the strangest repellent, antifeedent, growthdisruptant and sterilizing properties against insects like Bemisiatabaci, Empoasca berri, Myllocerus spp, Cyrtozemia cognata,Amsacta moorei, Helicoverpa armegira, Achaea janeta, Scistocercagergaria and pest like termites and whitegrub. These preperationsgave ample protection to the kharif field crops, cereals, ornamentalplant and in kitchen gardens. The methods of preparation ofextracts and their potential uses discussed in this paper.1132 Satya Vir. (1980)Effect of food and temperature on the biology of Trogodermagranarium Everts, khapra beetle (Coleoptera : Dermestidae).Bulletin of Grain Technology. 18: 100-104The larvae of T. granarium took the shortest period of 14.1 days inwheat flour followed by 14.9 days and 16.5 days on maize brokenand wheat flour followed by 14.9 days and 16.5 days on maizebroken and wheat broken respectively at the temperature of 32° Cfor their complete development. The total developmental period foregg to adult was maximum on wheat grain at all the temperatures.The incubation period is maximum at 30° C and decreases with therise in temperatures. The beetle took the shortest period to completeits life cycle at 32° C and maximum at 30° C and 40° C in all thetested food media. The survival rate is also maximum at 32° C anddecreases at higher temperature of 40° C.1133 Satya Vir. (1980)Oviposition response and development of Callosobruchus maculatusFabr. on different varieties of cowpea. Bulletin of Grain Technology.18: 200-203The beetle seemed to be guided in its oviposition on preferences bycolour, texture and volume of seed grain. Bright coloured smoothsurfaces with greater seed volume were much preferred for

oviposition. Egg lying was minimum on wrinkled surface. Thedevelopment and percentage emergence of adults was not affectedon the grains which were preferred for oviposition. On the basis ofgrowth index and ovipositional preference as a combined criterion,CO 2 and JC5 were the best varieties in respect of resistence while V-38, PTB1 and CG11 proved to be highly susceptible and Sel-1476, K-39 showed an intermediate behaviour.1134 Satya Vir. (1981)A13-63392 : a highly effective juvenile hormone analogue for thecontrol of Tribolium castaneum herbst (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae).Current Science. 50: 502-503A new synthetic JHA, 2-fluoro-N- [{4-(phenylmethoxy) phenyl}methylene] beazenamine (A-13-63392) which prevents thedevelopment of pupae to adults without increasing the duration andnumber of larval instars is tested on the red flour beetle and theresults are presented in this paper.1135 Satya Vir. (1981)Note on the relative susceptibility of different varieties of cowpea toCallosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 51: 813-815It has been concluded that it is not the morphological characters ofseed, viz. seed weight, seed volume and colour of seed, but thenutritional value of seed which governs the mechanism of resistancein cowpea to the attack of C.maculatus. Further, the varieties withhigh protein contents for storage purpose should be well protectedfrom the attack as there is fear of more damage to the grain.1136 Satya Vir. (1981)Susceptibility of high-yielding varieties of wheat to Trogodermagranarium Everts. Science and Culture. 47: 226-228Kalyansona and Lal bahadur are least susceptible to khapra bettleand best suited for storage in the godowns. Raj-911 and Raj-1419are the most susceptible varieties while D-65, -134 and HD-2009 arefound to be moderately susceptible varieties to the attack of T-granarium.1137 Satya Vir. (1982)Protect raya from mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) for betteryield in Rajasthan. Seeds and Farms. 8 10: 13-14

The aphid infestation can cause substantial losses even under theagro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan. Therefore, it would beprofitable for the cultivars to resort to protection measures with foursprayuings of dimethoate (Rogor 30 EC) 0.03% from 30 days aftergerminatin and at an interval of 15 days. Further, varieties T-59and Durgamani are recommended for their cultivation in Rajasthanas these are high yielding and also proved comparatively tolerant toaphid infestation.1138 Satya Vir. (1982)Relative resistance of some cowpea varieties to the pulse beetle,Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Pestology. 6: 9-11Twenty four varieties of cowpea, Vigna sinensis were screened fortheir relatve resistance to C. maculatus. The varieties werecompared on the basis of average food consumed per grub and thepercentage loss in seed weight as a combined criterion. VarietiesVIR-16, 671, 771, C-152 and 647-1 were found least susceptible,while Pb-208, 3183-I, EC-89003, 304, 534, 628, EC-455, Tvu-1035-Iand EC-16954 proved to be the most susceptible varieties. None ofthe varieties tested was immune to the attack.1139 Satya Vir. (1982)Studies on preference of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius tosome high yielding varieties of arhar (Cajanus cajan L.).Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science) 91:391-395The oviposition response and development of C.maculatus Fabriciuswere studied on 14 high yielding varieties of arhar. There wassignificant difference among the varieties in the amount of foodconsumed per grub. The average development period was notdependent on the amount of food consumed.The development of grubwas also not better on the grain preferred by the beetle foroviposition. There was significant difference among the varieties inthe loss of 100 seed weight. Average weight of female was more thanthe male developed on all varieties. On the basis of food consumedper grub and loss of 100 seed weight as a combined criterion, thevarieties are grouped into least susceptible, intermediate insusceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.1140 Satya Vir. (1982)Varietal preference in cowpea by the pulse beetle, Callosobruchusmaculatus Fabricius. Science and Culture. 48: 346-47

On the basis of average food consumed per larva and the percentageloss in seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties could bebroadly classified into three categories. The varieties TVU-6, 526,TVU-373-1-1, EC-107134, 820 and 902 were least susceptible whileTVU-22, 901, 665 and C. G. 68 were found most susceptibel and therest were intermediate in susceptibility to the insect. Out of the 19varieties of cowpea tested TVU-6 was the least susceptible andTVU-22 was the most susceptible variety to the attack of C.maculatus.1141 Satya Vir. (1982)Varietal perference in moth (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq.) for the pulsebeetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius. Bulletin of GrainTechnology. 20: 3-7The oviposition response and the development of C. maculatusFabricius was studied on twenty promising varieties of moth. Thebeetle oviposited on all varieties but the ovipositional behaviour wasnot related to the suitability of seeds for the development. Thedevelopment of grub was also not dependent on the amount of foodconsumed. There was significant differences among the varieties inthe amount of food consumed per grub and also the loss of 100 seedweight. Average weight of female was more than the male emergedon all varieties. On the basis of food consumed per grub, loss of 100seed weight and the percentage emergence of beetle as a combinedcriterion, the varieties are grouped into least susceptible,intermediate in susceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.1142 Satya Vir. (1983)Efficacy of some important insecticides against Amsacta moorieButler on cowpea crop. Madras Agriculture Journal. 7: 682-683The present contribution embodies the results of certain newinsecticides against 3rd and 5th instar larvae of A.moorei. The use ofquinalphos has been found to be very effective for the control ofA.moorei.1143 Satya Vir. (1983)Efficacy of some important insecticides for the control of leafhopperEmpoasca kerri Pruthi on moth bean crop. Indian Journal of PlantProtection. 11: 130-133The present investigation was therefore, undertaken to evaluate theefficacy of some newer insecticides for the control of leafhopperE. kerri. Use of monocrotophos, fenitrothion, methyl-demeton,

dimethoate were found to be very effective for the control ofleafhopper.1144 Satya Vir. (1983)Efficacy of some important insecticides in the control of Bemisiatabaci (Genn.), a vector of the yellow mosaic disease on moth bean.Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 11: 31-33Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative efficacyof eleven insecticides in controlling the whitefly, B. tabaci andchecking the incidence of the yellow mosaic disease on moth bean.Monocrotophos, fenitrothion, methyldemeton, dimethoate,permethrin, disulfoton, phorate and carbofuran significantly reducethe whitefly population and were also found effective in reducing theincidence of yellow mosaic disease. Whereas, monocrotophos,fenitrothion and dimethoate only were found effective in increasingthe grain yield of the plant. Monocrotophos at 0.25 kg a.i. ha -1applied 3 times at 15 days interval starting from 15th day of sowingwas more effective than other chemicals and has been recommendedfor use in the control of whitefly and yellow mosaic disease on mothbean.1145 Satya Vir. (1983)Juvenilizing activity of A-13-63528 (Benzyloxy juvenoid) inTribolium castaneum Herbst. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 21: 3-8The effect of 2,6-difluaro-N-[[4-[ (3-fluorophenyl) methoxy] phenyl]methylene] = benzenamine (A13-63528)-a juvenile hormoneanalogue was examined in disrupting the metamorphosis inT. castaneum. There was no increase in the developmental periodand all larval stages were found equally susceptible at 10 ppm andabove of the compound. The juvenoid impedes the pupal-adulttransformation to different degree and the development of normaladult is arrested.1146 Satya Vir. (1983)Varietal resistance and susceptibility of cowpea to Callosobruchusmaculatus Fab. Indian Journal of Entomology. 45: 213-217Varietal reaction in regard to average developmental, period of gruband food consumed per grub of emerged beetles were significant.Variety Copusa-2 showed maximum % loss in weight while it waslowest in variety 25/8/2/2. On the basis of growth index, foodconsumed per grub and loss in seed weight as a combined criterion,these varieties have been grouped into comparative resistant,intermediate and susceptible varieties. JC5, 25/8/2/2, RS9, CG28

and Sel-1476 proved to be relatively resistant whereas Copusa-1,V-7, Copusa-2, 26/4/1, Culture-2, 5269 and PTB1 were found to bemost susceptible varieites. Varieties JC10, K-39, Culture-1, CG11,V-37, CG69, V-16, Copusa-3, PLS-382, HG22, C-152, CG5 showed anintermediate behaviour and none was found immune to attack ofC.maculatus. Average weight of adult and sex ratio were notaffected by susceptibility or resistance of varieties to the insect.1147 Satya Vir. (1984)Evaluation and economics of some insecticides for the control ofmustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) on Raya. Annals of AridZone. 23: 25-29Field trials were conducted during rabi 1980-82 to evaluate theefficacy and economics of insecticides against mustard aphid onmustard crop. The treatment of methyl-demeton (0.025%),phosphamidon (0.25%) and monocrotophos (0.25%) proved to be thebest in reducing the aphid population and increasing the seed yieldof the crop. The net return in rupees was also maximum ontreatment of methyl-demeton, phosphamidon and monocrotophos inboth the years and are therefore, recommended for the control ofmustard aphid under agro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan.1148 Satya Vir. (1984)Insect-pests and yellow mosaic virus - a threat to moth bean (Vignaaconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) cultivation in Rajasthan. Seeds andFarms. 9: 19-21Seed yield due to protection measure is upto the tune of 107 to 255kg ha -1 in all the the high yielding varieties of moth bean and theexpenditure involved in 3 sprayings of monocrotophos includinglabour charges, rent of the spraying machine is quite low. Themonetary loss was Rs. 374.50 to 892.50 ha -1 at the prevailing marketrate of Rs. 350/- qtl. Therefore, it would be profitable for thecultivars to resort to protection measures with 3 sprayings ofmonocrotophos (0.04 percent) starting from 15 days aftergermination and at the intervals of 15 days.1149 Satya Vir. (1984)Screening of moth bean Vigna aconitifolia Jacq varieties against thepulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. Proceedings of theIndian Academy of Sciences (Animal Science). 93: 25-28Though the beetle oviposited on all varieties, the preference foroviposition was not related to the suitability of seeds for thedevelopment. The development of grub was also not dependent on

the amount of food consumed. There was significant differenceamong the varieties in the amount of food consumed per grub andthe loss of 100 seed weight. On the basis of food consumed per gruband loss of 100 seed weight as a combined criterion, the varieties aregrouped into least susceptible, moderately susceptible and highlysusceptible varieties.1150 Satya Vir. (1984)Screening of some cowpea varieties against pulse beetleCallosobruchus chinensis Linn. Seeds and Farms. 9: 29-31Varietal reaction in regard to food consumption per grub, % loss inseed weight and emergence of beetles was significant. Thedevelopment of grub was not dependent on the amount of foodconsumed while the amount of food consumed per grub increaseswith the increase in protein value of the seeds. On the basis of foodconsumed per grub and loss in seed weight as a combined criterion,the varieties are grouped into least susceptible, intermediate insusceptibility and the most susceptible varieties.1151 Satya Vir. (1988)Effect of Diflubenzuron - a chitin synthesis inhibitor on khaprabeetle, Trogoderna granarium Everts (Coleoptera : Dermestidae).Bulletin of Grain Technology. 26: 126-129The effect of 1-(4-Chlorophenyl-3- (2, 6-difluorobenzoyl) urea - achitin synthesis inhibitor was studied on T. granarium Everts. Thecompound at a dose of 10 ppm and above acts as an effectivechemical and resulted cent per cent mortality in Ist and 3rd instarlarvae after 10 and 20 days of feeding respectively and 88 per centin 5th instar larvae of khapra beetle after 20 days. Larval mortalitywas recorded after 3-5 days of feeding and thus regarded as a slowacting chemical which results in mortality only after being ingested.There was no increase in larval duration and no extra larval moultwas recorded on feeding with the compound.1152 Satya Vir. (1989)Multipication of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. : Infestation andloss in weight of moth bean and cowpea seeds at different levels ofinfestation. Bulletin of Grain Technology. 27: 21-25Multiplication of C. maculatus, infestation of seeds and loss inweight of mothbean and cowpea seeds were studied at four levels ofinitial infestation viz. 1, 2, 3, and 5 pairs. The population build upwas 510.5, 768.7, 996 and 1258.3 on moth bean seeds and 417.3,805, 912.3 and 1027 on cowpea seeds after six months of storage

from initial infestation of 1, 2, 3 and 5 pairs respectively. Theinfestation of seeds varied from 31.7 to 81.7% with a loss of 24.2 to58.2 % in moth bean and 35 to 68.9 % with loss of 18 to 38.5% incowpea seeds after six months of storage.1153 Satya Vir. (1990)Genotypic diversity in the suitability of Lablab purpureus L. seedsto Callosobruchus maculatus fabricius. Bulletin of GrainTechnology. 28: 255-258The present investigation on the exploitation of L. purpureus L.seeds is of practical importance due to the identification of CH-144as resistant strain to C.maculatus and the results are presented inthis paper. The CH-144 can be used as a donar allele for theproduction of seeds resistant to pulse beetle attack.1154 Satya Vir and Henry, A. (1987)Assessment of yield loss due to mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi kaltin some important varieties of raya. Pesticides. Aug.: 30-32The aphid infestation can cause substantial losses even under aridconditions of Rajasthan. Therefore, it would be profitable for thefarmers to resort to the protection measures. Further, varieties likeT-59 and Durgamani are recommended for cultivation in Rajasthanas these are high yielding and comparatively resistant to the aphidinfestation.1155 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1981)The oviposition and development of Callosobruchus maculatusFabricius (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) on different host species. Bulletinof Grain Technology. 19: 180-184The oviposition response and development of C. maculatus Fabriciuswas studied on four major pulses viz. moong, moth , arhar, andcowpea. Ovipositional preference was not an indication of suitabilityfor development. Development was significantly faster on moongand moth as compared to arhar and cowpea. Growth index proved tobe of maximum on moong and moth beans. G-2 variety of moongshowed maximum % loss in seed weight while it was minimum incowpea (variety T-17). Moong is the most preferred host for C.maculatus followed by moth, arhar and cowpea.1156 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1982)Assessment of yield loss due to insect pests of pulses in cowpea(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Seeds and Farms. 7-8: 59-60

The pest complex of pulses are capable of causing substantial losseseven under arid conditions of Western Rajasthan. Therefore, itwould be profitable for the cultivars to resort to protection measureswith 4 sprayings of monocrotophos (0.04 percent) starting from 15days after the germination and at intervals of 15 days. Since thegrain yield due to protection measure is upto the tune of 139 to 222kg ha -1 in almost all the high yielding varieties of cowpea and theexpenditure involved in 4 spraying of monocrotophos includinglabour charges, rent of the spraying machine is quite low.1157 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1983)A quantitative study of food consumption, assimilation and growthin the larvae of Crocidolomia binotalis zell. (Lepidoptera :Pyralidae).Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology.30: 20-26Larval duration in C. binotalis was fed daily on mustard leaves for24 hours to estimate the consumption, assimilation and growth ondaliy basis. Relationship between these parameters was established.Consumption was negatively related to initial weight of larva.Assimilation, growth rate and egesta were positively related to theamount of food consumed. With the increase in age and biomass ADdeclined. ECD and ECI were negatively related to AD.1158 Satya Vir and Singh, M. (1985)Influence of dates of sowing on the incidence and extent of damageby insect pests in moth bean and cowpea. Annals of Arid Zone. 24:329-333Pest incidence and yield losses were estimated for moth bean andcowpea sown on four dates in kharif 1983 and 1984. The loss in seedyield of moth bean varied from 15 to 50% in 1983 and 43 to 87% in1984. Timely sown (Ist of 2nd week of July) moth bean and cowpeaescaped insect attack and thus produced higher quantity of seed.1159 Satya Vir, Jindal, S.K. and Lodha, S. (1984)Screening of moth bean cultivars against jassids, whitefly andyellow mosaic virus. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 99-103Field screening of fifty one cultivars of moth bean was carried outagainst jassids Empoasca kerri, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and yellowmosaic virus. Twenty two cultivars selected during 1980 wererepeated for the second year during kharif 1981. Seven cultivars,viz., IPCMO-943, IPCMO-1035, T-16, T-22, Jadia, PLMO-240 andPLMO-216 were identified as to be the least susceptible to the pestsand disease. None of the cultivars was found immune to the attackof YMV.

1160 Satya Vir, Singh, M.P. and Henry, A. (1990)Yield loss in important cultivars of raya and effect of date of sowingon aphid infestation under arid climate of Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Entomology. 52: 541-546Loss in yield varied from 13.3 to 60.6 % in the first year and 4.1 to24 % in second year due to the aphid attack with the average yieldloss of 8.7 to 42.3 %. Varieties TM-2, TM-4, Durgamani, T-59, TM-9and Pusa bold were found to be least susceptible with a yield loss ofonly 13.3 to 19.8 % in 1982-83 and 4.1 to 8.3 % in 1983-84. Therewas significant difference in the aphid population per plant on rayasown on different dates of October, November and December. Foreach delay in sowing of 15 days an average reduction of 1.69, 2.37,3.72 and 5.05 q ha -1 in 1982-83 and 1.1, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.4 q ha -1 in1983-84 was recorded.1161 Satya Vir, Verma, S.K. and Singh, M.P. (1991)Important aphid species in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 30: 79-80About ten species of aphids were recorded on different plantsgrowing in arid Rajasthan. Macrosiphoniella and Uroleucon havebeen reported for the first time from arid zone.1162 Saxena, S.C. and Satya Vir. (1978)Population build up of Trogoderma granarium Everts (khaprabeetle) on three major stored grains at different humidities.Rajasthan Journal of Pesticides. 5: 128-129The humidity plays the most important role in the multiplication ofthis pest irrespective of food material. The early rains and hightemperature in many tropical countries are thus the most suitablefactors for the population build up at the initial stage. However, ifthe humidity is kept low at 5 % R.H. in storage the rate of increasein pest population will considerably slow down. Further the carryover of population can be prevented firstly by cleaning the storage inAugust to remove the fully grown larvae before they enter diapauseand secondly mechanical removal or chemical control by fumigationin the month of March. The latter will minimise the initial build upof population in the new stored grains in next season.1163 Sharma, A. and Devki Nandan. (1996)Screening wheat genotypes against Petrobia latens (Muller). Annalsof Arid Zone. 35: 165-166

The mite population on all the varieties/ genotypes was low in thebeginning and it increased gradually. The population was highest onvariety C-306, followed by UP 2338 suggesting that these were themost susceptible among the 15 genotypes evaluated.1164 Singh, M.P. (1982)Studies on the damage of castor semi-looper, Achaea janata L. tosome fruit plants and its chemical control. Indian Journal of PlantProtection. 10: 37-39Damage caused by castor semi-looper, Achaea janata to some fruitswas studied and compared with castor. Survival of insect underlaboratory conditions was found to be better on pomegranate and berleaves, than on guava leaves. Quinalphos and fenitrothion werefound to be effective in controlling the pest.1165 Singh, M.P. (1985)Studies on the damage and chemical control of the weevilCyrtozemia dispar Pasc on some legume crops. Entomonograph. 10:261-266Extent of natural damage by Cyrtozemia dispar and C. cognata tofive kharif legume crops was studied. Moong and clusterbean weredamaged more in field. In laboratory feeding trials with C. dispar,maximum leaf area was consumed in first 24 hours and theconsumption decreased when the same plants were exposed toweevils for another 48 hours. Healthy leaves were preferred andconsumed more than the previously weevil affected leaves. Methylparathion, fenitrothion, quinalphos, carbaryl, monocrotophos,phosphamidon and lindane proved effective against C. dispar uptoone week after treatment.1166 Singh, M.P. (1989)Biosteres vandenboschi Fullaway- a new braconid parasite ofCarpomyia besuviana Costa from the Indian desert. Entomon. 14:169A new braconid parasite of the jujube fruitfly has been reportedalong with the known parasitic insects associated with the fruitfly inthe arid and semi arid regions of western India.1167 Singh, M.P. (1991)Dissipation of residues of endosulfan from mung bean under aridconditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 47-52Residues of endosulfan 0.05 and 0.1% sprays were determined onleaves, pods and grains of mung bean (cv S=8) raised at Jodhpur

during rainy seasons of 1985 and 1986. Initial deposits were 10.89 -11.17 and 15.71 - 16.40 ppm on leaves and 1.26 - 2.34 and 1.88 - 2.79ppm on pods, from the two concentrations, respectively. Residuesdissipated completely within 21 days on leaves and within 10 dayson pods. Waiting period of 2 days was arrived for the pods forhuman consumption. Grains contracted no residues of endosulfan atharvest.1168 Singh, M.P. (1994)Dissipation of monocrotophos from mung bean under aridconditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 133-136Residues following application of 0.04 and 0.06 % monocrotophos onmung bean were estimated for two consecutive seasons at Jodhpurthrough bioassay method. The insecticide was found persisting uptothree weeks in leaves, while in pods, it lasted for two weeks. Waitingperiods of 8 and 7 days were estimated for foliage for higher andlower concentrations, respectively. On pods, the waiting periodswere found to be 7 days for higher concentration and 6 days for thelower one. No residues were detected in the grains at harvest.1169 Singh, M.P. and Satya Vir. (1987)Effect of some natural products on oviposition and development ofCallosobruchus maculatus on cowpea. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 12: 143-147The effect of emulsion of Azadirachta indica, Pongamia glabra,Brassica juncea and Ricinus communis oils on the growthparameters of the cowpea weevil have been reported.1170 Singh, M.P. and Verma, S.K. (1984)Relative oral toxicity of insecticides to full grown larvae of Amsactamoorei Butler (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera). Indian Journal ofEntomology. 46: 487-486Quinalphos 0.025% is reported as the most effective insecticideagainst fully grain larvae of A. moorei, other effective insecticidesare methyl parathion and monocrotophos.1171 Singh, M.P. and Verma, S.K. (1985)Effect of some host plants on the development of the red hairycaterpillar Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 73-76Cowpea and pearl millet are the most suitable hosts for A. mooreialthough mung bean, moth bean, clusterbean and pearl millet gavecomparable development of pest.

1172 Verma, S.K. (1987)Relative host preference of Myllocerus maculosus Desbrochers inwestern Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Applied Entomology. 1: 21-25Relative host preference of Myllocerus weevils in arid westernRajasthan was studied. The preference, in the decreasing order wasfor pearl millet, jujube, Cenchrus ciliaris, zinnia, okra, foxtail millet,cowpea, moth bean, C. biflorus, Lasiurus sindicus and mung bean.The weevils did not feed on shoeflower.1173 Verma, S.K. (1979)Field control of Rhinyptia spp. adults using fentin compounds.Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 274-75Triphenyltin acetate 0.05% spray afforded a 10-day protection topearl millet milky grains against feeding by rutelid beetles ofRhinyptia spp.1174 Verma, S.K. (1979)Incidence of spittle bug, Clovia puncta Walk. (Aphrophoridae :Hemiptera) on kharif crops in arid zones of Rajasthan. Bulletin of .Entomology. 20: 108-109The spittle bug, Clovia puncta is reported to occur on several kharifgrain legume, grasses and pearl millet, to cause flatulence andgastric troubles in livestock.1175 Verma, S.K. (1980)Occurrence of the spotted aleyrodid Neomeakellia bergii (Sign.) onpearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 171-172This is the first report of whitefly N. bergii attacking pearl millet.Biology of the pest has been described.1176 Verma, S.K. (1981)Field efficacy of insecticides and antifeedants against advancedstage larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 20:253-257The insecticides methyl parathion (0.05%), carbaryl (0.1%) andquinalphos (0.05%) and the antifeedant TPTA (0.05%) wereindividually effective against full grown larvae of A. moorei underfield conditions. BHC and malathion and the antifeedant TPTHwere practically ineffective. Use of antifeedant TPTA, incombination with the effective insecticides, is suggested for theeffective control of A. moorei.

1177 Verma, S.K. (1983)Exorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann) (Tachinidae : Lepidoptera), a newrecord on Amsacta moorei Butler. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 41-42During epidemic of Amsacta moorei in western Rajasthan, about 3%of the larvae turned out to be infested with a tachinid fly in August,1978. The emergent flies were identified as Exorista xanthaspis.1178 Verma, S.K. (1986)Cydia ptychora (Meyrick) (Tortricidae : Lepidoptera) as a pod borerof mung bean in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 89-91The ripening pods of mung bean grown at the Central Arid ZoneResearch Institute, Jodhpur were found infested with pink larvae ofa lepidopterous borer. The green pods were free from the attack.Externally, it was difficult to distinguish the infested pods from thehealthy ones, except for a pin-point reddish spot in some pods thatindicated larval penetration. In arid zones, the succession of thepast from one season to another is not understood especially whenthere is no continuity of the cultivated hosts. No alternate host isknown or reported elsewhere and no diapause is known to occur.Therefore, off-season bio-ecology of this pest needs to be investigatedto understand carry over of the pest from one season to another,particularly since the tortricids are known to be poor migrants.1179 Verma, S.K. (1988)Incidence of Atherigona miliaceae (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) on prosomillet in Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 58:414-415The incidence of shootfly A. miliaceae is reported on the panicles ofPannicum miliaceum and 58 lines were screened. Only two lineshad no pest incidence, whereas 10-20% incidence was common inmost varieties. Acc. No. 102, 103, 106 and 196 were highlysusceptible with 60-100% incidence.1180 Verma, S.K. (1990)Efficacy of antifeedant triphenyltin acetate against the V instarlarvae of Amsacta moorei Butler. Indian Journal of Entomology. 52:521-524Efficiency of triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) as antifeedant against thefifth stage larvae of A. moorei was tested in the laboratory. Pearlmillet leaves dipped in 0.1%, 0.07%, 0.05% and 0.025% a.i. TPTAwere offered as food. TPTA at 0.025% was ineffective as antifeedant.At all other concentrations, there was significant reduction in thefood consumption, larval weight and pupal survival. Larvalmortality set in 72 hr after treatment in all the concentrations due

probably to the toxic effects of the ingested TPTA. Moths emergingfrom the treated lots did not mate and laid no eggs.1181 Verma, S.K. and Gokhale, V.G. (1978)Rearing of Spodoptera litura (F.) on a simple semi-synthetic mediumwith varying concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Annals of AridZone. 17: 377-380Rearing of Spodoptera litura (F.) on a simple semi-synthetic mediumwith varying concentrations of antimicrobial agents have beenstudied and described in this paper.1182 Verma, S.K. and Henry, A. (1988)Intensity of insect pests on mung bean cultivars in arid Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 71-74The dry conditions in western Rajasthan results in a relativelylower level of most pest populations. Incidence of insect pests variedon different cultivars. Some varieties with low population levels ofpests had been pointed out.1183 Verma, S.K. and Joshi, N.L. (1984)Infestation by Microcerotermes tenuignathus Holmgren(Isoptera : Amitermitinae) in some kharif crops. Annals of AridZone. 23: 131-133M. tenuignathus damaged more in crops inter-cropped with foxtailmillet (31.89 to 46.98%) than in other crops. In foxtail millet,damage was a little less in paired row treatment than in normalsolitary crop.1184 Verma, S.K. and Rana, B.D. (1977)Observations on Lonchura malabarica, a serious pest of Panicummiliaceum in Rajasthan. Bird Watchers' Newsletter. 18: 9-10White throated munia, Lonchura malabarica was observed toserious attack the panicles of rabi crop of Panicum miliaceum inflocks of 25 to 90 at a time.1185 Verma, S.K. and Saxena, R.C. (1987)Pest complex of mung bean in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 67-85The pests listed include 14 genera and 22 species of Coleoptera, 3genera and species of Diptera, 16 genera and 23 species ofHemiptera, a single species of Hymenoptera, 28 genera and 34species of Lepidoptera, 4 genera and species of Orthoptera, and 2genera and species of Thysanoptera among the insects; 12 species ofnematodes representing 8 genera, 2 genera and species of mites anda millipede species. Weevils Atactogaster orientalis (Chevrolat) and

Myllocerus laetivirens Marshall (Curculionidae : Coleoptera) and thespittle bug Poophilus costalis Walker (Aphrophoridae : Hemiptera)are new records on mung bean in Rajasthan.1186 Verma, S.K. and Saxena, R.C. (1988)Residues of endosulfan and monocrotophos sprays in mung bean[Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 127-141Endosulfan gave initial deposits (ID) of 4.7 to 12.9 ppm on leavesand 1.9 to 2.3 ppm on pods, with half life (RL 50 ) values ranging from2.7 to 2.6 days on leaves and 1.2 to 1.8 days on pods. Monocrotophosresidues on leaves (ID 24.3 to 37.5 ppm) had RL 50 of 2.8 to 7.9 days,and on pods (ID 2.3 to 4.9 ppm) RL 50 ranged from 4.6 to 6.6 days.Initial deposits were generally high and dissipated faster in summerthan in the rainy season but the persistence of endusulfan at 0.07%spray was better in summer crop. The dissipation of the insecticideswas also faster in green pods. At or after flowering, endosulfan isrecommended to be used in the mung bean crop raised for vegetablepurposes, the waiting period being only 1 day. Monocrotophosrequired a waiting period of 15.2 days. No harvest time residues ofendosulfan were detected in ripe mung bean grains butmonocrotophos residues could be detected, though below MRL, upto16 days after spray.1187 Verma, S.K. and Singh, M.P. (1985)Antifeedant effects of some plant extracts on Amsacta moorei.Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55: 298-299Neem and pongam oil (0.1%) were excellent antifeedants againstfourth insofar larvae of Amsacta moorei Butler feeding on cowpealeaves.Rodents and Birds1188 Advani, R. (1981)Some observations on behaviour of rodents during solar eclipse.Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 78: 590-591It is interesting to observe that only Golunda ellioti gujeratibehaved in a different manner during eclipse whereas there was noapparent change in any other rodent species.1189 Advani, R. and Jain, A.P. (1983)Burrowing patterns of sand-coloured rat, Rattus gleadowi. Journalof the Bombay Natural History Society. 79: 662-663

The burrowing pattern of Rattus gleadowi, (0.6% of total rodentfauna) was studied. It preferred sandy (66%) and gravel (33%)habitats in the desert. Burrows are found scattered in opensandy/gravel patches and also under thickets of Zizyphusnummularia. Burrows are simple and short apparently used fortemporary shelter/feeding or for escape from predators. About 50%burrows are `L' shaped, 30% `V' and `D' shaped, 10% long tunnels,8% burrows with a blind end and only 2% complete burrows with 2-4burrow openings. Longest burrow system ranged 130 cm withburrow depth of 9-21 cm. Seeds of C. ciliaris, C. biflorus, C. setigerusand Tribulus terrestris were found in nest chambers.1190 Advani, R. and Rana, B.D. (1984)Population structure of the Indian house rat in the Indian arid zone.Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 81: 394-398The common house rat, Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) were trappedfrom January 1980 to December 1980 by live Sherman traps fromgrain storage in Jodhpur (26’ 18' N -73’ 01' E). The females werefound to be apparently heavier than males. On an annual basis,collection of females in pre-ponderance of males seems to benecessary to maintain higher densities of population in godowns.Sub-adult populations were recruited in greater proportion duringall the months of year except January which is essential for fasterregulation of a dense population of rodents. A comparison of bodyweights, sex ratios and age structure of R. rattus rufescens has beenmade with available data of other Indian rodent species.1191 Bhardwaj, D. (1983)Rodent pests and their control in poultry farms of Jodhpur. Annalsof Arid Zone. 22: 337-341Nine poultry farms around Jodhpur city were surveyed. Indiangerbil, Tatera indica was found to be the predominant species in thepoultry farms situated away from human habitation followed byblack rat, Rattus rattus. However, R. rattus was the predominantspecies of the poultry farms close to human habitation followed byMus musculus. Poultry feed is recommended as the carrier of poisonwhenever rodent control operations are taken up in poultry farms.1192 Bhardwaj, D. and Prakash, I. (1984)Poison bait efficacy and without pre-baiting the black rat, Rattusrattus. Pestology. 8: 21-24Experiments were conducted to find out the role of prebaiting inenhancing the mortality during rodent management operations by

using the poison zinc phosphide. The poison bait consumption inRattus rattus which was not prebaited declined with the increase ofpoison quantity in bait and only 25% mortality was achieved.However, the poison bait intake as well as mortality increased withthe duration of prebaiting, optimum being after 3 days prebaiting.The surviving rats after poisoning showed a direct relationshipbetween the intake of amount of poison and intensity of poisonshyness. Prebaiting enhance the acceptance and intake of poisonbait significantly. Two or three days pre-baiting is recommendedbefore poisoning any rodent population with zinc phosphide.1193 Dahiya, S.S. and Verma, A.N. (1992)Efficacy of two rodenticides against field rodents. Annals of AridZone. 31: 211-212Efficacy of zinc phosphide and bromadiolone against field rodentsMeriones hurrianae Jerbon, Tatera indica (Hardwicke) and Mus spp.were studied at Regional Research Station, Bawal (Haryana).Irrespective of the rat species 2.5% zinc phosphide grain bait and0.005% bromadiolone each in ready-to-use wax cake, grains andflour gave 96.1 and 71.8, 67.3 and 63.3% mortality, respectively.1194 Ghosh, P.K., Goyal, S.P. and Prakash, I. (1979)Metabolism and ecophysiology of Rajasthan desert rodents.Thermoregulation at moderately low temperature (21°C) duringwinter. Journal of Arid Environments. 2: 77-83Measurement of the metabolic rates of eight species of Rajasthandesert rodents at a moderately low temperature (21°C) duringwinter has revealed that there is a significant negative correlationbetween oxygen consumption and body weight. Day-active rodentshave higher metabolic rates than nocturnal rodents of similar bodyweights and R. rattus has better tolerance of cold than nocturnalrodents.1195 Goyal, S.P. (1981)A simple mechanical device for recording the diel activity pattern ofsmall burrowing mammals in their natural habitats. Journal ofZoology. 195: 235-241A mechanical device for monitoring the diel activity pattern of smallburrowing mammals under natural conditions is described. Thedevice has been used to estimate the time spent by the Indian gerbil,Tatera indica indica Hardwicke in foraging above ground and in anunderground nest which is a part of the device. Activity patternsrecorded with this device have confirmed observations that T. indica

indica is nocturnal. The average time spent by this rodent outsidethe nest during an eight day study period was 318 min/24h. Theserodents are generally active between 1900-0300 hrs, apparentlywith two peaks of activity, one between 2100-2200 hrs and the otherbetween 0100-0200 hrs.1196 Goyal, S.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983)Body weight exponents of metabolic rate and minimal thermalconductance in burrowing desert rodents. Journal of AridEnvironments. 6: 43-52Most small burrowing desert rodents have basal metabolic rates(BMR or M) and minimal thermal conductance (C) which are lowerthan expected. These values are also lower than the values for nondesertspecies of similar mass. Metabolism-mass and conductancemassrelationships for burrowing desert rodents have been proposedas follows: M= 3.334W-0295; C= 0.897W-0.499; where M, C, and Ware expressed in units of cm 3 O 2 g -1 h -1 , cm 3 O 2 g -1 h -1 C and g,respectively. Combination of high BMR and low C values in verysmall mammals may compensate in thermoregulation for a highsurface-mass ratio. Differences in metabolism-mass andconductance-mass functions for heteromyid, cricetid and muridrodents are discussed.1197 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1981)Significance of body fat in relation to basal metabolic rate in someIndian desert rodents. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 59-62Four species of Indian desert rodents, viz. Tatera indica, Merioneshurrianae, Rattus meltada and Golunda ellioti have been found tohave basal metabolic rates (BMR) lower than the values expectedfrom the metabolic rate-body weight relationship for mammals. Thelow BMR in these species is evidently not due to any largeaccumulation of body fats, but is probably related to nicheutilisation. Of the four species examined, only T. indica and M.hurrianae have any appreciable body fat, presumably for use duringsummer when scarcity of both food and water prevail.1198 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1982)Energetic aspects of adaptation in the Indian desert gerbil Merioneshurrianae jerdon. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 69-75Basal metabolic rate (BMR), evaporative water loss (EWL) withinthe thermoneutral zone and minimal thermal conductance (C) of theIndian desert gerbil M. hurrianae, were 0.79 cm 3 O 2 g -1 h -1 , 1.89 mgH 2 O cm -3 O 2 and O.110 cm 3 O 2 g -1 h -1 C, respectively. Below the

thermoneutral zone, gerbils regulated their body temperaturewithin the normal limits of homeotherms. The relatively high bodytemperature (38.7° C) recorded within the thermoneutral zone is,presumably, the result of an adaptive mechanism for reducingevaporative water loss. The gerbil's low BMR, low conductance andits comparatively high body temperature are considered to bephysiological means of avoiding over-heating.1199 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1983)Estimation of energy-flow during winter through a primaryconsumer (Indian gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke) in a desertecosystem. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 49B: 295-302The mean daily energy budget (DEB) for adult Indian gerbils,T. indica indica Hardwicke of mean body weight 88.00g was 17.3kcal day -1 during winter. This value would be nearly equivalent tothe energy consumed in the maintenance of normal body functions(Em), because only a negligible amount would be used for growth.Hence, Em will be equal to energy flow (Ef). About 63.6% of thegerbil's Em was consumed in a mean period of 19.4 h day -1 , spentinside their burrows at a mean nest temperature of 25.7° C, whileabout 30% and 6% of the Em was spent during the remaining 4.6 hday -1 for the maintenance of body temperature (Era) and activity(Ea), respectively, when the animals were exposed to the coolertemperatures above ground. About 68% of the energy spent outsidethe burrows covered the period between dusk and mid-night is likelyto be beneficial to the gerbils in avoiding the cooler weather of theearly morning. Energy flow (Ef) through a population of the Indiangerbil during winter in a desert ecosystem may be calculated asfollows: Ef = D x G x 197.8 (cal g -1 day -1 ) where D is the duration ofthe period in days and G is the total biomass (g ha -1 ) of the residentmembers of this species.1200 Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K., Sasidharan, T.O. and Phool Chand.(1988)Body water relatins in two species of gerbil (Tatera indica indicaand Meriones hurrianae) of the Indian desert. Journal ofComparative Physiology B. 158: 127-134The relative body water conservation efficiency of two Indian desertgerbil species, Meriones hurrianae (dirunal/crepuscular) and Tateraindica (nocturnal), has been examined under near naturalconditions in different seasons. A mean urine osmolarity of 3180mosmol l -1 (maximum 4645 mosmol/1) in M. hurrrianae and a meanvalue of 5128 mosmol l -1 (maximum 7547 mosmol/1) in T. indica

have been recorded during summer. While M. hurrianae remainsufficiently hydrated mainly by virtue of their feeding habit, T.indica may depend on the relatively higher concentrating capacity oftheir kidneys.1201 Gupta, R. and Sabhlok, V.P. (1993)Breeding activity of Indian gerbil Tatera indica Hardwicke in andaround Hisar. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 223-230Maximum testicular activity was seen in the months of January andFebruary when the diameter of the somniferous tubules and thetestes was maximum and histology revealed all the stages ofspermatogenesis. The size of ovaries was also large in January andFebruary with a less number of developing follicles, whereas therewas an increased number of developed follicles with ova duringthese months.1202 Idris, M. (1994)Behavioural responses of the Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurrianae towards conspecific and interspecific sebum odour.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 137-141Live Indian desert gerbils, M. hurrianae, trapped from sandyhabitat, were exposed to conspecific and interspecific sebum odoursof M. hurrianae and M. unguiculatus, respectively, in multiplechoice tests. The experimental gerbils were released in the middle ofthe glass cage and its behavioural responses like sniffing, licking,scent marking, urination and defecation were observed. Exposure ofconspecific and interspecific sebum odours in five combinations toM. hurrianae indicated that these gerbils perceive not onlyconspecific odour of the ventral scent marking gland but also that ofanother species which is not sympatric i.e. M. unguiculatus. M.hurrianae preferred (P

Hormonal control of scent marking behaviour in Indian gerbil. ActaTheriologia. 30: 267-274Castration reduces the frequency of scent as well as urine markingsignificantly within two weeks. The response of castrated animals totestosterone propionate therapy was gradual and the peak scentmarking activity was attained after 8 weeks of administering theinjection on a weekly interval. However, this hormone therapy couldnot enhance the scent marking activity to the level that of normalanimals. The marking activity dropped no sooner the weeklyinjections were stopped. Such clear cut effect of hormonal therapywas, however, not observed on urine marking behaviour in T. indicawhich may indicate that control of this activity may be regulated bya number of hormones.1205 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1985)Social and scent marking behaviour in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica.Biology of Behaviour. 10: 31-39The social and scent marking behaviour of the Indian gerbils wasstudied in the semi-natural conditions of a large rattery.Observations made at the time of their maximum activity duringevenings for 30 days revealed that T. indica are "contact" and "pairtolerant"animals and that their social organisation is based onmulti-dominance of both the sexes. The dominant females werefound to be as aggressive as the dominant males. The multidominantstructure of the social organisation is considered to be anadaptation which enabled the species to colonise almost all thehabitats in the Indian sub-continent since its conjectural migrationfrom the Irano-Turanian region. In the males and the females thathave a marking gland, olfactory communication appears to dependmainly on the sebum exudation of the gland; urine marking playslittle role only. However, in females devoid of a scent marking gland,the urine odour apparently plays the prime role in chemicalcommunication. Frequency of scent marking and urine marking isbroadly correlated with dominance hierarchy.1206 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1986)Influence of odours of Indian gerbil, Tatera indica on the social andscent marking behaviour of sympatric desert gerbil, Merioneshurriancae. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy.52: 333-340After recording the frequency of various social and scent markingactivities of every individual in a resident population of the diurnaldesert gerbil, Meriones hurriancae on equal (6 male, 6 female) group

of more aggressive, nocturnal, sympatric Indian gerbil, T. indicawas introduced in a rattery (13 x 7 m). The scent marks of sebumexudation of the mid ventral marking gland and urine of thenocturnal T. indica are perceived by the diurnal M. hurriancae. Thelatter responds to odours of the intruder, T. indica by significantlyshrinking its home ranges and by significantly enhancing its sebumscentmarking activity in a way to saturate the general area with itsown odours. The olfactory cues of one species signal messages toother sympatric species and the latter responds to them in a way toestablish its own dominance on former. However, a "matching ofodours" competition sets in between the resident and intruderspecies in the common space of resources utilisation by superimposingtheir own odours.1207 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1986)Scent marking in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica in response toconspecific odours. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences(Animal Science). 95: 89-96The male Indian gerbil invariably prefers odours (from their body,that of the sebum exudation of scent marking gland, urine andfaecal matter) of strange males, the females with and devoid of thescent marking gland show slight preference for male odours.However, all the categories of T. indica placed their preference fortheir own odours at the lowest. This behaviour suggests that therole of scent marking to label the habitat for its own use or to signal'home; to the marking animal may not be the sole function of scentmarking in this species. It is quite possible that in the desertgrassland, scent marking is being used for maintaining a minimumdistance between two animals or pairs, as exhibited by the diversityin the occurrence of the scent gland in the field (pair-tolerant) andurban (gregarious social organisation) populations of T. indica. Thistype of spatial distribution, maintained by scent marking behaviour,may be important to withstand the low carrying capacity of the aridland which suffers from almost a perpetual paucity of food.1208 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1987)Scent marking behaviour and social organisation in the Indian softfurredfield rat. Acta Theriologica. 32: 315-325Social behaviour of soft-furred field rat, Rattus meltada pallidior(Ryley) was studied in semi-natural condition of a large rattery.Hourly observations, continued for 30 evenings, revealed that themale metads were more active and performed all the aggressive actslike fighting and chasing at a significantly higher frequency thanthe females. But dominant females were found to be as aggressive as

the dominant males, indicating that social organisation of metads isbased on multi-dominance of animals of both sexes. The metadsdeposit two types of scent in the area of their movement; that of thesebum of the mid abdominal gland (only males) and of urine. Theformer activity is performed by the dominant males only but allfemales mark with urine and the dominant ones do so at a higherfrequency. It is revealed that the scent marking and urine markinghave an important role in displaying the dominant status of theanimals in the territory and in reduction of metads.1209 Idris, M. and Prakash, I. (1991)Scent marking behaviour in desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae inrelation to social hierarchy. Proceedings of Indian National ScienceAcademy. 57 B: 263-266The frequency of scent marking by 36 male and 36 female desertgerbils, M. hurrianae, was determined in individual cages.Thereafter, they were grouped in 6 all-female groups. Variousbehavioural acts of each individual in every group were monitored toinvestigate whether scent marking behaviour plays a role in reestablishingsocial hierarchy. On the basis of aggressive acts andscent marking rate, the dominant and sub-dominant animals wereidentified in all groups. Observations were made after removal ofthe dominant animal as well as after introducing a strange rodent ineach of the social groups. The pooled data indicate that the intensityof scent marking declines after grouping probably because the needfor olfactory communication drops as other modes of contact areutilised. Since the subdominant gerbil enhances its scent markingintensity after the removal of the dominant animal and furtherincreases it after the introduction of a strange desert gerbil, itappears that the saturation of the immediate environment with itsown odour is an important factor in establishing dominant status. Itis also likely that scent marking plays an important role inmaintaining the homeostasis of the desert gerbils in the desertenvironment.1210 Idris, M., Jain, A.P. and Soni, B.K. (1986)Laboratory evaluation of bait base for the control of sand colouredrat, Rattus gleadowi. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences.(Animal Science). 95: 417-421Since Rattus gleadowi replaces Meriones hurrianae and Tateraindica after a control operation, studies were planned on the baitpreferences of this minor pest species. Results tend to reveal thatbajra (Pennisetum typhoides) whole grain, bajra flour and wheatgrain + 2% arachis oil may be used as effective poison carries for

this sand coloured rat. Additives like sugar and salt did not improvethe palatability of the candidate bait material. Average energyrequirement of experimental rodents ranges from 70.9 kj 100 g -1body wt 24 -1 hr in multiple choice tests to 72.6 kj 100 -1 g body wt 24 -1 hr in single choice tests.1211 Jain, A.P. (1970)Adrenal weight in relation to duration of pregnancy and paunchedbody weight in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke. Annalsof Arid Zone. 9: 45-48The weights of adrenal glands in the Indian gerbil are significantlycorrelated with the paunched body weight. There is no correlationbetween paired adrenal weight and the crown-rump length of theembryos, which is indicative of the duration of pregnancy nor theprogress of pregnancy influence the weight of adrenal glands.1212 Jain, A.P. (1970)Body weights, sex ratio, age structure and some aspects ofreproduction in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica Hardwicke,in the Rajasthan desert, India. Mammalia. 34: 415-432The Indian gerbils were live trapped at Bikaner town in Shermantraps at a monthly intervals. T. indica indica litters (size 1-9,Average 4.78) throughout the year. The prevalence of pregnancy ishighest (61.0 percent) during monsoon largely due to availability ofplentiful nutritive green feed. Larger litters were also encounteredduring monsoon. The number of corpora lutea in the ovariescorresponds with the number of implanted embryos in the respectiveuterine horn. Due to resorption 20 per cent embryos are lost.Considering these losses and prevalence of pregnancy during theyear, an adult female gerbil can be expected to produce 17.7 youngones annually. Some males were found to be fecund throughout theyear but regression of the testes in most of the males was observedfrom September to January. On an average, adult male gerbils werefound to be significantly heavier than the adult non-pregnant andpregnant gerbils, throughout the year. The mean body weights ofadult gerbils vary significantly from month to month. Female gerbilsreach sexual maturity when they acquire 70 to 75 g body weight andat about 10-12 weeks of age, whereas, male at the age of 12-14weeks when they weigh 105-110 g.1213 Jain, A.P. (1976)A note on the ecology of the little shrew, Suncus stoliczkanus(Anderson, 1877), in the Indian desert. Saug. Mitteilungen. 40: 316-317

The ecology of little shrew Suncus stoliczkanus was studied in theThar deserts. The trap index was 0.2 to 0.5 shrews 100 -1 traps day -1 .It prefers ruderal or village complex habitat and occurs in pala (Topfeed of livestock) and near base of Zizyphus nummularia bushes.However, at Jodhpur these were trapped from natural pastures. Thesex ratio was 50:50. Gravid females were collected in May and Julyand weighed 6 g with 3 litters.1214 Jain, A.P. (1977)Note on certain morphological and functional anomalies in theIndian gerbil, Tatera indica indica Hardwicke. BLV-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Munchen 40. 25: 23-26During extensive and intensive studies on the ecology andreproductive biology of the Indian Gerbil, interesting instances ofmorphological and functional aberrations of certain internal organswere observed. These are reported in this note.1215 Jain, A.P. (1984)A note on cannibalism in desert rodents. Journal of the BombayNatural History Society. 81: 182-183Cannibalistic activity is rather common in small mammals. Most ofthem are observed in the laboratory. Shortage of food has beenassigned major governing factor for this activity. Inspite of amplefood and greens available the mothers devoured young ones.Therefore, it is the stress of captivity that induces cannibalism inlaboratory maintained rodents.1216 Jain, A.P. (1984)Ecological distributional patterns of Indian gerbil, Tatera indicaHardwicke, in the Rajasthan desert. Mammalia. 48: 523-527Tatera indica is fairly well distributed in the Indian sub-continent.It is mainly a ruderal element but also prefers sandy habitat.However, in humid areas, T. indica form the main rodentcommunity along with Rattus meltada, Golunda ellioti and Musbooduga. Surprisingly no relationship is observed between therodent population, per cent basal cover and the vegetation typesstudied.1217 Jain, A.P. (1984)Relationship between body weight of mother and size of litter inantelope rat, Tatera Indica Hardwicke. Mammalia. 48: 143

A positive and significant correlation is observed between bodyweight of mother and number litters in T. indica. The group offemales weighing 101-150 g had maximum embryonic mortality yetthey constituted most active group (62.1%) in the wild population.1218 Jain, A.P. and Mukherjee, R. (1982)Relative efficacy of zinc phosphide and RH-787 baits against Rattusrattus (Linn.) inhabiting poultry sheds. Indian Journal of PlantProtection. 10: 52-54Two per cent zinc phosphide and 0.5% RH-787 baits when exposedto free living population of R. rattus in 2 poultry farms and 5 houses,indicated no significant differences in the consumption of poisonbait; however, a kill of 38.2% and 61.8% respectively was recordedwith these baits.1219 Jain, A.P. and Pawde, V.A. (1981)Responses of a free-living population of Rattus rattus (Linn.)towards poisoned baits and new food. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology. 19: 678-679Failure to develop poison-shyness to zinc phosphide and new foodreaction, by a free-living population of R. rattus is reported.Practical implications of the findings are discussed.1220 Jain, A.P. and Prakash, I. (1981)Eye-lens as an indicator of age in the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica.Growth. 45: 119-122In T. indica eye-lens weight appeared to be a suitable parameter fordetermining the age. Both dry and wet weights of eye lens yieldedpositive and significant linear correlation with age. However,statistical analysis revealed that to some minor extent, factors otherthan age may also influence the growth of eye lens.1221 Jain, A.P. and Prakash, I. (1983)Laboratory evaluation of poison carrier for the control of Indiangerbil, Tatera indica H. Proceedings of the Indian Academy ofSciences. (Animal Science). 92: 253-261T. indica, a common rodent pest of Indian agriculture, quicklydevelops poison aversion and bait-shyness towards zinc phosphide,the only acute rodenticide known to farming community. Formanaging residual population of field rodents, alternate baits are,therefore, required. The present study gives the results of baitpreference studies conducted on T. indica.1222 Jain, A.P. and Sarkar, P.M. (1984)

Responses of wild mice (Mus musculus L.) towards two acutepoisons and a new food. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Zoologie. 71:151-156Wild mice (Mus musculus L.) inhabiting two brooder houses at AllIndia Co-ordinated Project on Poultry for Eggs, Hyderabad, India,were selected for this study. Pre-baiting is not required if wild miceare exposed to acclimated food at densely distributed points. Micedid not exhibit poison aversion and bait shyness towards R.H.-787but did so with zinc phosphide. Further exposing these mice to zincphosphide baits, consumption is so low that why this poison be evenused to manage the residual population escaping zinc phosphidebaiting. Exposure of new food (wheat) along the acclimated food(poultry feed) to the bait-shy mice, mitigated the shyness behaviourand experimental mice preferred poultry feed (to which baitshynessis developed) against new food (wheat). R.H.- 787 and zincphosphide killed 80% and 20% mice, respectively.1223 Jain, A.P., Joshi, V. and Soni, G.R. (1985)Adaptive association of mother and litters in some field rodents ofthe Indian desert. Mammalia. 49: 139-140The attachment of young ones into the teats of mothers night havedeveloped in rodentia but retained only in Rattus meltada and R.cutchicus because the young ones may not come out of simpleburrows due to wriggling movements or may not roll down from thehillocks, respectively. The problem of feeding of lactating mothersunder these circumstances needs further investigations.1224 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1988)Bioefficacy of flocoumafen against Tatera indica. Annals of AridZone. 27: 271-273Flocoumafen proved fairly toxic and well accepted poison to containthe gerbil menace effectively even at 0.002% conc. with three daysexposure and at 0.005% conc. with 2 day exposure.1225 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1990)Laboratory evaluation of flocoumafen bait against Rattus rattus.Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 211-214One to two days feeding on baits treated with 0.0025% , 0.005% and0.01% concentration of rodenticide resulted in 80 to 100% mortalityof experimental rodents. At a given feeding period, the bait with lowconcentration of poison was consumed more than that of the bait athigher concentration.

1226 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M. and Tripathi, R.S. (1992)Bioefficacy of flocoumafen against major desert rodent pests. IndianJournal of Plant Protection. 20: 81-85Laboratory trials on flocoumafen, a second generation anticoagulantrodenticide were conducted against major rodents inhabiting aridareas. Two commensal species viz., R. rattus and M. musculus andthree field rodents viz., M. hurrianae, T. indica and F. Pennantiwere exposed to various concentrations (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.01percent) of flocoumafan in no choice and choice tests. Therodenticide at 0.005% mixed with pearl millet grains and groundnut oil was most effective against these pests. In choice testsmaximum mortality (50% and above) were recorded between 6-11days in case of T. indica and F. pennanti followed by R. rattus (10-14days) and M. hurrianae (13-17 days) at 0.0025% come of the poison,whereas at 0.005%, same response was observed within 9 days. Thepaper discusses the effect of rodenticides on mortality response,acceptability of baits and behaviour of test rodents.1227 Jain, A.P., Prakash, I. and Rana, B.D. (1974)Baits for the control of the soft-furred field-rat, Rattus meltadapallidior ryley. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie. 61: 183-190The soft-furred field-rat, rattus meltada pallidior Ryley, causesserious losses to standing foodgrain crops and natural grasslands inIndia. Bait preferences were worked out for the control of this pestAmong whole grains, jowar (Sorghum vulgare) was found to be themost preferred followed by bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) and wheat(Triticum aestivum). Cracked bajra was, however, preferred tocracked as well as whole jowar in another trial. The calorificrequirement of R. meltada pallidior (average body weight 57.7 g) formaintaining its body weight ranges from 14 to 20 calories per day.1228 Jain, A.P., Tripathi, R.S. and Patel, N. (1995)Influence of aridity on burrowing and other behavioural traits ofNesokia indica gray. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 67-69Typical burrow system of mole rat measured 21 m in length and 17m in width. The burrows were mainly dug close to the plants/treewhere comparatively more moisture is expected. Mole rats havemodified its dietary habits and development of strong neophobiaunder xeric environment.1229 Jain, A.P., Mathur, M., Tripathi, R.S. and Kashyap, N. (1991)Effectiveness of flocoumafen for control of Indian desert gerbil(Meriones hurrianae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.61: 443-445

Toxicity and acceptability of flocoumafen was evaluated againstIndian desert gerbil in laboratory. One-day exposure of flocoumafenbaits at 0.0025 and 0.005% resulted in 100% mortality in 11.4 and7.6 days, respectively, under no-choice test. The intake of therodenticide was 1.69 ± 0.19 and 3.22 ± 0.27 mg kg -1 for the respectivetest concentrations. The choice tests indicated that the acceptabilityof flocoumafen baits was on a par with that of plain bait. However,ingestion of poison bait was 1.25 ± 0.22 and 1.10 ± 0.31 mg kg -1 at0.0025 and 0.005% concentrations respectively, resulting in 87.5 and60.0% mortality in 1-day exposure.1230 Jain, M.B. and Prakash, I. (1974)Bird damage in relation to varietal differences in bajra crop. Annalsof Arid Zone. 13: 139-144It was estimated that from maturity till harvest of the crop about 10per cent of the bajra grains of the standing crop were lost due tobirds. Hybrid bajra suffered more (144.03±2.60 kg ha -1) losses ascompared to RSK variety (80.20±21.35 kg ha -1) .1231 Praveen-Kumar and Pasahan, S.C. (1992)Effects of biotic factors on population fluctuations in sympatric fieldmurids. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 97-102The relative population density of various murids occurring in theagro-ecosystem of village Kakrod, Jind (Haryana) was estimated inKharif and rabi crops. The structure divulged a combination ofMillardia meltada, Bandicota bengalensis, Mus booduga, Rattusrattus and Mus musculus. A low population density of murids wasrecorded at the seedling stage of each crop which enhanced with theadvancement of the crop growth reaching its peak at the maturitystage. The influence of various biotic factors on the waveringmechanisms of murids has been discussed.1232 Praveen-Kumar, Pasahan, S.C., Sabhlok, V.P. and Singhal,R.K. (1994)Studies on species composition, population dynamics and extent ofrodent damage in some summer vegetable crops. Annals of AridZone. 33: 325-328Exploration on the rodent infestation in four summer vegetablecrops, viz., bottlegourd, muskmelon, spongegourd and cucumberrevealed the co-existence of Bandicota bengalensis, Tatera indica,Rattus meltada, Mus booduga, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus.Trap index was minimum at seedling stage of the crop, which gotgradually enhanced with the advancement in growth stage andreached to its peak at maturity stage. Rodent damage was

maximum in bottlegourd followed by muskmelon, spongegourd andcucumber.1233 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984)Field trials of brodifacoum, chlorophacinone and coumatetralylagainst desert rodents in India. Tropical Pest Management. 30: 59-61Field trials were conducted in 18-1 ha plots arranged as a 6x3randomised block to evaluate brodifacoum (0.002%),chlorophacinone (0.0075%) and coumatetralyl (0.0375%) for thecontrol of desert rodents, predominantly Meriones hurriane Jerdon.Success was measured by counts of inhabited burrows before andfour days after the treatment period of ten days. Average kills were90.5, 83.2 and 81.1% respectively. It is concluded that all threepoisons are effective, but brodifacoum performed significantly betterthan the other two.1234 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984)Reduction in population of Indian desert rodents with anticoagulantrodenticides. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences.(Animal Sciences). 93: 585-589Brodifacoum, chlorophacinone and coumatetralyl treated pearlmillet grains were tested in a desert scrub grassland to evaluate thecomparative field efficacy of these rodenticides. Per cent reduction inrodent population was calculated by pre and post-treatment activeburrow counts, census baiting and live trapping. Brodifacoum issignificantly more effective than other two anticoagulants. However,analysis of variance revealed significant difference in the estimationof per cent reduction in the rodent population calculated by threemethods, the possible reasons for which are also discussed.1235 Mathur, R.P. and Prakash, I. (1984)Toxicity of coumatetralyl against Rattus rattus rufescens. Pestology.8: 15-17Coumatetralyl (racumin) - a hydroxycoumarin derivative of anticoagulantwas evaluated against the house rat, R. rattus rufescensGray. In no-choice feeding test, complete mortality was achievedafter feeding on 0.0375% coumatetralyl treated bait for days. In thechoice tests, poison bait was consumed more than the plain bait butthe difference was not significant. The efficacy of coumatetralyl iscompared with other anticoagulants for their control.1236 Prakash, I. (1969)

Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurianae (Jerdon). Journal of the Bombay Natural Histroy Society.65: 581-589Food preference of the Indian desert gerbil, during monsoon isdescribed by identifying the unconsumed plant species lying neartheir burrow openings and from field observations with binoculars.A comparison of the occurrence of unconsumed plant species withthat in the surroundings plant communities revealed that the desertgerbils chiefly feed on grasses in the monsoon season. Economiclosses by the desert gerbil are discussed.1237 Prakash, I. (1971)Breeding season and litter size of Indian desert rodents. Zeitschriftfür Angewandte Zoologie. 58: 441-454Breeding season and litter size of 16 species of rodents inhabitingthe Indian desert have been discussed. In general, two peaks in thebreeding activity have been observed, one in the spring and otherduring monsoon. It appears that the breeding season of Indiandesert rodents is influenced by availability of green food and daylength.1238 Prakash, I. (1972)Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurianae (Jerdon). VIII- Body weights, sex ratio and age structurein the population. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.68: 712-725Live desert Gerbils, M. hurrianae were collected from the field forour toxicological work during 1963-64 and 1966-67. Records weremaintained with respect to their body weights, sex and age. Duringboth the periods the site of collection was the same and, therefore,and attempt has been made here to deal with the body weight, sexratio and age structure found in the desert gerbil population duringthe two years. Interesting facts about the population structure havecome to light.1239 Prakash, I. (1986)Faunal diversity in the arid tracts. Proceedings of the IndianAcademy of Science Supplement (Animal Science/Plant Science)45-58The arid tracts located in north-western India exhibit a spectacularfaunal diversity. Some species occur only in a specific habitat, theirmode of life being associated with texture and moisture content of

the soil and certain vegetation types. Behavioural and physiologicaladaptations in mammals to withstand the xeric environment arediscussed. Omnivory and littering periodicity have been consideredto be important adjustments among desert animals which enhancethe chances of their survival. The arid tracts hold fairly goodnumbers of birds and mammals of wildlife importance. The threatsto their survival and conservation needs are discussed.1240 Prakash, I. and Jain, A.P. (1967)Occurrence of Rattus meltada and Gerbillus dasyurus in theRajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 235-235Rattus meltada Gray (Millardia meltada Gray) is distributed inPeninsular India, north to Palanpur, Kutch, Sind, Kathiawar,Punjab and Nepal, but it was not reported from Rajasthan. Thisrecord of Gerbillus dasyurus from Rajasthan desert shows that it isdistributed all over the Thar desert, and the species is a Saharo-Rajasthani element.1241 Prakash, I. and Jain, A.P. (1970)Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurianae (Jerdon). VI- One -shot baiting technique. Journal of theBombay Natural History Society. 67: 1-6One-shot baiting technique for the control of the Indian desert gerbilM. hurrianae, is described. The method utilises the fruits of wildZizyphus nummularia and does not involve any requirement of foodgrains. In this method, air-dried fruits of Z. nummularia are soakedin solution of sodium mono-fluoroacetate impregnating a 3 mg kg -1dosage in every fruit so as to make every one of them lethal to desertgerbil. The lethal fruits are mixed with unpoisoned ones in theproportion of 1:4 and are placed inside the burrows of desert gerbilsin fields.1242 Prakash, I. and Kumbkarni, C.G. (1962)Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurrianae (Jerdon). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.59: 1-7Unplanned poisoning is hazardous to farm animals, the minimumlethal dose of the proposed poisons and their toxicity should bestudied before measures on a large scale are tried in the field. Also,the correct assessment of the most preferred food of Meriones and itsdaily consumption must be made in order to select a suitablemedium for poison baiting. With this view point trials wereconducted in the laboratory. Besides this, the paper deals with

feeding behaviour, the effect of various feeds on body weight,particularly that the seeds of plants found in the natural habitatand of those which are of afforestation importance, the energyrequirements and selection of bait.1243 Prakash, I. and Rana, B.D. (1972)A study of field population of rodents in the Indian desert -II. Rocky and piedmont zones. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie.59: 129-139The population composition of rodents inhabiting two habitats -rocky and piedmont zone has been compared. The most commonrodents in the former habitat are Rattus c. cutchicus and Muscervicolor phillipsi and in the latter, Rattus meltada pallidior andMus platythrix sadhu. Their relative numbers, annual and seasonal,have been discussed in relation to vegetation cover and edaphicfactors. The trend in trapping index in both the localities was almostof the similar pattern. Peaks were observed during March. Thehabitat preference and sex ratios of various rodent species havebeen discussed. A higher rodent biomass is maintained in thepiedmont plains as compared to that in the rocky habitat.1244 Prakash, I., Fitzwater, W.D. and Jain, A.P. (1970)Toxic chemicals and baits for the control of two gerbils, Merioneshurrianae Jerdon and Tatera indica Hardwicke. Journal of theBombay Natural Histroy Society. 66: 500-509Bait preference trials on the desert gerbil (M. hurrianae) and theIndian gerbil (T. indica) showed that bajra, jowar, mukka and chanagrains and flours may be used as baits for their control. The additionof 5 to 10 per cent groundnut, sesame or coconut oil may increasethe attractiveness of the bait. Lethal dosages of zinc phosphide,sodium monofluoroacetate, gophacide, strychnine alkaliod andthallium sulphate were determined by administering those toxicchemicals by stomach tubes. Norbormide (Raticate) was found to beineffective on both species of gerbils even at 1000 mg kg -1 .1245 Prakash, I., Jain, A.P. and Rana, B.D. (1975)Baits for the control of the hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillus gleadowi.Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 62: 349-359The hairy-footed gerbil, G. gleadowi Murray is a serious pest ofcrops and grasslands in the Indian desert. The gerbil is not veryconsistent in preferring test foods and in more or less every test, itsfood preference changed. However, chana flour, cracked or wholebajra grain can be effectively used as baits for their control. The

addition of either of the two vegetable oils, salt or sugar did notenhance the palatability of the test-bait. No significant difference inthe consumption of various foods was observed when provided insingle and multiple choice experiments. The calorific requirement ofthis (body weight average 25.0 g) ranges from 25 to 33 calories.1246 Prakash, I., Jain, A.P. and Rana, B.D. (1975)A study of field population of rodents in the Indian desert.Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Zoologie. 62: 339-348The rodent population in the ruderal habitat (village complex) in theIndian desert comprises of 11 species. In the north-western desert,the gerbils, Gerbillus gleadowi and M. hurrianae are morepredominant in the villages. In the central desert T. indica indicaand R. meltada pallidior and in the south-eastern desert along withthese two species of Mus are common. The habitat selection, trapindex and rodent biomass of various rodent species have beendiscussed. Rodent control operation should not only be aimed athouse rats and mouse but operation should also take care of therodent pests inhabiting the vicinity of residential houses.1247 Prakash, I., Rana, B.D. and Jain, A.P. (1975)Bait shyness in three species of rattus. Zeitschrift Fur AngewandteZoologie. 62: 89-97The three rodents of economic importance, the house Rat, R. rattusrufescens Gray; the soft-furred field-rat, R. meltada pallidior Ryleyand the Cutch Rock-rat, Rattus c. cutchicus (Wroughton), developaversion to zinc phosphide after one day exposure to a sublethaldose. Bait shyness among them persisted for 75, 135 and 75 days inthe three species respectively.1248 Prakash, I., Taneja, G.C. and Purohit, K.G. (1971)Eco-toxicology and control of Indian desert gerbil, Merioneshurianae (Jerdon). VII- Relative number in relation to ecologicalfactors. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 68: 86-93Numbers of this gerbil are related to soil characteristics, thepopulation being less in clayey and compact soils. An inverserelationship between grass cover and population density has beenobserved. The seasonal fluctuations show an annual cycle, lowduring summer with a build up resulting in a high level duringwinter and spring. This population explosion may be mainly due tothe higher rate of breeding during and after monsoon which isinfluenced by the availability of green food at this time.

1249 Pramesh Kumar, Pasahan, S.C., Sabhlok, V.P. and Singal,R.K. (1996)Evaluation of rodenticidal baits against rodent population in longmelon (Cucumis melos var. Utlissimus) crop fields. Annals of AridZone. 35: 373-376Single dose anticoagulant, bromadiolone (0.005%) and acuterodenticide zinc phosphide (2%) were evaluated in long melon fieldsduring summer 1994 in and around Hisar. Double baitingtreatments comprising zinc phosphide and bromadiolone in differentcombinations accomplished significantly higher reduction of rodentpopulation as well as crop damage than that with single baitingtreatments conducted with either of the above rodenticides. Thedeployment of different rodenticides baits resulted in cost-benefitratio declining between 1:118 and 1:157. The use of bromadiolonefollowed by bromadiolone treatment was the most economical.1250 Purohit, K.G. and Ghosh, P.K. (1963)Histological and histochemical studies on tissue of two desertrodents. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 26-34It was interesting to observe the extraordinarily enlarged renalpelvis and the very high number of glomeruli per field in Tatera.Implications of this peculiarity of the Tatera kidney in relation toadaptation to the desertic environment have been discussed. Leydigcells in Meriones testis are more numerous and prominent than inTatera indicating the possibility of a higher androgenic potentialityof this tissue in Meriones. The proportion of medullary to corticaltissue in the adrenal of Meriones is higher than in Tatera.Histochemical demonstration of sites of activity of the enzyme,alkaline phosphatase has been made in kidney, liver, pancreas,spleen, adrenal and testis of these two rodent species, suggestingthat this enzyme is more universally present in Tatera tissues thanin Meriones. The distribution of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleicacids in the tissues of these rodents has also been noted.1251 Rana, B.D. (1970)Some observations on food of the jungle babbler, Turdoides striatus,and the common babbler, Turdoides caudatus, in the Rajasthandesert, India. The Indian Journal of Ornithology. 8: 35-44Their gizzard contents were sorted out and measured by bothvolume and gravimetric methods. The food of T. striadus is chieflycomposed of bajra grain whereas insects form 22 per cent of the totalfood; seeds of grasses and other vegetation occur in low proportions.The common babbler is relatively less dependent on bajra whichconstitutes 36.2 per cent of its total food, wheat 9.7%, leafy material

20.2%, grass seeds 6.7% and insects 25.3%. T. caudatus feeds uponinsects all the year round but insects occurred in the gizzards of T.striatus during summer and monsoon. Peak in the occurrence ofinsects was noticed during monsoon in case of both the babblers.Bajra grains occurred in the gizzards throughout the year, its peakoccurrence being in the post-monsoon season in both the birds. T.caudatus consumed large amount of grass blades but this food itemdid not occur in the dietary of T. striatus.1252 Rana, B.D. (1970)Winter food of the common babbler (Turdoides caudatus) inRajasthan. Indian forester. 96: 153-155The common babbler is one of the commonest birds of Rajasthandesert. It becomes even more common where irrigation is practised,probably because of more number of crops raised during a year.During the study of distribution of rodents in relation to differenthabitats in the month of January when rodents were being collectedwith the help of snap traps, twenty five common babblers were alsocaptured in these traps. The bait used was pea-nut butter. Thisreport deals with the winter food of common babblers trapped atBisalpur from sandy and gravelly habitats. The region where trapswere fixed at Bisalpur comprising mainly of the following grasses:Cymbopogon martini, Eremopogon faceolatus, Heteropogoncontortus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Brachiaria ramosa, Dichanthiumannulatum and Aristida funiculata, whereas, among the trees andshrubs were : Acacia senegal, Acacia leucopholoea, Prosopiscineraria, Tephrosia sp., Zizyphus nummularia, etc.1253 Rana, B.D. (1975)Breeding biology of the Indian ring dove in the Rajasthan desert.The Auk. 92: 322-332Ring doves were collected by shooting in every month during 1969-70 at the farm of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur inthe Rajasthan desert. The male doves were found to be significantlyheavier than the females. Body weights of doves were lowest duringJuly and September, thereafter they gain body weights and reach apeak during post-monsoon and winter seasons.1254 Rana, B.D. (1976)Variations in the weight of adrenal gland of Indian ring doveStreptopelia decaocto frivaldszky. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 106-111Doves were collected by shooting at monthly intervals for 12 monthsin western Rajasthan. Mean monthly paired adrenal weights of

adult female doves were heavier than those of adult male except inthe months of February to April. The difference was, however,significant during spring season in case of male, and in femaleduring the rainy season. The mean paired adrenal weight and bodyweight of doves show a similar trend of fluctuations.1255 Rana, B.D. (1980)Effect of availability of exposure-food in the bait shyness in fivespecies of rodents. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 511-513One day exposure of poison does not inculcate a severe type of baitshynessas was observed among these rodents after a three daysexposure to zinc phosphide. Poisoning with zinc phosphide should bedone only on one day. If this procedure is followed, zinc phosphidepoison baiting can be repeated at an early interval than that ifpoisoning is done for 2-3 days consecutively. When the food in whichthe poison exposed is available to the rodents soon after poisoning,the bait shyness is mitigated to some extent.1256 Rana, B.D. (1982)Ecological distribution of Rattus meltada in India. Journal of theBombay Natural History Society. 82: 573-580The soft-furred field rat, R. meltada is the most abundant rodent inthe Indian sub-continent. It occurs in crop fields and scrubgrassland habitats but it usually prefers the former. It appears thatit is more commonly found in crop fields having wheat andsugarcane as chief crop components in northern India. In southernIndia, it is found in the ragi and rice crop fields. In westernRajasthan desert, the frequency of R. meltada pallidior is highest incotton fields among irrigated crops. R. meltada pallidior, the northIndian rodent and R. meltada meltada, south Indian race preferalluvial duny soils and black soils respectively. In most parts ofIndia, it is associated with T. indica, M. booduga and B. bengalensis.The relative abundance of R. meltada in various states of India andits frequency in different vegetational communities are discussedand it is found to be directly related with the amount ofprecipitation and inversely proportional to the aridity index.1257 Rana, B.D. (1985)Effect of fire on small mammals of a natural grassland community.Mammalia. 49: 485-489The effect of fire on small mammal population in a naturalgrassland habitat has been analysed. The dominant small mammalsin this habitat are R. meltada pallidior and Golunda ellioti gujerati.

The relative numbers of R. meltada palllidior, G. ellioti and M.platythrix inhabiting burnt grassland were found significantly loweras compared to unburnt grassland. However, in case of T. indicaand Suncus murinus numbers, no significant differences were foundbetween two habitats. The trend in trapping index during last halfof the year in both unburnt and burnt grasslands was almostsimilar. Peaks were observed during March-April and September-October. A higher biomass of small mammals was maintained in theburnt grassland as compared to that of unburnt grassland.1258 Rana, B.D. (1989)Population ecology of Passer domesticus in the Indian arid zone.International Study Group on Sparrows. 16: 1-7The Indian subspecies of house sparrow, Passer domesticus indicusinhabits predominantly urban and rural environments at Jodhpur(26 18'N-73 08'E), where it depends mainly on grain foods. Thepopulation fluctuations of house sparrow demonstrated twoextremes : maximum during monsoon and minimum during winterperiods. Fluctuations in numbers appeared to be related toqualitative differences in the food availability. The jungle babbler,Turdoides striatus and the common myna, Acridotheres tristis roostin the same locality of the house sparrows. Communal roosting mayhelp in protecting the sparrows from predators.1259 Rana, B.D. and Prakash, I. (1984)Reproduction biology of the soft-furred field rat, Rattus meltadapallidior (Ryley 1914) in the Rajasthan desert. Journal of theBombay Natural History Society. 81: 59-70The soft-furred field rats were snap trapped every month during1978 and 1979 at Bisalpur (25 7N, 73 10E) situated on the fringe ofthe Thar desert of India. The males were found to be fecund in everymonth from January 1978 to December 1979. The fluctuations intestes weights coincided with the number of pregnant females. Theleft testes of adult rodents collected over two years were observed tobe heavier than the right. The average testes weights were alsofound to vary significantly from month to month. The production ofova ranged from 5.5 to 10.0 and 5 to 12 during 1978 and 1979,respectively. The maximum number of ova per pregnant femalemated was produced during the period of maximum precipitation.The implanted embryos per pregnant female varied from 3 to 7 and4 to 9 during 1978 and 1979. Embryonic mortality beforeimplantation was found to be 22.9 and 29.0 per cent during 1978and 1979, respectively and due to mummification and resorption0.51 per cent and 1.03 per cent, respectively. Considering these

losses, litter size and prevalence of pregnancy during both the years,the annual production was estimated to be 52.52 young ones perannum.1260 Rana, B.D. and Tripathi, R.S. (1992)Vulnerability of rodent attack to the fibre optic cables. Pestology.16: 45-47Fibre optic transmission plays an important role in adoptingcommunication systems for information technology use. The fibreoptic cables laid underground for the purpose are devoured by wildrodents. Two types of cables viz. armoured and unarmoured wereevaluated for rodent attack. Three species, Bandicota bengalensis,Tatera indica and Rattus meltada were exposed to both the studycables under choice and no choice conditions in laboratory cages.The results indicated that R. meltada was most destructive speciesas for damage to both types of cables was concerned. Treatment ofNeramycin and 0.2% cyclohexamide (aerosol) could protect thecables from the rodent attack.1261 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1983)The mid-ventral gland of the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica and softfurredfield rat, Rattus meltada. Acta Theriologica. 28: 425-434The ventral scent marking gland occurs in about 91 and 72 per centmale T. indica and R. meltada respectively. It is absent in thefemales of the latter species but is present in about 5.8 per centfemale T. indica residing in urban areas and 10.3 per cent femaleresiding in desert grasslands. The gland size is positively andsignificantly correlated with body weight. The growth of the gland isa continuous process throughout the life of the rodents. Norelationship has been found between the gland size and the homerange of the rodents. The sebaceous alveoli in the gland of both thespecies are of typical holocrine type and the epidermal stratifiedepithelium in T. indica is smooth whereas in R. meltada pallidior itis papalli form.1262 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1984)Association between scent marking, density and dominance in theIndian desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology. 22: 421-423Frequency of scent marking significantly declined with increasingpopulation density in the desert gerbil, M. hurrianae, probably dueto increase in social contacts which curtailed the need of olfactorysignals such as odour of sebum. In most of the experiments scent

marking behaviour was exhibited only by dominant animals,irrespective of sex.1263 Saroj Kumari and Prakash, I. (1984)Relative efficacy of male and female conspecific urine in maskingshyness behaviour in Indian gerbil, Tatera indica. Proceedings of theIndian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences). 93: 431-436In a choice test, the Indian gerbils preferred urine-mixed food overordinary millet indicating a phago-stimulant nature of conspecificurine. Addition of conspecific urine mitigates the poison aversionand bait shyness behaviour significantly, as a result of which zincphosphide poisoning can be attempted a second time in a sequence,thus enhancing the control success. T. indica showed a clearpreference for urine of the same sex which suggests that the activeattractant in the urine has no sex attraction.1264 Sasidharan, T.O. (1980)Effect of lead acetate and testosterone propionate on male genitaliain the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica indica. Annals of Arid Zone. 19:126-131The effect of low doses (100 μg animal -1 day -1 for 10 days) of leadacetate(LA) and testosterone propionate (TP) (90 μg animal -1 day -1for 10 days) on the male reproductive tract of the Indian gerbil wasstudied. Neither of these treatments had any effect on testis weight.Vas deferens in the TP treated animals and the epididymis, seminalvesicles and prostate in the LA treated animals showed increases inweight. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules of the testis and ofthe tubules of caput epididymis decreased as a result of both thetreatments. There was also a reduction in sperm content of thecaput epididymis in both cases. There was considerable spermaccumulation in the crudal epididymal segment after both LA andTP administration, indicating a possible blockade of the movementof the sperms further.1265 Sasidharan, T.O., Goyal, S.P., Phool Chand and Ghosh, P.K.(1990)The effect of water deprivation and salt load on water conservationefficiency in two Indian desert gerbils. Journal of ComparativePhysiology. 160: 413-422The effects of water deprivation and intra-peritoneal salt loading onurine volume and on various urinary constituents have beenexamined in two gerbil species of the Rajasthan desert, merioneshurrianae Jerdon and Tatera indica indica Hardwicke. During

summer hydrated T. indica excreted 0.782 ml urine .100 g -1 d -1which was about 60.5% higher than the volume of urine excreted byhydrated M. hurrianae (0.487 ml .100 g -1 .d -1 ). During winter, bothspecies excreted around 1.5 ml urine 100 g -1 .d -1 . The experimentaltreatments caused reductions in urine volume in M. hurrianae from40 to 76% during summer and from 35 to 71% in winter. Similartreatments in T. indica caused reductions in urine volume of 50-82%in summer and 5-60% in winter. The mean increase in urineosmolarity following various salt loading treatments in T. indicaranged from 3800 to 5761 mosmol l -1 and from 4034 to 6255 mosmol1 -1 during summer and winter, respectively. The mean values ofurine osmolarity for hydrated T. indica were 2831 and 3189 mosmoll -1 during summer and winter. In M. hurrianae salt loadingtreatments increased the urine osmolarity during summer andwinter, respectively, over the values recorded for hydrated animals.A maximum urine osmolarity of around 7000 mosmol 1 -1 was foundin both species when subjected to 2% salt-loading treatment. Thetreatments used in this study increased urinary urea level in bothcompared to the level in their respective hydrated controls. T.indica may be better adapted to produce more concentrated urinethan M. hurrianae.1266 Sharma, V.N. and Joshi, M.C. (1975)Soil excavation by desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae (Jerdon)in theShekhawati region of Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 14:268-273Investigation on soil excavation and burrows in cultivated anduncultivated condition by Desert gerbil, M. hurrianae around Pilaniin May-June,1972 reveal that the total number of openings of gerbilburrows are about 2,00,000 km -2 and 4,40,000 km -2 in cultivatedand uncultivated areas, respectively. Total number of burrowopenings for active soil excavation was about 80,000 km -2 day -1 and60,000 km -2 day -1 in cultivated and uncultivated areas, respectively.Soil excavated was about 61,500 kg per day and 41,60,000 CC/dayby volume per km -2 on cultivated area as against 10,43,800 kg day -1and 7,06,80,000 CC day -1 in the un-cultivated area. The record fortemperature at 45 cm inside the burrow and soil moisture revealsthat the soil excavation is directly related to these factors.1267 Singhal, R.K. and Pasahan, S.C. (1993)Exploration on the status of the lesser bandicoot-rat, Bandicotabengalensis Gray in wheat crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 241-244The population structure of murids in wheat crop revealed acombination of Bandicota bengalensis, Rattus meltada, Tatera

indica and Mus booduga. The percentage occurrence of these muridsha -1 area was estimated to be 53.2, 22.9, 19.4 and 4.5 respectively.The trap index calculated at different stages of wheat crop fellbetween 0.13 and 0.41. A low population density of B.bengalensiswas recorded at the seedling stage which gradually enhanced withthe advancement of the crop growth. More number of young oneswere trapped, during the months of March and April whichcoincided with maturity stage of the crop. Cannibalism was noticedin cages. B. bengalensis has been proved to be the most efficienthoarder and a damage of about 90.6 kg ha -1 has been estimated inwheat crop.1268 Soni, B.K. and Jain, A.P. (1985)Brodifacoum - A potent anticoagulant rodenticide in India.Pestology. 9: 37-40Present report embodies information with respect to the efficacy ofanticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum (3-(3-(4-'bromo-(1-1-diphenyl)-4-yl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-naphalenyl-4-hydroxy-2H-lbenzopran-2-one)for the control of Indian rodent pests.1269 Soni, B.K. and Prakash, I. (1985)Evaluation of liquid brodifacoum against gerbils and rats. Pestology.9: 21-24Liquid brodifacoum (0.005%) was screened for the control of twogerbils, M. hurrianae and T. indica and two rats, R. meltada and R.rattus. The ingestion of liquid brodifacoum dropped on the secondday in all the rodent species as compared to the first day but thedifference was not statistically significant. Eighty to 90 per centrodents died after a single day baiting but 100 per cent success wasachieved only after two days, except in a case of T. indica in whichmortality was 90 per cent; 100 per cent succumbed only after thethird day of poison ingestion. Out of the three formulations ofbrodifacoum, wax blocks are the most acceptable and effectivefollowed by liquid formulation.1270 Soni, B.K., Jain, A.P. and Idris, M. (1985)Screening of poison-base for management of brown spiny mouse.Mus platythrix Bennett in the Rajasthan desert. Indian Journal ofPlant Protection. 13: 25-29Mus platythrix preferred baits in the following hierarchy -bajra >wheat > moth = sorghum. However, groundnut oil (Arachis hypogea2% with grains and 10% with flours) has proved its additive valuebut salt and sugar failed to exhibit such a character. Mice requiredenergy ranging from 100 to 171 K Joules 100 -1 g body weight day -1 .

1271 Soni, B.K., Rana, B.D. and Jain, A.P. (1985)Field trials of some rodenticides to control rodents in various cropfields of western Rajasthan desert. Pestology. 9: 25-27Aluminium phosphide was found to be fairly effective in humidregions. Brodifacoum was also found to be equally effective asaluminium phosphide and more effective than bromadiolone at0.002% and 0.005% in both humid and non-humid regions. Theanticoagulants-brodifacoum and bromadiolone required more timeto kill rodents than a fumigant aluminium phosphide.1272 Soni, B.K., Tripathi, R.S. and Rana, B.D. (1992)A note on effectiveness of French ultrasonic device for rodentcontrol. Pestology. 16: 29-32Efficacy of French ultrasonic device was evaluated against, Rattusrattus in caged as well as free living conditions. No significantdifference could be observed in the food intake of house rats betweenultrasound environment and control in the caged conditions.However, the free living rats recorded significantly reduced feedintake due to exposure to ultrasounds for 4 days. Therefore, thiseffect went on diminishing and on 8th day the consumption of foodin presence of ultrasound was at par with that of pre- exposureintake. This indicated that the device proves in-effective with in 8days due to behavioural acclimatisation of rats under continuousexposure to ultra sound.1273 Tripathi, R.S., Mathur, M., Jain, A.P. and Patel, N. (1994)Relative efficacy of glue and other traps for commensal rodentmanagement. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 143-145Glue, wonder and Sherman traps were evaluated againstcommensal rodent pests (Rattus rattus and Mus musculus) inhouses, godowns and poultry farms in and around Jodhpur.Sherman trap, being single catch type trap, rated lowest incomparsion to multiple catch type traps. Among multiple catchtraps, glue traps evidently exhibited an edge over wonder traps.Ethological manifestations of rodents towards these traps are alsodiscussed.1274 Verma, S.K. (1984)Bird damage to pearl millet crop at Jodhpur. Indian Journal ofPlant Protection. 12: 57-58Awned hybrids of pearl millet such as PHB 14 are reported to beless attacked by sparrows, Passer domesticus, although hybridssuffer more bird damage than local varieties.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLESBer1275 Ahlawat, V.P., Khera, A.P. and Dahiya, S.S. (1984)Foliar sampling technique in ber. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 75-79Different types of leaves were sampled from current season shoot tostudy the seasonal variation in nutrient content. Mature leaves hadthe stable plateau of major nutrients from middle of September tomiddle of November. These leaves may be sampled to find out thenutrient status of ber.1276 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1990)Effect of gibberellic acid and NAA on fruit set and quality of fruits inber cv. Gola. Progressive Horticulture. 22: 60-62Ber cv. Gola were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and NAA atflowering and another spray 15 days after flowering. GA 3 and NAAwere sprayed at 10, 20 and 30 ppm concentration and incombinations. Significant increase in fruit set was recorded at 20ppm GA 3 and 30 ppm NAA as compared to control. Combinations ofGA 3 and NAA did not improve the fruit set. Fruit retention wasincreased appreciably in 30 ppm GA 3 treatment. Quality of fruits interms of weight, size, TSS and acidity were significantly affected byhigher concentration of GA 3 and NAA.1277 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992)Relationship between stomatal distribution and growth of berrootstocks. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 49: 169-171Stomatal count was taken in four ber rootstocks, and correlated withgrowth parameters and stomatal density. The number of stomatawere found to be the highest in Z. mauritiana cv. Tikadi followed byZ. rotundifolia, Z. spinichristii and Z. nummularia. The growth ofrootstocks in terms of height, spread, trunk diameter and leaf areawere positively correlated with number of stomata. Z. nummulariahaving the lowest number of stomatal density was found to bedwarfing type and Z. rotundifolia and Z. mauritiana having higherdensity of stomata was found to be vigorous rootstocks.1278 Chovatia, R.S., Patel, D.S. and Patel, G.V. (1993)Performance of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars underarid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 215-217Performance of twenty cultivars of ber was evaluated for three yearsfor yield potential and fruit quality. The wide variability wasobserved in growth, yield and fruit quality. The Gola Gurgaonproduced the highest fruit yield among all the cultivars followed by

Banarasi pewandi, Jhajjar special and Gola. The cultivars Gola andGola Gurgaon were found to be early ripening-whereas Umran waslate ripening and posessed large fruits of good quality and attractiveappearance.1279 Chovatia, R.S., Patel, D.S., Patel, G.V. and Kalyansundaram,N.K. (1992)Effectiveness of mulches on ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv.Umran under dryland conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 301-302Black polythene mulch recorded the maximum fruit yield and wasconsistantly higher in each year over rest of the treatments. All themulch treatments increased the soil moisture content as comparedto no mulch. Among mulch treatments, maximum soil moisturecontent was recorded in black polythene sheet mulch.1280 Dass, H.C. and Jain, B.L. (1988)Effect of saline water on germination and growth of Zizyphusspecies. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 179-182Zizyphus rotundifolia Lamk., Z.mauritiana Lamk cv Tikadi,Z.nummularia (Burm.F.) Wight & Arn. and Z.spinichristii (L.) Wildwere screened for tolerance to saline irrigation water (EC 0.5 to 6.5mmhos) at germination and seedling growth stages. Z. rotundifolia,commonly used as rootstock for ber, was tolerant to irrigation watersalinity upto 4.5 and 6.5 mmhos EC at germination and seedlinggrowth stages, respectively. Z. spinachisti and Z. mauritiana cvTikadi were moderately tolerant upto 2.5 mmhos EC,Z. nummularia was sensitive to salinity.1281 Gupta, A.K. and Joshi, D.C.Mineral content of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) at differentdevelopmental stages. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 42: 37-40All the minerals were in higher proportion at 15 days of fruitgrowth. Except iron and potassium, which were in fairly uniformconcentration, other minerals decreased with the advancement offruit growth and development. Iron content was higher in Kaithliand Jogia whereas Ca, Mg and Mn were in higher ranges in Umran.1282 Gupta, A.K., Panwar, H.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1983)Studies on physico-chemical changes during development andmaturity in ber fruit, cv. Gola. The Punjab Horticultural Journal.23: 186-190Ber cultivar Gola was studied for its physico-chemical changes atfortnightly intervals from 15 days after fruit-set upto 135 days afterfruit-set. Fruit size and weight increased with the development of

the fruit. TSS, total sugars and Vitamin C content also increasedwhile total chlorophyll and crude protein and Vitamin C wereobserved after 60.75 days of fruit setting and this period coincidedwith the complete hardening of the stone in the fruit.1283 Gupta, I.C., Sharma, B.D. and Singh, P.M. (1989)Effect of bicarbonate and chloride irrigation waters on germinationand growth of ber and soil properties. Journal of the Indian Societyof Soil Science. 37: 428-30The effect of waters of six salinity levels (EC 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5 and 10.0dS m -1 ) each of two types viz. bicarbonate and chloride compared tocontrol (EC 0.1 dS m -1 ) was studied on ber. Germination and growthdecreased with increase in salinity but chloride waters were moretoxic than bicarbonate. Specific ion toxicity effects were operativeupto EC 5 dS m -1 , beyond which osmotic effects became pronounced.Ber seemed to be more tolerant at seedling than germination stagewith bicarbonate waters whereas reverse was the case with chloridewaters.1284 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1991)Note on performance of ber during establishment underconventional and Jaltripti irrigation systems. Indian Journal ofHorticulture. 48: 222-223Ber was grown on coarse sandy soil at Bikaner with five treatmentsviz., 3L water plant -1 watering -1 in Jaltripti (a new device forestablishment of plants with minimal water) and 3L, 6L, 9L and 12L water plant -1 watering -1 applied under conventional pit system.Budded saplings of ber cv Seb raised in polythene bags were used forplanting. During study period of 22 months (1987-89) involving 33irrigations and 50 mm rainfall, the plant height was maximum with3L watering in Jaltripti (100.6 cm) followed by 12 L (98.7), 9 L (98.4cm), 6 L (92.0), 3 L (81.5 cm) treatments under conventionalplantings. The corresponding values of root stock diameter were1.64, 1.49, 1.37, 1.24 and 1.01 cm respectively, showing that growthof ber plant in Jaltripti using 3 L of water was significantly superiorto 12 L of water used in conventional pit system.1285 Hulwale, T.D., Karale, A.R., Desai, U.T., Kaulgud, S.N. andKeskar, B.G. (1995)Pollen studies in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars. Annalsof Arid Zone. 34: 47-50Pollen grains of the seven ber cutivars were almost similar in theirmorphology. The fresh pollens appeared as a fine, yellowish powderymass and were very sticky. They were isopolar, fixiform,radiosymmetric and 3-zonicol porate, with psilate exine. On

acetolysis, shape was prolate spheroidal, and in distilled water,roundish and triangular. Pollens were round in acetocarmine andellipsoidal in castor oil. When moistened, pollen size was increased.Pollen fertility ranged from 68.08% (Seedless) to 87.34% (DarakhiNo.1). Pollen germination as well as tube length was highest in 25%sucrose solution.1286 Jain, B.L. and Dass, H.C. (1988)Effect of saline water on performance of saplings of jujube (Zizyphusmauritiana), Indian cherry (Cordia dichotoma var. wallichii) andpomegranate (Punica granatum) at nursery stage. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 58: 420-421An irrigation of Sev with 6.5 dS m -1 water and of Gola and Mundiawith 4.5 dS m -1 for 8-10 months at the initial establishment stage inthe nursery did not show any adverse effect on survival. Mortality injujube plants occurred when irrigation was prolonged and wassevere in Mundia with high salinity water. Irrigation of `Khog'pomegranate with 6.5 dS m -1 water did not show any adverse effecton its survival. However, Jalore seedless could tolerate upto 4.5dS m -1 . The level of salinity did not affect the survival of Indiancherry but higher level caused mortality.1287 Kamble, A.B., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994)Effect of micronutrients on fruit set, fruit retention and yield of ber(Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 53-55Studies on foliar applications of Fe, Zn, Mn and B in ber revealedthat all nutrients increased flower clusters, fruit set, fruit retention,fruit weight and yield. ZnSO 4 at 0.4%, FeSO 4 at 0.4% and boric acidat 0.2% gave best results when sprayed in August-September.Application in July or October was not useful.1288 Kumar, A., Bhansali, R.R. and Arya, H.C. (1978)A note on the occurrence of powdery mildew on ber (Zizyphus spp.)in Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 323-325Occurrence of powdery of Zizyphus nummularia and Z. mauritianacaused by Oidiopsis sp. was reported. The life cycle of this fungushas been described.1289 Kundu, S.S., Pareek, O.P. and Gupta, A.K. (1994)Effect of time and severity of pruning on growth, flowering andfruiting in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Umran. Annals ofArid Zone. 33: 49-52

The plants were pruned on three dates at the interval of 15 days i.e.from 15th May to 15th June with five levels of pruning intensities.The shoot length, leaf area, per cent bud sprouting, per cent fruit setand per cent fruit retention differed significantly with variouspruning treatments. From the present investigation, it was foundthat the plants pruned on 30th May at 15 buds, recorded maximumfruit retention per tree.1290 Lodha, S. (1983)Wilt of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) caused by Fusarium equiseti.Plant Pathology. 31: 130-132This is the first report of the wilt disease of ber from world which isand caused by Fusarium equiseti.1291 Lodha, S., Gupta, G.K. and Pareek, O.P. (1983)Preliminary studies on the resistance of the ber varieties againstpowdery mildew in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Mycologyand Plant Pathology. 13: 77-78.Sixty six ber varieties maintained at C.R. Farm, C.A.Z.R.I wereevaluated for their response against powdery mildew of ber undernatural conditions.1292 Lodha, S., Singh, S. and Singh, M.P. (1983)Alternaria blight of ber and its control. Indian Journal of PlantProtection. 11: 54-56.Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria alternata has been first timereported from India. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of fungicidesshowed superiority of Zineb in controlling the disease in field.Available varieties were screened and Randeri has been found to bemoderately resistant.1293 Mukherjee, S. and Soni, A.K. (1993)Growth and yield of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. Seb underdifferent pruning severities. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 165-166Effect of different pruning severities were studied on theperformance of ber CV. Seb for 2 consecutive years. The treatmentsconsisted of five pruning severities namely: no pruning (Control),pruning upto 4th, 6th and 8th secondaries and also at 90 cm or 3/4thlength of the shoot. The weight of pruned wood, plant height, plantspread, stock and scion girth, number of primary buds upto whichsecondary branches were arising, annual shoot growth, per centfruit set and fruit drop and yield differed significantly with various

pruning severities. The maximum yield (61.82 kg) was obtainedfrom trees which were pruned upto 6th secondaries.1294 Pareek, O.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1986)Vegetative and fruit characteristics of ber (Zizyphus mauritianaLamk.) cultivars of Rajasthan grown in the Thar desert. Annals ofArid Zone. 25: 214-221Vegetation and fruit characteristics of different cultivars of bergrown in Thar desert have been described in detail. The cultivarKatha seems almost identical to Umran of Haryana and Punjab andAjmeri of Gujarat. Characteristics of cultivar growing in differentstates are same but with little variation due to change of climate.1295 Patel, B.T., Shakhela, R.R., Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patil,R.G. and Patel, G.A. (1993)Chemical composition of some ber cultivars leaves. Annals of AridZone. 32 : 109-111Chemical composition of leaves of five year old ber cultivars showedhighest content of Ca (2.66%) followed by N (2.19%), K (1.38%), Mg(0.94%) and P (0.144%). Amongst the micronutrients, higherconcentration of Fe (289 ppm) was recorded compared to Mn (85ppm), Zn (24 ppm) and Cu (3.9 ppm). Correlation of yield waspositive with N, Ca, Mg and Mn and negative with P, K, Fe, Zn andCu.1296 Rao, A.V. and Dass, H.C. (1989)Growth of fruit plants as influenced by nitrogen fixing bacteria.Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 143-147Inoculation of jujube and pomegranate plants with nitrogen fixingbacteria enhanced the height and dry weight of plants as comparedto the uninoculated control plants. There was a strain-varietyinteraction among the strains. A marked increase in the rootbiomass of these fruit plants upon inoculation with nitrogen fixingbacteria was also observed. Though there was no increase in the percent N in the plants with inoculation, total N-uptake was more withthe inoculated plants. The rhizosphere of inoculated plants carriedhigher population of Azospirillum brasilense as compared to theuninoculated control plants.1297 Saini, R.S., Yamdagni, R., Thareja, R.K. and Kaushik, R.A.(1994)Performance of selected ber cultivars under rainfed conditions.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 333-334

Tree height, spread and number of picking were maximum inKaithli cultivar. Umran produced heaviest fruits and the fruitweight was lowest in Mudia Murhara. The total soluble solids incultivar Gola were maximum.1298 Sharma, A. (1993)Cultural management of Larvacarus transitans (Ewing) inRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 265Pruning of branches upto 60 cm length / 8th secondary levelprovided an effective content of Larvacarus transitans infesting berin Rajasthan.1299 Singh, M.P. (1982)Studies on the damage and chemical control of chafer beetles ongrafted ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars. Entomonograph.7: 247-250.Ber cultivars were evaluated for the loss caused by Holotrichiaconsanguinea Bl, Anomala sp and Adoretus sp. Relativeconsumption of ber leaves by the three species was studied.Insecticides were tested for their efficacy against adult H.consanguinea beetles. Cultivar Aliganj suffered the least chaferinjury in field. Maximum leaf area loss was witnessed in Gola andthe highest percent leaf area loss was recorded in Jogia cultivar.Difference in leaf consumption by the three beetle species wasinsignificant. Methyl parathion, fenitrothion and quinalphos wereadjudged the most effective against H. consanguinea among theinsecticides tested.1300 Singh, M.P. (1983)Insecticidal control of bark eating caterpillar, Indarbelaquadrinotata Walker on ber. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 363-366Insecticidal evaluation was done against the caterpillars of I.quadrinotata, a serious pest of ber and other plants, through holetreatment by cotton swabs dipped in insecticidal solution; and byspraying around the feeding site of the caterpillar. 0.04%Monocrotophos at 0.04% excelled in either type of insecticideapplication. In the hole treatment method, dichlorvos stood at parwith monocrotophos while in the feeding site spray, quinalphoscould emulate monocrotophos after 48 hr followed by methylparathion and endosulfan after a week.1301 Singh, M.P. (1984)

Field screening of jujube cultivars against the attack of bark eatingcaterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata (Walk). Madras AgriculturalJournal. 71: 416-417Thirty cultivars of Zizyphus mauritiana were evaluated for theirsusceptibility to the bark eating caterpillar, for two consecutiveseasons. None of the cultivars was free from insect attack. Ilaichiand Gola were more susceptible.1302 Singh, M.P. (1984)Studies on the field resistance of different jujube cultivars to thefruitfly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Madras Agricultural Journal.71: 413-415Twenty five cultivars of ber were evaluated for two consecutiveseasons in the field for their resistance to the fruitfly. Largevariation (6.7 to 73%) was observed in the extent of naturalinfestation in the cultivars. Variations were also recorded in thelarval hatching. Highest field infestation and larval survival ratewere recorded in Gola cultivar and the minimum in Tikadi cultivar.1303 Singh, M.P. and Pareek, O.P. (1981)Chemical control of ber fruitfly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. IndianJournal of Plant protection. 9: 180-182Effectiveness and economics of five spray schedules involvingdifferent insecticides have been reported, against the fruitflyCarpomyia vesuviana.1304 Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1984)Field screening of some ber cultivars for resistance to ber fruitfly,Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 12:55-56Based on the extent of fruitfly infestation, the cultivars have beenplaced under five categories viz., resistant, moderately resistant,moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible.1305 Singh, M.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1995)Losses due to bird damage in different jujube cultivars. Annals ofArid Zone. 34: 305-307Studies to assess the extent of bird damage to different ber cultivarswere carried out for three consecutive fruiting seasons. A mean fruitloss of 13-20% was recorded in different cultivars in guardedorchards. The birds did not exhibit preference for any particularcultivar in field. The maximum injury was inflicted to the semi-ripefruits, followed by ripe and unripe fruits.

1306 Swaminathan, R. and Verma, S.K. (1991)Relative foliar damage by Xanthochelus superciliosus Gyll.(Coleoptera curculionidae) in jujube cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone.30: 73-74Foliar damage was less in the improved and high yielding varieties,the minimum in Mundia while local varieties Chomu local andGujarat local had the highest foliar damage.1307 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1979)Flower morphology, fruit set and fruit drop in some ber (Zizyphusmauritiana Lam.) cultivars. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 165-169The study was conducted on seven ber cultivars i.e. Seb, Gola,Mundia, Jogia, Aliganj, Ponda and Ilaichi. The anthesis occurredfrom 7.30 A.M. to 9 A.M. in all the cultivars except Gola and Mundiain which it took place between 12 noon to 1.30 P.M. The dehiscencewas completed in an hour after anthesis. Receptivity of the stigmawas maximum on the day of anthesis. Fruits did not set whenflowers were covered. Open pollination by the insects was found tobe necessary. Fruit drop was maximum during a fortnight after setin all the cultivars except in Ilaichi in which it was maximum onemonth after set.1308 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1983)Preliminary studies on the inter-varietal crossability in ber(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.). Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 43-45Seb, Gola and Mundia are recommended varieties of ber which areearly maturing and good yielders but poor in transportable quality.Attempts were made to make reciprocal crosses of Seb, Gola Sanaur-2, Katha and Umran. Maximum fruit set was recorded in Urman xKatha and minimum in Gola x Sanaur-2. Mature fruits of Seb xGola, Seb x Katha, Seb x Umran and Umran x Seb were harvested,rest had premature drop.1309 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1989)Identification key-for the cultivars of Indian jujube (Zizyphusmauritiana Lamk.) Indian Journal of Horticulture. 46 : 183-188Since ber is an ancient fruit, a large number of varieties are incultivation in the country. These varieties have developed indifferent geographical locations as a result of cross pollinationamong different Zizyphus species as well as between the cultivars ofZ. mauritiana and thus there is great confusion in theirnomenclature and identification. In this paper, preparation of a

comprehensive key has been attempted incorporating bothvegetative and fruits characters of 59 cultivars.1310 Vashishtha, B.B., Pareek, O.P. and Chandrasekharan, I.(1989)Chemotaxonomic relationship among jujube (Zizyphus mauritianaLamk.) cultivars and some related species. Annals of Arid Zone. 28:123-132Flavonoid distribution of 59 cultivars of jujube and two other relatedspecies was analysed and its distribution was related with thegrowth habit of the cultivars. There was distinct variation inflavonoid distribution in both wild and cultivated species. All roundfruit types have independent identity.1311 Vashishtha, B.B., Pareek, O.P., Chandrasekharan, I. andGhanim, A. (1989)Chemical races identified by chemotaxonomy in ber (Zizyphusmauritiana). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 133-135Chemotaxonomy of 59 cultivars of jujube was studied. By leafflavonoid spot pattern on thin layer chromatography, nine cultivarswere distinct from others in six forms, and accordingly, six chemicalraces were identified.1312 Verma, S.K. (1993)Biology of Tonica zizyphi stainton on jujube (Zizyphus mauritianaLamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 179-181Biology of Tonica zizyphi is reported on jujube under arid conditionsof western Rajasthan. With 2-3 days of incubation period, 10-16days of larval period and 5-8 days of pupal period, the life cycle wascompleted in 19 to 32 days. An unidentified disease caused mortalityin 13 to 42% of larvae and 37 to 65% of pupae.1313 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1981)Distribution pattern of Jharber (Zizyphus nummularia) and its leaffodder and bush-wood production on different habitats and landusetypes. Forage Research. 7: 119-126Studies on geographical and ecological distribution of Z.nummularia, an important leaf-fodder yielding shrub showed vastvariations in its density on different habitats occurring in westernRajasthan. Its density further varied greatly in different landusesystems, depending upon the intensity of biotic interference.Amongst the soil types it preferred sandy loamy soils. Soil depth is

positively correlated with the shrub cover. Good soil depth alsofavoured higher leaf-fodder production.1314 Yamdagni, R., Dahiya, S.S. and Ahlawat, V.P. (1987)Assessment of some 'ber' (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars fortheir mineral composition. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 119-122Samples of 20 ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cultivars growingunder Hisar conditions were analysed for their mineral composition.Nitrogen content was maximum in Banarsi Karaka and minimumin Umran. Desi Alwar contained maximum phosphorus, potassiumcontent was maximum in cv. Sandhura Narnaul. Ponda and MudiaMurhara contained maximum calcium, whereas Jallandhari wasfound to be richest in magnesium. Zinc and iron contents in theleaves of different cultivars under study varied from 8 to 48 ppmand 30 to 165 ppm, respectively.1315 Yamdagni, R., Gupta, A.K. and Ahlawat, V.P. (1985)Performance of different cultivars of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana L.)under rainfed conditions - A note. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 175-177Under rainfed condition ber cv. Koithli performed better ascompared to other varieties. Other cultivars Nazuk, Illaichi andVillaiti can also be planted and these cultivars can be used inhybridisation programme for ber in rainfed areas.1316 Yadav, G.S., Kathpal, T.S., Singh, G., Gupta, S.P. andLakra, R.K. (1986)Persistence of dimethoate and oxy-demeton methyl in jujube fruitsand leaves. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56: 127-130Dimethoate 0.03% and oxy-demeton methyl 0.035% were sprayed inmid-December to control fruit-fly (Carpomyia vesuviana) on jujube.The average deposit of 1.85 ppm of dimethoate on the day ofapplication dissipated by 69% in 5 days and reached belowdetectable level at the harvest time. The initial deposits of oxydemetonmethyl varied from 0.97 to 1.2 ppm on fruits and dissipatedby 66-68% in 3 days and reached below detectable level within 5-7days. The fruits as well as leaves did not contain detectable amountsof oxy-demeton methyl residues at harvest. Washing of fruitsremoved 10-22% of the surface residues of oxy-demeton methyl.1317 Yadav, R.C., Sharma, K.D., Singh, H.P. and Pareek, O.P. (1980)Some hydro-horticultural relations in a ber Orchard (Zizyphusmauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 297-300

PomegranateThe run-off in general increased with decrease in length of run andslope upto 5%. This run-off producing technique was found to be36% efficient, after exceeding the threshold rainfall value. Averagetree height, linear growth and yield per plot were highly correlatedwith run-off concentration.1318 Ahire, G.Z., Desai, U.T., Choudhari, S.M. and Masalkar, S.D.(1993)Crop regulation in Pomegranate : I. Effect of growth regulators onflower induction, sex expression and flower drop. Annals of AridZone. 32: 97-98The studies carried out to regulate flowering in pomegranate,indicated that hand removal of flowers induces more flowers. MH(1000 ppm), Carbaryl (7000 ppm). GA (20 ppm) and NAA (250 to 500ppm) produced less flowers than control. Ethrel at 500 ppm was themost effective in thinning the flowers. GA induced more maleflowers and less hermaphrodite flowers. Ethrel, MH and Carbarylinduced more hermaphrodite flowers.1319 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992)Performance of important pomegranate cultivars in arid region.Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 181-183Performance of nine important cultivars of pomegranate (Punicagrananum) was evaluated to know their suitability as a commercialfruit crop in arid region. The cultivars showed variability in growth,fruit quality and yield. Cultivars P-23, Jalore seedless, G-137, P-26and GKVK-1 were more vigorous than other cultivars. Jaloreseedless, Ganesh and G-137 cultivars showed their superiority insoft seediness and better quality fruits as compared to othercultivars under study. Cultivar Jodhpuri red was more susceptibleto cracking and Jalore seedless showed the least cracking of fruits.1320 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1992)Rooting of cuttings with auxin in pomegranate cv. jalore seedless.Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 223-224The number of cuttings rooted, height of the plants and dry weightof root and shoot were significantly enhanced at 1000 ppm IBA.Percentage of cuttings rooted at 1000 ppm IBA was 56 whereas incontrol only 20%. It is suggested that IBA at 1000 ppm canappreciably be employed for enhanced rooting of the cuttings andgrowth in pomegranate.

1321 Bankar, G.J., Dass, H.C., Prasad, R.N. and Vashishtha, B.B.(1990)Nitrogen nutrition in pomegranate under arid conditions. Annals ofArid Zone. 29: 63-66Application of 750 g N significantly increased the number of fruits,yield and weight of fruit per plant. With increasing nitrogenapplication, weight of 100 arils and juice percentage appreciablyincreased whereas, size of fruit and total soluble solids remainedunaltered.1322 Bhansali, R.R. (1990)Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlets inpomegranate. Annals of Botany. 66: 249-253Plantlets were regenerated from somatic embryos originating fromcotyledonary tissues of pomegranate vigorously with regular subculturingafter 20 d on RBM-II medium containing 1 µM kinetin(KN), 2 µM benzylamino purine (BAP) and 5 µM 2, 4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Developmental stages of somaticembryos were expressed on sub-culturing with a low level of 2, 4-D(2.5 µM). Embryogenic initials cells were small, round to oval, thickwalled,contained dense cytoplasm with stained with acetocarmmeand were usually attached to non-embryogenic cells. Embryomaturation was obtained on RBM-III and IV media to produceyoung seedlings on the initiation of the lust long tap root.1323 Chaudhari, S.M. and Desai, U.T. (1992)Efficacy of plant growth regulators for flower thinning inpomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 221Spraying of ethrel at 500 ppm was found to be significant inthinning the flowers in pomegranate to an extent of 55% in 10 daysfollowed by 250 ppm ethrel (17% flower drop), 500 ppm NAA (15%)at 250 ppm NAA (12%). The flower drop in control was 5%. Ethrel at500 ppm can be employed in thinning the flowers in pomegranate inorder to improve the fruit yield and its quality.1324 Desai, U.T., Jagtap, D.B. and Choudhari, S.M. (1992)Relationship between growth characteristics and yield potential inpomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 299-300Plant height was positively and significantly correlated with thevolume and number of stems but exhibited no significant correlationin either way with yield characteristics. Plant spread wassignificantly and positively correlated with yield attributes and

needs to be given importance in parent selection and progenyscreening.1325 Desai, U.T., Masalkar, S.D. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994)Association of fruit characters in pomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone.33: 157-158The investigation comprised indigenous and exotic genotypescollected from temperate countries. Fruit size was significantly andpositively associated with juice percentage, aril size, and vitamin C,while it was negatively associated with seed content and acidity.1326 Desai, U.T., Ahire, G.Z., Masalkar, S.D. and Choudhari, S.M.(1993)Crop regulation in pomegranate: II. effect of growth regulators onfruit set, yield and fruit quality. Annals of Arid zone 32: 161-164Studies on crop regulation were carried out on pomegranate cv.Ganesh. It involved Ethrel, GA, NAA, MH, Carbaryl as alsomechanical removal of flowers. The treatments were found toinfluence fruit drop, total fruit number, its quality, yield, andnumber of fruits in different grades. On the basis of net increase inmonetary returns over control, application of 250 ppm NAA followedby 0.7% Carbaryl on the same day, after 75 days of commencementof cropping was found to be the best. It also resulted in higher gradefruits of better quality with no phyto-toxic effects.1327 Kumawat, K.C. and Kanwat, P.M. (1995)Assessment of loss in pomegranate due to anar butter fly, Viracholaisocrates (Fabricius). Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 317-318The per cent infested fruits were 1.85 in treated plots (alternatesprays of monocrotophos @ 0.03% and carbaryl @ 0.2% at ten daysinterval) and 16.41 in untreated plots. The avoidable loss was13.23%.1328 Panwar, S.K., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994)Effect of pruning and physiological disorders in pomegranate.Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 83-84Percentage of sun-scorched fruits and percentage of fruit showinginternal breakdown were decreased as the pruning intensity wasincreased. This will ultimately reduce the losses at consumers level.1329 Panwar, S.K., Desai, U.T. and Choudhari, S.M. (1994)Effect of pruning and thinning on growth, yield and quality ofpomegranate. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 45-47

Shoot length and number of leaves per shoot increased with thepruning intensity. Pruning also delayed the bud sprouting, flowerappearance and harvesting. Although, the highest yield wasobtained from unpruned trees, 40 cm pruning of main stems wascomparable with it. The number and percentage of better gradefruits were more in higher severity of pruning. The fruit size, juicecontent and seed hardness were not appreciably influenced bypruning treatments.1330 Patel, N., Jain, A.P., Tripathi, R.S., Parveen, F. andMathur, M. (1995)Losses caused to pomegranate fruits by rodents in arid horticulture.Geobios News Reports. 14: 37-38Pomegranate fruits of Jalore seedless cultivar were observed forrodent damage in nylon-net protected orchards at Jodhpur. From anexpected net profit of Rs. 30,000 ha -1 , the loss due to rodents alone isaround 25.75%.1331 Patil, P.K. and Patil, V.K. (1982)Effect of soil ESP on the growth and chemical composition ofpomegranate (Punica granatum). Progressive Horticulture. 14: 1-5Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, plant spread, leafarea, plant mortality, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf and root N,P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were determined,over 19 months, in plants growing in pots in soil with ESP of 1.6 to50. All indices studied decreased with increasing soil ESP except forplant mortality and leaf and root Na contents which increased. TheCu level was unaffected.1332 Patil, V.K. and Waghmare, P.R. (1983)Tolerance level of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) forpomegranate. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University. 8:257-259The experiment on pomegranate was laid out with the completelyrandomised design and the observations on growth rates over twoinitial readings of height, number of leaves, stem diameter wereestimated with respect to different ESP. The quadratic functionalrelationship was studied for the ESP levels with the said growthattributes of pomegranate. There was a significant relationshipbetween ESP and other plant characters. The relationship wassignificant for 180, 240 and 360 days from planting in the case ofheight, number of leaves and stem diameter, respectively. Themaximum growth rates at the final stand of 583 days were 312.62%,336.86% and 92.13% over the initial reading with the optimum level

Date Palmof ESP as 5.84, 1.14 and 4.38% respectively for height, number ofleaves and stem diameter.1333 Bhansali, R.R. (1989)Early leaf spot disease of date palm offshoots. IndianPhytopathology. 42: 418-420A new leaf spot disease of date palm off-shoots caused byBotryodiplodia theobromae was observed at Experimental ResearchOrchards, Jodhpur and Chandan in 1985 and 1986. Young unopenedcrown leaves and rachis were most susceptible to infection, whichcaused severe damage to off-shoots under favourable condition forgrowth. Mortality was more commonly recorded in Shamrancultivar.1334 Bhansali, R.R., Kaul, R.K. and Dass, H.C. (1988)Mass cloning of date palm plantlets through repetitive somaticembryogenesis. Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology. 5: 73-79A biotechnology of date palm somatic embryogenesis from youngshoot-tip tissues for mass multiplication of female plantlets has beendeveloped. Three date palm cultivars, viz., Muscat, Shamran andKhadrawy responded well for inducing embryogenic calli with littlechanges in hormonal requirements. Somatic embryos developedrapidly and matured completely on 2, 4-D devoid but BAP (5 mg l -1 ),Kn (2 mg l -1 ) and NAA (0.1 mg l -1 ) supplemented medium (MMS-II)on repetitive subculturing after every 30 days. Embryos multipliedcontinuously by producing secondary embryos through buddingprocess. Separated mature embryos germinated quickly byproducing roots first and then leaves on the same medium. Thesurvival of fully grown plantlets under free-living condition wasmaximum when initially grown in sterilised sand and in speciallydesigned humid environmental chamber.1335 Dass, H.C., Kaul, R.K., Joshi, S.P. and Bhansali, R.R. (1989)In-vitro regeneration of date palm plantlets. Current Science. 58:22-24Embryogenic cultures were induced from shoot tips of data palm (cv.Muscat) on nutrient medium containing MS basal salts along withNAA, 2,4-D, BAP and PVP under dark condition at 28° C. Cellularembryos further differentiated into well-developed nodular-shapedembryos on medium supplemented with NaH 2 PO 4 and Kn and onincreasing KH 2 PO 4 to 200 mg l -1 concentration. Somatic embryos

germinated into complete plantlets by first initiating root and thenshoot at 0.1 mg l -1 NAA.1336 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Joshi, S.P. (1989)Micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferal) cv Khadrawyusing tissue culture technique. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 137-141Small segment of explant (1 cm) from tip of young off-shoot (1-2year) of date palm were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoogmedium. Significant reductions in the time required for callusformation and development of plantlets were observed in themodified nutrient medium. Developed plantlets were transferred ona modified MS medium containing 2 mg l -1 each of naphthylaceticacid, naphthoxyacetic acid and benzyl adenine for successfulhardening and then transferred to pots. Potted plants became readyfor field transfer within two months.1337 Mertia, R.S. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1985)A note on the performance of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)cultivar Halaway at Chandan (Jaisalmer). Annals of Arid Zone. 24:263-264The performance of date palm Halaway from California wasassessed for its vegetation, flowering and fruiting habits atChandan. Different stages of its flowering and fruiting were alsorecorded for its suitability.1338 Mertia, R.S., Singh, H.P., Dass, H.C. and Panwar, H.S. (1995)For the field planted date palm suckers how to conserve moisture indesert soils. Indian Horticulture. 3: 16-17The sand fraction in the 80-cm desert soil profile is 70.7-87. 1% andpan-evaporation 5.4-19.1 mm/day, while the rate of waterinfiltration 15-20 cm hr -1 . To ensure the water needs of the datepalm suckers in their first two years of establishment, placement ofbentonite clay in the planting pits using an iron mould isrecommended.1339 Muthana, K.D., Puri, D.N. and Singh, U. (1974)A note on the performance of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)varieties in the arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.13: 169-171The suckers started emerging after the 4th year of planting.Khadrawy produced the higher number of suckers per plant

followed by Medjool, Shamran and Halawi. The yields of berries wasmaximum with the cultivar Shamran.1340 Swaminathan, R. and Verma, S.K. (1991)Studies on the incidence of date palm scale, Parlatoria blanchardi(Targ.) in western Rajasthan. Entomology. 16: 217-221Incidence of Parlatoria scale on date palm was studied in aridwestern Rajasthan at Bikaner. Infestation set in December onwardson pinnae from basal tissues upwards, and reached its peak inOctober. Older leaves and upper leaf surfaces near pinnae werepreferred but tips invariably remained free from infestation. DuringMay-June, infestation declined on pinnae but was concentrated onfloral parts and on berries. Crawlers were most active duringFebruary-April and their numbers declined rapidly thereafter.Incidence of scales on pinnae had significant negative correlationwith average maximum temperature and relative humidity. CvKhadrawy and Medjool were susceptible and Zahidi and Migrafwere tolerant to scale infestation. Pharoscymnis horni was recordedas the dominant predator, feeding on 27 scales beetle -1 day -1 .1341 Vashishtha, B.B. and Pareek, O.P. (1978)Development of Sharmran date berry during high rainfall year inarid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 182-183VegetablesDevelopment of berries of Shamran date cultivar during highrainfall year in arid zone was described in detail with differentstages of fruit development in relation to heat accumulated.1342 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1982)Effect of the application of exfoliated vermiculite on soil propertiesand vegetable production in arid zone of western Rajasthan, India.Agrochimica. 26: 38-43Field trials were conducted during 1979 and 1980 to find out theeffect of the application of exfoliated vermiculite on soil propertiesand vegetable production in arid areas of Western Rajasthan, India.The application of exfoliated vermiculite increased the moistureretention capacity at 0.1 bar tension and decreased the bulk densityand saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. Its application at rateof 20 t ha -1 optimised the production of lady’s finger which was 40-60% more than the control without vermiculite.1343 Jadav, K.V., Mehta, H.M. and Lakkad, L.V. (1995)

Growth, yield and water economy in egg plant (Solanum melongenaL.) as influenced by drip irrigation and biofertilizers. Annals of AridZone. 34: 39-42Growth parameters yield attributes, total fruit yield and water-useefficiency (WUE) increased significantly with irrigation schedulingthrough drip at 0.8 CPE compared to check basin system. Dripirrigation at 0.8 CPE resulted in 28.4% saving in water, 12.3%higher total fruit yield and two fold higher WUE over check basinirrigation system. Fertiliser application of 100 kg N ha -1 throughurea, 1.43 t ha -1 dry Azolla (equivalent to 50 kg N ha -1 ) andinoculation with Azotobacter ABA-1, were found significantlysuperior to their lower levels in respect of growth parameters, yieldattributes, total fruit yield and WUE of egg plant.1344 Mahrishi, R.P. and Siradhana, B.S. (1984)Studies on downy mildew of cucurbits in Rajasthan: incidence,distribution, host range and yield losses in muskmelon. Annals ofArid Zone. 27: 67-70Prevalence of downy mildew was recorded with the infectionconfined to foliage. The losses increased with the increase in diseaseintensity. Dithane M-45 at 0.2% is found to control the disease andreduced the losses.1345 Rajpurohit, T.S. and Choudhary, B.R. (1995)Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) of wild turnip (Brassicatournefortii), a new record from Rajasthan. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 65: 377The occurrence of downy mildew on wild turnip is a new record inRajasthan. None of the 100 biotypes of wild turnip under naturaland high disease pressure were found to be free from the disease.The disease resulted in severe pre mature defoliation. The loss inseed yield due to this disease was 34.7%.1346 Roonwal, M.L. (1982)The termite Heterotermes indicola as a pest of the vegetable, karelaor bitter gourd (Mimordica charantia), in the Indian desert. Annalsof Arid Zone. 21: 131-133On the outskirts of Jodhpur, Heterotermes indicola attacks thegrowing shoots and roots of the vegetable, karela or bitter gourd,and prevents growth. This is the first record of termite attack onthis vegetable, and also the first record of this termite damaging

vegetables. Irrigation of soil with 0.5% water emulsion of aldrin EC30 prevents termite attack.1347 Singh, H.P., Singh, R.P. and Singh, K. (1979)Effect of bentonite sub-surface moisture barrier and run-offconcentration on soil-moisture storage and yield of round-gourdgrown in sandy soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.49: 880-885A 3-year study showed bentonite clay to be an effective subsurfacemoisture barrier in reducing losses due to deep percolation,resulting in significantly higher yield of round-gourd (Citrullusvulgaris). In a drought year, the barrier was effective only whencombined with run-off concentration. In most cases, the moisturebuild-up was higher in the root zone above the barrier line. Butbentonite did not completely check deep-percolation losses. Therewas lateral movement of the barrier edge, which was low until thesoil moisture content reached 14-15%. When bentonite was used asa sub-surface moisture barrier, there was an increase of 30-40% inthe capacity of the soil to store moisture.1348 Singh, R., Jangir, R.P. and Poonia, B.L. (1995)Evaluation of herbicides for control of weeds in chilli (Capsicumannuum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 65: 723-726A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 1991and 1992 to evaluate 4 herbicides for the control of weeds in chilli.All weed-control treatments reduced density and dry matter ofweeds infesting chilli field except metolachlor @ 0.5-1.0 kg ha -1 ,which was found ineffective on broad-leaf weeds. Out of the 4herbicides, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha -1 was found most effective(87.3%) on grassy weeds, followed by metolachlor @ 1.0 kg ha -1(80.0%) and oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha -1 (73.4%). However, best controlof the broad-leaf weeds was achieved by oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha -1(92.0%), followed by its lower dosages (0.1-0.2 kg ha -1 ) andpendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha -1 (74.4%). Oxyfluorfen @ 0.3 kg ha -1showed improvement in crop growth and fruits plant -1 , giving themaximum dry-chilli yield compared with the other weed-controltreatments.1349 Singh, R.P. and Singh, H.P. (1975)Growing vegetables in arid lands - A new technique. IndianHorticulture. 20: 13-15In 1974 (rainfall 136 mm), tinda was grown with a new waterharvesting technique designed specifically for growing

cucurbitaceous vegetables. Hence, to say in nutshell in such a poorrainfall year like 1974, when most of the field crops failed, 45 q ha -1yield of tinda, obtained with this technique, is a feature in itself.1350 Singh, R.P., Singh, H.P. and Singh, K.C. (1975)A note on the use of bentonite clay as a sub-soil moisture barrier forvegetable production on drylands of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.14: 63-66Pits having the bentonite barrier exhibited higher moisture contentand yielded higher than control with tinda, kakri and matira.Treatment having bentonite at 75 cm depth and FYM at 60 cmdepth provided maximum yields of these vegetables.1351 Singh, Saroj and Lodha, S. (1985)Varietal reaction and evaluation of fungicides in vitro and in vivoagainst powdery mildew of chilli. Indian Journal of AgriculturalScience. 55: 85-87Of the 17 collections of chilli (Capsicum annuum Linn.) screenedagainst the powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev)Arnaud, B15 R 7, Padasali and Tinwari were found to be moderatelyresistant. When evaluated on the basis of slide-germinationtechnique, dinocap, with lowest ED50 and ED95 values, was foundto be superior to 6 other fungicides. During in-vivo evaluation,dinocap and tridemorph gave 70% control and was superior toothers.1352 Singh, S.D., Singh, Y.V. and Bhandari, R.C. (1987)Tomato yield as related to drip lateral spacing and fertiliserapplication on total and wetted area basis. Canadian Journal ofPlant Science. 69: 991-999With drip irrigation system, a part of the area is wetted at the soilsurface. This raises the question of whether to program fertiliserrates on the total or wetted area of the plot. The objective of thisinvestigation was to study the response of unstaked tomato plants(Lycopersicon lycopersicum L. Karst.) to drip application offertilisers on the basis of total versus wetted surface area. Apartfrom the conventional broadcast and drip application of NPKfertilisers in liquid form, four outer treatments were appliedconsisting of two rates of NPK, i.e. 224, 88 and 168 kg ha -1 on totalplot area basis, and 56, 22 and 42 kg ha -1 on wetted surface arebasis, factorially combined with 1.2 and 2.4-m lateral spacing, withN through drip, P and K banded. The study also included dripirrigation at 1.0 and 0.5 times the daily evapo-transpiration (ET)

ate factorially combined with drip application of NPK at 1.0, 0.75and 0.5 times and broadcast application at 1.0 times the NPK rate.The NPK were, respectively, at 224, 88 and 168 kg ha -1 . Rootgrowth, soil temperature and thermal conductivity was positivelyinfluenced by canopy cover and soil moisture regime. Thedevelopment pattern indicated that 74% of the total root weight wasconfined to the top 15-cm soil layer. At the time of fruiting, the rootweight declined in the soil layer with high water content. Dripirrigation equal to 0.5 ET required 25% less fertiliser than irrigationequal to ET, but irrigation at the latter rate and application offertilisers to supply 224, 88 and 168 kg ha -1 of NPK, respectively,gave the highest yield of 90 t ha -1 .1353 Singh, Y.V. and Bhandari, R.C. (1984)Effects of irrigation frequency and amount of water on the yield ofcauliflower in an arid region. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 54: 581-586A 2-season study showed that the relationship between marketableyield and net water applied was curvilinear, and 368 mm was aboutthe optimum requirement of 'Snowball 16' cauliflower (Brassicaoleracea Linn. var. botrytis Linn.). Replacement of water deficitwhen 80% of cumulative Class A pan reached 2 cm and 5 cmcorresponded to 7-day and 14-day intervals between 2 consecutiveirrigations. For the given amount of water applied during thegrowing season, high-frequency (7-day interval) light irrigationsgave more yield of cauliflower than low-frequency (14-day interval)heavy irrigations on a coarse loamy sand soil of arid region. As thenet water applied increased, the water-use efficiency tended todecrease, being more so with the low-frequency heavy irrigations.1354 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1990)Rhizosphere effect on phosphatases under different vegetable cropsgrown in saline-sodic soils of western Rajasthan. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 38: 753-755OthersThe present investigation was carried out to study, under fieldconditions, the potential status of phosphatases (acid and alkaline)and dehydrogenase in different vegetable crop-soil ecosystems ofsaline-sodic soils under arid environment.1355 Aggarwal, R.K., Pandey, S.K.N. and Pareek, O.P. (1975)Foliar application of micronutrients on Thompson seedless grape(Vitis vinifers). Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 191-193

Observations on shoot growth indicated that micronutrientapplications increased the shoot growth from 18 cm in the control to29-30 cm by Zn or Zn + Cu treatments and to 21-24 cm with Zu + Cu+ Fe sprays.1356 Bankar, G.J. (1987)A note on influence of gibberellic acid on seed germination andvigour of seedlings in karonda (Carissa carandas L.) ProgressiveHorticulture. 19: 90-92Karondas (Carissa carandas) are generally propagated by seedsalthough success in grafting has been reported. However, forhybridisation and vegetative propagation too, seedlings have to beraised and quick and enhanced germination has to be secured. Theincreased germination and vigorous seedlings or both have beenreported in many fruit crops with soaking seeds in gibberellins. Thework on seed treatment with gibberellin in Karonda is totallylacking. Therefore, research was conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur onthis aspect.1357 Bankar, G.J. (1989)Vegetative propagation in annonas (Annona squamosa L.) HaryanaJournal of Horticultural Sciences. 18: 10-13Propagation studies were undertaken to study the bud takepercentage in annonas cultivars namely, Balanagar, Red sitaphal,Pond apple and Island gem and Washington PI 107005. The rootingof cutting was studied in Annona squamosa using 1000, 1500, 2000,2500 and 3000 ppm IBA and IAA by quick dip method. It was notedthat maximum bud take percentage was observed in Cv. Balanagarand minimum in Red sitaphal. The grafting success wassignificantly more in cv. Balanagar and Pond apple as compared toother cultivars under study. The significant increase in rooting ofcuttings was observed in 2500 ppm IBA but IAA did notsignificantly influenced rooting of cuttings.1358 Bankar, G.J. and Prasad, R.N. (1993)Stomatal density and growth of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 75-76The highest number of stomata was found in cv. Washingtonfollowed by Balanagar, Island gem which was significantly superiorover Red sitaphal having lowest number of stomata. The stomataldensity was correlated with plant height, spread and leaf area.1359 Bankar, G.J. and Verma, S.K. (1987)

Preliminary studies of flowering and fruiting in Carissa edulis.Progressive Horticulture. 3-4: 163-166Carissa edulis belong to family Apocynaceae. It is much valued forits browsing in Africa and having larger fruits than ordinary IndianKaronda (Carissa carandas L.). It produces 4-6 edible fruits in abunch with two fruiting seasons one in Jan-Feb. and another inAugust-September. Root extracts are used in Lumbago, chestcomplaints and veneral diseases. For these useful qualitiescultivation of this crop needs much emphasis for the improvement ofthis fruit in arid region. The present studies were, therefore,undertaken to study the floral morphology, fruit set and fruit drop ofC. edulis at CAZRI, Jodhpur in collaboration with NBPGR, regionalstation Jodhpur.1360 Gupta, I.C., Harsh, L.N., Shankarnarayan, K.A. andSharma, B.D. (1987)Note on Capparis decidua (Kair) from waste lands. CurrentAgriculture. 11: 87-89Natural occurrence of Capparis decidua on sand dune wastelands inwestern Rajasthan has been reported. It also grows naturally onsaline depressions, heavy soils having EC from 50 to 100 dS m -1 . Itnot only stabilises sand dunes but also improves remarkably theirfertility and reduces alkalinity.1361 Khetawat, G.K. and Vashishtha, K.S. (1977)Micronutrient status of necrotic and normal leaves of grape vines inarid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 439-440There was no change in the levels of zinc and manganese.Concentration of boron and sodium was high in affected vines whileiron concentration was high in the normal vines.1362 Khetawat, G.K. and Vashishtha, K.S. (1978)Effect of zinc, manganese and iron spray on the micronutrient levelsin foliage of Thompson seedless and beauty seedless grapes. Annalsof Arid Zone. 17: 320-322Copper content of the leaves decreased significantly with the sprayof Mn and Mn + Fe in Thompson seedless while there was anincrease in Beauty seedless. Variation in the contents ofmicronutrient in two varieties was observed.1363 Kumar, S. S., Nalwadi, U.G. and Basarkar, P.W. (1991)

Influence of moisture stress on the accumulation of phenols inMarigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Geobios. 18: 165-168The induction of moisture stress for a period of 12 days attransplanting and pre-blooming stages in marigold (Tagetes erectaL.) exhibited a sharp peak in the accumulation of phenols. Theenhanced phenol metabolism led to the biosynthesis of lignin whichcould act as a mechanism to combat the moisture stress.1364 Manohar, M.S. (1967)Effect of damaging fruit hairs on the development of water melon(Citrullus vulgaris, schard). Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 228-229Water melons of Pali variety were grown during the summer season.The destruction of the fruit hairs was achieved by gently wiping thesurface of the fruit with tissue paper taking every care that theepidermis is not bruised. Therefore these fruits were leftundisturbed until the harvesting time. The destruction of the fruithairs influenced their growth adversely. It may, therefore, besuggested that developing melon fruits be least disturbed to ensurenormal growth and development.1365 Mertia, R.S. and Gupta, I.C. (1991)Note on tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) in Thar desert of Jaisalmer.Current Agriculture. 15: 91-94Jaisalmer, the largest district in India falling in Thar desert is mostadversely affected with lowest rainfall, highest temperature andevaporation and maximum area under wind eroded waste lands. Insuch hyperdesertic conditions, tumba (Citrullus colocynthis), ahighly arid tolerant creeper of industrial value occurs naturally andstabilises sands. The treatment of seed with boiling water andwrapping in gunny bags followed by placement in a moist pit for 2-3days, increases its germination percentage. Observations over aperiod of two years, revealed the number of fruits per plant varyingfrom 61 to 250, and average seed weight from 11.5 to 20.3 g. Theseed weight per plant varied from 0.994 to 3.900 kg. Higher yieldswere obtained in 1991 due to higher rainfall (242 mm) compared to1990 (140 mm).1366 Pandey, G. and Pathak, R.K. (1988)Effect of sodicity on seed germination and seedling growth of bael(Aegle marmelos). Indian Journal of Agriculture. 58: 577-578A pot experiment was conducted in a sodic soil (pH 10.0-10.8 andESP 50-70) treated with differential rates of GR (0.25,50.75 and

100%) resulting in final pH of 9.0-10.1 and ESP of 35.70. Seedgermination decreased and delayed with increase in pH/ESP.Seedling establishment and growth performance improved withincrease in the rates of GR. Compared to control. Plant heightincreased from 2.4 to 7.2 cm and girth diameter from 0.20 to 0.40 cmin the soil treated with 100% GR.1367 Pandey, G., Pathak, R.K. and Om, H. (1985)Effect of sodicity on mineral composition, chlorophyll content andinjury symptoms in bael (Aegle marmelos) leaves. ProgressiveHorticulture. 17: 5-8Intact sodic soil or sodic soil mixed with 5.8 12.48, 14.2 or 20.65 tgypsum ha -1 was used in pots into which 2-month-old seedlings wereplanted. Leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll contents rose withincreasing gypsum rates, whereas the Na content declined. Salinityinjury symptoms were leaf chlorosis and in some cases seedlingdeath at gypsum rates below 12.48 t ha -1 .1368 Pareek, O.P. and Panwar, H.S. (1981)Vegetative floral and fruit characteristics of two phalsa (Grewiasubinequalis DC) types. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 281-290In general the vegetative, floral and fruit characters of two phalsatypes studied were similar to the typical characters of the speciesGrewia subinequalis DC (G. asiatica Linn.). These two types were,however, distinctly different in vegetative, floral morphology andphysico-chemical characteristics. While type A had sweeter fruits,upward growing shoots and more pubescence on plant surface, thetype B was more profuse in flowering and fruiting with earlymaturing fruits richer in Vitamin C.1369 Pareek, O.P. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1980)Variability in Citrullus colocynthis in the Thar desert. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 277-281The fruit samples collected from different locations showed a greatamount of variability with respect to fruit volume, seed number perunit, seed weight, oil content and oil per fruit. Besidesinterlocational variation in the economic characters, intra-locationvariation was also found.1370 Prasad, R.N. and Banker, G.J. (1993)Determination of maturity standards of aonla (Emblica officinalisGaertn.) cultivars under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 32:125-126

Weight, size, specific gravity and TSS of fruit increased upto 2ndweek of December and thereafter decreased gradually. Fruit weightand pulp stone ratio also steadily increased upto 13th December inboth the cultivars (Krishna and Kanchan). TSS were low in theimmature fruits and increased as fruit approached to maturity. Theoptimum time for harvesting aonla fruits is the last week ofDecember onwards.1371 Sharma, S., Purohit, G.R. and Sharma, V. (1995)Chemical composition and nutritive value of tumba cake. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 159-160Tumba cake contained appreciable amount of crude protein(18.65%). It contained 10.35% digestible crude protein and 55.50%total digestible nutrients. The DCP and TDN amount of tumba cakeis in proximity as in other non-conventional cakes like, Mahua cake,Kokam cake.1372 Singh, S.D. and Vyas, D.L. (1970)Studies on manurial value of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) oil cake.Indian Journal of Agronomy. 15: 173-176Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) is a large creeping perennial herb,which colonises loose sandy soils in the arid parts of Rajasthan. Theseeds of tumba fruits yield oil of high saponification value and isbeing increasingly used in soap industry. The most importantquestion facing the oil industry using tumba fruits for oil extractionis the utilisation of tumba oil cake. In order to determine themanurial value of this by product the present study was undertakenin the years 1966-67 at the Central Research Farm, Jodhpur.1373 Vashishtha, B.B. (1987)Vegetative propagation of Capparis decidua. Annals of Arid Zone.26: 123-124Quick dip of the cuttings in IBA affected maximum sproutingfollowed by the 2-minute dip. Maximum shoot length was observedwith IBA (Quick dip) compared to the other treatments.

FORAGE PRODUCTIONGrasses & Pasture Legumes1374 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1977)Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in aridgrassland ecosystem as related to season and rainfall I. EleusineAristida community. Forage Research. 3: 137-147The herbage production of Eleusine-Aristida was found to vary withseason depending on rainfall. A longer vegetative period wasobserved during high rainfall year. There was more reserve ofcarbohydrates in below ground biomass during winter season asindicated by low above ground biomass / below ground biomassweight ratio. N and P concentrations in different plant parts werefound to vary with the season and rainfall. A significant positiverelationship was observed between rainfall and above groundbiomass / belowground biomass ratio of N and P. Uptake of N and Pwere found to have significant positive correlation with aboveground biomass yield. On an average, 0.761 kg N ha -1 and 0.149 kgP ha -1 were required to produce one quintal of above groundbiomass.1375 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1978)Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in aridgrassland as related to season and rainfall II. Cenchrus ciliaris andC. setigerus grass. Forage Research. 4: 149-157The herbage production and nitrogen composition of Cenchrusciliaris and C. setigerus were studied during different seasons overtwo years (1974-75). Seasonal variations in herbage production andnitrogen content were observed in both the species. C. ciliaris hadhigher rate of above ground biomass production but lower crudeprotein per cent than C. setigerus. Total N uptake in above groundbiomass was significantly related with the above ground biomassproduction in both the species. Amount of rainfall was found to havesignificant and positive effect on the above ground / below-groundbiomass N- concentration ratio in C. setigerus. Higher uptake ofnitrogen was found to be in below ground biomass than the aboveground biomass in the above species. These two species did notdiffer in their nitrogen requirements. N- uptake by C. setigerusdepends significantly on the level of soil mineral N (NO 2 + NH 4 ).Only 4 per cent of total soil nitrogen was found to be involved inbiological system in these two grass species.1376 Aggarwal, R.K., Saxena, S.K. and Kaul, P. (1980)

Herbage production and nutrient composition of grasses in aridgrassland as related to season and rainfall III. Lasiurus sindicusgrassland. Forage Research. 6: 135-144The effect of seasonal changes on herbage production and N and Pcomposition of Lasiurus sindicus grassland community was studiedduring 1974 and 1975 in Western Rajasthan. Rainfall was found tohave a significant and positive relationship with the aboveground / below ground biomass ratio. The length of the vegetativeperiod was also much influenced by the amount and distribution ofrainfall during the monsoon season.Amount of rainfall had a significant effect on the distribution ofnitrogen in above ground and below ground biomass. While on theconcentration of P and its uptake by above ground biomass only. Ofthe total net uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, 62-65% was foundin above ground biomass. The requirement of nitrogen by thisgrassland community was found to be two and half times greaterthan its phosphorus requirement. Soil mineral nitrogen was foundto be adequate to meet its N requirement.1377 Ahmed, K. and Sankhla, N. (1979)Studies on fodder grasses on Indian desert. I. Effect of moisture andsalt stress on metabolic patterns in Panicum antidotale.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 121-124Some of the physiological responses of P. antidotale to salt andmoisture stress were monitored. A marked reduction inphotosynthetic rate (PR), the activity of nitrate reductase (NAR) andglutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) increased undermoisture stress. Proline and betaine level also increased rapidlyunder moisture stress. On rewatering, a rapid recovery wasobserved in PR, activity of NAR and proline level. However, the levelof betaine declined only gradually.1378 Ahuja, L.D. and Bhimaya, C.P. (1967)Germination studies of perennial grass seeds. Annals of Arid Zone.6: 146-152For successful germination trials of desert grass seeds, Petri disheswith moist filter paper are not suitable and give unreliable results ofthe viability as compared to sand culture. The germinationpercentage varies significantly between species, but these values,are not significantly different during various years. Germinationpercentage of Panicum antidotale, Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrusciliaris, C. setigerus and Dichanthium annulatum averaged to 73.1,

65.1, 61.4, 54.7 and 28.2%, respectively in sand culture. Thedifferences are significant amongst the grass species.1379 Arun Kumar and Joshi, M.C. (1970)A note on the leaf area estimation in three species of Cenchrus.Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 157-158A field method of leaf area estimation for Cenchrus species wasevolved, leaf area was estimated by two method (Planimeter and L xB Method), respectively from these data a common factor 2/3product of L x B was estimated for leaf area computation.1380 Arun Kumar and Joshi, M.C. (1970)Germination of dimorphic seeds and seedling growth of two desertgrasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 245-250Dimorphic seeds are found in C. biflorus and C. prieurii. Seedoutput is found more in C. prieurii while the production of largeseeds is higher in C. biflorus. Large seeds of C. biflorus show morepercentage germination than small seeds while the case is reversewith C. prieurii. Production of large seeds in both grasses producegreater shoot and root length and also the dry matter than thosefrom the small seed fraction. C. biflorus is of gregarious occurrencein this area which may be attributed to its greater `large' seedoutput and germination percentage of both large and small seeds incomparison to C. prieurii.1381 Bhansali, R.R. (1989)Morphological abnormal structures on sewan grass infected withUstilago vilfae. Indian Phytopathology. 42: 592-594During recent survey conducted in the desert parts of westernRajasthan i.e. Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, the appearance ofsmut posing major problem on sewan grass showing variousabnormal growth were collected during September-November 1984and 1985. The present communication deals with manifestation ofvarious types of abnormal structures produced on L. sindicus byUstilago vilfae.1382 Bhati, G.N., Sharma, S.K. and Harsh, L.N. (1985)Phenotypic stability of some promising strains of Cenchrus ciliarisLinn. in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. Indian Forester.111: 714-719Eight promising strains of Cenchrus ciliaris were studied at threedifferent locations i.e. Jodhpur, Pali and Samdari for three

consecutive years from 1978 to 1980, for their stability. AlthoughStrains No. 1263 showed average stability in all environments, buthigh deviations mean square values suggest strengthening ofbreeding efforts to develop strains with high stability and generaladaptability for arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan desert.1383 Bhati, T.K. and Singh, M. (1982)Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on forage yield and nutritivevalue of Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. Forage Research. 8: 43-48Dry matter and crude protein yields increased significantly with Napplication only up to 60 kg N ha -1 during all the three years.Forage yield attributes, viz., plant height and the number of tillersand uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus were also increasedsignificantly with the same nitrogen dose. Nitrogen x environment(year) interactions were also significant and the extent of theresponse to nitrogen application by the grass depended onfavourable rainfall during the year. Phosphorus rates did not affectdry matter, crude protein and nutrient uptake significantly.1384 Bishnoi, S., Gautam, D.D. and Kumar, K. (1993)Seed germination and reproductive capacity of Lasiurus sindicusHenr. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 47-49Germination of L. sindicus seed is hypogeal type. Natural plantpopulation have three categories of seed: large, medium and small.The optimum temperature for germination is 32 ± 1°C. The averagepercentage germination is 67 ± 5.56. The average seed output is9471 plant -1 and it varied with the size of the plant. Thereproductive capacity is 6345.57.1385 Bohra, R.K., Jain, M.B. and Chakarvarty, A.K. (1969)Estimation procedure for assessment of forage production in apasture of Cenchrus ciliaris L. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 39: 207-213Measurements on plant height and number of tillers on a randomsample of these plants are sufficient to forecast the forage yield insuch pastures with sufficiently high degree of reliance. A readyreckonerhas been prepared for forecast purposes.1386 Chakravarty, A.K. and Bhati, G.N. (1969)Study on pasture establishment technique. II. Effect of pelleting ongermination of Lasiurus sindicus seeds. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 58-60

The pelleted seeds with two spikelets had given higher germinationas compared to those with one spikelet only, because the formercontained double the number of caryopsis in them as compared tothe latter. Storage of pelleted seeds for a period of four monthsindicated maximum germination. There was no significantdifference due to depth of sowing under nursery conditions. Noadverse effect of pelleting in L. sindicus seeds was observed.1387 Chakravarty, A.K. and Das, R.B. (1965)Polymorphism in Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 10-16Random distribution of anthocyanin pigments have been noted inthe earhead, stigma and node of the 10 exotic and 16 indigenoustypes of collection of Cenchrus ciliaris observed under nurserycondition, the colour of the glume being linked with the colouredearhead pattern. The population with black earheads possesscolourless stigma in majority of cases.1388 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1970)Selection of grasses and legumes for pasture of the arid and semiaridzones. II. Variation of morphology and physiologycharacteristics in L. sindicus and selection of promising type forforage production. Indian Forester. 96: 437-443Lasiurus sindicus popularly known as sewan grass in the arid zoneof Rajasthan was observed to exhibit least variation inmorphological and physiological characters in its yield. Thecollection Nos. 317, 318, 319 and 353 recorded comparatively higherforage production out of 13 such collections. The collection No. 319indicated bigger leaf size, greater height, more tillers and maximumbasal diameter per plant as compared to other collections. Thespecies was found to be advanced genetically.1389 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1971)Selection of grasses and legumes for pasture of the arid and semiarid zones. IV - Panicum antidotale Retz. Selection of promisingtype. Indian Forester. 97: 509-516Panicum antidotale Retz. popularly known as Gramma in the desertareas of Rajasthan exhibits very little variation of morphologicalcharacters in its native habitat. Variations were however observedin plant height, tiller number, basal diameter and herbage yield ofplants. The collection Nos. 330, 335, 336, 346, 621 and 622 wereisolated on the basis of these characters and they may providegermplasm to evolve suitable types for maximum herbage yield

under arid and semi-arid conditions. It has been further observedfrom the trials of 13 selected collections at Jodhpur and Pali for 4years that the collection Nos. 29, 297, 330 and 340 have bettergrowth and herbage production under arid condition of Jodhpur andthe collection Nos. 335, 337 and 341 indicated better performanceunder semi-arid condition of Pali.1390 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1971)Selection of grasses and legumes for pastures of the arid and semiaridzones V. Variation of morphology and physiology characteristicsin D. annulatum and selection of promising type for forageproduction. Journal of Indian Botanical Science. 50: 265-272Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) stapf. locally known as Karadgrass is a common ber, basal diameter, leaf size, earheads, spikeletnumber and herbage yield of plants were observed under nurserycondition of the Pali Research Farm (Semi-arid) for seven years.After comparing the scores on account of growth characters,mortality percentage and dry matter yield the collection Nos. 485,486 and 490 seemed to be promising for introduction in the pastureof the semi-arid zone.1391 Chakravarty, A.K. and Kalkani, L. (1966)Study on variation in seed yielding components of Cenchrus ciliarisLinn. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 63-71Positive correlation was found between the breadth of spike and thenumber of spikelets per spike and also between number of caryopsesand weight of caryopses per gram weight of spikelets. Rainfall doesnot seem to have any direct influence on the number of spikelets,number of caryopses per weighed quantity of spikelets and numberof caryopses per spikelet. Strain No. 357 which gives high forageyield was found to give higher proportion of caryopses in thespikelets as compared to other strains, thus combining thecharacters of a desirable dual purpose strain. This strain has shownless seasonal variation as compared to others with regard to some ofthe seed yielding components, and therefore seems to be a suitabletype to withstand climatic stress.1392 Chakravarty, A.K., Roy, R.D, Verma, C.M. and Das, R.B. (1966)Study on the pasture establishment technique. Annals of Arid Zone.5: 145-157Establishment of Cenchrus ciliaris pasture was about 43% of thenormal in 1963, 100% in 1964 and 41% in 1965 on the basis ofaverage seed rates, Similarly it was 56% in 1964 and 34% in 1965 in

Lasiurus sindicus. Line sowing was found to give better results thanbroadcast in C. ciliaris whereas the latter method proved better inthe case of L. sindicus. Hulled seeds gave very poor germination ascompared to unhulled (Normal) ones in both the grasses. Dry matterproduction from the pasture, established by different seed rates wascorrelated to the number of seedlings in the pasture and not to theseed rates. L. sindicus pasture was found to yield about 60% moredry matter than the C. ciliaris pasture in the second year of itsestablishment even with 70% less number of seedlings in the formergrass.1393 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1968)Germination of promising desert grass seeds under different depthsof sowing in sandy soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 75-81Seeds of three perennial grass species viz., Cenchrus ciliaris,C. setigerus and Panicum antidotale were sown at depths of 1, 2, 4, 6and 9 cm under irrigated nursery condition at Jodhpur on threesuccessive dates i.e. 2nd of March, 5th of April and 18th of May1996. The seeds show optimum germination when sown at shallowdepths of 1 and 2 cm. P. antidotale indicated maximum percentageof germination in March sowing. C. setigerus in April sowing andC. ciliaris in May sowing. The seeds of all the species continued togerminate up to 28 days after sowing.1394 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1969)Effect of cutting and fertiliser treatments on seed production ofdifferent grass species for arid zone. Indian Journal of AgriculturalScience. 39: 971-979No significant effect of fertiliser on seed production was observed,but the results were significant only in 1 year for hay production inCenchrus setigerus and Lasiurus sindicus. Cutting treatmentsadversely affected the production of seed, although no significantdifference in yield of seeds was observed between the 1 and the 2-cuttreatments. No-cut treatment indicated higher yield of hay in L.sindicus in both the years, and in Panicum antidotale and Cenchrusciliaris in 1 year. But in another year these 2 grasses as well as C.setigerus in both the years produced higher quantity of hay in the 2-cut treatment. Cutting adversely affected the height of plants, but itencouraged the production of tillers. The spikelets were heavier withhigher percentage of caryopsis, showing higher percentage ofgermination in the no-cut treatment than in the 1-cut or 2-cut ones.Crude protein content of the hay was comparatively low (5-6%)when the grasses were left uncut for seed collection. But it was more(11-15%) in the 1- or 2-cut plots. Hence, for combined seed and

forage production, 1 cutting is desirable in P. antidotale, C. ciliarisand C. setigerus, and no cutting is desirable in L. sindicus.1395 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1970)Study on the pasture establishment technique. V. Effect of reseedingof natural pastures with Cenchrus ciliaris by different soilproduction. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 236-244Germination of seeds were comparatively higher in the plots wherecomplete soil working and seeding was done, and herbageproduction from the pastures increased by 50, 18 and 37%,respectively in 3 successive years from the year of soil working andseeding. A net profit of Rs. 103.55 per hectare was estimated for aperiod of 3 years. In all the three years, nitrogen either singly or incombination with phosphorus or phosphorus and potash indicatedincrease in height and tillering of plants as compared to thosereceiving no fertilisers. But yield of herbage indicated increase inthe first year only in similar set of treatments.1396 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1972)Study on the pasture establishment technique. VI. Effect of differentspacings and weedings on establishment and forage production of C.ciliaris, L. sindicus and P. antidotale. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 60-66Increase in forage yield by 86, 120 and 284%, respectively wasobserved from these grasses due to one weeding in the first year oftheir establishment. There was, however, no significant effect ofspacings. The weedings indicated better growth in height, tilleringand basal diameter of all the grasses whereas closer spacing (30 cm)indicated better growth in L. sindicus and wider spacing (90 cm) inP. antidotale.1397 Chakravarty, A.K. and Verma, C.M. (1973)Study in the pasture establishment technique VII. Effectiveness ofmechanised seed drill for establishment of sewan grass L. sindicuspasture in sandy desert soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 33-38There was no significant difference in germination of Sewan grass(L. sindicus) due to different methods of sowing and spacing butpelleted seeds resulted in comparatively poor germination (60-90cm) spacing between the rows indicated better growth of plants.There was no significant difference in forage production in differentcuttings due to different sowing methods and spacing treatmentsbut non-pelleted seeds resulted in better stand and productioncompared with pelleted seeds.

1398 Chauhan, D.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1979)Studies on the establishment of mixed pastures of Cenchrus speciesand Dolichos lab lab. Forage Research. 5: 1-4Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus were planted in pure and in mixedstand with Dolichos lab lab at the Central Sheep and Wool ResearchInstitute, Avikanagar during 1973-74 and 1974-75. Mixed croppingof Dolichos lab lab had no adverse effect on the forage production ofgrasses. On an average, planting of C. setigerus and D. lab lab inalternate rows (1:1) gave maximum total dry matter productionwhich was closely followed by the same treatment in C. ciliaris.There was improvement in the protein content in the mixed forageof Cenchrus species and D. lab lab.1399 Chauhan, D.S. and Faroda, A.S. (1979)Studies on intercropping of pasture legumes with Cenchrus ciliarisgrass. Forage Research. 5: 79-80Compared with grasses, legumes are more palatable and nutritive.The main reason for the low feed value of pastures, in India, is thelow percentage of legume component in the pastures. A fieldexperiment was, therefore, conducted on sandy loam soils at theCentral Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar during1974-75 to select a suitable pasture legume for intercropping withCenchrus ciliaris, an important pasture grass.1400 Dabadghao, P.M., Roy, R.D. and Marwaha, S.P. (1973)The effect of interval and intensity of defoliation on the dry matterproduction of some grass species of western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 12: 1-8In L. sindicus and C. setigerus 30 days interval gave significantlyhigher production irrespective of variation in annual rainfall.Similar results were observed in C. ciliaris and P. antidotale only indrought year. In favourable year, however, 20 days interval gavehigher yields over either 30 or 10 days and significantly so inP. antidotale.Interaction between interval and intensity of clipping wassignificant only in L. sindicus and P. antidotale. Clipping at 15 cmstubble height, at an interval of 30 days in the former and 20 daysin favourable and 30 days in drought year in the latter species, wasfound to be the best management.

1401 Dabadghao, P.M., Chakravarty, A.K., Das, R.B., Roy, R.D. andMarwaha, S.P. (1965 )Response of some promising desert grasses to fertiliser treatments.Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 120-135In L. sindicus, the NPK treatment has shown higher response thaneither N or P or K alone. In C. ciliaris the effect of nitrogen eithersingly or in combination with phosphorus and potash is quiteperceptible, phosphorus and potash alone showing no response. InC. setigerus nitrogen as FYM or as ammonium sulphate incombination with phosphorus and potash has been more effective inincreasing the yield of P. antidotale also. In general, application ofnitrogen either singly or in combination with phosphorus and potashhas shown favourable and significant response in all the desertgrasses. Out of two cuttings taken from each of the plots every year,the first cutting recorded the highest yield which is also correlatedwith greater height of plants, but no such correlation was observedin the case of tiller numbers.1402 Dabadghao, P.M., Marwaha, S.P., Gupta, B.S., Das, R.B. andRoy, R.D. (1962)Root ecology of some promising desert grasses of Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 1: 163-173The spray method of studying the root system using a regulated jethas been found very satisfactory on sandy soils. The number of rootsincreased with age but the pattern of increase differed with species.The maximum increase was observed in C. setigerus and theminimum in D. annulatum. The species attained the average rootdepth within a period of 6 months. The best distribution of rootsthrough out the soil depth was shown by E. hirsutus and hence isthe most drought resistant species amongst the grasses under study.The other grasses in order of their drought resistance ability basedupon their root distribution were C. ciliaris, C. setigerus,P. antidotale and D. annulatum. The highest concentration of rootsin the surface zone in D. annulatum and P. antidotale was observed.The total length of all the roots studied was the largest in C. ciliarisfollowed by E. hirsutus. The maximum quantity of root material inone cubic foot was found in E. hirsutus, P. antidotale, C. ciliaris,C. setigerus and finally D. annulatum in that order.1403 Dhir, R.P. and Gajbhiye, K.S. (1973)Distribution of humus and available nutrients in soil under sownpastures in an arid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 179-182

The data of different sampling sites from fields under C. ciliariswith row-to-row distance of 1.5 m show that in 0-20 cm depth thecontent of humus at 12.5 cm distance which is just within theperiphery of the clump with a diameter of about 30 cm is 0.32%. At25 cm, which is 10 cm away from the periphery, it is 0.26%. Afurther decline to 0.23% occurs at 50 cm distance. Beyond this at 75cm the value is more or less similar and no decrease is observed. Thepositive effect of position of clump of humus built-up is seenextending, though with less conspicuousness, in 20-40 and 40-60 cmlayers. The means of 60 cm depth show 22% more humusunderneath the clump than that in the mid point of the row. Thiseffect is even more prominent in the distribution of availablephosphorus and potash where the content in the 60 cm depth are41% and 31% higher, respectively, than the mid-point of the row.The data of 1.0 m row spacing also show a higher content ofnutrients immediately close to the clump which decrease away fromthe clump towards the mid point of the row. Data for L. sindicuswhich is another prominent grass of the area, also give a similarpicture of build up of nutrients in the immediate vicinity of theclumps though absolute value of nutrients present are slightlylower than those in the soil under C. ciliaris.1404 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1985)Concentrations of mineral elements in some arid zone species from acommon habitat : 2. Grass species. Indian Journal of Ecology. 12:205-208Mineral nutrients of 19 arid zone grass species growing underidentical soil and climatic conditions were studied. Meanconcentration of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium was0.66, 0.30, 1.07 and 0.074%, respectively. Manganese, zinc andcopper had values of 63.0, 53.7 and 36.4 ppm, respectively.Phosphorus was around 0.16%. Considerable inter-specificvariations were recorded in potassium, manganese and magnesiumbut most remarkable variation was of sodium where no two speciesbehaved alike. In comparison to the foliage of associated shrubs andtree species, grasses were considerably low in calcium and to someextent also in magnesium and potassium but outstandingly high incopper and zinc.1405 Dutta, B.K. (1979)Growth and nutrient uptake of Sporobolus helvolus under differentedaphic conditions. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 116-121Sporobolus helvolus, a major forage grass of saline tract, wasstudied in pot culture for its growth and nutrient uptake under

various edaphic conditions. Plant height and dry matter productionwere maximum in soil collected from Pachpadra salt-basin and tanksilt. But its growth was poor in alluvial soil. In Pachpadra soil theroot showed less growth than that of tank silt and alluvial soil. Therelative nutrient uptake pattern in different soils has beendiscussed.1406 Dutta, B.K. and Dhir, R.P. (1980)Changes in mineral element concentration with growth in three aridzone grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 96-102Collected at different days of growth the above ground biomass ofdesert grasses namely Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris,C. setigerus were analysed for macro and trace elements content.L. sindicus distinguished itself with very low concentration ofsodium and higher concentration of calcium and magnesium. Boththe Cenchrus species behaved identically in nutrient concentration.In all the three grass species with advancement of growthpotassium, phosphorus and iron showed a continuous declinewhereas calcium, zinc, copper and manganese remained more or lessconstant or increased slightly.1407 Faroda, A.S. (1974)Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash ongrowth and yield of anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Annals of AridZone. 13: 114-118Significantly more plant height, green and dry matter productionwere obtained with increasing levels of nitrogen. However, therewas no significant difference in tillering due to nitrogen application.Phosphorus and potash application did not give significant responseto anjan grass. Application of 20 kg N ha -1 was economical for anjangrass.1408 Faroda, A.S. and Patil, B.D. (1975)A note on micronutrient status in Cenchrus grass. Indian Journal ofAnimal Science. 45: 299-300Practically no reference is available as to shether Cenchrus grass,the predominant herbage of the semi-arid tract of north-west India,on which sheep sustain, contains adequate status of some of theelements like zinc, copper, cobalt, or whether any of these are inexcess than required amount causing toxic effects. The presentpaper reports the effect of zinc, copper and cobalt in Cenchrus whenfed to sheep.

1409 Faroda, A.S. and Tomer, P.S. (1971)Cenchrus ciliaris - a perennial pasture grass of arid and semi-aridareas. Indian Forester. 97: 675-680Cenchrus ciliaris is referred as Buffle grass or Foxtail grass inforeign countries and as Anjan, safed Dhaman, Charwa or Kolukattigrass in India. It is one of the dominant perennial grasses producinggood quality forage in pastures and rangelands of arid and semi-aridtracts. Studies have been made on soil and climate, fieldpreparation, sowing time, seed rate, depth of seeding, method ofestablishment, spacing, mixtures, varieties / strains, interculture,manuring and management aspects for growing of Cenchrus ciliaris.1410 Ghosh, S.N. and Mathur, M.L. (1962)Studies on the palatability, chemical composition, digestibility andnutritive value of spent lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexusus). IndianJournal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 32: 22-26A mature cow weighing on an average 332 kgs consumed 7.5 kgs ofspent lemon grass. It contains 0.64% D.C.P, and 49.7% T.D.N. Thedry spent lemon grass when supplemented with mineral mixturecould be used as dry fodder in place of cereal straws and some of thehays.1411 Gupta, A.K. (1987)Effect of growth and development on the qualitative attributes ofLasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 17-24Cell wall constituents viz. NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose,hemicellulose and silica contents increased significantly with plantgrowth while crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibilitydecreased significantly in all the three years of study. NDF, ADF,lignin and cellulose were positively and significantly intercorrelated.However, they showed negative correlation with proteincontent and digestibility. Fodder quality, in terms of digestibilitywas best correlated with crude protein and its prediction value wasmaximum with crude protein as a single factor.1412 Gupta, A.K., Yadav, M.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R.. (1985)Genetic variability and association of forage quality characters instrains of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 57-62Coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advance, correlationand path analysis were studied in relation to eight forage qualitycharacters of 33 strains for silica, dry matter, lignin and crudeprotein which exhibited high heritability and genetic advance.Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin

and cellulose had positive and significant inter-correlation at bothgenotypic and phenotypic levels. Path analysis revealed high directeffect of ADF and cellulose on dry matter per cent. Considering both,direct and indirect effects, cellulose, ADF and protein assumeimportance in the selection of high forage yielding and nutritivestrains of L. sindicus.1413 Gupta, B.S. (1978)Statistical evaluation of forage yield from Cenchrus setigerus Vahlunder arid conditions of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 48: 618-621In a step-up-wise regression programme employed to establish theorder of relative importance of morphological varieties for theircontribution to forage yield in 2 cuttings of Cenchrus setigerus Vahl,the crown diameter gave highest contribution, followed by plantheight, number of tillers and basal diameter in the first cutting. Inthe second cutting, basal diameter followed by the number of tillers,height of the plant and crown diameter for the prediction of forageyield. The equation were not reliable predictors of yield because theyaccounted for only 30 to 37% of its variability, but they clearlybrought out the importance of crown diameter (X4) and basaldiameter (X3) as being the most influential characters in thedetermination of forage yield in the first and second cuttings,respectively. There was a difference of ordering in the independentvariables in both the cuttings. The judgement on priority basis ofthe variables by employing R² remained unaltered in both thecuttings.1414 Gupta, P.C., Singh, R., Singh, K. and Pradhan, K. (1975)Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of someimportant grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 245-250Eighteen important grasses were analysed for chemicalcompositions and in vitro dry matter digestibily. The per cent drymatter content ranged from 22.35 to 35.50, CP from 2.62 to 17.50,NDF from 53.60 to 74.00, cell content from 26.00 to 46.40, ADF from28.05 to 4.60, hemicellulose from 24.31 to 36.60, lignin from 2.30 to6.80, cellulose from 19.45 to 36.00, silica from 1.80 to 4.30 and invitro dry matter digestibility from 55.56 to 69.44. In general, thevalues for various cell wall constituents and in vitro dry matterdigestibility were well comparable to those reported earlier forcereal forages.1415 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1966)Habitat, grassland types and forage potential of Jalore district inwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 189-203

On the hills Sehima nervosum - Hackelochloa- Bothriochloa is themost common type. On piedmont slopes and foot hills Dichanthium-Eragrostis- Aristida type is present. On the sand dunes Panicumturgidum type forms the main grassland type. Plains consisting ofyounger alluvium, older alluvium free or with hummocks, low lyingheavy soils support different grassland types. Available top-feedspecies from each type were also recorded. Measures have beensuggested for proper protection and development of these grasslandtypes.1416 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1972)Potential grassland types and their ecological succession inRajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 198-218Seven potential grassland types on different habitats of Rajasthandesert have been described, (1) Sehima nervosum type is on the hillsand piedmont regions (2) Dichanthium annulatum type on olderalluvial flats with sandy clay loam to clay soils. (3) Cenchrus type onwell drained alluvial soils (4) Lasiurus sindicus type on loose sandysoils (5) Desmostachya bipinnata type on young alluvium.(6) Sporobolus-Dichanthium annulatum type on low lying heavysoils. (7) Panicum turgidum type on sand dunes. Stable dis-climaxassociations (grassland types) and the seral communities within theassociations based on surveys conducted in the region have beendiscussed in this paper.1417 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1976)Observations on seed germination and early seedling growth ofDichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. under the influence ofsalinity. Comparative Physiology and Ecology. 1: 153-155For first 10 days seeds failed to germinate in solutions of 0.15 M andabove, while germination in 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 M solution was 38%, 40%and 53%, respectively. Thereafter, when the above seeds weretransferred to petri dishes with sterile water medium, significantadditional germination up to 50% was noticed. Root growth washigher than coleoptile growth under all treatments.1418 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1977)Phenology and growth of a desert annual grass Digitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koel. Var. Criniformis Henr. Indian Journal of Ecology. 4:132-144Annual plants, in the desert ecosystem at times may contributesignificantly to primary production. The study determines theannual growth, phenology and the crude protein status of D. ciliaris

var. criniformis, an annual grass in western Rajasthan in relation todifferent soil-conditions. Phenological observations show identicalphenophases on loamy sand, dune sand and loamy soil ofdepressional areas. The germinability of seeds from different plantpopulations ranged from 54.6 to 99.3%. However, with time thegermination percentage improved. Germination in total darknesswas lowered from 50 to 25%. Studies on growth performance wereconducted on five soil types, commonly occurring in the deserticconditions of western Rajasthan. Though the maximum phytomass,both above and below ground, has been recorded from plantsgrowing on dune sand; the average seed production per plant andthe 100 seed weight were maximum in the case of plants growing onloamy soils of depressional areas, having a better moisture holdingcapacity. At maturity, the crude protein status had a decreasingtrend, thereby indicating the best utilisation of the grass during thevegetative period when the annual sprouting with the first monsoonshowers furnishes a nutritive forage under natural conditions ofgrazing in the desert.1419 Gupta, R.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1970)Comparative studies on the germination growth and crude proteinstatus of Cenchrus ciliaris L. and Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. TropicalEcology. 10: 217-225Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus, the two promising grasses forpasture improvement in the desert region, have been studied asregards their germinability, growth and crude protein content value.Comparative studies made on these species show that C. ciliaris iscomparatively a better species than C. setigerus on account of itshigher germination percentage, better salt resistance and fodderproduction under similar conditions. Both the grasses thrive betteron alluvial soils as compared to other soil types studied. The besttime for utilisation of these species is the boot leaf stage as the CPCvalue is maximum at this stage.1420 Harsh, L.N., Verma, C.M. and Jain, B.L. (1981)Relationship between precipitation and forage production ofCenchrus ciliaris Linn. in arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 20:101-106Forage production in C. ciliaris Linn. in arid regions has been foundto be related to the limiting values of rainfall index (monthly rainfallx No. of rainy days/100) during July-Aug. and 82% variation inforage production can be accounted to this factor. Decreasing trendin forage yields has been observed after minimum rainfall indexvalue of 18-20. C. ciliaris strains 214 and 303 have shown higheryield potential.

1421 Harsh, L.N., Yadav, R.P.S. and Mauria, S. (1982)Response of Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. and Cenchrussetigerus Vahl. grasslands to fertilisation. Forage Research. 8: 31-36Reseeded grasslands of D. annulatum and C. setigerus werefertilised with 0, 20 kg N, 20 kg N+ 20 kg P 2 O 5 and 40 kg N + 20 kgP 2 O 5 at Bisalpur, Pali and Jadan. Fertiliser application increasedthe dry forage yield and crude protein contents in both the grasses.However, application of 20 kg N ha -1 only was found to beeconomical in Dichanthium grassland.1422 Joshi, D.C. and Gupta, A.K. (1984)Nutrient status of sown grasses and associated species in Thardesert. Forage Research. 10: 25-30Grasses and associated species of three mixed grass pastures and anatural grazing land varied in their mineral content. Calcium,manganese and copper showed little fluctuations but zinc contentincreased and sodium, potassium and phosphorus content decreasedwith the maturity of the grasses. Associated species were, by andlarge, comparable in the nutrient content to the major grassesexcept that these contained more calcium and lesser amount ofsodium. Except for low phosphorus level, the grasses and associatedspecies contained adequate level of various nutrients that meetanimal requirement.1423 Kanodia, K.C. and Nanda, P.C. (1966)On the grasses and grasslands of Kutch. Annals of Arid Zone. 5:173-188Fifty six species of palatable grasses, which add considerably to thefodder wealth of Kutch region, Gujarat State, under differentlandforms alongwith their important phenological, ecological andgrowth characteristics, habitat preference and their distribution inthe area have been enumerated. As far as possible, the places wherethe species were either observed or collected have also been cited.An attempt has also been made to throw some light on the economicaspect of these species and thereby indicating the possibility ofraising good pasture lands in the region.1424 Kanodia, K.C. and Nanda, P.C. (1968)Genus Aristida in western Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 94: 296-302The genus Aristida is one of the first grasses which provide forage toanimals at the onset of monsoon. A careful scrutiny of the

herbarium material coupled with critical field studies have provedthat seven species and two varieties occur in this region. A. royleanaand A. funiculata var. mallica Henr. have been reported as newrecords for the Rajasthan state. Their distinguishing charactershave also been analytically illustrated. A. punges Desf. and A.plumosa Linn., which are valuable fodder grasses of other desertregions, have been recommended for trials in western Rajasthan.1425 Kanodia, K.C. and Rai, P. (1981)Changes in forage yield and chemical composition of range grasses.Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 241-245Most of these grass species and their varieties of Cenchrus, Sehimaand Chrysopogon having less moisture requirement gave maximumquality forage yield during September, while the highest quality drymatter yield was obtained during October in case of Dichanthiumand Bothriochloa varieties with higher moisture regime. The abovemonths are therefore, recommended as harvesting schedule for therespective grasses.1426 Kathju, S., Lahiri, A.N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1978)Influence of seed size and composition on the dry matter yield ofCenchrus ciliaris. Experientia. 34: 848-849Higher food reserve in larger seeds of C. ciliaris contributed towardsgreater forage production, as compared to that of the small seeds,only during the Ist year of establishment.1427 Kathju, S., Shankarnarayan, K.A., Vyas, S.P. and Lahiri, A.N.(1985)Growth of roots and rhizomes in two desert grasses as influenced bydefoliation stress and nitrogen application. Annals of Arid Zone. 24:87-93The growth of roots and rhizomes of Cenchrus setigerus andLasiurus sindicus as influenced by different cutting intervals (10,20, 30 and 60 days), cutting heights (5, 10 and 15 cm) and nitrogendoses (0, 20 and 40 kg N ha -1 ) imposed over three successivegrowing periods, was studied. Frequent cutting decreased thenumber and dry weight of root and the dry weight of rhizome in boththe grasses. The height of forage removal did not influence theunderground biomass of C. setigerus. In L. sindicus, forage removalclose to the ground, decreased the number and dry weight of roots.Longer cutting interval, with application of a low maintenance doseof nitrogen, improved the underground biomass production in thesegrasses.

1428 Krishnan, A. and Rao, G.G.S.N. (1978)Seasonal variations of net radiation over Lasiurus sindicus grasscover and its photosynthetic efficiency. Forage Research. 4: 105-119The net radiation during the growing season of L. sindicus andCymbopogon schoenanthus grass cover at Bikaner and pure L.sindicus cover at Chandan varied from 31 to 46% of the totalradiation and from 24 to 36% during the non-growing season ofNovember to April. The albedo percentage during the growingseason varied from 20 to 28%. Due to change in colour of the grasscover at Bikaner, the albedo values upto 30 to 34% have beenrecorded during November to April. The significant feature is thatconsiderable energy to the tune of 25 to 30% is emitted fromL. sindicus cover and intervening ground as long wave radiation.The visible radiation useful in photosynthetic process accounts for47%, of which the predominant spectral range is green to yellowwhich accounts for 30% in case of Bikaner and 21% in case ofChandan. The features of the radiation penetration into the midcanopy as well as bottom canopy of the grass cover have beendiscussed. The photosynthetic efficiencies of the grass cover atBikaner were 0.19% and 0.76% during 1976 and 1977, respectively.These figures when expressed as a fraction of visible radiationworkout to be 0.41% and 1.62%, respectively. At Chandan were2.02% for 1976 and 1.36% and 0.30% for first two months of thegrowing season of 1977. By proper utilisation by animals as well asby suitable harvesting techniques, photosynthetic efficiency ofL. sindicus grass cover can be increased.1429 Krishnan, A. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1979)Energy balance and photosynthetic and water use efficiency ofCenchrus ciliaris grass. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics andBioclimatology - Series-B. 27: 95-104Energy balance studies of Cenchrus ciliaris grass cover at the semiand palsana region India indicate that the mean contribution of netradiation to total radiation was 55% in May when the grasses weredry and 44% in October when grasses were actively growing. Thealbedo percentages varied from 18 to 20% during May and 22 to 24%during October. These are lower than those of arid zone grasses. Thenet long wave radiation is also comparatively less in wet condition ofthis semi-arid grass land as compared to other arid grass land ofwestern Rajasthan. The mean percentage of radiation penetratinginto the C. ciliaris grass cover was 84% at mid canopy and 62% inbottom of the canopy. The photosynthetic efficiency of the C. ciliaris

is 0.48%. When expressed as fraction of visible radiation, the sameworks out to be 1.03 percent. The moisture use efficiency of C.ciliaris grass cover at Palsana was 1.10 g/M² per millimetre of actualevapo-transpiration.1430 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1961)Dimorphic seeds in some arid zone grasses and the significance ofgrowth differences in their seedlings. Science and Culture. 27: 448-450Investigations on certain arid zone grasses (viz. Lasiurus sindicus,Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerus) indicate that dimorphism of seedleads to growth differences in the seedlings.1431 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharbanda, B.C. (1962)Germination studies on arid zone plants II. Germination inhibitorsin the spikelet glumes of Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus ciliaris andCenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 114-126Inhibitions was caused by some naturally occurring water-solubleinhibitors located in the enveloping structures of the spikelets. Thisinhibition was not due to restricted moisture or gaseous diffusion forthe presence of glumes or for the immaturity of the embryos. Acidfraction of the spikelet extract of C. ciliaris contained two inhibitorswhereas only one inhibitor could be detected in the same fraction ofspikelet extract of C. setigerus. In both cases, the natural fractionwas found to be inactive. However, spikelet extract of L. sindicuscontained one inhibitor which was found to occur in the naturalfraction but the corresponding acid fraction was devoid of activity.These substances have been found to be thermostable and not easilyauto-inactivated.1432 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1963)Germination studies on arid zone plants. Proceedings of theNational Institute of Science, India. 29 B: 287-296Seeds of L. sindicus need relatively higher levels of moisture incomparison with other two grasses. Best performance in relation togermination under low moisture levels was found in C. setigerus.Seeds of C. ciliaris occupied an intermediate position in this respect.Greater hygroscopic properties of spikelet tissue of L. sindicus wasfound to balance the higher moisture requirement for germination ofenclosed seeds. The significance of the power of quick water uptakeand the low hydrature of seeds before germination has beendiscussed in the light of characteristics of xeric germination. Wateruptake of endosperm and embryo are two distinct processes.Coumarine interferes with the uptake of water by the embryo and,

thus, germination inhibition is brought about. Water uptake byendosperm is not affected by coumarine and this uptake has beenconsidered to be similar to colloidal imbibition.1433 Lahiri, A.N. and Vyas, S.P. (1979)Effects of fertiliser and clipping on protein in leaves of desertgrasses. Experimental Agriculture. 15: 103-106The effects of nitrogen fertilisation and cutting intervals onextractable protein have been studied in three arid zone grasses, viz.Cenchrus setigerus, C. ciliaris and Lasiurus sindicus. Depending onthe number of cuts and soil fertility status, maximum protein couldbe harvested from C. ciliaris followed by C. setigerus and L.sindicus. It is concluded that the maximum yield of leaf protein perunit area of land can be achieved with short intervals of cuttingcoupled with the application of nitrogenous fertiliser.1434 Lahiri, A.N., Kathju, S.K., and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1982)Comparative performance of Cenchrus ciliaris pastures raised fromlarge and small seeds. Seed Science and Technology. 10: 205-215A study designed to evaluate the performance of C. ciliaris pasturesraised from `large' and `small' seeds (caryopses) at different nitrogendoses (0, 20, 40 kg ha -1 ) showed significantly better vegetativegrowth, forage production and NPK uptake by plants grown fromlarge seeds in the first year. These differences between the plantsraised from the `large' and `small' seeds levelled off so that plantswere comparable in the second year. Nitrogen fertilisation, however,improved the performance and nutrient uptake of plants from largeand small seeds in both years. It is concluded that the seed size maynot have any lasting influence on the long term productivity of C.ciliaris pastures, but higher germination, superior plantperformance and forage production in the first year in plants fromlarge seeds present a distinct advantage for improving grazinglands.1435 Maheshwari, S.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1970)Studies on nutritive value of sweet Sudan 59-3. Annals of Arid Zone.9: 209-211An evaluation of the nutritive quality of Sweet Sudan 59-3 forage(cross of Sorghum vulgare J S 263 X S. sudanensis) was done byconducting metabolic trails on 6 mature Magra rams of uniformconformation. The digestibility coefficients of the different nutrientswere found as follows: D.M. 62.91, C.P. 61.72, E.E. 29.95, C.F. 74.96and N.F.E. 61.34. N, Ca and P balances were 3.21, 1.906 and 0.095 g

per day, respectively. The average daily dry matter consumptionwas 3.16 kg per 100 kg body weight. The following values ofpractical nutritional interest were calculated : D.C.P. 4.25% T.D.N.58.86%, S.E. 44.91 and N, R.1.13. This sorghum hybrid may beconsidered good maintenance fodder.1436 Mertia, R.S. (1986)Performance of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus Henr) strains in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 84-85Five strains of sewan viz., CAZRI 317, 318, 319, 353 and 565 weretried at Jaisalmer. The forage production was significantly higher instrain no. CAZRI 353 as compared to other strains.1437 Mondal, R.C. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1968)Nutrient content of some perennial pasture grasses of the arid andsemi-arid lands of western Rajasthan I. Protein and phosphoruscontent. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 54-61Protein percentage varies from 8.65 to 16.28 in Panicum antidotale,3.87 to 6.97 in Dichanthium annulatum and 7.50 to 14.65 inLasiurus sindicus. Protein yield was highest in P. antidotale andlowest in D. annulatum i.e., 1013 and 64 kg respectively, ha -1 year -1under arid condition. Phosphorus content varied from 0.402 to0.665% in Cenchrus ciliaris, 0.445 to 0.725 in Cenchrus setigerus,0.410 to 0.565 in P. antidotale, 0.427 to 0.500 in D. annulatum and0.390 to 0.637 in Lasiurus sindicus. Among the species C. setigerusseemed to contain comparatively higher phosphorus per cent.1438 Mondal, R.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1966)Iron, manganese and copper content of some promising westernRajasthan grasses grown under arid condition. Annals of Arid Zone.5: 81-86Copper varies from 19 to 65 ppm, iron from 23 to 45 ppm, andmanganese from 73 to 110 ppm. Strain difference of the species doesnot effect iron, copper and manganese contents excepting slightvariation of iron between C. setigerus strains. Different cuttings donot show any consistent variation of concentration of any of theseelements except in case of C. ciliaris strain No. 226 in which onlycopper varies from 12 to 28 ppm in its different cuttings. Whencompared between species it has been observed that C. ciliaris ispoor in copper (19-24 ppm), C. setigerus, D. annulatum and L.sindicus are the richest (58-65 ppm) and P. antidotale standsintermediate position. In respect of iron C. setigerus is richest (34-45ppm). In other species iron varies from 23 to 35 ppm. Manganese in

L. sindicus and C. setigerus varies from 73-93 ppm against 103 to110 ppm in rest of the species. Iron, copper and manganese contentin these grasses irrespective of their strains and cuttings seem to besufficient for animals need.1439 Mukherjee, A. and Chatterji, U.N. (1970)Photoblastism in some of the desert grass seeds. Annals of AridZone. 9: 104-113The seeds of Cenchrus ciliaris were capable of adaptation to anycondition of light as regards their germination. The seeds ofP. antidotale behaved in a nearly similar way to those of C. ciliaris.The seeds of Panicum coloratum were light sensitive; those ofP. turgidum and C. setigerus preferred comparatively darkconditions. The behaviour of the seeds of C. prieurii towards lightcould not be generalised, but undoubtedly they preferred togerminate in dark under optimum thermal conditions.1440 Nanda, P.C. (1970)Note on chromatographic studies on free amino acids, organic acidsand sugars in the leaves of Eleusine compressa (Forsk.) Aschet.Schw. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 49-51E. compressa (Vern. Tantia) an important fodder grass of the Indianarid zone, contained nine amino acids in the young leaves (Valine,Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Histidine and Lysine +++;Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Alanine ++; Cystine +) whereas lysine+++ was found in mature leaves.1441 Nanda, P.C., Gupta, R.K. and Singh, B. (1969)Free amino acids and sugars in Cenchrus species growing ondifferent soil types in arid regions. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 39: 418-422Free sugars in 41-day-old plants of C. ciliaris L. and C. setigerusVahl on different soil types were studied by chromatographictechnique. Both the species showed the presence of sucrose, glucose,fructose and maltose as the component free sugars in theirrespective soluble carbohydrate system. Though under different soilenvironments the components of the soluble carbohydrate systemremained the same, they exhibited adjustments in response tospecific soil environment. Characteristics variations in responsewere noticed in the presence of individual free amino acids in the 2species. The relative amount of individual free amino acids varied inboth the species in response to the soil environment. Absence ofaspartic acid, histidine, lysine and cystine from the soluble nitrogen

system of C. setigerus and of serine from C. ciliaris have taxonomicsignificance.1442 Parihar, D.R. (1980)Aspects of foraging and population ecology of subterranean termitesin the desert grassland ecosystem in India. Zeitschrift FurAngewandte Zoologie. 67: 499-507The desert subterranean termites, Anacanthotermes macrocephalus,Odontotermes obesus, O. latiguloides, Microtermes mycophagus, M.obesi are the important foragers on the grasslands in the westernRajasthan, India. Distribution and foraging ecology has beendescribed. Population density of harvester and other subterraneantermites was estimated. Population of harvester termiteA. macrocephalus was maximum during the dry season (October toJune), where as it was the lowest in the rainy season (July toSeptember), while the population trend was followed reverse withnon-harvester termites, Odontotermes obesus, O. latiguloides,M. mycophagus, M. obesi.1443 Parihar, D.R. (1981)Effects of overgrazing on grasshopper population in the grasslandsof Rajasthan desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 291-293The density of grasshoppers was significantly more in theovergrazed areas during both the years of the study. About eightdifferent species of grasshoppers were observed in the desert.1444 Parihar, D.R. and Satya Vir (1991)Insect fauna of lucerne (Medicago sativa Linn.) crop in desert belt ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 267-274During surveys, 42 insects on lucerne crop were collected andidentified of which 22 constituted as new records. Out of these, fiveviz. Hypera postica, Utethesia lotrix, Therioaphis trifolli maculata,Rhopalosiphum maidis and Aphis craccivora were found to causeserious damage to crop. Four hymenopterans parasites and 8 speciesof predators were also recorded.1445 Paul, S., Joshi, D.C. and Gupta, A.K. (1982)Nutritional status of two Cenchrus ciliaris strains at different stagesof growth. Forage Research. 8: 27-30Two strains namely, Palsana and 358 of C. ciliaris were evaluatedfor nutritional status. The studies revealed that both the grassesshould be fed at the flowering stage since these were high inapparent digestibility and micronutrient contents and did not varymuch with respect to the cell wall constituents than at other stages

of plant growth. The Palsana strain showed better digestibility,protein content and cell wall constituents than the 358 strain.1446 Paul, S., Joshi, D.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1981)Effect of management practices and intercropping of forage legumesin Cenchrus setigerus on forage quality. Forage Research. 7: 55-59In a preliminary study, the samples of C. setigerus were analysed forcrude protein, cell wall contents, IVDMD and minerals, to assess theeffect of legume intercropping on its nutritional status. Crudeprotein and IVDMD increased significantly with intercropping ofDolichos lablab, Clitoria ternatea and Atylosia scaradaepodes. Nosignificant effect on P, Ca, Na, K and Zn was observed. Copper andMg decreased while Fe increased slightly.1447 Prakash, M. and Nanda, P.C. (1962)Revegetating the sandy plains of western Rajasthan with grasses.Gosamvardhana. 10: 15-22For sandy areas, the most suitable grasses recommended areLasiurus sindicus (sewan) Cenchrus ciliaris (safed dhaman) andC. setigerus (kala dhaman).For rehabilitation of degraded grasslands, land preparation consistof (1) clearing of bushes and seeds. (2) ploughing with mould boardplough or even with a disc harrow and levelling up by planking(3) making furrows for sowing in lines 1.2 to 1.5 meters apart eitherby a country plough or with a tractor. Pre-monsoon dry sowing ismore practical and useful.1448 Puri, G.S. (1961)Grasslands of western India. Gosamvardhana. 8: 16-21The data on ecology of grasslands in western India which includeRajasthan, Kutch, Saurashtra, parts of central India Gujarat,Maharashtra, Mysore, Kerala, and parts of Madras state wererecorded for 4 years. The grasslands in western India have beendivided into two categories viz. (i) Arid Zone grassslands; (ii) WetZone grasslands Vast areas of grasslands of western India arecovered by Arid zone grasslands which include entire Rajasthan,Kutch, Saurashtra, Gujarat, central India and parts ofMaharashtra. Indifferent types of flora met with in various tractshave been presented and discussed. Author recommends rests tograsslands for regeneration. Heavily grazed grassland produces amaximum of 600 lb. of vegetation per acre. By contract a wellmanaged grasslands yields from 2000 to 4000 lb. per acre over a 3 to4 months period.

1449 Puri, G.S. and Jain, S.K. (1960)Trees or grasslands in Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 86: 85-86Describes Rajasthan as a biotic desert and pot a climatic only pointsout the non existence of natural vast grasslands as climatic climaxin the region five edaphic habitats with associated tree and shrubvegetation are described and it is concluded that excepting somespecialised habitats tree growth can be established all overRajasthan.1450 Raman, S.S. and Verma, D.N. (1963)Ecological perspective on grasslands. Proceeding of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, India. Sec. B-33Indian grasslands are seral communities. Their relative stability isinfluenced by intensity of use and local site conditions. Data onherbage productivity of grassland types already located is further tobe sought. Intensive pasture trials with indigenous grasses andlegumes lead to specific combinations to suit local environmentFertility status of grassland soils is to be assessed for replenishingmineral deficiencies through chemical manuring. Carrying capacityof Indian grasslands in relation to grazing animal and prevailingseasons is to be defined for scientific management of grasslands.1451 Rao, A.S. and Singh, K.C. (1994)Influence of meteorological factors on forage and seed productivity ofCenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 39-44High temperatures and wind speeds prevailing in the arid region atJodhpur had negative correlation whereas, rainfall, humidity andrainy days had positive correlation on forage and seed yield of C.ciliaris. Seed yield of C. ciliaris increased from 67 to 153 kg ha -1with a gradual increase in quantum of seasonal rainfall from 150 to400 mm. Rainfall at flowering /seed setting stages reduced the seedyield. Only in good rainfall years, application of N and P to the grasshad a significant effect on forage, but such a response was notobserved on seed yield due to rain and high winds at seedsetting/maturity stages. The forage and seed yield relationships ofC. ciliaris showed that there was a gradual increase in seed yieldfrom 59 to 248 kg ha -1 with increase in the forage yield from 909 to1565 kg ha -1 .The yield index (T/Tp) computed using RANGETECH model showedthat in general with the increase in yield index value from 0.40 to0.85, the seed production in C. ciliaris increased from 0 to 172 kg ha -1 . Rainfall explained 1% seed and 36% forage yield, whereas the

yield index was useful for prediction of variations up to 24% seedand 76% forage yield.1452 Rao, A.S., Singh, K.C. and Wight, J.R. (1996)Productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris in relation to rainfall andfertilisation. Journal of Rangement Management. 49: 143-146Forage for livestock is always in short supply in the arid zone ofIndia. C. ciliaris L. is one of the major forage grasses cultivated inthis region. We studied its productivity in relation to rainfall andnitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisation in the Indian arid zoneat Jodhpur during 1983 to 1992. Factorial combinations of 4 rates ofN (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha -1 ) and 3 rates of P (0, 15 and 30 kg ha -1 )were applied annually. Twenty kg N ha -1 was the most effectivefertiliser treatment, increasing average annual forage yields from942 to 1785 kg ha -1 over the 10 year study with significant yieldincreases occurring in 7 of the 10 years. Yield responses to N ratesgreater than 20 kg ha -1 occurred only during the last 3 years of thestudy and then only at the 60 kg ha -1 rate with either 15 or 30 kg Pha -1 . Yields reached maximum levels on both the non-fertilised andfertilised plots with between 180 and 250 mm of growing seasonrainfall.1453 Rao, A.S., Singh, K.C., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Singh, R.S.(1993)Micro-climatic impacts on relative growth of Cenchrus ciliaris andCenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 245-250C. ciliaris and C. setigerus created favourable micro-climate withinthe canopies by maintaining lower temperature (by 2 to 9°C) andvapour pressure gradients and high humidity (by 3 to 11%). Energybalance studies showed that the net radiation, soil heat flux andlatent heat of vaporisation over the grass cover were higher duringwet years compared to the values during low rainfall years.Accumulated stress degree days showed that C. ciliaris develops anearly stress than C. setigerus. The transpiration rates of thesegrasses at vegetative phase were 16 to 18 μg cm -2 s -1 and diffusiveresistance were 0.60 to 0.73 s cm -1 . During low rainfall years,C. ciliaris produced higher dry matter yield, water and energy useefficiency than C. setigerus whereas under high rainfall conditionsC. setigerus performed better than C. ciliaris.1454 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982)Nitrogen fixation by Azospirillum isolated from tropical grassesnative to Indian desert. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 20:316-318

Several tropical grasses native to Indian desert exhibit N 2 -aseactivity associated with the roots. Eragrostis tremula showed thehighest activity followed by Cynodon dactylon. Pure cultures ofnitrogen fixing, Azospirillum were isolated from the roots of thesegrasses. N 2 -ase activity among these cultures varied. The growthand physiology of the selected cultures were studied in semi-solidmedium. Optimum N 2 -ase activity was observed at 48 hr of preincubationand 0.25% agar in the medium. Organic acids in theorder of acetate, lactate, pyruvate and malate were found to bebetter carbon sources. Of the externally supplied nitrogen sourcespotassium nitrate and phenylalanine supported better N 2 -aseactivity over control. Addition of ammonium sulphate did notinfluence the growth but repressed the N 2 -ase activity temporarily.1455 Rao, G.G.S.N. and Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. (1982)Water and energy use efficiencies of native grasslands in the aridregions of India. Archives for Meterology, Geophysics andBioclimatology, Series B. 31: 127-132The water and energy use efficiencies of three native grasslandssituated in the arid regions of India were investigated based on theexperiments conducted during the three year period 1976-1978. Thegrasslands dominated with Lasiurus sindicus has shown higherwater use efficiency (WUE) in spite of low moisture regime as aresult of low vapour pressure and high temperature gradientsbetween the canopy of adjacent air layers during the growingseason. The mixed grasslands at Bikaner were found to have lowenergy and water use efficiencies.1456 Rao, G.G.S.N., Ramana Rao, B.V. and Bhati, G.N. (1984)Influence of water availability on water and energy use efficienciesof some arid grass species. Tropical Ecology. 25: 117-124The water and energy use efficiencies of three important desertgrass species (Lasiurus sindicus, Cenchrus setigerus and C, ciliaris)were related to the different water availability (Actual evapotranspiration(AE) / Potential evapo-transpiration (PE) levels.Lasiurus had higher efficiency values at all levels of AE/PEcompared with the other two grass species. During vegetativegrowth, all species exhibited highest water and energy use efficiencyat 0.75 of AE/PE and showed a declining trend with further increasein AE/PE. However at maturity, higher efficiency values wereobtained by all three species when AE/PE was less than 0.75.1457 Rao, G.G.S.N., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Krishnan, A. (1980)

The radiation and thermal characteristics of two grasslands in thearid zone of north west India. Journal of Arid Environments. 3: 283-290Micrometeorological observations were made during the winter,summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in grassland atBikaner (28°3' N, 73°5' E) and Chandan (26°55' N, 70°55' E). Profilesof air temperature, radiation penetration, net and total radiationand soil temperatures were recorded over a period of three years.The percentage of net to total radiation was found to be greatestduring the growing season and minimal when the grass was dry.Radiation penetration into the mixed grassland is dominated by asingle grass species (Lasiurus sindicus). The thermal regimes atChandan were greatly affected during the non-growing season bythe intense radiation, high soil surface temperatures and thepresence of only one species of grass. Considerable heat loss throughlong wave radiation is a common feature of these grasslands in dryweather when surface soil temperatures exceed 50° C.1458 Rao, G.G.S.N., Sastri, A.S.R.A.S. and Krishnan, A. (1989)Microclimatic studies of grasslands in the arid zone of north-westIndia. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 215-228Microclimatological studies were carried out for a period of 3 years(1976-1978) during summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons inthe grassland sites at Chandan (Jaisalmer), Beechwal (Bikaner) andPalsana (Sikar) in the north-west arid zones of India. Thepercentage of net to total radiation was higher and the albedo valueswere the lowest during monsoon season. Radiation interceptionduring monsoon season was the lowest at Palsana grasslands sitescompared to Beechwal and Chandan. The thermal environment ofgrasslands of Chandan was the highest in all the seasons comparedto other sites. Higher surface soil temperature (>50° C) during middayhours coupled with higher canopy temperature resulted inconsiderable heat losses through long wave radiation.1459 Roy, P.K. and Yadav, M.S. (1991)Height-weight relationship in some pasture grasses of semi-aridRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 377-379Power curves depicting the height-weight relationship in D.annulatum, C. ciliaris and C. setigerus are distinct and statisticallydifferent from each other. However, within each species a commonpower regression may appear valid for some diverse genotypesgrown for longer period at a single location with cuttingmanagement.1460 Roy, P.K., Yadav, M.S. and Mauria, S. (1993)

Stability of Dichanthium annulatum for fodder production in semiaridRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 107-108Stability analysis revealed significant differences between genotypesand environments for green fodder and dry matter yields. Genotypex environment component and pooled deviations were alsosignificant for both the attributes. CAZRI 487 was found to be themost stable genotype combining high fodder potential and lowmortality rate. CAZRI 491 was suitable for favourable environment.1461 Roy, P.K., Yadav, M.S. and Sudhakar, N. (1995)Genotype x environment interactions in buffel grass. Annals of AridZone. 34: 111-114Green fodder and dry matter yields of ten buffel grass (Cenchrusciliaris) varieties were recorded in nine environments (location-yearcombinations). Joint regression analysis revealed significantvariation due to environments, genotypes and genotype xenvironment interaction for each yield. Growth response index andstability indices were used to compare the varieties for specificadaptation and stability of forage production. None of the varietiescombined high mean yield with average response and stability asdesired in an ideal population. CAZRI 358, CAZRI 531, BundelAnjan and CAZRI 1263 were stable in performance. Adaptation tolow environment was found in CAZRI 358 and Bundel Anjan,whereas, CAZRI 1263 appeared to suits high environment.Considering the difficulties for recombination breeding in anapomictic species like buffel grass, population improvement throughvarietal mixtures is suggested.1462 Roy, R.D., Das, R.B. and Bhati, G.N. (1975)Studies on effect of intensity and interval of defoliation on forageproduction of Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf. Annals of AridZone. 14: 13-20The results obtained have been found to be significant for one yearout of the two 1962-63 (season) in case of interval and intensity ofthe defoliation. It has also been observed that dry matter productionincreases with increasing interval of clipping. Highest productionwas obtained under 30 days intervals followed by 20 days and 10days. Therefore, the recommendations are for cutting or grazing ofthis grass at the interval of 30 days and the level of utilisation maybe up to the extent leaving a stubble height of 15 cm from theground.1463 Sarma, C.B.S.R. (1965)

Effect of light and darkness on the germination and seedling growthof some desert grasses. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 232-234Germination was high under continuous darkness. C. ciliaris,C. prieurii and Dactyloctenium sindisum seemed to be more lightsensitive. Under continuous light, the root systems are moreextensive than the shoot systems. Seedlings grown in darkness weremore etiolated.1464 Sarma, C.B.S.R. and Joshi, M.C. (1967)Mortality rate in different species of Cenchrus and Dactyloctenium.Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 230-232Both seed output and the mortality rate vary from habitat to habitatwithin the same species. This is drawn from this preliminaryobservations on the ecology of some desert grasses likeDactyloctenium aegyptium, P. beauv., D. sindicum Boiss, C. biflorusRoxb., C. cliaris Linn. and C. prieurii (Kunth) Maire. It is clearlyshown by the present study that seed outputs are higher in the lowlyingareas and lower in the hilly areas except in C. ciliaris wherelowest reading was obtained from dune locality. Reproductivecapacity does not seem to be distinctively influenced by the habitatand exhibits a similar relationship with it as exhibited by the seedoutputs. Mortality rate seems to be high on the dunes for C. ciliarisand C. prieurii, on the low-lying areas for D. sindicum and C.biflorus and on hillocks for D. aegyptium.1465 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1962-63)Parallelism between grassland and forest types of Bellary district.Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 132-141A brief account of the geography, geology , soil, climate and sevengrassland types is given for Bellary district. Each grassland type isassociated with a particular forest type. The succession vegetation istraced.1466 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Rai, P. (1981)Response of nitrogen and phosphorus on the seed yield of pusayellow anjan (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.). Seed Research. 9: 1-5The response of 3 levels of nitrogen (0, 20 and 40 kg N ha -1 ) and 2levels of phosphorus (0 and 20 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) for three consecutiveyears (1968-70) on the seed production of Pusa Yellow Anjan(Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.) was studied. Application of nitrogen @ 20and 40 kg N ha -1 significantly increased the seed yield by 198.83 and394.83%, respectively over the control. There was no significant

esponse of phosphorus or the seed yield either as soil application onfoliar spray. Maximum seed production was obtained during 1968.1467 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Dabadghao, P.M., Ravi Kumar andRai, P. (1977)Effect of defoliation management and manuring on dry matteryields and quality in Sehima nervosum, Cenchrus ciliaris andCenchrus setigerus. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 441-454Studies to determine the effect of defoliation intervals (10, 20, 30and 60 days), cutting height (5, 10 and 15 cm) and three nitrogenlevels (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha -1 ) on dry matter yields and quality inthree range grasses showed that sixty days cutting interval gavehighest dry matter yield in S. nervosum followed by that fromC. ciliaris and C. setigerus. Clipping at 15 cm height gave maximumforage yield in S. nervosum followed by that from C. setigerus andC. ciliaris and appears to be a safe degree of utilisation. C. ciliarisand C. setigerus show significant response to any level of nitrogenapplication. The crude protein content was maximum in C. setigerusat different cutting intervals followed by that from C. ciliaris andS. nervosum. Nitrogen enhanced the crude protein in all threegrasses. Maximum underground biomass production was observedin C. setigerus at 60 days cutting interval. This trend wasdiscernible at lower intervals in C. ciliaris and S. nervosum.C. setigerus alone showed consistent increase in undergroundbiomass production and carbohydrate content at different cuttingheights and cutting intervals. Carbohydrate increased with differentnitrogen levels in C. ciliaris only.1468 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Vyas, S.P., Kathju, S. and Lahiri, A.N.(1979)Effects of nitrogen and defoliation on the root and rhizome ofCenchrus ciliaris. East African Agricultural Forestry Journal. 44:322-327Longer cutting interval (60 days) promoted root and rhizome growthwith an associated increase in the concentrations of nutrientsparticularly of nonstructural carbohydrates, in these parts. Largercutting height (15 cm) increased the root number and also the rootbinding index but its influence on the nutrient accumulation in rootand rhizome was not very obvious. Nitrogen up to 40 kg ha -1promoted root and rhizome growth without any marked change inthe concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.Accumulation of carbohydrates was generally more under lower doseof nitrogen (20 kg ha -1 ).

1469 Sharma, B.D., Bawa, A.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1990)Use of water absorbing polymer for the establishment of sewan(Lasiurus sindicus) pasture. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 137-139Grass yield was significantly higher in band placement of polymer(47.0 q ha -1 ) over other treatments. There was an increase in waterholding capacity and field capacity with the application of polymerup to 20 kg ha -1 . The infiltration rate gradually decreased withincrease in application of polymer up to 20 kg ha -1 .1470 Sharma, K.D., Verma, C.M. and Kalla, A.K. (1980)Studies on soil moisture storage under contour furrows during thegrowing season of Cenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 37-42Mean soil moisture storage remained highest at the centre of furrowthroughout the season. It was although at par at the middle of ridgebut was significantly higher than that of top of mound and centreline of horizontal spacing. Mean soil moisture in 60 cm soil profile ateach place was found to be significantly correlated with effective soilmoisture factor. The highest depletion and low peak retention wereobserved at the centre of furrow and top of mound, respectively.1471 Singh, K.C. and Rao, A.S. (1996)Water use and production potential of Lasiurus sindicus Henr. inthe Thar desert of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Arid Environments.33: 261-262Over a 4 year period from 1990-93, L. sindicus Henr. in the Thardesert at Jodhpur produced 2995 to 3587 kg ha -1 of forage drymatter at rainfall varying from 182-775 mm. The grass (Leaf areaindex = 1.33) intercepted 33 to 54% of insulation. Water use of thegrass varied from 144 to 271 mm and water-use efficiency variedfrom 13.2 to 20.8 kg DM ha -1 mm -1 . RANGETEK model predictedyields of L. sindicus within + 8% to -12% of recorded yields.1472 Singh, K.C., Rao, A.S. and Singh, H.P. (1996)Estimation of production potential and yield of sewan (Lasiurussindicus) grass in Thar desert of Rajasthan. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 66: 413-417Unirrigated sewan grass (L. sindicus Henr.) in the Thar desertregion of Rajasthan, near Jodhpur, produced up to 3587 kg ha -1 dryforage, depending on the seasonal rainfall, varying from 182-775mm during 1990-94. The mean plant height was 104 cm and numberof tillers 63 plant -1 . The grass stand, which had a mean leaf-areaindex of 1.33, intercepted 33-54% insulation at peak stand stage.

Maximum air temperature and wind speed showed negativecorrelation, whereas rainfall, rainy days and relative humidity hadpositive correlation with dry-forage yield. The water use of the grasswas 144-326 mm, resulting in water-use efficiency of 9.3-20.8 kg drymatter ha -1 mm -1 . The grass utilised the thermal energy efficientlyunder adequate moisture, as indicated by heat-use efficiency of 0.60-0.77 kg dry matter ha -1 l -1 C. The soil-water balance arid yield indexvalues for the area during these years, using RANGETEK model,predicted dry-forage yields of L. sindicus within 8-12% from therecorded yields.1473 Singh, K.C., Rao, A.S. and Singh, H.P. (1996)Forage yield of Cenchrus ciliaris pasture and its prediction in thearid region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 155-157Soil water balance parameters computed using RANGETEK modelrevealed that potential transpiration varied from 203 to 280 mmwith a mean of 242 mm, where as actual transpiration from 101 to162 mm with a mean value 136 mm. The potential soil evaporationvaried from 83 to 96 mm with mean value 91 mm where as theactual values were between 27 and 80 mm with a mean of 43 mm.The predicted yields using the RANGETEK model were 3220, 3061,3181, 2465 and 3021 kg ha -1 during 1990 to 1994. The deviationsbetween the predicted forage the recorded yield were between 10and + 15%.1474 Singh, M. (1984)Effect of planting geometry on the yield of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. inarid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 367-69Averaged over three years, the plant height and number of tillersincreased with increasing spacing. The study thus suggests thatwhere aim is to take full yield of grass and a bonus yield of legumes,planting geometry of 30 x 60/90 cm is adequate.1475 Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1976)Influence of rainfall on the forage production of promising desertgrasses. Forage Research. 2: 187-188This note attempts to identify and establish relationship betweeneffective rainfall and total green herbage production of fivepromising desert grasses, viz., C. ciliaris (357), C. ciliaris (358),Cenchrus setigerus (175), Panicum antidotale (341) and Lasiurussindicus (318) grown at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur during 1971 to 1974.

1476 Singh, R.P. and Singh, K.C. (1973)A note on seed production in some promising desert grasses grownon drylands as influenced by fertiliser use. Indian Journal ofAgronomy. 18: 527-528Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus, Panicum antidotale and Lasiurussindicus are some of the promising grasses for the arid and semiaridconditions of western Rajasthan. Studies on seed production inthe established grasses as influenced by fertiliser use, were takenup. Application of fertilisers resulted not only in increased height ofthe main shoot but also in higher numbers of tillers per plant.1477 Singh, R.P. and Smoliak, S. (1973)A note on the effects of nitrogen levels and methods of application onthe emergence and growth of slender wheatgrass (Agropyrontrachcaulum) on dryland. Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 183-185Drilling of nitrogen along with the seed at sowing time proveddeleterious to the emergence of seedlings and resulted in reducedleaf height and number of tillers per plant. There was no significantdifference in emergence, plant growth, and dry matter production,among levels of nitrogen. However, methods of nitrogen applicationhad a pronounced effect on dry matter production. Broadcasting orbanding the fertiliser nitrogen proved superior to drilling nitrogenwith the seed, which resulted in significantly lower dry matterproduction than the former two methods.1478 Singh, R.P. and Smoliak, S. (1976)Dry matter yields and nitrate nitrogen content of Agropyrontrachycaulum as influenced by levels and methods of nitrogenapplication. Forage Research. 1: 163-164In order to obtain higher yields of forage it is advisable to either drill20 kg N ha -1 at the time of seeding or band the fertiliser nitrogen 5cm to the sides of the seeded rows. Both these methods are distinctlysuperior to the broadcast method.1479 Singh, S.D. and Singh, Y.V. (1989)Design capacity of irrigation system in sprinkler-irrigated sewan(Lasiurus sindicus) pasture. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 59: 686-96In the conditions characterised by 100 cm effective rooting depth, 2-year design frequency, 100% allowable water depletion and 80%irrigation efficiency, the design capacity of the sprinkler system toirrigate 1000 ha sewan (L. sindicus Henr.) pasture as 1013 litres sec -

1 for March with 0.7 pan coefficient. At this flow rate it will take 7days to complete the irrigation with 4 pump-sets, each of 64 HP.1480 Singh, S.D., Singh, Y.V. and Singh, K.C. (1990)Water use and production potential of sprinkler-irrigated sewan(Lasiurus sindicus) pastures in Thar desert. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 60: 23-28The effect of 6 levels of supplemental irrigation in a 2 year-oldestablished pasture of sewan grass (L. sindicus Henr.), and 6 levels(100, 90, 80, 55, 32 and 0%) of water-deficit replacement factoriallycombined with 4 levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha -1 ) of nitrogen in theinitial new establishment phase of the pasture were studied in Thardesert of Rajasthan. The increase in the quantity of supplementalirrigation was related to logarithmic increase in yield of dry forage,i.e. 4.6 tonnes ha -1 the highest yield and 37 kg mm -1 water thehighest water-use efficiency, resulting from 117.7 mm total water.The grass planted with rooted slips in August provided the first cutin November. It became dormant in winter, but resumed growthfrom the second half of February giving additional 4 cuts at monthlyintervals during March-June. When in the plot with 100% waterdeficitreplacement, before each cut the soil was depleted of 92%available water in the post-monsoon period, and to -11 to -4 mmavailable soil moisture in summer, no wilting symptoms wereobserved in plants. Higher irrigation imposed greater demand onfertiliser N. The treatment combining 80 kg ha -1 N and 90%available water-deficit replacement gave the highest yield of greenforage (25.1 tonnes ha -1 ) and dry forage (8.8 tonnes ha -1 ). Water-useefficiency was linked with soil fertility, which declined onapplication of more water under low fertility, and increased steadilyup to use of 400 mm water, followed by an increase at a constantrate of 42 kg green fodder mm -1 of irrigation up to 700 mm, whichwas the total irrigation requirement to maintain the irrigatedgrassland throughout the year under high fertility (80 kg N ha -1 ).1481 Srinivasan, V., Bonde, W.C. and Tejwani, K.G. (1962)Studies on grasses and their suitability to stabilise maintain bundsin the ravine lands of Gujarat. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation in India. 10: 72-78Out of 12 promising species of grasses Dicanthium annulatumAmphilophis glabra and Andropogon ischaemum were the best soilbinders provided excellent ground cover and gave good yield offodder.1482 Sudhakar, N., Swami, M.L. and Yadav, M.S. (1994)

Performance of Cenchrus ciliaris varieties at Bhuj. Annals of AridZone. 33: 335-336The performance of Var. Marwar Anjan (CAZRI-75) was superiorover other varieties tested. The superiority of this variety ofC. ciliaris grass was consistent in all type of rainfall situations.Among the other varieties tested, CAZRI-122, FS-391 and CAZRI-1263 were promising.1483 Suresh Kumar. (1991)Assessment of grazing resources and their demand-availabilitystatus through rain use efficiency analysis in arid land villages.Forage Research. 17: 45-54Natural grazing resources, both browse and herbaceous specieswhich sustain livestock in the arid regions, have been estimated in acluster of six villages in Bikaner district, western Rajasthan.Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus nummularia and Calligonumpolygonoides were the predominant browse species, whereasLasiurus sindicus constituted the herbaceous grazing resource.Their density and distribution was poor in community grazing landcompared to privately owned land. While browse availability wasadequate, the grass availability was much less. Rain use efficiencyanalysis revealed that even at an average annual precipitation of290 mm, the area faces chronic shortage of over 20% of theestimated demand.1484 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1986)Grass covers of the Guhiya Catchment of the Upper Luni Basin I.Present and potential herbage production and carrying capacity.Indian Journal of Forestry. 9: 126-131The existing grazing lands in the Guhiya catchment of the UpperLuni Basin have been classified into seven distinct types. Theproduction of these grazing lands on different habitat was very low,and so was their existing carrying capacity. Protection of thesegrazing lands alongwith introduction of potential grasses, shrubsand trees can increase the carrying capacity of these grazing lands.1485 Thakur, S.S., Patnayak, B.C. and Lal Chand. (1985 )Nutritional value of Lasiurus sindicus pasture. Annals of Arid Zone.24: 109-113Nutritional value of Lasiurus sindicus (Sewan) pasture in spring(March-April) and autumn (August-September) seasons was

studied, Digestibility of all the nutrients was higher in autumn.Digestibility of the crude protein was very low (17.9%) in spring andhigh (75.1%) in autumn. The intake of crude protein (CP), digestiblecrude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) was higher(124.0, 93.4, 526.4 g day -1 , respectively) in autumn than that inspring (31.6, 5.9, 266.5 g day -1 , respectively). No significantdifference was however, observed in the dry matter intake in thetwo seasons. In spring, the sewan pasture was poor in DCP andTDN. Protein and energy supplementation should, therefore, beprovided to the Marwari ewes for optimum production.1486 Verma, C.M. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1969)Study on the pasture establishment technique. Annals of Arid Zone.8: 52-57The seedlings had comparatively a higher rate (21.3) of survival perplot than that of the rooted slips (7.8). Closer spacing i.e. 50 cm alsoindicated better establishment of the pasture with four number oftransplants per hill. Closer spacings (50, 75 cm) encouraged theheight growth as compared to wider (100 cm) spacing but basaldiameter and tillering were unaffected due to spacing treatment.The pasture established from seedlings produced significantlyhigher yield of forage as compared to that from rooted slips.1487 Verma, C.P. (1975)Effect of spacing and phosphate fertiliser on forage and seed yield ofDolichos lab lab var. Lignosus. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 235-240Inter-row spacing of 25 cm resulted in maximum forage yield butthe effect of spacing treatments on the seed yield was not wellmarked. Significantly higher fodder yields were obtained with 40and 80 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 over the control. Increase of the order of 2.0,23.3 and 39.8% in seed yield over control was recorded with theapplication of 20, 40 and 80 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 , respectively. Finally, theeconomic analysis of differential cost and return structure incidentalto phosphatic fertiliser use indicated the usefulness of 40 kg P 2 O 5ha -1 .1488 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1987)Herbage yield and carrying capacity of grass covers in the desertdistrict of Jaisalmer. Tropical Ecology. 28: 239-245Four grassland types identified in Jaisalmer district together cover95% of the land; cropping is confined to small discontinuous patchesthat total up to 5% of the land. Among the grasslands, the Lasiurustype occupies the largest area (80%) of land, followed byDactyloctenium-Eleusine type (8.64%), Aristida type (6.06%) and

Sporobolus-Eleusine type. The average existing forage yield wasestimated at 687 Kg ha -1 in Lasiurus type, 275 Kg ha -1 inDactyloctenium-Eleusine type, 180 Kg ha -1 in Aristida type and 650Kg ha -1 in Sporobolus-Eleusine type. The existing forage productionwas found to be surplus-enough to support at least twice the presentlivestock population. Comparison of present production with thatunder protected condition (potential yield) reveals that four foldincrease in the surplus production is possible by proper range carei.e., reseeding, self-seeding in 4-compartment grazing system andavoiding selective grazing etc.1489 Yadav, M.S. (1987)Analysis of plant types in Lasiurus sindicus Henr. Annals of AridZone. 26: 171-175Six patterns were recognised depending upon the pattern of changeof relative size of the successive internodes from the base upwards.A few genotypes exhibited only one growth phase e.g. acceleratedgrowth, while others exhibited a combination of any two or threegrowth phases e.g. accelerated, uniform and retarded. Genotypesdiffered in the presence of one or more growth phases and theirsequence. The genotypes with two or more growth peaks had higherdry matter yield than those with single of no growth peak. Theutility of different internode patterns from the point of view ofassociation with forage yielding ability and leaves position has beendiscussed.1490 Yadav, M.S. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1987)Factor analysis of fodder yield components in Lasiurus sindicusHenr. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 1-4Three factors together accounted for most of the inter-correlation.Tiller number, branch number, green fodder yield and dry matteryield could be grouped together as productivity factor; culmthickness, leaf breadth and leaf length as growth factor; plantheight, leaf-stem ratio and leaf breadth as forage quality factor. Theconstitution of factors was same in the two environments. Theloading on quality factors were relatively unstable whereas theloading on productivity and growth factors play a pivotal roletowards diversity in L. sindicus. Criterion of selection for breedingvarieties rich in yield and quality of fodder is discussed.1491 Yadav, M.S., Patil, B.D. and Bhag Mal. (1980)Biometrical approach to selection for fodder yield attributes in aridzone grass, buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.) Annals of Arid Zone. 19:477-479

Progress by selection could be achieved for plant height and tillernumber. The presence of significant genotype X harvest interactionssuggested that the breeder should formulate the selection criteria onthe basis of several harvests for genetic improvement in this grass.Rangeland Management1492 Ahuja, L.D. (1961)Cattle industry and pasture development in Rajasthan.Gosamvardhana. 11: 13-16Recommendation on improvements of native grasslands in westernRajasthan in the light of results of Research achieved at CentralArid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur are given various rangecondition classes viz. `poor', `good' and `excellent' met with in thispart of country are discussed and their carrying capacity are given.Important useful trees suitable for the ranges in western Rajasthanand their performance is briefly given. Deferment during earlygrowing period to the grassland has indicated beneficial results forvegetation. Reseeding of grasslands with suitable perennial grassseeds gives 80 to 100 mds of forage per acre.1493 Ahuja, L.D. (1978)Effect of different intensities of grazing stress on production of aCenchrus-Aristida rangeland in the arid zone of India. Annals ofArid Zone. 17: 75-91Different intensities of grazing stress on rangelands with Cenchrus-Aristida cover had no influence on forage production over a period ofthree years, nor on production of high perennial grass species.Higher and evenly distributed rainfall had a very favourableinfluence on production of Cenchrus. Growth of yearling heifers ofKankrej breed was highest when the animals were givenconcentrates from December to June. The growth rate per animalwas double of that obtained under light intensity of grazing. Totalgrowth of yearling heifers per unit area per year was highest onmoderate intensity + concentrates feeding, moderate intensity,heavy intensity and light intensity, in descending order. Availablenutrients utilised on the range were highest under heavy intensityfollowed by moderate intensity and least under light intensity.Animals utilised less nutrients under treatment where in they werefed with concentrates from December to June. The average cost perkg of growth was highest under moderate to heavy intensities ofgrazing with concentrates feeding. But the increased growth underthese treatments would result in early maturity and greater lifetimeproduction. It is least under light intensity. During needy conditions

a "Good" rangeland with Cenchrus- Aristida cover with annualrainfall of about 500 mm can be subjected to moderate to heavyintensity of grazing stress, for a short duration without permanentinjury to the range, provided stumps of perennial species are kept10-12 cm above the ground.1494 Ahuja, L.D. and Mann, H.S. (1975)Rangeland development and management in west Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 29-44Range and pasture development in the arid zone of Rajasthan offersa good prospect, but it involves development and conservation of soiland water resources, and selection of the more productive, palatableand drought resistant plant species to provide the required food. Themethodology of rangeland and pasture development andimprovement involves selection of sites, protection from bioticfactors, grubbing out unwanted bushes, propagation of top feed cumshade trees, adoption of soil conservation measures, stabilisation ofsand dunes, forage production, reseeding with appropriate grassspecies, fertilisation, development of water resources, rodent controland controlled animal husbandry to help establish productive rangefor their long term utilisation in profitable livestock production.1495 Ahuja, L.D. and Vishwanatham, M.K. (1976)Growth of sheep of chokla breed under different systems of grazingon a saline rangeland in the arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 15: 102-105Under the conditions from this experiment different pastoraltreatments within a season did not significantly affect the growthrate of the ram lambs. Growth on year long basis per lamb of thechokla breed averaged 18.4 kg. On saline soils the animals showedgains in their body weight throughout the year but there wasconsiderable variation in body weight due to seasons.1496 Ahuja, L.D., Bhimaya, C.P. and Prajapati, M.C. (1968)Preliminary studies on effect of different intensities of grazing stresson a desert rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 62-70The heifers gained 3.7 kg per fortnight under all pastoraltreatments from 16th July for 6 fortnights which is a fairly good rateof growth. Thereafter the growth rate declined sharply. The gainsper fortnight per heifer, on an average, under PT1 for the rest ofyear was practically nil. Against this with supplement feeding fromDecember onwards the gains were 2.5 and 2.8 kg per heifer underPT4 and PT5, respectively. Therefore, the indications are that it isadvisable to provide supplemental feeding to the growing and

productive animals on the ranges during lean period of the year tokeep their normal growth rates.1497 Ahuja, L.D., Bhattacharya, B.B., Bhasa Ram and Yadav, M.D.(1974)Range management studies : growth of Kankrej heifers on differentintensities of grazing stress on Cenchrus-Aristida rangeland. Annalsof Arid Zone. 13: 349-352For optimum growth, it is essential to provide concentrates to theanimals during the lean period i.e. from December to June, grazingon the carrying capacity basis has been considered the second bestgrazing treatment.1498 Ahuja, L.D., Prajapati, M.C., Vyas, K.K. and Abbasi, G.R.(1970)Growth of sheep of Jaisalmeri breed under different systems ofgrazing on Aristida-eleusine pasture in arid regions of Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 265-271The results of this study revealed that (a) different pastoraltreatments did not significantly affect the growth rate of ram lambs,(b) growth on yearlong basis was 24.51 kg per (range 23.4 to 25.4Kg) animal per year, (c) seasons affected the growth ratesignificantly. The growth rate was highest during July to October(14.7 kg lamb -1 ) and least during March and April.1499 Ahuja, L.D., Verma, C.M., Sharma, S.K. and Lamba, T.R. (1978)Range management studies on the contribution of ground storey(grass) in afforested areas in arid regions. Annals of Arid Zone. 17:304-310Production of under storey phytomass (grass) was significantlylower under Acacia senegal in comparison to that under rest of threespecies. Yield of grass varied with rainfall but perennial grass yieldswere higher when rainfall period extended beyond September. Thereare indications that lower yields of grass in A. senegal plots may bedue to significantly higher tree population. Correlation between thetree population and forage yield within a tree species was notsignificant.1500 Ahuja, L.D., Vishwanatham, M.K., Vyas, K.K. and Kundan Lal.(1974)Growth of sheep of Chokla breed under different systems of grazingon rangelands in the arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 13: 259-265

Different pastoral treatments did not significantly affect the growthrate of ram lambs. Growth on yearlong basis was 19.3 kg per animalper year (range 17.8 to 20.5). Body growth was significantly affectedby the seasons indirectly through shifts in the nutritive value ofdifferent species on the range. Growth was highest (7.8 kg/animal)during July-August when forage is succulent and highly nutritiveand least during October-November and March-April.1501 Bawa, A.K. (1985)Growth pattern of heifers under different system of grazing onLasiurus sindicus rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 237-240A study to compare the effect of two grazing treatments withyearling heifers of 85-90 kg body weight, stocked at 1.5 ha/heifer onLasiursus Eleusine dominated rangeland for five years revealed thatannual weight gains ranged from 64.4 to 53.4 kg/heifer. Variationsin the body weight gains were statistically non significant.Maximum body weight increase (28.1 kg/heifer) during August-Sept.and minimum (-1.3 kg/heifer) during December-January werestatistically significant.1502 Bhimaya, C.P. and Ahuja, L.D. (1969)Criteria for determining condition class of rangelands in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 73-79With a view to find out the quickest means for proper use andregeneration of different condition classes of rangelands, theirconditions classes were determined. Dichanthium-Cenchrus-Lasiurus type was classified as excellent condition while Aristida-Eragrostis sub type as per condition for the arid region.1503 Bhimaya, C.P., Chakravarty, A.K., Das, R.B. and Bhati, G.N.(1969)Grazing studies in the arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan.Indian Journal of Animal Science. 39: 416-428Grazing study with 1½-year old steers, 1-year-old wethers andcastrated goats was conducted successively during 3 successiveperiods commencing from 1963-64 in natural and protected pastureat Pali in the semi-arid zone of Rajasthan. There were 6 animals ofeach kind of livestock; the steers were allotted 2.4 ha and thewethers and goats 0.4 ha each for the purpose of grazing all the yearround. The steers had shown body-weight gains from July toDecember, whereas the wethers and goats from June to December.The animals may gain in weight in some months between Januaryto June, but this is followed by a loss. This may be due to low

nutritive value of pasture forage and low winter and high summertemperatures as well. There was overall reduction in plant cover dueto 3 years of successive grazing, the decrease being 0.5% in steerpaddock, 7 and 3.5% in wether and goat paddocks, respectively.Proportionate body weights of different classes of livestock and theirproportionate forage consumption was almost the same in the firsttwo periods of grazing. Animal equivalent of 6:1:1 for steers, wethersand goats, respectively, worked out on the basis of body weights andforage consumption held good during the first two periods ofgrazing.1504 Chakravarty, A.K., Ram Ratan and Singh, K.C. (1970)Grazing studies in the arid and semi-arid zones of Rajasthan VII.Utilisation of vegetative cover, grazing behaviour of sheep andseasonal pastures. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 10-16The extent of utilisation of plant population was 38.7, 7.9, 52.2 and47.1 per transact (10 metre sent in the paddocks) 1 to 4, respectivelyagainst the respective plant population of 48.3, 20.5, 63.6 and 70.4per transact in the paddocks. The perennial grasses viz. C. ciliaris,C. setigerus, L. sindicus withstood the grazing stress well and therewas an overall increase in their basal cover, ranging from 0.5 to 3per transact in different pasture paddocks. C. setigerus was found tobe the most palatable among the perennial grasses where asBrachiaria ramosa, Convolvulus microphyllus, Indigofera cordifoliaand I. linifolia were found to be more palatable among the annualspecies. Crude protein percentage of the perennial grasses variedfrom 9.2 to 2.8% in different seasons of the year and it graduallydecreased from September onwards. Among the annual speciesBoerhavia diffusa. C. microphyllus, I. cordifolia and I. linifoliarecorded comparatively higher crude protein percentage of 17.3,17.5, 11.7 and 12.4, respectively.1505 Das, R.B. and Paroda, R.S. (1980)Rational utilisation of grazing resources for sustained primary andsecondary productivity in arid zone of western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 407-412Among sown pastures inclusion of L. sindicus pasture enhancedboth an important and secondary productivity pasture having amixed stand of both Cenchrus spp. and L. sindicus gave morestocking rate and produced higher dry matter, more number oflambs and high yield of wool per unit of land. Improvement inprimary as well as secondary productivity was evident when thegrass utilisation was through deferred rotational system comparedto continuous grazing.

1506 Das, R.B. and Yadav, R.C. (1979)Development of CAZRI "Staggered pitting disker" for waterharvesting and increased pasture productivity in arid zone. Annalsof Arid Zone. 18: 96-100The design of a "CAZRI staggered Pitting Disker" has beendescribed and it was observed by employing this implement,moisture conservation was more resulting in higher forageproduction of arid grasses.1507 Das, R.B., Dabadghao, P.M., Marwaha, S.P. and Roy, R.D.(1963)Grazing capacity studies in grasslands of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 14-25During the experimental period, the rainfall conditions weresubnormal, normal and above normal for the respective three years.On an average the wethers produced 1099 gms. of wool per head peryear, which compares favourably with the average production of theMarwari breed. The average grazing capacity was calculated at 6.17wethers per hectare on the basis of 70% utilisation. Allowing forimprovement of the poor grassland, the grazing capacity formaintenance is recommended at 2.47 wethers per hectare on yearlong basis. Grazing trials repeated during 1960-61 confirmed thisrate.1508 Gupta, A.K. and Joshi, D.C. (1984)Effect of grazing on protein and mineral composition, and in vitrodry-matter digestibility of different pasture species of the arid zone.Indian Journal of Animal Science. 54: 270-274In this paper data on nutritional value of important arid zone plantspecies occurring in different pastures under grazed and ungrazedconditions have been reported.1509 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1970)Some ecological aspects of improvement and management of sewan(Lasiurus sindicus) rangelands. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 193-208Natural pastures of sewan grass (L. sindicus and L. ecaudatus)mainly provide fodder to live stock in the extreme north-west dryregions of Rajasthan desert. These rangelands are in a bad shapeand in a depleted condition, due to overgrazing and lack ofmanagement practices. Distribution of these rangelands has shownthat they occupy mainly the districts of Barmer, Bikaner, andJaisalmer and roughly follow an isohyte of about 250 mm. Lighttextured sandy soils of undulating and hummocky plains with low

fertility status support these rangelands. The seeds are dimorphic,percentage germination decreases with the increasing concentrationof salts. Husked seeds when sown in different soil types showedmaximum germination and growth on older alluvium soils. In asown pasture, L. sindicus produces 3.99 g unit -1 day -1 of aboveground biomass while the average dry matter production is 13.2 qha -1 , in 1968. If calculated on a carrying capacity basis it comes toabout 3 hectare per adult cattle on year long basis. Problems ofsewan range improvement have been discussed and suggestions forits improvement and management have been made based on thesestudies.1510 Gupta, R.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1980)Ecological studies on Eleusine compressa - a potential grass forsheep pasturage in the arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 1-14E. compressa, a drought evading perennial grass, occurs on almostall the habitats in western Rajasthan. The seeds do not germinatebelow 35° C. Percentage germination is higher in darkness ascompared to continuous light treatment. Dry seeds can tolerate ahot air temperature of 100° C, the seeds succumb after one hourtreatment. Percentage germination decreased with the increase insalt content of water. Percentage basal cover decreased with cattlegrazing under all systems of grazing. The grass showed optimumperformance on tank silt with good moisture holding capacity.Minimum moisture percentage basal cover was recorded during thepre-monsoon season which increased with the monsoons. Successivedrought for 2 years at Jodhpur decreased the plant population perunit area considerably. Protected grasslands on the alluvial flats atJodhpur gave an average production rate of 0.53 g m - ² per dayduring the growing season of 90 days; while in the overgrazedperiod, the figure goes down to 0.21 g m - ² day -1 .1511 Gupta, R.K. and Sharma, S.K. (1971)Grasses of the rangelands in arid Rajasthan. Journal D’ Agric.Tropicale Et De Botanique Appliquee,T. 18: 50-99The present studies aims to record all the grasses based on thecollections made in the area during the surveys for the last fewyears. Ecological notes on their utilisation and distribution areprovided so that a proper understanding of the interaction of soilclimateand grasses is available for renovating the existing overgrazedand depleted pastures and for rehabilitating the denudedhabitats.1512 Harsh, L.N. and Mauria, S. (1985)

Introduction of stylos in Marvel grass stands. Annals of Arid Zone.24: 223-228Studies were carried out on the introduction of stylos (Stylosantheshamata (Linn.) Taub. and S. scabra) in Marvel grass (Dichanthiumannulatum (Forsk.) stapf) grassland with and without soil working.The maximum dry forage yield (42 q ha -1 ) of grass legume mixturewas recorded in treatment T3 (S. hamata + D. annulatum with soilworking). The crude protein yield was also highest (2.37 q ha -1 ) inthis treatment. Increase in the protein yield was over 88.09% ascompared to the pure grass.1513 Harsh, L.N. and Yadav, M.D. (1987)Management of Sporobolus-Eleusine grassland by grazing systems.Indian Journal of Range Management. 8: 67-72A grazing study was initiated at range management areJaswantgarh of CAZRI, Jodhpur for the consecutive six years from1969-70 to 1974-75. The area was dominated by Sporobolus-Eleusinetypes of grasses. Different deferred grazing systems were comparedwith continuous grazing system. Deferred rotational grazing system(2:4:4:2) was found to be most suitable over the other deferredrotational grazing systems. In this system maximum live weightgain (80.9 kg heifer -1 year -1 ) was attained. It was also observed thatgains in weight varies in different seasons. The maximum weightwas gained during August-September (24.0 kg heifer -1 ) followed byJune-July. Deferred rotational grazing system also have positiveeffect on the maintenance of forage production. In continuousgrazing, the grass production declined over the time. Hencedeferment of 2:4:4:2 is best for the higher livestock production aswell as forage production.1514 Harsh, L.N., Murthyunjaya and Mauria, S. (1984)Economics of pasture development in Pali. Annals of Arid Zone. 23:143-147Provision for sufficient forages is sine qua none of livestockdevelopment in arid areas of western Rajasthan. The presenteconomic edge of livestock enterprise can be maintained only ifsizeable marginal and submarginal lands are allocated in favour ofpastures. Technological feasibility of pasture development have beenestablished beyond any doubt. But it is only a necessary and not asufficient condition. For, eventual transfer of pasture landmanagement technology, its economic viability must be tested.Every rupee invested for pasture development would on an average

generate Rs. 0.11. The positive net present value, annuity and highinternal rate of return ensures that the land allocation in favour ofpastures is economically a viable proposition which would cover theentire cost of operation within a relatively short time of six years.1515 Jain, M.B. (1967)Studies in the techniques of field trials in range lands I. Size, shapeand arrangement of plots. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 129-137The grazing experiments, especially long term, with either cattle orsheep require special consideration. In such experiments plots haveto be large enough to meet the normal grazing requirements all theyear round without causing any injury to the range andretrogression of desirable species. The plot size will vary accordingto the carrying capacity of different classes of rangelands viz., `poor',`fair', `good' and `excellent'. Further, with the limited financialresources at hand, the plot shape has to be nearly square as itsfencing cost is the minimum as compared to all other non-circularshapes. Under these circumstances, the best procedure to reduce theexperimental error may be to stratify the experimental area on thebasis of composition of vegetation which can be read from the stockmap of the area and assign the blocks to the homogeneousvegetational strata thus formed; the number of such strata beingequal to number of replications.1516 Jain, M.B. and Bohra, R.K. (1968)Studies in the techniques of field trials in range lands. II. Thefrequency distribution of plot yields. Annals of Arid Zone. 7: 71-74In the case of natural pastures, there is a minimum size of plotbelow which the assumption of normality of the yield distribution isnot justified. Under the conditions of the trial, the yields from plotsof size 9 square metres with shape 9:1 keep very close to theassumption. While discussing the size, shape and arrangement ofplots in an earlier study. It was pointed out that the smallest plot ofsize one m 2 arranged in compact blocks required the minimumexperimental area for a given level of precision. To satisfy thenecessary condition of normality for valid statistical interpretations,the minimum plot size should, however, be taken around nine m 2 .Incidentally from the point of this size and shape will also be moreconvenient as compared to small plots.1517 Kackar, N.L. and Bawa, A.K. (1983)Growth of yearling heifers under different systems of grazing onsewan (Lasiurus sindicus) grassland. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 53-57

The study involving four treatments with yearling heifers of 75-100kg body weight and stocked at 3 ha/animal revealed the body weightwithin treatments were, however, statistically non-significant.Marked seasonal variations in the body weight gain were influencedby seasonal variations in the production of herbage which inter aliaappeared to be related to the quantum and to the distributionpattern of rains. Maximum body weight gain, i.e. 19.4 kg wasrecorded during the rainy period, i.e. August to September andminimum, i.e. -2.02 kg, during dry period, i.e. April-May.1518 Kaul, R.N. and Chakravarty, A.K. (1968)Range development in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 7:258-264As against poor rangeland which could sustain 2.5 sheep ha -1 , sownpasture of Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerus and Dichanthiumannalutum could support 7.60, 6.01 and 6.93 sheep to an hectare,respectively, without impairing the rangelands.1519 Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1963)Fodder potential of Zizyphus in the scrub grazing lands of arid zone.Indian Forester. 89: 624-630Reviews the role of fodder yielding tree and shrub species naturallyoccurring in the scrub grazing lands of the world, summarises theresults of the investigation to determine optimum density of Z.nummularia in scrub grazing lands of arid Rajasthan. A 14%density of Z. nummularia yielded maximum forage yield per unitarea. Correlation between yield and crown spread, and number ofbranches and crown spread was found to be highly significant.Prediction equation for forecasting yield for a given value of crownspread of Z. nummularia was worked out.1520 Mauria, S. and Harsh, L.N. (1985)Comparison of different renovating measures for increasingpastureland productivity. Forage Research. 11: 91-95A comparison of burning and application of different culturalmeasures, viz., staggered pitting discer, disc harrow and cultivator,after the pre-monsoon season of 1979, in a four year old Cenchruspasture, is made to study the effects these operations on long termproductivity of the pasture. Yearly application of fertiliser incombination with these operations in the first year is also studied toobserve the possibility of the advantage of fertiliser application insuch systems in a transition region between arid and semi-aridportion of Rajasthan, India. Superiority of burning and putting

discer operations without any fertiliser application over othertreatments was revealed.1521 Mertia, R.S. (1984)Performance of ram lambs of Jaisalmer breed on Lasiurus-Eleusinerangeland in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 157-160Study on the systems of grazing with ram lambs of Jaisalmer breedthat grazed 10 months a year in the Lasiurus-Eleusine rangeland ata fixed stocking rate or 3 ram lambs ha -1 from August 1978 to May1979 and August 1979 to May 1980 revealed that, (a) growth rate ofram lambs was not affected significantly by pastoral treatments, (b)seasonality in the availability of forage on rangelands significantlyaffected the growth, and (c) the growth was highest during October-November and it declined significantly from December onwards.1522 Mertia, R.S. (1985)Growth of yearling heifers grazing on Cenchrus-Aristida grassland.Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 358-360A study to assess the growth of yearling heifers grazing onCenchrus-Aristida grassland was conducted. The maximum bodyweight gain was achieved during July-August and loss in bodyheight (-1.5 kg) during May-June. During September-October andNovember-December height gains were poor.1523 Mertia, R.S. (1987)Effect of selective grazing on the botanical composition of Lasiurussindicus grassland. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 293-295Percentage basal cover of L. sindicus declined over the years underthe grazing treatments involving predominance of cattle. In thegrazing treatments involving large number of ram lambs, the coverof the annual legume Indigofera cordifolia declined over the years.Different grazing treatments significantly affected the percentagebasal cover whereas frequency was affected significantly over theyears.1524 Narita, K., Mertia, R.S., Suresh Kumar, Ichikawa, Sanie,Furuka, A. (1997)Effects of different grazing intensities of sheep on arid and semi-aridgrasslands in the Thar desert, India. Tropics. 7: 105-114The influence of sheep grazing on species composition and coverageby vegetation in arid and semi-arid grasslands was observed along agradient of sheep grazing intensities during one growing season in

the Thar desert, India. In both the types of grasslands, four plotswere separated by fences and eight, six, three or zero sheep ha -1were introduced. Total coverage was higher and more stable undergrazing pressure in semi-arid than in the arid grasslands. Theimpact of grazing on vegetation coverage in the arid grasslands wasremarkable. The large variation in coverage in the arid grasslandwas due to three dominant annual legumes, Indigofera species,which accounted for 93% of total variance in coverage. In the semiaridgrassland, however, no dominant species was found and thechanges in coverage caused by grazing were small.1525 Parihar, D.R. (1981)Some aspects of life-history of a desert grasshopper, Ochrilidiaaffinis (Salfi), a pest of arid grazing lands in Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 20: 129-135The grasshopper, Ochrilidia affinis (Salfi), breeds twice a year. Thenumber of nymphal instars is variable from 5-6 in the male and 6-7in the female. The average incubation period of eggs is 18-25 ± 0.527days. A preponderance of female is observed in adults as well as inhoppers. The mode of copulation is of the riding type. Averageduration of life-span is 122.6 ± 1.635 and 145.0 ± 3.675 days for maleand female, respectively in the laboratory conditions. Thegrasshoppers are unable to sustain themselves on dry grasses andfail to complete their life-history.1526 Parihar, D.R. (1983)Abundance and damage of grasshoppers (Acridoidea) in grazing landvegetation in the Indian desert. Zeitschrift fur angewandteEntomologie. 96: 3-9Livestock-free grazing areas were used for studies of grasshopperdamage on three grazing lands in the Indian desert. Ochrilidiaaffinis, Pyragomorpha bispinosa deserti, and Acrotylushumbertianus were the major grasshopper species of theexperimental sites. Host plants and percentage composition of theseinsects were recorded. Three year study (1977-79) shows that thehighest losses (36.5 to 40.3%) of forage were recorded at Beechwalsite whereas the lowest (12.1 to 18.5%) at Chandan site. Losses ofvegetation were much due to cutting and dropping of leaves toground even on feeding them. Due to uneven pattern of feedingdisplayed by these insects, little correlation was found between thenumber of grasshoppers per unit area and losses of vegetation.1527 Paroda, R.S. and Bhag Mal. (1995)

Research priorities for improvement of rangelands. Annals of AridZone. 34: 227-231Pasture lands are major landuse systems in arid and semi-aridregions. These rangelands are being over-exploited due to increasedlivestock pressure leading to rapid depletion of natural vegetation.Immediate measures are, therefore, required for developingadequate location-specific management strategies for theirrehabilitation and improvement in order to have sustainedproduction. Some areas of research that need priority attention arefocused.1528 Prajapati, M.C. (1970)Effect of different systems of grazing by cattle on Lasiurus-Eleusine-Aristida grassland in arid region of Rajasthan vis-à-vis animalproduction. Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 114-124An experiment with four main treatments (seven sub-treatments) ofgrazing systems for cattle to obtain optimum animal productionconsistent with sustained range resources was carried out in areplicated randomised manner with five replications on a `Good'condition class Lasiurus- Eleusine-Aristida type rangeland at theRange Management and Soil Conservation Paddock, Jaisalmer from1965 to 1968. Continuous grazing (T 1 ), deferred grazing period i.e.two months alternate grazing (T 2 P 1 and T 2 P 2 ) without any specificprovision for seed production two months (T 2 P 2 and T 4 P 1 ) or fourmonths (T 3 P 2 ) early grazings are detrimental to the rangevegetation as compared to early deferment of grazing duringgrowing (August-September) and spring (March-April) seasons(T 4 P 2 ). It is more beneficial when the period of early deferment is offour months viz., August to November (T 3 P 1 ) as it allows the forageplant community to complete the life cycle and produce sufficientseed for future regeneration. Moreover, the reproduction fromvegetative organs is not disturbed and the desirable species competewell to keep down the less desirable ones. In this treatment of T 3 P 1 ,the decreases were minimum and invaders and unaffected oneswere maximum. The invading disappearing ratio (I/D Ratio) washighest. Although the animal production was significantly higherunder continuous grazing (T 1 ). It was steady, consistent and lessfluctuating only in the next best treatment of T 3 , slow and steadygains in animal production are more desirable than fluctuatinghigher gains.1529 Prajapati, M.C., Nambiar, K.T.N. and Rao, P.B. (1975)Ecological studies on village grazing lands around Bellary. Annals ofArid Zone. 14: 1-12

Ecological studies on eight village grazing lands around Bellaryrepresenting two soil types viz. heavy and medium and fourmagnitudes of grazing-stress viz. protected, moderate, heavy andvery heavy have brought out very clear relationships existingbetween the soil, the plant and the grazing-stress. Heavy soilssustain luxuriant growth of greater number of perennial grasses andother edible forage species and ultimately receive higher vegetativecover and yield more air dry pasturage as compared to the same bymedium soils. Fifteen years closure on heavy soils resulted intoclimax type Dichanthium-Eremopogon community forming an"Excellent" condition class grassland while four years closure onmedium soils brought up sub-climax type Chrysopogon-Heteropogoncommunity forming a "Fair" condition class of grassland. Theunsystematic and continuous grazing resulted into retrogression ofpasturage under all the magnitudes of grazing-stress on both soiltypes. The extent of deterioration in grassland condition increasedwith the increase in magnitude of grazing-stress.1530 Prakash, M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1964)Studies on different range condition class grasslands in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 3: 91-97The total plant cover in "Excellent", "Good", "Fair", and "Poor" rangecondition classes in 48.5, 30.4, 39.2 and 30.9%, respectively. Thetotal ineditables are high in 'Poor' and "Fair" classes, and equal in"Good" and "Excellent" classes. The high values of annuals in the"Excellent" class are due to their rapid growth and establishment inthe large interspaces available between Dicanthium clumps. In"Poor" and "Fair" condition class grasslands, the total edibles aremore in proportion in heavy soils than in light soils irrespective ofrainfall conditions. Correspondingly, the proportion of inediblespecies in higher in light soils and increases with reduction ofrainfall in "Fair" and "Poor" classes.1531 Raheja, P.C. (1962)Range improvement. Gosamvardhana. 10: 1-6The scheme of range management studies will ultimately have 64blocks. So far only 39 blocks have been set up and the results fromthese blocks have provided very useful information on plantsuccession; vegetative cover; forage production; natural grass coveron rangelands of different condition classes, effect of seedling, soilworking and fertilisation on forage production, engineering worksand livestock grazing studies.1532 Raheja, P.C. and Chopra, N.K. (1959)

A review of the fodder and grassland resources with suggestions fortheir early improvement. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.29: 131-139The present neglected state of our cattle should be improved byproper feeding, breeding and management, so that this vastpotential wealth of cattle can make valuable contribution inincreasing the national wealth of the country and in the standard ofliving of the people. In the mixed farming which is generallypractised by a large number of farmers, suitable crop rotations inwhich fodder crops especially legumes are included should beintroduced to suit different soil and climatic regions and croppingpatterns. The use of leguminous 'catch crops' be made popularespecially in paddy tracts. The cultural and manurial requirementsof forage crops should be worked out. The introduction of leys inmixed farming both under irrigated and rainfed conditions should beencouraged. The leys should be suitably fertilised. The grazing bycattle at site will add to the nutrient status of the soil.Arrangements should be made for supplying to the cultivators seedand planting material of the recommended fodder crops and grasses.Encouragement may be given to the cultivator to put in a fixedpercentage of his land under fodder. This can be in the form ofrebate in the purchase of seeds, fertilisers or water charges; etc. Theefficient use of grasslands can be only made if the duration andintensity of grazing is regulated. This can be determined by grazingaccording to the carrying capacity and the sound managementpractices. Reseeding of superior strains of herbage plants may betaken up, wherever feasible. Fertilising by top dressing whereconditions permit will increase out-turn per acre. Indiscriminateburning of grasslands should be stopped. The sub-marginal, wastelands, and areas which are constantly eroded by wind or water maybe planted or seeded with such grasses and legumes, which checkerosion and provide ample grazing material. Forest range land canprovide supplemental hay and pasturage; provided they aremanaged and looked after properly. The scope of research onpasture grasses and legumes and ley farming practices should bewidened by establishing Pasture Land Research Stations in variousagro-climatic regions of the country.1533 Raina, P. and Joshi, D.C. (1991)Influence of grazing on the soil fertility status of sown and naturalpastures in arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 197-201Present investigation deals with, comparison between differentgrass vegetation and grazing and their effects on soil fertility status.

The sown pastures maintained higher nutrient status of soilsespecially with ungrazed situation. The soil under natural pastureshave indicated a low nutrient status. The natural pastures have,however, shown a significant increase in the available potassium,manganese, copper and zinc content of the soils.1534 Rathore, S.S. (1987)Growth of yearling heifers under different systems of grazing onCenchrus - Eleusine Aristida pasture in arid region. Annals of AridZone. 26: 229-234Annual variations in body weight gain of yearling heifers (breedNagauri) on Cenchrus-Eleusine-Aristida dominated range-land (1.2ha heifer -1 ) ranged from 30.5 to 41.0 kg animal -1 in continuousgrazing and 52.21 to 59.58 kg animal -1 in deferred rotational grazingin arid western Rajasthan. Seasonal qualitative variation of theforage influenced the seasonal body weight gain. Weight gain wasmaximum during September-October and minimum during March-April.1535 Rathore, S.S. (1991)Grazing studies with ram lambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus -Aristida rangelands. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 357-360Comparative studies on continuous versus deferred rotationalgrazing system were carried out from August 1978 to July 1983 withram lambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus-Aristida grass cover atBhopalgarh. The average body weight gain was higher in continuousgrazing system than deferred rotational grazing system. The forageproduction did not vary much in both the system of grazing.However, year to year variation in body weight gain and forage yieldwas due to variation in rainfall.1536 Samraj, P. (1974)A survey of weeds of rangelands of western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 13: 129-138A survey of weeds flora was made during 1968 and 1969 on tenpaddocks selected at random in Sojat Unit of the Central Arid ZoneResearch Institute, Jodhpur. One hundred forty six speciesbelonging to 100 genera and 36 families are enumerated in thispaper. Compositae and Papilionaceae were the two most dominantfamilies with 17 weed species each.1537 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1977)

Impact of overgrazing on the grasslands. Annals of Arid Zone. 16:349-359Overgrazing in grasslands results in slow but inexorable deleteriouschange in botanical composition which however varies with the typeof grass cover, its palatability, forage productivity and the way inwhich it is utilised and the sequence of climatic events. It triggers ofsuccession and invariably the degenerated stage consists of inferiorless palatable perennials and annuals such as Oropetiumthomeaum, Aristida adscensionis and Eragrostis unioloidesaccompanied by reduction in the per cent cover of the desirablespecies.The physiognomy and growth of the desirable species are alsoaffected from "basket" to "saucer" shape which are stronglyinfluenced by grazing and soil moisture relations. The impact ofbrowsing is nowhere more pronounced than in top feed trees such asZizyphus nummularia, Salvadora oleoides which assume "bushform" whereas Prosopis cineraria and Anogeissus pendula become"pillow cushion" form.The dynamics of herbage production is influenced by the severity ofgrazing which is attributed to the destruction of shoot apexresulting in lowered growth rate as evidenced in Iseilema laxum,C. ciliaris, C. setigerus and Sehima nervosum grasslands.Concurrently the root biomass and root number also get decreasedwith overgrazing.Heavy intensity of grazing on Lasiurus-Aristida rangeland showedlowest weight gains in Tharparker yearling heifers both in low andmedium rainfall regime.The trampling by hooves of stock appear more damaging leading todisintegration of humus and organic matter and altering themechanical composition of the soils. The hydrology is drasticallyimpaired with high bulk density, lower infiltration and increasedrunoff. Overgrazing in grassland gave maximum runoff (27%) andmaximum soil loss (2100 lb. acre -1 ). Likewise in land use havingovergrazed fallow the runoff was 22% but soil loss was as high as2029 lb. acre -1 .1538 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Singh, S. (1983)Application of LANDSAT data in determining the range biomass inJodhpur district, western Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Societyof Photo-interpretation and Remote Sensing. 10: 17-22

The range biomass in three different soil types of Jodhpur districthas been estimated from the computer print out of LANDSATimagery. The total biomass in the younger alluvial soil varies from36.1 to 35910.0 kg; in Pipar soils it ranges between 23.2 to 21541.2kg, and in Chirai soils total biomass varies from 26.6 to 6852.7 kg.1539 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Pandey, S. and Dhruvanarayan, V.V.(1965)Resources survey of Nokha and Roda villages in Bikaner district(Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 136-146An integrated survey was undertaken in Nokha and Roda villagesencompassing an area of 4000 ha to study the feasibility ofimplementing soil conservation and pasture improvement measures.The area surveyed lies at 73°45' E longitude and 27°42' 20 ’Nlatitude, 49 km from Nagaur on the Nagaur Bikaner road. Climate,landform, water resources, soil and soil erosion of these villages areanalysed.1540 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Sharma, K.D. and Kalla, A.K. (1987)Effect of grazing on runoff and soil loss in Kailana rhyolite basins.Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 111-113Both the peak flow and run-off yield increased with the severity ofgrazing. Further loss of soil was directly proportional to the severityof grazing. Removal of shrubs increased the sediment concentrationby about 2½ times over the control.1541 Sharma, S.K. (1983)Reseeding rangelands of the Indian desert. Indian Journal of RangeManagement. 4: 25-29Majority of rangelands in arid zone of India are over exploited andthey produce very little forage. Reseeding of rangelands withimproved perennial grasses is one of the recognised methods ofimprovement of degraded rangelands. Reseeding of the sandyrangeland with Cenchrus ciliaris in lines 75 cm apart after landpreparation increased forage production from 189 to 2023 kg ha -1 .Increased seed production was recorded even in years of lowprecipitation. Cost of reseeding ranged from Rs. 285.0 to Rs. 442.7ha -1 which could be reduced if large area is reseeded at a time.1542 Sharma, S.K. (1985)Preliminary trial on Stylosanthes cultivars in arid regions ofwestern Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Range Management. 6: 13-18

Eight cultivars of Stylosanthes species received from Australia weretried for adaptability that their germination was slow, some of thecultivars did not establish and set seed. S. hamata C.P.I. 38842 andS. scabra were found superior in forage yield and seed production.Maximum forage yield 27.08 q ha -1 was obtained from S. scarbaC.P.I. 40205. Suitable harvest time for maximum forage yield wasfound to be December. Supplemental irrigation needs indicated itsunsuitability in the arid region.1543 Sharma, S.K. and Verma, C.M. (1983)Performance of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. strains in an arid rangelandof western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 23-27Mean height per plant was maximum in strains 3108, 358 andMolopo buffel and it was of the order of 108.8, 106.0 and 103.6 cm,respectively. Mean maximum number of tillers per plant (58.7)were in strain 657. Air dried forage yield in strains 358, 3108, 357,657 and Molopo buffel was 29.1, 29.1, 27.2, 26.0 and 26.1 q ha -1 ,respectively, and these yield did not differ significantly. Mortality inclumps of different strains was only during 1980 and it was highest(17.7%) in strain Molopo buffel and negligible in strains 358 and357. Hence over all performance and productivity of strain No. 358was better. Growth and production characters responded positivelyto the favourable rainfall and its distribution pattern.1544 Sharma, S.K. and Verma, C.M. (1983)Range management studies, II. Performance of Cenchrus setigerusvahl. Strains in arid range land of western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 22: 279-282Five strains of C. setigerus viz., 76, 175, 296, 413 and 314 werestudied for 5 years at a Range Management substation of the aridregion of India to evaluate suitable strains for sandy range landwith average annual precipitation of 335 mm. Strain Nos. 296 and175 gave superior performance. Strain Nos. 296 is of spreading typeand yielded maximum forage (20.2 q ha -1 ). Strain Nos. 296 and 175exhibited least mortality after five years of establishment and arepromising strains for reseeding programmes in varied aridconditions.1545 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1983)The Russian thistle (Echinops echinatus Roxc.) an obnoxious weed offield crops and grazing lands in Pali and adjoining districts. IndianJournal of Range Management. 4: 43-45

E. echinatus is a weed produce seeding weed. Being preferably theweed of sandy loam soil, it has a wider range of adaptability, inorder to check the threat of ever increasing invasion of the Russianthistle in the farmer's field and grazing lands of Pali and adjoiningdistricts of the proper control of existing population.1546 Sharma, S.K., Ahuja, L.D., Yadav, R.P.S. and Verma, C.M.(1980)Changes in the botanical composition in the long term seasonalgrazing paddocks of a desert rangeland. Forage Research. 6: 7-14Long-term seasonal grazing studies (1970-77) in a desert rangeland(Lasiurus-Eleusina-Aristida cover) revealed overall improvement inthe basal cover of ground vegetation. In the first year of grazing(1970), highest basal cover was 2.88% from all seasonal grazed plotsand it increased remarkably upto 23.6% in 1976. Annual herbscomprised the dominant species in all grazing plots throughout thestudy period except in 1977. The percentage composition ofperennial grasses increased from four to seven times in the finalyear. Similarly, remarkable change in percentage frequency ofL. sindicus (from 1.11 to 77.7) was noticed and its luxuriant growthscaled down the dominance of less palatable species e.g. Indigoferacordifolia and Blepharis indica etc. Favourable rains and better soilcondition from 1975 onwards made congenial environment for theestablishment of ten more plant species (two grass and eight otherspecies).1547 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Mathur, B.K. (1989)Productive performance of cattle on pasture lands of Indian desert.Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2: 507-508Sandy soils of desert region of India offer a good scope for cattlefarming through establishment and the use of Lasiurus sindicuspasture. It is also clear from these observation that there is a needto provide supplemental feed alongwith mineral and vitaminadditives from November onwards every year for protecting cattlefrom malnutrition and vitamin-A deficiency.1548 Singh, P. (1995)Rangelands and their improvement in India. Annals of Arid Zone.34: 157-161Grasslands are the major feed resources for livestock rearing inIndia since time immemorial. Due to extremities of climate, poormanagement and the constraints of grazing, these areas have beendegraded at an alarming rate. Due to high grazing pressure and low

to very low carrying capacity these grasslands have undergonetremendous changes and now pose a serious threat and challenge forrehabilitation and eco-restoration of their depleted resources. It callsfor an integrated approach for management of the vast grasslandareas. Technological opportunities available for restoration,regeneration and enhancement of biomass production require largescale development efforts. Future thrust areas of R & D layemphasis, besides others, on utilisation of grasslands, protection ofgrasslands, stocking rates, ecosystem rehabilitation and people'sparticipation in the entire gamut of activities.1549 Wada, N., Narita, K., Suresh Kumar and Furukawa, A. (1995)Impact of overgrazing on seed predation by rodents in the Thardesert, north-western India. Ecological Research. 10: 217-221We compared the vegetation structure, rodent density and seed lossrate between protected and disturbed sites affected from grazing bycattle, goats and sheep, in the Thar desert of India. A perennialtussocky grass Lasiurus sindicus Henr. was largely dominant in theprotected site, while L. sindicus was rare and replaced byundershrub species Aerva pseudotomentosa and Crotolaria burhirain the overgrazed site. In the grazed site, plant coverage was low,but the density of rodent burrows and the frequency of rodentcaptures were significantly high as compared to the protected site.Corresponding with the density of desert rodents, seed predationwas significantly higher in the grazed site than in the protected site.Overgrazing by large mammals has strong effects on plantsuccession by altering not only the species composition andabundance of plant community, but also the habitat suitability forseed-eating rodents.

FOREST AND ECONOMIC PLANTSSilviculture1550 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1990)Textile industrial effluents/implication and possible use forafforestation in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 295-302In this paper, the environmental problems related to industrialeffluents with particular reference to western Rajasthan arediscussed. In Jodhpur district alone, textile effluents constitutingmajor source are discharged untreated @ 7 million litres/day. Theeffluents are coloured with high pH (9-11 me-1), very low in calcium,magnesium, lead and cadmium. Effluent can possibly be used forestablishing tree species of economic value and the soil deteriorationcan be reduced by giving some soil treatments.1551 Aggarwal, R.K., Kumar, P., Harsh, L.N. and Sharma, B.M.(1994)Effect of effluents of textile industry on the growth of tree speciesand soil properties. Indian Forester. 120: 40-47The paper deals with utilisation of textile industrial effluents forirrigation in forest plantations and its effect on soil properties inarid land of western Rajasthan. The mean chemical composition oftextile effluents showed pH of 9.4 RSC 34.6 mel, SAR 152.2, Na2025 ppm, carbonates 430 ppm and near absence of calcium,magnesium, Pb and Cd. The performance of eight tree species ofeconomic value viz. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica,Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, Colophospermum mopane,Hardwickia binata, , P. juliflora and A. tortilis irrigated with theseeffluents was studied under field conditions. The soil in the plantingpit was treated with gypsum (3 kg pit -1 ), FYM (5 kg pit -1 ) andgypsum + FYM before transplanting of seedlings besides keeping acontrol. The rate of growth during one and half year after plantingwas normal, though the increase in growth varied with the treespecies and soil treatment. Maximum height was recorded in E.camaldulensis (ranging from 213 to 252 cm tree -1 ). The growth ingeneral was higher when soil was treated with gypsum + FYMfollowed by gypsum alone. The results thus indicate that highlysodic textile effluents can be used for growing the tree species, andits deleterious effect on soil can be mitigated by addition of gypsumin soil.1552 Bal Krishan and Toky, O.P. (1994)

Variation in seed germination and seedling growth of Acacia niloticassp. Indica provenances. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 57-60Variation in germination of scarified and non-scarified seeds, effectof seed coat dormancy on germination and seedling growth of 21provenances of Babul (A. nilotica ssp. Indica), collected from 11 to31 N latitude and 650 m altitude throughout India were studied.There were significant differences among the provenances forgermination in non-scarified (16-92%) and scarified seeds (68-100%).Better seedling growth was observed for scarified seeds. Thevariation was random and did not show relationship with thelatitude of the origin of the seed source.1553 Basak, M.K. and Goyal, S.K. (1980)Studies on the biology of tree legumes - Rhizobium symbiosis:Nodulation pattern and cross inoculation trials with the treelegumes and cultivated legumes. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 427-431Out of 25 tree legumes, 19 were found to nodulate under naturalconditions. The nodules were woody and deeply lobed and sphericalto oblong. Nodules were mostly present on lateral roots. Rhizobiumisolated from tree legumes have shown more affinity to black gramthan green gram. Rhizobium isolates showed normal growth at 0.8to 1.8 NaCl concentrations. The isolates from black gram and greengram have shown their differential compatibility with tree legumes.1554 Bhandari, D.S., Govil, H.N. and Hussain, A. (1979)Chemical composition and nutritive value of khejri (Prosopiscineraria) tree leaves. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 170-173A digestibility trial was conducted on five Chokla rams with khejrileaves (P. cineraria). The animals showed loss of weight during thetrial period. The dry matter consumption was 2.10 kg per 100 kgbody weight. The digestibility coefficient of crude protein, eitherextract, crude fibre, N.F.E. were found to be 31.65, 34.82, 50.90 and41.13, respectively. The loss of weight might be due to poorutilisation of protein and energy.1555 Bhimaya, C.P. and Kaul, R.N. (1965)Root system of four desert tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 185-194Compared to the plants from direct seeding the transplanted plantsof all the four species, viz., Tecomella undulata, Albizia lebbeck,Prosopis cineraria, (Syn. spicigera) and Acacia senegal exhibitedincreased length of tap root. The species did not differ markedly in

their maximum lateral spread of roots under seeding andtransplanting. The transplanted plants of all the species exceptingT. undulata recorded increased number of secondary roots comparedto plants raised from direct seeding. The transplanted plants of T.undulata and A. senegal exhibited higher root to shoot ratio,whereas Albizia lebbeck and P. cineraria plants raised from directseeding recorded higher root to shoot ratio.1556 Bhimaya, C.P., Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1965)Studies on pre-sprouted stumps of Prosopis juliflora. Annals of AridZone. 4: 4-9Different sizes of stumps varying in collar diameter and root lengthinfluenced the sprouting period, whereas their survival in thenursery was affected by root length alone. Prosopis juliflora stumpsof 1.5 cm collar diameter and 17.5 cm root length appeared to be themost suitable size for pre-sprouting them in the nursery. However,their field establishment and subsequent growth-in-height remainedunaffected by their sizes.1557 Bhimaya, C.P., Ganguli, B.N., Tyagi, I.S., Choudhary, M.D.,Kaul, R.N. and Subbayyan, R. ( 1963)Species suitable for afforestation of different arid habitats ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 162-168By comparison Prosopis juliflora is considered to be the mostsuitable species for afforesting most of the refractory habitat types,below 300 mm rainfall regime. Shallow alluvial plain soils overlyinghard calcareous pan within 300-400 mm isohyet can be successfullyafforested with Acacia arabica, Albizzia lebbek, and Azadirachtaindica only if the pan is perforated to a depth of 90 cm. Forafforestation of shifting sand dunes in rainfall regions of 400 mmand above, Ailanthus excelsa, A. lebbek, Calligonum polygonoides,Dalbergia sissoo, P. juliflora and P. spicigera are suitable, whereasin low rainfall areas (200-300 mm), P. spicigera, P. juliflora, Cordiarothii, and A. lebbek are found suitable.1558 Bohra, M.D., Tewari, J.C., Burman, U., Sharma, N.K. andHarsh, L.N. (1994)Response of pre-treatments on germination of Prosopis juliflora.Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 305-309The present paper presents findings on various pre-treatmentsemployed on Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC, seeds for enhancing theirgermination percentage. Germination of intact seeds of the speciesare reported to be less than 5%. However, pre-treatment of seed by

electrical current and mechanical scarification gave very highpercentage of germination in the present study. For optimum seedgermination, mechanical scarification was found to be the best andgermination was found to be more than 90%.1559 Burman, U., Tewari, J.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1993)Leaf dry weight and area relationship to estimate the leaf area ofsome arid zone tree species. Annals of Forestry. 1: 154-158Linear equations to establish the relationship between leaf area andleaf weight in some Indian arid zone tree species was carried out.These equations even with low co-efficient of determination (R²)values had sufficient predict-ability for the leaf area of seedlings ofage between six to twenty four months as evident from the t-test ofsignificance.1560 Burman, U., Kathju, S., Garg, B.K. and Lahiri, A.N. (1991)Water management of transplanted seedlings of Azadirachta indicain arid areas. Forest Ecology and Management. 40: 51-63Large mortality and general growth restriction of transplanted treeseedlings in the Indian arid zone prompted this study on the effectsof different levels (1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full field capacity (FC)) andintervals (1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks) of irrigation, during the first dayperiod (September to July), following transplantation. Results areexpressed as increases in height and stem diameter over time inrelation to soil moisture regime and plant water status underdifferent treatments. Final measurements 450 days after startingirrigation treatments indicated that watering at FC at 1- and 2-week intervals brought about the maximum increase in height andstem diameter, which declined progressively with increasingintervals and decreasing level. Despite the similarity in trend, finalbiomass production and crown area were highest under watering inFC at 2-week interval due to larger increase in stem and foliageweight. Limited data on root growth along a single vertical planesuggested that branching of root laterals was mostly confined to the10-50 cm depth irrespective of irrigation treatments, while depth ofrooting tended to increase at longer intervals of watering. Under theprevailing conditions, average application of 461 (FC) per plant at 2-week intervals led to maximum growth and biomass production withno mortality, while under the low-threshold average irrigation of121 (1/4 FC) per plant at 2-week intervals could eliminate mortalityalthough the biomass production was reduced by about 91%.1561 Burman, U., Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N. and Tewari, J.C. (1995)

Estimation of leaf area using leaf dry weight in Prosopis juliflora(Sw) DC. through regression analysis. Current Agriculture. 19: 63-65Five types of regression equations have been developed to establishrelationship between leaf area and corresponding leaf dry weight inP. juliflora seedlings. Of these, power curve numerically expressesbest possible relationship between these two parameters and theequation developed at three month stage had sufficientpredictability as evident from t-test of significance and could be usedfor estimating the size of photosynthetic machinery. This curve wasfound to be absolutely valid for predicting the leaf area of seedlingsof uneven age (1 to 6 months). Moreover, it is based on data whosemeasurements involved two different number of dimensions (leafarea being two dimensional and weight being related to volumebeing three dimensional). Further, thickness of P. juliflora leavesremaining fairly constant through the six month period madeweight a direct linear function of volume.1562 Burman, U., Tewari, J.C., Mathur, B.K., Harsh, L.N. andSharma, S.K. (1993)Selecting model parameter to predict yield function in two year oldAcacia bivenosa. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 43-45Estimation of yield functions (fuel, fodder and biomass) in 2 year oldA. bivenosa DC stand under different set of conditions has beenreported in this paper. The precise estimate of stem diameter justabove ground (immediately prior to branching point) appeared to bereasonable predictor of yield. It has also been observed that plantingseedlings of the species in wider spacing, only benefits the heightincrement.1563 Chakravarty, A.K. and Gian Chand. (1975)Phenotypic variation in desert teak, Tecomella undulata. Annals ofArid Zone. 14: 21-24Variation of corolla colour, plant height, diameter at breast heightand collar diameter of plants, length of capsule, number and weightof seeds per capsule was observed in a 10 year old plantation of T.undulata. Corolla colour was found to vary from yellow to red withintermediate shades. Considerable variation was observed in thequantitative characters studied. There seems to be good scope forselection of plants on the basis of diameter at breast height ofplants.1564 Chatterji, U.N. and Mukharjee, A. (1968)

Effect of high temperatures on moisture depletion, imbibition andgermination of seeds of Mimosa hamata willd. Annals of Arid Zone.7: 93-99To study the effect of exposing seeds to high temperature ongermination, the seeds of M. hamata were subjected to temperaturesof 70° C , 90° C and 100° C for 24, 48, 96 and 144 hours. Treatmentwith 70° C for all these intervals promoted germination incomparison with untreated controls. But the treatment of seeds with100° C did not bring about any acceleration of germination; in factexposure of seeds to this temperature for longer periods was seen tobe fatal to the embryos.1565 Chatterji, U.N. and Mukherjee, A. (1969)Artificial enhancement of germination of seeds of Dactylocteniumboiss. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 80-84Germination of 32 weeks old seeds of D. sindicum is increased from4 to 89% when the seeds are impacted with sand for three hours in aglass container and to 95% when they are impacted in the samecontainer without sand for 24 hours. When the seeds are soaked at50° C for 60 minutes, germination is increased from 4 to 20%. Bysoaking the seeds in 50 ppm sodium cyanide for 24 hours, 55%germination is obtained.1566 Chaturvedi, A.N. (1984)Firewood crops in areas of brackish water. Indian Forester. 110:364-366The species which performed well are: Prosopis juliflora, Acacianilotica, Terminallia arjuna, Syzygium cumini, Albizzia lebbek,Pongamia pinnata, Cassia auriculata, Adhatoda vasica, Cassiasiamea. Eucalyptus hybrid and Subabul were not successful.Plantation of former species may yield about 20 tonnes of fire woodin five years during which period investment can be more thandoubled.1567 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K. and Dutta, B.K. (1984)Mineral nutrient elements in natural vegetation of arid Rajasthan :I. Macro elements. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 111-117In the trees calcium concentration ranged mostly between 2 and3%, Salvadora oleoides and Acacia senegal with much higher valueswere notable exceptions. Ailanthes excelsa had above average valueof magnesium and phosphorus. Calcium and sodium concentrationsof the shrub species were highly variable. The former element had a

ange from 0.85% in Calligonum polygonoides to 4.57% in Tamarixauriculata. In comparison to trees and shrubs, grasses had lowcalcium content, whereas shrubs showed somewhat higher level ofsodium and phosphorus than either of trees or grasses. Whilebringing out the interspecific differences in concentration of some ofthe elements, the results also show the differences that may existamongst the members of a given species.1568 Dhir, R.P., Sharma, B.K., Dutta, B.K. and Saxena, S.K. (1985)Concentration of mineral elements in some arid zone species from acommon habitat : 1. Tree and shrub species. Indian Journal ofEcology. 12: 20-24Content of various mineral elements in foliage of twenty arid zonetree and shrub under similar soil and climatic conditions wasstudied. Salvadora oleoides had extraordinary high concentration ofcalcium and magnesium. Some of the Acacia spp. also possessedabove average concentration of calcium. Acacia senegal andAilanthes excelsa showed high concentration of magnesium, whereasAcacia ligulata and A. aneura (exotics) were low in potassium.Phosphorus, copper and zinc concentration showed a low order ofvariation among the species. Dalbergia sissoo had exceptionally highcontent of manganese and zinc. Besides demonstrating the inherentdifferences in the ability of various species in nutrient elementabsorption, the results also suggested that the uptake of individualelements was independent of others.1569 Ganguli, B.N and Kaul, R.N. (1961)Gummosis in Prosopis juliflora. (Lett.) Science & Culture. 27: 489-490Reports the phenomenon of gummosis i.e., exudation of gum from a4-year-old plant of P. juliflora.1570 Ganguli, B.N., Kaul, R.N. and Nambiar, K.T.N. (1964)Preliminary studies on a few top-feed species. Annals of Arid Zone.3: 33-37There is acute overstocking on the available grazing resources ofwestern Rajasthan, and green leaves of top-feed species constitutethe major source of feed during dry period. Although, the leaves ofmost of the species are more or less eaten by stock, from the viewpoint of palatability, nutritional status and ready availability.Prosopis spicigera and Zizyphus nummularia are the best top-feedfor cattle, sheep and camel, while Calligonum polygonoides,

Salvadora oleoides, S. persica and Gymnosporia spinosa constitutean important source of leaf fodder for camels.1571 Ghouse, A.K.M., Hashmi, S. and Jamal, A. (1980)Certain anatomical characteristics of the bark of some ornamentaltrees suitable for arid zone environments. Annals of Arid Zone. 19:425-426The bark of Acacia and Prosopis spp. have either comparativelythicker, protective insulating cover composed of outer rhytidomeportion or they are rich in having enormous amount of sclerifiedelements in the secondary phloem. In addition to other favourablemorphological and anatomical characters, bark features may also beglanced at while searching for suitable species in arid areas.1572 Gupta, A.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1984)Variation for quality of pods in Prosopis cineraria mac bride. Annalsof Arid Zone. 23: 255-258Qualitative attributes of P. cineraria pods viz. crude protein,reducing sugars and total sugar content varied from tree to tree aswell as between widely separated provenances. In general, theextent of variability for these characters was more in arid regions ascompared to semi-arid regions. Barmer region represented morethan 30% coefficient of variation for all these characters.1573 Gupta, G.N. (1992)Influence of different soil mixtures on nursery growth of some aridzone tree species. Indian Forester. 118: 953-959The study indicated significant influence of mixing tank silt andFYM. With sand, on the seedling growth of Dalbergia sissoo, Albizialebbek and Prosopis cineraria. Response to nitrogen application wasshown only by A. lebbek. None of the species responded to phosphateapplication. The potting mixture producing the best healthyseedlings in this study were, 10% tank silt + 2% FYM for Dalbergiasissoo. Ten per cent tank silt + 4% FYM + 40 ppm nitrogen for A.lebbek and 10% tank silt for P. cineraria. Use tank silt improved theaggregation and the mixture remained intact with the seedlingwhen polythene bag was removed.1574 Gupta, G.N. (1994)Influence of rain water harvesting and conservation practices ongrowth and biomass production of Azadirachta indica in the Indiandesert. Forest Ecology and Management. 70: 329-339

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence ofvarious rain water harvesting and conservation techniques on soilmoisture storage, growth and biomass production of A. indica(neem) in the Indian desert. The treatments were as follows; control;weed removal; weed removal plus soil working; saucers of 1.0 mdiameter; saucers of 1.5m diameter; saucers of 1.5 m diametercovered with mulch around the trees; bunding around each tree in acheckerboard design; inter-row slopes of 20%. The treatment withinter-row slopes of 20% produced the highest amount of soilmoisture storage, a four times increase in total biomass of a 26-month-old neem plantation (from 1.69 to 6.39 t ha -1 ), a 4.5 timesincrease in root mass (from 0.43 to 1.92 t ha -1 ) and a 70% increase intree height, as well as an appreciable enhancement in all the growthparameters. The treatment with larger saucers (1.5m diameter)combined with a surface mulch was equally effective. Growthincreases owing to the other water harvesting treatments werelower, though significantly better when compared with the control.The various treatments significantly improved the water useefficiency of neem.1575 Gupta, G.N. (1995)Biomass and nutrient uptake of Ailanthus excelsa as affected by Nand P fertilisation on an aridisol. Fertiliser Research. 40: 243-250A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study theinfluence of N and P fertilisers on growth, biomass and nutrientcontent of A. excelsa, which is an important fodder species of aridand semi-arid regions. Application of 9 g N plant -1 improved treeheight by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crowndiameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increasedue to 9 g N plant -1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2years of planting. Application of 3 g P 2 O 5 tree -1 increased tree heightby 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initialthree years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 yearsof age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P 2 O 5 tree -1 (N 18 P 3 )was the best treatment, N and P applications improved considerablythe branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by2 to 3 folds. N 18 P 3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304%at 1 year and 211% at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximumdue to N 18 P 3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree -1 due to N 9 P 6treatment in 2 year old plantation.1576 Gupta, G.N. (1995)

Rain-water management for tree planting in the Indian desert.Journal of Arid Environments. 31: 219-235A field experiment was conducted at the Arid Forest ResearchInstitute, Jodhpur, to study the influence of different systems ofwater harvesting and moisture conservation on soil moisturestorage, growth, biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake byAzadirachta indica (neem), Tecomella undulata (rohida) andProsopis cineraria (khejri). The ridge and furrow method of waterharvesting was found to be the best treatment and significantlyimproved the growth of all three species. Biomass accumulation byA. indica and T. undulata increased by 3.8 folds and 4.6 folds androot mass by 4.5 folds and 3.8-folds, respectively. The mulchingtreatment was beneficial to A. indica and weeding treatment to allthe three species. Tree roots in water harvesting plots were deeperand had several times larger spread than the control. Nutrientuptake by these tree species increased several-folds as a result of thedifferent water harvesting and moisture conservation treatments.1577 Gupta, G.N. and Gupta, J.P. (1985)Winter diurnal variations in moisture and temperature of a desertsandy soil under different management practices. Journal of theIndian Society of Soil Science. 33: 149-153Soil compaction maintained higher volumetric moisture contentfollowed by pulverisation + mulch and pulverisation also throughoutthe period of study. Minimum evaporation was observed frompulverisation + mulch (17.1 mm) during a period of one week. Thusmulching and compaction could be of practical utility in providingbetter moisture and thermal environment in the soil.1578 Gupta, G.N. and Meena, J.N. (1993)Tillage practices for tree establishment in arid region. Annals ofArid Zone. 32: 115-117Out of various soil working treatments, ploughing + pitting causedthe best growth of all the species. Month July was found to be thebest time of planting for all the three species. The practice of rainwater harvesting ( inter row slope of 20%) significantly improved thegrowth of Azadirachta indica.1579 Gupta, G.N. and Singh, B. (1997)Relative performance of different species on a sand dune in Thardesert. Indian Forester. 123: 207-209

Effect of mulching was studied on six different species. Acaciaplanifrons registered the highest survival, whereas best growth wasattained by Prosopis juliflora followed by Acacia tortilis andA. planifrons. Mulching caused dramatic improvements in thegrowth of Zizyphus nummularia, Tecomella undulata, Prosopiscineraria and Acacia tortilis.1580 Gupta, G.N., Bala, N., Choudhary, K.R. (1995)Effect of run-off harvesting and conservation techniques on growthand biomass production of Prosopis cineraria. Indian Forester. 121:705-709The saucer of 1.5 m diameter was found to be the best treatmentwhich improved soil moisture storage considerably, caused eighttimes increase in total biomass of 26 month old khejri plantation,doubled the root mass and caused 30% increase in tree height. Thetechnique of inter row slopes was also equally effective. Gain in treegrowth due to other water harvesting treatments was relativelylower, though significant when compared with control. The weedingtreatment improved the growth of khejri by two folds. Varioustreatments improved the water use efficiency of khejri by two toeight times as compared to control.1581 Gupta, G.N., Bala, N. and Choudhary, K.R. (1995)Growth and biomass production of Tecomella undulata as affectedby rain water harvesting and conservation practices in arid zone.International Tree Crops Journal. 8: 163-176The water harvesting technique of `inter row slopes' (20%) caused amore than five fold increase in the total biomass of a 26 months oldplantation of T. undulata, four-fold increase in root mass and 35%rise in tree height. "Saucers of 1.5 m diameter covered withmulching" was the second best treatment. Both significantlyimproved soil moisture storage, water use efficiency of trees, harvestIndex and biomass allocation to stem component. The `Inter rowslopes' was the most cost effective and growth effective treatment.1582 Gupta, G.N., Prasad, K.G. and Mohan, S. (1991)Effect of salinity, alkalinity and mulch on tree growth in dry region.Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 29-36In pot culture study salinity levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS m -1 andalkalinity levels as control (pH 8.60 of loamy sand, 7.29 of clay loamand 8.45 of clay soil), 9.3 and 10.3 pH were simulated in three soils.It was observed that Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisgrew with less than 50% growth reduction up to salinity of 5 dS m -1

and pH of 10.3 (in sandy soil) and 9.3 (in clay soil). A. niloticatolerated salinity as high as 10 dS m -1 (with dry matter yield beingone third of the control). Casuarina equisetifolia tolerated salinityup to 2.5 dS m -1 and alkalinity up to 9.3 pH (only in loamy sandsoil). Ceiba pentandra and Acacia auriculaeformis were sensitive toboth salinity and alkalinity. In field experiment, salinity (0, 1.5, 3and 6 dS m -1 ) and alkalinity (control, 8.9 and 9.7 pH) weresimulated to a depth of 1 metre, and treatments of no mulching andciropith mulching were super imposed. At 6 dS m -1 salinity,reduction in plant growth was 23% in E. camaldulensis, 41% in C.equisetifolia and 50% in T. indica. At 9.7 pH growth of C.equisetifolia reduced by 15%, E. camaldulensis by 58 per cent and T.indica wilted completely. Ciropith mulching improved the plantgrowth appreciably on saline soils. Mulching enhanced soil moisturecontent and lowered the soil temperature.1583 Gupta, G.N., Choudhary, K.R., Singh, B. and Mishra, A.K.(1993)Neem establishment in arid zone as influenced by differenttechniques of rain water harvesting. Indian Forester. 119: 197-198Out of the eight treatments, the inter row slopes of 20% causedsignificantly higher moisture conservation in the root zone (40%higher than the control) which resulted in better growth of neem.The treatment of weed removal alone caused tree heightimprovement by 26% over control. The weed removal helpedconserving 20% higher moisture than control. The practices ofmulching and making saucers also improved the tree growthconsiderably. The coefficients of correlation between % increase incollar girth was 0.73 and with % increase in tree height was 0.48.1584 Gupta, G.N., Prasad, K.G., Mohan, S., Subramaniam, V. andManivachakam, P. (1988)Effect of alkalinity on survival and growth of tree seedlings. Journalof the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 537-542In a pot culture experiment, Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptuscamaldulensis were found to be alkali-resistant tree species. A.nilotica could be grown up to pH 9.7 on sandy soil, 9.2 on clay soiland 8.8 on loam soil, while for E. camaldulensis such pH value wasup to 11 on sand, 9.2 on clay and 8.6 on loam soil. Ceiba pentandrawas slightly tolerant to alkalinity. Other tree species, namely,Casuarina equisetifolia and A. auriculaeformis were sensitive toalkalinity.

1585 Gupta, G.N., Kuppusamy, V., Choudhary, K.R., Bohra, N.K.,Singh, N. and Kusum Lata. (1996)Effect of fertilisers on early growth of desert species Prosopiscineraria and Tecomella undulata. Annals of forestry. 4: 29-33A field experiment was conducted on the effect of varying levels of Nand P on the growth of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulatain Thar Desert. Combined application of 9 g nitrogen + 5 g P 2 O 5 pertree to P. cineraria improved crown diameter and collar girth by22% and height by 10%. Addition of 5 g P 2 0 5 per tree caused 11 to13% increase in height, girth and crown spread to Tecomellaundulata.1586 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1989)Double walled pots : a moisture-efficient technique for establishingtrees in arid regions. Agriculture International. 41: 176-178A novel device consisting of a double walled earthen pot, called a`Jaltripti' has been developed for the establishment of trees in aridregions which experience extremes of temperature, scanty anderratic rainfall and have sandy soils, poor in moisture retention andstorage characteristics. This device is inexpensive, simple to operateand does not require energy but at the same time utilises every dropof water beneficially thus preventing almost all the losses of water.It could be a boon for small and medium farmers of arid and semiaridregions which occupy about one-third of the world. Plant height,collar diameter, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of berplants grown in ‘Jaltripti’ has been compared with conventional pitsystem. Relative growth rate (RGR) was 13.2 : 1. The moisturedistribution observations revealed higher moisture retention forlonger periods in ‘Jaltripti’.1587 Gupta, I.C., Singh, P.M., Yadav, N.D. and Sharma, B.D. (1990)Neem plantation in desert through Jaltripti. Journal of RuralTechnology. 6: 9-11Neem (Azadirachta indica) was grown on coarse sandy soil atBikaner with five treatments viz., Jaltripti (a new device forestablishment of plants with minimal water), pond sedimentbarrier, Jalshakti and bentonite barrier in addition to control.During study period of 13 months (October 1987 to November 1988)involving 39 irrigations each of 3 L plant -1 and intervening rainfall,height of plant was maximum in Jaltripti (100.0 cm) followed bybentonite barrier (65.1 cm), control (62.3 cm), Jalshakti (46.3 cm)and pond sediment barrier (34.0 cm). The corresponding values ofcollar diameter were 1.83, 1.11, 1.07, 0.94 and 0.76 cm, respectively.

1588 Gupta, I.C., Yadav, N.D., Singh, P.M. and Sharma, B.D. (1990)Solar desalinisation of water for nursery plants in arid and semiaridregions. Agriculture International. 42: 47-48A novel device consisting of a double walled earthen pot andpolythene cap has been developed for irrigation at nursery stage inthose areas having poor quality, saline irrigation water. The device,which has been named `Jalshuddhi' is inexpensive and simple indesign and operation. Desalination due to solar energy andirrigation takes place simultaneously and every drop of water isutilised beneficially. Due to its cost effectiveness and simplicity, itcould be well suited even for an ordinary farmer or amateur.1589 Gupta, J.P. and Muthana, K.D. (1985)Effect of integrated moisture conservation technology on the earlygrowth and establishment of Acacia tortilis in the Indian desert.Indian Forester. 111: 477-485A study was conducted during the years 1982 and 1983 to find outthe effect of integration of moisture conservation technology likesub-surface moisture barrier, water harvesting, soil amendmentsand the mulching on the early growth and establishment of A.tortilis seedlings. The results showed that the placement of pondsediments at the bottom of 60 cm deep pit in 5 mm thickness inassociation with water harvesting from circular catchment (2% slopeand 1.5 m radius) and the soil mixed with pond sediments (10 kg pit -1 ) and the farm yard manure (5 kg pit -1 ) as amendments markedlyincreased the moisture storage capacity of the pit, optimised thethermal conditions of soil and thus increased the growth of A. tortilisplants as reflected by the increase in plant height, canopy diameter,collar diameter and breast height diameter. The technique can besuccessfully used in checking the mortality, boosting the earlygrowth and the establishment of trees in the desert and similarareas.1590 Gupta, R.K. (1970)Resource survey of Gummiferous acacias in western Rajasthan.Tropical Ecology. 10: 148-161Based on resources survey of gummiferous Acacias in westRajasthan four species of Acacia viz. nilotica ssp. indica, A.eucophloea, A. jacquemontii and A. senegal are described along withtheir associates. Regeneration and afforestation problems have beendiscussed with particular reference to A. senegal which is a potentialsource of gum arabic in arid regions of western Rajasthan.

1591 Gupta, R.S. (1953)Rajasthan desert soils and their bearing on afforestation problems ofthe tract. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 1: 30-36The area consists of high sand dunes forming ridges with extensivesand deposits and with rocky hills in some places or areas wheresand has become stabilised and fertile soil has been built up due toadmixture with clay and organic matter. The salt content andparticularly the alkali chlorides are not sufficiently high to be toxicto plants. A slight amount of carbonates is likely to form Na-claywhich may slow down the rate of rainwater percolation and help inretention of water in this area where rainfall may be only 10-12 cma year. Alluvial soil, subject to inundation by river water, containsclay and alkali salts which gives rise to Na-clay formation and leadsto waterlogging. Nitrate content varies from 1 to 7 ppm.1592 Gupta, S., Satya Vir, Jindal, S.K. and Bhansali, R.R. (1995)Neem - A potential tree for rural development in the Thar desert.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 63-80Role of neem as an important pesticide and better as villagedispensary for curing several diseases has been reviewed. The paperalso discusses the nursery technique, current uses of neem products,method of insecticide formulations, method of application and futurethrust for neem research.1593 Jain, B.L., Goyal, R.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1983)Performance of some tree species in relation to irrigation with salinewaters. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 233-238Performance of different tree species under irrigation with waters of2.7 to 9.0 mmhos cm -1 electrical conductivity have shown variableeffects on survival and growth. Adverse effects of high salinity inwaters (9.0 mmhos) on survival and growth were observed in termsif high mortality and retardation in growth and collar diameter ofDichrostachys glomerata and Tamarix articulata. Survival andgrowth of Eucalyptus hybrid was adversely affected by water of 6.0mmhos EC and Cassia siamea even with waters of 2.7 mmhos EC.Survival and growth of Prosopis juliflora, Acacia aneura andChenopodium species were not adversely affected even with watersof 9.0 mmhos EC. High salinity in irrigation waters caused increasein salinity levels of soils by 3-5 times and SAR values by 1.5 to 2times. Salt concentrations and SAR values were lowered duringrainy season.1594 Jain, B.L., Muthana, K.D. and Goyal, R.S. (1985)

Performance of tree species in salt-affected soils in arid regions.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 33: 221-224This study records here the performance of different tree species insalt-affected soils at the Range Management and Soil ConservationResearch Station, Jadan (Pali district in Rajasthan) of the CentralArid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. The soils are shallow (30 cmdeep), sandy loam in texture with varying salinity levels dependingupon the topographical situation. Based on salinity variations, theexperimental area was divided into three different groups ofmedium, high and very high range. Pits (60 cm dia. and 60 cmdepth) were dug out at a distance of 3 m x 3 m and filled with topsoil. Observations on per cent survival and various growthattributes were recorded in the month of November every year till1980. Soil samples (collected during October, January and June)were analysed for salinity characteristics by standard procedures.1595 Jindal, S.K. and Pancholy, A. (1994)Effect of different seed containers on germination and seedlingcharacters in Tecomella undulata. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 87-88Seed germination ranged from 27.1% when seeds stored in paperbags to 64.3% when stored in polythene bags. Better germinationwas recorded when seeds were stored in polythene bags and tin thanwhen the seeds were stored in cloth bags, the conventional way ofseed storage.1596 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir (1992-94)Phenology, breeding system and seed production in neem(Azadirachta indica A Juss.) Van Anusandhan. 9-11: 17 - 21Neem (A. indica, A. Juss) is an extremely important multipurposetree especially for its insecticidal properties. Phenological studiesshowed that leaf fall starts in December and new leaves come aftercomplete leaf fall. Flowering is maximum during April and flowersof March-April drop without fruit setting. Breeding system showedthat the species is self compatible. Apomixis is totally absent.Reproductive capacity per inflorescence is very low due to poor fruitsetting. Maximum variation due to fruit production per treesuggests that this can be exploited for higher fruit/seed productionand breeding of late flowering plants is emphasised.1597 Jindal, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1994)Effect of different types of seed containers, seed versus fruit storageon germination and seedling characters in neem. Journal of TropicalForestry. 10: 301-304

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), a multipurpose tree growsthrough out the greater part of India, more specially in the drierparts of the country. There are reports that on storage, Neem seedslose their viability. Seeds and fruits with low moisture contentstored at room temperature in different containers showed that seedviability can be enhanced for longer period if seeds rather thanfruits are stored in airtight containers as they cause reduction inoxygen content, thereby decreasing the respiration rate which inturn helps the seeds to maintain the reserves for a longer period.1598 Jindal, S.K., Bhansali, R.R. and Satya Vir (1997)Flowering, fruiting and breeding system in Salvadora persica L. -Oilseed bearing desert tree. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 13: 30-34Salvadora persica L. - a potential source of non-edible oil - locallyknown as `Khara jal' is commonly found in the desert areas. Theseeds of this species contain about 45% oil which can be a goodsubstitute of coconut oil. Flowering starts in November and it ismaximum during December. Flowers of November, December,January and February fall without fertilisation. Very few flowers ofMarch set into fruits and they take about two months for ripening.Breeding system showed that the species is self compatible.Apomixis is totally absent. Reproductive capacity per inflorescenceis very low causing poor fruit set.1599 Jindal, S.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1985)Evaluation of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem germplasm fromwestern Rajasthan in situ. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology . 10 : 33-37One hundred ninety eight genotypes of Tecomella undulata (Sm.).seem were evaluated in the natural habitat for various quantitativecharacters, during May, 1983. Data recorded indicated the presenceof wide variation for tree height, basal diameter and DBH.Maximum frequency of the species was observed in interdunal areasof Barmer district. Selection of the "Plus trees" from Bakasar andChohtan areas of Barmer district has been emphasised. Acc. No. 50was vigorous, having maximum basal diameter and DBH withmoderate number of branches and medium leaf size.1600 Jindal, S.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1987)Germplasm collection and genetic variability in rohida (Tecomellaundulata (Sm.) seem) in western Rajasthan. Indian Journal ofForestry. 10: 52-55

One hundred twenty three seed samples of rohida (Tecomellaundulata (Sm.) Seem) were collected from individual trees from theThar Desert during May 1983. Distribution of trees were notfollowing definite pattern. However, maximum frequency wasobserved in interdunal areas in Barmer, Chohtan and Bakasarareas of Barmer district. Data recorded for quantitative characterson 198 trees showed wide range of variability for variousmorphological traits. Maximum coefficient of variability for treeheight, DBH, basal diameter and canopy diameter were observed inBarmer district.1601 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1985)Performance of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) progenies under arid andsemi arid conditions. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 10: 38-42Progenies from the twelve trees of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) weregrown under arid and semi-arid conditions. For survival percentage,basal diameter and plant height progenies behaved differentlyunder these conditions. The over all growth of the progenies wasbetter under arid conditions. At seven showed maximum basaldiameter and plant height and resistance to frost. Exploitation ofthis progeny under arid and semi-arid conditions may give highreturns.1602 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kacker, N.L. (1985)Phenology and breeding systems of rohida (Tecomella undulata(Sm.) Seem). Indian Journal of Forestry. 8: 317-320Studies were conducted on phenology and breeding system of rohida(Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem). Defoliation and flowering startedfrom November and continued till March. Flowering wasasynchronous and its duration varied from 59 to 103 days. Its peakperiod was from end of February to mid of March ranging between 9to 19 days. All the floral buds developed in November, Decemberand January fell before and after their opening. Only few of themdeveloped after February set fruits. Fruit set varied from 0.64% forselfing to 3.94% for cross pollination indicating the presence of selfcompatibility in the species. Apomixis was found to be totallyabsent.1603 Jindal, S.K., Gupta, A.K., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R.Variation on quality traits in rohida (Tecomella undulata (Sm.)seem) in situ. Agroforestry for Rural Needs. 2: 783-786During May 1983, wide areas of Rajasthan covering Jodhpur,Barmer, Jalore and Jaisalmer districts were explored for the geneticvariability of different quality traits in rohida leaves growing in

natural stands. The maximum variability due to protein content,NDF, ADF, LIGNIN, cellulose and hemi-cellulose was observed inBarmer district. The differences in these quality characters fromdifferent villages were highly significant in Jodhpur and Barmerdistricts. Tree No. 11 with high protein (20.4%) from Jodhpurdistrict and No 48 with low NDF (15.8%), No 165 with low ADF(10.0%), No 48 with low lignin (2.6%) and No 156 with low cellulose(3.6%) from Barmer district have been identified. The use ofgermplasm from these trees in combination with other plus treespossessing desirable silvicultural characteristics in an appropriatebreeding programme will give high returns.1604 Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1991)Variability and changes in genetic parameter of height in juvenileprogenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Journal of TreeScience. 10: 25-28Height of ten randomly selected plants of 24 individual treeprogenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) seem was studied for firstfour months. Significant differences among progenies were observed.Heritability and genetic advance showed decreasing trend withincrease in age. Correlation of juvenile height at different stage withmean height of one year old progenies in field was non-significantsuggesting that selection for height at juvenile stage in nursery maynot be effective.1605 Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L.(1992)Changes in genetic parameters and ranks of tree height over sixgrowth years in Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Silvae Genetica.41: 213-216Eleven half-sib plant progenies of Tecomella undulata (Sm) Seemwere established during 1984. Tree height for six growth years wasrecorded. Progenies showing good growth in the initial stags werenot necessarily performing the same in subsequent years. Therewere significant differences among the progenies over all the sixgrowth years. Estimates of family heritability, single treeheritability and genetic gains from family and mass selectionindicated that the gains were low with both the methods. Ascomponents of variance tend to stabilise after fourth year of growth,selection done in the earlier years may not be rewarding. Low valuesof heritability and genetic gains from family and single treeselection suggested that there is need for other selection proceduresfor higher genetic gains for tree height.1606 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Singh, M. (1990)

Variation in seed production and its relationship with morphologicaltraits in Acacia tortilis. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 6: 350-353Seed yield, its related characters and other morphological characterswere studied in four year old 35 trees of A. tortilis during severedrought year. Maximum variation was observed in pod yield plant -1and seed yield plant -1 . Seed yield was positively and significantlyassociated with 100 pod weight, total pods-weight plant -1 . Hundredpod-weight was also significantly and positively correlated with podweightplant -1 , seeds pod -1 and 100-seed weight. Seed yield (Y) couldbe efficiently predicated from pods weight (x) using linear regressionY=3.19+0.34 ±(0.01) x and had R 2 =98.4.1607 Joshi, H.K., Kumar, A. and Ahmad, S.T. (1986)Diseases of Leucaena in India. Leucaena Research Reports. 7: 48-50The main diseases encountered in India are briefly described,including gummosis (with which Fusarium acuminatum has beenassociated), seedling disease (Colletotrichum capsici), and infectionsby various other fungi. Fan-lear is a new disease of unknownactiology (possibly viral) manifested by reduced tree height,shortening of internodes, chlorosis, galls devoid of insects on branchbases and fan-like deformation of some leaves.1608 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1984)Association analysis among leaf characters in Leucaenaleucocephala. Leucaena Research Reports. 2: 35-36In top feed species like Leucaena leafiness plays an important rolein obtaining high production. However, information is not availableabout the important characters among leaf characters contributingtowards yield. This study was undertaken to identify the componentcharacters using path analysis.1609 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1985)Frost tolerance of Acacia tortilis seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 24:326-328Five hundred and four six month old established plants raised fromthe seed of twelve different trees of A. tortilis were screened againstfrost attack at Jodhpur. Progenies of AT 11 showed resistancewhereas of AT 3 and AT 12 trees showed susceptibility to frost.Plants with approximately one meter height either escaped from theattack or were only partially affected.1610 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1986)

Variation in fruit and seed characters of Prosopis cineraria (L.) macbride in the Thar desert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 9: 113-115Exploratory survey was undertaken and seeds of 140 trees werecollected from the Indian Thar desert during June, 1983. Analysis ofthree characters, i.e., pod length, the number of seeds per pod andseed weight revealed enough amount of genetic variability for thesecharacters. Barmer region represented more than 30% C.V. for allthe three characters studied. Trees with highest value were No. 315and No. 265 for seed weight, No. 255 and No. 302 for pod length andNo. 304 and No. 255 for the number of seeds pods -1 from Jodhpur,Churu and Nagaur provenances.1611 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R., and Jindal, S.K. (1986)Variation for morphological characters in Prosopis cineraria innatural stands. My Forest. 22: 129-134Natural variation studies were conducted in P cinderaria (L.)Macbride to determine the range of phenotypic variation in elevenprovenances of Rajasthan. The characters studied were height,forking height and diameter (D.B.H.). They were subjected toanalysis of covariance to eliminate the effect of age on phenotypicvariation. All the three characters were found to be strongly affectedby age. Strong correlation were observed between height and D.B.H.The species in general revealed genetic variation among the naturalstands.1612 Kackar, N.L., Solanki, K.R., Singh, M. and Vyas, S.C. (1991)Micropropagation of Prosopis cineraria. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology. 29: 65-67A method for in vitro propagation of P. cineraria through axillarybranching was reported. Single node segments from activelygrowing branches of elite tree of P. cineraria (4½ years old) culturedon Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) containing 3 mg l -1each of β napthoxy acetic acid (NOA) and naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) produced on axillary shoot. After 7-10 days 2 cm long shootwere transferred to modified MS containing 3 mg l -1 NOA. Within25-30 days 80% shoots showed rooting as the shoot grew in a lengthof about 8 cm. The shoot was then cut into 5-7 segments and plantedindividually on MS+NOA. Each segment produced a plantlet.Following this procedure 5-7 fold multiplication of plant canachieved within a month, 30% of these plants survived aftertransplantation.1613 Kackar, N.L., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Singh, M. (1990)

Nodulation in seedlings of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. NitrogenFixing Tree Research Reports (USA). 81: 152-153P. cineraria, a leguminous multipurpose tree, (Leguminosae,mimosoideae) is an important component of the Thar desertecosystem. The climatic conditions in this region are such thatrestrict the build-up of soil organic matter and soils are generallydeficient in nitrogen. Detailed studies on nodulation in crop plantsand pasture legumes of this region are available, but there is littleinformation available on indigenous tree species. A number ofstudies in other regions have examined nitrogen fixation by desertwoody legumes in mature systems, but nodulation during seedlinggrowth stages has received little emphasis. Some observations onnodulation one-to six-month-old plant progenies of P. cineraria arereported here.1614 Kackar, N.L., Vyas, S.C., Singh, M. and Solanki, K.R. (1992)In virto regeneration of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce using root asexplant. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 30: 429-430The present communication deals with the method for in vitroregeneration and multiplication of P. cineraria using root segmentsas explant.1615 Kalla, J.C. (1977)Statistical evaluation of fuel yield and morphological variates forsome promising energy plantation tree species in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 117-126Quantitative prediction of fuel yield potentiality of different treespecies is sine qua non of any afforestation strategy in arid areas.Following step (up)-wise regression programme, a Fuel YieldPrediction Model was run for five promising fuel yield species in Palidistrict. All the usual morphological variates like collar diameter atbreast height, length of clear bole and height of tree are notsimultaneously and equally effective in generating efficientprediction. The relative importance of these variates consistentlyrevealed that from all the variates which should be expected to havepositive bearing upon fuel yield prediction performance of these treespecies. Some of the species revealed that besides these there is aneed to consider other variates also which could be postulated to bemore relevant for fuel yield prediction.1616 Kaul, O.N. (1957)Roadside planting in arid wastes of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 83:457-461

It gives the technique of soil working, species used and protectivemeasures adopted for road side plantation. Species recommendedare Prosopis juliflora, Azadirachta indica and Albizia lebbek.1617 Kaul, R.N. (1956)Propagating mesquite by root and shoot cutting. Indian Forester.82: 569-572Among the various methods of propagation of mesquite, by far thebest and the most successful method is root and shoot cuttings. Thesurvival percentage of these cuttings, planted along sides inJodhpur district ranged from 70 to 90 in more favourable localities.The shoots from these cuttings attained a height of 8 to 10 feet bythe end of December of the year in which they were planted. Thesecuttings were not watered. These cuttings have also proved verysuccessful in afforesting rocky and saline areas where no other typesof planting material would succeed.1618 Kaul, R.N. (1960)Dying of Eucalyptus gomphocephala. Indian Forester. 86: 177-78Describes the symptoms of dying of Eucalyptus gomphocephalanursery. Seedlings and 3-year-old plants in the field, presence ofpink stains of the sapwood region of the root indicates the probablepresence of Fusarium.1619 Kaul, R.N. (1963)A preliminary silvical study on Acacia tortilis (Forsk). IndianForester. 89: 46-51A preliminary silvical study on Acacia tortilis (Forsk) has beendone/made. Survival percentage, growth in height and collardiameter and seed yield of the exotic and indigenous tree specieshave been reported. In arid areas the main idea underlying treeimprovement is the development of varieties of a species which willproduce increased dry matter in terms of wood per tree and per unitarea of ground.1620 Kaul, R.N. (1963)Need for afforestation in the arid zone of India. La-Yaaran. 13: 2-7Describes the arid region of Rajasthan and outlines the need forafforestation. Four distinct land types are recognised and the speciessuitable for planting in each of these land type are enumerated.Need for proper management of trees and shrubs naturally

occurring in the grazing land has been stressed. Problems on whichfurther research is needed, have been indicated.1621 Kaul, R.N. (1965)An approach to provenance trial in relation to tree introduction inarid lands. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 164-171Importance of conducting provenance traits in relation to treeintroduction has been discussed in general especially for arid lands.An approach and details of the trials have been presented in thelight of the present experiments.1622 Kaul, R.N. (1965)Rooting behaviour of Calligonum polygonoides Linn. Annals of AridZone. 4: 93-95For an increased number of stem cuttings of Calligonumpolygonoides to take root, these cuttings should be selected fromeither 0.7-1.2 cm or 1.2-1.7 cm diameter class and that some leavesshould be retained on them for their easy rooting thus obviating theneed for application of a plant regulator which in any large scaleplanting programme is not economically feasible.1623 Kaul, R.N. and Ganguli, B.N. (1962-63)Studies on the economics of raising nursery seedlings in the aridzone. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 85-103A well balanced potting mixture consisting of necessary traceelements is essential for proper growth of seedlings. The seedlings ofAlbizzia lebbek and Prosopis juliflora in metallic receptaclesexhibited increased plant population and growth as compared toearthern ones. Metallic containers also effected as economy inwatering to the extent of 25%. In general, increased levels ofwatering resulted in increased survival and growth in height ofseedlings. However, two gallons of water, at a time, of 50 tubes wasfound to be the most economic dose of watering for successful raisingof nursery seedling. When grown under shade, water needs of theseedlings were less by 9.6% as compared to the seedlings grown inthe open. Seedlings kept in cemented beds under the 2 gallons ofwatering level required 29.8% less water as compared to those keptin earthen beds. It is concluded that metallic containers kept inshaded cemented sunken beds and watered at the rate of 2 gallonsper set of 50 tubes can readily be recommended for successfuleconomic production of nursery seedling under arid zone conditions.1624 Kaul, R.N. and Gian Chand. (1966)

Response of Acacia nilotica ssp. Indica (Benth.) Brenan (Syn. A.arabica) seedlings to progressive spacing type and time of soilworking. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 26-35Thinning significantly reduced the seedling mortality of A. niloticaand increased the height of seedling. Smaller trenches were forcedto dug more effective in reducing the cost of afforestation withoutany effect on the growth. There was a significant increase in collardiameter of the seedlings upon thinning.1625 Kaul, R.N. and Gian Chand. (1967)Studies on media and sizes of receptacles for growing nursery stockin arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 95-107Bigger sized galvanised iron tubes showed increased seedlingsurvival and growth attributes of the four desert tree species,polythene tubes appeared to be equally well judging from theseedling growth characters and efficiency of water conservationpoints of view. Since metallic containers can be hinged andunhinged and they have been used for the last eight years over andover again, these worked out to be economical compared to the othertwo media viz., baked earth and polythene. The choice of materialfor producing receptacle will, therefore, be largely governed by thelocal availability of the material and its relative cost. However,further research with a view of effect an overall economy in theproduction of nursery seedlings might be taken up along thefollowing lines. The influence of soil volumes contained by the rangeof tube sixes on subsequent seedling survival and growth of differentspecies in plantations. The possibility of reducing sizes (soil volume)of the tube by the addition of nutrients in the soil mixture. Withclosely stacked tubes little side light will reach the seedling andthus restrict the growth of side branches and the hardening of themain stem. Investigations to determine optimum spacing of tubes innursery beds, therefore, appear to be necessary.1626 Kaul, R.N., Goswami, R.P. and Chitnis, B.K. (1964)Growth attributes for predicting pod and seed yield of Prosopisspicigera. Science and Culture. 30: 282-285P. spicigera, the most important and productive tree species of thedesert was selected for the present study to determine therelationship between growth attributes and its pod and seed yield.This study was conducted by taking a simple random sample of 81trees of P. spicigera scattered over an area of 40 ha at Jodhpur.1627 Kolarkar, A.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1984)

Sub-surface watering of tree seedlings in arid regions usingdiscarded plastic infusion sets. Desert Plants. 6: 5-8The difficulty of establishing tree plantations in arid regions,particularly on sandy and drought soils, is a widely faced problem.Insufficient water is freely available in such regions for effectivewatering of tree plantations with conventional methods. Under suchconditions, discarded plastic infusion sets from a hospital were triedfor watering and establishing anjan (Hardwickia binata). Thisallowed use of a limited quantity of water, in a regulated way as inthe drip system, and watering directly in the sub-soil to reduceevaporation loss. Either one litre or half a litre of water was appliedper plant this way every alternate day for the whole year, with totalconsumption of 173 litres and 91 litres of water respectively perplant in the entire year. Growth of these plants was compared withgrowth of ones subjected to conventional watering with 9 litresapplied fortnightly to make 216 litres of water per plant for theperiod of the experiment. Plant growth even with a half litretreatment on alternate days was far superior to that withconventional watering.1628 Kumar, A. and Vishwa Nath. (1988)Fusarium solani causing wilt of Eucalyptus. Current Science. 57:907-908A new wilt disease of Ecucalyptus was recorded for the first time inIndia caused by F. solani. Paper describes the cultural andphysiological studies along with epidemiological studies.1629 Lahiri, A.N., and Gaur, Y.D. (1969)Germination studies on arid zone plants. Proceedings of theNational Institute of Science of India. 35: 60-71In the arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan Prosopis juliflora isfound in diverse growth forms dense thickets of small shrubs tolarge trees. It was observed that very few plants come up within thecommunity of these trees and the ground was covered with a thicklayer of leaf litter. The inhibitors present in the leaves of P. julifloraaffect both the processes of germination and growth of seedlings.The magnitude of germination inhibition, however, varied indifferent species. The inhibitors restrict both shoot and root growthbut the latter seems to be more affected. The leaf litter of P. julifloracommunity contained inhibitors but the results suggest thatinhibitors present in leaves do not accumulate in the soil toinhibitory concentrations. It seems that inhibitors contained in the

litter together with the physical effects of litter may regulate thenatural regeneration within the community.1630 Lahiri, A.N. and Kharabanda, B.C. (1966)Studies on plant-water relationships. Proceedings of the NationalInstitute of Science, India. 32 B: 34-46In the seedlings of a xeric tree species, Tecomella undulata,fluctuations in soil moisture, brought about by different levels andintervals of watering, do not markedly influence the transpirationrate per unit area of leaf but that the moisture economy is broughtabout by the reduction of total transpiring surface, as well as by thereduction in the area of individual leaves. Reduction intranspiration rate, however, occurs when soil moisture falls near thepermanent wilting percentage. During a drought period plantsmaintained in low moisture regime develop greater transpirationpotential after being watered at optimum dosage in comparison withplants maintained under higher moisture regimes. Changes inrelative turgidity, soil water and transpiration rate in a drying cyclehave been studied and four different phases have beencharacterised.1631 Lahiri, A.N., Kathju, S. and Garg, B.K. (1986)Influences of antitranspirants on the desert trees. Indian Journal ofForestry. 9: 349-351Both PMA and ABA have favourable but transitory effect on themaintenance of leaf turgiscence of transpiration. But PMApresented a better advantage than ABA in the programme oftransporting Acacia salicina and Prosopis cineraria seedlings fromthe nursery to plantation sites without watering.1632 Manga, V.K. and Sen, D.N. (1995)Influence of seed traits on germination in Prosopis cineraria (L.)MacBride. Journal of Arid Environments. 31: 371-375Seed germination greatly influences the success or failure of anyafforestation programme. As such, it is important to know seedcharacteristics that could help in selecting seeds which would give ahigher germination percentage. In the present experiment, influenceof various seed traits viz. seed weight, seed length, seed thickness,seed volume and seed density on germination percentage werestudied in 51 accessions of P. cineraria, collected from the statesRajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. A large range of variability wasobserved among these accessions for various seed characteristics.The germination percentage ranged from 30% to 100% in thelaboratory and 6.7% to 90% in the field. Correlation analysis

evealed that germination percentages in the laboratory can be usedto predict germination in the field. All seed traits except seed lengthand seed density showed positive and significant association withgermination percentage in the laboratory as well as in the field.Thus germination percentage can be improved by selecting largeand heavy seeds.1633 Manga, V.K. and Sen, D.N. (1996)Genetic parameters for seed traits in Prosopis cineraria (L.)MacBride. Indian Journal of Forestry. 19: 148-151Genetic parameters for 6 seed traits and per cent germination wereworked out in fifty one accessions of P. cineraria mostly from theState of Rajasthan and some from Gujarat and Haryana. Values forvariability and expected genetic gain were calculated for allindividual characters. Seed weight and volume exhibited highgenetic variability, heritability and genetic gain. Correlation studyrevealed that seed weight, seed volume and seed thickness hadsignificant and positive association with germination percentage.These traits therefore should be given priority for improvinggermination in P. cineraria.1634 Mathur, C.M. (1960)Forest types of Rajasthan. Indian forester. 86: 734-739Seven forest types are described with notes on climate, geology, soilsand floristics. The types are: (1) Dry Teak forests, (2) Anogeissuspendula forests, (3) Mixed Deciduous forests, (4) Boswellia serrataforests, (5) Butea monosperma forests, (6) Tropical thorn forests and(7) Sub-tropical evergreen forests.1635 Mathur, N. and Vyas, A. (1996)Biomass production, nutrient uptake and nodulation in Prosopiscineraria by indigenous VAM fungi. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 53-56The incidence of root infection by indigenous VAM fungi and itsconsequence on biomass production, nodulation and nutrition of P.cineraria were studied in pots in five different soils of Indian Thardesert. Soil sterilisation completely inhibited root colonisation byindigenous VAM fungi. However, considerable root colonisationoccurred in roots of the plants in unsterilized soils. Root colonisationby indigenous VAM fungi resulted in improved nodulation. Theindigenous VAM fungi also improved uptake of N, P, K, Cu, Mn, Feand Zn in all the five soil types. VAM infection resulted in increasedbiomass production and the plant showed field mycorrhizaldependency for its biomass.

1636 Meena, J.N., Gupta, G.N. and Thana Ram. (1995 )Influence of soil working techniques on early growth of trees in aridregion. Annals of Forestry. 3: 120-123A field experiment on the influence of different soil workingtechniques on rain water storage and early growth of trees in aridregion revealed that trench and mound structure, ringpit and saucerpit improved moisture storage in upper 75 cm layer by 50%, 43%and 20%, respectively. These techniques caused significantimprovement in tree growth within 7 months of planting. Saucer pitof 2 m dia has been recommended as the most suitable structureconsidering both growth improvement and cost. This structureimproved height of neem by 2.6 times, siris by 3 times and khejri 2.3times within 16 months of planting. Collar girth of neem and sirisnearly doubled due to saucer pits.1637 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1991)Seed germination studies of Cassia italica (Mill.) Lamix-ex andressin Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 71-72Per cent germination in C. italica was maximum with thescarification of seed by concentrated sulphuric acid for 60 min.1638 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1994)Water imbibition and hard seed coatedness of some arid treespecies. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 89-90Seeds of Acacia senegal showed more water imbibition than Mimosahamata and Prosopis cineraria seeds, which advocates the presenceof more hard seed coatedness in the latter.1639 Mehta, M. and Sen, D.N. (1995)Seed characteristics and growth patterns of seedlings in some treesof Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 65-66In A. senegal, seed coat colour ranged from shining brown to dullgrey and greenish brown. The seeds were flat and circular, having adepression-like C on them. The seed length ranged from 0.83 to 0.96cm.1640 Murugesan, S., Shivesh Kumar and Sundararaj, R. (1996)Sensilar dynamics in thrips-flower interactions of arid and semi-aridtree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 361-368Extensive survey was carried out in order to study the thrips-flowerinterations of some introduced/native tree species of arid and semiaridareas. The behavioural response involved in feeding aremodified according to the sensilary structures and functions of the

antenna and mouth parts. Though no work in this direction hasbeen undertaken forestry thrips, an analysis of diverse type ofolfactory sensila on the antenna of different species would appearimportant and measures have to be adopted to protect the forest treespecies from flower thrips.1641 Mutha, N., Burman, U., Harsh, L.N. and Tewari, J.C. (1995)Effect of sowing depth on germination and seedling quality ofProsopis juliflora. Journal of Tree Science. 14: 41-43Sowing P. juliflora seeds at about 10 mm depth gave the maximumgermination. It also gave seedlings of high sturdiness quotient. Deepsowing on the contrary, resulted in poor germination and seedlingquality.1642 Muthana, K.D. (1974)A note on frost susceptibility in arid zone trees. Annals of Arid Zone.13: 370-373Tree species, with the exceptions of Azadirachta indica and Prosopisjuliflora, which have attained more than 2 meters in height have allescaped severe frost damage, while even trees of about 2 meters inheight have also succumbed. The tree species other than theindigenous species have all been badly affected in the interdunalareas and in low lying pockets but no damage to and tree specieshas been done on the top of the dunes.1643 Muthana, K.D. (1985)Afforestation practices in the Indian hot arid zones. Geobios. 12:285-293About 1% land is under forestry in hot arid zone of India. It is,therefore, evident that there is a greater need for taking up treeplantation programmes in arid areas and to maximise thevegetation in an integral manner so as to keep a proper balanceamong trees, grasses and crops. Various containers like polytheneare recommended for raising seedlings in the nurseries.Afforestation techniques for different soil types like sandy soil,shallow sandy loam soils, rocky refractory sites, saline soils and onshifting sands dune have been recommended.1644 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1976)Performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on shallow and deepsandy loam of Pali. (western Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 15:297-303The height as well as diameter of trees have made marked progresseven when deeper soils were available beyond 110 cm soil depth but

have almost maintained uniform growth, thereby suggesting thatfor raising a well developed plantation of E. camaldulensis in placeswhere shallow soils overlying hard kanker pan exist, the optimumsoil depth of 110 cm would be ideal to attain the objective.1645 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1980)Performance of Acacia tortilis (Forsk) under different habitats of theIndian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 110-118Pre-sowing treatment of the seed with 50% commercial sulphuricacid for 30-40 min or with boiling water for 3 min increased the rateand extent of seed germination. A tortilis was adjudged the bestspecies compared to other Acacia species in terms of growthattributes at all the habitats. The mean annual increment in heightin A tortilis was 61 cm on deep sandy soils, 56.1 cm on shifting sanddunes, 44 cm on rocky refactory sites, 57.5 cm on semi-rocky sitesand 55.5 cm on shallow sandy loam soils. Weeding round the plantsimproved their growth whereas fertiliser treatments had nosignificant effect. A closer spacing of 3m x 3m has given the highestfuel yield of 53.6 ha -1 . Although the desirable spacing of this tree forsilvi-pastoral management has been worked out as 5-6m x 10 m, A.tortilis has also proved to be an excellent coppicer. This speciesshould therefore, find very wide application in increasing theproductivity of arid tracts at a faster rate.1646 Muthana, K.D., Arora, G.D. and Gian chand. (1976)Comparative performance of indigenous trees in arid zone underdifferent soil working techniques. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 67-76Out of the 4 indigenous tree species tried, Albizzia lebbek has beenfound to perform better than the rest if precautions are taken tocheck the termite attack. Under rainfed conditions, it would bedesirable to transplant 9 to 12 months old seedlings rather thansowing seeds at site and planting in pits of 60 cm excavated andrefilled with entire weathered soil has given the best performance ingeneral. It is further added that trees have improved the availablenutrient status of the soils ranging from 203 to 356 kg N ha -1 and319 to 633 kg K ha -1 .1647 Muthana, K.D., Ramakrishna, G.V.S. and Arora, G.D. (1983)Analysis of growth and establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensisin the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 151-155Studies on E. camaldulensis indicated that there is no significanteffect of fertiliser or weeding singly or in combination of each otherin the Indian arid zone. Trend curves fitted to the growth-in-plant

height and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) indicated that theplant can attain a height of 1155.85 cm in these areas. Further, 60%establishment of the plant is estimated in these regions.1648 Pancholy, A. (1991)Studies on the status of indigenous soil rhizobia associated withcertain arid zone legume trees. Nitrogen Fixing Tree ResearchReports. 9: 9-10A short experiment was conducted to assess the nodulating ability ofindigenous soil rhizobia on legume trees in Indian Arid Zone soil. Ingeneral, the nodules were very small and judging from the lack ofhealthy pink colour, contained very little leghaemoglobin. Noduleswere distributed on the main and lateral roots were present eithersingly or in clusters of three or four. It was concluded from theresults that it is imperative to select or develop improved rhizobialstrains which are geographically and genetically suited to the aridlegume trees to derive maximum benefit.1649 Pancholy, A. (1992)Characterisation of rhizobia isolated from two arid zone tree species:Prosopis cineraria and Albizia lebbek. Nitrogen Fixing Tree ResearchReports. 10: 55-56Roughly three-fifths of Rajasthan (approximately 196,150 sq km)falls within the arid zone (24°-30’ N, 70°-76.2’ E). Soil and climaticconditions are adverse due to low and erratic rainfall, frequentdrought, intense radiation, frost and high wind speed (Summerrange: 20-35 kg hr -1 ). There was either complete absence ofnodulation or production of very poor quality nodules. Hence,selection or development of improved rhizobial strains appearsimperative to derive maximum benefit from important multipurposetrees. Determination of cultural and biochemical characteristics andresistance / susceptibility to common antibiotics are among theimportant prerequisites for starting any improvement program.With this in mind, we studied rhizobial isolates of two arid zone treespecies, P. cineraria and A. lebbeck.1650 Pancholy, A. (1993)Azide resistance in arid zone tree legume rhizobia. Nitrogen FixingTree Research Reports. 11: 14-15Induced resistance to azide in rhizobia been found to confer higherN-fixing ability in symbiosis with the associated host. Thereforenatural genetic variability with regard to this character was studied

in native rhizobial isolates of three desert woody legumes, Prosopiscineraria, Acacia tortilis and Albizzia lebbek.1651 Pancholy, A. (1995)Auxotrophic mutants isolation from rhizobia of Prosopis cineraria.Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 63-64Rhizobial strain PC-3 of P. cineraria used in the present study wassensitive to ampicillin (30 μg ml -1 ) and resistant to trimethoprim(350 μg ml -1 ) with a mean generation time of 3.6 h. Sevenauxotrophic mutants requiring adenine, valine, tryptophan,histidine and arginine were isolated following EMS-mutagenesis. Itwas found that the concentration of Nutrient Broth (0.6%, v/v) in thepartially supplemented MM was a crucial factor in isolation ofauxotrophic mutants.1652 Pancholy, A. (1996)Symbiotic efficiency of azide resistant mutants of Prosopis cinerariarhizobia. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 335-338Seven rhizobial mutants, with enhanced resistance to sodium azide(25 μg ml -1 ) have been isolated following ultraviolet-irradiation ofthe native rhizobial strain, PC-1 (azide resistance 5 μg ml -1 ) of P.cineraria. Five out of the seven isolated mutants (azi-1, azi-2, azi-4,azi-6 and azi-7) showed significant increase in per cent shootnitrogen (33-45%) and plant dry weight (14-40%) over the parentstrain, PC-1. However, two isolated mutants, azi-3 and azi-5 did notshow any improvement in nitrogen-fixing efficiency, in terms of percent shoot N and plant dry weight possibly due to high reversionfrequencies. It can be inferred that increased rhizobial resistance toazide and effectiveness are associated with each other in legume-Rhizobium symbiosis system.1653 Pancholy, A., Jindal, S.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1993)Effect of gamma-radiation on germination and seedling growth ofcertain arid zone trees. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 203-204Most of the parameters studied at early seedling stage in three aridtree species were unaffected by the gamma ray doses used forirradiating the seeds. Probably higher doses are required to producesignificant variations in the unaffected parameters.1654 Pancholy, A., Jindal, S.K., Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. andSolanki, K.R. (1989)Interspecific variation in leaf phenolics of six Prosopis species.Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 299-303

Phenolics in leaf extracts of six Prosopis species viz. P. juliflora, P.tamarugo, P. chilensis, P. alba, P. siliquestrum and P. cinerariawere studied using two dimensional thin layer chromatography.Each species had a characteristic phenolic pattern. Maximumnumber of phenolic spots (16) was recorded in P. chilensis and P.siliquestrum and minimum number (9) was observed in P. cineraria.In total, there were 37 spots in all the species. The degree ofsimilarity as indicated by number of common spots among differentspecies was in close agreement with their classification based onmorphological criteria and geographical distribution.1655 Parihar, D.R. (1980)Termite problem in desert plantations. Annals of Arid Zone. 19:329-334The information about the host plants, nature of damage, predatorsand control of the desert termites had been described. 0.02% Endrinwas found to be better followed by 0.03% aldrin for the control oftermite infestation of D. sissoo plantation.1656 Parihar, D.R. (1981)Some observations on distribution and pest status of termitesattacking forestry plantations in the Rajasthan desert. IndianJournal of Forestry. 4: 22-25Out of 28 species reported here, only 9 were observed as pest offorestry plantations in western Rajasthan. The distribution andextent of damage caused by them have been assessed. Microtermesmycophagus and M. obesi are widely distributed in westernRajasthan and they have the highest host preference, whereasOdontotermes brunneus, O. latiguloides, O. kushwahai andAmitermes belli are less widely distributed here and having the leasthost preference. Psammotermes rajasthanicus is restricted only toextreme arid tract of Rajasthan where it attacks the indigenousplantations.1657 Parihar, D.R. (1981)Termites affecting Eucalyptus plantations and their control in thearid region of India. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie. 92:106-111Two subterranean termites, Odontotermes gurdaspurensis and O.obesus are the culprit species in the Indian desert which areresponsible for damaging the plantations. Both seedlings and treesof 13 species were attacked. The infestation was higher from Augustto February and was lower from March to July 0.25% of aldrin EC ½

litre per seedling and 10 g of aldrin dust per tree can protect theEucalyptus effectively for at least two years in the arid region ofIndia.1658 Parihar, D.R. (1993)Insect fauna of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) MacBride of arid zone ofIndia. Indian Journal of Forestry 16: 132-137In all 48 insects on P. cineraria have been collected and identified.Most of these were first time collected and were new records on thetree. Three types of gall making insects were evaluated. Bruchidswere main pests of seeds and pods. Xylophagus insects wereobserved attacking living as well as dead wood of trees. Insects bothas casual visitors to flowers and also prominent pollinators havebeen identified.1659 Parihar, D.R. (1994)Galls and gall-makers in khejri (Prosopis cineraria Linn. Druce) ofarid zone of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 313-317In P. cineraria trees, four types of galls, showing variability instructure, size and weight, were identified. 25 to 45.4% galls showedthe presence of gall makers (insects/mites). Population of these gallmakers increased with vegetative growth of trees. Infested gallswere maintained in laboratory cages and the emerged adults wereidentified as a mite, Eriophyes prosopidis (Acarina) and six insects,Contarinia prosopidis (Diptera). Pediobopsis sp. (Hymenoptera) andfour Lepidopterans, Assura albicostalis, Anarsia triaenota, Eucosmalioplintha and Ascalenia sp.1660 Parihar, D.R. (1997)Field evaluation of natural resistance of timber and fuel woodagainst termite attack. Annals of Arid Zone. 36 : 61-64Wood of 14 timber and fuel wood tree/shrub species was found to benon-resistant to termite attack. Maximum damage was observed inLeucaena leucocephala (74.6 % wt. loss) and minimum in Dalbergiasissoo (15.0 % wt. loss). Resistant class of tested materials was alsoworked out.1661 Parihar, D.R. and Satya Vir. (1993)Pollinating insects of Prosopis cineraria Macbride. Annals of AridZone. 32: 267-268The most dominant species was Apis florea Fabricius whichcomprised 11.5% population. Details of the insects, their feeding

habits and percentage presence per 50 sweeps has been discussed inthe paper.1662 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1996)Some observations on the insect pests and flower visitors ofTecomella undulata (SM) seem in the arid and semi-arid regions.Journal of Tropical Forestry. 12: 134-141More than twenty insect species were found imparting varyingdegree of injury to the seedlings and grown up plants of T. undulata.Termites and white grubs were the major pests of seedlings whilethe trees were affected mainly by the termites, shoot borer, woodborer and leaf skeletonizer. Among the flower visitors the moreimportant ones were the insects like Apis florea, Halictus sp.Componotus sp. Xylocopa sp. and birds like Leptocoma asiatica andMolpastes cafer.1663 Prakash, B.S.V. and Sen, D.N. (1987)Floral variations and seed viability in Tecomella undulata (Sm.)Seem. in Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 281-286T. undulata (Sm.) seem (bignoniaceae), a common tree in the desertregion produces yellow, orange-red and red coloured flowers. Onlythe seeds formed from yellow flowers are viable. The trees withyellow flowers are dominant and have been considered as mostadvanced and appear to be more suitable for arid environment.1664 Raina, A.K. (1982)Vermiculite-influenced seed germination seedling growth and rootformation. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 181-186The study revealed a marked influence of vermiculite, when addedto the seed beds and rooting medium on the rate of seedgermination, radicle length, the growth and development of root andshoot system in Parthenium argentatum, Simmondsia chinensis andProsopis cineraria. Effect on germination percentage was nonsignificant.In medium with 1:2 combination of vermiculite andsand-clay-manure mixture a well branched extensive root systemdeveloped. The better performance of seedlings on the media isexplained by the combined action of manure mixture which helpedpromote shoot growth, while the vermiculite provided betteraeration, moisture and drainage to the rooting medium.1665 Ramawat, K.G. and Nandwani, D. (1991)Propagation of Prosopis species : Problem preseverance andperspectives. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 247-258

Prosopis species are predominant components of arid-landvegetation but they are degenerated as biotic pressure has causedlarge scale deforestation. Plant tissue culture has been provedsuccessful in regeneration of a large number of tree species.However, Prosopis species are recalcitrant to regenerate and effortsmade by various workers to regenerate and propagate Prosopis arediscussed in the light of achievements made in the laboratory.1666 Rao, A.V. and Giller, K.E. (1994)Assessment of nitrogen fixation in tree legumes using isotopedilution technique. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 42:378-381Nitrogen fixing capacity of Leucaena diversifolia and Sesbaniasesban was estimated using isotope dilution technique. Inoculationwith different strains of Rhizobium had improved the growth andnitrogen accumulation and the improvement varied from one strainto another in both the species. The nitrogen fixation represented 31-54% of the plant nitrogen. Reference plants obtained relatively moreamount of nitrogen from fertiliser and soil as compared with theinoculated plants. The plant nitrogen derived from fertiliser and soilvaried from 7 to 9% and 38 to 48%, respectively with L. diversifoliawhile Ndfs for S. sesban per cent was as high as 56 to 59%. Nitrogenfixation is better in L. diversifolia as compared to S. sesban.1667 Sachan, J.N. and Pal, S.K. (1973)Some observations on the gall formation in Prosopis cineraria.Annals of Arid Zone. 12: 103-104All the stages of plants have galls and gall formation is due tofeeding by insect (Eurytoma sp.). Galls hamper the growth of thetree. Annual lopping reduces the extent of gall formation in the newbranches.1668 Satyanarayan, Y.Treelands or grasslands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 84:549-553Describes the chief problems in the reclamation of desert andsuggests that attempts to establish treelands under the existingenvironmental conditions should be tried out with caution.Recommends establishment of grasslands with indigenous grassspecies which being pioneer vegetation would pave. The way for anecological succession of other species, professing towards climax. Aswithout trees no permanent reclamation is possible and, therefore,hardly, drought resistant trees should be established either

simultaneously with reseeding or after the stabilisation of thedunes.1669 Satya Vir. (1996 )Bruchid infestation of leguminous trees in the Thar desert. TropicalScience. 36: 11-13Field bruchids attacking fruit of the leguminous trees Prosopiscineraria, P. juliflora, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal and Albizia lebbekin different regions of the Thar desert are reported. No damagedseed from any species germinated.1670 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1994)Fruit infestation of Acacia tortilis (Forsk) hyne by Bruchidiusandrewesi Pic. (Coleoptera : bruchidae) in the Thar desert. ForestEcology and Management. 70: 349-352Bruchidius andrewesi Pic. has been recorded as a serious pest ofpods and seeds of A. tortilis in the Thar desert of India. Pestinfestation on developing pods and its relationship withmorphological traits is reported. Pod infestation varied from 5 to19% with 5-29% infestation of seeds. Infestation of pods is directlyrelated to infestation of seed (r = 0.72**), and both pod and seedinfestation are also directly correlated with loss in seed biomass (r =0.79** and r = 0.88**). The infestation of pods starts in Novemberand increases steady until harvest. Seeds kept in the laboratory forfurther studies were found to be 100% infested with B. andrewesi, asthe insect multiplied faster under these conditions. The heavyinfestation is damaging not only to A. tortilis but also to otherleguminous trees of the desert. B. andrewesi has also been found onpods and seeds of Prosopis cineraria, an important indigenous treeof the region.1671 Satya Vir and Jindal, S.K. (1996)Field infestation of Caryedon serratus olivier (Coleoptera :Bruchidae) on the pods and seeds of Acacia nilotica in the Thardesert of India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 9: 189-193Caryedon serratus Olivier has been recorded as a serious pest onpods and seeds of Acacia nilotica in the Thar desert of India. Pestinfestation on developing pods and its relationship withmorphological traits is reported. Bruchid infestation was recorded inApril and the insect continued to multiply in the field as the podsremained on the tree when ripe. Infestation of pods varied from 10to 30% with 1.2 to 1.8% infestation of seeds. Insect infestationresulted in a loss of 22.51% in seed weight and 1.18% loss in seed

iomass of the tree. Infestation of pods was directly related toinfestation of seed (r = 0.81**). Infestation of seed was directlycorrelated with loss in seed weight (r = O.83**) and loss in seedbiomass from the tree (r = 0.76*). The insect remained in the fieldduring the hottest months of May and June and was also reported toinfest pods and seeds of Prosopis cineraria and P. juliflora. Thesetrees thus act as the secondary host, for population build-up of C.serratus, from where it spreads to its primary host, the groundnut,Arachis hypogea, which is becoming a common crop of this regionwith the introduction of the Indira Gandhi Canal in the Thar desert.1672 Satya Vir and Verma, S.K. (1996 )Insect pests of agroforestry leguminous trees in India. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 349-359This paper attempts to document the recorded arthropod pestspecies associated with leguminous agroforestry trees in India. Thelist also covers casual feeders. The compilation, from various sourcesincluding published and unpublished reports, notes, and our surveysetc., will be of immense help to ascertain about future new records.1673 Satya Vir, Parihar, D.R. and Jindal, S.K. (1994)Studies on Bruchus bilineatopygus pic (Bruchidae) infestation onpod/ seeds of Albizia lebbek (L.) benth in the Thar desert of India.Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 78-81B. bilineatopygus Pic -a pest earlier recorded on Acacia senegal wasfound to be a serious pest of Albizia lebbek in the Thar Desert ofIndia. Time of infestation, quantitative losses and effect of insectdamage on seed germination is reported in this paper. Bruchidinfestation was recorded in October and the insect continued tomultiply in field as the pods remain on tree when ripe. Infestation ofpods varied from 54-92% with the infestation of 28-87% of seeds.This infestation resulted a loss of 22.61% in seed weight (r = 0.86*)and loss in seed biomass (r = 0.80**). Loss in seed weight is alsopositively correlated with loss in seed biomass of tree (r = 0.61*).The germination potential of healthy seeds was 72% whereas thedamaged seed did not germinate at all.1674 Satya Vir, Verma, S.K. and Jindal, S.K. (1994)Relative appearance of important insect pests on select genotypes ofTecomella undulata (SM.) seem at Jodhpur. Annals of Arid Zone.33: 161-163Slight increase in the appearance of the stem borer infestation wasobserved except a marginal decline of 0.4% in TU-109 accession of

ohida (T. undulata). No genotype showed any appreciable promiseagainst the grubs of the leaf skeletonizer weevil, (Ptialus tecomella).1675 Saxena, A. and Sharma, A.K. (1996)Allelopathic potential of Acacia tortilis in agroforestry systems ofarid regions. Allelopathy Journal. 3: 81-84The aqueous extracts of roots, fresh leaves, inflorescence of A.tortilis and soil (collected beneath the A. tortilis trees) were testedagainst the germination and early seedling growth of pearl millet.All the extracts significantly reduced the seed germination, root andshoot length of pearl millet. The inhibiting capacity of extractsfollowed the order: root > shoot > inflorescence.1676 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Nanda, P.C. (1962-63)Cyto-taxonomy of Tecomella undulta seem. Annals of Arid Zone. 1:174-175Two distinct variants of the species T. undulta have been commonlyobserved in western Rajasthan, one bearing pure yellow flowers andthe other only orange-red flowers which are larger in size. Veryoften , trees bearing either orange-red or yellow flowers occurredside by side. Cytological studies show that the haploid chromosomenumber is eleven in both the variants.1677 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Suresh Kumar. (1986)Aerial seeding of sand dunes i. Trends in seed germination andseedling distribution. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 2: 3-20Coalesced parabolic and transverse dunes, the source of wind-bornesand silting the Indira Gandhi Canal, were revegetated throughaerial seeding. A mixture of seeds of four multipurpose trees i.e.,Acacia tortilis, Colophospermum mopane, Prosopis cineraria,Zizyphus rotundifolia along with one shrub, Dichorstachys nutans,one creeper, Citrullus colocynthis and one palatable grass, Lasiurussindicus were broadcast from aircraft in the pre-monsoon andmonsoon season in two experimental plots near Bikaner. Beforesowing, bare dune crests were mulched and hard interdunal panswere ploughed. Seedling count revealed higher seed germination inmonsoon as compared to that in the pre-monsoon sowing; uniformbroadcast of seeds from the aircraft and more number of seedlingsover mulched crests, leeward slope and ploughed interdunes. Thisclearly shows that these are the most hospitable habitats forrevegtation through aerial seeding.1678 Sharma, B.D. and Gupta, I.C. (1989)Effect of trees cover on soil fertility in western Rajasthan. IndianForester. 115: 348-354.

Investigations were carried on changes in soil fertility status undersix different trees vegetation covers over barren sand dunes. Theoverall fertility improved under trees cover in comparison to barrensand dunes. Organic carbon increased from 0.03 to 0.47% and totalN from 0.007 to 0.043% under P. cineraria cover whereas, availableP 2 O 5 increased form 14.95 to 33.68 kg ha -1 under the same cover.Among all the six tree species tried viz. P. juliflora, A. tortilis, A.senegal and Capparis decidua the minimum improvement wasobserved under P. juliflora cover.1679 Sharma, B.D., Bawa, A.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1990)Physico-chemical changes in soil as influenced by natural tree andgrass covers in arid rangeland. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 15-18Studies were undertaken to ascertain changes as influenced byvegetation cover i.e. trees and grass over bare dune soil. Markedchanges were observed in soil chemical pattern under vegetationcover in comparison to adjacent bare dune as organic carbonincreased from 0.03% in bare dune soil to 0.4% under tree cover and0.15% under grass cover, total N increased from 0.007% on bare soilto 0.04% under tree and 0.01% under grass, available P increasedfrom 7.5 kg ha -1 on bare dune soil to 17.0 kg ha -1 under tree and 9.0kg ha -1 under grass cover and available K revealed similar pattern.Nutrient level under tree cover decreased with increase in soil depthwhile under grass cover nutrient decreased marginally up to 30 cmdepth without further change with depth. Physical characteristicsalso improved marginally under tree and grass cover.1680 Sharma, B.K., Dhir, R.P. and Dutta, B.K. (1984)Mineral nutrient elements in natural vegetation of arid Rajasthan.II. Microelements. Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 235-241Microelements composition of natural vegetation in the aridRajasthan was studied. Results showed considerable variationwithin and between species. The iron content in trees was 209 to532 ppm and Ailanthes excelsa showed the highest value. Shrubsand grasses had generally low concentration of this element.Manganese content ranged from 35 to 60 ppm in trees and 20.1 to57.5 ppm in shrubs but Leptadenia pyrotechnica showedexceptionally high concentration (80 ppm). Grasses with a range of44.9 to 99.2 ppm appeared relatively rich in manganese content.Similar was the picture in respect of zinc and copper. Judging fromthe available standards, natural vegetation appears to have morethan adequate concentration of these elements to meet animalneeds. Only zinc concentration in some trees and shrubs appeared tobe marginal.

1681 Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N., Tewari, J.C. and Bohra, M.D.(1993)Variability and changes in genetic parameters for plant height inProsopis pallida (Humboldt and barplant ex. Willdenow) h b k.Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 273-275Significant differences among the six accessions in respect of plantheight over nine years except the five year were observed whichshows that selection could not be practised at juvenile stage.1682 Sharma, N.K., Burman, U., Tewari, J.C., Bohra, M.D. andHarsh, L.N. (1994)Variability studies in pod and seed characteristics of Prosopisjuliflora (Sw.) Dc. Indian Journal of Forestry. 17: 161-165Prosopis juliflora germplasm in reference to pod and seed traits wascollected from Rajasthan (November 1992) and Gujarat (January1993). The existence of enormous variability with respect to podweight, number of seeds pod -1 and pulp weight pod -1 particularlyfrom the collection made from Rajasthan, which lead toidentification of certain plus trees. Maximum intensity of correlationamong all the characters was found between pod weight and pulpweight pod -1 (0.9619) in Rajasthan collection.1683 Shri Kant and Narayana, H.S. (1978)Effect of water stress on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation inCasuarina equisetifolia. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 216-221The shoot and root lengths, the shoot and root weights, nodule sizeand number, nodule weight, and the amount of nitrogen fixeddecreased with the increase in water stress. There was nodegeneration of nodules and cessation of nitrogen fixation when thesoil moisture was raised to the field capacity once in 72 hours. Thereduction in the number of nodules in various degrees of waterstress might have been brought about through inhibition by waterstress.1684 Singh, K., Singh, V. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1988)Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and cationsuptake by Acacia nilotica. Journal of the Indian Society of SoilScience. 36: 839-42A. nilotica failed to grow at ECe of 32.5 dS m -1 and ESP of 61.4.Compared to control. It showed about 23, 24, 33 and 37% reductionat ECe 16.3 dS m -1 and 61, 48, 92 and 94% reduction at ESP 30.6, inheight, girth, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. Fifty percent reduction in dry weight takes place at ECe around 20 dS m -1

and ESP 15. Uptake of sodium increased with ECe/ESP but rate ofuptake was more in sodic as compared to saline condition.1685 Singh, M., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L. (1991)Parent juvenile progeny relationship in Prosopis cineraria (L.)druce. Myforest. 27: 39-44Eighteen trees of P. cineraria from natural stands in parts ofRajasthan and Gujarat and sixty trees from even aged stand atsingle location were studied for their morphological traits and seedcharacteristics. The progenies of these plants were evaluated innursery for their growth height and other characters. Variation innatural stands was relatively more than that in even aged standsimplying that differences in age and location contribute to naturalvariation. There was no association of morphological traits of parentwith the growth height, root length, etc. of their juvenile progenies.100-seed weight, however, had positive association with progenyheight in nursery. Thus it may be inappropriate to select or rejectprogenies on the basis of their juvenile height.1686 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L., Jindal, S.K. and Solanki, K.R. (1993)Variation in morphological and seed related traits of Prosopiscineraria (L.) druce in natural stands. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 140Variability was maximum for canopy diameter and minimum for100-seed weight. Trees with spreading dome shaped crown as wellas trees with erect and compact crown were observed.1687 Singh, M.P. and Harsh, L.N. (1996)Denticera divisella Duponchel (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) infestingEuphorbia antisyphilitica in the arid zone. Entomonograph.21: 263-264Denticera divisella Duponchel (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) infestingEuphorbia Antisyphilitica in the arid zone has been reported in thispaper.1688 Singh, M.P., Satya Vir and Parihar, D.R. (1989)A note on the coleopeterous pests of forest plants in the Indiandesert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 12: 330-331The more common coleopterous pests associated with nurseries,transplanted and established forest plants have been described,along with the seed feeders.1689 Singh, R.S., Tewari, J.C. and Sharma, S.K. (1993)

Effect of seed treatment on germination and growth behaviour ofGrewia tenax Forsk. under nursery conditions. My Forest. 29: 151-154Grewia tenax Forsk. is a very important shrub of arid and semi-aridregions of Rajasthan. Though the dispersed seeds of the speciesgerminate irregularly throughout the year in its natural habitat,however, the seedling germination under nursery conditions is veryproblematic. Various seed treatment to enhance germination of thespecies under nursery conditions are described. Though, thechemically treated and water soaked seeds exhibited superiorityover control but in no case germination could exceed 60%. Seedstreated with 50%, H 2 SO 4 solution exhibited maximum germinationpercentage in a span of 65 days and more over, biomass productionwas also found to be best in the seedlings obtained from H 2 SO 4 ,treated seeds.1690 Singh, S.P., Tewari, J.C., Yadav, S. and Ralhan, P.K. (1986)Population structure of tree species in forests as an indicator ofregeneration and future stability. Proceedings of the IndianAcademy of Sciences (Plant Science). 96: 443-455The size class distribution in tree populations will continue to beused for analysing the regeneration of tree species and successionalpatterns in forest communities at extensive levels. However,information regarding the approximate estimates of lifetimeexpectancy (residence time) for each of the size classes, viz.,seedlings, saplings and trees and the estimates of rate of net gainfor them (population divided by residence time) can considerablyenhance our understanding of the regeneration trends of species. Itis shown that several population structures, based on size classdistribution may indicate declining population trend, although thepopulation, as indicated by rate of net gain parameter, in fact mayforetell future expansion or stability. It appears that high speciesrichness and high percentages of species with poor regeneration areinterrelated with each other.1691 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1984)Propagation in Prosopis cineraria (L) MacBride by air layering.Current Science. 53: 1166-67The present study is, however, useful in demonstrating the scope ofair layering for the clonal propagation in P. cineraria.1692 Solanki, K.R., Jindal, S.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1985)

Phenotypic variation in pod and seed size in Kumat in naturalstands. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 10:30-32Exploratory survey was undertaken and seeds of 52 individual treesof kumat (Acacia senegal) were collected from the westernRajasthan during November-December 1984. Analysis of podcharacters-pod length, pod breadth, seeds pod -1 and 100-seed weightrevealed enough variability for these characters. Trees with highestvalues No. 387 for pod length, No. 363 for seeds pod -1 and No. 372for seed weight. To have high dividends for these characters,exploration of Barmer provenance is emphasised.1693 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1986)Air layering in Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride. Indian Forester.112: 202-207In Prosopis cineraria (L.) MacBride technique on air layering wasdeveloped successfully at Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur. Cent per cent success was achieved in the twigs at 15 mmdiameter treated with seradix B 3 and covered with clay during themonth of July and August. Profuse rooting, and betterestablishment was observed in twigs or around 15 mm diameter.For best results, attempting air layering in July, detaching frommother tree in September and transplanting in field in the monthNovember would be useful under arid conditions.1694 Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Jindal, S.K. (1987)Performance of Acacia tortilis progenies in western Rajasthan. MyForest. 23: 65-69Progenies of twelve plus trees selected on the basis of morphologicalcharacters were evaluated in progeny trial. Trial of nursery raisedplants were laid out in July in RBD replicated three times andspaced 3 meters apart accommodating 14 plants in each replication.The trial was raised as rainfed. Data at the age of 2.5 year wererecorded for tree height, DBH, basal diameter. Volumes wereestimated. Based on the performance twenty trees were selected.Genetic grain was observed in all these tree. Tree AT 85-11-11-9appeared to be the best as it has of shown almost 100% increase forall the characters. Implications of the selection in solving fuelwoodproblems have discussed.1695 Solanki, K.R., Singh, M., Jindal, S.K. and Kackar, N.L. (1992)

Annual changes in components of variance of height in Acaciatortilis over five year growth period. Journal of Tree Science. 11:21-24Twelve half-sib plant progenies of A. tortilis were planted at twolocations viz., Jodhpur and Pali during 1983. Data on height wererecorded from 1983-1987. Relative proportions of components ofvariance were calculated from both locations. Fluctuations invariance components particularly up to second year of growth wereobserved. Location and experimental error components were thedominant sources of variation. Components tended to stabilise fromthird year on wards suggesting that three year may be the earliestage for starting effective selection between and within families fortree height in A. tortilis.1696 Solanki, K.R., Muthana, K.D., Paroda, R.S. and Kackar, N.L.(1984)Performance of the elite trees of Prosopis cineraria in comparison toAcacia tortilis in western Rajasthan. Forage Research. 2: 111-113Trees evaluated through progeny testing and identified as elite treeshave been evaluated against A. tortilis, a very fast growing treespecies, and their performance is reported in this communication. Astudy on the performance of quick growing P. cineraria trees grownduring 1978 was carried out at the Research Farm, CAZRI, Jodhpur.The growth height was compared with Acacia tortilis trees of thesame age grown side by side.1697 Sundararaj, R., Murugesan, S. and Mishra, R.N. (1996)Field evaluation of neem seed oil against the babul whiteflyAcaudaleyrodes rachipora (singh) (Aleyrodidae : Homoptera) onAcacia senegal seedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 369-372An experiment was conducted to study the bioefficacy of neem seedoil alone and in combination with two conventional insecticides viz.,monocrotophos and endosulfan against the babul whitefly A.rachipora on A. senegal seedlings. Neem seed oil at 0.5% is goodenough to control this pest and its combination with either 0.1%monocrotophos or endosulfan did not show any superiority thanneem seed oil alone to A. rachipora.1698 Suresh Kumar and Shankaranarayan, K.A. (1988)Aerial seeding on sand dunes : seedling survival and growth.Journal of Tropical Forestry. 4: 124-134Seedling population of Acacia tortilis, Lasiurus sindicus, Prosopiscineraria, Zizyphus rotundifolia, Dichrostachys nutans and

Colophospermum mopane were monitored for over two years (threemonsoon seasons) in aerially seeded plots at Sardarpura (300 ha)and Motigarh (400 ha) on Bikaner Anupgarh Road. Season inducedmortality in varying degrees was noticed in all species on differentdune strata. Seedling population after initial major decline for twoyears tended to stabilise in case of C. colocynthis, A. tortilis and P.cineraria, L. sindicus population consistently increased over thisperiod. L. sindicus, Citrullus colocynthis, P. cineraria and A. tortiliswere successful in surviving the harsh and inhospitable aridenvironment. Seedling survival and growth in these species was beston dune crests and leeward slope, which are also most susceptible towind erosion. The attempt to provide plant cover to these bare crestsand leeward slope for minimising wind borne transport of sandcausing siltation of Indira Gandhi Canal has, therefore, beensuccessful.1699 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1992)Decomposition of tree leaves in arid soils at different moisturelevels. Journal of Tree Science. 11: 140-143Effects of added organic matter in the form of tree leaves underdifferent moisture on CO 2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity wasstudied. It was observed that rate of CO 2 evolution was maximum at3 days and about 58 to 63% CO 2 was evolved within first week ofincorporation under different moisture levels. The maximum CO 2evolution and dehydrogenase (microbial) activity was observedunder 50% and 50-75% WHC, respectively. Leaves of Prosopisjuliflora and Albizia lebbeck were found to be best for microbialbuild up in arid soil whereas Acacia nilotica leaves were unsuitedfor microbial growth. The results suggested that farmers canincorporate selected tree leaves to build organic matter status inthese soils.1700 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Patwal, D.S. (1990)On forestry research in arid zone. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 6:187-194The arid regions of India cover 3,17,909 sq km and spread overseven States, mostly in north Western part of the country. In entirearid region, the natural vegetation form chief source of fuel besidescontributing to requirements of small timber and fencing material.Therefore, forestry is a very important aspect as far as developmentof arid regions is concerned. The present report briefly summarisesthe different type of forestry researches viz. nursery techniques,planting techniques, shelterbelt plantation, silvical studies etc.being carried out especially in arid part of western Rajasthan.

1701 Tewari, J.C., Sharma, N.K., Harsh, L.N. and Felker, P. (1997)Early growth performance of Latin American Prosopis species inIndian arid tract. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. 10:111-114Six exotic Prosopis species, mainly of Latin American origin (i.e. P.nigra, P. flexuosa, P. chilensis, P. alba, P. hybrid and P. sp.peruvian) were studied for their early growth performance.Moreover, these exotics are simultaneously compared with P.juliflora for early growth behaviour. P. sp. peruvian and P. albahave shown best over all growth performance. In general, P.juliflora could not attain better overall growth than these exotics.The high degree of adaptability and appreciable early growthperformance of Prosopis species (Peruvian) and P. alba make them avery suitable candidate for arid zone plantation forestry activities.1702 Toky, O.P. and Srinivasu, V. (1995)Response of sodium bicarbonate sodicity on survival, seedlinggrowth and plant nutrients of four multipurpose arid trees. Annalsof Arid Zone. 34: 115-120Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del., Albizzia lebbek, Pithecellobiumdulce and Prosopis juliflora, were grown in sodic soils of 20 to 100ESP. Seedlings did not survive above 45 ESP in P. dulce, 60 ESP inA. nilotica and A. lebbek, and 80 ESP in P. juliflora. Seedlings didnot survive above 45 ESP in P. juliflora. In 5 month-old plants,plant height, biomass production and leaf area decreased, while leafthickness increased with rising level of sodicity. Plant nutrientconcentration varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the species andsodicity levels. N, P, K, Ca and Mg decreased and Na concentrationincreased with increase in ESP. Maximum reduction in Ca and Pconcentrations was observed in the leaves of P. juliflora and A.nilotica, and in roots and stems of the remaining two species. Theresults are useful for afforestation and management of sodic soils.1703 Verma, S.K. (1985)The leaf beetle, Clytria succincta on Prosopis cineraria. FAO PlantProtection Bulletin. 33: 123-124Leaf beetle, Clytria succincta Lacor. is reported to defoliateestablished trees of Prosopis cineraria.1704 Verma, S.K. and Satya Vir. (1995)Field insect pests of rohida (Tecomella undulata) in arid zones ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 51-55

Insects associated with T. undulata in arid zones of Rajasthan havebeen listed and briefly discussed. Patialus tecomella (Cioniindae,Curculionidae: Coleoptera) and Stegmatophora sp. (Cosmopterygide:Lepidoptera) are the key pests on established trees, whereasNadiasa siva (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera), Odontotennes obesus(Termitidae: Isoptera) and Holotrichia consanguinea Bl.(Melolonthidae: Coleoptera) are the key pests in nursery. Exoristasp. (Tachinidae: Diptera) is the major regulatory factor determiningincidence and damage by Patialus tecomella.1705 Vyas, N.L. (1993)Leaf spot disease of mopane in India. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 139Older leaves bear scattered leisons with yellow circular boundary,spots coalesce to form bigger coffee coloured spots and finally thewhole leaf becomes dry and drops from the plant. The disease iscaused by a Cercospora canescens.1706 Wadhwani, B.B. (1953)Prosopis spicigera (Linn.) Indian Forester. 79: 432-435Some silvicultural aspects of P. spicigera (Linn.) as also some easyand cheap methods of seed collection, afforestation with this speciesin Sind (now in Pakistan) are dealt with.Plant of Economic Importance1707 Amalraj, V.A. (1984)Floral biology of Datura innoxia mill. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 9: 26-29Studies conducted on the floral biology of D. innoxia indicate thatself pollination is encouraged. Anthesis occurred between 6.45 A.M.and 7.15 A.M. Anthers dehisced when the flower was closed, 12 to14 hours before anthesis. Receptivity of stigma was maximum onthe day previous to anthesis. Fruit drop was nil.1708 Amalraj, V.A. (1985)Observations on flowering and fruiting in Balanites roxburghii Pl.Indian Forester. 3: 619-621Although flowering is twice in a year, fruits generally are availableonly once annually during winter. Irregular bearing is observed insome trees. Heredity and vigour are perhaps the factors affectingthe bearing. Fruits borne on older and thicker branches usuallyattain maturity, while premature fruit drop occurs on comparatively

younger and thinner branches. Heavy fruit drop has been observed.Both fruit pulp and seed are often infected by two different mothpests.1709 Amalraj, V.A. (1985)Studies on imbibition. Germination and seedling growth inBalanites roxburughii Pl. Journal of Plant Morphology. 2: 73-78Imbibition increased with duration of time and maximum per centwas obtained with mechanical scarification. While experimentalstudy showed that as in nature, stratification treatment gavemaximum per cent germination and seedling survivability. Initialgrowth rate of seedling was also recorded.1710 Amalraj, V.A. (1986)Regeneration studies in Balanites roxburghii Pl. InternationalJournal of Tropical Agriculture. 4: 346-150The studies in the regenerative potential of B. roxburghii Pl. showedthat it has high regenerative power and is a good coppicer as its cutstems profusely coppice. Its root when exposed or injured produceaerial shoots developing into daughter plants.1711 Amalraj, V.A. and Khan, H.A. (1989)Trial cultivation of Cassia senna L. var. Senna brenum under aridconditions at Jodhpur. Transaction of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 14: 161-164Its performance was studied by growing the plant under aridconditions at Jodhpur. The optimum sowing depth of 1 cm and plantto plant spacing of 30 cm resulted in taller plants and higher yield.The sennoside content in the dry leaves varied from 3.0 to 4.8%which is more than the desirable.1712 Amalraj, V.A., Ramakrishna, G.V.S. and Shankarnarayan,K.A. (1985)Foliage biomass-stem diameter relationship in Balanites roxburghiiPl. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 361-364Foliage biomass - stem diameter relationship in Balanitesroxburghii was established. Parabolic equation exhibited highestcorrelation (r-0.9897) closely followed by the linear one (r=0.9835).Based on least standard error of the regression estimate, theparabolic equation was selected.1713 Arora, S.S. and Gupta, B.S. (1981)

Genetic association of quantitative traits in aak, Calotropis procera(Ait.) R.Br. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 259-264Twenty plant progenies of C. procera, collected from different partsof w. Rajasthan were grown at Jodhpur during 1977. Correlationand path coefficient analysis were made to determine direct andindirect effects of different characters towards the stem fibre yield,an important economic character. All the characters studied werepositively and significantly correlated with fibre yield. On the basisof path coefficient analysis, two characters, viz. internodal lengthand dry weight were considered to be relatively more importantcomponents for selection for fibre yield as they are affecting theyield directly.1714 Bhandari, M.M. (1954)On the occurrence of Ephedra in the Indian desert. Journal of theBombay Natural History Society. 52: 10-13The author gives a brief note on the occurrence of Ephedra foliata inmany diverse habitats in different parts of the Indian desert.Reasons have been enumerated for the incorrect identification ofclimbing species of Calligonum polygonoides by Blatter andHallberg which most probably were the E. foliata plants.1715 Bishnoi, S. and Gautam, D.D. (1991)The reproductive capacity and nutritive value of Calligonumpolygonoides Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 139-144Calligonum polygonoides Linn. is mono-embroyonic andendospermic having epigeal germination. Natural plant populationshave three categories of seeds : large, medium and small. Theoptimum temperature for seed germination in petri dishes was 20 ±2° C. The average percentage germination was 68.0 ± 5.35. Theaverage seed output was very high (38177 ± 15469) and varied withthe size of the plant. The reproductive capacity was 25960 as theseed or fruits were damaged by the insects even before ripening andshedding. The endosperm of the seed contained starch (37.25%) andcrude protein (12.9%).1716 Bohra, M.D., Harsh, L.N. and Lodha, S. (1996)Solar heating for controlling pathogens of Jojoba (Simmondsiachinensis) in nursery soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.66: 679-83Efficacy of solar heating was tested for controlling root-rot of jojobaseedlings nursery soils under hot arid climate. Transparentpolyethylene mulching during May increased the soil temperatures

y 10 and 7°C at 5 cm depth in dry and wet soils respectively. Itgreatly reduced the populations of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi)Goid. and Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., and completely eliminatedthe Cylindrocarpon lichenicola (C. Massal) Hawksw propaguleswithin 15 days. The decrease of propagules at 20 cm depth waslower owing to lesser increase in soil temperature. The pathogenpopulations decreased greatly in the moistened non-solarized soil,indicating a possibility of partial disease control with singleirrigation in hot summer days. Mortality due to root-rot alsodecreased significantly in the seedlings raised in solarized soil.Increased lytic bacterial density in relation to these pathogens insolarized soils was found associated with induced suppression.1717 Chandrasekharan, I., Khan, H.A. and Ghanim, A. (1981)Flavonoids from Artemisia scoparia. Planta Medica. 43: 310This is the first report of the natural occurrence of the flavonoids(Eupatolitin glycodides) in the genus Artemisia.1718 Chandrasekharan, I., Amalraj, V.A., Khan, H.A. andGhanim, A. (1983)An insecticide from Tephrosia villosa pers. Transactions of theIndian Society of Desert Technology. 8: 101-103Chemical examination of the roots of Tephrosia villosa led to theisolation of rotenone, the most effective insecticide among rotenoids,and also 6a, 12a-dehydrorotenone and stigmasterol.1719 Chandrasekharan, I., Amalraj, V.A., Khan, H.A. andGhanim, A. (1984)Scopolamine from Datura innoxia Mill. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 9: 23-25Seeds were obtained from IARI, New Delhi and raised at variouslocations. Cultivated plants afforded 0.126-0.309% of active principlewhich is twice the amount that is present in wild plants. Highestyield (0.31%) of scopolamine has been recorded in the leaves ofJodhpur grown plants which is around three times more than whatis reported from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.1720 Charan, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1985)The distribution of Calligonum polygonoides L. in westernRajasthan, India - A phytogeographical appraisal. Journal of AridEnvironments. 8: 121-131

The occurrence and distribution of the shrub Calligonumpolygonoides L. and the vegetation associated with it is used as anindex for the phytogeographical demarcation of the westernRajasthan desert of India into arid and semi-arid regions. Thedistribution of this species is presented according to districts basedon pre- and post-monsoonal field observations made in recent years.Four types of vegetational associations of Calligonum were observedin the area. This shrub is more predominant in the districts ofJaisalmer and Bikaner than elsewhere. The region has five mainrefugia of relict forms. It is almost absent from Nagaur district.Analysis of the distribution of the shrub in western Rajasthanindicates that geographical isolation has played an important rolefor its occurrence.1721 Chawan, D.D. and Sen, D.N. (1973)Diversity in germination behaviour and high temperature tolerancein the seeds of Corchorus aestuans Linn. Annals of Arid Zone. 12:23-32Seeds of five individual plant populations in C. aestuans failed togerminate because of an impermeable seed coat. The application ofdry heat pre-treatment brought forth higher germination values.Seed collected from five different plant populations indicated diversegermination behaviour and high temperature tolerance.1722 Gautam, D.D. and Bishnoi, S. (1990)Allelopathic effects of some desert plants on seed germination andseedling growth of Calligonum polygonoides L. Annals of Arid Zone.29: 191-195Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Capparis decidua,Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Aerva tomentosa, Crotolaria burhia andLasiurus sindicus on seed germination and seedling growth of C.polygonoides was studied in laboratory conditions. Delayed andinhibitory effect on germination percentage and seedling growth wasobserved in C. polygonoides when treated with shoot and rootextracts. The degree of inhibition was directly proportional to theconcentration of the extracts. C. decidua extracts were more toxicand showed 100% inhibition in germination.1723 Gehlot, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1996)Effect of different salts on seed germination of Haloxylon recurvum(Moq.) Bunge ex boiss., a halophyte of Indian arid zone. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 61-64

The seeds of H. recurvum were subjected to germination in differentsalts. Highest percentage of germination from fresh and old seedswere in NaCl and CaCl 2 , respectively. The percentage ofgermination decreased linearly with increase in salt concentration.The vigour index and speed of germination from fresh and old seedswere highest in CaCl 2 and MgSO 4 , respectively. The highestgermination value and TΣ4 from fresh and old seeds were in NaCland MgSO 4 , respectively. Fresh seeds exhibited higher values ofpercentage of germination, vigour index, speed of germination,germination value and TΣ4 as compared to old seeds. The freshseeds showed rapid and progressive seed germination. The seeds ofH. recurvum lost their viability with the storage.1724 Gehlot, M.S. (1972)Proliferation of flowers in some species of Tephrosia in the Indiandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 231-235Proliferation and variation in flowers of Tephrosia purpurea, T.strigosa, T. Wallichii, T. uniflora and T. leptostachya occurring inIndian desert have been described in detail.1725 Ghanim, A. Chandrasekharan, I. Amalraj, V.A. andKhan, H.A. (1984)Studies on diosgenin content in fruits of Balanites roxburghii.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 9: 21-22Diosgenin content in Balanites roxburghii fruits starts increasing asthe fruits become mature (greenish yellow) and reaches a maximumwhen the fruits ripen. It tends to fall again when fresh flush offlowers appear on the tree in the month of April.1726 Ghanim, A., Jayaraman, I., Khan, H.A. and Amalraj, V.A.(1980)Balanites roxburghii Pl. fruits as a source of diosgenin. IndianJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 42: 149-150B. roxburghii is reported as an alternative source diosgenin as itsfruits contain diosgenin in commercially acceptable quantity. Itsseed kernel also gives a bland yellow oil 45%.1727 Ghose, B., Pandey, S., Singh, S. and Gheesa Lal. (1967)Quantitative geomorphology of the drainage basins of the CentralLuni Basin in western Rajasthan. Annals of Geomorphology. 11:146-160

The paper deals with the dimensional analysis of 12 drainage basinsselected randomly in the Central Luni Basin of arid Rajasthan.1728 Gupta, A.K., Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R. and Kackar, N.L.(1986)Variability for cell wall constituents, crude protein and IVDMD indifferent cultivars of Leucaena leucocephala. Annals of Arid Zone.25: 277-282In 19 lines of Leucaena leucocephala wide genetic variability wasobserved for quality traits. Genet-2, Genet-1, K-6 and Salvador FG 9showed high protein with more digestibility. Phenotypic andgenotypic coefficients of variations were high for neutral detergentfibre and lignin. Broad sense heritabilities coupled with low geneticadvance for crude protein and mimosine suggested hybridisationamong diverse genotypes to have desirable segregants.1729 Gupta, G.N., Prem Lal, Singh, N., Singh, B. and Bohra, N.K.(1994)Response of Ailanthus excelsa to N and P fertilisation on an aridsandy soil. Indian Forester. 120: 372-373Nitrogen application @ 9 g N plant -1 improved the plant height by24% when recorded after one year of plantation. Phosphorusapplication at the rate of 6 g P 2 O 5 plant -1 improved the root lengthby 27% and root spread five folds after one year of plantation.Preplant application of 9 g N combined with 6 g P 2 O 5 plant -1 was thebest treatment which improved the height of two year old trees from144 to 213 cm.1730 Gupta, G.N., Singh, Neelu, Bohra, N.K. and Singh, B. (1995)Effect of fertiliser application on growth and biomass productionAilanthus excelsa on an arid land. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 121-125N 18 P 3 was the optimum level and increased tree height by 49%, 85%and 35% at one, two and three years of age; collar circumference by56%, 101% and 11% and crown diameter by 47%, 63% and 58%respectively, at three ages. Increase in total biomass production dueto this treatment was 181% at one year and 185% at two year of age.Magnitude of response was higher due to nitrogen application.Combined application of N and P had synergistic influence andenhanced the growth, leaf area and root growth of trees.1731 Gupta, R. (1980)Possibilities of commercial introduction of some drug and perfumebearing plants in arid and semi-arid regions of India. Annals of AridZone. 19: 321-327

It is to emphasise here that commercial success of these suggestedcash crops in the arid region would need regular studies in geneticsand agronomic parameters of the crop with an object to identifyvarieties / eco-types more suitable for cultivation in arid conditions.This necessarily calls for setting up regular programme of collectionand testing of germplasm for adaptability and agronomic studiesbesides basic work in genetic upgrading of stocks to suit theirgrowing under rainfed and stored moisture conditions.1732 Harsh, L.N. (1974)Effect of some growth regulants on the rooting in Tragus racemosushook. F. Geobios. 1: 32-33The present study was undertaken with a view to understand theeffect of some growth regulants on the growth and development ofroots of T. racemosus.1733 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1974)Effect of certain rare earth elements on the regulation of stomatalmovements in A. tenuifolius cav. Current Science. 43: 790-791In the present study the effect of some rare earth elements on theregulation of stomatal movement A. tenuifolius has been studied. Itappears that not only monovalent, divalent and trivalent but alsorare earth elements can cause the opening of stomata.1734 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1974)Further observations of cation-stimulated stomatal opening inisolated epidermal peelings of Asphodelus tenuifolius cav. andAllium cepa L. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 165: 216-219Some observations on cation-stimulated opening in isolatedepidermal peelings have been made. Water incubation of thepeelings caused only turgidity of the guard cells. The incubation ofpeelings in SnCl 2 and FeCl 3 for a short duration caused the openingof stomata, with disappearance of starch in guard cells. Thestomatal width achieved with monovalent, divalent and trivalentcations was nearly similar. It appeared that a quick stomatalopening was a consequence of these cations being activelyaccumulating in the guard cells.1735 Harsh, L.N. and Sen, D.N. (1976)Spectral sensitivity and phytochrome action in seed germination ofTecoma stans juss. The Botanique. 7: 71-76The present paper deals with germination requirements of light andthe action of different spectral regions on seeds of T. stans. A period

of 24 hours exposure to white light appeared essential in darkincubatedseeds for an optimum germination percentage.Interactions of light and dark periods have some role in germinationbehaviour. Red and far-red were found to affect germination but thiswas different in light-incubated seeds. A typical phytochromesystem appeared to be present.1736 Harsh, M.L. and Nag, T.N. (1988)Flavonoids with antimicrobial activities of arid zone plants. Geobios.15: 32-35Flavonoids, quercetin and kaemferol, isolated from leaves andflowers of Citrullus colocynthis, Corchorus depressus, Fagoniacretica and Lycium barbarum were screened for their antimicrobialactivity.1737 Indrani, J., Ghanim, A. and Khan, H.A. (1980)A new prenylated flavanone from Tephrosia villosa.Phytochemistry. 19: 1267-1268A new prenylated flavanone (7-methylglabranin) was isolated fromthe roots of T. villosa. Extraction, purification and structureelucidation are described in detail.1738 Kackar, N.L., Joshi, S.P., Singh, M. and Solanki, K.R. (1993)In vitro regeneration of female plants of Simmondsia chinensis(Link) Schneider (Jojoba) using coppice shoots. Annals of Arid Zone.32: 175-177Jojoba-plants are trained during cultivation in our country and thenumerous coppice shoots produced during subsequent years areremoved periodically. Nodal segments obtained from these coppiceshoots of 10 year-old female plants were successfully used for invitro regeneration. Nodal segments produced axillary shoots onModified Murashige and Skoog medium within a month. Theseshoots were incubated in dark in a liquid medium for 72 h (for earlyroot initiation on subsequent medium) and then transferred torooting medium (MS-3) where root initiation could be observedwithin a week. More than 80% shoots rooted in a months period.1739 Kaul, A. (1986)Haloxylon salicornicum - An arid land shrub : It's ecology andpotential. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 31-43H. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge, a succulent dwarf chenoped shrub,grows naturally in the extreme arid regions of the world. It is an

important forage shrub as it remains green and available to thelivestock during the lean period (November-March) when the greenpasturage is scarce. It is also used as a descaling agent forlocomotive boilers as it contains high percentage of oxalic acid. Somenew piperidine alkaloides have also been studied. These findingshave been described and discussed in this paper. Gaps in theavailable information and future line of research have also beenindicated.1740 Kaul, A., Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1990)Effect of salinity of the seed germination of Haloxylon salicornicum(Moq.) Bunge. Current Agriculture. 14: 57-60Effect of five salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 , Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 and NaHCO 3 ) inseven concentrations (8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 dS m -1 ) on the seedgermination of H. salicornicum, a browse chenopod, revealed itsfacultative halophytic nature. The relative tolerance was in theorder: Nacl >= Cacl 2 > Na 2 SO 4 > MgSO 4 > NaHCO 3 . The thresholdlimits of electrical conductance were observed as 16 dS m -1 in case ofNaCl and CaCl 2 and 8 dS m -1 in Na 2 SO 4 and MgSO 4 . Thegermination percentage was reduced by 50% at 8 dS m -1 in NaHCO 3solution.1741 Kaul, A., Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar. (1992)Vegetative propagation of Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge.Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 227-228Cuttings of H. salicornicum need no hormonal induction for itsrooting. Shoot cuttings of the length of around 10 cm are capable ofsprouting even without hormonal treatment. The plant can be usedfor reclamation of saline and sandy wastes through plants raisedfrom its stem cuttings which involves minimum expenditure.1742 Khan, H.A. and Harsh, L.N. (1992)Physico-chemical characteristics of ethephon induced gum fromAcacia senegal. Indian Drugs. 29: 507-508In this paper, we report physico-chemical characteristics ofethephon induced gum which has been found to conform toPharmacopoeia of India specifications for Indian gum.1743 Khan, H.A. and Harsh, L.N. (1994)Quality of ethephon induced gum from Acacia senegal. Annals ofArid Zone. 33: 85-86

The samples of ethephon induced gum from Acacia senegal was inthe form of irregular, broken tears of varying size, cream brown incolour having brittle fractured surface. The samples were odourlessand tasted bland and mucilaginous. Tapping of ethephom inducedgum appeared to have great potential in view of encouraging resultsabout its quality from different locations.1744 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1983)Naphthazarins from Arnebia hispidissima. Phytochemistry. 22: 614-615Besides arnebin-7, alkannin acetate, alkannin isovalerate, alkanninand β-sitosterol, a new isohexenylnaphthazarin, alkannin β-hydroxyisovalerate, has been isolated from the roots of Arnebiahispidissima.1745 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1984)Tephrosia falciformis pods - A new source of Triacontanol. Annals ofArid Zone. 23: 39-40The pods of T. falciformis, a perennial weed growing abundantly inwest Rajasthan, are however a richer source (0.028%) oftriacontanol, besides a source of Pongamol, β-sitosterol, lanceolatin -B and lanceolatin-A.1746 Khan, H.A., Chandrasekharan, I. and Ghanim, A. (1986)Falciformin, a flavanone from pods of Tephrosia falciformis.Phytochemistry. 25: 767-768Falciformin, a new flavanone with a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-1-enylside chain has been isolated from the pods of T. falciformis alongwith a known flavanone, 7-hydroxy-8- (Y,Y-dimethylallyl) flavanone.1747 Khan, H.A., Lodha, V. and Ghanim, A. (1987)Plant growth regulator from the galls of (Prosopis cineraria).Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 12: 149-151Chemical Investigation of the galls of P. cineraria has led to theisolation of triacontanol, an effective plant growth regulator.1748 Khan, H.A., Lodha, V. and Ghanim, A. (1992)Triacontanol from the leaves of (Prosopis cineraria) and (P.juliflora). Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.17: 29-32The leaves of P. cineraria and P. juliflora, the two most commondesert plants, have been found to contain triacontanol, an effectiveplant growth regulator. P. juliflora leaves have afforded up to 0.68%

triacontanol which is 2 to 6 times more than what is available fromtea-waste, a potential natural source of triacontanol.1749 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1981)Note on mehendi (Lawsonia inermis L.) cultivation Indian Journalof Soil Conservation. 9: 71-74It is a hardy shrub and can withstand adverse climate conditions.Its plantations can also act as anti-erosion measure on slopinglands. Therefore, there is immense scope of plantations on degradedwaste lands subjected to severe erosion, soil salinity, shallowgravellyness etc. It also provides protective fencing material for fieldin the form of stick fencing after first 2-3 harvests. Therefore,plantation of this species can be made for reclamation of degradedwaste lands.1750 Kolarkar, A.S., Singh, N. and Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1987)A note on some promising neglected crops in Upper Luni Basin(western Rajasthan). Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 12: 13-21Integrated surveys in the Upper Luni Basin, revealed a number ofunder-exploited crops being grown in limited areas in semi-aridregion adjoining Aravalli range. General enquiries with farmersrevealed that it is so not because of any environmental constraintbut primarily for two reasons, namely (i) lack of scientific andtechnical knowledge of methods of production (ii) lack ofinfrastructure for their processing and marketing. Only a few bigfarmers, presently growing such crops; are managing for marketingelsewhere. This survey observation thus brings out to the focus afact that there exists a goods scope of production of some of suchneglected crops, not much quoted in literature from this region. Inview of their importance, there exists a great need and a large scopeto conduct technologies to raise their production, to help localfarming community at large. The importance of mehendi crop(Lawsonia intemis L.) was reported from this region. The presentnote highlights the importance of three other promising neglectedcrops, namely; (i) Grain Amarnath (ii) Kenaf (iii) Ispaghul.1751 Lodha, S. and Singh, S. (1983)Simmondsia chinensis - A new host for Fusarium solani. IndianPhytopathology. 36: 728-729Jojoba (S. Chinensis) has been identified as a new host for F. solani.The leaves turned yellow and drooped off prematurely. Necrosis anddiscoloration were observed in the collar region of the dead plants.Roots of such plants were found to be partially or fully decayed.

1752 Lodha, S., Dwidedi, N.K., Bhandari, D.C. and Bohra, M.D.(1994)Infection and colonisation of Jojoba by Ganoderma lucidum.Phytoparasitica. 22: 229-231In arid conditions of India, G. lucidum (Leyss: Fr.) P. karsten wasfound to cause root rot diseases in jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis(Link) Schneider) plants. In the rainy season, 10-15 year old jojobaplants growing in the proximity of a Ganoderma-infected Acaciatortilis tree, developed disease symptoms. Twigs of affected plantsstarted drying from the top of the branch; leaves turned yellowishbrown and finally abscised; plants dried up within 1 to 3 months.Basidiocarps developed from decaying roots near the collar regionand produced coloured stalks and fruiting caps. Pathogenicity of thefungus was established by keeping the infected root segments indirect contact with roots of healthy jojoba plants. Root rot symptomswere espressed within 5 months in inoculated plants subjected tomoisture stress.1753 Lodha, V., Khan, H.A. and Ghanim, A. (1990)Chemical investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia. Annals of AridZone. 29: 225-226Chemical investigation of I. oblongifolia has led to the isolation often compounds. Four of these have been characterised aspsyllostearyl alcohol, triacontanol, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-β-Dglucosideon the basis of spectral and other properties.1754 Parihar, D.R. (1972)Structure and development of hydropyle in eggs of Ak grasshopper,Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorph-idae). ZoologischerAnzeiger. 189: 45-48The structure and development of the hydropyle was studied in theeggs of P. pictus which were incubated in moist soil at 30 ± 1° C.This organ is formed at the posterior pole of the egg. In the 10½-daystage (after oviposition) the hydropyle begins as a patch of enlargedserosal cells (the hydropyle cells) and a single-layered membraneover it. In the 15-day stage, the single layer (the hydropyle layer)becomes differentiated into two - an outer and an inner layer ofhydropyle. The hydropyle cells and also their nuclei are cuboidal(occasionally rounded) in the 10½-day stage, columnar in the 32-daystage, and greatly shrunk in the 42-day stage; they becomeindistinct in the 65-day old stage (just near batching). About the 27-day stage, the inner layer of hydropyle increases considerably in

thickness; the outer layer is little changed. At the stage just nearhatching, the outer and inner layers decrease greatly in thicknessand the hydropyle cells become indistinct.1755 Parihar, D.R. (1972)The embryonic stages of Ak grass hopper, Poekilocerus pictus(Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). The Journal of Animal Morphologyand Physiology. 19: 16-22In eggs incubated at a constant temperature of 30 ± 1° C, theincubation period (from oviposition to hatching) is 64-76 days (mean68 days). Eggs were dissected at various stages of development andthe embroys studied. Fifteen stages are enumerated starting fromthe 19-day old stage (germ-disc formed) to the 64-day old stage (nearhatching). The external morphological characters of the variousstages are briefly described. In the 21-day old stage (Stage 2), theembryo is differentiated into a protocephalon and a protocorm. InStage 4 (25-day old) the rudiments of the cephalic and the thoracicappendages appear. In Stage 9 (33-day old), blastokinesis or rotationof embryo begins; it is completed by Stage 10 (38-day old). Eyepigmentationappears in Stage 12 (42-day old).1756 Parihar, D.R. (1974)Some observations on the life-history of Ak grasshopper,Poekilocerus pictus [Acridodea : Pyrgomorphidae] at Jodhpur,Rajasthan, India. Journal of Zoological Society of India. 26: 99-129P. pictus (Fabr.) is very common around Jodhpur. It feeds on Ak(Calotropis spp.) and thor (Euphorbia spp.) and was never observedon cultivated crops. Its life-history was studied both in the field aswell as in the laboratory. Generally, six hopper stages occur, theadult being the 7th stage. But at relatively low constanttemperatures (25° C) six to seven hopper stages are gone through,the adult being the 7th or 8th stage as the case may be. Nocannibalism was observed in hoppers and adults. The mode ofcopulation is of "riding type". Males do not copulate immediatelyafter they become adult but only after 12-20 days. Females,however, are ready for copulation after the final moult. Females firststage egg-laying 29-46 days after the final moult. The number ofegg-pods laid by a female during its life is not more than two.1757 Parihar, D.R. (1981)Some ecological observations of insect pests of aak (Calotropisprocera) and their significance in Rajasthan desert. Indian Journalof Forestry. 4: 191-195

Seasonal fluctuation and population build-up of seven importantpests of aak (C. procera), viz. grasshopper. Poekilocerus pictus; bug,Lygaeus militaris; caterpillar of Danals crysippus; weevil,Paramecops farinosa; aphid, Brachyanguish calotropis; fruitfly,Leptoxyda (Dacus) longistylus and termites (Microtermesmycophagus M. obesi), were investigated. Peak population build-upof some of these insects appeared in August, except Poekiloceruspictus and Paramecops farinosa (found in May and Octoberrespectively). Optimum temperatures (32-37° C) and relativehumidities (50-80%) were supported to have a favourable effect overthe pest population build-up, with certain exceptions. Apreponderance of female insects was observed.1758 Parihar, D.R. (1984)Breeding biology of aak fruitfly, Dacus (Leptoxyda) longistylus wied(Dipthera : Tephritidae) on Calotropis procera plantations in Indiandesert. Indian Journal of Forestry. 7: 213-216Aak fruitfly, D. (Leptoxyda) longlstylus breads throughout the yearon aak (C. procera) plants and passes through 6-7 generations in ayear in Indian desert. In the field, preponderance of female fly wasobserved. Average duration of life cycle from the eggs to adult flywas completed within 48 days approximately. Maggot stage iscompleted generally in the fruit whereas the pupal stage in the soiland female fly took 12.66 ± 1.55 days for maturation beforeovipositing in the fruit.1759 Parihar, D.R. (1984)The egg coverings of Ak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus (Acridoidea: Pyrogomorphidae). Annals of Arid Zone. 23: 89-94In the fully developed egg of P. pictus the egg-shell is composed ofendochorion with outer tubercles, and a thin, structureless vitellinemembrane. By the 11-1/2 day stage, the vitelline membranedisappears and the serosa becomes visible. The latter secreted twolayers on its outer side a yellow and a white cuticle. At about 23 daystage the white cuticle becomes differentiated into an outer and aninner layer. In the 46 day stage the embryonic cuticle makes itsappearance. In the 64 day stage the white cuticle thins greatly. Theembryonic cuticle acquires pattern of spine-like papillae, and thehydropyle cells become grouped and indistinct.1760 Parihar, D.R. (1984)Toxicity of some insecticides to aak grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictusFabr. (Acridoidea : Pyrgomorphidae). Pestology. 8: 8-10

Relative toxicity of four insecticides viz., BHC 10% dust, aldrin 5%dust, malathion 2%, Carbaryl 5% dust were assessed @ 5 kg a.i. ha -1against the just hatched hoppers of aak grasshopper, P. pictus. BHC10% dust was found significantly superior to other treatments.While the emulsion concentration of the malathion EC 0.08% gavethe highest mortality whereas phosalone EC 0.1% was the leasteffective to the adults of P. pictus.1761 Parihar, D.R. and Singh, M.P. (1985)Population ecology of the aak grasshopper Poekilocerus pictusfabricius. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 151-161P. pictus had only one generation a year in its natural habitat. Theegg development was greatly dependent on the availability of soilmoisture. Hatching commenced in October and continued up toDecember. Population of the 2nd instar hoppers was highest inJanuary and that of the adults in July. Development of the hoppersdeclined rapidly by the end of August. First and the 2nd instarhoppers declined rapidly by the end of August. First and 2nd instarhoppers mostly preferred weeds as the main host plant i.e. C.procera for roosting and feeding. Both the hoppers and the adultsmoved considerably for the selection of the host plant.1762 Prakash, B.S.V. and Sen, D.N. (1987)Adaptive features of Crotalaria burhia buch. Ham. in Indian desert.Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 203-207Adaptive features of C. burhia in Indian desert with respect tomorphological features and rooting behaviour have been describedin detail.1763 Prasad, R.N., Tewari, J.C. and Harsh, L.N. (1987)Effect of certain growth regulators on growth behaviour ofParthenium argentatum Gray seedlings under nursery conditions.Journal of Tropical Forestry. 3: 71-77The effect of four levels of foliar spray of GA and IAA each [10, 25,50 and 100 ppm] on the growth behaviour of P. argentatum wasstudied under nursery conditions. The application of different dosesof GA increased shoot growth of seedlings but its effect on rootgrowth was retarding up to certain time period. However, differentconcentrations of IAA enhanced root growth. In general, applicationof 100 ppm and 50 ppm GA showed an appreciable increase inbiomass production of whole seedling. Relative growth rate of rootswas always higher than shoots during entire experimental period.

1764 Rao, A.V. and Venkateswarlu, B. (1982)Associative symbiosis of Azospirillum lipoferum with dicotyledonoussucculent plants of the Indian desert. Canadian Journal ofMicrobiology. 28: 778-782The roots of several dicotyledonous xerophytic plants exhibitednitrogenase activity. A. lipoferum was isolated from the roots ofthese plants including several species of Opuntia havingcrassulacean acid metabolism. These isolates showed high rates ofacetylene reduction. Maximum nitrogenase activity was observedwith the isolate from O. vulgaris. Organic acids rather than sugarswere preferred as carbon source for two selected isolates studied.However, no activity was detected with formic, oxalic, or lactic acid.Inorganic nitrogen sources caused significant reduction innitrogenase activity, while organic sources such as amino acids andproteins either stimulated or did not significantly inhibit theactivity. However, urea completely inhibited formation ofnitrogenase activity. Growth measured as optical density wasenhanced with all the nitrogen sources except potassium nitrite.1765 Sen, D.N. and Harsh, L.N. (1974)Ecophysiological studies on stomatal regulation in Allium cepa L.and Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Flora. 163: 14-25Certain experiments with attached and detached epidermis ofAllium cepa and Asphodelus tenuifolius in relation to the effect ofcertain ecological conditions and the role of incubation media wereperformed. The guard cells of both these species possessedchloroplast, but the presence of starch was distinctly noted only inA. tenuifolius. The stomata continued to respond to environmentalfactors as they do in intact plants. In cold months, the stomataremained open throughout the day, and they only showed a slightclosure in warmer months. Acidity or alkalinity of the medium hadabsolutely no effect on the opening of the stomata. The nature of theincubating medium was found to exert a considerable influence onthe regulation of stomatal pore, as solutions of similar osmoticpotentials but containing differentions behaved dissimilarly.Sucrose solutions did not affect but there appeared a directinvolvement of potassium ions in the stomatal opening. Uptake ofneutral red showed that A. tenuifolius had definitely moreabsorptive capacity than Allium cepa, and hence the result of thetwo species vary, when incubated in potassium chloride solution.1766 Shahi, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1989)

Visual quantification studies on Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones)schult. at leaf development under arid climate. Annals of Arid Zone.28: 153-155The older leaver on the clumps increased in length up to 42 daysthen yellowing of leaves had taken place. The development andelongation of other leaves on clums were continued up to 50 days.From the practical point of view, green leaves should be harvestedat 6-7 leaf stage before yellowing for maximum oil recovery.1767 Singh, M.P. (1991)Observation on the pest complex of Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Delilein the arid zones of India. Entomon. 16: 249Two new records of the pests of B. aegyptiaca have been reportedone from the fruit pulp- (Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, a pyralid)and the other from kernel (Eupsoropsis sp., a noctuid) mode ofinjury is discussed.1768 Singh, M.P. and Satya Vir. (1989)Homoeosoma sp. (Pyralidae : Lepidoptera) as a pest of Euphorbiaantisyphilitica Zucc in the Indian desert. Indian Journal of PlantProtection. 17: 293Homoeosoma sp. has been reported for the first time on E.antisyphilitica in India. The injury symptoms and larval behaviourhave been reported along with extent of injury.1769 Singh, M.P., Satya Vir and Verma, S.K. (1991)Castor semilooper and other insect pests on jojoba in the aridregions of Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of DesertTechnology. 16: 105-106Larvae of Achaea jonata Linn. were observed to feed and pupate onthe foliage of jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis.1770 Singh, S. and Lodha, S. (1983)Euphoriba antisyphilitica - a new host for Macrophominaphaseolina. Indian Phytopathology. 36: 562-563E. antisyphilitica is a new host for M. phaseolina. This funguscauses necrosis collar rot and root rot of this host.1771 Singh, S. and Suresh kumar. (1983)Root rot disease of jojoba in Indian desert- a new record. IndianJournal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 13: 108

This is the first authenticated record of the root rot of Jojoba andRhizoctonia solani is the eausatine organism.1772 Suresh Kumar and Vinod Shankar (1982)Medicinal plants of the Indian desert : Commiphora wightii (Arnott)bhand. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 1-11C. wightii, a shrub of arid tracts of the Indian subcontinent, yieldsan oleo-gum-resin (known as `Indian bellium' or `Guggul') fromincisions on the stem and the main branches. Though recognised asan important drug in the ancient Indian system of medicine, onlyrecently have clinical trials established the efficacy of Guggul for thetreatment of arthritis, rheumatism, hypercholesterolemia andhyperlipidemia. This has engendered much research on its anatomy,the standardisation of cultivation practices, modes of tapping andisolation, and the identification of chemical constituents of the gum.Further investigation is, however, required for the design of a plantideotype with desirable characters, the development of a suitablegum exudent, and the standardisation of felling cycles inplantations.1773 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Prasad, R.N. (1987)Growth behaviour of different varieties of Parthenium argentatumgray under nursery conditions. Indian Journal of Forestry. 10: 27-30The growth behaviour of fourteen different varieties of P.argentatum Gray, commonly known as Guayule (an alternativesource of natural rubber) was studied under nursery conditions inarid climate of India. Germination percentage was > 90% in threevarieties, viz., G-4, Arizona-2 and Arizona-1. Variety G-4 andArizona-2 attained much higher biomass than other varieties.However, other growth parameters exhibited wide range of variationbetween variety to variety. Variety Arizona-2 showed relativelyhigher degree of consistency as far as different growth parametersare concerned and seems to be more adaptable for arid regions.1774 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1982)Isolation of Azospirillum from the rhizosphere of jojoba[Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] and guayule (Partheniumargentatum). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy.48 B: 552-555Nitrogenase activity was associated with the roots of jojoba andguayule. Pure cultures of Azospirillum were isolated from therhizosphere and rhizoplane of both these plants and also from inside

the roots of jojoba. While the N 2 -ase activity of these cultures did notsignificantly vary, the isolates from inside the roots showedmarkedly less activity. All these cultures exhibited more activitywith glucose as sole carbon source as compared to malate. Therhizosphere of both these plants maintained higher populations offungi, bacteria and actinomycetes than the non-rhizosphere.1775 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1982)Nitrogen fixation in some species of Opuntia. Current Science. 51:44-45Different species of Opuntia are above to fix atmospheric nitrogenthrough the association of Azospirillum in their roots. Thebacterium was isolated from the roots and found to fix nitrogenunder micro-aerophilic conditions.1776 Venkateswarlu, B. and Rao, A.V. (1985)Physiological studies on Azospirillum spp. isolated from the roots ofdiverse plants. Zendrablat fur Mikrobiolge. 140: 521-526Azospirillum spp. were isolated from the roots of diverse plantspecies having C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. All thecultivars showed identical morphological and physiologicalcharacters despite the diversity of their origin. Attempts to identifythese cultures as A. brasilense or A. lipoferum based on detailedphysiological studies were unsuccessful as they showed manyoverlapping characters. Like A. lipoferm all the strains could utiliseglucose and 2-ketoglutaric acid as sole carbon source for growth, andacidify the media containing glucose, fructose, ribose and mannitol,but like A. brasilense they did not require biotin, exhibiteddissimilatory nitrate reduction, and did not show pleomorphism.Further these isolates produced indole which was not reported ineither of the species. Based on these studies, it was suggested thatthese cultures might represent a new species of Azospirillum.

ALTERNATE LAND-USE SYSTEMSSilvi-pasture1777 Ahuja, L.D., Sharma, S.K., Verma, C.M. and Lamba, T.R. (1985)Contribution of grass component (ground storey) in afforested areasin arid regions. Indian Forester. 111: 542-548Contributions of forest tree species in providing shade and top feedsfor animals, fuel and timber for farmers, shelterbelts and windbreaks for agricultural farms and reducing erosion hazards onvarious land forms have well been recognised. Ground storey mostlygrass is a rich source for live-stock grazing. But due to centuries ofmisuse there has been indiscriminate felling of trees resulting inenormous losses to local economy. Grass is important component ofeconomy in arid regions where in live-stock raising is one of themain stay of local population. Studies were undertaken at theCentral Arid Zone Research Institute's Farm at Jodhpur in an areaexperimentally afforested during 1959-60, to evaluate contributionof herbage (grass component) under different tree species from 1972-76.1778 Lodha, S., and Singh, M. (1984)Quantitative determination of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi)Goid in grass-legume intercropping systems. Annals of Arid Zone.23: 259-261In legume both in pure and mixed stands, considerable variationwas observed in % soil moisture, mortality and sclerotial numbersand yield.. Highest mortality was recorded in cowpea and lowest inmoth bean, both in pure and mixed stand.1779 Muthana, K.D., Sharma, S.K. and Harsh, L.N. (1985)Study on silvi-pastoral system in arid zone. My Forest. 21: 233-238Silvi-pastoral systems is one of the systems of land management inwhich land is managed for the production of wood as well asdeveloping grasses and fodder crops for simultaneously rearing ofdomesticated animals. Information on interaction between raisedpasture and tree seedlings in early establishment phase under silvipastoralsystem in arid conditions is lacking. Therefore presentstudies on silvi-pastoral systems were initiated to transfer thetechnologies to the farming community.1780 Rao, A.V. and Giller, K.E. (1993)Nitrogen fixation and its transfer from Leucaena to grass using 15 N.Forest Ecology and Management. 61: 221-227

Nitrogen fixing capacity of L. diversifolia upon inoculation withdifferent strains of Rhizobium was assessed by isotope dilutiontechnique, and nitrogen transfer from this legume to Cenchrusciliaris grass was quantified using 15 N enrichment through foliarfeeding. Inoculation improved the dry matter production andnitrogen content. This effect varies from one strain to another.About 42-54% of the nitrogen content was found to be derived fromfixation. Biomass production and N accumulation of grass growingalong with Leucaena were enhanced compared with monoculturedplants. Detopping of Leucaena further increased N concentration ingrass. 15 N was detected in both leaves and roots of intercroppedgrass and the percentage of legume N recovered in grass varied from3.07 to 3.87%. Further, grasses growing with detopped plants hadhigher % N obtained from Leucaena compared with that of nondetoppedplants.1781 Sharma, B.M., Gupta, J.P., Rathore, S.S. and Prasad, R.N.(1993)Evaluation of some silvi-pastoral systems under arid conditions ofRajasthan. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 9: 103-109Influence of Acacia tortilis and Zizyphus rotundifolia trees on theproductivity of understorey grasses viz. Cenchrus ciliaris andLasiurus sindicus in arid environment was studied for fourconsecutive years. Dry forage yields of C. ciliaris and L. sindicusgrown in association with trees decreased compared to sole grass.The reductions in yields under A. tortilis were more than Z.rotundifolia. L. sindicus suffered greater reduction as compared toC. ciliaris. Tree growth was maximum in the control (trees alone)but decreased considerably in association with grasses. The decreasein tree growth was: C. ciliaris, L. sindicus and A. tortilis, Z.rotundifolia. Growing of grasses and trees together resulted inhigher utilisation of profile moisture, the maximum being under A.tortilis - C. ciliaris combination. The organic matter content of soilafter four years increased over the initial and followed the order: C.ciliaris, L. sindicus and Z. rotundifolia, A. tortilis.1782 Sharma, S.K., Verma, C.M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1980)Production of ground storey (grass component) in afforested areas inarid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 283-287Forage production from different plant communities of groundstorey in afforested areas is influenced by total precipitation and itsdistribution in a year ( and not absolute rainfall) and different treespecies (highest forage yield is obtained under Prosopis cinerariaand least under Acacia senegal).

1783 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1983)Site quality assessment for silvi-pasture development in the Guhiyacatchment of the upper Luni basin. Forage Research. 9: 25-36Agro-forestryOn the basis of the critical indicators of soil and vegetationprevailing in the community grazing lands, it has been possible toclassify the potential sites for silvi-pasture development in theGuhiya catchment. The existing community grazing lands,categorised into seven types were, by and large, of poor to fairquality. Potential species for introduction have been identified. Theexisting carrying capacity of these grazing lands is very low. Withthe suggested introductions, the forage as well as browse willincrease and so would the existing carrying capacity. Further, thiswill also cater to the fuel and minor timber needs of the villagecommunity of the Guhiya catchment.1784 Aggarwal, R.K. and Kumar, P. (1990)Nitrogen response to pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) grown onsoil underneath P. cineraria and adjacent open site in an aridenvironment. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 289-293The response of fertiliser N to pearl millet grown on two soils i.e. soilunder Prosopis cineraria tree (khejri soil) and adjacent open sitesoil(non-khejri soil) was studied under greenhouse condition. Anincrease in dry matter yield to the extent of 73% on khejri soil overnon khejri soil indicated an enhanced fertility build up in soilunderneath P. cineraria. The N-use efficiency increased from 27%(non-khejri soil) to 46% in khejri soil at 140 mg N kg -1 soilapplication. The response to N on dry matter yield was observedupto 280 mg N kg -1 soil. The uptake of N, S and P and % N in plantwere higher on khejri soil as compared to non-khejri soil at all the N-levels.1785 Chandrasekharaiah, A.M. and Prabhakar, A.S. (1988)Comparative performance of tree species suitable for agroforestrysystem. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 99-103A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College, Dharwad,Karnataka, during kharif 1979 through 1984 to evaluate theperformance of six tree species (viz. Leucaena leucocephala,Eucalyptus, Causurina, teak and bamboo) in agroforestry system,Eucalyptus produced significantly higher total harvestable biomassper plant (168.11 kg) than other species at the end of the 5th yearafter planting. This was followed by sisso, bamboo, Causurina and

teak. Leucaena produced the minimum total harvestable biomassper plant compared to other species.1786 Jindal, S.K., Solanki, K.R., Kackar, N.L. and Singh, M. (1990)Seed yield of clusterbean, cowpea and moth bean varieties grownwith three arid zone tree species. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 145-146All the three crops failed in association with Acacia tortilis. Theperformance of clusterbean and cowpea in association with P.cineraria and T. undulata was not statistically significant. Mothbean is not compatible with T. undulata.1787 Rana, B.D. (1989)Ecology of a population of birds in the agroforestry system in theRajasthan desert. International Study Group on Sparrows. 16: 8-17The bird population in the Indian desert represents 30 economicallyimportant species. in the western desert of Rajasthan, the CrestedLark (Galerida cristata) and Imperial Sand Grouse (Pteroclesorientalis); in the central desert of Rajasthan, Baya-Weaver (Ploceusphilippinus) along with White Throated Munia (Euodicemalabarica) and the House sparrow (Passer domesticus) arecommon. The habitat preference is discussed in relation to rainfallpattern in western Rajasthan desert. The relative abundance of birdspecies is directly related to the amount of precipitation and theirrigation system in the Indian desert. An association between themost abundant bird species and agroforestry system is alsodiscussed.1788 Rao, A.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Singh, R.S. and Chopra, N.K.(1993)Water and energy use efficiencies of sorghum inter-cropped withAcacia nilotica. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 99-101The performance of sorghum grown as inter-crop with 10 m widelyspaced Acacia nilotica c.v. cupressiformis tree rows was evaluatedin an Indian arid region at Pali during 1988 to 1990. The grainyields of sorghum were 134, 683 and 147 kg ha -1 and consumptiveuse values were 302, 300 and 452 mm during 1988 to 1990. Thewater use efficiencies of the crop were 0.44, 2.27 and 0.33 kg ha -1mm -1 , whereas the energy use efficiencies of the crop were 0.42, 0.17and 0.16% during these respective years. A. nilotica trees duringthree years of their growth did not interfere with inter-crop formoisture and light.1789 Rao, A.V., Kiran Bala and Lahiri, A.N. (1989)

Influence of trees on micro-organisms of aridisol and its fertility.The Indian Forester. 115: 680-682The organic matter build up in the soil was dependent on the natureof vegetation. In general, leguminous trees were better as comparedto Eucalyptus spp. for the long term build up of organic carbon andtotal nitrogen resulting in the better environment for the highermicrobial activity.1790 Saxena, S.K. (1994)Traditional agroforestry systems in agro-ecological zones of westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 279-285Farmers of western Rajasthan follow a set of traditional agriculturalpractices year after year which provide them an assurance towardssustainable crop production in normal rainfall years. While in caseof prolonged droughts and famines, they are able to harvest at leasttop-feeds for their live-stock. The pattern of cropping is such thatthey are able to derive extra economic benefits through acombination of useful tree and shrub species, which do not competewith the crops grown with them. This paper deals with thosetraditional systems which are presently known as agroforestrysystems and are followed in various agro-ecological zones of westernRajasthan.1791 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Harsh, L.N. and Kathju, S. (1987)Agroforestry in the arid zones of India. Agroforestry Systems. 5: 69-88The arid regions of India cover over 300,000 km² and are spreadover six states, mostly in the north western parts of the country. Inspite of the hostile environmental conditions, several indigenousagroforestry practices are being practised in this region. The Centralarid zone research institute (CAZRI) has made considerableprogress in improving these indigenous practices and alsodeveloping new land use technologies some of which involveagroforestry approaches. Notable among these include sand-dunestabilisation, shelterbelt plantations, tree planting techniques indifficult land forms, silvi-pastoral and agro-silvicultural systems,introduction and improvement of fruit trees, other indigenous treesetc. Some of these technologies are adopted on a large scale byfarmers in the arid zone of India, and have attracted internationalattention in other arid parts of the world. This paper is a summaryof the results of these agroforestry initiatives of CAZRI.1792 Sharma, B.M., Rathore, S.S. and Gupta, J.P. (1994)

Compatibility studies on Acacia tortilis and Zizyphus rotundifoliawith field crops under arid conditions. Indian forester. 120: 423-429The grain and straw yields of pearl millet and clusterbean grown inassociation with trees decreased compared to sole crops. Thereductions in yields under Acacia tortilis were more than Zizyphusrotundifolia. Clusterbean suffered greater reduction as compared topearl millet. Growth of trees was maximum in the control (Treealone) while in association with crops it decreased. Heightincrement in A. tortilis was more in association with clusterbeanthan that with pearl millet while Z. rotundifolia attained greaterheight when in association with pearl millet. Profile moisture storedat the time of crop harvest was maximum in sole crop of clusterbeanand higher in clusterbean Z. rotundifolia than clusterbean A.tortilis. The organic matter content of soil after four years increasedover the initial and followed the order: Clusterbean > pearl milletand Z. rotundifolia > A. tortilis.1793 Sharma, S.K. and Vashishtha, B.B. (1985)Evaluation of jujube-buffel grass hortipastoral system under aridenvironment. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 303-309Establishment, growth and top feed production of two Jujube speciesviz., Zizyphus nummularia and Z. rotundifolia were studied in anestablished pasture at buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Maximummortality i.e. 80.5% in Z. nummularia and 60.4% in Z. rotundifoliawas recorded in the first year of the establishment. After five yearsof the establishment, growth of the jujube species was more thantwo times and pala (jujube dry leaves) and bushwood productionmore than six times in control (no pasture) plots as compared toestablished pasture plots of buffel grass, Thus, growth of jujubespecies was severely affected in the established buffel grass pasture.Results of the seven years study did not reveal significantdifferences in the pasture yield in the treatments with and withoutjujube introduction. Significant yearly differences were, however,observed in the pasture production.1794 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. and Solanki, K.R. (1995)Allelopathic interactions of arid zone trees and crops. Myforest. 31:21-25Five per cent aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica andProsopis juliflora significantly slowed down the growth in seedlingsof sesame, moth bean, clusterbean and pearl millet seedlings inbioassay, while the extracts of P. cineraria and Tecomella undulatahad hardly any negative effect on germination and subsequent

seedling development. During field trails moth bean, clusterbeanand cowpea failed to germinate under Acacia tortilis. Five per centleaf extracts of Acacia tortilis and A. Indica significantly affected thegrowth of P. cineraria seedlings in Petri-plates. Already establishedA. tortilis and A. indica retarded growth height of P. cineraria treesand the pattern of effect was parabolic.1795 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Kalra, A. (1991)Allelopathy and vegetation in Acacia tortilis plantations in Indiandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 259-266The properties of soil beneath Acacia tortilis and Prosopis cinerariaat Jodhpur did not differ significantly. The common understoreyplants of A. tortilis showed lower phytomass and higher phosphorus,potassium, and also nitrogen in Ecerhavia diffusa and Gisekiapharnacioides than P. cineraria indicating that no apparentcompetition exists. In A. tortilis, soil extracts exhibited inhibitoryeffect on germination and seedling growth on pearl millet , sesameand clusterbean. Leaves+stem leachates showed maximuminhibitory effect. Extracts exhibited higher inhibitory effect than therespective leachate. Concentration of extracts and leachates werenegatively correlated with germination and seedling growth. Sesamewas most affected.1796 Sundaramoorthy, S. and Kalra, A. (1993)Effect of Acacia tortilis on seedling metabolites of clusterbean.Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 197-198The soluble proteins in cotyledons and shoot axis decreased withincreased concentration of aqueous extract. Free amino acids arebelow detectable level even at 50% concentration of the extract. Incontrast to protein, soluble and insoluble sugars increased with theincreased concentrations.1797 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N., Bohra, M.D. and Burman, U. (1996)Certain aspects of soil amelioration in agroforestry systems. CurrentAgriculture. 20: 43-49With increased costs of petroleum and naptha bound external inputslike nitrogenous fertilizers, the concept of organic farming/conservation farming has come to stay. It imbibes the principle of"chain recuperation". More recent addition to this list is the agroforestrysystems. Efforts are now being made to devise the mostappropriate way to integrate the production of trees and otherwoody species with the production of agricultural crops and / orlivestock simultaneously from the same piece of land in a

Ley-farmingsustainable manner. Management of soils under such systems is asubject of great interest. Based on available scientific evidencesbeneficial aspects of agroforestry on soil fertility, nutrient cycling,soil conservation, soil physical properties etc. are described.1798 Rao, A.V., Singh, K.C. and Gupta, J.P. (1997)Ley farming- an alternate farming system for sustainability in theIndian arid zone. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation. 11: 201-210Monitoring soil physical and biological properties may provideuseful information in assessing the sustainability of agriculturalsystems, as these two components of soil are mainly responsible forimproving the soil fertility status and higher plant productivity. Soilphysical and biological properties often change when differentcropping, tillage, or management systems other than conventionalcultivation practices are imposed. The effects of ley cycles onselected soil physical properties and biological processes wereassessed in the Indian arid zone of Jodhpur. Moisture retention andinfiltration rates were significantly higher with the ley treatmentscompared with those of the conventionally cultivated field (CCF);saturated hydraulic conductivity was lower for the different leytreatments. Dehydrognase, phosphatases, and nitrogenase activitieswere higher for the ley treatments than for the CCF treatments.Nitrogenase activity was not detected at 15 to 30 cm depth ofnormal cultivated soil. Continuous forage production for 6 to 8 yearshad resulted in an increase in the population of nitrifying bacteria,viable VAM spores, organic mater content, and total nitrogen. Ingeneral, these increases were highest in soils that remained instubble. There was no significant differences between the 6 and 8years ley cycles. Subsurface soil in all the treatments had a lowerbiological activity. The results of the study demonstrated thepotential value of grass leys for enhancing soil biological processes,moisture retention, and infiltration rates. Additionally, the leytreatments improved soil fertility status, resulting in significantincreases in yields of pearl millet grain and straw.1799 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1986)Effect of fodder and grain legume intercrops on the quality ofCenchrus ciliaris Linn. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 56:704-709In a 3-year experiment buffel grass (C. ciliaris) exhibited highercrude protein content, in-vitro dry-matter digestibility and lower

cell-wall constituents when grown as buffel grass + fodderclusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) buffel grass + fodder cowpea(Vigna unguiculata) and buffel grass + fodder mothbean (Vignaaconitifolia) than its pure stand and buffel grass + grainclusterbean, buffel grass + grain cowpea and buffel grass + fodderclusterbean and buffel grass + grain mothbean excelled the othercropping systems for crude protein and in-vitro dry-matterdigestibility of the buffel grass. Crude protein and cellulose contentswere the most adequate parameters for predicting in-vitro drymatterdigestibility of the buffel grass.1800 Singh, M. (1986)Planting geometry simulation for grass-legume inter-cropping in thearid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 86-88In the establishment year if the objective is to take full yield of grassand a bonus yield of legume, planting geometry of 30 x 40/90 cm isadequate. However, if greater proportion of legumes is required tofurther improve the forage quality, the geometry of 60 x 60/180 cmwith four lines of D. lab lab can be practised with advantage.1801 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1985)Mineral content of grass (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.) and grass-legumemixtures in various inter-cropping systems. Annals of Arid Zone.24: 1-7In a field experiment carried out for three consecutive kharifseasons (1981-83), the mixtures of C. ciliaris and annual fodder andgrain legumes exhibited higher nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg)contents and their uptake than the pure stand of C. ciliaris. Highercontent and uptake of these nutrients were recorded in grass plusfodder legumes than grass plus grain legumes. The grassclusterbeanmixture showed better nutrient content and theiruptake followed by the grass-moth bean mixture.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND SOIL CONSERVATIONWatershed Management1802 Balak Ram, Singh, N. and Chauhan, J.S. (1995)Mapping of Khadin - A typical farming system of Thar desert.Indian Cartographer. 15: 45-49Khadin is a unique farming system to collect run-off and takingcrops on the conserved moisture. In Thar desert this system hasgreater relevance as it not only ensures one crop a year even below200 mm annual rainfall zone but also provides domain for mankindin such a fragile and hostile hot arid ecosystem. But their appraisaland detailed mapping of various parameters which is a pre-requisitefor planning the optimal use and increase the productivity ofkhadins in a sustained manner, has yet not been taken up. Thepresent study of khadins of Bharamsar village, Jaisalmer district isan attempt to fulfil such objectives. Detailed mapping of variousparameters of khadins on cadastral map base using differentcartographic techniques have been carried out and theircharacteristics, limitations and potentialities are discussed. Besides,measures are also suggested to improve the design, make optimaluse of land, increase crop productivity and efficient management ofkhadins on a sustainable manner.1803 Bohra, D.N. and Issac, V.C. (1987)Run off behaviour of soil sealants for harvesting rainwater in anarid environment. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 163-170Ten locally available water harvesting sealants were evaluated bysimple linear regression analysis of rainfall-run off data recordeddaily over a period of four years (1972-75) at Jodhpur. The run offefficiency of various treatments, initially in the first year, was in theorder : janta emulsion = sodium carbonate > mud plaster, (RRL) >lime concretion > bentonite > stabilisation > mud plaster > grass =control > cement plaster. Finally the run-off efficiency was in theorder : sodium carbonate > lime concretion = janta emulsion > mudplaster (RRL) > bentonite > mud plaster > cement plaster =stabilisation > control > grass in the fourth year. Only sodiumcarbonate, janta emulsion and lime concretion maintained > 40%run off efficiency by the end of fourth year.1804 Choudhari, J.S. and Joshi, D.C. (1987)A note on utility of soil maps for watershed planning in the aridzone. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 15: 116-118

The study revealed that the reconnaissance soil maps be used forlocating the potential site for the watershed, whereas for planningand management of the watershed detailed soil map is a prerequisite.1805 Khan, M.A. (1989)Upgraded village pond- nadi- to ensure improved water supplies inarid zone. Journal of Irrigation and Water Review. 7: 20-23Improved nadi design provides safe drinking water in rural areas ofIndia's arid zone. Nadi has LDPE lining at sides and bottom forseepage control. The minimum possible surface to volume ratio of0.28 designed will reduce nadi evaporation considerably. Provisionof silt trap will ensure silt free water into the storage. The storagecapacity of nadi is 18100 m 3 and sufficient to meet water demand of500 persons with their livestock throughout the year.1806 Khan, M.A., Tewari, J.C. and Issac, V.C. (1995)Hydrology of small forested catchments in the arid region ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 259-262Hydrology of small catchments dominated by Acacia tortilis andColophospermum mopane forested catchments was studied duringthe 1993 and 1994 monsoon seasons. Nearly 86.5% of throughfallwas received from plots covered with A. torilis compared with 79.9%in C. mopane plots. Canopy interception averaged 21.4% for C.mopane forest stand and 13.1% for the A. tortilis forest stand.Interception was positively related with canopy cover and negativelyrelated with throughfall. Stemflow was influenced by tree speciescharacteristics. Plot size had no effect on canopy interception,throughfall and stemflow. Surface run-off in plots with A. tortiliscover was nearly 53% higher compared with C. mopane stand.Among plots higher surface run-off was received from 10 m x 10 mplots.1807 Kolarkar, A.S., Murthy, K.N.K. and Singh, N. (1983)`Khadin'- a method of harvesting water for agriculture in the Thardesert. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 59-66`Khadin' is a land use system developed centuries ago in theJaisalmer district of western Rajasthan. It is practised where rockycatchments and valley plains occur in proximity. The run-off fromthe catchment is stored in the lower valley floor enclosed by anearthen `bund'. Any surplus, passes out through a spill way. Thewater arrested stands in the khadin throughout the monsoon period.It may disappear below the soil by the first week of November,

leaving the surface moist. If standing water persists longer, it isdischarged through the sluice before sowing. Wheat or chick-pea arethen planted. These crops mature without irrigation. The soils in thekhadins are extremely fertile because of the frequent deposition offine sediment, while the water that seeps away removes salts. thekhadin is, therefore, a land-use system which prevents soildeterioration.1808 Kolarkar, A.S., Murthy, K.N.K., and Singh, N. (1980)Water harvesting and run-off farming in arid Rajasthan. IndianJournal of Soil Conservation. 8: 44-49Water harvesting and run-off farming has been in practice for manyyears in varied tracts in arid western Rajasthan. This activity hasbeen limited only to the suitable sites where catchments for runoffand low lying farm lands for growing crops exist in proximity of eachother. The water is harvested during monsoon months and allowedto stand on the low lying farm lands during major period of rainyseason. By partly draining down deep and partly losing throughevaporation, it depletes completely in the winter, leaving soilprofiles saturated for winter crops. Mostly wheat or gram is sown onthese lands in the month of November, which matures in due coursewithout any additional supply of moisture. Development of suchsites could be encouraged for such cultivation practices in thisregion, and yields could be increased through use of fertilisers betterseeds and plant protection measures.1809 Murthy, K.N.K. and Chandrasekharan, H. (1985)Spatial variability of infiltration in an arid watershed in India.Journal of Arid Environments. 8: 189-198Thirty-seven infiltration tests were carried out in a complexwatershed of about 3051 km² in Luni basin, western Rajasthan.These were distributed in coarse, medium and moderately finetextured soils. The data generated were expressed in the form I=St½ + At (Philip's equation), where S and A, are parameterscontrolling the infiltration process. S and A, expressed throughrespective scaling factors and standard deviations, do not show anydefinite pattern of variation. The frequency distribution of S, A and Iat a given time are better approximated by lognormal than bynormal and remarkable improvement in scaling was achieved withthe geometric or harmonic means of S and A.1810 Prakash, M. and Gopinath, C. (1962)Tanka for human and livestock consumption. Indian Forester.88: 861-864

The necessity of water for human and live-stock consumption in aridparts of Rajasthan is discussed. The Tanka is covered undergroundreservoir generally recommended for the collection and storage ofsurface run-off. Its design and construction are presented. On anaverage construction cost of 1000 gallon of water stored works out toRs. 96 to 100/-.1811 Sharma, K.D. (1983)A new technique for measuring run-off from experimental plots.Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 11: 28-30A runoff measuring system from experimental plots based uponrates of inflow and outflow from a silting tank of constant storagewas constructed and operated for two years. The system appeared tobe sensitive and accurate.1812 Sharma, K.D. (1986)Runoff behaviour of water harvesting micro-catchments.Agricultural Water Management. 11: 137-144The relationship between rainfall and run-off has been observedover a period of 7 years on sandy loam soils of the Indian arid zone.Fifteen micro-catchment areas (MC) were studied. These wereformed by combinations of three slopes (0.5, 5 and 10%) and fivelengths (5.12, 7.0, 8.5, 10.75 and 14.5 m) with corresponding areas of252, 324, 360, 396 and 432 m². These MC's can produce 13.3-45.4%run-off depending upon their morphological characteristics. Over the7-year period, threshold rainfall reduced by half and run-offefficiency doubled due to the formation of a less pervious soil crustover the MC surface; it became denser each year.1813 Sharma, K.D. and Bohra, D.N. (1990)Rainfall analysis for rainwater management in a drought pronearea. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 165-169The probability analysis of 31 years (1958-88) rainfall at Bikanerindicated that maximum two days rainfall of 1.01 to 5 years returnperiod vary from 16 to 82 mm with 2 to 24 days as the correspondinglength of dry spell and these could be taken as the design storms forrainwater harvesting projects. For planning of the soil and waterconservation measure maximum 4 days rainfall of 10 years returnperiod (108 mm) can be taken as the design storm. Probability ofgrowing pasture in this area is 99%, whereas for rainfed cropgrowing it is only 40% and that too by the middle of July only.1814 Sharma, K.D. and Joshi, D.C. (1982)

Sedimentation and its control in nadis in the Indian arid zone - acase study. Journal of Arid Environments. 5: 269-276Sandy and eroded rocky catchments in association with torrentialrainfall are the main causes of heavy sediment deposition in nadisand reduce their capacity markedly. The nature, volume andcharacteristics of the sediments depend upon environmentalconditions and can be controlled through revegetation in catchmentsand construction of silt traps at the entrance to the nadis.1815 Sharma, K.D. and Singh, S. (1995)Satellite remote sensing for soil erosion modelling using theAnswers model. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 40: 259-272The distributed parameter model ANSWERS was used to predictrun-off and soil loss from three agricultural watersheds in the aridzone of India. Model input parameters such as landform, drainage,soil and land use /land cover were derived from LANDSAT ThematicMapper false colour composites and limited ground truth. The modelpredicted hydrographs and sediment graphs within acceptablelimits. ANSWERS under-predicted the total soil loss by factors of 2.6to 3.6. Reasons for these results are discussed.1816 Sharma, V.C., Joshi, D.C. and Choudhari, J.S. (1980)Planning soil and moisture conservation in arid regions ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 421-424Soil and moisture conservation plans of two such sites namelyRampura and Balarava have been discussed in the present paper.The watersheds of Rampura and Balavara are located in the northof Jodhpur at about 30 kms. The Rampura watershed ischaracterised by deep, sandy soils whereas Balarava watershed hasmoderately coarse textured shallow soils with occasional rockyexposure. The detailed soil characteristics are reported. On the basisof the detailed study of morphological characteristics of the soils andassociated land features, areas of watersheds are grouped indifferent capability classes. Run-off estimates have been madeaccording to the United States Soil Conservation Service method asreported in Vente Chow (1964).1817 Singh, S. (1995)Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology using remotesensing techniques. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 243-251Dimensional and dimensionless geomorphic characteristics/variables of 13 watersheds of the Jojri catchment have been

discussed in this paper, using remote sensing techniques andground truth. Inter-relationship between these geomorphic variableshave also been established and these are, by and large, significantlycorrelated to each other. Based on these findings, priorities havebeen fixed under four categories for the development of watershedsinto croplands, grasslands, woodlands and water harvesting atsuitable sites.1818 Yadav, R.C., Murthy, K.N.K. and Abichandani, C.T. (1976)Run off potential of desert catchments in Bikaner district. Annals ofArid Zone. 15: 1-7The run off potentials of the eroded rocky Kolayat catchment andthe eroded aggraded Nal catchment of Bikaner district have beenevaluated on the basis of soil, vegetation, land-use and daily rainfallconditions. In the Kolayat catchment an yearly run off of 20 mm ormore occurred during 60% of the year studied, whereas, in the Nalcatchment, similar chances are for 28%. Kolayat catchment has runoff potential of 640 ha meters in deficit years and 8800 ha metersare expected for six years in a period of ten years. The run-offpotential of Nal catchment is 1000 ha meters in normal years and11,500 ha meters in excessive flood year. Kolayat catchment can beexploited for run-off storage, reuse and ground water rechargewhereas the Nal catchment can be managed to utilise run-off forcrop production in pockets with adoption of water harvestingpractices during normal years and to provide for ground waterrecharge under excessive flood years.1819 Yadav, R.C., Singh, R.P. and Ramakrishna, Y.S. (1979)A comparative study of run-off potential of different waterharvesting systems under arid conditions. Transactions of theIndian Society of Desert Technology. 4: 30-34Under arid conditions, the water requirement of dryland crops arenot often fully met because of low and erratic rainfall distribution.The conventional system of planting crops on flat lands has alimited run-off potential, thereby offering very little scope forstabilising crop yields. In-situ water harvesting systems involvingsurface configurations not only prove helpful in inducing more runoff,but also go a long way in improving and stabilising crop yields.Very little information is available on the run-systems in vogue. Acomparative study was, therefore, undertaken to study the efficacyof these different water harvesting systems with regard to their runoffpotential under arid conditions.

Soil Conservation1820 Aggarwal, R.K., Gupta, J.P., Saxena, S.K. and Muthana, K.D.(1976)Studies soil physico-chemical and ecological changes under twelveyears old five desert tree species of western Rajasthan. IndianForester. 102: 863-872The vegetation during the course of its establishment initiates aseries of changes in ecological and soil physico-chemicalcharacteristics. No information is available whether the presence ofdesert tree vegetation along with characteristic ground flora has anyfertility exertion and beneficial soil physico-chemical effects in suchareas. It was therefore, considered necessary to investigate thechanges in ecological and soil physico-chemical properties undertwelve years old tree plantations of five species established atCentral Research Farm of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur.1821 Bhimaya, C.P. (1961)The effect of animal factor on soil conservation in westernRajasthan. Indian Forester. 87: 738-44The paper deals with the set-backs that the animal factor causes intackling the problem of soil conservation in this region. In the courseof delineating the different processes which contribute to such setbacks the various factors which in turn contribute to theperpetuation of various animals and birds and the different beliefsand sentiments that to such perpetuation are mentioned.1822 Bhimaya, C.P. and Choudhary, M.D. (1961)Plantations of wind-break in the central mechanised farm,Suratgarh appraisal of techniques and results. Indian Forester. 87:354-367Reviews the entire shelterbelt planting programme from 1956-60including the establishment technique and the choice of species.1823 Bhimaya, C.P. and Kaul, R.N. (1960)Some afforestation problems and research needs in relation toerosion control in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan. IndianForester. 86: 453-468Technique of rehabilitating various soil types met with in the desertregion are under study at the Desert Afforestation and SoilConservation Station at Jodhpur. Suitable experiments have beendesigned to determine the best period for making root-shoot cuttings

of Prosopis juliflora, phenological studies on the important desertplants in relation to climatic variations, preliminary studies on thenitrogen requirements of growing seedlings of Eucalyptus species, todetermine the optimum age of transplants and best method ofplanting on moving sand dunes.1824 Bhimaya, C.P., Ahuja, L.D., Prakash, M., Gopinath, C. andVangani, N.S. (1966)The economics and efficiency of different types of fencing for soilconservation in western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 159-172Although the initial cost of erection of angle iron posts with barbedwire fencing is rather costly, it is the most efficacious. The cost ofmaintenance being low in the long run, the average cost ofprotecting the area is very economical. Due to difficulty of procuringangle iron posts wherever stone slab quarries are nearby, stoneposts and barbed wire fencing is recommended, being the next bestfrom the aspect of providing protection and the economics over along period. Due to decay and termite damage to the wooden posts,especially at their base they become unserviceable within 4 to 5years. Therefore this type of fencing has proved uneconomical.Woven wire fencing is not very efficacious and is very costly.Corewall and thorn fencing effectively works but the thorns have tobe renewed every year. The thorns are blown away by storms andtherefore require constant attention. However there is the specialadvantage that thorny shrubs like Lycium species, Mimosa hamata,Balanites aegyptica, Zizyphus nummularia etc. which are unwantedplants on the range and thorny branches of xerophytic top feed treesare easily available in the fields and ranges, can be used for thistype of fencing. Cactus fencing although apparently very cheap, isleast effective and takes considerable time for establishment. Drystone masonry fencing near the quarries is cheap at the out set butcostly to maintain and unless built high and solid involving furthercost, is not effective.1825 Das, E.S. (1958)Problem of wind erosion in the Punjab and experience gained so farto meet it. Indian Forester. 84: 66-68To control wind erosion in the Punjab plains it is suggested to(1) determine best technique of sand fixation for rolling sands,(2) find the most suitable species and their best combination for theformation of windbreak and shelter belts. The results ofexperimental plots on stabilisation of shifting sands in Jhumpa inHisar district are summarised. Cenchrus Ciliaris C. biflorus,Saccharum munja, Citrullus colocynthis were found extremely

suitable plant species for sand fixation. Among shrub and treespecies Ricinus communis, Aerva javanica, Acacia arabica, Acaciamodesta and Acacia senegal proved successful. The success ofProsopis spicigera was moderate whereas Salvadora oleoides,Capparis aphylla, Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflorafailed. Two years after afforestation complete sand movementstopped.1826 Gupta, J.P. and Gupta, G.N. (1981)A note on wind erosion from a cultivated field in western Rajasthan.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 29: 278-279Cultivation of bare dry soil and planking breaks the clods and thusmakes the soil more vulnerable to wind erosion.1827 Gupta, J.P., Aggarwal, R.K. and Raikhy, N.P. (1981)Soil erosion by wind from bare sandy plains in western Rajasthan,India. Journal of Arid Environments. 4: 15-20This study was conducted on a bare sandy plains at Bikaner and apartially stabilised sandy plains at Chandan, during 1978. Theobject was to determine the amount of soil loss due to wind, therelationship between wind velocity and soil eroded, the particle sizedistribution of the eroded soil and the nutrients associated with it.The results showed a loss of as much as 615 tonnes ha -1 and 325tonnes ha -1 of soil from Bikaner and Chandan respectively during a75 day period in April-June. A high exponential correlation betweenwind velocity and soil loss was observed at both sites. Particle sizesin the range 0.10-0.25 mm were observed to be most erosive, whileparticles less than 0.05 mm were least erosive. Finer fractions oferoded soil were found to contain higher contents of organic matter,nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Total loss of macro-nutrients(N, P, K, S) and of micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) was two to threetimes higher at Bikaner than at Chandan.1828 Gupta, J.P., Rao, G.G.S.N., Gupta, G.N. and Ramana Rao, B.V.(1983)Soil drying and wind erosion as affected by different types ofshelterbelts planted in the desert region of western Rajasthan,India. Journal of Arid Environments. 6: 53-58Studies on the effects of 8-year-old shelterbelt plantations indicate ageneral reduction in wind velocity, wind erosion and evaporativeloss of moisture from fields protected with Prosopis juliflora, Cassiasiamea and Acacia tortilis. Cassia siamea shelterbelts are the mosteffective in checking wind erosion and delaying drying of the soil.

1829 Kaul, R.N. (1959)Shelter belts to stop creep of the desert. Indian Forester. 85: 191-195Reviews the principles of shelterbelt layout including composition,form, density, orientation, height, width, length and spacing. Tree,shrub and grass species suitable for raising windbreaks andshelterbelts in the arid regions of India have also been indicated.1830 Kaul, R.N. and Misra, D.K. (1961)Land utilisation problems in arid zone and its significance in soilconservation. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, IndiaSec. B. 31: 315-320Reviews the history of miss-use of land and its ill-effects asexperienced in different parts of the world, role of conservationpractices in arid zone is stressed and problems requiring researchrelating to three major land use, viz. silviculture, agrostology andagronomy are outlined.1831 Mertia, R.S., Muthana, K.D. and Singh, M. (1988)Impact of shelterbelts on pearl millet crop. Annals of Arid Zone. 27:305-307The water use was less near the first shelter belt on the leewardside and it increased gradually away from the shelterbelt. Treeshelterbelts alone are most effective against strong and hot or coldwinds over long periods and protect large areas.1832 Misra, D.K. and Kaul, R.N. (1959)Erosion of soil by wind. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation inIndia. 7: 24-34Discusses the various processes of wind erosion and factors affectingeach of these processes.1833 Mishra, M.N. and Ram Prasad. (1966)Strip cropping for erosion control I. Wind strip cropping. Annals ofArid Zone. 5: 238-247Considerable information is still lacking on air flow, temperature,evaporation, soil catching mechanism, and crop yields in the vicinityof crop strips and crop rows especially under Indian conditions. Alarge amount of work on the wind strip-widths, their practicabilityand soil loss equation which have been carried out in the U.S.A. andother parts of the world are of little value under our conditions in

view of the different topo-climates prevailing in agricultural fields ofour country and the impoverished agricultural machinery availablewith the Indian farmers. Knowledge of the commencement of aparticular wind storm a few days earlier to its actual occurrence willhelp farmers in planning suitable remedial measures to avoidsubstantial loss to soil and crops. Tillage implements, chemicalsrequired, value of soil surface roughness coefficient, role of legumesin arid zone strip-cropping etc. all are to be determined to make thewind erosion control by strip-cropping effective.1834 Prakash, M. (1958)Green walls of protection. Indian Forester. 84: 334-40The principles of shelterbelts and windbreaks and their variousadvantages are explained. Wind erosion can be checked by belts.Different types of belts, and also their orientation, form, width,density, and length are discussed. Regarding their sheltering effecta brief note is given of findings in other countries. The great shelterbelt projects of America, Russia and China are reviewed. The articleconcludes with remarks that overall increase in yield offsets thelosses due to root competition (soffing effects) and shade of the belts.Species suitable for belts and windbreaks are also mentioned.1835 Prakash, M. and Pathak, S. (1957)Brick- planting in shifting sands of west Rajasthan. Indian Forester.83: 224-225In view of the adverse climatic factors in arid zone need for usingcontainer transplants is emphasised. Brick planting which combinesin one, the function of both the container and the contents hasproved most successful, particularly for afforestation of shiftingsands and dunes. The specification of the planting brick are that itis unburnt and of the shape of frustum of a pyramid with top andbottom sections of 4 and 6 inches square respectively and a height of12 inches, moulded out of a mixture of farmyard manure, sand andclay in equal proportion with the help of a wooden mould.1836 Prakash, M. and Sarwal, S.S. (1958)Erection fencing. Indian Forester. 84: 70-73Describes the equipment required, its erection and details ofsubsequent maintenance, etc. Comparative cost of different kinds offencing and their advantages and disadvantages have also beendescribed.1837 Raheja, P.C. (1963)

Shelter-belts in arid climates and special techniques for treeplanting. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 1-13Species suitable for shelter-belt planting on sand dunes are Prosopisjuliflora, Albizzia lebbek, Tamarix articulata and A. indica. Thewidth of these belts should be 13 m interspersed with 60 m grassstrips to stabilise the sand dunes. Species suitable for range landsare Albizzia lebbek, Prosopis spicigera, Ailanthus excelsa, A. indicaand Z. nummularia which provide shade, fodder lopping andshelter. For roadside avenue plantings, the pit method has given ahigh degree of success with root-shoot cuttings of A. lebbek, P.juliflora and entire plants of A. indica. Species suitable for plantingin rocky areas are P. juliflora, A. senegal and A. arabica. Of these P.juliflora is frost susceptible. In semi-rocky area, A. lebbek hasproved successful.1838 Rao, A.S., Singh, R.S., Ramakrishna, Y.S., Prabhu, A. andVasudev, S. (1995)Rate of aeolian dust accretion in the lower atmospheric layers ofwestern Rajasthan. Indian Association of Science and Technology onAerosols.. 118-119The Indian arid region which extends in 0.32 million km² issubjected to wind erosion during summer months more so when theprevious seasons rainfall was low. On an average droughts occuronce in 2.5 years triggering the problems of wind erosion,duststorms and associated activities. Though biotic interference onpoorly vegetated areas through overgrazing, cultivation of marginallands etc., is an important causative factor of wind erosion, theclimatic parameters like rainfall and strong winds play a key role ininfluencing the wind erosion and dust phenomena in the region. Thelarge quantities of atmospheric dust creates weather changes in thearid environment by altering radiation balance through scatteringand absorption and evaporative losses. Studies carried out on themonsoon rainfall and the frequency of dust storms during thesubsequent period in the Indian arid zone indicated that duststorms followed a pattern similar to that of monsoon activity. Thedust storms also influenced the thermal regime by reducing airtemperatures by 2.8-3.2° C on a dusty day compared to a dust-freeday. The class A pan evaporation was also lower by 18% on a dustday compared to a dust-free day.1839 Sha, S.A. (1957)Tree lands or grasslands in Rajputana desert. Indian Forester. 83:488-491

Reviews the causes of erosion; draws attention to the density ofProsopis spicigera trees naturally occurring in cultivated fields inthe Jhunjhunu districts of western Rajasthan and suggest thatdesert conditions can well be effectively ameliorated by creating treelands than grasslands.1840 Tewari, J.C., Harsh, L.N. and Patwal, D.S. (1989)Wind stability status of certain promising tree species introduced inarid region. Journal of Tree Science. 8: 18-21Fourteen promising tree species (indigenous and exotic) wereassessed for their wind stability in the arid region. The windstability of Prosopis juliflora was maximum and that of Acaciasenegal was minimum. On the basis of wind stability status, thesetree species could be graded as Prosopis juliflora > Azadirachataindica > Acacia tortilis > Tecomella undulata > Albizia lebbek >Prosopis cineraria > Colophospermum mopane > Acacia niotica >Hardwickia binata > Eucalyptus terminalis > Holoptelea integrifolia> Eucalyptus camaldulensis > Acacia aneura > Acacia senegal.1841 Wasi, U., Chakravarty, A.K., Mathur, C.P. and Vangani, N.S.(1972)Effect of contour furrows and contour bunds on water conservationin grasslands of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 169-182The soil moisture depleted at varying rate till the end of Octoberwhen it was mostly used for plant growth. Thereafter the loss wasmainly due to evaporation. In Jaisalmer area soil moisture increasewas comparatively higher in the treated plots and it was followed byJadan and Bhopalgarh. This was due to shallow depths of soil inthese areas. But in Palsana where depth of sandy soil was more, theinfiltration rate was comparatively higher than consequent decreasein moisture at upper layers of the soil (5-25 cm). The contourfurrowing and bunding treatments indicated in forage yield in allthe areas except Jaisalmer. This treatment also indicatedcomparatively higher increase in moisture percentage in differentareas.1842 Venkateswarlu, J. and Kar, A. (1996)Wind erosion and its control in arid north-west India. Annals of AridZone. 35: 85-99Wind erosion is a major problem in the arid sandy tract of northwestIndia, especially in west Rajasthan. To understand the spatialpattern of wind erosion in the region, wind erosivity and erodibility

of the terrain have been worked out, which suggest a westwardincrease in the erosivity with decreasing rainfall and increasingwind velocity. The pattern of erodibility cuts across this gradient.Currently man is the most important agent for acceleration ofaeolian process, although the nature of sand reactivation isdependent more on the pattern of erosivity. Many of the problemscan be tackled through effective technology intervention likevegetative propagation in the sandy terrain, plantation of dunes,etc., for which the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpurhas the required expertise. Mechanical methods of control are notvery popular, but have their appeal in specific areas. For the successof any technology intervention, however, people's participation willbe necessary.1843 Verma, C.M. and Ahuja, L.D. (1979)Growth performance of heifers under different systems of grazing onDichanthium-aristida pasture in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 13-20The growth rate of yearling heifers was not significantly affected bythe different treatments of grazing management viz. continuouscontrolled grazing and grazing during different rotational periods.The growth rate of these heifers ranged between 48.4 to 88.0kg/animal in a year. However, the growth rate of the yearlingheifers was significantly affected by the seasons (periods)irrespective of the years and the treatments of grazing. The highestgrowth rates have been observed during August-September followedin the month of October-November, the least being during themonth of April and May. The growth rate during the month ofAugust-September was quite high and average to 13.0 kg per animalper month and it compares favourably to the animals maintained onthe farms under fairly high level of nutrition.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENTGoat1844 Goyal, S.P. (1983)Coat colour and body temperature regulations in Indian desertgoats. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 59-63A black coat colour appears to impact some thermolytic advantageover other coat colours in Rajasthan desert goats. The adaptivesignificance of the desert goat's shade-seeking behaviour has beendiscussed.1845 Goyal, S.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1987)A note on the measurement of heat exchange by radio-telemetry inblack desert goats during winter. Journal of Agricultural Science.108: 509-510Recently, radio-telemetry has been widely used in the measurementof various physiological attributes, e.g. body and skin temperatures,heart rate and heat flux across the surface in unrestrained animals.The present note provides some basic information on heat fluxacross the skin in untethered black Marwari goats of the Rajasthandesert, measured by radio-telemetry during winter.1846 Kalra, D.S., Sharma, M.R. and Dhanda, M.R. (1962)Mastitis in goats. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and AnimalHusbandry. 33: 181-189At Hisar farm the disease was found to be more than 9% goats andthe incidence of latent infection was as high as 45.5%. Test injurywas found to pre-dispose the udder to mastitis. Age and lactationnumber influenced the incidence of Streptococcal agalactiaemastitis. Streptococcal as well as staphycocceal mastitis occurredmore frequently during summer than during winter months. Thepossibility of spread of infection from goats to cows and buffaloesand vice versa, when kept in close proximity is suggested.1847 Kaushish, S.K., Georgie, G.C. and Sen Gupta, B.P. (1987)Effect of heat and water restriction on physiological responses ofBeetal and Black Bengal goats. Indian Journal of Animal Science.57: 461-465Six goats from each breed were divided into 2 groups. In one groupwater was not withheld, whereas in the other it was withheld for 36h before exposure to thermal stress (43 ± 0.5° C, RH 55%). Theobservations were recorded before exposure and then at ½ hintervals during 2 h exposure. Increase in all the 3 body responseswas seen under thermal stress. Maximum respiration rates were

observed when goats attained rectal temperature between 40.3 and40.5° C. The rectal temperature level at which maximum respiratoryfrequency was observed, was lower when the animals were undercombined stress of thermal exposure and water restriction.Significant differences were observed between breeds and groups inpulse and respiration rates.1848 Kaushish, S.K., Sengupta, B.P. and Georgie, G.C. (1993)Serum electrolytes and body water compartments response to acuteheat and water stress in Beetal and Black Bengal goats. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences. 63: 1277-1279This study was conducted on 5 to 6 months old male kids, (9 Beetaland 9 Black Bengal),which are exposed to 43.0 ± 0.5° C in a chamberfor 2 h. The exposure was given under 2 sets of conditions viz. withavailability of water prior to exposure and with no availability ofdrinking water for 36 h. Variance due to breed and differentintervals of sampling were not significant for all the serumelectrolytes studied. The variance interaction of interval of samplingwith breed and also treatment groups were also nonsignificant. Thefall in sodium and potassium was not significant. The serumchloride concentration increased in experimental groups. There wassignificant increase in chloride on exposure. Slight fall was alsoobserved in protein level in G-2, but significant rise was observedwhen thermal exposure was coupled with water restriction. All thethree body water compartments estimated were found increasedafter the heat exposure treatment. Non-availability of drinkingwater for 36 h do not change the response pattern of the both thebreeds.1849 Khan, M.S. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983)Body water turn-over in Indian desert mammals. Journal of AridEnvironments. 6: 173-175Body water turnover estimates suggest that the Marwari goat of theRajasthan desert is more efficient in water-use than Marwari andMagra sheep, the Parbatsar goat or the desert donkey. YoungMarwari goats are, likewise, superior to Marwari and Magra lambsand Parbatsar kids in respect of water use efficiency.1850 Mittal, J.P. (1988)Hair characteristics of desert goat. Indian Journal of VeterinaryScience and Animal Husbandry. 65: 731-733The hair of Marwari goat are used for the manufacture of carpets,ropes abd blankets etc. and provide employment to many people insmall scale or cottage industries at the village level. The work

eported in this communication provides information on hair inMarwari goat.1851 Mittal, J.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Sengar, O.P.S. (1983)A note on Marwari breed of goat. Journal of Veterinary and AlliedSciences. 2: 39-42The Marwari goat is a triple purpose breed providing milk, meatand hair to the inhabitants of desert region. The productivity of thisbreed can be improved by cross-breeding with heavy indigenousbreed like Beetal.1852 Shankarnarayan, K.A., Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1985)The goat - an appropriate animal for arid and semi-arid regions.Economics and Political weekly. 20: 1965-1972Land use in the Indian arid zone has been both thoughtless andunscientific. The forces of desertification have gathered momentumwithin this zone. If this trend is to be reversed a suitable system ofmixed farming with emphasis on animal husbandry has to beevolved and practised. In evolving such a programme the choice ofappropriate livestock becomes crucial. Where feed is scarce and oflow nutritive value larger animals are at a disadvantage because oftheir greater maintenance requirements. Smaller animals like thegoat with lower maintenance needs can cover large areas to gathersufficient nutrients for survival and for minimum production ofmeat and milk. There are two conflicting views about the goat's rolein land use. One view holds that the goat is the major cause ofrangeland destruction and soil erosion, and its propagation shouldbe checked. But a contradictory opinion is that the goat is after all amajor supplier of animal protein and that since it usually consumesthe scrub left-over from the over-grazing by cattle and sheep, it isunrealistic to blame the goat for environmental destruction. Theauthors, who subscribe to the latter view, discuss why it isecologically necessary to assign the goat its rightful place in plansfor arid and semi-arid regions.1853 Singh, A., Singh, K. and Joshi, S. (1996)Gross anatomical studies on the kidney in Marwari goat (Caprahircus). Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 77-78The kidneys were smooth, bean shaped, convex dorsoventral withrounded extremities and reddish brown in colour. The overallaverage length of kidney was 5.6 ± 0.03 cm, and width was 3.4 ±0.02 cm. The average caprine kidney weighed 32.7 ± 0.41 g.

1854 Singh, K. and Gupta, P.C. (1977)A note on the nutritive value of pala (Zizyphus nummularia) hay forsheep and goat. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 157-160Pala was eaten more by goats than by sheep but it is a satisfactorymaintenance ration for non-producing adults of both species. Bothspecies were in positive balance for nitrogen, calcium andphosphorus.1855 Uppal, P.K., Dubey, S.C. and Kaushish, S.K. (1981)Efficiency of panacur (Fenbendazole) against naturally infectedtapeworm infections in sheep and goats under field conditions.Indian Journal of Parasitology. 5: 63SheepA trial was conducted in Bheepur and Rajpura villages. The animalswere drenched with panacur. After the completion of trial it wasfound that it was 100% effective. Five immature tapeworms ofMoniezia expansa were recovered in control sheep and 20 in controlgoat. The higher body weights were observed in treated sheep andgoat.1856 Abichandani, R.K. (1981)Water use economy in Rajasthan desert sheep. Annals of Arid Zone.20: 215-228Watering twice weekly does not impair the health and productivityof sheep. The water-restricted animals of both the breeds consumedless than half the quantity of water consumed by the daily wateredgroups during this period. A considerable saving in stock drinkingwater is thus possible to achieve. No significant treatment effect onbody weight was recorded. Water restriction also had no effect onwool production and lambing performance of the animals. The dailywatering of sheep would, therefore, appear to be a dispensablepractice, at least in the management of desert-adapted breeds.1857 Bharat, N.K., Chowdhary, A.L. and Chowdhary, M.S. (1980)A study on efficiency of wool production for reducing the impact offorces of desertification. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 493-497The genes responsible for weight and weight gains did not getrequired environment in pre weaning age. The extent of heterosis aswell as improvement over the native breed is higher when theChokla were combined with Russian Merino than Rambouillet. Byincreasing the number of efficient animals and reducing the low

producing animals, biotic interference can be checked anddesertification forces can be reduced.1858 Bohra, H.C. (1980)Nutrient utilisation of Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) leaves by desertsheep and goats. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 73-81Dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight was higher in thegoat than in the sheep. While the feed contained 14.2% crudeprotein, the percentage of digestible crude protein was only 3.1%and 5.5% in sheep and goats respectively. In sheep, the digestibilityof cellulose fraction of this feed was less than half that recorded forgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) cellulose (57.4%). The observed lowdigestibility of the feed protein may be due to the formation of aninsoluble tannin-protein complex, which remains undigested in theintestine of the animals. Negative digestibilities of acid detergentfibre and lignin were recorded, probably due to the formation of anartifact in the hind gut of the animals as analysed quantitatively aslignin and which qualitatively resembled a non-conjugated phenoliclignin fraction. The digestible and metabolizable energies of thefeed (kcal g -1 DMI) available to the sheep were estimated as 1.82and 1.43, respectively, while for goats these values were 2.33 and1.76, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of different cell-wallconstituents and proteins, and the gross energy intake were higherin goats than in sheep.1859 Bohra, H.C. (1982)Utilisation of cell-wall constituents and nitrogen fraction of Lasiurussindicus hay in Magra and Marwari breeds of Rajasthan desert.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 52: 649-651Comparative efficiency of utilisation of nutrients from L. sindicushay was evaluated in Magra and Marwari breeds of sheep ofwestern Rajasthan. Dry-matter intake per unit live weight was22.2% higher in Magra than in Marwari sheep. No significantdifferences in the digestibility coefficients of different nutrients of L.sindicus were observed in these breeds. Even with a high intake ofnitrogen Magra animals were in negative nitrogen balance. Thismay be due to high demand for nitrogen for wool production in thisbreed, which apparently cannot be met by the feed nitrogenavailable through grazing alone.1860 Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1977)Effect of restricted water intake during summer on the digestibilityof cell-wall constituents, nitrogen retention and water excretion in

Marwari sheep. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Cambridge. 89:605-608The water-restricted animals (50% reduction in daily water intake)consumed 54 and 42% less dry matter and digestible energyrespectively than normally watered animals. The digestibilitycoefficients of different CWC were apparently, though notsignificantly, higher in water-restricted animals. Throughout thestudy period, animals of both the groups, particularly the waterrestrictedgroup, remained in negative nitrogen balance. Moistureloss through the faeces was about 22% less in the water-restrictedgroup than in the control animals. The water-restricted animals lost21.2% of body weight in 23 days and these animals, when allowedwater ad libitum, were able to recover 71.5% of the lost body weightwithin 3 days.1861 Bohra, H.C. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983)Nitrogen metabolism in water-restricted Marwari sheep of theIndian desert. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Cambridge. 101:735-739The reduction in feed intake in water-restricted sheep leads to areduction in intake and excretion of nitrogen through faeces andurine of these animals. No significant differences in the excretion ofmost urinary nitrogenous constituents between ad libitum wateredand water -restricted animals were observed. On offering water adlibitum for 3 days to the restricted animals, the plasma urea inthese animals dropped from 33.0 to 20.7 mg 100 -1 ml), i.e. almost tothe level in the animals watered ad libitum (18.7 mg 100 -1 ml). Thedaily dry-matter intakes of the ad libitum watered and restrictedanimals were 790 and 488 g, respectively. The digestibilitycoefficients for dry matter and crude protein of the feed were 47.1and 27.2%, respectively in ad libitum watered and 56.6 and 39.5%,respectively, in restricted animals. This improvement in theefficiency of digestion in water-restricted sheep may not be due toany enhanced microbial activity in the rumen, but may possibly bedue to an increased absorption of feed nutrients in the hind gut ofthese animals.1862 Bohra, H.C., Goyal, S.P. and Joshi, D.C. (1988)Influence of differential grazing on plasma micromineral status ofdesert sheep and goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 58: 140-142

This study was conducted to evaluate the micro-mineral status ofthe desert sheep and goats maintained on 2 types of grazing lands,viz. scrub forest and sown pasture of western Rajasthan.1863 Faroda, A.S. and Singh, A.N. (1972)A note on the performance of sheep fed on some top-feed species.Indian Journal of Animal Production. 3: 56-57A trial on the performance of sheep fed on some of the most commonarid and semi-arid zone top-feed species like pala (Zizyphusnummularia), khejri (Prosopis specigera), khejri (Acacia senegal)and kankera (Gymnosporia spinosa) was conducted at the CentralSheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, during 1970. It canbe concluded that sheep cannot be maintained only on fodder leaves.However, they can be raised on them if concentrate is given inaddition.1864 Ghosh, P.K., Khan, M.S. and Abichandani, R.K. (1976)Effect of short-term water deprivation in summer on Marwari sheep.Journal of Agriculture Science. 87: 221-223Effect of 24 h and 48 h of water deprivation on glomerular filtrationrate (GFR),and on blood and urine electrolyte levels in Marwarisheep of the Rajasthan desert, has been recorded. Body weight,urine volume, GFR and erythrocyte sodium concentration in theseanimals registered considerable decreases due to dehydration. Bothplasma potassium was somewhat reduced, the potassium in redblood cells increased after 48 h of water deprivation. The mostremarkable response was in the concentration of urinary sodiumwhich rose to more than double the normal level.1865 Ghosh, P.K., Ram Ratan and Taneja, G.C. (1971)Effect of chemically protecting dietary protein from microbialdegradation in the rumen on wool growth. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology. 9: 109-110The rate of wool growth in rams of Marwari breed fed with asupplement of formaldehyde-treated Zizyphus nummularia leaves(300 g; daily for 60 days) was significantly higher than in thecontrols fed with untreated leaves for a similar period; the averagegrowth rate of wool fibre in experimental group was 0.61 mm day -1while that in control was 0.49 mm day -1 .1866 Kalla, S.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1972)

Erythrocyte glutathoine level in relation to blood potassium type inRajasthan desert sheep. Animal Blood Groups and BiochemicalGenetics. 3: 121-123Although the frequency of distribution of the different bloodpotassium phenotypes, including the sub-type, in the sheep breedsof the Rajasthan desert in the north-west of India has been known,there has been no report so far on the nature of the associationbetween blood potassium type and erythrocyte GSH level in thethese breeds. The present paper attempts to provide some basicinformation on this association as observed in four sheep breeds inthe Rajasthan desert.1867 Kalla, S.D. (1980)Some aspects of sheep development in arid zones of India. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 499-502Sheep production is a labour intensive enterprise and almostamongst all the agricultural operations, sheep rearing is the onlyprovision which provides an answer to our rural idle masses as themain source of occupation and for self employment in arid regions ofIndia. A comprehensive programme of cross breeding by artificialinsemination, feed and fodder production and conservation, healthcover, marketing and extension support will change the ruraleconomy of the entire arid region of our country. There should be amicro level planning based on local conditions but should be leadingto national direction of development of sheep industry of arid area.1868 Kalla, S.D. and Ghosh, P.K. (1975)Blood biochemical polymorphic traits in relation to wool productionefficiency in Indian sheep. Journal of Agriculture Science. 84: 149-151Seven hundred and twenty-five adult ewes of six breeds, namelyMarwari, Chokla, Magra, Pugal, Jaisalmeri and Russian Merino xMarwari were typed for blood potassium, haemoglobin anderythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH) types. The nature of theassociation between each polymorphic trait and wool productionefficiency in these breeds has been examined. GSHh animals werepredominant in all the breeds. A negative correlation was observedbetween wool production and erythrocyte glutathione level. Ingeneral, mean wool production was found to be more in animals ofHb type A than in other Hb type animals. No significant correlationbetween blood potassium level and wool production was found inany of these breeds.

1869 Kandasamy, N. and Sahni, K.L. (1982 )Studies on the location and physiological status of the cervix innative and cross-bred ewes during oestrous. Indian VeterinaryJournal. 59: 382-384The location and physiological status of the cervix were studied in121 Nali, 167 Chokla and 31 cross bred sheep while they were inheat. Almost equal number of ewes were detected in heat both in themorning and evening. The evidence of the location of cervix wassimilar in both the native breeds. The cross-breds differedsignificantly from the natives by having more percentage of animalswith their cervices located in the centre of the vagina than thenatives. However, in all breeds the percentage of ewes with theircervices on the right side was more. There was no difference in thestate of cervix and quantity of mucus secreted between the animalsin heat. There was no difference in the quantity of the mucussecreted between fully and partially open cervix. But there was asignificant increase in the number of ewes with scanty mucus in theclosed cervix group.1870 Karim, S.A., Singh, M. and Rai, A.K. (1984)Performance of cross-bred weaner lambs under hot environmentalconditions. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 54: 1087-1090Thirty Merino x Chokla male lambs were divided into 3 groups atweaning (90 days of age) and kept : (1) in an open enclosure from10.00 to 16.00 h and in a shed from 16.00 to 10.00 h (2) in an opensided shed throughout; (3) in a humidified shed. The sheep were fedad lib. from 10.00 to 16.00 h and feed and water intakes wererecorded daily over the 63 day experimental period. In the 3 groupsrespectively, initial body weight averaged 18.3, 18.7 and 19.2 Kg,final body weight 26.4, 27.0 and 27.2 kg, the percentage increase inbody weight 44.6, 45.4 and 41.4 daily gain 125.4, 132.4 and 123.2 g,the feed efficiency ratio 1:0.139, 1:0.143 and 1:0.136, daily waterintake per kg body weight 136.8, 132.1 and 148.5 ml dry matterintake 37.5, 37.2 and 36.6 g and Wool yield 1.74, 1.28 and 1.18 kg.1871 Kaushish, S.K. (1994)Sheep rearing provides livelihood for many in Bikaner district - Aneconomic analysis. Carpet-e-World International. 16: 89-90An attempt has been made to study the management practices ofsheep growing and utilisation of wool product to examine the cost ofand return from sheep farming. On an average Rs. 2385.43 werespent on flock of 100 sheep during the year. The expenditure onflock was higher at Kanasar followed by Tejrasar. The net income

from a flock of 100 sheep during year comes to be Rs. 16006. In thecase grazier is an engaged labourer, the net income from this flockduring the year comes to be Rs. 10,006 from a flock of 100 Magrasheep.1872 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1972)Effect of weight of dam at service on gestation length, parturitionand weight of lamb born to Nali sheep. Indian Journal of AnimalProduction. 3: 47Relationship between the weight of ewe at service and gestationlength, durations for the expulsion of foetus and placenta andweight of lamb born to Nali sheep were studied. The gestationperiod of the dam and the time taken for the expulsion of foetus andplacenta were inversely related to the weight of the dam. Selectionof heavier-bodied ewes will not only result in production of heavierlambs, but also reduce the chances of complications involvingparturition.1873 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1974)Studies on reproduction in sheep. 3. Factors effecting gestationlength. Indian Journal of Animal Production. 5: 85-90Average gestation periods of Nali, Lohi, Nellore X Nali and MandyaX Nali ewes were 152.2, 152.5, 151.3 and 151.1 days, respectively.Differences in gestation length due to genetic groups and sex of thelamb were not significant.1874 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1974)Studies on reproduction in sheep. 4. Process of parturition. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences. 44: 667-671The duration of three stages of parturition in two pure breeds, viz.Nali and Lohi, and two crosses, viz Nellore x Nali and Mandia xNali, sheep was studied. The time taken for the completion ofparturition was longest in Mandia x Nali and shortest in Lohi. Thetime taken for dilation of cervix stage and expulsion of foetus stagediffered significantly between these groups. The type of birth did notaffect the time taken for any of these stages. The post-service gain inweight of the dam was negatively related with the time taken forthe second and third stages of the parturition.1875 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1975)Studies on relationship among weight of placenta, number ofcotyledons and birth weight of lamb. Indian Journal of AnimalScience. 45: 248-251

Data were collected on the number of cotyledons, weight of placentaand birth weight from 125 cases of normal parturition of Nali, Lohiand crosses of Nali with Nellore and Mandia rams. The averagenumber of cotyledons varied from 66.6 to 74.1 between these groups.The weight of placenta ranged from 0.195 to 0.259 kg. The sex of thelamb did not affect the placental weight and the number ofcotyledons significantly. There was positive relationship betweenplacenta weight, number of cotyledons and birth weight.1876 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1977)Studies on reproduction in sheep. 5. Blood and plasma constituentsbefore and after parturition in Nali sheep. Haryana VeterinaryJournal. 16: 74-77Packed cell volume and haemoglobin levels were significantly highera day prior to parturition than after parturition. These showed asharp fall on the day following parturition and thereafter there wasrise. Packed cell volume returned close to pre-parturition levelwithin seven days. Plasma sodium and potassium levels weresignificantly lower before parturition. They showed a steep rise oneday after parturition after which a continuous fall was observed.Plasma total protein and cholesterol levels were significantly higherbefore parturition. They showed continuous fall after parturition.1877 Kaushish, S.K. and Arora, K.L. (1983)Effect of weight and measurements on placenta weight and numberof cotyledons in Nali and Lohi sheep. International Journal ofTropical Agriculture. 167-169Ewes weight at service was positively correlated with placentaweight and number of cotyledons. As the post-service gain in weightand abdominal circumference increased, the weight of placenta andthe number of cotyledons also increased.1878 Kaushish, S.K. and Mittal, J.P. (1994)Physiological responses of sheep and goats to exercise stress underarid conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 64: 423-424Significant diurnal variation was observed in rectal temperature,pulse and respiration rates. The evening rectal temperature washigher by 0.9 to 1.1° C in summer and 1.9 to 2.4° C in winter insheep and higher by 1.4 to 1.5° C during summer and 2.2 to 2.4° Cduring winter in goats. The respiration rate increased by 180% and167% in group one sheep and goats by 232 and 199% in respectivespecies in exercise groups. Under arid conditions of Rajasthan,Magra sheep and Marwari goats can safely be grazed within 8 km

from their watering point without ill effects on their health whenthe average atmospheric temperature is ground 44° C.1879 Kaushish, S.K. and Sahni, K.L. (1975)A note on time of parturition in Russian Merino Ewes. IndianVeterinary Journal. 52: 837-839The time of parturition was observed in Russian Merino ewesduring spring season of the successive years. Maximumconcentration of births (40%) occurred between midnight and 6 AMand this was followed closely by another concentration (30%)between noon and 6 PM.1880 Kaushish, S.K. and Sahni, K.L. (1976)Effect of feeding animal protein (egg + milk) and trace elements andprovision of cooler climate on libido, semen quality and certainphysical reactions. in summer season. Indian Journal of AnimalsScience. 46: 135-139The libido of the rams was not affected by any of the treatments.The feeding of eggs and milk had adversely affected the quality ofsemen during summer, while feeding of trace elements did not showany beneficial effect. A significant improvement in semen volumeand sperm concentration was observed in rams maintained underartificially cooled room, where the maximum environmentaltemperature did not exceed 32° C. The semen production in controlrams was most satisfactory. The respiration rate, rectal temperatureand pulse rate were significantly higher in the group supplementedwith eggs and milk. The animals inside cooled room also showedsigns of discomfort, which was attributed to a marked increase inthe per cent relative humidity. The values were significantly less inthe control group and were comparable with the animals given traceelements.1881 Kaushish, S.K., Arora, K.L. and Dhanda, O.P. (1973)Studies on reproduction in sheep. 2. Time of parturition. IndianJournal of Animal Production. 4: 56There was a significant difference among genetic groups regardingthe frequencies of lambing which took place during different periods(arranged at 3-h intervals). Overall, the highest frequency wasbetween 3 and 6 AM, and between 3 and 6 PM. The largest numberof lambings took place following 3 PM, particularly as the cooler anddarker hours approached.1882 Kaushish, S.K., Bhatia, D.C. and Arora, K.L. (1976)

Studies on adaptability of sheep to sub-tropical climate and seasonalchanges in rectal temperature cardio-respiratory andhaematological attributes of Nali sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal.53: 760-765Average packed cell volume and haemoglobin values for Nali sheepwere observed to be 26.88 and 9.04. Highly significant variation wasobserved between seasons. These were lowest in summer. Minimumand maximum values for haemoglobin were 7.55 and 10.22 and forpacked cell volume 22.40 and 30.68, respectively. As the ambienttemperature increased fall in haematocrit and haemoglobin wasobserved. These attributes were positively, though non-significantlyrelated with relative humidity. Pulse and respiration rates werepositively related with haemoglobin.1883 Kaushish, S.K., Dubey, S.C. and Kalra, D.B. (1995)Treatment of entero-toxaemia in sheep and goats. Indian Journal ofAnimal Sciences. 65: 655-657The treatment for entero-toxaemia in sheep and goats has beendeveloped. The clinical management was adopted with 0.1% solutionof potassium permanganate (50 ml animal -1 ). Complete recoverytook place in 3-4 days. Cure rate was 92.6%.1884 Kaushish, S.K., Karim, S.A. and Rawat, P.S. (1994)Performance of native and cross-bred sheep in farmers' flock. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences. 65: 1379-1382The experimental stock consisted of 1987 adult sheep in farmersflocks comprising 1665 native Malpura (85 male and 1580 female)and their 172 quarterbreds with Rambouillet (25 males and 147females). During March the average body weight of these animalswas 27.8 Kg which decreased to 27.1 Kg in June and increasedthereafter to 27.8 Kg during October. Males were heavier thanfemales, as the breeding rams were given preferential treatment inmanagement and supplementary feeding. The greasy fleece yield ofadult animals was higher in March followed by that in October andwas lowest in June. The staple length of four monthly harvestedwool in native and crossbred sheep was 4.89 and 4.58 cm,respectively. Cross breeding resulted in reduction in fibre diameterin quarterbred population compared to native. Under fieldconditions the grazing sheep exhibit seasonability of body weightwith loss during summer and regain during lush and comfortablemonths.1885 Kaushish, S.K., Karim, S.A. and Rawat, P.S. (1995)

Physiological responses of unshorn and shorn native and cross-bredsheep under heat exposure. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 65:714-717The information is based on 3 each of unshorn and shorn Chokla (C)and their halfbreds with Rambouillet (RXC), Merino (MXC), Nali(N) and also their halfbreds with Rambouillet (RXN) and Merino(MXN). During peak hot period although the respiration rate ofunshorn animals was higher than the shorn counterparts, but theirrectal temperatures were lower indicating better heat tolerance. Inhot semi-arid and arid regions the animals should not by shornduring hotter months of year.1886 Kaushish, S.K., Sahani, M.S., Dubey, S.C. and Sharma, S.C.(1982)Performance of cross bred rams and their progenies under fieldconditions. Wool and Woollens of India. July-Sept: 39-44.Avikalin and native rams were heaviest in autumn, whereas,Avivastra rams were heaviest in winter season. The average bodyweights of Avikalin, Avivastra and native rams was 42.25,41.12 and38.94 Kg, respectively. There was significant difference in bodyweights of rams in summer and autumn seasons. The fibre diameterin native lambs was about 40 µ which decreased to 31 µ in crossbredprogenies. Similar trend was observed in case of medullation. Themedullation was lowest in Avivastra progenies. The differences dueto breed of sire were no significant in case of staple length. Of the149 rams distributed from 1975 to 1979, 64 died, 39 were culled and35 were surviving upto June, 1980. Majority of the very fine wool(35.7%) and Avivastra (69.9%) rams died within six months of theirbeing distributed in the field, whereas 48.2% Avikalin ramssurvived for over 12 months in the field. The survival was longest(16.6 months) where Avikalin rams of above 2 ½ years of age weregiven. Highest mortality (21.9%) was observed to be due topneumonia. This was followed by worm load and progressivedebility.1887 Kaushish, S.K., Sharma, S.P. and Shiv Prasad. (1995)Effect of supplementation on serum metabolites during pregnancy.Indian Journal of Animals Sciences. 65: 1233-1235This information is based on 20 Chokla synthetic sheep of 1-1½ yearold. Each animal of group 2, 3, 4 and 5 was given 250 g ofconcentrate mixture which had 7, 10, 13 and 16% DCP respectively.The total digestible nutrients were kept at 70%. The cholesterollevels at breeding varied from 162.6 to 210.2 mg dl -1 among groups.

It increased with the advancement of gestation. The mean glucoselevel among group ranged from 28.8 to 47.9 mg dl -1 at differentstages of pregnancy. It was higher at breeding and decreased justbefore parturition. The mean total serum protein level was highestat breeding and lowest just before parturition. The serum proteinand albumin levels showed decline with advancing gestation. Thetotal serum protein and globulin levels at three months of gestationdiffered significantly from those at breeding and at five months ofgestation.1888 Khan, M.S. (1983)Body water turnover rate in Indian desert sheep and goat. Annals ofArid Zone. 22: 47-49The average water turn-over in Marwari goat is considerably lowerthan in Marwari sheep during summer. The superior water useefficiency of desert goat is responsible for the enormous increase ingoat numbers in western Rajasthan while the growth rate of thesheep population in this tract has preceded at a much slower rate.1889 Khan, M.S. and Abhichandani, R.K. (1977)A note on electrophoretic distribution of plasma proteins duringacute and chronic water deprivation in Rajasthan desert sheep.Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 271-274In the plasma proteinograms of the chronically water deprivedanimals of both Marwari and Magra breeds-2 globulin band wasfound to be persistently present, while this band failed to show up inthe proteinograms from normally hydrated animals.1890 Khan, M.S. and Abhichandani, R.K. (1983)A note on the characterisation of blood potassium genotypes inIndian desert sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 359-361The incidence of occurrence of homozygous LK (KLKL) type sheep inboth male and females was very low in comparison to heterozygousLK (KLKL) and HK (KLKL). The percentage of KLKL female sheepwas highest in Pugal breed (20%) and lowest in Marwari breed (7%).1891 Mahal, S., Singh, G. and Sudarshan Kumar. (1959)Estimation of clean fleece from small regional samples in the fleeceof the Bikaneri sheep. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry. 29: 73-79Ten yearling Bikaneri ewe lambs were taken for study to find out amethod of estimating clean fleece yield from small regional samplesviz. neck, shoulder wither, side, back, britch and belly.

1892 Mahal, S., Singh, G. and Sudarshan Kumar. (1961)Estimation of fleece density from small regional samples in fleece ofBikaneri sheep. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and AnimalHusbandry. 31: 75-79A study on 15 yearling Bikaneri female lambs was made to find amethod for estimation of fleece density. The samples from each of sixregions, neck, shoulders withers, sides back and birtch were used forthe study. Fleece density in neck region was highest and lowest atbritch region. For obtaining fleece density of a single fleece,observations are essential on all regions. But to compare densitybetween two fleece, it is essential to compare sample from backregion. For comparing fleece density from one group of sheep withthat of other, it would be enough to take one sheep of one group andtake fleece samples from back region and compare.1893 Mali, P.C., Bedekar, A.R. and Patnayak, B.C. (1984)Comparative growth and nutrient utilisation in lambs and kids fedwith Pala (Zizyphus nummularia leaves). Annals of Arid Zone. 23:243-248Eight lambs and 8 kids were divided into two groups (4 in each) andfed Pala (Z. nummularia leaves) ad lib either alone or supplementedwith a mineral mixture free choice for a period of 210 days. Thedaily gain of lambs fed on Pala alone or Pala supplemented with amineral mixture over a period of 210 days was 51.0 and 38.0 g,respectively. The corresponding values for kids were 76.0 and 64.0 g.Average daily feed consumption over the whole experimental periodranged from 1.230 to 1.282 kg in all four groups but theconsumption per unit weight was higher in kids than in lambs.Within species mineral mixture supplementation had a ratherdepressing effect on weight gain. In lambs, low weight gainappeared to be due to low intake of DCP in relation to TDN ascompared to kids. The average dry matter intake during thedigestion trial was 3.4 ± 0.1 and 3.8 ± 0.2 kg per 100 kg body weightfor lambs and kids, respectively. In general, the digestibilitycoefficient of nutrients was higher in kids than in lambs. In both thespecies, however, protein digestibility was low although kids showedhigher digestibility than lambs. In lambs nitrogen excreted in faeceswas 70 to 77% of the intake as compared to 62 to 65% in kids.Urinary nitrogen excretion was 14 to 17% of the intake in both thespecies. In a Pala feeding regime kids perform better and utilisenutrients better than lambs although both the species could showgrowth.

1894 Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Bedekar, A.R. (1983)Plan of nutrition of Marwari ewes in different seasons of grazing onnatural range pasture of the arid region. Annals of Arid Zone. 22:323-328Intake measurements were taken in August, November, Februaryand May representing four seasons covering January to March,April to June, July to September and October to December anddesignated as season 1,2,3 & 4 respectively. The crude proteinpercentage of the ingested forage was highest and crude fibre lowestduring season 3. The acid detergent fibre was the highest (50%) andTDN value of the ingested forage was the lowest during the season 4as compared to other seasons. The DCP value of the ingestedherbage varied from 0.84% during season 1 to 1.6% during season 3due to very low digestibility coefficient for protein. Dry matterconsumption was the highest during season 3 and lowest duringseason 2. The TDN intake varied from 339 g day -1 to 440 g day -1 indifferent seasons. Due to low digestibility of protein, CF and NFEthe TDN consumption per unit metabolic size was the lowest duringseason 4 as compared to that of other seasons. Although crudeprotein intakes were adequate, the digestibility coefficient values forcrude protein were very low amounting to DCP intake/animal/day ofonly 7 to 8 g during season 1 and 2, and 14 to 15 g during season 3to 4. These values are much lower than expected. It may be that in alow protein regime the animals recycle the nitrogen and meet theirnitrogen requirement. It could also be possible that in the grazingsituation ingestion of soil/sand may lead to increase in metabolicfaecal nitrogen through denudation of mucous membrane whichgives high nitrogen percentage in the faeces resulting in lowapparent digestibility of protein.1895 Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Ghosal, A.K. (1994)Levels of certain blood nutrients in grazing non-pregnant, pregnantand lactating Marwari ewes. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 319-323Blood serum levels of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, copper,sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, total protein and blood glucosewere measured in 16 month old Marwari ewes bred during autumn(September) or spring (March) and maintained exclusively ongrazing. Serum phosphorus level significantly decreased andcalcium level increased during lactation as compared to pregnancyin March-bred ewes. In September-bred ewes, although the calciumlevel increased, the phosphorus level did not decrease duringlactation. Sodium level decreased during pregnancy of ewes in boththe seasons. Serum protein level decreased only in September-bredewes. Blood urea nitrogen values were significantly lower in

November, February and March as compared to May, August andSeptember in both mated and non-mated ewes. The low level of ureanitrogen could be indicative of low protein status of the ewes, duringthe lean period.1896 Mann, J.S., Dubey, S.C. and Kaushish, S.K. (1980)Effect of different managemental conditions with special referenceto feed and fodder resources on the performance of local sheep - afield study. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 14: 101One flock in each of the three villages viz. Malpura, Hathki andSindolia of Operational Research Project Centre, Malpura, Distt.Tonk were selected to study the performance of flocks kept ondifferent levels of feed and fodder resources and managerialconditions, but provided similar health coverage. This studyindicated that the flock maintained on high level of nutrition byad-lib grazing and supplementary feeding in the form of agriculturalby product and tree loppings etc. did not show significant differencesin body weight and wool yield from the group kept on somewhat lowlevel of nutrition. The flock reared on overcrowded pasture andinadequate supplementary ration had lowest body weight wand woolyield. Higher stocking rate results in lower production and highermorbidity and mortality. Development of local grazing land bysilvipastoral system and intercropping leguminous fodder with thecereal crops in cultivable fields may facilitate an improvement overthe present situation of fodder crisis.1897 Mathur, B.K., Mittal, J.P., Mathur, A.C. and Bhandari, M.C.(1991)Effect of drought on wool production in Chokla and Nali sheepmaintained on desert rangeland. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.61: 80-83The effect of drought on wool production was studied in 12 ewes and5 rams each of Chokla and Nali. They were maintained under freerange conditions of arid region from spring season of 1986 to springseason of 1989. Water was provided once ad-lib. throughout thestudy. During the most severe drought period in summer 1987 allthese sheep were provided with tree loppings of Prosopis cineraria.In autumn 1987 each animal was provided with 150 g ofsupplementary feed to keep them alive. In all 6 shearing records ofthis flock were analysed. Nali rams and ewes produced highergreasy fleece than their counterparts of Chokla breed. The effect ofperiod and season on greasy-fleece was lowest during spring 1988 inboth the breeds. However, this reduction in yield was slightly higherin Nali than in Chokla and in rams than in ewes.

1898 Mathur, O.P. (1990)Evaluation of by-pass protein and urea for wool production. Annalsof Arid Zone. 29: 131-135Studies on the comparative efficacy of utilisation of native proteinvis a vis by-pass protein with or without urea was conducted toassess the biological response on wool production, quantitatively andqualitatively. The wool production was highest in lambs fed by-passprotein. Staple length, staple crimps were found to increase, andmodulation percentage was found to decrease, with theadvancement of age in all the animals irrespective of treatmentreceived.1899 Mathur, O.P. (1993)Effect of feeding formaldehyde treated and urea supplemented guaron sheep rumen liquor. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 73-74Ammonical-N at different intervals after feeding was found to besignificantly higher in groups of lambs fed with urea compared tocontrol. TVFA concentration irrespective of treatment steadilyincreased with time.1900 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, C.S., Purohit, G.R. and Sharma, Y.K.(1992)Economics of by-pass protein and urea feeding in sheep. Annals ofArid Zone. 31: 147-148Magra lambs should be raised economically on by-pass protein withurea and for maximum profit lambs should be disposed off at themarketable age of 10 months.1901 Mittal, J.P. and Ghosh, P.K. (1983)Long-term saline drinking and female reproductive performance inMagra and Marwari sheep of the Indian desert. Journal ofAgriculture Science. 101: 751-754The ewes of Magra and Marwari breed, drinking natural salinewaters containing total soluble salts up to 3500 mg l -1 , continuouslyfor prolonged periods reproduce satisfactorily. The general healthand live weight of ewes and their lambs were also not affected bycontinuous intake of this saline water.1902 Mittal, J.P. and Kavia, Z.D. (1986)Sheep improvement in operational research project area ofRajasthan desert. Wool and Woollens of India. 23: 31-32The present study aimed at demonstrating the improved technologyfor all round development of sheep sector in arid areas.

1903 Mittal, J.P. and Kavia, Z.D. (1987)Constraints of sheep development in operational research projectarea of arid Rajasthan. Wool and Woollens of India. 24: 27-28The constraints that are hindering the progress of sheep productionin arid region have been identified and described in this paper.1904 Mittal, J.P. and Sengupta, B.P. (1981)Superovulation and multiple lambing in desert adapted Magra eweswith serum and chorionic gonadotrophins. Annals of Arid Zone. 20:247-252The effect of several factors on pregnant mare serumgonadotrophins (PMSG) stimulated lambing performance in a desertadapted breed of sheep (Magra) which is essentially monotocus, wasinvestigated. A single injection of 750 I.U. PMSG on 13th day ofoestrus cycle was found satisfactory for parous ewes. The apparentadvantage was of 1000 I.U. does over 750 I.U. in terms of lambingpercentage was offset by a relatively lower conception rate at thehigher dose level. When human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) wasgiven in addition to PMST, it improved the fertility as well aslambing rate in young and parous ewes. It was observed that withjudicious choice of dose of PMSG and HCG, the lambing rate couldbe augmented by as much as 100% in nulliparous ewes. It was foundthat the stimulatory effect of PMSG was dependent on the postpartum interval, there being a distinct direct interval responserelationship. At 120 = 10 days post partum the ovulatory response toPMSG seemed satisfactory though not optimum. It was also interalia observed that the haemoglobin (Hb) and red cell potassiumvariant showed some association with superovulatory responsefollowing PMSG treatment.1905 More, T. (1982)Effect of water deprivation of urinary levels of creatinine andnitrogen in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 98: 233-236Overall yearly average concentrations of urinary nitrogen in groupsI, II and III were 1.67, 1.78 and 2.21%, respectively. The monthlymean values irrespective of treatments were 1.13 (April) 0.91 (June),1.78 (July), 2.70 (September), 2.91 (October), 2.74 (December), 1.76(January) and 2.81% (March).The urinary creatinine concentration was found to increase (P

was 144, 161 and 196 mg/100ml, respectively. The monthly averagevalues, irrespective of groups, were 90, 98, 245, 250, 233, 114, 137and 180 mg/100ml in April, June, September, October, December,January and March, respectively.There was significant decline in urine volume, conversely urinarynitrogen and creatinine concentration increased with waterdeprivation. Absolute levels of creatinine excretion declined in sheepgiven water once in 48 or 72 h during the summer month of April.1906 More, T. (1982)Influence of long term intermittent watering on urinary electrolytechanges in Chokla sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 52:530-533Intermittent watering in chokla sheep caused significant rise in theconcentration of potassium as well as sodium. This in turn resultedin significant rise (P

1908 Narayan, S. (1960)Skin follicle types, ratios, and population densities in Rajasthansheep breeds. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research. 11: 400-426Observations are reported on skin follicle types, ratios, populationdensities and percentages of medullated fibres in four Rajasthansheep breeds Chokla, Marwari, Jaisalmeri and Malpura. Data fromthree body regions shoulder, side and breech were available for atotal of 21 sheep and for 12 more there were observations for at leastone of the three regions. Chokla breed had the highest total andprimary follicle population density, as well as the highest ratio ofsecondary to primary follicles and the lowest percentage modulation.Malpura breed had the lowest total and lowest primary folliclepopulation density, and was equal with the Marwari breed for thelowest ratio. Malpura breed had the highest percentage medullation.Of the three body regions studied, the side had the highest ratio ofsecondary to primary follicles in all four breeds, while the breechhad the highest percentage of medullated secondary fibres. Thepercentage of medullated primary fibres in the breech was equal toor greater than that in either of the other regions.1909 Purohit, G.R., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1975)A note on seasonal variation in normal water intake by indigenousand crossbred sheep. Annals of Arid Zone. 14: 274-276Water intake was higher in summer than in winter. The Russianmerino x Marwari sheep have been found to drink minimum watercompared to the other breeds.1910 Purohit, G.R., Ghosh, P.K. and Taneja, G.C. (1976 )Effect of water restriction on dry matter intake and digestibility ofnutrients in pure and crossbred Marwari sheep. Annals of AridZone. 15: 95-101Fifty per cent restriction of normal water intake in Marwari andRussian Merino x Marwari sheep over a period of 21 days have noeffect on DM intake per unit body weight and in this coefficients ofdigestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE in comparison to ad libitumwatering treatment. The coefficient of digestibility of CF washowever, found to be significantly (P

A note of physical and biochemical studies on semen of Chokla,Malpura and cross-bred rams. Indian Journal of Animal Science.46: 658-659Chokla (C) and Malpura (M) and their crosses with Rambouillet (R),viz. R x C (1/2 and 3/4) and RXM (1/2) and of about 12 to 18 monthsof age, served as the experimental stock. The semen was collectedonce a week in the morning with the help of AV. There weredifferences in volume of semen between breeds. It was lowest inMalpura which differed from Chokla. The concentration of sodiumand potassium was similar in native and cross bred rams. Thechloride content of the cross breed semen was higher than that ofnative. The semen of Chokla Malpura and their crosses did not showany differences in the concentration of calcium. However,phosphorus was significantly lower in R2 X C than in other breedsand breed crosses. Except for potassium and chloride contents thesemen of different genetic groups did not differ remarkably.1912 Rai, A.K., More, T. and Singh, M. (1983)Certain blood attributes in different genetic groups of sheep on feedlot ration. Indian Veterinary Journal. 60: 839-41Certain blood attributes were studied in 48 wethers of MalpuraSonadi and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds,maintained on feed to ration. The blood samples were collected 10days before slaughter and analysed for haemotocrit, extra cellularfluid volume, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, serum protein andcholesterol content No breed group differences were observed forthese attributes. The cholesterol values were considerably higherthan normal reported range in sheep.1913 Rai, A.K., Singh, M. and More, T. (1983)Experimental thermal stress and post stress responses of sheep.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 53: 1104-1106Native chokla and Rambouillet x Chokla (½) sheep were exposed to20°C for 2 h in a climatic chamber. Chamber temperature was thanrained to 40°C in 2 h, maintained for 2 h, and then brought back to20°C in 2 h At 40°C increase in respiratory frequency. Cutaneousmoisture loss and haematocrit were higher in the cross breds thanin the Chokla; only pulse rate was higher in the cross breds.Alkaline phosphate and serum inorganic phosphorus showed adecreasing trend at past exposure 20°C. Alkaline phosphate activityand serum inorganic phosphorus showed a tendency to return to preexposure levels. Apparently, the cross breds experienced more stress

at 40°C but both breed groups maintained homeothermy and theirresponses attained normally within 2 h after removal of stressor.1914 Ram Ratan, Purohit, G.R., Abichandani, R.K. and Ghosh, P.K.(1973)A note on the utilisation on hay by pure and cross bred Marwarisheep. Animal Production. 17: 213-214A comparative study was made of the utilisation of hay (Lasiurussindicus) by Marwari and Russian Merino x Marwari male sheep. Intakes of dry matter and crude protein and digestibility of dry matterwere similar for both groups but the digestibility of crude proteinwas higher for the pure bred Marwari sheep. Within the pure-bredanimals, digestibility of crude protein was higher in those that gavea consistently low fleece yield.1915 Ram Ratan, Purohit, G.R., Abichandani, R.K. and Ghosh, P.K.(1978)Comparison of the apparent digestive ability of high and low fleeceyielding indigenous and cross-bred sheep in the Rajasthan desert.Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 44: 301-303A comparative study of the apparent digestive ability of theMarwari breed of sheep of the Rajasthan desert, and RussianMerino x Marwari cross were maintained on Lasiurus sindicus hay.Animals of the two breeds had similar dry matter and crude proteinintakes and dry matter digestibility. The Marwari had shown asignificantly higher crude protein digestibility in comparison to thecross-breds.1916 Rathore, S.S. (1994)Growth of ramlambs of Marwari breed on Cenchrus-aristidaRangeland in arid region. Indian Journal of Range Management.15: 57-60Two years (August 1983 to July 1985) grazing study with ram lambsof Marwari breed was carried out on Cenchrus-aristida grass coverunder different grazing systems. The results of this study revealedthat (a) growth rate of ramlambs was significantly affected bydifferent grazing treatments (b) growth on yearlong basis rangedfrom 5.33 to 7.58 kg per animal per year (c) growth variations inbody weight were influenced by seasonal variations in theproduction of herbage. The growth rate was highest during August-September and least during February-March.1917 Sehgal, J.P., Karim, S.A., Singh, M. and Acharya, R.M. (1982)

A note on crossbreeding for fat-lamb production in the hot tropics.Animal Production. 35: 435-38To compare the genetic differences in live-weight gains, efficiency offood conversion (in terms of dry matter, total digestible nutrients,digestible crude protein, digestible energy and metabolizableenergy) and physiological responses related to heat balance, a totalof 24 male lambs (91 to 180 days old), four each of Malpura, Sonadi,and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, were given aration having a roughage to concentrate ration of 250: 750 g/Kg andmetabolizable energy content of 10.0 MJ/Kg dry matter. Live-weightgain per day was higher and the food conversion ratio (the intakes oftotal digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizableenergy per kg gain) was lower in the crossbreds than in the nativesheep. The crossbreds had higher respiratory rates (153 per min)than the natives (140 per min) but there was no significantdifference in rectal temperature between purebreds and crossbreds.The crossbred lambs in the present experiment grew faster,consumed more food and utilised the food more efficiently than didthe native lambs ,despite the fact that they dissipated more energyas body heat. The crossbreds performed better than the nativebreeds between 3 and 6 months of age, even though they were notpermanently acclimatised to hot environmental conditions.1918 Sharma, R.M. and Malhotra, F.C. (1959)Protective value of sheep pox vaccines in Indian breeds of animals.Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 29:58-61Vaccines from Mukteshwar and Mysore were tried. 15 days aftervaccination of virulent sheep pox virus a challenge dose was given.One out of 10 animals vaccinated with Mukteshwar vaccine showedthermal and local reaction. After 10-11 months another challengedose was given and it revealed that 50% animals vaccinated withMukteshwar vaccine showed solid immunity and it was only 33%with Mysore vaccine.1919 Sharma, T., Purohit, G.R., Sharma, Y.K. and Bhatia, J.S.(1990)Quantitative relationship of mimosine contents and wool sheddingon feeding subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) in cross bred Karakul xMalpura F 2 rams. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 59-61The cross bred F 2 rams could possibly tolerate higher level ofmimosine without any dilapidatory action in wool and health.

1920 Singh, M. (1980)Problems of adaptation by sheep to hot arid conditions. Annals ofArid Zone. 19: 301-306Management plays an important part in ameliorating the effect ofhot climate. The constructive management measures are, provisionof shade, diminishing the ground reflection, suitable shelters,restriction of feeding during hotter parts of the day, postponement ofshearing to cooler season, and control of mating so that latepregnancy occurs in comparatively cooler season. But in developingcountries the approach has to be based on proper selection andbreeding of animals so as to optimise the combination of heattolerance and productivity. Also, research on the ecology of thesheep raised in the arid zones is of the utmost importance.1921 Singh, M., Rai, A.K. and Karim, S.A. (1983)Relative heat tolerance of Indian Nali and Soviet Merino x Nali halfbred sheep to continuous 35°C and 40°C temperature condition.Journal of Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 49: 18-23Relative heat tolerance of native Nali and their crosses with Merinosheep was assessed by exposing them to 35° C or 40° C for 5 days ineach case. The body temperature and the respiratory frequency wasfound to be higher in the half breds than in the Nali sheep at 35° Cand the magnitude of this response was more marked at 40° C. Thegradient of body temperature was not only lower in the half breds at35° C but the same further decreased when the animals wereexposed to 40° C. A tendency of decline in blood glucose and increasein lactic acid concentration was deserved at 35° C only, while thelevel of total serum protein increased. Significantly under both theambient temperature. Feed intake in the half bred was lower at 35°C compared to that in the natives but under higher ambienttemperature (40° C) the voluntary feed intake increased both in thehalf bred and in the natives. The water intake increased with therise in ambient temperature, more so in the half breds. At arelatively lower ambient temperature (35° C) the natives couldtolerate heat better than the half breds but at a higher temperature(40° C) thermal stress was marked in the native also; the half bredswere under greater thermal stress under both the conditions.1922 Singh, M., More, T., Rai, A.K. and Karim, S.A. (1982)A note on the adaptability of native and cross bred sheep to hotsummer conditions of semi arid and arid areas. Journal ofAgricultural Science. 99: 525-528Progressive decline in faecal moisture, increase in rectaltemperature and decrease in morning respiration rate were also

noted in both the breeds while an increase in pulse rate wasrecorded only in the cross breeds. Increase in respiratory or pulserate for unit rise in rectal temperature was found to be higher inthe cross breds on accentuated thermal stress. Haematocrit valueswere higher in the cross breds and blood potassium concentrationwas higher in the Chokla while blood glucose decreased in both thegroups under the condition of short term exposure to summer stress.The cross breds maintained homoethermy as well as the chokla.1923 Singh, N.P., More, T. and Sahni, K.L. (1976)Effect of water deprivation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility andnitrogen retention in sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science. 86:431-433Thirty six Chokla adult empty ewes were divided into three uniformgroups A, B and C. Animals of these three groups received wateronce in 24, 48, and 72h respectively. The water and dry matterintake was 5.5 and 2.1% in group B and 4.8 and 2.2% in group C.Although the animals compensated their water intake, if deprivedfor 48 h they could not compensate their dry matter consumptionowing to limited capacity of their stomachs. The digestibility of drymatter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre was highest ingroup B. Nitrogen intake in groups A, B and C was 22.1, 20.1 and20.4 g day -1 and the animals in the three groups lost 24.2, 20.4 and26.3% of total intake through faeces and 29.1, 23.5 and 27.1%through urine making the total loss of nitrogen 53.2, 43.9 and 53.3%of the total intake respectively. The digestible crude protein (DCP)and total digestible nutrient (TDN) values, calculated from theproximate composition dry matter intake and digestibility coefficientfigures, of the cowpea hay fed were 12.5 and 60.2% in the controlgroup, 13.5 and 63.1% in group B and 12.5 and 61.4% in group Crespectively. The animals deprived of water for 48h showed about1% more DCP and about 2-3% more TDN than those deprived for 24or 72h.1924 Taneja, G.C. (1970)Blood potassium types in sheep in relation to animal production inarid environment. Proceedings of the Indian National ScienceAcademy. 36: 311-319HK is inherited as a simple recessive and LK may be eitherhomozygous or heterozygous. There are significant differencesbetween the breeds in respect of potassium levels of both LK andHK. LK sheep are more suited to stressful condition of aridenvironment and have lesser medullated fibres and therefore haverelatively finer wool. HK are more resistant to diseases and are inbetter health condition. Propagation of the LK type under optimum

husbandry conditions may lead to a rational solution of the complexproblem of wool production under arid conditions of Rajasthan.1925 Taneja, G.C. (1971)Genetic and environmental correlations amongst some bodymeasurements and weight at birth in Marwari lambs. Journal ofGenetics. 60: 260-265Data on body length, chest girth, height and weight at birth of 404Marwari lambs from 19 different sire-families were analysed. Therewas a significant phenotypic correlation between any twocharacters. All the environmental correlation’s except the onebetween body length and chest girth were smaller than thecorresponding phenotypic correlation’s. The genetic correlationbetween body length and width was fairly low but all othercorrelation were very high. Heritability estimates for body length,height, chest girth and birth weight were 0.06, 0.42, 0.23 and 0.20,respectively.1926 Taneja, G.C. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967)A note on interdependence amongst water intake, air temperatureand humidity in sheep. Indian Veterinary Journal. 44: 41-42In Rajasthan where there is an acute scarcity of water, sheep maybe watered on every 3rd day and if watered daily, the quantity maybe reduced to 1/2 without any ill effects. The air temperature in thisregion is another important factor which should affect the waterintake to these animals. In the absence of any information on therelationship of water intake with air temperature and absolutehumidity in this species, this investigation was undertaken.1927 Taneja, G.C. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967)Genetic basis of blood potassium concentration in sheep. IndianJournal of Experimental Biology. 5: 226-228Inheritance of high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) bloodtraits has been studied in Marwari, Malpura and Sardarsamandbreeds of sheep. The level of potassium concentration in blood isindependent of the concentration of red blood cells. There aresignificant differences between the breeds in respect of potassiumlevels in both LK and HK type. The frequency of gene controllingHK is similar in all three breeds used. HK is inherited as a simplerecessive, and LK may be either homozygous or heterozygous.1928 Taneja, G.C., Fuladi, B.M. and Abichandani, R.K. (1966)

Differences in blood and serum characteristics of high and lowpotassium types of Marwari sheep. Indian Journal of ExperimentalBiology. 4: 125-126High potassium (HK) type of Marwari sheep show higher values forpacked cell volume, specific gravity of red blood cells and plasmaand density of red blood cells and white blood cells than lowpotassium (LK) type. Significant difference in the white blood cellnumber between the two groups seems to suggest that HK typesuccumb to disease more readily than LK type.1929 Taneja, G.C., Fuladi, B.M. and Abichandani, R.K. (1967)Blood potassium types and body temperature during exercise inMarwari sheep. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 5: 188-189Rise in body temperature under stress induced by exercise has beenstudied in Marwari sheep of low potassium (LK) and high potassium(HK) blood types. A more significant rise in body temperature wasobserved in LK type as compared to HK type of sheep. It issuggested that the LK type can adapt more easily to desertconditions than HK type.1930 Taneja, G.C., Ghosh, P.K., Abichandani, R.K. and Goyal, D.(1971)Seasonal variations in blood composition in high and low potassiumtype Marwari sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science. 77: 37-41Blood samples were obtained at monthly intervals for 12 monthsfrom 8 HK and 8 LK wethers of the Marwari breed maintained atJodhpur. The HK animals, on average, had significantly higherPCV, RBC, Hb, MCHC and plasma inorganic phosphorus valuesthan the LK animals but the MCV was significantly higher in theLK group. There was no difference in the plasma specificconductance. PCV, RBC and Hb values differed considerably fromanimal to animal within each group. These individual variationscould help the breed to survive in a desert environment. Noparticular tendency or pattern in the effect of season on the bloodcharacters studied has been observed. The animals of both groupsresponded in a similar way to the environmental changes.1931 Thakur, S.S., Mali, P.C. and Patnayak, B.C. (1985)Digestibility and nutrient intake in non-pregnant, pregnant andlactating ewes grazing on natural range-land of arid region. IndianJournal of Animal Research. 19: 9-16The nutritional status of ewes during early pregnancy, advancedpregnancy and lactation and grazing on natural rangeland and bred

during autumn and spring months was determined. Chromic sesquioxidewas used to estimate faecal output and lignin as an internalindicator to estimate intake and digestibility. Mouth samples werecollected for analyses of ingested forage. During advancedpregnancy, digestibility of nutrients was depressed in autumn-bredewes whereas there was improvement in spring-bred ewes.Availability of DCP was less during January, March and May whileTDN intakes were adequate to meet the requirements of autumnand spring-bred ewes. The period from January to May appeared tobe critical in respect of DCP intake and any physiological stress likepregnancy or lactation may be avoided during this period oradditional supplementation be provided.1932 Thakur, S.S., Mali, P.C., Patnayak, B.C. and Lal Chand. (1984)Feeding value of Zizyphus nummularia leaves (Pala) for lambs andkids fed with or without supplementation of guar meal. Annals ofArid Zone. 23: 47-54CattleThe average daily gain over a 14 week period was 53.7 g day -1 inlambs and 22.1 g day -1 in kids in the control group while it was 15.0g and 4.0 g on pala alone and 32.1 g and 27.5 g day -1 in guar mealsupplemented group. The overall average dry matter intake was0.777 and 0.451 kg day -1 in lambs and kids in control group, whileon pala alone it was 0.656 kg and 0.44 kg and in pala supplementedwith guar meal groups it was 0.711 kg and 0.530 kg. The dry matterintake per 100 kg body weight was 3.45 kg, 3.66 kg, and 3.46 kg inlambs and 3.17 kg, 3.73 kg and 3.81 kg in kids, respectively. Therewas no visual abnormality observed in the spleen, liver, rumen,reticulum, abomasum and small intestines of the animals. Feedingof pala leaves reduced the blood inorganic phosphorus level andsupplementation of guar meal did not improve the level comparableto the control. The control group lambs and kids showedconsiderable increase in blood glucose level after the experimentalfeeding period. The feeding of pala leaves reduced blood glucoselevel in both the species. The blood urea level was reducedsignificantly in the pala fed kids. the supplementation of guar mealmaintained the pre-experimental level of urea in kids. The guarmeal supplementation could improve the feeding value of pala, butnot the extent comparable to that of control diet.1933 Ahuja, L.D., Goswami, R.P. and Kuchhawah, S.S. (1965)Estimation of body weight of zebu cow from heart girthmeasurement. Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 17-23

The overall coefficient of correlation between the body weight andheart girth is highly significant for both breeds (Kankrej and localcows). Although Kankrej cows are slightly lighter than local cows inrelation to their heart girth measurements, these differences are notstatistically significant. Hence the data for 544 observations werepooled and a common regression equation is given where Y is theestimated body weight in Kgs and X is the observed heart girthmeasurement in centimetres Y=5.1189 X-479.7. The aboveregression equation can be quite reliably utilised by field workers toobtain the live weights of animals without a weighing machine.1934 Gopakumar, G. (1991)Effect of drought on the breeding activities of cattle Erget, Bubulcusibis coromandus in a semi-arid to arid region. Geobios. 18: 10-15The low intensity of the rainfall caused a severe limitation to thefood resources of the breeding birds compelling a few of them toarrest the breeding activities fully. Those birds which bred exhibiteda low rate of nesting success. Few other birds deserted the nestseven after reaching the platform stage.1935 Kaushish, S.K. and Shiv Prasad. (1991)Seasonality and diurnal variations in parturition in Murrahbuffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction. 12: 48-50A data on 677 calvings of Murrah buffaloes was analysed. Seasonhad significant effect on the births of calves. About 49.9% of birthstook place in rainy season. Significantly higher calvings (39.3%)occurred during day time (6 to 18 hrs).1936 Khosla, S.K. (1961)Guard against liverfluke infestation in the cattle. Gosamvardhana.9: 19-20The author presents the damage due to liver fluke, life cycle of thepest, symptoms of disease and its prevention and treatment.Prevention- Consists of Killing snails by hand picking or coppersulphate in pandi, deferment of grazing in infested pasture insummer and spraying 1 to 2% copper sulphate solution on pasture.The treatment consist of hexachlorothane (I.C.I) at 15 g for every sixmonth age subject to maximum of 45 g per adult. In places wheredisease is already known to exist routine dose of above at monthlyintervals from June to October to be given. Carbon tetrachloride(I.C.I) S.C. for adults, 1 to 2 C.C. for yearlings to be given as adrench in the form of emulsion to 12 h fasting animals. This dose tobe repeated on one or two occasions at 3 to 4 week intervals.

1937 Khosla, S.K. (1961)Save your cattle from warbles. Gosamvardhana. 8: 11-12This disease is caused by the fly (Hvpodrma linetum). It is commonin Rajasthan. Author discusses the life cycle of the pest and mode ofinfection. Control measures namely use of fly repellents like flit andsinging of hair in case of eggs laid should be done. Treatmentmeasures are also suggested.1938 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad and Mittal, J.P. (1989)Effect of tumba-cake (Citrullus colocynthis) feeding on cattleproduction in arid region. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 59:1464-1465An attempt was made to evaluate the palatability and nutritivevalue of tumba cake, on oil-industry waste in Rajasthan. Heifers(24), 12 each of Tharparkars and Rathi breeds and 24 to 30 monthsold, were divided into 2 groups of equal numbers, viz. control andtreatment. Concentrate pelleted feed @ 2 kg animal -1 day -1 wasgiven to the control groups. Treatment group was given 1.75 kgconcentrate pellet feed and 250 g of oiled tumba-cake head -1 day -1 .Both the groups grazed for about 8 hr -1 day -1 on Lasiurus sindicusdominated pasture. Tumba-cake was fed to the heifers after propersoaking and draining out excess of water. The trial was conductedfor 75 days (1 May-16 July 1987). The growing heifers can safely befed about 250 g of tumba-cake every day (12.5% of concentrateration) after soaking it thoroughly in water to remove its bitternessor toxin if any. This simple practice alone can result in 25-30%saving of feed cost of cattle.1939 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. (1991)Effect of feeding cake of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) on lactatingRathi cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 61: 651-652The study was conducted to observe the effect of water soakeddeoiled cake of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) on milk production ofRathi cows under extreme arid conditions of Bikaner. The differencein total milk produced was not significant between control andtreatment groups. Similarly the effect of tumba-cake feeding did notproduce any significant effect on average daily milk yield cow -1 incontrol and treatment group. Water soaked tumba-cake @ 0.75 kgcow -1 (25% of concentrate ration) can be safely tolerated by milkingRathi cows. By adopting this simple practice at least 35% saving incattle feed cost can be achieved.1940 Mathur, B.K., Shiv Prasad, Bawa, A.K. and Mittal, J.P. (1991)

Effect of feed supplementation in grazing cattle of arid region.Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 8: 49-52Fourteen Rathi (146.79 ± 5.95 kg) and 14 Tharparkar (85.86 ± 4.40kg) yearling heifers were maintained on protected pasture ofLasiurus sindicus at the stocking rate of 1.5 ha animal -1 . From themonth of December the average daily gain was negative in both thebreeds of heifers. Animals exhibited the signs of debility andmalnutrition followed by marked boney prominence and lacrimaldischarge during the month of January. Provision of Lasiurus hay,supplemented with concentrate feeding and parental administrationof vitamin-A alongwith feeding mineral mixture from Februaryonwards improved the general health status and average daily gainof all the experimental heifers.1941 Patel, A.K., Mathur, A.C. and Mittal, J.P. (1994)Factors affecting composition of milk in Tharparkar cowsmaintained under arid condition. Indian Journal of AnimalProduction and Management. 10: 102-105The 215 milk samples of 14 cows during one year period wereanalysed for fat, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS). Theoverall average percentage of fat, SNF and TS were 4.78 ± 0.08, 8.75± 0.04 and 13.53 ± 0.08 respectively. The effect of management wassignificant on fat and TS contents. Higher fat percent was found inmilk of cows maintained under scientific management than underthe conventional management. The milk samples of autumn andwinter seasons contained higher fat and TS than milk samples ofother seasons.1942 Raheja, P.C. (1963)Breeding cattle for high milk production and draught characters.Gosamvardhana. 10: 1-5A dual-purpose breed in India is a necessity for milk production anddraught to establish dual-purpose families within the breeds. Inforeign countries beef-draught cattle have been bred with success. Acomparison of the constitutions of dairy breeds and draught breedsin India shows that physiologically it is possible to combine thesecharacters. The heritability for milk production ranges from 20 to34% in cattle. The milk production in animals is very muchcontrolled by the plane of feeding than other factors whilecharacters determining conformation and stamina index in draughtanimals are more under the control of genetic factors. Breedingwork on Sahiwal, Tharparker and Hariana breeds confirms theabove contention. In a draught breed a programme of line breedingcoupled with selection based on total score and independent culling

can be very helpful in introducing the character of milk productionin the breed.1943 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Mathur, B.K. (1989)Productive performance of cattle on pasture lands of Indian desert.Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 2: 507-508Sandy soils of desert region of India offer a good scope for cattlefarming through establishment and the use of Lasiurus sindicuspasture. There is a need to provide supplemental feed alongwithmineral and vitamin additives from November onwards every yearfor protecting cattle from malnutrition and vitamin-A deficiency.1944 Shiv Prasad, Mittal, J.P. and Kaushish, S.K. (1996)Dominance pattern in free grazing Zebu cattle. Indian Journal ofAnimal Production and Management. 12: 93-103The cows were maintained together on 7-8 h grazing on Lasiurussindicus pasture for entire period of experimentation except duringcalving and illness. During lean period (December to June) theywere supplemented with grass hay and pelleted cattle feedaccording to the stage of production. The observations (antagonisticinteractions) were recorded while cows were grazing, feeding ongrass hay or drinking water together. On the basis of theseinteractions each cow was ranked in a rank order ranging from 15(top rank) to 1 (bottom rank) and dominance hierarchies wereformed. Body weight plays predominant role in determining socialranks in Zebu cows brought from different sources and managedtogether. Separation of cows from the herd for about 16 daysresulted in change in social ranks within the herd. Dominance rankswere highly correlated with heart girth and height at withers inaddition to body weight. It was also related with first lactation milkyield indicating higher social ranks in high producers. Rank order incalves got established when they neared yearling stage when malesregardless of size became dominant over their female counterparts.By 23 months of age, male calves were dominating all the femalecows and heifers of the herd. Within the sexes it was combination ofbody weight and age which was responsible for dominance ranking.Rank orders of cows and their calves were closely related.1945 Taneja, P.C. (1961)Safeguarding livestock against flukes. Gosamvardhana. 9: 31Fasciolis known as Bisi in cattle and Gillar in sheep and goats iscaused by liver and stomach flukes. Liverfluke (Fasciole andDicrocoelium) stomach fluke (amphistomes) and blood flukes(Schistosomes) are common are know frequently. first two areresponsible for severe damage and heavy mortality in live stock.

CamelIneffective places, life cycle, intermediate host of the fluke, mode ofinfection are presented briefly. Killing of snail by chemicals ormechanical means has been suggested. Drugs such ascarbontetrachloride, Hexachloroflane for liver flukes and stomachflukes; and tartarematic and antimosan for blood flukes areeffective.1946 Banerjee, S. and Bhattacharjee, R.C. (1963)Distribution of body water in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)American Journal of Physiology. 204: 1045-1047Serum volume 6.9% of body weight; blood volume 8.3% of bodyweight; total body water, 68.7% of body weight; entracellula water(thiocyanate space 23.3% of body weight; intracellula water, 43.4%of body weight and interstitial water 17.4% of body weight. Theserum and blood volumes of camels were higher than similar valuesin man.1947 Banerjee, S., Bhattacharjee, R.C. and Singh, T.J. (1962)Hematological studies in the normal adult Indian camel (Camelusdromedarius). American Journal of Physiology. 203: 1185-1187The normal blood picture, different blood indices and electrophoreticmobility of haemoglobin were determined in the Indian camel. Thedifferent values have been reported. The electrophoretic mobility ofcamel haemoglobin was less than the mobility of human andmonkey haemoglobin.1948 Gaur, D.D., Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1982)A note on the formulation of least cost balanced ration for thecamels of the Indian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 263-266The feeding of non-conventional feeds as the replacement in camelration curtails about 50% cost of the feeds of the camel in arid zoneof Rajasthan, which could be considered economical on practicalfeeding point of view from locally available seemingly unusefulforages in the country side.1949 Khanna, N.D. and Rai, A.K. (1991)Camel rearing in the Indian arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 1-10With about 6.3% of the world camel population, India ranks thirdafter Somalia and Sudan in this respect. According to the livestockCensus(1982), Rajasthan state alone accounted for 70% of India'stotal camel population of which 84.5% was found in its 11 ariddistricts. The camel density in these 11 districts was 3.06 Km -2 and

4.78 per 100 persons, contributing 9.9% towards the total domesticherbivore livestock. The augmentation of camel rearing has a strongcase in the Indian arid zone. The camel has great adaptivemechanisms and is well suited for life in the desert. The majorcamel resources are energetic, milk, meat, hair and hide. It isnecessary that untapped potentials of camels are exploredscientifically to make camel rearing as economically viableproposition in terms of the social and agrostological aspects oflivestock management and for providing sustainable subsistence tothe people inhabiting Indian arid region.1950 Khanna, N.D., Rai, A.K., Tandon, S.N. and Jindal, H.K. (1987)Camel reproduction : A review. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 143-155High prenatal losses, seasonal breeding, late sexual maturity age (5years), acyclic sexuality of females and reproductive behaviour arethe reasons of low fertility rates. Ovulation is induced 36-48 h aftercopulation. Unmated females have prolonged oestrus. Shape ofpenile sheath, poll glands and evagination of soft palate duringbreeding season are characteristics of male camels. Mating occurs insitting posture and takes 3 to 18 minutes. The gestation period isabout 390 days. Most of the pregnancies occur in left horn ofbicornuate uterus.1951 Mathur, G.N., Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1982)A note on the economics of urea feeding in camel (Camelusdromedarius). Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 55-57From the observations it is therefore recommended thatincorporation of urea at 30% level leads to optimum economicresults.1952 Tandon, S.N., Bissa, U.K. and Khanna, N.D. (1988)Camel meat: present status and future prospects. Annals of AridZone. 27: 23-28Animal NutritionCamel is not used for human consumption in India because it isrough, coarse fibred, watery and sweetish in taste. With theincreasing age an increase in the meat toughness was observed witha decrease in palatability and quality. It has been emphasised tomultidisciplinary research and development of camel meattechnology, marketing and social awareness.1953 Ghosh, P.K., Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1987)Competition for resource utilisation between wild and domesticungulates in the Rajasthan desert. Tigerpaper. 14: 2-7

Competition for resource utilisation by wild (Indian antelope andthe Indian gazelle) and domestic (sheep and goats) ungulates hasbeen studied on the basis of feeding strategy, dietary overlap andecology of water holes in a natural rangeland in the Indian desertantelope and sheep are exclusively grazers and roughage feeders,while the Indian gazelle and goats are browsers and mainlyconcentrate feeders. Throughout the year there was no directcompetition between the browsers in resource partitioning due todifferences in their dietary preferences. Except during summer, theIndian antelopes and sheep which utilise the same niche may not bein direct competition for the food resources of their habitat, whichare usually sufficient to meet the needs of both. During summer, assheep flocks migrate to areas of better grass cover, the antelopesfurther augment their nutrient and moisture intake by consumingthe pods shed by Prosopis cineraria trees. The ecology of two waterholes utilised by the wild as well as the domestic ungulates of thisbiome, and an idealised exploitation of desert rangelands by theseanimals, is discussed.1954 Gupta, A.K. (1985)Forage quality on Cenchrus setigerus vahl. at different growthstages. Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 143-150Dry matter yield, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre(ADF), lignin and cellulose content of Moda Dhaman (Cenchrussetigerus) increased with plant growth whereas crude protein anddry matter digestibility decreased. With the ageing of the grass, drymatter yield decreased appreciably, but the in vitro dry matterdigestibility (IVDMD) remained unaffected. The NDF, ADF, ligninand cellulose were positively and significantly inter-correlated.These attributes, however, showed significant negative correlationwith crude protein and IVDMD.1955 Mathur, O.P. (1990)Evaluation of by-pass protein and urea for wool production. Annalsof Arid Zone. 29: 131-135Studies on the comparative efficacy of utilisation of native proteinvis a vis by-pass protein with or without urea was conducted toassess the biological response on wool production, quantitatively andqualitatively. The wool production was highest in lambs fed by-passprotein. Staple length, staple crimps were found to increase, andmodulation percentage was found to decrease, with theadvancement of age in all the animals irrespective of treatmentreceived.

1956 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, S.K. and Talati, N.R. (1985)Studies on accumulation of wind blown sand due to various tillageoperation and their effect on fine textured salt affected soils underRajasthan canal command area. Transactions of the Indian Societyof Desert Technology. 10: 129-132It was observed that substantial quantity of wind blown sand gotaccumulated due to various tillage operations. Highest yield ofpaddy was obtained in the ridging treatment (15.90 q ha -1 ) followedby ploughing (15.72 q ha -1 ) and tilling (15.53 q ha -1 ) as compared tono tilling treatments (13.94 q ha -1 ).1957 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1992)Ensiling of cattle waste with desert grass Lasiurus sindicus, millet(Pennisetum typhoides) straw, additives and starter culture. AnimalFeed Science and Technology. 38: 75-80Ensiling of catle waste with Lasiurus sindicus, and millet straw wasstudied in laboratory silos using three different treatments. Ureaand molasses at 1.5% and 10% respectively were added in the firsttwo treatments while a starter culture of homofermentativelactobacilli (18 x 10 6 cells ml -1 ) in the form of butter milk (6% on DMbasis) was added in the third treatment. pH reduction (6.6-4.5) wasobserved within the first week of fermentation, but a good -qualitysilage (pH 4.2 and lactic acid 4-6%) was produced after 10 days ofensiling in all the treatments with urea, molasses and starterculture. Additives and starter culture showed a positive role also inearly production of lactic acid, decreased sugar utilisation andreduction in microbial load by abolishing coliforms and Salmonellawithin 20 days and reducing the clostridial population to a saferlevel.1958 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Ensiling Prosopis cineraria with Pennisetum typhoides. NitrogenFixation Tree Research Reports. 11: 108-109P. cineraria leaves were ensiled with and without Pennisetumtyphoides fodder for improved palatability, nutrition andpreservation. When P. cineraria leaves were ensiled alone or mixedin a proportion of 75%, lactic acid production was significantly lowand did not drop below 4.6% indicating poor stage quality.Proportions of 25 to 50% resulted in a quality stage. The process ofensiling not only retained the nutritive value of fresh green fodderbut also improved taste and aroma due to lactic acid production andaddition of carbohydrates.

1959 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Effect of addition of sheep and goat droppings on preparation ofsilages with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides). BioresourceTechnology. 48: 91-93Sheep and goat droppings were added to pearl millet, (Pennisetumtyphoides) (DM 32.5%, CP 4.78%) in proportions of 25, 50 and 75%along with additives- urea (1%) molasses (8%) and Lactobacillusculture (1.05 x 10 7 cells ml -1 ; 6% on DM basis). Any increase inaddition of droppings from 25 to 50% or more resulted in poorqulaity silage without stability. An addition of 25% droppingsincreased the crude protein levels by more than 60% while ureamolassesaddition provided fermentable energy and NPN for properfermentation. Pathogens, including clostridia, survived in silageswith more than 25% sheep and goat droppings.1960 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Ensiling of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) with clusterbean(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) for arid regions. Archives de Zootecnia.43: 119-126Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) was ensiled with pearlmillet (Pennisetum typhoides) harvested at late flowering stage infour different proportions of 25-100 p. 100 (D.M. basis). Good qualitysilage was produced in 25 p. 100 and 50 p. 100 and 75 p. 100clusterbean proportions (pH 4.03 - 4.2; lactate 3.63 to 7.25 p. 100DM), while in 100 p. 100 clusterbean silage, rapid decline in pH (4.2)and lactic acid production to the minimum required (3 p. 100,D.M.basis) could not be achieved. Increased proportions of clusterbeanupto 75 p. 100 improved crude protein (C.P.) levels of the silage andwith 75 p. 100 proportions, C.P. level of 14.6 could be achieved.Coliform, clostridial and yeast and mould counts also confirmed thebiochemical findings. A combination of clusterbean- pearl milletsilage can help solving problems of conservations of legume cropsbesides providing a suitable feed for arid livestock.1961 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Fermentation characteristics and microbial population changes ofpearl millet-cattle waste silage for arid regions. Indian Journal ofMicrobiology. 34: 137-142Cattle waste (crude protein 11.2%, dry matter 92.8%) was mixed inthree proportions (25, 50 and 75% dry matter) with pearl millet(Pennisetum typhoides; dry matter 28%, crude protein 5.2%). Urea,molasses and lactic acid bacteria additives were added to all the feedmixtures. Good quality silage was produced with 25 and 50% cattlewaste additions (pH 4.06-4.13, lactic acid 3.77-5.71), while coliform

acteria and clostridia were totally abolished or drastically reducedat pH 4.2 in 5-7 weeks of fermentation.1962 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Fermentation studies on pearl millet moth bean (Phaseolusaconitifoleum) silage for arid regions. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 19: 177-182Moth bean was ensiled with pearl millet in different proportions of25, 50 and 75% (D.M. basis). Good quality silage was produced after45.60 days of fermentation with 5.25 to 7.20% lactic acid and pHbelow 4.2. Urea-molasses as NPN and fermentable energy source atthe level of 1 and 8% helped in silage fermentation, while LABaddition at specified cell concentration at 6% levels helped in earlyestablishment of Lactobacillus population.1963 Pancholy, R. and Mali, P.C. (1994)Requirement of bacterial inoculant and urea addition for ensiling ofdesert grass Lasiurus sindicus. Journal of Arid Environments. 27:387-391To ascertain the requirement for bacterial inoculant and ureaaddition in the ensiling of desert feeds and forages, desert grassLasiurus sindicus was ensiled in laboratory silos for 90 days in fivetreatments with differential addition of urea (1% and 2% on D.M.basis), molasses at 8% and homofermentative Lactobacillus culture(LAB) at 6% in the form of buttermilk (1.8 x 10 6 cells ml -1 ). Theaddition of bacterial inoculant altered the fermentation during theinitial period of ensiling and lactic acid levels were higher in thefinal silage. With LAB additions, intense metabolic activity, asshown by rapid degradation of sugars, marked reduction in pH andhigher initial production of lactic acid compared to silage withoutLAB inoculant, was significant. Addition of urea at the rate of 1 and2% increased the crude protein content of the silage from 4.63% to10.43% (1% urea) and 15.83% (2%urea).1964 Pancholy, R., Mali, P.C. and Mathur, D. (1994)Effect of urea-molasses and lactic culture on silage fermentation ofCenchrus ciliaris. Annals of Arid Zone. 33: 147-150To study the effect of additives,urea, molasses and Lactobacilluscultures, on silage fermentation of Cenchrus ciliaris in arid regions,5 treatments with different proportions of urea (1 and 2% DM) andmolasses (8%) were studied in laboratory silos. Molasses additionshowed a significant effect on lactic acid production, pH and coliformpopulation,while crude protein levels of the silage increased to9.29% and 12.27% on addition of 1% and 2% urea, respectively.

Uniform addition of LAB culture at the rate of 6% affected finalsilage quality only in the presence of added molasses.1965 Pancholy, R., Patel, A.K., Mali, P.C. and Mathur, A.C. (1997)Inclusion of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) straw silage insummer feeding system for lactating animals in arid regions. IndianJournal of Animal Production and Management. 13: 10-12For improvement in summer feeding system of milch animals in aridregions, crop residues - millet (Pennisetum typhoides) straw andmoth stover were ensiled after moisture adjustment (70%) and withadditives urea, molasses and LAB at the rate of 2, 8 and 6% andsilage was tested for biochemical and microbiologicalcharacterisitics. Silage was offered to a group of Tharparkar milchanimals at 40% DMI levels in addition to normal grazing and it wasfound that concentrate could be replaced to an extent of 69% withoutaffecting milk quantity, as well as quality in terms of fat and SNF.The treatment cost being only 4% of the cost of concentrate,inclusion of silage would be cost effective for improved managementof summer feeding systems in arid regions.1966 Patel, B.M., Shah, B.G., Patel, P.S. and Shukla, P.C. (1961)The digestibility and nutritive value of common straws of Gujarat.Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 14: 12-19DCP and TDN on dry matter basis of bavto (Eleusine coracana)wheat, paddy, bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) straws are 0.50 and60.76, 0.18 and 56.86, 0.30 and 54.38, 0.93 and 51.08, 1.71 and 55.30and negative and 50.54%, respectively. All straws gave negativenitrogen balances and all of them except wheat straw gave negativecalcium and phosphorus balance.1967 Patel, B.M., Patel, P.S. and Shukla, P.C. (1962)Nutritive value of neem leaves, mangolds and comfrey. IndianJournal of Dairy Science. 15: 139-45DCP and TDN of neem leaves, mangolds and comfrey on dry matterbasis are 6.19, 52.51: 10.50 and 71.97; and 18.69 and 66.10 percentrespectively. The fodders impact positive balance for Ca, P 2 0 5 and Nexcept negative calcium balance due to mangolds and comfrey. Onbalance due to mangold feeding authors recommend 14 lb of neemleaves, 10 lb of comfrey, and 9 lb of mangold, as a maintainanceration for an animal weighing 800 lb. They further suggestedfeeding of calcium supplements due to mangold feeding.1968 Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1970)

Nutritive value of murat (Panicum turgidum) grass. Annals of AridZone. 9: 261-264A conventional metabolic trial with six Bikaneri rams wasconducted for the evaluation of the nutritional value of murat grass.The average daily uptake of the grass was 3.27 100 -1 kg body weight.The percentage digestibility coefficients of the nutrients were foundas follows,dry matter 59.15 ± 4.09; crude protein 50.84 ± 3.08; etherextract 3.88 ± 3.70; crude fibre 68.12 ± 2.04 and nitrogen free extract56.66 ± 5.37. A positive nitrogen balance and negative calcium andphosphorus balances, respectively were observed. The followingvalues of practical nutritional interest were also calculated : DCP2.6%, TDN 52.63%, SE 32.24, and N R 1:19 24.1969 Seth, C.M. (1996)Biomass fluctuation in alpine pastures of Kashmir Himalaya.Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 65-67In a free grazing alpine pasture land of Kashmir Himalayas, theplant biomass fluctuation had no definite trend at both grazed andprotected sites. Above ground (live) biomass attained its peak valueof 1461.1 g m -2 at grazed sites in August and 170.8 g m -2 at fencedsites in the first week of September. Root : Shoot ratio was higher atgrazed site than at protected site. In alpine meadows of KashmirHimalayas (Rupri marg),the seasonal grazing by the transhumantand nomadic grazing societies significantly affect the strucutral andfunctional attributes of alpine pasture lands of the state.1970 Srivastava, S.P. and Singh, G.S. (1960)Digestibility coefficient and nutritive value of guar meal or churi.Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 13: 136-142On dry matter basis DCP, TDN, SE contents are 42.52, 83.49, 77.151b per 100 lb dry matter and 38.27, 75.14, and 69.44 lb per 100 lb ofraw matter respectively.1971 Tayal, M.M. (1961)Chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of barl jargi(Dichanthium annulatum) grass hay at the pre-flowering stage.Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 14: 20-25D. annulatum was quite palatable to bullocks. It contained 1.30 and44.91 per cent of D.C.P and T.D.N., respectively. The animalsdisplayed positive balances for N, Ca and P.

WASTELAND MANAGEMENTSaline and Alkali Soils1972 Agarwal, R.P. and Ramamoorthy, B. (1976)Effect of different materials on the availability of calcium incalcareous sodic soils. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 117-120Proteineous material like castor cake is useful in increasing thesolubility of calcium through dissolution of CaCO 3 and other soilminerals under aerobic conditions, while semi-proteineous materiallike Sesbania aculeata powder is better suited for water-loggedconditions. Cellulose type of material like powdered wheat strawseems to be of little importance for calcium availability.1973 Anjaneyulu, B.S.R. (1972)Drainage improvement for reclamation and preventing waterloggingin some soils of Rajasthan canal area. Central Board of Irrigationand Power, Punjab. 118: 43-48In the Anupgarh branch command area of Rajasthan canal, thereare extensive areas affected by salinity and alkalinity, due to lack ofsurface and sub-surface drainage. To improve sub-surface drainage,vertical mulches (holes of 10 cm diam) of sand, organic and sandorganiccombination with gypsum were made upto a depth of 2.5m.The maximum response to each treatment was observed when thevertical mulches of sand and organic were made @ 100 ha -1 andthose of sand and organic combination @50 ha -1 . Gypsum addition tothe combination increased the response. Soils were reclaimed within6 months resulting in bumper crop of rice.1974 Arya, R., Gupta, G.N., Kachhwaha, G.R. and Limba, N.K.(1996)Response of Atriplex lentiformis to management practices on an aridsalt land. Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 133-135Untreated bushes of A. lentifonnis attained an average height of 99cm. and crown diameter of 88 cm within 9 months of plantingGypsum + drainage + urea + zinc applications (T4) was the besttreatment increasing the average height of bushes to 133 cm andcrown diameter to 135 cm. Even in second year its performance wasconsistent attaining impressive growth despite the bushes beingsubjected to 30-40% pruning at the age of 21 months. Total biomassproduction in T4 treatment was 1830 kg ha -1 as compared to 238 kgha -1 in control. Water use efficiency increased to 27.2 kg ha -1 cm -1 inT4 from 3.5 kg ha -1 cm -1 in the control.1975 Bhumbla, D.R. (1978)

Salinity and alkalinity problems of arid regions of India. Proceedingsof the Indian National Science Academy. 44B: 331-343Salt-affected soils in the arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan. Punjaband Haryana present serious problems. Though accurate statisticsare not available, it is estimated that about 1.2 m ha of land inGujarat and about 0.7 m ha in Rajasthan are already affected bysalts. The area is likely to increase with the introduction ofirrigation. Factors responsible for the formation of these soils havebeen discussed. Physico-chemical charactristics of the typicalprofiles in the salt-affected areas have been presented. The maincauses of the formation of these soils are: (a) the rise of water-tableas a result of canal irrigation, (b) obstruction of the natural drainsdue to development of roads and canal, (c) siltation of natural drainsas a result of erosion, and (d) use of poor quality water in areashaving restricted drainage. The soils in Gujarat in the coastal areasand in the Bhal are heavier in texture with very high salt content.Soils in Rajasthan are generally light-textured but there are someareas like Anupgarh Shakha where the texture is generally loam toclay loam. The predominant salt is sodium chloride. Exchangeablesodium percentage though higher than 15 is generally less than 30per cent. The main problem of these soils is leaching of saltsalongwith drainage. Amendments may not be needed forreclamation of most of these soils. Need for careful studies on therise of water-table in the areas coming under irrigation has beenstressed.1976 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1970)Natural leaching of highly salt affected soils of western Rajasthan.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation in India. 18: 62-64An investigation on the effect of leaching on highly salt-affectedsandy soil profile showed that rainfall of about 50 cm decreased totalcation concentration from 304 to 23 me l -1 , soluble sodium from 7.5to 0.3 me 100 -1 g and exchangeable sodium from 3.5 to 1.3 me 100 -1 gin the surface 0-20 cm . There was significant improvement in thesub-surface upto 80 cm depth.1977 Gupta, I.C. and Abichandani, C.T. (1974 )Role of continuous irrigation in the improvement of saline sodicconditions of the desert soils. Journal of Soil and WaterConservation in India. 24: 21-25Comparison of the saline-sodic conditions developed in a desert soilunder continuous irrigation with saline water has been made withfallow-cum-irrigated and continuous fallow soils. The levels of saltand sodium in top layers of the continuously irrigated soils is less as

compared to others. Continuous irrigation on permeable, welldrained soils helps in checking the excessive development of salt inthe surface layers because the salts accumulated during thepervious irrigation are leached down to deeper layers due to theprecipitation of about 50 cms in the intervening period, followed bysupplemental irrigation in the ensuing season.1978 Gupta, S.K. and Pandey, R.N. (1979)Prediction of salinisation-desalinisation behaviour in soils ofwestern Rajashtan. Current Agriculture. 3: 31-35The procedure to evaluate seasonal variations in salinity levels hasbeen explained and tested using data from western Rajasthan. Theanalysis shows that salinisation is the result of irrigation with poorquality water. More than 50 per cent of the rainfall percolatesthrough the soil profile at three out of four stations considered. Morethan 60 per cent of the salts from the soils get leached throughrainfall in the top 40 cm soil profile such that these could be used fornext winter crop.1979 Harsh, L.N., Gupta, I.C. and Sharma, B.D. (1987)Note on Haloxylon salicornicum from saline wastelands. CurrentAgriculture. 11: 93-94Natural growth of Haloxylon salicornicum has been reported ondominantly fine texture (silty clay loam) strongly saline-sodic soilsclassified as Typic Salorthid, in Anupgarh Shakha area underIndira Gandhi Canal Command. These seedlings could establishwell elsewhere on a saline-sodic soil profile ( EC e 97 to 17.5 dS m -1 ).It is suggested that instead of reclamation of saline wastelandsthrough drainage, which is neither easily feasible nor veryeconomical, cultivation of H. salicornicum, a plant of greatindustrial importance, should be resorted too.1980 Jain, R.C., Sharma, L.N., Jain, S.V. and Vinayak, C.P. (1977)A note on nutrient cation distribution in some alkali, saline andnormal soils of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 161-164Copper and manganese are highly deficient in saline and alkali soilswhile zinc is considered to be marginally deficient. Salinity shows anon-significant negative relationship with manganese and iron andpositive with other cations.1981 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1991)Rehabilitation of degraded sodic soils in an arid environment byusing residual Na-carbonate water for irrigation. Arid Soil Researchand Rehabilitation. 5: 175-185

Studies on the rehabilitation of degraded sodic soils using residualsodium carbonate water (RSC 7.1 to 8.8 me L -1 ) were performed. Itsuse together with gypsum treatment at 100% soil gypsumrequirement plus the quantity of gypsum needed for neutralizationof excess RSC in irrigation water was effective in lowering the soilSAR (6.4 to 10.7) and improved water infiltration. A higher level ofgypsum could reduce the soil pH but the values were in alkalinerange (pH 8.3-9.3) because of high RSC in the irrigation water. Inthe first year of gypsum treatment it was possible to establish thecrop, and a moderate production of wheat (2,610 kg ha -1 ) and raya(Brassica sp) (2,000 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in the second year.1982 Joshi, D.C. and Dhir, R.P. (1992)Amelioration of degraded saline lands in the arid region ofRajasthan. Current Agriculture. 16: 33-41Studies on the amelioration of degraded saline lands were carriedout at three sites, near Balotra on the farmer's fields. Higher dose ofgypsum (100% soil GR) followed by leaching with moderately salinewater reduced the salinity and sodium adsorption ratio in surfacesoil. In the gypsum treated fields there was increase in theinfiltration rate and wheat grain yields compared to the fields whereonly leaching was applied.1983 Karan, F. and Qureshi, F.M. (1988)Use of Cassia auriculata for reclamation of sodic soils in Rajasthan.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 36: 320-323C. auriculata (a weed) when applied with gypsum proved a veryeffective ameliorative system in reclaiming sodic soils. Gypsumequivalent to 25% GR should be saved by combining organicmaterials like C. auriculata, cow dung and FYM in the reclamationprogramme. Singificant reduction in pH and ESP was observed.Increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity of treated sodic soil wasnoticed due to application of gypsum with the organic amendments.These had positive and significant effect on the yield of grain anddry matter of barley.1984 Khan, M.A.W. and Yadav, J.S.P. (1962)Characteristics and afforestation problems of saline alkali soils.Indian Forester. 88: 262-271A brief account has been given of the measures required for thereclamation of different types of saline- alkali soils. Attention isfocussed on growing appropriate alkali resistant species usingsuitable planting techniques, the choice of which will vary

accordingly to the nature and intensity of salinity and alkali, Acomparehensive review has been given of the field experimentsconducted so far and the results obtained on afforestation of theselands employing different species and planting techniques.1985 Mathur, O.P., Mathur, S.K. and Talati, N.R. (1983)Effect of addition of sand and gypsum to fine -textured salt-affectedsoils on the yield of cotton and jowar under Rajasthan canalcommand area conditions. Plant and Soil. 74: 61-65Five to 10 cm layer of sand applied to the surface of saline soil inIGCC area enhanced the leaching of salts from the soil profile,owing to increased infiltration and reduced evaporation. The yieldsof seed cotton and hybrid sorghum grown on this soil were increasedby sand application. Ploughing after sand application increasedyields. Gypsum had no effect on salinity or on crop yields.1986 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, G.S. and Talati, N.R. (1984)Note on the effect of fertiliser application on the salinity of soils inRajasthan canal project area. Current Agriculture. 8: 100-102Ammonium sulphate (0.2 to 1.2 mg -1 100 g) fertilizer was found toincrease ECe from 4.00 to 12.50, 2.00 to 7.69 and 2.58 to 7.16 dS m -1in Loonkaransar, Hanumangarh and Anupgarh soils, respectively.Similar trend was observed in ammonium nitrate and potassicfertilizers whereas mixed nitrogen material, phosphorus material,superphosphate and urea increased the salinity in descending order.Urea showed an increase in salinity after 2 and 4 days of incubation.Maximum increase (6.0 dS m -1 ) by urea was observed in Anupgarhsoil by the addition of 1.8 mg -1 100 g of urea.1987 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, O.P. and Talati, N.R. (1985)Note on effect of surface scarification and ploughing on leaching ofsalts in the soils of Rajasthan canal command area. CurrentAgriculture. 9: 109-111Leaching with periodical surface scarification was compared withtreatments having surface disturbed and initially deep ploughed.Periodical surface scarification enhanced the removal of solublesalts as compared to other treatments. With the application of 51.8cm of water, salt concentration reduced from 20.2 to 2.3 dS m -1 , insurface layer (0-30 cm). Salt concentration also decreased in the 2ndlayer (30-60 cm) while its accumulation was observed at lowerdepths.1988 Mathur, S.K., Mathur, O.P. and Talati, N.R. (1987)

Comparative studies of various soil amendments on infiltrationrates in salt affected soils. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 12: 9-12Three soil amendments with varying levels of gypsum, calciumchloride and farm yard manure were tried for improvement ininfiltration rate under fine textured saline alkali soil conditions. Itwas observed that all the three amendments substantially improvedthe infiltration rate over the control. Farm yard manure, gypsumand calcium chloride were found to be superior over control in adescending order in improving water intake rates.1989 Mauria, S., Jain, B.L. and Harsh, L.N. (1987)Assessing salt tolerance of range species through vegetationmonitoring. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 43-46Vegetation on saline, sandy clay-loam pocket of a protected naturalrangeland in western Rajasthan was monitored for eight years. Salttolerance of different species has been interpreted from theiroccurrences and productivity under different soil salinities.1990 Mohammad, S. and Sen, D.N. (1992)Ecophysiological studies on saltwort in the Indian desert. Annals ofArid Zone. 31: 115-118Saltwort is a halophyte growing naturally in the highly saline tractsof the Indian desert. This investigation was conducted to determinesalt resistance, soil-plant relationships, metabolic process andsurvival of the saltwort (Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk.) as influencedby salinity. This species exhibited higher sugar and protein contentsin rainy season and higher chlorophyll under salt stress. Prolineaccumulation was higher in the winter followed by summer andlowest in the rainy season. All the elements viz., Na, K, Ca and Cl inplant and soil did not follow a definite pattern.1991 Palkhiwala, A.B. and Shah, R.K. (1975)Possibilities of reclamation of saline and alkali soils of arid salinesof Saurashtra. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 9: 77-82Chemical properties of saline-alkali soils of arid tracts of Saurashtrahave been described along with the composition of irrigation wateroccurring in the area. Some soils have ECe as high as 188mmhos/cm. NaCl is the most predominant salt. EC of the waters ingeneral varies between 500 and 5,000 mmhos cm -1 . Plantation ofProsopis juliflora, use of gypsum, petroleum acid resins and limesludge, storage of flood waters in suitable reservoirs to affect

leaching, have been suggested as some of the measures for thereclamation of saline soils.1992 Rajpurohit, K.S. and Sen, D.N. (1979)Seasonal variation in chloride ion percentage of plants and soils ofPachpadra salt basin in Indian desert. Indian Journal of Botany. 2:17-23Seasonal variations in Cl- percentage in leaves of 6 halophytes:Cressa cretica, Haloxylon recurvum, Salsola baryosma, Suaedafruticosa, Trianthema triquetra and Zygophyllum simplex wereinvestigated in relation to their percentage at different depths of thesoil profile at Pachpadra salt basin. Cl- percentage was directlyrelated to the rainfall. The highest value observed was at the depth75 m (2.56 and 2.60%) in April and May, respectively, whereasminimum value was in June and July (0.07 and 0.03%) at surface.Regarding the Cl- value in the leaves of the different plants it washighest (36.16 and 34.17%) in Z. simplex in July and Augustfollowed by S. fruticosa in November, December and January,whereas in S. baryosma it was lowest (2.13%) in January followedby C. eretica (2.42%) in September.1993 Rajpurohit, K.S., Charan, A.K. and Sen, D.N. (1979)Micro-distribution of plants in an abandoned salt pit atPachpadra salt basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 122-126The phyto-geographical demarcation of physiographic micro unitsuch as the one in Pachpadra salt basin, has been made here. Thisstudy illustrates as to how plant species are distributed according tothe fluctuations in the salinity in water as well as in the soil.1994 Rajput, P. and Sen, D.N. (1991)Salt bladders in Atriplex spp. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 347-351Salt accumulation in bladder cells is the primary means of saltexclusion in Atriplex spp. before it reaches a toxic level in the cellsap. Comparative studies of salt bladders in A. holocarpa and A.vesicaria showed differences in the number of stalk cells and size ofthe bladders. Bladder structure in young leaves of both species issimilar but the variations occur more in the older leaves.1995 Sastry, E.V.D. and Vijay Prakash. (1993)Effect of salinity on variation in Na and K contents in wheatseedlings. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 257-259The mean Na content over the genotypes increased linearly with thesalinity. The Na content increased steeply in less tolerantgenotypes. In the tolerant genotypes, the increase was less marked

particularly with Kharchia-65. The mean K value did not exhibitrapid increase with increasing salinity.1996 Seth, R.K. and Vora, J.C. (1965)Prosopis juliflora DC for improving saline soils. Journal of GujratUniversity. 8: 210-214Comparison of the chemical analysis of the soils of salty barren tractand those of under Prosopis juliflora in vicinity showed that salinityand ESP of the later soils were less than the former. The probablemechanisms affecting this seemed the downward movement ofmoisture and salts due to demand of water by the tree root in drymonths in case of soils under P. juliflora.1997 Seth, S.P. (1967)Indices for diagnosis of alkalinity and salinity in soils of theRajasthan canal area. Journal of the Indian Scoiety of Soil Science.15: 93-95Four alkalinity groups, based on pH < 8.0 normal; pH 8.0-8.5alkaline; pH 8.5-9.0 very alkaline; pH > 9.0 not equal to highlyalkaline), and four salinity groups based on conductivity(conductivity range < 1.0 normal; 1.0-2.0 tending to be saline; 2.0-3.0saline; > 3.0 highly saline) were formed. pH and EC weredetermined in 1:2 soil water suspension.1998 Shah, R.K., Vora, J.C. and Trivedi, A.M. (1958)Possibilities of reclamation of the alkali soils of the little Rann ofKutch. Journal of Soil and Water conservation in India. 6: 133-137Chemical composition of 10 water samples obtained from well, borewell,shallow-well and river has been presented. Electricalconductivity of well and bore-well waters generally higher than3,500 mmhos/cm. Sodium chloride was predominant salt. Saltcomposition of typical saline-alkali, saline, non-alkali and non-salinealkali soils has been described. The gypsum content of the soils isabout 750 t ha -1 . The CaCO 3 content of the soils is on an averageabout 10 to 15 per cent. Leaching of gypsum containing soils withsaline waters, growing of Prosopis juliflora, stopping of theencroachment of sea water and conservation of flood waters of theriver Banas, have been suggested for the reclamation of salt affectedsoils.1999 Sharma, B.M., Aggarwal, R.K. and Praveen-Kumar. (1991)Ammonia volatilization as influenced by amendments in a lighttextured alkali soil. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 203-207

An alkali soil, treated with gypsum (50 and 100 per cent of itsgypsum requirement) and flyash (8 and 15 per cent by weight of soil)and folllowed by leaching with water was studied for ammoniarelease and changes in available nutrient content. There was drasticreduction in NH 3 losses with the application of gypsum and flyashwhich was partly due to reduction in soil pH. The magnitude ofreduction was higher in gypsum than flyash amended soil andincreased with the dose of amendments. The treated soil showedsignificant increase in the availability of macro and micro nutrients.Rocky areas, mine spoils etc.2000 Gupta, I.C. and Jain, B.L. (1992)Salinisation and alkalisation of ground waters polluted due totextile hand processing industries in Pali. Current Agriculture. 16:59-62The large volume (4 Mgd) of effluents arising from about 760 handprocessing textile units in Pali, is characterised with abnormal pH;high salinity, BOD and COD; excessive concentration of sodium andcarbonate ions;and unduly low concentration of calcium ions. Veryhigh values of SAR and RSC disqualify these effluents for dischargeinto inland surface water, or direct use for irrigation. Conventionaltreatment of the effluents consisting of filtration, equalisation,acid(H 2 SO 4 ) treatment, sedimentation and aeration although lower thepH, TSS, BOD and COD but the values of SAR and RSC, which havemore relevance from irrigation point of view, remain high. Toreduce SAR and RSC to safe level and raise the concentration ofcalcium ions, a vital element responsible for the maintenance of cellviability of the plants, it is necessary that effluents afterconventional treatment are further treated with gypsum.2001 Gupta, J.P. and Venkateswarlu, J. (1993)Research on wastelands and prospects for rehabilitation in westRajasthan. Journal of Environmental Resources. 1: 51-57Wastelands may be idle due to inherent, environmental oranthropogenic factors. This area is further increasing at analarming rate because of over-exploitation and improper use of land,to meet the ever growing grain, fodder and fuelwood requirements ofthe increasing human and livestock population. Also, culturableareas is decreasing because of increasing urbanisation, mining andother economic activities, besides informal land use. In view of this,it has become essential not only to use the land according to itscapability but also to manage the degraded lands for sustained andimproved productivity.

2002 Jain, B.L. and Gupta, I.C. (1992)Effect of gypsum treatment in the amelioration of industrialeffluents. Current Agriculture. 16: 75-77Industrial effluents (1.5Mgd) arising from about 650 textile handprocessing textile units and metal rolling industries in Jodhpurcity,characterised with abnormal pH, high SAR and RSC values,and conspicuous absence of calcium ions are being dischargedwithout treatment, into nearby Jojri river course, causingdeterioration in the quality of irrigation waters of riverine wells.Consequently, the yields and quality of crops are being affectedadversely and some wells have been abandoned. Treatment of theeffluents with gypsum has been observed to be effective in loweringpH, SAR and RSC values of the effluents. Gypsum application @500kg/100 cubic L reduced pH from 9.3 to 7.7 SAR from 101 to 24 andRSC from 31 to 0 meq/L.2003 Nanda, P.C. (1967)Interrelationship of habitat to growth and composition of Zizyphusnummularia (Burm. F) W & A. Annals of Arid Zone. 6: 66-73Lesser water supply under rocky conditions modified themorphological features in Zizyphus nummularia plants. There was adefinite tendency to complete its growth cycle within a short periodwhile under sandy conditions growth was a much prolonged process.2004 Nanda, P.C. (1969)Inter-relationship of habitat to acid metabolism in Zizyphusnummularia (Burm.F). W. And A. Annals of Arid Zone. 8: 85-91Organic acid metabolism occupies the central position in the plantmetabolism and is modified by the habitat peculiarities in as muchas that in Zizyphus nummularia from sandy habitats. Optimumacid synthesis occurs during summer season whereas in plants fromrocky habitats optimum synthesis has been observed during therainy season. The plants growing in rocky habitats show moreT.A.N. values than those from sandy habitats thereby showing thedirect influence of habitat. The plants from both the habitats showdistinct seasonal variations in the TAN values. The young plantparts always show more TAN values than the mature parts. Theroots from both habitats show the dominance of malic acid. It hasalso been observed that in the leaves and stems the malic acid isproduced in more concentration as the conditions of droughtincreased. The presence of appreciable quantities of fumaric acid inthe plants from both the habitats is another interesting finding.

Generally this acid occurs in traces and is accummulated only in avery few species of Papaveraceae. Its dominance appears to havesome adaptive significance.2005 Prajapati, M.S., Ahuja, L.D. and Bhimaya, C.P. (1980)Reseeding and fertilization of Aristida-Eleusine-Cenchrus rockyrangelands in arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 461-467For seeding shallow gravelly arid range lands with C. ciliaris andC. setigerus, land preparation by harrowing is necessary.Fertilization of reseeded rangelands is beneficial and 22 kg N ha -1 isadequate. However any usable production from degraded rockylands in arid region should out weigh all economic considerations.2006 Prakash, M. and Chowdhary, M. (1957)Reclamation of sand dunes in Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 83: 492-496Describes the processes of intial binding of shifting sands, as alsodifferent methods and species used for immobilization andafforestation of sand dunes in different range of annualprecipitation. The success attained during the past four years ofexperimentation indicates that afforestation of dune areas is bothpractical and of economic importance.2007 Puri, D.N., Muthana, K.D., Handa, D.P. and Singh, M. (1973)Studies on the comparative growth and establishment of Acaciatortilis (Forsk) and Acacia senegal in rocky habitats. Annals of AridZone. 12: 167-171One year old nursery raised seedlings of A. tortilis (from Isreal) andAcacia senegal (local), when tried in specially prepaed pits, haveproved to be of much promise for afforesting rocky habitats in thedesert of Rajasthan. Height growth data, collected over 5 years,indicate a three-fold superiority of Acacia tortilis transplanted overthose of A. senegal. The rate of height and growth of A. tortilisplants, grown out of direct seeding in trenches, has also been foundto be higher than that of A. senegal transplants raised in pits.2008 Rao, A.V., Jain, B.L. and Gupta, I.C. (1993)Impact of textile industrial effluents on agricultural land - a casestudy. Indian Journal of Environmental Health. 35: 132-138The impact of effluents from textile industry on Bandi river andnearby wells is investigated. The effluents are highly saline,coloured and sodic in nature, resulting in the river and well waters

unsuitable for irrigation. The biological activity in the soil is alsoseverely affected.2009 Rao, A.V., Tarafdar, J.C. and Sharma, B.K. (1996)Characteristics of gypsum mine spoils. Journal of the Indian Societyof Soil Science. 44: 544-546In the present study gypsum mine spoils from different sites wereanalysed for important physical, chemical and biological parametersand examined changes from the surrounding normal soil to developappropriate reclamation plans for rehabilitation.2010 Sharma, S.K. (1994)The life form distribution of plants in the rocky rangelands of IndianThar desert. Range Managment and Agroforestry. 15: 15-21The micro-catchments (watersheds) in rocky rangelands atKailana(Indian Thar Desert) have been categorized into gentle slope(upto 6% slope); moderate slope (6 to 15% slope) and steep slope(more than 15% slope). In the gentle slope group of watersheds amaximum of 17 plant species were recorded in the lower and middleslope profiles and these belonged to six life form groups ofRaunkiaer. In moderate slope group the life forms were studied infour watersheds including one unprotected watershed. Therophytesdominated over other life form groups: nanophanerophytes wereabsent in these profiles of unprotected watershed. In steep slopegroup, chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes were presentthroughout the watersheds. In all these categories of watersheds,therophytes predominate (45-54%) followed by phanerophytes (20-30%), chamaephytes (15-18.5%), hemicryptophytes (5.6-7.5%) andgeophytes (2.5-4.4%). Thus rangelands having gentle to moderateslope have comparatively better soil cover and dominance of thechamae and nanophanerophytes and are suitable for development ofsilvipastoral system. The steep slope site dominated by nano-andmicrophanerophytes could best be improved by afforestation withsuitable indigenous and exotic multipurpose tree and shrub species.2011 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1990)Gradient analysis of the catchment vegetation of Kailana in theThar desert, India. Tropical Ecology. 31: 104-111Vegetation habitat studies at Kailana catchment in the Indian Thardesert revealed soil variations in GS (gentle slope) andMS (moderate slope) group of watersheds from 0 to 100 cm. Thewatersheds in the SS (steep slope) group were almost devoid of soilcover. Soil texture in GS group was sand to loamy sand while in MS

and SS group on middle and upper slopes it was fine sand to siltyclay loam and rich in organic carbon content. Euphorbia caducifolia,Grewia tenax and Barleria acanthoides were most common woodyspecies recorded from all the watersheds. The presence of differentgroups in the watersheds prefering varied habitats like Aervapersica, Fagonia cretica and Justicia vahlii of hummocky habitat,and Grewia tenax, Euphorbia caducifolia and Acacia senegal ofrocky habitat confirms the complexity of vegetation habitatrelationship in the Kailana catchment area.2012 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1991)Classification and ordination of vegetation of the Kailanacatchments in the Indian Thar desert: I. Herbaceous vegetation.Tropical Ecology. 32: 255-268Habitat relationships of the herbaceous vegetation have beenanalysed through the multivariate techniques of classification andordination. The herbaceous species have been broadly separated outinto two major groups in the TWINSPAN classification; (i) speciesgrowing on sites located on slopes upto 8% and (ii) species on sites ofover 8% slope. The DCA ordination further refined both species andsite classes, into three distinct groups. The first group of site classesin the left bottom corner of the DCA model has bare rocks and nosoil cover. the site classes in the middle part of the DCA model varyin soil depth, site slope and other edaphic variables. Vegetation onthese sites has high species richness and beta diversity. The siteclasses in the extreme right corner of the DCA model have deepersoil and other favourable soil conditions. The comparison ofsuccinctness of the DCA classes with their respective TWINSPANclasses have revealed higher general diversity and species richnessin group one (exactly same classes) as compared to group two(splitted classes) and group three (scattered classes). Higher speciesrichness of herbaceous species in these sites has confirmed the factof anualisation of desert.2013 Sharma, S.K. and Vinod Shankar. (1991)Classification and ordination of vegetation of the Kailanacatchments in the Indian Thar desert. II. Woody vegetation.Tropical Ecology. 32: 269-286In rocky watershed at Kailana, several perennial woody speciesgrowing in a variey of situations (Microsites) have been grouped into30 site classes and 8 species classes by the TWINSPAN, aclassification programme. The TWINSPAN classes have beenfurther refined and regrouped by the DCA, an ordinationprogramme. The main classification and ordination criterion in both

the multivariate techniques was general slope of the site. Thesubsequent separation of site classes was done on the basis of soildepth, soil texture, pH, EC, WHC and organic carbon in the soil.Prominent vegetational parameters in grouping and ordination ofperennial woody species were relative importance value (RIV),Relative density and relative frequency. More degraded sites werecharacterized with moderate to steep slope and very shallow soilcover. Such sites had low species richness, low beta diversity and lognormal to geometric dominance diversity curves.2014 Singh, R.S., Tewari, J.C. and Aggarwal, R.K. (1994)Effect of textile industrial effluents on establishment of certain treespecies. Journal of Tropical Forestry. 10: 212-216In Pali district of western Rajasthan, 700 textile industries aredischarging 4 million gallons of industrial effluents per day whichhas created lot of pollution problems. The chemical composition oftextile effluent shows the presence of coloured dyes, high pH (7.7 -10.8), Ec 4.4 - 16.3 dS m -1 having predominance of sodium content2736 ppm and near absence of calcium and magnesium. Manganese,copper, iron and zinc are present in agreeable amount with traces ofcobalt and cadmium. Such effluents can thus possibly be utilized forestablishment of certain economic tree species of this region and soildeterioration can be reduced by some soil amendments. In thispaper, possibilities of the uses of the effluents of textile industry fortree plantation are discussed.2015 Singh, S. Sharma, K.D., Singh, N. and Vats, P.C. (1989)Wastelands and rural development in Rajasthan desert by usingsatellite remote sensing techniques. The Geographer. 36: 37-49Eight types of wastelands have been identified in Jodhpur districtby using field survey and remote sensing techniques. Thewastelands like desertic sands, gullied land, upland with or withoutscrub could be developed into pastures, silvipastures andafforestation by using proper soil and water conservation measures.Hills and rocky / gravelly pediment type of wastelands could bedeveloped into desert catchments and pastures. Agro-industriesbased on plant products like gum, wood, pulp and fibre may beestablished which will provide employment opportunities to thepeople.2016 Tarafdar, J.C. and Rao, A.V. (1997)Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient concentration of naturallygrown plants on gypsum mine soils in India. Agriculture, Ecosystemsand Environment. 61: 13-18

Thirty-one plant species, including legumes and sedges, were foundto be growing naturally on gypsum mined spoil. These speciescarried AM-fungal infections which varied from plant to plantgrowing on normal soil. Plants on mined spoil had significantlyhigher K, Ca, Mg, and Fe concentrations and lower concentration ofN, P, Zn and Cu. The results demonstrated the possibility ofemploying AM fungi for rehabilitating gypsum mine spoils.

ENERGY MANAGEMENTSolar and Wind Power2017 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1981)Solar energy thermal storage system based on encapsulated phasechangematerial. Research and Industry. 26: 159-161A storage unit based on latent heat technique is fabricated forstoring the solar energy and its performance is compared with theconventional water storage system. It has been observed that latentheat storage gives hot water with an average temperature of 49 0 Cwhich is 13 0 C higher than the water storage system under thesimilar ambient conditions.2018 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1982)Thermal conductivity of two-phase thermal storage materials.Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics. 20: 145-147An expression previously developed for the estimation of thermalconductivity of a two-phase system is modified to account for theeffects of radiation. Results of applying the modified model tovarious samples over a wide range of temperature are found to be ingood agreement with the experimental data.2019 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1985)Solar energy warmer storage unit. Energy in Agriculture. 4: 57-65A solar storage unit based on the latent heat technique with paraffinwax as its storage material has been designed, developed andsuccessfully tested for warming food for evening meals. This unit iscapable of storing sufficient solar heat to warm food to atemperature of 37-44°C in 2-3 hours in the evening.2020 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1985)Studies of solar heat storage in paraffin wax. Transactions of theIndian Society of Desert Technology. 10: 43-45A study has been carried out for the solar heat storage in praffinwax for a period of one night duration. Different quantities ofparaffin have been used in a same storage volume for itscomparative performance. From this study, it has been found thatuseful output solar heat obtained next day morning decreased withthe decreasing of wax quantity in the latent storage system.2021 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1986)Study of solar energy storage in paraffin wax storage system uptotwo night duration.. Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 8:57-62

The storage of solar energy in a system based on latent heattechnique has been studied upto two night durations. Paraffin waxwas employed as storage material in the system. From this study, ithas been found that hot water obtained from the storage systemdecreased with increasing storage period. This type of storagesystem could be well employed to supply useful hot water upto nextday evening from the stored solar heat.2022 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1990)Solar water heating from natural surfaces. Journal of Energy, Heatand Mass Transfer. 12: 31-38The alpha-natural surfaces made of cement materials have beenstudied for solar water heating to provide hot water during the betaday.The delta-effect of black board painting (dull black) is examinedover the natural surfaces for enhancing the water heating.Maximum temperatures of hot water from such heating systemswithout using glazing at the top and insulation at the base havebeen found to be 61 0 C (with black board paint over the absorbingsurface) and 56° C (without black board paint over the absorbingsurface). This type of heating offers the potential applications forpassive solar water heating in buildings. The maximum efficiency ofthe system has been found to be 22.4% after blackening theabsorbing surface.2023 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1991)Design study of a solar candle device for melting wax. Energy. 16:879-881A design study of a solar candle device has been carried-out toinvestigate the effect of melting-chamber thickness on the melting ofwax in one shift. The melting chambers with a uniform thickness of70 mm gave the best results and had an efficiency of 42.5%.2024 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1992)Comparative study of insulating materials in solar water storagesystems. Energy Conversation and Management. 33: 7-12Two insulating materials have been tested for their relativeperformance for retaining solar heated hot water for the duration ofthe night. The insulating materials tested in this study arefibreglass, glasswool and sawdust. The performance study has beencarried out under similar environmental conditions using twoidentical storage systems. The water heating efficiency and storageefficiency have been calculated, and it has been observed that lowcost and abundantly available sawdust insulating material can besuccessfully employed in solar water heaters.

2025 Chaurasia, P.B.L. (1995)Passive water heating in buildings using exposed surfaces.Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 26:51-54The roof structure of a house may be used for heating water usingsolar energy falling on it to provide the hot water requirements inbuildings during winter season.2026 Chaurasia, P.B.L., Gupta, J.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1982)Solar device for the candle industry. Energy Research. 6: 297-302A solar device has been developed for manufacturing candles fromparaffin wax, utilizing solar energy. The design, operation andperformance of the device have been described. It is concluded thatthe device can be used for saving fuel, minimizing the loss of waxdue to the vaporization and labour.2027 Chaurasia, P.B.L., Gupta, J.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1983)Comparative study on performance of two models of solar device formelting wax during the winter season. Energy Conversation andManagement. 23: 73-75The paper describes the performance study of two similar devices ofdifferent capacities which melt paraffin wax to manufacture candles.These devices are based on a flat plate collector system having thesame absorbing surface area (0.25 m²) but different capacities ofabout 5.0 and 8.0 kg, respectively. It has been found that betterresults are obtained with the lesser capacity unit during the winterseason at Jodhpur.2028 Garg, H.P. (1975)Year round performance studies on a built-in storage type solarwater heater at Jodhpur, India. Solar Energy. 17: 167-172An improved solar water heater (capacity 901) made up of a 112 x 80x 10 cm rectangular tank which performs the dual function ofabsorbing heat and storing the heated water has been designed anda prototype tested in Jodhpur. The performance tests carried out atthe Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, indicate anefficiency factor reaching as high as 70 per cent. The year-roundperformance tests show that this heater can supply 90 liter of waterat a mean temperature of 50 to 60° C in winter and 60 to 75° C insummer (measured at 4:00 p.m). A performance equation for thistype of heater, where the inputs are the solar intensity, ambient air

temperature and geometry and material specifications of the heater,has also been developed.2029 Garg, H.P. (1976)Solar energy research at CAZRI, Jodhpur - achievements and futureplans. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 228-246Research work on some of the important applications of solar energyfor domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes such as forheating of water, drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables,cooking and boiling of food, distillation of saline water and solarpumping of water for lift irrigation purposes carried out at CAZRI,Jodhpur is reviewed in this paper. Designs of some of the solarenergy appliances such as of improved low cost solar water heaterare finalised and referred to National Research DevelopmentCorporation of India for commercial exploitation. Continuous performancestudies of these gadgets were carried out in the fields aswell as in the laboratory and discussed in this paper.2030 Garg, H.P. and Krishnan, A. (1974)Solar drying of agricultural products. I. Drying of chillies in a solarcabinet dryer. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 285-292The dryer is based on the principle of hot box and is suitable fordrying small agricultural products like chillies, copra, peas, tobaccoetc. The basal area of the dryer is 1.37 sq.m. and its volume id 0.324m 3 . The solar cabinet dryer was used for drying chillies in winterseason having initial moisture content of 79 to 85% on the wetweight basis. In the dryer the average air temperature exceeded 22-8° C above the day time average temperature when chillies werekept inside. Field tests indicate that by the use of solar dryer thedrying time for chillies can be reduced to nearly half of the opendrying method. The quality of the chillies dried by the solar dryerwas also superior.2031 Garg, H.P. and Krishnan, A. (1974)Solar energy utilization potential in Jodhpur and New Delhi. IndianJournal of Meteorology and Geophysics. 25: 473-478Average useful solar energies available for utilization in respect offlat-plate collector kept at optimum tilts in respect of Jodhpur andDelhi were worked out for typical winter and summer months.Based on these average energies, generalised design curves forwater heating by flat-plate collectors giving the ratio of usefulenergy collected by the flat-plate collector to the heat removalefficiency factor in terms of inlet temperature rise over ambient

temperature have been prepared. Such design curves based on 90per cent, 50 per cent and 10 per cent exceedence values of usefulenergies have also been presented in addition to those using averagevalues. With these design curves the flat-plate collector areasrequired for various heating loads has been estimated for thesestations.2032 Garg, H.P., Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1978)Solar water heater-cum-steam cooker. The Indian and EasternEngineers. August: 315-317The authors who are with the Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur, discuss the design details and the performance trialsconducted on a solar water heater-cum-steam cooker which can beused for heating the water for bathing, cleaning and other kitchenpurposes and also for steam cooking of food as and when required.2033 Gupta, J.P. (1985)Solar ponds-physical processes, applications and present status. TheJournal of the Institution of Enginners (India) Jodhpur Sub-centre.1: 15-20A solar pond is the large body of water with salinity concentrationgradient, the concentration being maximum at the bottom. Due tohigher concentration and hence density at the bottom, convectiondoes not take place in the main body of the pond except narrowlayers at the top and the bottom. Thus it is the innovative systemwhich simultaneously collects and stores solar energy for someuseful applications.2034 Gupta, J.P. and Purohit, M.M. (1986)Role of renewable energy sources for mitigation of cooking fuelproblem. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.11: 7-17The paper suggests an integrated approach to use renewable energydevices viz. solar cookers, biogas plants and improved chulhas tomitigate the cooking fuel problem particularly in arid and semi-aridareas. The box type solar cooker with two glass mirror reflectorsrequiring tracking only once in three hours has been found to beuseful for cooking, boiling and roasting type dishes in urban areas.Biogas plants have good potential in western Rajasthan butinsufficient fermentation due to saline water and lack of waterneeds solutions. Improved smokeless chulhas are likely to be veryuseful in above areas. There is need to study their thermal efficiencyin accordance with certain international standards.

2035 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1980)Solar power plants for rural arid areas of India. Indian Journal ofPower and River Valley. 30: 76-80Arid areas in India receive maximum solar radiation (60 kWh m - ²day -1 ). If these areas are developed in the light of already availabletechnology, the energy pay back period will be reduced considerably.Thermal technology is a well known science which can be used forgenerating electricity from solar energy. Solar energy is firstconverted into heat and then transformed into electric energy inheat engines. While raising difficult problems of its own, thismethod has the well known thermodynamic limitations. The overallaverage efficiency of thermodynamic conversion system ranges from1.5 to 3.5%. Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directlyinto electricity using p-n junction principal of electronics; theconversion efficiency achieved is as high as 18%. In India, solar cellswith 10% efficiency are being manufactured and are available in themarket. Thermal conversion process involves highly sophisticatedtechnology and it will be very difficult for rural people to install andmaintain the necessary equipment. On the other hand solar cellshave stand alone capability and have no moving parts, hence arevery easy to maintain.2036 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1981)Appropriate technology for cooking in arid areas. Urja. 9: 232-255Western Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat contribute nearly 82%of the total arid area in India. Rural people of Gujarat are veryfastly shifting to biogas for their cooking needs but the Rajasthanisare slow in adopting alternate sources of energy and are hopefullylooking forward for solar cookers as is clear from recent survey ofthese areas. In this paper a newly designed solar cooker has beendiscussed and its economics is compared with the biogas plant.2037 Malhotra, K.S. and Nahar, N.M. (1982)Seasonal constraints in management of alternative sources ofenergy in rural areas. Energy Research. 6 : 283-292A plan for the management of alternative sources of energy, namely,wind, solar and biomass, available in a typical village of arid areahas been formulated and it is found that the energy potentialavailable in the village from mid February to mid September ismuch more than the energy requirement of the village and duringthe remaining period the energy available is about 78.5 per cent ofthe energy requirement. Appropriate technologies for the effective

and efficient use of these energies are earmarked so as to convertthe energy potential available into useful energy.2038 Malhotra, K.S., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1982)An improved solar cooker. Indian Journal of Energy Research.6: 227-231An improved hot box type solar cooker (SC-2) has been designed,developed and tested. It is an improvement on the solar cooker SC-1earlier developed at the institute. The cooking chamber has properlybeen optimized for cooking the food for a family of five persons. Arubber gasket has been provided at the boundary of the openabledoor to prevent the leakage of hot air, thus increasing the pressurein the cooking chamber. Different cooking trials like boiling,roasting and baking were successfully conducted and the cooker wasfound useful from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., even during a wintermonth. The efficiency of the cooker was found to be 41.2 per cent.2039 Mann, H.S. (1976)Solar energy utilization for arid zone development. Annals of AridZone. 15: 129-136In India, we are fortunate enough to be amply endowed with solarenergy and this bounty can hopefully be utilized for a number ofrural applications such as pumping of water, drying of agriculturalproduce, desalination of water, cooking and lighting. It is verynecessary that systematic, integrated, time bound and wellcoordinated research projects are undertaken right now. It is alsoimportant that in this futuristic endeavour, the industries areinvolved from the very beginning and commercial aspects likeutilization, production, marketing etc. are kept in view from thestart. A high priority should be assigned to the development of a 5H.P. solar pump. This pump will find ample application in minorirrigation programmes. The development of a suitable low cost andsturdy family size solar cooker will also go a long way in conservingthe rural eco-system by sparing cow dung, litter biomass andafforested areas.2040 Mann, H.S., Singh, R.P. and Pande, P.C. (1980)Utilizing solar energy for agriculture and development in India:problems and prospects. American Mechanisation in Asia. 2: 15-19Various problems related to practical aspect of energy use in aridregion are enumerated and in that context the prospect of usingsolar stills for providing distilled water, solar cookers and biogasplants for supplementing the fuel for cooking, solar dryers for

dehydrating fruit and vegetables and sloar pumps for lift irrigationpurposes are discussed.2041 Misra, D.K., Tekchandani, C.K. and Nahar, N.M. (1987)Performance and testing of a parabolic spheroidal concentrator typesolar cooker. Regional Journal of Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer.9: 51-55Performance and testing of parabolic spheroidal type solar cookerhas been designed. The aperture area of cooker is 2.27m² having1000mm focal length. The efficiency of the solar cooker was found tobe 19.1%. The solar cooker is capable of cooking in open utensils aswell as in pressure cooker and sufficient for meeting requirement of5 to 8 persons.2042 Nahar, N.M. (1980)Flat-plate collector - a solar energy device for rural applications.Urja. 8: 279-285Solar energy can be more efficiently trapped by use of flat-platecollectors with optimised configuration. In this paper briefintroduction of flat plate collector is given and collection efficiencyand overall heat loss coefficient has been worked out. Theapplications of flat-plate collector for efficient harnessing of solarenergy for rural development viz., solar water heating, crop drying,solar refrigeration for preservation of food, solar engines etc. hasbeen discussed.2043 Nahar, N.M. (1981)Measurement of flat-plate collector heat loss coefficients. RegionalJournal Energy Heat Mass Transfer. 3: 123-133The solar energy can be more efficiently trapped by optimised flatplatecollectors. An essential requirement for the design,development and installation of solar water heater system is tounderstand the performance characteristic of flat-plate solarcollectors including the heat loss characteristics. An indoor methodhas been developed and described in this paper for the driectmeasurement of UL. The UL. is reported for bond duct type collectorwith single and double glazing each painted with board paint at nowind speed and at controlled wind speed. These results are in a goodagreement with the theoretical values.2044 Nahar, N.M. (1983)Year-round performance of an improved collector-cum-storage typesolar water heater. Energy Conveservation and Management. 23:91-95

Systematic studies have been carried out on collector-cum-storagetype solar water heaters, and efforts were made to minimise heatlosses so that this type of water heater can be used for getting hotwater at 40-45° C for taking bath in the early morning hours of thenext day. This paper reports year round performace, theperformance equation and economics of this new improved solarwater heater. This heater can supply 100 litres of hot water at60-70° C in the afternoon, and 40 -45° C temperature can beretained till next day morning. Its efficiency is 70.1%.2045 Nahar, N.M. (1984)Energy conservation and field performance of a natural circulationtype solar water heater. Energy. 9: 461-464A natural circulation type solar water heater has been fabricatedand installed at the CAZRI Guest House. Its field performance hasbeen evaluated. The heater provides 200 l. of hot water at 50-60° Cat all times. This solar heater is economical.2046 Nahar, N.M. (1985)Performance and testing of an improved solar water heater cumsteam cooker. International Journal of Energy Research. 9: 113-116The paper reports performance and testing of an improved solarwater heater cum steam cooker. The efficiency of the system as asolar water heater is 51.5% and as a solar steam cooker is 16.1%.2047 Nahar, N.M. (1987)Performance and testing of a solar tea boiler. Regional Journal ofEnergy, Heat and Mass Transfer. 9: 45-49A solar tea boiler has been designed, developed and tested. Thedevice can be used for boiling water and milk for the preparation oftea. The device can be used to boil 1.5 to 150 cups of tea from 10 AMto 5 PM. The overall efficiency of the device is 34.2%. The paybackperiod show that the system is economical.2048 Nahar, N.M. (1988)Performance and testing of a low cost solar water heater cum solarcooker. Solar and Wind Technology. 5: 611-615Performance of a novel device which can be used as a solar waterheater during winter and a solar cooker during summer has beendescribed. The device can provide approximately 50 l of hot water ata temperature of 55-65° C in the evening which can be retained at40-45° C until the next morning when tap water temperature is 15-

20° C. The same device can also be used as a hot box solar cooker forcooking 4 kg of dry food per day. The overall efficiency of the deviceas a solar water heater is 62.6% and as a solar cooker is 23.8%. Thepayback period of the device shows that it is economical.2049 Nahar, N.M. (1988)Performance and testing of a natural circulation solar water heatingsystem. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 9: 149-154A natural circulation solar water heating system of 750 litrescapacity has been designed, developed and tested. The solar collectoris based on the thermosyphon principle and can provide hot water ata temperature of 80-85° C by the late afternoon. If this is storeduntil the following morning its temperature is still 70-75° C. Theoverall efficiency of the solar collector is 43%. The simple paybackperiod for the system is between 7 months and 27 months,depending on the cost of alternative fuels.2050 Nahar, N.M. (1990)Performance and testing of an improved hot box solar cooker.Energy Conservation and. Management. 30: 9-16The performance and testing of a novel solar cooker has beendescribed and compared with a solar oven and a hot box solarcooker. The uniqueness of the device is that it has tilted absorbingsurface so that more radiation can be obtained even during winter,therefore, two meals can be prepared in winter, while only one mealis possible in hot box solar cooker because it has a horizontalabsorbing surface. Simultaneously, there is no need of frequenttracking as compared to 1 h tracking for the hot box solar cookerand 30 min tracking for the solar oven. The overall efficiency of thisimproved hot box solar cooker is 24.6%. The payback period showsthat use of the solar cooker is economical.2051 Nahar, N.M. (1991)Energy conservation and payback periods of large size solar waterheater. Energy Convservation and Management. 32: 371-374Hot water is an essential requirement in most agrobased industries.Firewood, coal, electricity and furnace oil are being used forobtaining hot water. These sources are not readily available and arescarce in most rural parts of Rajasthan. Fortunately, solar energy isplentiful which can be successfully harnessed for getting hot water.In this paper, performance of the large size pressurized naturalcirculation type solar water heater has been described. The heatercan provide 750 l of hot water at 80-85° C which can be retained at

70-75° C until the following morning when the tap water is 20-25°C.The economic analysis of the solar water heater has also beencarried out. The relatively short payback periods show that the useof a solar water heater is very economical and will conserve a lot ofconventional fuels which are being wasted for merely obtaining hotwater.2052 Nahar, N.M. (1992)Design, deveopment and testing of different models of solar waterheater cum solar cookers. Renewable Energy Technology and theEnvironment. 2: 815-819Solar water heaters are useful during the winter season only inmost parts of India. Therefore, dual systems, i.e. solar water heatercum solar cookers have been designed, developed and tested. Theperformance of the different models, viz solar water heater cumsteam cooker with black board paint, and with MAXORB selectivesurface and solar water heater cum solar cooker have beendescribed. The efficiency of the devices as solar water heaters are52.7%, 59.6% and 63.0% respectively and as solar cookers are 16.5%,18.6% and 24.0% respectively. The energy conservation and paybackperiods have been computed with respect to fuels - firewood, coal,electricity, LPG and kerosene.2053 Nahar, N.M. (1992)Energy conservation and payback periods of natural circulation typesolar water heaters. International Journal of Energy Research. 16:445-452Energy savings in relation to different fuels, namely firewood, coal,kerosene, LPG and electricity have been calculated for a pressurizednatural circulation type solar water heater with blackboard paintand a selective surface on the absorber. The payback periods havebeen computed by considering 10% compound annual interest, 5%annual maintenance cost and 5% inflation per year in maintenancecost and fuel prices. The cash flow has also been worked out for bothsolar water heaters. The cash flow is more for a solar water heaterwith a selective surface. The payback periods are 2.08-8.67 years fora solar water heater with a selective surface and 2.13-8-96 years fora solar water heater with blackboard paint. The estimated life of aheater is about 15 years. This shows that use of a solar water heaterfor heating water is very economical.2054 Nahar, N.M. (1992)Performance studies of a large size nontracking solar cooker.Renewable Energy. 2: 421-430

A large size non-tracking solar cooker has been designed, fabricatedand tested. The cooker is based on the hot box principle. The cookerhas been tested extensively and its performance has been comparedwith a solar oven, a hot box solar cooker (titlted absober). Thestagnation temperatures are in increasing order for the hot box solarcooker and the solar oven. The performance of this solar cooker iscomparable with that of a solar oven. The former is not trackedtowards sun while the latter is tracked every 30 minutes. Theefficiency of a large size nontracking solar cooker is 24.9%. Theenergy saved by this new solar cooker has also been calculated andits payback period has been computed by considering interest,maintenance and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance cost. Thepayback periods are 1.10-3.63 years depending on which fuel itrelaces. Relatively short payback periods show that the use of thecooker is economical, and it is easy to operate since no tracking isrequired.2055 Nahar, N.M. (1992)Studies on coloured aluminium as selective surface on aluminiumsubstrate. Solar Energy Society of India Journal. 2: 13-17Cobalt pigmented anodized spectrally selective surface has beendeveloped on aluminium substrate. The anodic oxidation voltageand electrolytic colouration voltage has been optimized. It has beenfound that the best selective coating is obtained by 15 volt anodicoxidation as well as electrolytic colouration voltage. Selectivecoating having solar absorptance =0.93 and thermal emittance =0.20has been obtained.2056 Nahar, N.M. (1993)Performance and testing of large-size solar water heater cum solarcooker. International Journal of Energy Research. 17: 57-67The performance of a novel device has been tested. The device canbe used as a collector cum storage type solar water heater duringthe winter, and with minor adjustments, it can be used as a hot boxsolar cooker. The device can provide hot water at 50-60° C in theevening, which can be maintained at 40-45° C until the followingmorning. It can also be used for cooking food for about 40 people.The efficiencies of the device as a solar water heater and as a solarcooker have been found to be 67.7% and 29.8% respectively. Thepayback period varies between 1.64 to 5.90 years depending on thefuel it replaces. The payback periods are of increasing length withrespect to the fuels firewood, coal, electricity, LPG and kerosene.2057 Nahar, N.M. and Garg, H.P. (1980)

Free convection and shading due to gap spacing between anabsorber plate and the cover glazing in solar energy flat platecollectors. Applied Energy. 7 : 129-145The free convection heat transfer coefficients have been evaluatedfor horizontal, vertical and tilted collectors. The natural convectioncoefficient decreases and the shading due to side walls increaseswith increase in gap size. Therefore, the shade correction factor hasalso been calculated for different collector inclinations for low andmedium latitude stations. By taking into consideration both thesefactors- that is, covection losses and shading- the air gap betweenthe absorber plate and the cover glazing has been optimised. It hasbeen found that, for minimum shading and minimum covectionlosses, a gap of 4 to 5 cm should be maintained between the absorberplate and the cover glazing in typical flat-plate solar energycollectors.2058 Nahar, N.M. and Garg, H.P. (1981)Selective coatings on flat-plate solar collectors. Renewable EnergyReview Journal. 3: 37-51Solar radiation can be effectively trapped by using selective coatingsbecause the solar range of wavelengths and the thermal range ofwavelengths generally do not overlap, and thus the performance ofsolar collecting devices can be improved. Several selective surfacessuch as black nickel, black chrome, copper oxide, lead sulphide, etc.,have been developed and deposited either on copper, aluminium oron galvanised iron sheet. The theoretical efficiency obtainable fromthese selective absorbers is calculated with the help of an improvedexpression and the results are compared with a nonselectiveabsorber. It is shown that for solar water heaters for mediumtemperature heating (up to 60-70° C) there is not much advantagein using a selective coating. This advantage increases as thecollection temperature increases.2059 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1987)Performance and testing of improved natural circulation type solarwater heater in arid areas. Energy Convservation and Management.27: 29-32A conventional natural circulation type solar water heater has beenimproved upon by eliminating the float valve and using a sealespressure tank instead of an open tank. Performance of the improvednatural circulation type solar water heater has been compared withand without solar-selective surfaces. The detailed design, fabricationand testing have been reported in this paper. The efficiency of the

improved natural circulation type solar water heater with andwithout solar-selective surfaces is 57.5 and 51.0%, respectively.2060 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1988)Studies on collector-cum-storage type solar water heaters under aridzone conditions of India. International Journal of Energy Research.12: 147-153Conventional natural circulation type solar water heaters are verycostly. Though manufactured in India, they are beyond the reach ofthe common man. To reduce the cost, a collector-cum-storage typesolar water heater has been developed and its detailed study hasbeen carried out and reported. The heater can provide 100 l of hotwater at a temperature of 55-60° C in the evening which can beretained at 40-45° C until the next morning. The efficiency of theheater varies from 57.4 to 66.0% depending on design parameters.2061 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1989)Energy conservation and payback periods of collector-cum-storagetype solar water-heaters. Applied Energy. 34: 155-162The performance of the collector-cum-storage type solar waterheateris compared with those of water-heaters using different fuels,viz. firewood, coal, kerosene and electricity. The payback periodshave been calculated by considering compound interest,maintenance cost and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance peryear. The payback periods for solar water-heaters with selectivesurfaces and single glass covers are 4.09-7.51 years for winter useonly and 2.36-4.19 years for year round use. The payback periodincreases, according to the fuel used, in the sequence firewood, coal,electricity and kerosene.2062 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1989)Studies on gap spacing between absorber and cover glazing in flatplate solar collectors. International Journal of Energy Research. 13:727-732The air gap between absorber and cover glazing in flat platecollectors has been optimized experimentally by designing threeidentical collectors cum storage type solar water heaters with 25, 50and 150 mm air gaps. The heater with 50 mm air gap collects11.64% and 7.72% more energy compared with heaters having 25mm and 150 mm air gaps, respectively. The average overallefficiencies of the heaters are 52.5%, 54.1% having 25, 50 and 150mm air gaps. A 50 mm air gap has, therefore, been found to beoptimum.2063 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1990)

Effect of dust on transmittance of glazing materials for solarcollectors under arid zone conditions of India. Solar and WindTechnology. 7: 237-243Concentration of dust is very high in the atmosphere. Therefore, astudy has been carried out to quantify reduction in transmittance ofdifferent glazing materials, e.g. glass, acrylic and PVC, which areused in solar collectors. It is found that for the same tile andcleaning cycles, the reduciton in tramittance of galss, acrylic andpoly vinyl chloride are in increasing order of transmittance whereasfor the same material the reduction in transmittance decreases withincreasing tilt from the horizontal.2064 Nahar, N.M. and Gupta, J.P. (1991)Energy-conservation potential for solar cookers in arid zones ofIndia. Energy Conversation and Management. 16: 965-969Energy consumption for cooking accounts for most (90%) of the totalenergy used in developing countries. Solar cookers may play asignificant role in conserving traditional cooking fuels (firewood,cowdung cake etc.). Here, we examine different solar cookers (thesolar oven, a hot-box solar cooker, and a solar cooker with tiltedabsorber) and evaluate their potential impact on energy savings.Relatively short payback periods are obtained for investments insolar cookers.2065 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1982)A low cost collector-cum-storage type solar water heater.International Journal of Energy Research. 6: 195-198A low cost collector-cum-storage type solar water heater has beendeveloped. The cost of the heater is reduced by replacing windowglass cover with 0.2 mm thick PVC film to avoid glass breakage intransportation and maintenance. The performances of solar waterheaters having double glazing of PVC and glass have beencompared. Their performances are similar. Moreover, by providingan insulating cover in the night, the water remains warm till nextmorning for taking a bath etc. in the early hours when there is nosunshine.2066 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1983)Design optimization of cylindrical solar water heaters. RenewableSources of Energy. 1: 165-168Two cylindrical-type solar water heaters, each with a capacity of 50litres have been designed, developed and tested to deternine theiroptimum length and diameter, at minimum capital cost per k Wh.The performance of these water heaters was compared with that of

flat plate collector-storage solar water heaters. Cylindrical solarwater heaters 1.0 metre long and 25 cm in diameter are best suitedfor domestic purposes.2067 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1984)Year round performance of a cylindrical solar water heater. EnergyConvservation and Management. 24: 277-280The heater can provide 50 litres of hot water at 50-60° C in theafternoon and a temperature of 35° C can be retained till the nextday for early morning use. The heater receives approximately 30%more radiation as compared to a flat surface. The ecomomics of theheater has been worked out and it has been found that the cost canbe recovered within one year.2068 Nahar, N.M. and Malhotra, K.S. (1981)A cylindrical solar heater for low cost housing. Urja. 10: 81-82This heater can supply 50 litres of hot water at 50° C in winterafternoon when tap water is 15° C and the cost of manufacturing isonly Rs. 150 and can be fabricated by any villagecarpenter/blacksmith.2069 Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1986)Harnessing solar energy through saline water. Indian Journal ofPower and River Valley Development. 36: 153-156The possibility of harnessing solar energy through, saline water inthe arid region of India was examined and a review of work done onsolar ponds has been reported. The possibility of generatingelectricity has been theoretically estimated considering a typicalcase. Arid regions can be developed by harnessing solar energythrough saline water.2070 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1993)Performance and testing of an improved community size solarcooker. Energy Conservation and Management. 34: 327-333Performance and testing of an improved community size solarcooker have been carried out and compared with a hot box solarcooker with a singel reflector. The cooker can meet the requirementof about 80 persons, therefore it is very suitable for hostels, temples,canteens, restaurants, etc. The economic analysis of the cooker hasbeen carried out by considering the annual interest, maintenancecost and inflation in fuel prices and maintenance cost. The paybackperiods are in increasing order with respect to the fuels, firewood,coal, electricity, LPG and kerosene.

2071 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1994)Design, development and testing of a large-size solar cooker foranimal feed. Applied Energy. 48: 295-304The cooker employs locally available materials of low cost, e.g. pearlmillet husk and horse excreta. The commercial materials requiredfor its fabrication are plain glass, mild steel angle and sheet, woodand aluminium sheet cooking utensils. The solar cooker is capable ofboiling 10 kg of animal feed, sufficient for five cattle per day. Theefficiency of the solar cooker is economic. The use of the cooker willsave a lot of firewood, cowdung cake and agriculture waste whichare presently used for the boiling of animal feed.2072 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1996)A novel solar cooker for animal feed. Energy ConservationManagement. 37: 77-80The cooker is made of locally available material of no cost, e.g. clay,wheat husk and horse excreta. The only commercial materialsrequired for its fabrication are glass covers and mild steel absorberplate. The cooker is capable of boiling 2 kg of animal feed per dayand its efficiency is 22.6%. The payback period with respect tofirewood is only 186 days which shows that its use is veryeconomical, and it will be a boon for rural areas.2073 Nahar, N.M., Gupta, J.P. and Sharma, P. (1996)Performance and testing of two models of solar cooker for animalfeed. Renewable Energy. 7: 47-50Two simple solar cookers, one made of clay and locally availablematerials, and the other of exfoliated vermiculite and cement tiles,have been designed, fabricated and tested. The comparativeperformance of both cookers is described, and their efficiencies are22.6 (clay) and 24.9% (vermiculite), respectively. The cookers arecapable of boiling 2 kg of animal feed per day, and represent theequivalent of 1350 MJ of fuel per year at Jodhpur. Payback periodsfor solar cookers made of vermiculite tiles vary from 0.50 to 3.47years, depending upon the fuel they replace. The shorter paybackperiod suggests that the use of the cooker is economical.2074 Nahar, N.M., Thanvi, K.P. and Ramana Rao, B.V. (1986)Design, development and testing of an improved multipurpose solarenergy device. Energy Research. 10: 91-96

This paper reports the design, development and testing of an Thenovel feature of the device is that it can be used as a solar waterheater and solar still simultaneously and, when required, as a solarcabinet dryer by incorporating minor changes.2075 Pande,P.C. (1990)Optoelectronic and structural aspects of various forms of CdS solarcells. Journal of Semicouductor Materials and Devices. 2: 23-26A study on various forms of cadmium sulphide viz. single and mixedcrystals, thin and thick films deposited by electrophoresis, silkscreen printing and thermal evaporation was carried out.Preparatory aspect, recrystallization of the films, associatedstructural and optoelectronic studies are discussed with theirsuitability for the development of photovoltaic devices.2076 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1987)Design and development of a solar cooker for maximum energycapture in stationary mode. Energy Conservation and Management.27: 117-120The device can be used for cooking, boiling and roasting of differentfoods in clear days. The important part of this new device is itsstationary mode and maximum capture of energy through improveddesign and optimum tilt of the system. This new cooker has beenfound to be more practical in comparison to the simple hot-box typesolar cooker, where one needs to direct it to follow the sun. The newdevice can be used twice a day, even in winter days.2077 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1988)Design and development of a solar cooker cum drier. InternationalJournal of Energy Research. 12: 539-545In designing this unit, optimum booster-collector geometry has beenconsidered in order to eliminate the requirement of sun tracking.Tilting arrangements have also been provided to capture more solarenergy. This dual purpose device has been found useful for cookingfood and dehydrating fruits or vegetables.2078 Pande, P.C. and Thanvi, K.P. (1991)Design and development of a solar dryer cum water heater. EnergyConservation and Management. 31: 419-424A solar dryer cum water heater has been designed, developed andtested. The device can be used for dehydrating fruits and vegetablesor heating water exclusively. The important feature of this new

gadget is that the drying process continues even in the night. About10-15 kg of fruits/vegetables can be dehydrated in 3-5 days. As awater heater, it can supply 801 litres of hot water of about 60° C inwinter after-noons. It was estimated that the unit can save 418 kWhof electricity as a water heater and, in addition, 500 kg of fruits orvegetables can ve dehydrated in a year.2079 Pande, P.C., Thanvi, K.P., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V.(1980)Multipurpose solar energy device. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 525-528Multipurpose solar energy device can be used to heat water andprovide distilled water simultaneously . It can also be used as asolar cabinet dryer by (i) removing the caps fixed to the G.I,. nipples,(ii) opening passage to the chimneys and (iii) loading the material tobe dehydrated in wooden trays kept inside the box. About 15 to 20kg of fruits and vegetables can be dehydrated in about 4 to 5 days.The hot box type cooker can be used for cooking simultaneouslywhen kept inside MSED during summer season.2080 Pande, P.C., Thanvi, K.P., Nahar, N.M. and Ramana Rao, B.V.(1981)A multipurpose device. Sun World. 5: 141-143A multipurpose solar device has been described which is suitable forproviding hot water and distilled water simultaneously through outthe year and for drying fruit and vegetables, whenever required.2081 Thanvi, K.P. and Nahar, N.M. (1980)A low cost solar water heater-cum-solar still. Research and Industry.25: 74-77The device can be used for getting hot water and distilled watersimultaneously. Its efficiency as a solar water heater is 57.9% as asolar still 47.5%. When used as a solar water heater and solar stillsimultaneously, the efficiency is 72.8%. The total cost of fabricationof the system is about Rs 500 with a payback period of 4-6 monthsonly.2082 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1987)Development of a low-cost solar agricultural dryer for arid regions ofIndia. Energy in Agriculture. 6: 35-40The design details and performance of a low-cost solar dryer whichcan be used for dehydrating 10-15 kg fruit and vegetables aredescribed in this paper. Field tests indicated that by the use of a

solar dryer, the drying time for chillies can be reduced to nearly halfof that by the open drying method.2083 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1988)A step basin type solar water heater-cum-solar still. InternationalJournal of Energy Research. 12: 363-368This communication reports the design details, perfomance andtesting of a step basin type solar water heater-cum-solar still. Thecombined efficiency of the system is 64.5 per cent.2084 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1988)Design and development of solar cooker cum drier. InternationalJournal of Energy Research. 12: 539-545A solar cooker cum drier has been designed and developed. Indesigning this unit, optimum booster-collector geometry has beenconsidered in order to eliminate the requirement of sun tracking.Tilting arrangements have also been provided to capture more solarenergy. This dual purpose device has been found useful for cookingfood and dehydrating fruit or vegetables.2085 Thanvi, K.P. and Pande, P.C. (1989)Design and development of an efficient solar still for electirc gridstation. Research and Industry. 34: 56-59The design and performance of a small but efficient multibasintilted type solar distiller (glass area 0.62 m²) are described. Thissmall solar device is technically feasible for production of distilledwater which is required for maintenance of batteries at 33 KVelectric grid station. The efficiency of the device is 45% and the totalcost of its fabrication is Rs 730. It is estimated that the device has apayback period of 5-6 months only.

SOCIO ECONOMICS AND AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONSociology2086 Bharara, L.P. (1977)Socio-economic consequences of canal irrigation in an arid district ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 458-472The study reveals changes in various socio-economic parameters asan impact of canal irrigation in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan.Irrigation brought immigration resulting in tremendous increase ofpopulation in the Gang Canal area during the period of 1921-71.Human settlements increased from 231 in 1921 to 1633 in 1975.Land use changes brought a decrease in degenerated lands andincrease in irrigated area and net area sown. Irrigated forestry,afforestation and controlled grazing took place. Changes in landownership pattern from absolute rights of the ruler on land toabsolute rights of the occupiers viz; Khatedars; cropping patternsubsistenceto commercialization; adoption of agriculturalinnovations and increase in ground water level and tube wellsencouraged agriculture development. Increase in crop productivityand reduction of risk in crop failure increased the value of land.Introduction of irrigated fodder and availability of stall feedingchecked livestock migration, decreased mortality and increasedlivestock population sustaining higher pressure during the period.Reduction in degenerated lands decreased sheep population in thecanal area. Rural credit system institutionalised changing attitudeof the people towards use of loans from non-productive to productivepurposes.2087 Bharara, L.P. (1980)Social aspects of drought perception in arid zone of Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 154-167Desert rural folk perceive drought as a multi-dimensionalphenomenon varying from meteorological to bio-physical to socioreliogionin nature. Among various believed notions concerning thecauses of drought, 77% of the responses were meteorologicalexhibiting climatic changes; 49% bio-physical bringing devastationof natural vegetation; and 33% socio religious with supernaturalbeliefs. Associated with these notions folk reported drought inducesproblems; the most pre-dominantly perceived economic disorderrevealed distress sale of land, livestock, personal assets; set-back tooccupational caste's economy and loss of crop-livestock production.Biophysical problems revealed indiscriminate cutting of vegetationfor fuel, construction, field bunding; traditional practices ofovergrazing and frequent lopping of trees by livestock raisers;

shifting soils affecting cultivated fields, pastures, barren lands andvillage ponds/wells. Social disorder revealed migration, occupationaldiversification, social loss and shifting settlements. Nature andextent of the past 80 years (1898-1978) perceived has revealedfrequent predominant drought situation in the area. Farmer'sclassification of past droughts revealed more severity of the formerdroughts (prior to 1970's). Perception of Zamana extent of kharifcrop production revealed close association with the extent of rainfall.Overall mean annual Zamana perceived was 46% with 371.56 mmmean annual rainfall. Agro-pastoralists as compared to socioreligious,occupational and other caste groups had better perceptionof the severe droughts and surplus years. Folk memory exhibitedmore authenticity of the nature of year and trends derived becauseof the actual Zamana witnessed by the respondents. Folk believe inlocally synthesized knowledge of omens derived from behaviouralactivities and languages of the local birds/animals for predicting thenature of year. Changes in climatic and vegetational characteristics,animal-birds behaviour and socio behavioural activities are thewidely believed means of drought prediction. The validity of all theyears (1900-1979) predicted was found to be 55% true reported by61% of the respondents.2088 Bharara, L.P. and Bose, A.B. (1963)Socio-economic investigations in a community development block.(1)population, land and economy in a desert tract. Annals of Arid Zone.2: 101-113Sanchore Community development block in south-west Jaloredistrict in western Rajasthan is a typical desert tract with a normalannual rainfall of about 470 mm. The age and sex pyramid ofpopulation is broad-based. The percentage of populationeconomically active is 57.8%. Women also share the burden ofearning a livelihood, usually as family workers. The average size ofa household is 6.26. Cultivation is followed as a main occupation by88.6% of the earners. One-fourth of the total earners also practisesubsidiary occupations. The average size of a holding is 12.63hectares. Subsistence farming is practised. The major kharif cropsare bajra and guar. The area under forests is negligible. There isexcessive overcrowding of livestock on the grazing lands. Most of thedebts were incurred for non-productive purposes.2089 Bharara, L.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1970)Social aspects of farm forestry in arid zone. Annals of Arid Zone. 9:36-44

Social aspects of farm forestry have been discussed with reference toirrigation facility, ownership of land, form of settlement, vegetationand its use, nature and extent of species planted and those survived,preferences and place of planting in Sumerpur block of Pali district.There is a significant relationship between the number of treesplanted and irrigation facility. Differences between the averagenumber of trees planted by the households owning less than 20.0and above 20 ha of land are significant. Difference between averagenumber of trees planted by households living in compact, Dhani(scattered), and partial compact form of settlements, is notsignificant. Plantation is done mostly on field boundaries, irrigationswells, home compounds etc for shade, agricultural implements,fruits and food, animal feed etc. The survial variation ranges from60.0 to 77.1%.2090 Bharara, L.P., Malhotra, S.P. and Patwa, F.C. (1974)Some socio-agricultural changes as a result of introduction ofirrigation in a desert region. Annals of Arid Zone. 13: 1-10Introduction of irrigation brought changes in socio agriculturalaspects of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, all in the samedesert region-Rajasthan canal project tehsil Gharsana, districtGanganagar. Compared with each other, socio-agricultural changesoccurred in the occupational structure land use, land distributionpattern, size of land holding, area sown, yield, fallow land,agricultural inputs and labour employment. Traditional casteoccupations shifted to cultivation and agricultural labour,subsistence farming gradually commercialised, mean size of landholding per household decreased, landless class gradually becameland owning class, agricultural inputs and demand for labouremployment increased, and thus a new folk of farming communitiessprang up.2091 Bhattacharjee, B.D. (1982)Proposed settlement types in Rajasthan canal command area.Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 49-54The community structure and facilities etc. planned to be providedin village settlements, agro service centres and market towns ofvarious classs are provided.2092 Bhimaya, C.P., Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1961)The human factor in relation to trees and shrubs in a village in aridparts of Rajasthan. Indian Forester. 87: 614-617

Discusses the results of the survey carried out in a village;enumerates the uses to which various indigenous tree and shrubspecies are put to by local populace.2093 Bose, A.B. (1961)A comparative study of man and his habitat in arid and semi-aridparts of Rajasthan. Indian Geographer. 6: 181-198The eastern and western side of Rajasthan which comprise thesemi-arid and arid parts of the state have been studiedcomparatively from the viewpoint of population, land and livestock.The mean deviation growth rate of population is higher in the aridareas. The age and sex composition, marital status and percentagedistribution of women in reproductive period are all favourable for ahigh rate of population increase. There is over-whelmingdependence upon agriculture. Pressure of livestock on grazingresources is also very high.2094 Bose, A.B. (1962)Society, economy and change in a desert village. Annals of AridZone. 1: 1-15A village in arid zone of Rajasthan was selected for study of itssocial stratification, household, economy, leadership, education andcommunity development. The findings show that caste still governslife in the village and social status and occupation are inherited. Thejoint family is disintegrating. Factionalism has emerged.Subsystems farming is practised.2095 Bose, A.B. (1962)The population problem in the Jaisalmer desert region. The Journalof Family Welfare. 9: 1-7The desert region of Jaisalmer is faced with the problem of a rapidgrowth of population. The percentage variation of population duringthe period 1931-61 was 81.6% as compared to 4.1% during 1901-31.Agriculture resources in the region are extremely limited. Thereare hardly any minerals or industries to provide diversifiedemployment. Under such conditions even a small addition ofnumbers puts a severe strain on the economy of the region. It is,therefore, necessary to initiate measures of population control.2096 Bose, A.B. (1963)Regional imbalance in the arid parts of Rajasthan. Proceeding of theNational Academy of Sciences, India. 33: 153-57

The distribution of population, its growth and livelihood patternhave been reviewed. The findings show that there are symptoms ofregional imbalance. The rate of population growth is high keeping inview the limited resources. There is a very large dependence uponagriculture inspite of the fact productivity is low and uncertain.2097 Bose, A.B. (1963)Size and composition of households in dispersed dwellings. TheJournal of Family Welfare. 10: 24-31The size and composition of sample households in disperseddwellings were studied in a desert village. The findings show thatthe size of household changes during the different stages of the lifecycle reaching the peak in the age group 45-54 years of thehousehold head. The averages of earners and dependents perhousehold also reach the peak during this period. There is a highpositive correlation between size of household and number ofearners per household.2098 Bose, A.B. (1963)The structure and composition of rural families. Indian Journal ofSocial Work. 23: 351-358The salient features of family life in a desert village have beenbrought out. The composition of families has been shown. The wayin which age, sex and relationship govern the pattern of behaviourhas been indicated. The data show a trend towards the formation ofmore nuclear families than hiterto.2099 Bose, A.B. and Bharara, L.P. (1965)Some sociological considerations in farm forestry. Annals of AridZone. 4: 24-31In view of difficult climatic conditions and the general scarcity ofland, forestry should be taken up to perform a protective function inwhich case the question of equating returns to investment assumesa secondary role. It is, therefore, advisable to explore also thepossibilities of utilization of alternative forms of energy like solarand wind-power to reduce pressure on fuel wood requirements.Similarly, the requirements of wood for housing and for agricultureimplements should also be sought to be met through alternativemeans even though it may mean some technological adjustments.2100 Bose, A.B. and Bharara, L.P. (1967)The rehabilitation of gadolya lohars - The Sojat experiment. TheIndian Journal of Social Work. 27: 399-402

In this paper it is proposed to evaluate the attempt to rehabilitateGadolya Lohars at Sojat.2101 Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1961)The form of settlement in a desert village. Indian Geographer. 6: 9-20The form of settlement in a desert village, factors influencing theform of settlement, relative advantages of the compact anddispersed settlement types, and the nature of social relationshipshave been discussed. The findings show a tendency among peoplebelonging to the same caste to live together. The web of socialrelationships confined within the limits of form of settlement.2102 Bose, A.B. and Malhotra, S.P. (1962)Economic structure in a village in arid part of Rajasthan. Journal ofSocial Research. 5: 81-94The sources of livelihood in a desert village such as agriculture,animal husbandry, and traditional caste occupations have beenindicated based upon survey data and the cycle of activitiesdescribed. Caste influences the pattern of economic organisation.2103 Bose, A.B. and Sen, M.L.A. (1963)Spatial aspects of rural living. Man in India. 43: 9-26The problems faced for rehabilitation of nomadism Banjaras havebeen dealt in detail after considering their social habits. Theresettlement schemes should be under the panchayat samitis.2104 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P. and Bharara, L.P. (1963)Animal husbandry in arid zone. (II) A socio-economic study ofhouseholds raising sheep in central and lower Luni basin. Annals ofArid Zone. 3: 44-53About 18.2% households keep sheep and 63.8% of them live indhanis.The average size of a flock of sheep is 33.05. Raikas have thelargest number of sheep followed by Jats and Muslims who have, onthe average, about one-seventh the number owned by Raikas. About57.1% of households raising sheep are joint. The average size ofhousehold is 6.98 of which 4.17 are earners. Four-fifth of the earnersin households raising sheep have cultivation as their mainoccupation. About 41.6 per cent of the household raising sheep areindebted. The average indebtedness per household is Rs. 218.Traditional management practices are followed. A certain proportionof goats are kept in the flock.

2105 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Johory, C.S.K.(1966)Socio-economic aspects of animal husbandry. Annals of Arid Zone.5: 72-80On the average a household has 19.55 heads of livestock of whichabout one-third are bovine. Bullocks and cows are kept by thelargest percentage of households. Six-tenths of the households keeponly cattle. The proportion of bullocks to cows is about 2:1. Thegeneral practice is to raise a mixed flock of sheep and goats. Theextent of ownership of livestock, particularly sheep. goats andcamels is greater among houeholds living in dhanis, among farmerswith larger holdings and castes traditionally owning sheep andgoats. The proporation of cattle to total livestock is low amonghouseholds living in dhanis, among households with no agriculturalholdings or with large holdings, among households belonging tocastes traditionally raising sheep and goats and among Muslims.Livestock produce is meagre. Sale of livestock or livestock produce isextremely limited.2106 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1968)The rehabilitation of Gadolya Lohars. (IV) The Khanpuraexperiment. Annals of Social Sciences. 127-133To rehabilitate Gadolya Lohars, a traditionally nomadic group livingprimarily on blacksmithy with cattle trade forming a subsidiarybase, housing colonies were built in different parts of Rajasthan. Anevaluation of the rehabilitation scheme for Gadolya Lohars atKhanpura about five miles from Ajmer was carried out recently.Apart from collection of secondary data, schedules were filled fromall the households who had stayed in the colony. Information wasalso collected through interviews.2107 Bose, A.B., Malhotra, S.P., Johory, C.S.K. and Sen, M.L.A.(1965)Agriculture in central and lower Luni basin in western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 4: 195-206About 87.3 per cent of the workers have cultivation as their mainoccupation. Only 9.4% of the households have no land holdings. Theaverage size of agricultural holding per household is 35.04 acres.The coefficient of correlation between size of agricultural holdingand number of fragments per holding is significant. Subsistencefarming is practised. Agricultural output is generally very low andhas remained constant on account of traditional farming practicesfollowed by the farmers. About 44.3% households did not sell any

agricultural produce. Most of the upper class farmers rank high inritual status and come from agricultural castes. There is significantassociation between class of farmers and type of household andbetween class of farmer and extent of working population. There islarger ownership of livestock, both cattle and others, among upperclass farmers. The chief other sources of livelihood for the farmersare agricultural and casual labour and the traditional casteoccupations. Lower class farmers are more dependent upon sourcesof livelihood other than cultivation.2108 Bose, N.K. (1956)Cultural zones of India. Geographical Review of India. 18: 1-11Items of cultural traits to prepare distribution maps are suggested.These maps can play a useful part in unravelling the present andpast relationships of particular human communities .2109 Gaur, A.P. (1979)Comparison of output of traditional and progressive farms in thearid-region of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 204-208Human labour is the most responsible factor to output on both typesof farms. The elasticity coefficient for human labour is positive.There is a great scope to increase the crop income by increasing theirrigated area.2110 Gheesa Lal. (1986-87)Impact of ground water on rural socio-economic structure inBorunda village of western Rajasthan. The Indian Journal ofGeography. 15: 63-68In arid region, where water is a scarce commodity, this type of welland waterlordism will result in greater socio-economic imbalance inthe region. If such a state of affairs continues in the village foranother 10 or 15 years then the small farmers will be moreaggressive, which is against the basic tenets of socialism in thecountry.2111 Gupta, B.S. and Roop Chand. (1996)Spatial and temporal variation of scheduled caste and scheduledtribe population in different arid districts of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 35: 143-146The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes together contribute21.5% of the total population in western Rajasthan. In 1991 census,wide variation was observed in the spatial distribution of scheduled

caste and scheduled tribe population and population density indifferent arid districts. Location quotient method has been used inorder to study the concentration of scheduled caste and scheduledtribe population within the study region. Seven districts, namelyChuru, Ganganagar, Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jalor and Pali arethe areas of high concentration of scheduled castes whereas,Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Barmer districts are the areas of lowconcentration. Areas of high concentration of tribal population areBarmer, Jodhpur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jalor and Pali. Here 90.8% oftribal population of western Rajasthan resides. Jaisalmer, Bikaner,Churu, Ganganagar and Nagaur recorded low concentration where9.2% of the entire scheduled tribe population resides. Scheduledcaste density follows total population density. Jhunjhunu hashighest scheduled caste population density (41), whereas, Jaisalmerhas minimum (1) population density. In the entire westernRajasthan, the density of tribal population is highest in Jalor (9.1)and least in Bikaner (0.1).2112 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Khan, W. (1980)Some urban growth contributory factors in Nagaur district - adiscriminant analysis. Current Agriculture. 4: 125-132The contribution of some important factors in discriminating theurbanization between rural and urban population was examined.The data were collected for 120 villages of Nagaur district to classifythe villages on the basis of degree of urbanization. To study thecomparative level of urbanization in two populations, MahalanobisD²-statistics generating the distance between the two populations ofvillages were worked out. The contributory factors viz., population ofvillage, percent literacy rate, percent non-agricultural workers,distance from town and accessibility, accounted for 32.65, 5.60, 7.96,18.01 and 35.78%, respectively, of the total urbanization distancebetween two populations. The accessibility, village population anddistance from the town jointly caused about 87% of the totalurbanization distance. The discriminant function was employed andit turned out to be significant. The relative weights, 1, -118.19,89.90, -35.94 and -2059.54 did help in differentiating the urbangrowth between two populations from representative villages inNagaur district.2113 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Pramod Kumar. (1988)Statistical appraisal of urban growth in Barmer district (Rajasthan).Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 165-170The path coefficient and multiple regression analyses revealedpercentage literacy and population, followed by percentage of non-

agricultural workers, as the crucial variables for urbanization inBarmer district. Step-up regression analysis determined the majorcontributors to urbanization as percentage literacy, followed bypopulation, percentage of non-agricultural workers, populationdensity and infrastructure facilities. The high values of coefficient ofdetermination implied that the estimated regression equations couldsafely be used for planned growth of urbanization in arid areas.2114 Gupta, B.S., Purohit, M.L. and Taimni, V. (1982)Note on the factors responsible for urban growth in arid districts ofwestern Rajasthan - a principal component technique. CurrentAgriculture. 6: 1-2The variation in the extent of urbanization among different villagesof Barmer district in arid-zone of western Rajasthan is verynegligible, indicating smaller impact of urbanization in whole of thedistrict.2115 Gupta, B.S., Roop Chand and Gupta, K.N. (1995)Demographic changes in different agro-climatic regions ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 137-144This research paper establishes the relationship between spatialdistribution of population with its demographic characteristics.Based on 1991 primary population census, significant variationsexist in the density of population and population growth rate indifferent agro-climatic regions, viz., arid, transitional between aridand semi-arid, semi-arid, subhumid and humid regions. Proportionof main workers and marginal workers to total population indifferent agro-climatic regions has also been dealt with. Mainfindings of some demograpic characteristics in the agro-climaticregions are depicted through two tables and three maps at1 : 25,000,00 scale.2116 Lambrecht, F.L. (1979)The implications of health in the development of arid zones in theIndian sub-continent. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 181-185The implications of health in the development of arid zones in Indiahave been described in detail. Only an effective, adequate healthservice combined with an action programme in health educationcould prevent serious public health problems in Indian Arid Zone.2117 Malhotra, S.P. and Bharara, L.P. (1963)Socio-economic factors in a desert village. All India CongressCommittee Economic Review. 15: 23-27

The population, family and economic organisation of a typical desertvillage were studied.The findings show a rapid growth of population,dependence on cultivation as chief source of livelihood, traditionalagricultural practices, and overcrowding of livestock on the grazinglands.2118 Malhotra, S.P. and Bose, A.B. (1963)Problems of rehabilitation of nomadic banjaras in western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 69-81The problems faced for rehabilitation of nomadism Banjaras havebeen dealt in detail after considering their social habits. Theresettlement schemes should be under the panchayat samitis.2119 Malhotra, S.P. and Saha, D.K. (1985)Leaders' perception towards arid land development. Man and Life.11: 171-178A study was undertaken in an arid village of Jodhpur district ofwestern Rajasthan, to see the attitude and reactions of leaderstowards some development programmes and their participation andto study some of the characteristics viz; communication behaviour,credibility of news etc. of leaders.2120 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Joshi, P.L. (1966)Impact of land, water and vegetation resources on the economy of thecattle breeders of a desert village. Annals of Arid Zone. 5: 219-228Land, water and vegetation resources, their efficient utilization anddevelopment influence the socio-economic mode of life of the cattlebreeders of village Sattasar. With the inception of Rajasthan Canalmost of the area will go under cultivation and the area for pastureand grazing purposes will be decreased. The sources of water supplyboth for animal and human consumption are Tobas, tankas, wells andkundas. Toba is an important economic centre of milk and gheeproduction where grass and forage production are abundantlyavailable. Subsistance farming is practised. `Sewan', `Dhaman',`Lampada'. `Bhurar' are available.2121 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Joshi, P.L. (1967)Comparative socio-economic factors of inhabitants of Anupgarh Pugalregion and in Luni basin of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.6: 117-128The density of population in Anupgarh-Pugal region is only 2.7 km -2 .as compared to 31.8 persons in the Luni basin. The population is

predisposed to high growth rate. There is significantly greatershortage of females in the former as compared to the latter region.The mean size of household is 6.83 and 5.94 respectively inAnupgarh-Pugal region and in Luni basin, the difference in the meanvalues is statistically significant. The percentage of economicallyactive population in Anupgarh-Pugal region is compartively morewhich may be attributed to the larger percentage of population in thisregion engaged in the main occupation of animal husbandry. Theaverage size of land holding with a household in the latter region insignificantly greater as compared to the former region.2122 Malhotra, S.P., Bharara, L.P. and Patwa, F.C. (1969)Population, resources and food situation in various tracts within thearid zone of Rajasthan. Indian sociological bulletin. 6: 213-221A study on population, resources and food situation in various tractswithin the arid zone of Rajasthan has been done.2123 Malhotra, S.P., Kalla, J.C. and Goyal, D. (1977)Man, land, livestock and food prospects in an extremely desertic tractof Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 133-146Although the districts of Barmer, Bikaner and Jaisalmer constituteextreme desertic tract, yet these have been densely populated ascompared by arid zone standards of the world. During 70 years (1901-71), the human population in the tract increased by 176% ascompared to 131% in the country. Livestock population in this regionfar exceeds human population leading to acute imbalances in the landuse pattern. Land in this region predominantly constitutes ofdegenerated forms like barren, culturable wastes and fallows, which,with increasing pressure of animal and human popoulation hasresulted in low level of production. This region is plagued by high rateof instability (extent of yield variation ranging from 87.12% forsesame to 33.61% for barley) and negative annual growth rate of yieldof principal crops owing to frequent crop failres. The study revealedthe necessity of a concerted effort to allocate land according to itsinherent capacity, population control and rational resource usesupported by modern technology.2124 Malhotra, S.P., Saha, D.K. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1983)Factors influencing information sources - A study of casualrelationship. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 313-137Considering the importance of communication in adoption ofagricultural innovations a study was undertaken to examine thecasual relationship of information sources with different factors

influencing adoption. The techniques of path co-efficient analysis hasbeen used in studying the casual relationship among the variablesunder consideration. Path-coefficients indicated that systemic linkagehad highest direct effect with information sources followed by socialparticipation. The multiple regression analysis also revealed thatmost of the variation (66%) in the information sources was accountedby the systemic linkage and social participation which showedhighest direct effects in the path analysis.2125 Malhotra, S.P., Sen, A.K. and Gupta, B.S. (1983)Recent demographic changes in different agro-climatic regions ofRajashtan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 209-219The density of population, the population growth rate in differentagro-climatic regions are dealt with. Working population and theirvariation in different agro-climatic regions are then described.Proportion of main workers, marginal workers to total population inagro-climatic variation has been added. The paper concluded with anote on the main findings of some demographic characteristics inagro-climatic regions. These are illustruted through three maps(1:2,000,000 originally cartographed and subsequetly reduced forpublication) and three Tables.2126 Malhotra, S.P., Rao, J.S., Goyal, D. and Patwa, F.C. (1972)Population, land use and live-stock composition in India and its aridzone. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 116-127The growth rate of population in Indian arid zone is comparitivelymuch higher, literacy rate level comparitively much lower and agreater concentration of workers on cultivation. The area underforests ia very meagre. More than 25% of the waste lands of thecountry are located in the hot Indian arid zone. The crops grown inthe Indian arid zone are mostly rainfed crops, the percentage ofdouble cropped area being only 3.65 as compared to about 15% in thecountry. Though it occupies one-tenths of the country's area, theIndian arid zone contributed only 2.40% of the cereals produced in thecountry. The percentage contribution to total production of bajra andcotton had, however, been quite subtantial. Wherever irrigationfacilities are availble the per hectare average yield of wheat, barley,maize and cotton crops had been higher for the arid areas. Thelivestock population in the Indian arid zone constitutes 6.66% of thetotal livestock in the country. Sheep, goat and camels constitutecomparatively higher percentage. The total livestock populationexceeds human population and the density of livestock on thecultivated lands, on permanent pastures and grazing lands and per

units of human population is comparatively higher in Indian aridzone.2127 Mehta, B.C. (1989)Socio-economic development in the arid region of Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 28: 9-17The level of socio-economic development and the incidence of povertyare studied for the arid districts of Rajasthan. Poverty wasmeasured by using the head-count ratio, poverty-gap and the Lorenzratio of the distribution of income. In the western region,43.34 percent of the rural population lives under the poverty line and thepoverty gap is 29.16% of the required level. Bottom 25% cultivatorshave only 5.9% of toal rural assets but 23% of toal liabilities. Most ofthe debt incurred is for meeting out household deficit. For the studyat district level, composite indicators of quality of life, agriculturaldevelopment, agrarian relations, agricultural infrastructure, inputuse and industrial development were computed for 1970-71 and1980-81. Infrastructural development is low, agrarian relations arepre-capitalist and industrial development is slow.2128 Purohit, M.L., Anantha Ram, K. and Goyal, D. (1997)Imbalances in food consumption and nutritrion in Kutch district ofGujarat. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 9: 127-31Balanced regional development is one of the objectives of planningexercise in the country. In order to achieve this objective, it isnecessary to identify the level of development at regional and subregionallevels. Consumption levels of food could be one of theindicators of the levels of development in a given region. The KutchDistrict of Gujarat State is one of the backward districts owing tothe physiographic and climatic conditions. In order to study thedevelopment process, the district has been classified into five welldefined physiographic land form units (LFUs) by examining thetopo-sheets at CAZRI, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. A detailed agro-economicsurvey of the district was carried out in the year 1990-91. Theresults of one of these aspects, viz., consumption levels of food inthese LFUs with an objective to assess the regional imbalances withrespect to consumption of food, the data are analysed and presentedin this paper.2129 Ramana Rao, B.V., Ramakrishna, Y.S. and Rao, J.S. (1983)A note on human discomfort due to excessive heat and humidity inthe arid regions of India. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 37-39

The paper deals with human discomfort in relation to excessive heatand humidity in arid regions. Monthly human comfort valuescalculated for 11 arid stations situated in Punjab, Haryana,Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh showed thatdiscomfort prevails during the day time for five months in northernand north-western with moderate to severe conditions in eveningsduring May to September.2130 Ramnath, T. (1992)Village population density in desert and its implications oncommunity health and social survey. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 163-164When representatives of the samples is considered in relation to allthe amenities, the population density based selection of villagesscored over the selection based on the population size. Whileplanning any type of survey in desert areas, there is not much gainin going for villages by their size unlike in non-desert areas.2131 Ramnath, T., Ganguly, K.K., Mahapatra, A., Yadav, S. andPandy, R.M. (1993)Dietary intakes, knowledge of people about the diseases andnutritional disorders in two desert districts of Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 32: 59-62A comprehensive health survey was initiated in 1986, in two desertdistricts of Rajasthan covering 512 households from 19 villages and438 households from 15 villages from Jodhpur and Bikaner districts,respectively. More than 30% of the families have to travel more than10 km to avail any health facilities. More than 50% of therespondents had the knowledge of fever, diarrhoea, worminfestation, measles, malaria and guinea worm. However, theirknowledge about nutritional disorders was poor in both the districts.The diets were predominantly based on bajra and wheat. Theconsumption of pulses, vegetables, fats and oil, sugar and otherfoods were far from satisfactory and were below 30 g. The nutrientsintake (except protein) were inadequate in all the age groups but thedeficits of nutrients were observed to be more pronounced amongchildern below 12 years.2132 Saha, D.K. (1989)Adoption of improved farm practices in an extreme arid district ofwestern Rajasthan. Man and Life. 15: 72-78The study was conducted in an extreme desert district (Barmer) toinvestigate the extent of adoption of various improved farm

practices in different land form units. The adoption of variousimproved farm practices was, by and large, poor. Inter land formunits variation was, however, observed as the adoption was slightlybetter in agriculturally potential land form units.2133 Saha, D.K. (1992)Social scientists and farming-systems research. Man In India. 72:73-76The paper examines the importance of anthropologists andsociologists in on-farm or farming-systems research. Theparticipation of resource poor farmers in on-farm or farmingsystemsresearch is essential for the success of any improvedfarming programme since they constitute the bulk of our ruralpopulation. Anthropologists played a significant role in CIP, Peru, insolving the farm level problems alongwith other biological scientists.The involvement of sociologists or anthropologists in on farm orfarming systems research, therefore, may solve the farm levelproblems and ensure better participation of resource poor farmers.2134 Saha, D.K. (1993)Population dynamics in Indian arid zone. Man and Life. 19: 153-162The growing trend of population is a world-wide phenomenonbarring a few nations. The present paper discusses the trends ofpopulation growth, composition of population etc. The study wasconducted in arid regions of western rajasthan and Kutch district ofGujarat. The growth of population in zone-1 (Jaisalmer district) wasconsiderably high compared to other zones. The level of literary alsoremained quite poor in this zone. The early age of marriage, massiveilliteracy, especially the female illiteracy, traditional beliefs andcustoms, limited use of birth control measures, poor health caresystem, scattered settlements, poor infrastructure facilities weresome of the contributing factors towards the growth of populationbesides influx of population from bordering country during (1971-81)and the arrival of Indira Gandhi canal.2135 Saha, D.K. and Malhotra, S.P. (1984)Leadership pattern in an arid village of western Rajasthan. EasternAnthropologist. 37: 257-263The study was conducted in an extreme arid village to identify thedifferent types of leaders and how far they differ with regard tosocio-economic status, socio-psychological attributes, media exposureand agricultural adoption. The leaders were identified throughsocio-metric technique. The leaders were mainly polymorphic in

nature. The formal leaders were prone to change than the informalleaders due to better education and exposure to mass mediacommunication.2136 Saha, D.K. and Sen, M.L.A. (1993)Status of education in some villages of Jalor district in arid zone ofwestern Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 17: 89-96A case study was undertaken in six villages of Jalor district toinvestigate the extent of education, factors affecting education andaspiration for children education. Empirical studies revealed thatthe extent of education was very meagre. The socio-economic factorsdid not vary significantly with the level of literacy. Socio-economicfactors bound with tradition and custom, distantly placed schools,lack of motivation and reluctance of parents were some of the factorscausing poor level of literacy. The female education was viewed onlywith the understanding of day to day activities.2137 Saha, D.K. and Singh, V. (1990)People's perception towards common property land (CPL)degradation in some arid areas of western Rajasthan. Transactionsof the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 15: 75-84An attempt was made to study people's perception towards thecommon property land (CPL) degradation in seven villages of aridRajasthan. The principal factors responsible for degradation werethe declining trend of productivity of various grasses due to erraticand poor rainfall, privatisation of CPL and extension of cultivationin grazing land as perceived by the villagers.2138 Saha, D.K. and Vyas, D.L. (1991)Improved farming - its implications in arid Rajasthan. Man andLife. 17: 125-132The present study clearly indicated that even poor farmers, if theyare provided with basic inputs like HYV of seeds, fertilizers andirrigation are ready to accept the improved farming. The traditionalfarming over the years have made their survival possible even in theworst drought years. The traditional practices which are prevalentin this region for centuries may be examined whether someimprovements can be made by introducing some improvedtechniques by which yields may be enhanced.2139 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1981)Diffusion and adoption of agricultural innovations in arid villages ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 271-275

The rate of diffusion in general was very low and chemical fertilizerlike urea had the highest rate of diffusion (0.2187 in terms of probit)followed by wheat, Kalyan sona, bajra; BJ 104 and insecticide. Theperiod for 50% and 90% adoption ranged from 6.50 years (urea) to10.46 years (insecticide) and 15.87 years (urea) to 22.38 years(insecticide). Social participation score was highly correlated withthe adoption score and accounted for a significantly greater amountof variation.2140 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1983)Factor analysis in adoption of agricultural innovations in arid areasof western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 307-312The techniques of factor analysis was adopted to determine thefactors associated with the adoption of agricultural innovations.Altogether 12 attributes were subjected to factor analysis. Fourfactors, viz., adoption behaviour, economic factor, family structureand occupation, were extracted which accounted for 71% of the totalvariability. Adoption behaviour or expression of innovativenessaccounted for highest variability. Multivariate structure of theinnovation decision process is concluded from this study.2141 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P., Mathur, Y.N. and Singh, U. (1987)Pattern of communication and constraints in disseminating modernagricultural technologies in arid villages. Annals of Arid Zone. 26:235-240No major difference was observed between and within the villageswith respect to utilization of various media. Situational and inputconstraints were predominantly higher in village Doli than sociopsychologicaland communication constraints. The literate farmersreported more communication constraints than illiterate farmers.Technical persons had the highest relative credibility.2142 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1976)Some agro-demographic aspects in different agroclimatic regions ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 15: 121-128The rural population with percentage density and decennial growthrate during the last census decade (1961-71), occupational pattern,agricultural population, per capita agricultural land, agriculturalland per cultivator and pressure on land; production of cereals andpulses per cultivator; per capita production of staple food crops, percapita requirements in different macro agro-climatic regions aredescribed through a series of 1:2 milliion maps. On the basis of per

capita food production a map showing the surplus and deficit areashas been prepared.2143 Sen, M.L.A. (1969)Mass communication in a desert village. Annals of Arid Zone. 8:135-142In Pal village examined with its limited availability of differentformal and informal media of communication, the extent ofawareness to a natural event was observed to be quite significant.Age, occupation, level of income, education and caste were observedto be important correlates to the relative effectiveness of differentcommunication channels. In the lower age groups, the formal mediaof communication were more effective, whereas in the higher agegroups, a word of mouth still plays a vital role in dissemination ofinformation. In relation to occupation, the formal media ofcommunication was more effective with Government servants andbusiness communities perhaps because of their greater degree ofexposure to the public. A word of mouth has still a strong holdamong the people following the traditional occupations. In relationto income groups, the lower range of income has more inclinationtowards informal media of communication, i.e., a word of mouth,whereas the upper range of income group has responded appreciablyto the formal media of communication. In relation to level ofeducation, the formal media of communication was observed to bemore operative in the higher level of education, whereas the lowerlevel of education was mostly associated with the informal media ofcommunication. With respect to caste groups, upper and middlecaste groups are more associated with formal media ofcommunication, whereas lower caste groups have inclinationstowards informal media of communication.2144 Sen, P.K. (1960)"A new method of mapping three variables." Geographical Review ofIndia. 22: 15-28The concept of deviation method has been applied to develop a newmethod of mapping three variables for population mapping. Themethod which has been worked out mathematically is quite suitableto prepare population maps of the arid zone.2145 Solanki, G.S. (1990)Nomadism and migration of pastoralists and their livestock inwestern India. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 203-210

Nomadism and migration are conspicuous features of livestockraising in the arid and semi-arid regions of western India. Migratorymovement initiates in the month of November and December andreturn migration starts in June and July. In extreme western partof sandy desert the migration is local and without any cyclic pattern.In the eastern part of the sandy desert, the livestock migration iscyclic and follows the definitive routes. Livestock herds from thewestern part of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner districts movetowards Punjab plains via Ganganagar. The herds from the easternpart of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Nagaur districts go toGanga-Yamuna Doab and Punjab plains through Jaipur. Herds fromsouthern part of Jaisalmer and Barmer move down to Gujarat viaSanchor. The migratory herds spread over about three times thearea of origin.2146 Tewari, A.K. and Laxmi, T.G. (1978-83 )Levels of economic development and agro-demographic structure ofOsian-Mathania tract of the Indian desert. Indian Journal ofGeography. 13: 55-62Agricultural planning needs the scientific analysis of the basicresources. It also requires the correlation of these resources with thesocio-economic conditions of the rural population. An attempt hasbeen made in this paper to assess the agro-demographic regions inOsian-Mathania tract of the Indian desert and to indicate the levelsof agro-demographic development of three sample villages in thistract.Agricultural Economics2147 Ahuja, U.R. (1991)Comparative efficiency of dairy plants in the states of Haryana andRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 30: 123-128For whole of HDDCF (Haryana) capital productivity turned out tobe 55% at constant and 49% at current prices. Capital productivitywas maximum (74% at constant and 67% at current prices) for Jindmilk plant. The capital productivity for whole of RCDF (Rajasthan)was 40% at constant and 38% at current prices. Capital productivitywas maximum (93% at constant and 89% of current prices) forBikaner plant. In case of labour productivity, output per employeewas found to be more than 26 thousand rupees at constant andalmost double at current prices. Jind in HDDCF and Bikaner inRCDF were most resource efficient plants.2148 Ahuja, U.R., Vyas, D.L. and Jodha, G.S. (1992)

Measurements of land inequality by revised Lorenz Gini ratio inarid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 123-126Inequality in land distribution by employing different measureshave been studied. Family size. age and sex composition of the farmhouseholds are important determinants of inequality in land holdingdistribution Revised Gini Ratio's I and II are found to be superior toconventional Lorenz/Gini ratio.2149 Anantha Ram, K. (1992)Incidence of fertiliser subsidy : A macro level analysis. IndianJournal of Agricultural Economics. 47: 377-378The production of rice and wheat, the two cereals accounting for amajor share of fertilisers used, increased by 21% and by 22%,respectively between 1984-85 and 1988-89 and the amount ofsubsidy increased by 68% during the same period. The subsidy peradditional loan of wheat and rice produced in 1988-89 over 1984-85worked out to Rs. 594.60. Therefore, the fertiliser subsidy peradditional tonne of rice and wheat produced formed almost one-fifthof the value of rice or wheat. The sharing of fertiliser subsidy on thebasis of fertiliser consumption amongst the four zones in absolutequantity of fertiliser consumed (35% and 25%) and fertiliserconsumption per hectare of gross cropped area (113 and 96 kg ha -1 )were higher than in the west and east zones. However, the economicsubsidy the farmer derived from the fertiliser subsidy is estimatedto be Rs. 84.80 per tonne of rice and wheat produced in 1988-89.Between 1984-85 and 1988-89 an additional tonne of fertiliseryielded 4.80 tonne of rice and wheat which in approximate monetaryterms was worth Rs. 2,907 and Rs. 8,640, respectively. Therefore,the recent decision of the government to increase the fertiliser priceto the farmer, so as to reduce the burden of fertiliser subsidy,appears to be not in the right direction. The solution to the problemmay be in thoroughly re-examining the pricing of the supplies fromfeed stock agencies to the fertiliser industry and the retention pricesubsidy scheme. To reduce the regional imbalances in fertiliserconsumption and sharing of fertiliser subsidy equitably, thedevelopment of complementary infrastructure like irrigation in theless developed regions is suggested.2150 Anantha Ram, K. and Dave, B.K. (1988)Trend analysis of sesame production in arid Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 27: 161-164Sesame production trends, problems and prospects in Rajasthanwere examined by analysing the secondary data. The problem of

decreasing sesame production is traced to decreasing area allocationto the crop. The low yields of local varieties in the absence of viablenew technology have tended to take away the area normally used tobe allocated to this crop, in favour of pulses.2151 Anantha Ram, K. and Gajja, B.L. (1983)An application of discriminant analysis in wheat acreage in aridzone of Rajasthan. Rajasthan Economic Journal. 7: 73-77An attempt has been made to study the contribution of someindividual factors which affect the allocation of land to wheat andalso made to find out the factors that help in distinguishing theallocation of acreage under wheat in the two districts. Barmer andGanganagar, with the help of discriminant function analysis. Areaallocation was influenced by yield, irrigated area and area allocationlagged by one year. On the basis of this study, it was furtherconcluded that area under wheat and irrigated area under the cropwere the major factors which distinguished the two population.2152 Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, D.L. (1990)Agro-climatic region - the case of western dry region. Indian Journalof Agricultural Economics. 45: 339The need and adequacy of variables considered for the classificationof agro-climatic regions have been examined with particularreference to the western dry region. The case of 11 arid districts ofwestern Rajasthan which forms a part of the dry region has beenspecifically studied. Besides the five variables, viz., per capita netsown area, gross irrigated to gross cropped area, cropping intensity,density of population and per cent of workforce to populationconsidered by the Planning commission, the linear growth rates ofmajor food-grain crops and their variability over time and spacehave been examined. The growth of crop yields is negative in over50% of major crops, mostly kharif, with high variability oftenexceeding 40% and above. Only wheat and barley showed significantgrowth rates with least variation. By ranking the variables for theindividual zones and scoring, it is observed that the micro zonesended with almost similar total scores despite vide variations inagro-climatic conditions between the micro zones, leading to theinference that the variables considered are not adequate enough formicro level planning. Since irrigation is highly associated with cropyield variability in dry regions, it is surmised that an index of cropyield variability of major crops of the region as an additionalvariable should give proper signal to micro level planning. It issuggested that all regions with a crop yield coefficient of variation of20% and above, in major crop/crop groups, should get priority in

allocation of funds, preferably for creating irrigationinfrastructure/water harvesting technology.2153 Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, K.K. (1984)Economics of sheep production in arid western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 23: 171-180Sheep enterprise was highly profitable in zones I and II, but not soin zone III. The net returns for a unit of 100 sheep were Rs. 4805 inzone I, Rs.3534 in zone II. In zone III, the returns over actual costswere Rs. 289 compared to Rs. 2916 and Rs. 1466 in zones I and II,respectively. The low returns in zone III was traced to the lowyielding characteristic of Marwari sheep breeds, higher mortality oflambs (40%) high stocking rates (6 animal units per hectare) andlower price quoted for the products of this breed. Since sheep wereessentiallay raised on grazing lands the cost of feeding wasnegatively related with availability of grazing resources. Highstocking rates may therefore endanger the profitability of theenterprise. Measures to check mortality rates along withdevelopment of marketing infrastructure for sheep skin, hoof etc.are suggested. The strengthening of wool marketing federation withadequate finances has been recommended.2154 Anantha Ram, K., Bhati, G.N. and Goyal, D. (1990)The economics of cooking energy scenario in arid Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 29: 333-338About 60 per cent of fuel wood consumed on sample households wassupplied by ones own farm. Fuel wood, dung cake and crop wastesaccounted for 58, 28 and 14% total non-commercial fuels used incooking food. The per household annual consumption of noncommercialfuels ranged between 3.13 to 5.62 t in different size offarms. However, the actual per capita energy derived from the noncommercialfuels consumed on sample farms was short by 22%compared to requirement in country side conditions. It is inferredthat the fuels are used inefficiently leading to diversion of valuablecowdung to hearths. The per farm cowdung used as fuel worth Rs.108.00 was actually worth Rs. 302.00 in terms of nutrients (NPK)contained in it.2155 Anantha Ram, K., Purohit, M.L. and Goyal, D. (1986)Factor affecting tractorisation in arid Rajasthan and demandprojections. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 290-293The demand for the tractors by the turn of the century and thefactors affecting tractorisation in arid Rajasthan have been

analysed. The analysis revealed that the growth of tractors washighly instable. Still the estimated demand for tractors by the turnof the century is 81000. The main factor affecting tractorisation inthe region were irrigated area and draught power. Tractorisation ofagriculture can get a fillip in the region with irrigation andsignificant reductions in draught power.2156 Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, D.L. and Pareek, B.L. (1993)Consumption expenditure on food in typical rural farm families inarid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 32: 187-190Cross section data on consumption of food expenditure of 154 samplehouseholds in a cluster of six villages in Jodhpur tehsil in Rajasthanfor the year 1989-90 has been analysed. The analysis revealed thatthe average household consumption expenditure of Rs. 105/- perconsumer unit was below the All India poverty line expenditure atcurrent prices. However, consumption in terms of calories wasmarginally below the poverty line norms in marginal (2705) small(2768) and medium (2758) farms against the recommended 2800calories per consumer unit per day. The valuation of home growncereal bajra and milk at farm rate prices, rather than at the retailmarket prices was found to be the factors behind the lowconsumption expenditure. The lower per capita production of cerealsfrom ones own farms constrained the increased calorie intakes.2157 Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, K.K. and Singh, U. (1989)Groundwater - a study in common property resource usage problemin arid areas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 44: 296-297The study incorporates the results of analysis of household leveldata of two representative village of 51 households in different sizegroups.Groundwater use as a common property resource (CPR) hasbeen analysed. Both in terms of numbers, area commanded and areaactually irrigated, the large farmers derived the maximum out ofCPR groundwater. In the large size-group, 90% of samplehouseholds had irrigation from tubewells. The area commanded byeach tubewell in this group was 6.8 ha as compared to 1.7 ha in thesmall size-group, although the area actually irrigated varied from49% in the large to 73% in the small size-group. The groundwaterirrigation has thus added to the already existing inequalities inholding size distribution. The shortfall in actual area irrigated (51percent) in relation to the command was traced to power shortageand depletion of water table in the wells presumably due tooverdrawal. Water use efficiency was at a discount because the CPRgroundwater was practically free of cost as the power tariffs were

linked to horse power of engine and not to power consumed or waterdrawn. The nature of groundwater and the least cost structure ofgroundwater use have apparently promoted a cropping pattern thatis neither in the larger interest of groundwater resource nor was iton socially desirable lines, because it has encouraged overdrawal ofwater on the one hand and discouraged crops that yield both foodand fodder. No doubt, the availability of groundwater hasencouraged private investment in irrigation but the resource itself isthreatened because of overdrawal. The need is suggested for publicinvestments in water harvesting by impounding run-off throughcheck dams and storage in tanks and investments in publictubewells for equitable distribution of groundwater for desiredresults.2158 Bhati, G.N. and Vyas, D.L. (1982)Economics of fertilizer use for oat forage production in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 207-214Economic evaluation of field trials (1973-76) on oat forageproduction in relation to varying levels of N application was done.Statistical analysis of green fodder yield data was done for selectionof 'best fit' economic optima for N use and revenue cost relationship.The study amply demonstrated that oat forage production at 100 kgN application yielded highest income per hectate with given factorproductprice relationship under irrigated conditions in westernRajasthan.2159 Bhati, G.N., Bhati, T.K. and Shankarnarayan, K.A.(1987)Economic evaluation of pasture establishments in arid region.Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 241-246Studies were conducted on grazing behaviour of mixed flock of ramlambs and he-goats at a fixed stocking rate of 10 animals ha -1 onshrub (Zizyphus nummularia) and legume (Clitorea ternatea) basedpastures of buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. Pure pastures ofC.ciliaris were profitable and could recover investment cost in thesecond year, but in the long run, shrub based pasture showed amore productive trend. Shrub based pastures involved moreinvestment cost for planting and maintenance of Zizyphus. Legumebased pastures could not sustain the grazing stress and failed toregenerate under prevailing droughts of 1983-84.2160 Bhati, G.N., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1985)Economic appraisal of date palm plantations in western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 24: 251-257

Date palm plantations offer an attractive arid land use optionswhere irrigation water, sunshine and absence of rainfall at fruitripening stage from natural resource endowments. Estimated IRRwas only 13%, being little less than the prevalent bank interest rateof 14% per annum on long-term investment. The results renderedthis enterprise little short of economic viability. The viability couldhowever, be enhanced by incorporating under-storey companioncrops or vegetables under irrigated conditions together withcombining production and processing of fruits and providing liberalinstitutional help.2161 Bhati, G.N., Anantha Ram, K., Vyas, D.L., Bankar, G.J. (1992)Economic evaluation of pomegranate cultivation in westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 213-216Economic appraisal of pomegranate cultivation technology in aridRajasthan revealed the annuity of Rs. 20 , 193.0 ha -1 at 14%discount rate. The BC ratio was 2.74 and the pay back period ofinvestment was 4 years. The technology was found to be beneficialeven at discount rate of over 40%. The pomegranate technology isviable even under a combination of natural, economic and marketinduced fluctuations. The adoption of the technology, however,hinges on the availability of irrigation.2162 Diwakar, G.D. (1990)Socio-economic profile and marketing pattern of livestock sellers inwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 319-324The illiteracy was more dominant (59%) among the sellers oflivestock. Family size was quite large. Operational size of holdingwas 6.82 hectares and above 90% area was found to be unirrigated.Backward castes were playing major role in rearing of the livestockas their share was 63% of the selected sellers. Among the rest, uppercastes, muslims and SC/ST communities comprised of 20, 10.67 and6.67%, respectively. At seller farms, cattle, camels and goats rankedI, II and III places sharing 29, 24 and 23% of the livestockpopulation. Most sellers brought their camels to Gongamadi marketfor sale due to its specialisation for camel marketing. Marketablesurplus of camels was quite high (80%) and marketed surplus was47% of camel population. Most of the camels were sold in marketand rest in the villages. In Gongamadi market, the sellers(agriculturists), wholesale dealers and nomadic tribals wereinvolved in assembling and distribution of livestock to fulfill thedamands and supplies over time and space. Mainly, two marketingchannels i.e, livestock owner-user and livestock owner-trader-userwere existing in the market. Under the method of sale, the direct

negotiation was popular. Sale through broker was also prevalent.The barter method of livestock sale was rare.2163 Diwakar, G.D. and Mruthyunjaya. (1985)Economics of irrigation and crop production under different waterlifting devices in the Upper Luni basin, Rajasthan. Annals of AridZone. 24: 101-108The inital investments were considerably high under different waterlifting devices and these also varied considerably between andwithin devices due to different factors. Under working costs, bullockand human labours consisted of 89% of the total cost in case ofindigeneous devices and below 30% in case of modern devices whichwere more economical and efficient with regards to higher croppingintensity, irrigated cropped area under superior cereals andcommercial crops, and their productivity. Modern devicescontributed higher gross and net income on a unit of area. Amongmodern devices, electric devices performed better.2164 Diwakar, G.D. and Sehara, D.B.S. (1981)Agricultural prices in Rajasthan with reference to price policy.Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 36: 113-114There was a rising trend in the prices from 1966 to 1968 for all thecrops and then a fall upto the year 1970. During the years 1974 and1975, there was a high rise in prices which slowly declined upto1977. Correlation coefficients also indicated high and positiverelationship in the price indices of crops. Parity ratios showed thatall the cereal crops except jowar and barley for a few years hadadverse terms of trade as compared to general food articles. Generalwholesale prices and manufacturers had favourable terms of tradefrom 1966 and 1971 onward respectively while the parity ratios forindustrial raw material were favourable only in 1971, 1977 and1978. In the case of inputs, except diesel, the parity ratios offertilizer and electricity with cereal prices were low. The adjustedbase method of parity was used to fix the price of wheat, barley,bajra, jowar and maize for the year 1978-79. The estimated prices ofthese commodities were found higher than the prices fixed by theGovernment for the same year. For more accurate assessment, otherfactors like labour wage, consumer price index, etc., can also betaken into account in fixing the prices.2165 Diwakar, G.D. and Sehara, D.B.S. (1982)Factors affecting the consumption of plant nutrients in arid andsemi-arid districts of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 59-63

Area under tenancy and rural literacy extended maximum influencein semi-arid districts while rural literacy did not show anysignificant effect on the use of plant nutrients in arid districts ofRajasthan. Area under tenancy showed negative effect on the use ofnitrogenous and potassic nutrients in arid districts but in case ofphosphatic nutrients its effect was positive and significant. On theother hand, annual rainfall influenced the use of nitrogenous andpotassic nutrients significantly in arid districts. Gross croppedirrigated area was observed significantly affecting the use of all thenutrients separately and in combination of in arid districts while thesame did not influence the use of any of the nutrients significantlyin semi-arid districts. Average size of holding showed positive effectin arid districts but it influenced negatively the use of nutrients insemi-arid districts of Rajasthan.2166 Gajja, B.L. (1986)Cost analysis of milk processing in arid zone of Rajasthan. IndianCo-operative Review. 23: 82-93The present study is an attempt to estimate the cost incurred atdifferent stages of two mild plants in arid zone (one at Jodhpur andanother at Bikaner) having installed capacity of 1 lakh litres of milkper day. Cost of collection had lion's share in total cost in milkprocessing. The break-even point during 1976-77 and 1977-78 were60.78 and 120.56 lakhs litres for Jodhpur milk plant and 123.87 and145.73 lakhs of litres for Bikaner milk plants respectively. Theprocurement of milk was increasing but at decreasing rate which ismuch below the capacity of milk plants.2167 Gajja, B.L. (1987)Crop yield instability and rainfall in western Rajasthan, a casestudy of Jodhpur district. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 12: 37-44The data regarding monthly rainfall were collected from Jodhpurmeteorological Station for the period 1956-82. The data on yield perhectare of principal crops and irrigated area under different werecomplied `Statistical Abstracts of Rajasthan'. Weather is theimportant determinant of crop instability in the arid areas. Thoughadequate and timely rainfall is admittedly important factor forstable crop production in these areas but more often compounded bylack of proper soil and water management techniques.2168 Gajja, B.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1983)Inter-district variations in area of wheat in Rajashan. AgriculturalSituation in India. 37: 751-755

Three districts, namely, Jodhpur, Ganganagar and Udaipur wereselected to represent different levels of water availability. The datafor this study were collected from the annual publication entitled`Agriculture Statistics of Rajasthan'. Arid district like Jodhpur islikely to be endowed with less but stable productive performance ofwheat with almost similar stability at higher levels of performanceof production in Ganganagar due to irrigated area. The Udaipurdistrict displayed higher mean production than Jodhpur but thishigher productivity was associated with higher degree of instability.The study conclusively proved that even under most developedconditions, the area responsiveness of wheat in Rajasthan may beguided by combined effects factors like logged price, production ofwheat, extent of water availability and competing crops.2169 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, G.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1983)Acreage response to prices of major crops in Ganganagar district ofRajasthan - An econometric analysis. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 271-278An attempt has been made in this study to obtain the best estimatesthe district acreage response to prices in major crops viz., wheat,barley, rape and mustard; cotton and sugarcane in Ganganagardistrict of Rajasthan state. The Nerlovian lagged model with somemodifications was employed in present context. Risk variable wasincluded in the model alternatively in the forms of standarddeviation and coefficient of variation of the relative profitabilitybased on preceeding three years. Area allocation of major crops havebeen proved to be a better proxy of risk than standard deviation. Onthe basis of this study it can be inferred that cotton, rape andmustard; and sugarcane are relatively high risk crops as comparedto wheat and barley. Policy of rationalised output price-structure isthus prerequisite for stabilised productivity performance of majorcrops in arid areas endowed with assured irrigation.2170 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1984)Inter-district variation in supply response of rape and mustard inRajasthan. Oilseeds Journal. 13-16An attempt has been made to evaluate district supply response offarm sector for rape and mustard in the state of Rajasthan for aperiod of 22 years (1956-57 to 1977-78). Seven districts on the basisof area allocation of more than 5000 ha were selected. Threedistricts from arid and four districts from semi-arid regionrepresented in the study area. The results shown that decisionregarding area allocation of this crop strongly correspond to ownharvested that own yield of the crop also influence the allocation of

area. The interesting observation was that price effect has a closercorrespondence with irrigation facilities on area under rape andmustard.2171 Gajja, B.L., Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1985)Determinants of tractorisation process of arid areas of westernRajasthan. Agricultural Situation in India. 39: 257-260In this paper attempt has been made to quantity the contribution offactors affecting the tractorisation process to arid areas of westernRajasthan. Secondary data on various economic indicators usedwere compiled from different sources. Despite obvious limitations ofsuch restricted resource endownments, the agriculturalproductivity, size of holding, labour density, draught animalsdensity and rural literacy will have a positive impact on thetractorisation in the arid lands. A concerted policy for providingsufficient tractors to meet their demands alongwith net-work ofefficient service centres will thus go a long way in increasingagricultural productivity without replacing human and draughtanimals in the arid districts of western Rajasthan.2172 Gajja, B.L., Vyas, D.L. and Chouhan, T.S. (1984)Factors affecting aggregate crop production : a step-wise approach.National Geographer. 19: 69-72An attempt has been made to identify the major factors affectingcrop production through step-wise regression technique, crossdistrict data of Rajasthan were used. The secondary data for cropactivities for the year 1976-77 and other data from Livestock Census(1977) were used. The results revealed that total cropped area hasless fluctuated in comparison to other variations under study. Thevalue of agricultural products was influenced by the use of fertiliserfollowed by number of bullock carts, number of tractors, number ofwater lifting devices and cropped area. This indicates that fertiliserconsumption is very high, while tractorisation has still not receivedconsiderable attention of the farmers.2173 Gajja, B.L., Vyas, D.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1984)Spatial variations in supply response of wheat in arid areas ofwestern Rajasthan. Agricultural Situation in India. 39: 591-94Commensurate with the objective Seven districts (Barmer,Ganganagar, Jalore, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar) were selected onthe basis of area allocation under wheat more than 10,000 ha. Thestudy is based on the secondary data of 23 years compiled from`Statistical Abstract of Rajasthan'. The decisions pertaining to

allocation of area under wheat crop corresponds strongly andpositively with harvest price lagged by one year or two years.Wherever, the harvest price lagged by one year had negativeinfluence, it turned out to be invariably positive under lag of twoyears. Wheat yield lagged by one year did not have strong influenceon current area allocation. The area lagged by one year did not exertany positive influence on decision regarding the area allocation buthad positive influence when lagged by two or three years.2174 Goyal, D., Joshi, B.R. and Taimni, V. (1981)Comparative economics of bullock and tractor use in Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 265-270Bullocks have traditionally been an important source of tractionpower in the agricultural sector of arid areas of western Rajasthan.The advent of the green revolution and massive allocation ofplanned resources for rapid agricultural development havegenerated sizable element of competition in the pattern of power usein farm sectors. This study has revaled a positive case for limitedsubstitution of bullocks by tractors in the arid region and hasfurther indicated that under the constrained availability of tractors,complete substitution of bullocks would result in wastage of theavailable power resource of the arid region. It has been inferred thata limited substitution of power use should be allowed in arid farmswhere the time of completing farm chores is the overridingconsideration. Even this limited substitution will need a vigorusinfra-structural development for meeting the input demands createdby the increased quantum of mechanical energy use.2175 Gupta, B.S., Kavia, Z.D. and Taimni, V. (1983)Resources productivity on demonstration farms in operationalresearch villages in Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 227-231An attempt is made here to study resource use productivity ondemonstration farms in the O.R.P. villages of CAZRI, Jodhpur.Farm level data on 20 demonstration farms and 29 control farmswere used and they related to the years 1977 and 1978. Linear andCobb Douglas functions were used to evaluate resource productivity.Results from Cobb Douglas function which gave better fit indicatedincreasing marginal productivity of farm size and decreasingmarginal productivity of farm power in case of demonstration farms.In case of control farms, farm investment was found to havediminishing marginal productivity. The results indicated scope forenlarging the farm size and stepping up of investment on farmpower on demonstration farms.

2176 Gupta, B.S., Mathur, B.K. and Purohit, M.L. (1992)Trend, growth and technological development of pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum) crop in different agro-climatic zones ofwestern Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 62:273-275Agro-climatic variations in the growth rates of area, production andproductivity of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] in arid regionof Rajasthan were studied. The study was conducted for 1956-57 to1966-67 (pre-green revolution) and 1967-68 to 1987-88 (post-greenrevolution) period in 4 micro-units, viz., arid rainy-season (kharif)monocropping, arid irrigated kharif and winter-season(rabicropping, kharif monocropping and irrigated rabi and kharifcropping of western Rajasthan. Compound growth rate in the areaduring post-green revolution period was less than that during pregreenrevolution period in all the 4 micro-units. Its growth rateduring green-revolution period was found significant and positive inall the micro-units except in arid irrigated kharif and rabi cropping.Similarly, compound growth rate of production during pre-greenrevolution period was higher than that under post-green revolutionperiod. Compund growth rate of productivity was non-significant inthe post-green revolution period and was less than that in pre-greenrevolution period in all the 4 micro-units.2177 Jodha, N.S. (1970)Conservation technology and capital formation in arid agriculture.Annals of Arid Zone. 9: 215-220In the ill-watered areas modern conservation technology, embodiedin different resource conservation measures, can offer some solutionto the principal problems of low and unstable farm production andfast depletion of resource base. Some of the conservation measuresbeing permanent land improvements, constitute part of farmcapital. Thus increased capital formation in terms of conservationmeasures can ensure quicker spread of conservation technology inarid agriculture. But, these conservation measures find insignificantplace in the existing structure of farm capital in the arid region.Their share in plan expenditure (1956-57 to 1967-68) was only2.57% of the total. In most of the districts surveyed by the ReserveBank of India and others, conservation measures accounted for lessthan 2% of the total capital formation by private farmers. Increasedcapital formation maintaining its present strucutre, i.e.predominance of livestock and farm implements and completeneglect of conservation measures may have several undesirableimplications. It can accentuate the process of resource depletion

without ensuring development of arid agriculture. The situationcalls for a change.2178 Joshi, N.J. (1959)Kutch desert immobilization scheme. Indian Forester. 85: 43-50The article deals with the scheme for immobilization of the Kutchdesert, sanctioned by the Goverment of Bombay under the SecondFive Year plan. The situation and the locality factors of the areaboardering the desert are given. The nature of the problem isexplained. The details of the scheme and the work actually executedso far are given. Lastly, an assessment of the results achieved ismade and experiences gained are mentioned.2179 Joshi, N.L. (1984)Economics of fertiliser application in pearl millet production in aridareas. Fertiliser Marketing News. 15: 1-4This paper attempts to discuss the economics of nitrogen applicationin pearl millet varieties under arid conditions. The analysis is basedon the data derived from field trials conducted at Central Arid ZoneResearch Institute, Jodhpur, during 1978-79. The total expectedyield of BJ 104 was found to be higher than that of Local BD 111and PHB 12 in both the years of study. Marginal rise in optimumdose was observed for all the varieties when rainfall during cropgrowth was well distributed. PHB 12 gave the highest net profitwith the highest level of optimum nitrogen dose but with aconsequent low B-C ratio compared to BJ 104. The highest B-Cratios ranging from 3.56 to 4.39 were recorded with BJ 104. Thelevel of nitrogen giving maximum production for different varietiesexceeded the most profitable level of N-application by 15-58 percent. Increase in net profits from most profitable level of N-application for different varieties ranged from 2-50 per cent.2180 Kalla, J.C. and Bhati, G.N. (1988)Economic evaluation of pasture management systems in arid areasof western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 7-14The economic analysis of three alternative pasture productionsystems viz., natural protected, natural protected with soilconservation measures and the sown pasture with improvedtechnology and soil conservation measures, was carried out inrelation to grazing (sheep, cattle and mixed) fodder marketing andseed-fodder marketing options. All the options were economicallyviable under the identified production technologies. However, theimproved technology for pasture production systems was found to be

less cost-effective. To generate viable returns in the long-run, suchcultivated pastures have to be near the fodder demand points.2181 Kalla, J.C. and Gajja, B.L. (1982)Rationality of unused land in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan- A casestudy. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 7:57-58In this paper to know the dynamics involved in keeping unusedlands in arid areas of western Rajasthan, attempt to quantifymechanics of following crop lands in Jodhpur district has beenmade. Uncultivated areas per operational holding have beendetermined by the joint forces of proportion of irrigated and percapita availability of cultivated land, proportion of net irrigated tototal cultivated area. Increased pressure of human population incombination with this suporting infrastructure and climatic reservesmay increase uncultivated lands at an increasing rate.2182 Kalla, J.C. and Gupta, B.S. (1980)Growth of sheep population and land use policy implications in aridregion of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 345-350If sheep productivity is to be improved, it would only be done withover-all improvement in forage productivity of grazing lands in orderto reduce the existing inter-species competition for forage. A landuse policy with built in mechanisms of restricting conversion ofgrazing lands into crop lands, introducing productive grass strainsand renewed emphasis on raising fodder as a commercial cropshould receive priority in the crop rotations for the arid region.2183 Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1972)A study in the farm investment and income pattern of farm familiesin arid zone of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 187-197Size of farm is one of the important determinants for incomes andinvestmetns in arid areas. Farm investment under arid conditions iscouched in traditional set up of investing possibilities. Althoughfarm investments categories as they are, fail to explain statisticalvariance in income levels significantly, nevertheless, succeed incontributing, in an important way, to augment the agriculturalincomes. Finally, it is established that new opportunity for increasedfarm investment do not exist in conducive way owing to hostile agroclimaticsituations.2184 Kalla, J.C. and Vyas, D.L. (1987)

Supply response of chillies in arid districts of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 11-15District-wise secondary data for arid districts of western Rajasthanreporting more than 500 ha area under chillies (Jalore, Jodhpur,Nagaur and Pali) were used to study its supply response. Theresponse was stipulated to follow dynamic Nerlovian model. Theprice signals play a key role in the decision making process on areaallocation. Extension of irrigation facilities leading to higher yieldwould inevitably attract more area under chillies in arid region ofwestern Rajasthan.2185 Kalla, J.C., Bhati, G.N., and Vyas, D.L. (1986)Economic appraisal of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivationin arid Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 294-299Economic appraisal of the recommended ber plantation technologyfor western Rajasthan was done. The estimated internal rate ofreturn (21%) was 1½ times higher than the prevailing bank rate(14% per annum) on the long term investment. A ber plantationmaintains its economic viability even if capital costs exceed longterm bank rates by 6% per annum. The ber plantation also retainsits economic resilience under a combination of natural, economic andmarket oriented constraints. Adoption of the technology, however,needs a sizeable plant protection and insurance credit-extensionback up.2186 Kalla, J.C., Gajja, B.L. and Vyas, D.L. (1984)Temporal dynamics of cropping pattern in the arid region of westernRajasthan - A case study of Jodhpur district. Annals of Arid Zone.23: 199-205Data on land allocation to different crops in Jodhpur district for 21years (1956-57 to 1976-77) were analysed to examine and quantifythe changes in cropping pattern over time by employing Kendall'scoefficient of concordance. Despite attendant temporal variations inclimatic, economic, social and technological factors, the changes incropping pattern have not been perceptible enough. Under theexisting circumstances, adoption of new crop technology in the aridareas may not be a viable proposition.2187 Kalla, J.C., Gajja, B.L. and Vyas, D.L. (1988)A study in agricultural development of Rajasthan - A principalcomponent analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research. 22:143-149

Agrarian development is a precondition for enhanced productivity,gainful employment and human resource base in agricultural sector.In a large country like India regional resource endowments are toovaried to make any generalization in context of developmentprocess. An attempt has been made in this paper to identify anddocument the district-wise agrarian development process in thestate of Rajasthan. Of the 26 districts, five districts each couldclearly be categorised into highly advanced, advanced, mediumadvanced, low advanced and very low advanced. The resultsconclusively suggest for gearing up of the development planningtowards creating favourable resource endowments in six arid(Barmer, Churu, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu and Sikar), threesemi-arid (Dungarpur, Bundi and Sirohi) and two sub-humid(Banswara and Jhalawar) districts in order to remove the regionalimbalance in the agrarian development process.2188 Kalla, J.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Joshi, B.R. (1977)Livestock productivity and desertification in the arid lands ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 360-366The livestock sector is of considerable economic significance for thearid districts of western Rajasthan. However, the observed increasein livestock productivity over the years is mere a reflection of theincreased number of livestock rather than any increase in theefficiency of individual productivity. Further, the high growth rate oflivestock has been depleting the region of its phytomass resourcesresulting in ecological imbalances. Simultaneously, increasedutilisation of marginal lands for crop growing has been furtheraccentuating the desertification process. Optimization of livestockproduction through checks on excessive animal population build-upand use of marginal lands for increased fodder production has beenadvocated as a means of reducing the impact of the forces ofdesertification.2189 Kalla, J.C., Joshi, B.R. and Goyal, D. (1986)Comparative economics of traction energetics in arid areas ofwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 61-68Economic analysis of alternative traction inputs needed foragricultural sector in the arid region of western Rajasthan revealedthat supply of the total traction energy from animals as well as frommachines is in commensurate with its demand in the region. Incomparative terms, the annual traction would be cheaper strictly inan 'out-of-pocket' sence. Taking long range implications, mechanisedtraction seems to have an edge over the animal traction resources. Ajudicious combination of both animal and mechanical traction inputs

is needed for better resource utilization and optimum agriculturalproduction.2190 Kalla, J.C., Bhati, G.N., Mertia, R.S. and Bawa, A.K. (1987)Economic analysis of milk production on range lands in extremelyarid districts of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 26: 247-258The milk-productivity of Tharparkar and Rathi herds kept atChandan (Jaisalmer district) and Beechwal (Bikaner district) rangelandsin extreme arid conditions was evaluated by productionfunction and project evaluation techniques. Despite variations inproductivity performances due to breed and spatial factors, the herdsize, quantity of fodder grazed and supply of concentrates turned outto be important determinants of milk production at both thelocation. The results of measures of project evaluation revealedsound resilience and economic viability of milk production system onimproved grasslands at the selected locations. The resultconclusively established grassland development programme as aprecondition to optimize milk production in arid areas.2191 Kalla, J.C., Gian Chand., Vyas, D.L. and Gehlot, N.S. (1978)Techno-economic felling cycles for selected energy plantation speciesin the arid areas of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17:42-51Felling cycles for fuel were evaluated for four desert tree species,viz. Acacia tcrtilis, Albizia lebbeck, Acacia nilotica and Azadirachtaindica. By employing requisition techniques the physical maxima offuel yield per tree for A. lebbeck, A. tortilis, A. indica and A. niloticawere realised after 14th year, 25th year, 50th year and 13th year,respectively. Subjecting these to ammortized cost- revenueconstraints, the economic optima came out to be 11 years for A.lebbeck yielding 6 kg tree -1 , 8 year yielding 20kg tree -1 for Acaciatortilis, 24 kg tree -1 on 23 year for Azadiarchta indica and imaginaryyield in 49th year for Acacia nilotica. Considering the maximum fuelyield within minimum time period and thus maximum returns, A.tortilis was found to exceed all the tree species under consideration.2192 Kapoor, K.S. and Bhagat, S. (1990)Resource potentials of Spiti : the cold mountain desert of HimachalPradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 29: 243-250This paper embodies the socio-economic set up and the relatedenvironmental issues in Spiti valley-the cold mountain desert of

Himachal Pradesh. It suggests some ways to carefully utilize thisfragile ecosystem and some safeguards against further destruction.2193 Keshwa, G.L. and Jat, P.C. (1991)Economics of phosphorus and zinc nutrition of forage pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum) during summer season. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences. 61: 601-602Fodder yield was improved upon P application but there was asignificant increase in gross and net returns with increase in P levelupto 22.5 kg ha -1 . Zinc at 10 kg ha -1 gave the highest gross and netreturns, the lowest being under the control2194 Kuber Ram and Johory, J.S.K. (1971)Growth rates and trends in agricultural production in arid region ofJodhpur. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 5: 151-158The analysis of 15 years time series data of area, production andproductivity of different crops in Jodhpur region indicated thatinspite of great fluctuations in area and production from year toyear, in general the area under crops had upward trend while theproductivity had declined. The upward trend in area was morepronounced in kharif pulses, til and Chillies crops. The variation incrop yields showed cyclic movement in bajra, kharif pulses, gram ,wheat and chillies. The highest positive compound growth rate incrop was recorded for chillies 13.5 %, followed by kharif pulses10.4% and til 5.0 %, perhaps because of higher market prices.2195 Kuber Ram and Lahiri, A.N. (1974)Economic analysis of wheat production with fertiliser underadequate and limiting irrigation water. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Research. 8: 25-36Maximum response under wet condition was 38.29 q ha -1 and underdry condition 14.20 q ha -1 . The optimum doses of fertiliser were171.29 kg N and 131.46 kg P 2 O 5 under wet conditions and 80.12 kgN and 88.44 kg P 2 O 5 under dry conditions. If wheat sells at Rs. 90per quintal, the net returns over fertiliser cost would be Rs. 2668.80under wet and Rs. 861.29 under dry conditions. At this price ofwheat the economic optima of yield reached at 37.68 q ha -1 underwet and 13.65 q ha -1 under dry conditions which is lower than themaximum attainable yield.2196 Kundu, A. and Sidhu, H.S. (1978-83)Complete and incomplete schemes of regionalisation : A case studyof Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 38-54

Barring a few pockets of urban-industrial development like Ajmer,Jaipur, Kota, Bikaner and of agricultural development likeGanganagar, regions are formed in the shape of belts running withthe Aravallis from the north-east to the south-west. These regions,characterised by structural underdevelopment, have considerablesimilarities in their overall levels and hence some of them changefrom one region to another when different methods are applied.They could have formed a larger region of underdevelopment but forthe emergence of a few urban islands breaking the contiguity. Thiscan perhaps be attributed to the fact that the growth in theseisolated pockets was due not to the endemic developmental forcesbut to politico-historical influences.2197 Mam Chand, Vyas, D.L. and Goyal, D. (1991)An analysis of demand supply imbalances in dry matter in the ORP,lab to land and KVK villages in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 16: 91-100The pressure of livestock on grazing lands and reporting areas isvery high in the cluster of villages. Although the livestock declinedbetween 1983-88, the density 172 ACU 100 ha -1 grazing land wasmuch more than carrying capacity of the grazing lands. The densityin these villages varied between 112 to 276 ACU 100 -1 ha of grazinglands. The demand for the supply prospects of forage from allsources including crop residues and grown fodder in 1988-89 was12,856 tons compared to the estimated demand of 27,856 tons. Theforage deficit worked out 55% of estimated demand in the cluster ofvillages.2198 Mehta, A.C., Joshi, B.R. and Kalla, J.C. (1978 )A time series analysis of the production performance of principalcrops in three agro-climatic zones of Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.17: 348-352The production performance of principal crops are composed ofsystematic and random fluctuations over time. An attempt has beenmade in this study to isolate systematic from random fluctuations ofthe production performance of principal crops in three distinctagroclimatic regions of the state of Rajasthan and the study hasrevealed very few crops in any region with a persistently significanttrend. The study conclusively proved that over time, productionperformance of principal crops have mainly been a result ofstationary random processes. It thus seems inevitable to concludethat except wheat, the existing technology has not been able to shiftthe production functions of these crops significantly.

2199 Mruthyunjaya and Sirohi, A.S. (1979)An economic analysis of crop yield and product price variability inBijapur arid agriculture, Karnataka. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 186-198Crop yield instability was the highest in case of oil seed crops,followed by pulses, cereals and cotton. Continuance of poor cropconditions for successive four and above years was over-whelming inthe study area, low yield of a crop was accompanied by low yield ofone or more of the remaining crops too, with jowar crop as anexception. Instability of product prices was dominant over that ofcrop yeilds and there was high covariance between product prices.Creation of irrigation facilities, opening grain and fodder banks,creating a net work of motorable roads are suggested fordevelopment of these areas.2200 Mruthyunjaya, Anantha Ram, K. and Vyas, K.K. (1983)Pace and problems of growth of coarse grains and kharif pulses inwestern Rajasthan : an appraisal. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 177-185The pace and problems of growth of coarse grains and kharif pulsesin western Rajasthan is studied by examining the growth trends inthe last 24 years. Coarse grains are loosing and kharif pulses aregaining area and drought years in recent years are more severe thanthose in the earlier years. Adoption of improved dry farmingpractices coupled with diversification of demand for coarse grains issuggested. Expanded procurement operation, adequate creditsupport, crop insurance and better co-ordination between researchcentres and development departments are also suggested to improvethe performance of these crops.2201 Mruthyunjaya, Goyal, D. and Krishna, G.V.S.R. (1986)Distribution of crop yields in the arid regions of Rajasthan. Annalsof Arid Zone. 25: 203-209Randomness, normality and year to year fluctuations in the yields ofpearl millet and kharif pulses in western Rajashtan were studiedusing non-parametric tests, co-efficient of variation and probabilityof the crop yields as the tools of analysis. The analysis showedrandom distribution of yields, non-normal distribution in more than50% of the cases, very high probability of low yields and increasingtendency of fluctuations.2202 Mruthyunjaya, Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, A.K. (1983)

Technological possibilities for agricultural growth and stability inwestern Rajasthan : an assessment. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 121-133Agriculture in western Rajasthan is not only backward but alsohighly unstable. Lots of money being spent by government onfamine relief over years have neither strengthened the productionbase of the economy nor enabled it to mitigate the rigours imposedby recurring droughts and famines. The problems and prospects ofthe application of arid zone technologies as a permanent solution tothe arid zone problems is assessed. More of food, fodder and fuel canbe produced, Adequate employment is also possible, However, it isshown that application of technologies needs pooling of state,National and even International resources.2203 Oberoi, R.C. (1989)Economic rationale of agricultural development in cold desert areasof Himachal Pradesh. Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 157-164The data obtained through two stage stratified random samplingdesign from 65 farmers of cold desert of Spiti valley revealed thatthe agriculture of cold desert area is mostly traditional, primitiveand subsistent in nature. Improved technology was not found tohave any significant impact in the study area. The optimum farmplans suggested that with the introduction of improved technologyand reallocation of resources, as high as 50 per cent increase in farmincome could be attained. The vast potential of agriculture in thestudy area remained untapped because of number of geographical,social and economic constraints. The major economic constraintsresponsible for non-adoption of improved technology wereinadequate and untimely supply of farm inputs, smaller holdings,scarcity of capital, inadequate irrigation facilities and lack ofadequate extension services in the study area. Once the constraintsresponsible for poor agricultural development are removed, therelies a wide scope of improving the tribal agriculture. The study alsosuggested that keeping in view the non-economic constraints thereis a need to follow the psycho-social approach for the agriculturaldevelopment of the cold deserts.2204 Purohit, M.L. (1978)Land ownership patterns and desertification in western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 112-118The process of continuous pauperization of ryots (peasants) in theland tenurial management systems formerly prevailing in westernRajasthan led to over-exploitation of the land resources, thereby

contributing to an intensification of the xeric environment. Therituals and customs of their socio-religious way of life required therural folks to indulge in much non-productive expenditure, leadingto poor economic growth in these arid areas. Unchecked resourceexploitation over the centuries eventually disturbed the alreadyfragile eco-system beyond redemption.Past land tenurialmanagement systems and the social attiudes of the rural peoplewould, thus, appear to have been jointly resposible for intensifyingthe desertification process in western Rajasthan.2205 Purohit, M.L. (1980)The chronology of socio-economic dynamics of land ownership in aridzone of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 19: 335-343The post-independence period is marked with significant changes indistribution and ownership of land in this arid Tehsil. the transfersof the land form monopolized caste to various sociallydisadvantageously placed castes have materialized the situationalbeit only slightly. These types of land transters, providedsubstantial level of standard of living to many landless labourersand tillers of the soil, reduced the gap between have and have-nots.This type of self employment mitigate the socio-economic disparities,social distances go on reducing, leads to eliminate the poverty ofrural areas and ultimately pushes the rural masses towardsprosperity and happiness. It should however, be noted that anycorrection in land ownership by legal interventions of the stateanywhere will be nullified if the growth of population, process ofurbanization and employment opportunities in sectors other thanagriculture are not provided in time. Arid region can also not be anexception to this socio-demographic and economic process. Finallythe contributions of land reform programmes to the enhancement ofproductivity especially in arid region can be materialized ifnecessary infra-structure of providing new component of technology,credit and marketing systems are simultaneously developed.2206 Purohit, M.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1978)Socio-economic dynamics of land ownership pattern in rural westernRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 17: 311-319Sizable, inter-caste, inter-temporal and inter-village differences inthe land ownership patterns exist in arid regions. The studyindicates the insufficiency of the efforts of recent post-Independencepast to mitigate the resource ownership differences. Additionally acombination of rigid caste structure and population increase hascontributed to this situation. The social, economic and politicalpower base of the existing rural elite has also been a considerable

hinderance in rational implementation of land reform programme inthis region.2207 Rama Rao, C.A., Srinivasa Rao, M. and Reddy, Y.V.R. (1995)Impact of fertiliser consumption and drought incidence on pesticideconsumption. Annals of Arid Zone. 34: 149-150Fertiliser consumption had significant positive effect on theaggregate pesticide consumption, whereas, the incidence of droughthad significant negative effect.2208 Ramakrishna, G.V.S., Malhotra, S.P. and Yadav, M.D. (1983)Trend and stability analysis of crop production efficiency overwestern Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 157-161The crop production efficiency in the districts of western Rajasthandid not improve over the last 25 years except Ganganagar district.Districts with high rainfall are more efficient and stable in cropproduction indicating that the farmers in the districts with lowrainfall are at greater uncertainty.2209 Sehara, D.B.S. and Goyal, D. (1981)A study of price behaviour and acreage response to price change ofmain crops in Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 53-61Parity price of crops with food articles had mixed trend and foodarticles had favourable market for the period under study. Acreageresponse of rabi crops to their price change were highly positive forarid districts. None of the crops acreage except jowar in ariddistricts was affected inversely by price change of other crops of theseason. Further, correlation coefficients between prices andsuccessive years' production were found positive for almost all thecrops in both the regions Price elasticities and cross elasticities werehigher for arid districts than Rajasthan state as a whole. Ariddistricts of Rajasthan are more sensitive in acreage response to pricechange of different crops.2210 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1981)A note on the economic features of tractor farms in an arid region ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 277-279There is an ample scope of hiring out tractors for custom work onsmall and medium farms. Loan facilities for small farmers throughbanks and societies requires priorities. The tractors in this area areunder-utilized in all types of farms due to less number of accessoriesand lack of infrastructure facilities.

2211 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1982)An economic analysis of energy utilization for major crops indifferent farming systems in the villages of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 219-223The major selected crops covered 77 to 84% area in all the farmingsystems, prevailing in arid villages of Rajasthan. The energyutilization varied with the energy-use regions. The human energywas inversely proportional to the tractorisation, with maximumconsumption of energy on bullock and minimum on tractor farms.Maximum utilization of human energy per hectare (66.74 h.p. hours)was found for wheat crop on bullock farms followed by bullock plustractors (55.8 h.p. hours) and tractor (50.8 h.p. hours) farms.Maximum share of energy was used under tillage operations ratherthan other operations for all the selected crops. For the preparatorytillage, rabi crops needed more energy as compared to kharif crops.Tractor energy required in rabi crops is just double the kharif cropsin preparatory tillage, manuring, interculturing and threshing. Theobserved ratio of energy consumption on rabi and kharif crops was1.5:1 in case of harvesting and picking operations on tractor farms.Generally, net returns were found more on tractor farms incomparison to bullock farms while cost of energy per hectare wasmaximum on bullock farms. Returns per rupee of energy investmentwere found higher on tractor farms which justified the replacementof bullock power by tractor power. In the conditions of increasinginfrastructure facilities and electrified/dieseld irrigation meansthere is no problem of replacing bullocks by tractors for increasingeconomics and time efficiency in this area.2212 Sehara, D.B.S. and Purohit, M.L. (1983)Crop returns, human employment and resource use productivity onbullock and tractor farms in upper Luni basin (W. Rajasthan).Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 29-35Percentage of gross cropped area under cereals and pulses wasfound different on two types of farms. Per hectare crop income wasmore on irrigated and unirrigated tractor farms as compared tobullock farms. About ten per cent decrease in human employmentwas noted due to tracorization. There is scope of increasing tractorand human employment on tractor-farms and use of manure andfertilizers on bullock farms.2213 Sehara, D.B.S., Mruthyunjaya and Purohit, M.L. (1986)Income sources and resource use in crop production on different landforms in the upper Luni basin. Annals of Arid Zone. 25: 210-213

Income sources and resource use in crop production were studied indifferent land form units of Raipur Guhia catchment of upper Lunibasin in western Rajasthan. Crop production was the principalsource of household income followed by animal husbandry andsubsidiary sources. Fertilizers were more critical than eithermechanical or labour inputs. Increased use of manures andfertilizers are suggested for increasing the crop production invarious land form units.2214 Sharma, S.K. and Mruthyunjaya. (1984)Economics of range reseeding in arid western Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 23: 225-228Economics of range reseeding with Cenchrus ciliaris and C. setigerusstrains at Jodhpur and Samdari in western Rajasthan, was workedout by method of discounting. Reseeding with C.ciliaris strainPalsana is suggested for areas similar to Jodhpur and with C.ciliarisstrain 358 for areas similar to Samdari.2215 Singh, D.V. (1982)Economics of mixed cropping in the arid zone farming systems ofRajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 21: 289-297Mixed cropping is a common practice in the arid zone of Rajasthanon account of the spreading risk effect and fulfillment of themultiple requirements of the farmers. A study of 100 householdsfrom three clusters of two villages each in Jodhpur district revealsmixed cropping as relatively more popular system amongst smallfarmers and covers upto three-fifths of the gross cropped area. Theincome from mixed crops as compared with the sole crops isgenerally higher and, under unfavourable conditions more stablethan in normal conditions.2216 Singh, D.V. and Mathur, B.K. (1983)Relationship between costs and returns in the rainfed kharif cropson arid lands. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 301-305Agriculture in arid region is purely a gamble on rainfall. Farmersdecision to minimise the expenditure on cost of cultivation, in theenvironment of risk and uncertainty, may thus be justified. It isdifficult to visualise the impact of cost of returns in thesecircumtances. Correlation coefficient estimated to measure therelationship between cost and returns is found weak. The cost is notfully reflected in returns and tells very little what shall be the levelof returns for a given amount of cost.

2217 Singh, M. and Singh, R.P. (1985)Economic analysis of sole cropping of grass (Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.)and grass-legume inter-cropping systems. Forage Research. 11: 51-54All inter-cropping systems generated higher grass and net returnsas compared to pure cropping of grass. The maximum gross returns,net returns and net returns per rupee of variable cost were obtainedwith grass + moth bean (grain) mixture. The ratio of additionalreturns to additional costs, incidental to different intercroppingsystems, ranged from Rs. 1.66 in grass + clusterbean (fodder) to Rs.7.02 in grass + moth bean (grain) systems. Employment potentialswere higher with all intercropping systems than that of pure grass,the highest being with grass + moth bean (grain) mixture.2218 Singh, S. and Kalla, J.C. (1979)Population dynamics and milk production potential of bovines in thearid region of western Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 18: 211-224An attempt was made to quantify the temporal population changesof the breedable bovine population and relate these spatially withthe milk production of the region. Despite wide inter-districtvariations, the total and breedable cattle population over the last 27years have registered sizable positive annual rates of growth. Thedistricts marked by high aridity, viz. Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer,Churu and Jodhpur had registered higher growth rates of breedablecattle populations. Higher growth rates of breedable buffalopopulations on the other hand, were localised to certain districts likeSikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu, which are endowed with betterirrigation facilities. The districts with high concentrations oflivestock population had high degrees of spatial association withmilk production performance. The need for development of fodderand infrastructural resources for realising greater milk productionin the region has been stressed.2219 Singh, Ved, Ramdeo, Sharma, S.K. and Siag, R.K. and Verma,B.L. (1995)Economics of legume-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping systemsunder different levels of irrigation. Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences. 65: 712-716A field experiment was conducted from 1988-89 to 1992-93 toevaluate the production potential and economic returns in wheatbased cropping systems under various levels of irrigation. Greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.)-wheat, pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)]-wheat and clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)]-wheat

cropping systems gave maximum economic yields and net returnswith respectively 8, 11 and 8 irrigations during rainy and winterseasons. Among the rainy-season legumes, pigeonpea gave themaximum seed yield with 5 irrigations applied at irrigation water :cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) ratio of 5, followed byclusterbean and greengram. Pigeonpea-wheat cropping systemreceiving 11 irrigations showed the highest economic yield andwheat-equivalent yield (5.84 tonnes ha -1 year -1 ), total net return (Rs.16,831 ha -1 year -1 ) and consumptive use of water (863 mm).Significantly highest mean net return of Rs. 13,158/ha/year wasobtained from pigeonpea-wheat cropping system, followed byclusterbean-wheat and greengram-wheat. The highest mean valuesfor cost of cultivation (Rs 8,725/ha/year), net return (Rs46.49/ha/day), consumptive use (807 mm water) and land-useefficiency (77.53%) were recorded with pigeonpea-wheat, followed byclusterbean-wheat and greengram-wheat. Maximum water-useefficiency of 5.67 kg ha -1 mm was recorded in clusterbean-wheat,whereas highest harvest index (26.4%) and production efficiency(15.36 kg/ha/day) were obtained in greengram-wheat croppingsystem.2220 Vyas, D.L. (1977)Resource use efficiency of irrigated farms in Borunda tube-wellcommand area, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 127-132This study was initiated to document the comparative use-pattern ofresources in arid areas where water has recently been madeavailable. The results revealed that, water and tractor use could beprofitable only if the intensity of cropping is increased.2221 Vyas, D.L. (1978)A note on resource productivity estimations for wheat crop inborunda tube-well command area, Rajasthan. Annals of Arid Zone.17: 326-328Newly provided water in Borunda tube well command area is yet toattain the optimal productivity for wheat. The restrictive use ofwater, tractor hours and human labour for this crop might thus go along way to optimize the returns by pursuance of this crop withoutwastage involved in current use of resources.2222 Vyas, D.L. (1981)Economics of farm investment structure on irrigated farms ofBorunda tube-well command area in arid zone of western Rajasthan.Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 123-128

The measurement of asset productivity in farm sector is animportant decision variable in regional planning. The productivity ofasset structure depends largely on the manoeuverability of resourceendowments. Agricultural sector in arid region is confined to moreconstraint in adjustability of resources. Farm survey data on newlyirrigated area for the year 1972-73 were employed in this study. Theresults revealed a pronounced complementarity among existingasset structures of farmers if the lands are provided irrigation. Theresults further revealed that asset productivity was directly relatedwith farm size and extent of irrigation.2223 Vyas, D.L. (1984)Resource productivity in milk production on mixed dryland farms inNagaur district (Raj.). Annals of Arid Zone. 27: 15-21Resource productivity of dairy cows on dryland farms in Nagaurdistrict of arid western Rajasthan was examined for 1977-78 to1979-80. Fixed cost and labour required subtractive correctivemeasures together with appropriate increases in feeds and fodder toimprove the milk productivity on mixed dryland farms.2224 Vyas, D.L. (1989)Farm size and productivity relationship in dryland agriculture inNagaur district (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 29-35Farm-size productivity relationship in dryland agriculture inNagaur district of Rajasthan State was examined for threesuccessive years (1977-78 to 1979-80) by employing correlation andregression methods. Return to scale in dryland agriculture waspositive but predominantly of very low order. There is a scope forsoil conservation and irrigation facilities for further enhancing theper hectare productivity particularly, on small farms.2225 Vyas, D.L. (1989)Resource use and productivity in dryland agriculture in Nagaurdistrict (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone. 28: 37-45Resource use and productivity in dryland agriculture in Nagaurdistrict of arid Rajasthan was examined for 1977-78 to 1979-80 forthree farm size groups by employing production function approach.All the components of input-mix, excepting human labour, needadditive adjustment for enhancement of value productivity of cropoutput-mix on dryland farms.2226 Vyas, D.L. and Kalla, J.C. (1975)

Economics of wheat cultivation under different sizes of farms inBorunda tube-well command area (Rajasthan). Annals of Arid Zone.14: 167-174The better use of inputs like seeds, fertilizer and water on smallfarms as compared to medium and large farms. The analysis ofefficiency of factors of production of wheat per hectare on differentsize of farm indicated that whereas labour and material use onsmall farms was most efficient, the role of fixed investment wasmore efficient in case of big farmers. From this study it could beconclusively established that for reducing imbalances of intra-farmvariations in production of wheat, gradual but bold attempt ofinjecting capital to the samll farmers will be sine qua non ofdevelopment programme in areas where irrigation has only recentlybeen made available.2227 Vyas, D.L., Singh, S.D., Daulay, H.S. and Misra, D.K. (1972)Comparative study of nitrogen sources for fertilisation of rainfedbajra. Annals of Arid Zone. 11: 145-153In general, sources of nitrogen did not influence the grain and stalkyields, differential response of crop to various sources of nitrogen incertain years appears to be unrealistic. However, nitrogen treatedplots indicated increase in yield over control, but the three units ofnitrogen gave yields of identical magnitudes. The optimum dose ofnitrogen for locally improved variety RSK worked out to be 23.2 kgha -1 and at this level a yield of 397.15 kg and return of Rs. 187.48per ha can be predicted. Keeping in view the price per unit ofmanure/fertiliser, any source of nitrogen can be used for bajracultivation under natural rainfall conditions of the sandy arid plainsof Rajasthan.2228 Vyas, M.M., Purohit, M.L. and Gajja, B.L. (1985)Crop productivity and environmental attributes in Jodhpur districtof western Rajasthan. Mausam. 36: 203-204The study deals with crop yields of bajra, kharif pulses and sesamein relation to rainfall, mean relative humidity and meantemperature in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Highestinstability was observed in order of sesame, bajra and kharif pulses,while mean relative humidity and mean temperature were morestable. Multi-variate analysis showed that yield of crops under studywere positive and significantly influenced by rainfall and negativelyby mean temperature barring bajra crop. The order of variableswere rainfall, mean relative humidity and mean temperature, forbajra and kharif pulses while for sesame order was rainfall, mean

temperature and mean relative humidity. Therefore, to increase theyield of crops, technological changes like use of fertilizer and HYVseeds more tolerant to temperature should be popularized.Agricultural Extension2229 Chauhan, K.N.K., Kavia, Z.D. and Kokate, K.D. (1987)Knowledge, adoption and training needs of the farmers of arid zone.Journal of Educational Research and Extension. 23: 236-246The present study was conducted with the following objectives: i) Tomake a profit of the farmers based on their personal traits. ii) Todetermine the level of knowledge and adoption of arid farmingtechnology by the farmers and iii) To find out training needs asreceived by the farmers.2230 Chauhan, K.N.K., Singh, R.N. and Singh, M.P. (1990)Impact of training on knowledge of improved agricultural practicesof arid zone. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 26: 64-66All the training programmes except afforestation benefitted theextension personnel in enhancing their knowledge of improvedagricultural practices. As the afforestation training programme hasless duration, it could not benefit extension personnel. They gainedsignificant knowledge in the field of improved practices ofconservation and preservation of resources (reduced tillage, leyfarming etc.), variety, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer, plantprotection, tree species, conservation of water through agronomicaland mechanical measures, besides details of watershed. Thetraining could not improve the knowledge of extension personnelabout grass species, sandy stone/rocky site and saline-alkaline soiland much less about several arid horticultural practices andconcepts of phenology, successional characters, growth rate andadoptability.2231 Gadewar, A.U. and Kavia, Z.D. (1982)Awareness of farm technology among small farmers. Indian Journalof Adult Education. 43: 9-12Though aimed at weaker sections, rural development programmesin our country have failed to bring about a preceptible change in theplight of the rural poor. It is alleged that benefits accruing suchprogrammes are generally appropriated by the well-to-do farmcommunity and in most of the cases the small and marginal farmersare not even aware of the programmes. The present article, based ona study conducted in an arid village of Rajasthan attempts to pointout the factors responsible for this ignorance.

2232 Gadewar, A.U., Kavia, Z.D. and Prasad, M.S. (1982)Communication behaviour among small farmers in an arid village ofwestern Rajasthan. The Eastern Anthropologist. 35: 143-146From among most flexible six factors, only urban contact has comeout to be important in widening the horizon of thinking of smallfarmers. Urban contact not only brings the farm community muchcloser to city people but also modifies its values to a great extent.Radio listening and newspaper reading in the present study found tohave no association with communication behaviour.2233 Gadewar, A.U., Kavia, Z.D. and Prasad, M.S. (1983)Training preferences and preception of small and marginal farmersof western Rajasthan. Man and Life. 9: 89-94The study is exploratory type and conducted with the objectives thati) to study the needs of farmers; ii) prefernces of the farmers; iii)duration and season for training; iv) methods; and suggestions forover all improvement.2234 Jain, J.K. (1983)Impact of scarcity hazard and evaluation of DPA programme inJodhpur district, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geography. 13: 1-17In order to ensure benefits of tube-well scheme to real smallfarmers, it would be desirable if the government runs tube-wells andgives priority in water distribution to small and marginal farmers.The same should be the case with pasture development under thesheep and wool scheme and also in getting loans for exotic breeds indairy development scheme. Certain important schemes, such asstabilization of shifting sand duens, establishment of green shelterbelts along roadside etc. should be incorporated either in the DPAprogramme of the district or in any other special programme or inregular plan schemes. Such schemes would prove helpful inpreventing spread of desert in adjacent regions.2235 Kavia, Z.D. and Gadewar, A.U. (1983)A study of constraints in the transfer of farm technology in the aridzone. The Eastern Anthropologist. 36: 45-48An investigation was undertaken to find out the factors responsiblefor hampering the process of technology transfer in four typical aridvillages. It has been brought out that different types of constraints,designated as thematic, macro and micro, are operating in the

transfer of technology from the research laboratories to the farmers'fields.2236 Kavia, Z.D. and James, B.K. (1985)Studies on sprinkler irrigation in arid zone - saving of water andenergy inputs. Bhagirath. 32: 1-4An attempt was made to quantify the water saving per irrigation bysprinkler system over the conventional surface method in thefarmers’ field. Apart from it the two methods of irrigations werecompared with respect to saving in consumption of electricity andlabour expenditure per irrigation provided to an area of 10 acres,each. Finally the overall economy was worked out per irrigationprovided, taking into consideration of fixed and running costs of theassests in both the systems which revealed that sprinkler system ofirrigation is more economical to this arid regions of westernRajasthan.2237 Kokate, K.D. and Kavia, Z.D. (1989)Combating desertification through afforestation technology - A casestudy. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 25: 60-66In arid zone the basic object is to effect or to bring about changes inthe attitude of the farmers and motivate them to adopt bettermethods for increasing farm produce. Afforestation in arid zone isvery essential and it can succeed only with active involvement andcooperation of the people. Active involvement of the people should beensured at every stage- planning, implementation and management.2238 Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R. and Yadav, S.P. (1992)Use of the camel-cart for health care delivery in remote deserthabitations. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 151-152The existing health care delivery systems in remote desert villageare more cumbersome and take more time to deliver the health careproducts to the inhabitants. A concept of camel health cart has beendeveloped in order to reach the residents of remote villages for thedelivery of health care, the major components of which areprevention of diseases and administration of prophylactic measures.2239 Ramachandran, K. (1987)Energy conservation through fuel-efficient devices - its impact onconservation of biological diversity. Transactions of the IndianScoiety of Desert Technology. 12: 183-195

Studies on the efficiency and fuel economy in using recentlydeveloped cooking devices viz., smokeless stove, in the semi aridrural parts of Rajasthan revealed that with very little modificationsin the traditional stove a lot of fuel wood could be saved and foreststands conserved besides, eliminating health hazards and protectingthe immediate environment. Also, the role and adoption has beendiscussed in the traditional socio-economic set-up.2240 Saha, D.K. (1989)Studies on adoption of agricultural innovations in an arid region ofRajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.14: 81-88An attempt has been made to analyse various studies conducted ondiffusion and adoption of agricultural innovation in arid regions ofwestern Rajasthan. Extent of adoption of various agriculturalinnovations was quite meagre leaving on few irrigated areas.Further studies can be carried out at micro level on farmers' riskbehaviour on adoption of agricultural innovation.2241 Saha, D.K. and Malhotra, S.P. (1981)Factors affecting communication process in adoption of HYV ofwheat in arid areas of western Rajasthan. Man and Life. 7: 83-90The study was carried out in two arid villages of Nagaur district ofwestern Rajasthan to investigate the channels of communiction atdifferent stages of adoption of high yielding varieties of wheat andmedia utilization pattern with socio-economic factors. In threedifferent stages of adoption of HYV of wheat the use of interpersonalcosmopolite and localite channels were pronounced tran-massmediachannel of communication. Literate farmers used mainly radio andinterpersonal cosmopolite sources of information.2242 Saha, D.K., Gupta, B.S. and Mathur, Y.N. (1991)Factors affecting adoption of improved farm technologies in an aridviilage of western Rajasthan. Transactions of the Indian Society ofDesert Technology. 16: 175-180The study was undertaken in an arid village of western Rajasthanto investigate various factors affecting adoption of improved farmtechnologies. Co-oefficient of determination (R²) revealed greateramount of variation with education of head of household (24%)followed by change provenness (22%), irrigated land (15%) etc. Thestep down regression indicated that education of head of household,irrigated land and change provenness played an important role inpredicting the innovativeness.

2243 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Gadewar, A.U. (1982)Differential characteristics of key communication and followers inarid villages of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of SocialResearch. 23: 107-114A study was conducted in three vilages of western Rajasthan havingirrigation facilities to investigate the characteristics of keycommunication.The key-communications were from bright socioeconomicstatus, innovative in nature and exposed to mass mediacommunication from their followers. It was also observed that thekey communication had the quality of both mono-morphic and polymorphiccharacteristics of leadership.2244 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Sen, M.L.A. (1988)Communication media utilisation pattern in adoption of agriculturalinnovation in an arid tract of western Rajasthan. The Journal ofSociological Studies. 8: 168-178The study was conductecd in four villages of Barmer district ofwestern Rajasthan to investigate the communication mediautilisation pattern and credibility of information sources in relationto various socio-economic parameters. The pattern of communicationwas interpersonal. The media utilisation pattern depended on thesocio-economic characteristics of the farmers. Farmers occupyinghigher socio-economic status were exposed to mass media sourcesand had greater contact within the village level extension officials.The utilization of various media, was significantly higher amongadopters than non-adopters.2245 Saha, D.K., Malhotra, S.P. and Singh, V. (1987)Constraints in disseminating modern agricultural ideas. Man andLife. 13: 109-115A case study in two arid villages of Jodhpur district was attemptedto study the constraints in disseminating the ideas of improved farmpractices, pattern or communication etc. Farmers' lack of knowledgeand interest due to physical conditions, scattered settlement,illiteracy, poor quality of seed and non-availability of inputs in timewere the major constraints in disseminating the ideas of improvedfarm practices. Village level worker was the most credible andauthentic source of information.2246 Singh, B. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1996)Technological gap in recommended mustard production technology.Agricultural Extension Review. 8: 29-30

This study was conducted in two villages of Pali district. Twentyfarmers from each village were selected randomly for the study.Over all technological gap in recommended mustard productiontechnology was 54.50%. The technological gap was as high as 90 percent in seed treatment. The gap ranges from 52 to 68% in case ofplant protection, fetilizer application, irrigation and line sowingmethod. The practice of improved variety and sowing timeregistered 48 and 40%gap, respectively. The lowest gap (20%) wasfound with respect to seed rate.2247 Singh, B. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1996)Training needs of farmers in mustard cultivation in westernRajasthan. Agricultural Extension Reveiw. 8: 15-17The study was conducted in three villages of Jodhpur district. About130 farmers were interviewed to know their training needs. Out of130 farmers, 22 farmers were marginal, 47 small farmers, and 61big farmers. A three point scale containing most essential, essentialand not essential with the score of 3, 2, and 1, respectively was usedto assess the training needs of farmers. The average score of needsof various categories of farmers were 2.67 for large farmers followedwith 2.28 for small farmer and 2.13 for marginal farmers. The largefarmers had highest need for training on mustard crop. Themarginal farmers had the least need. About 76 per cent farmersdesired that October to December (during crop season) should beoptimum time for training. About 18% farmers expressed theirdesire that training should be conducted in January-March. About72% respondents wanted that duration of training should be lessthan 2 days, because long duration training affected the agricultrualpractices. Only 19.23% farmers expressed their desire for training of2 to 4 days duration.2248 Singh, B. , Patidar, M. and Chauhan, K.N.K. (1997)Farmers liking of improved varieties of mustard in arid area.Agricultural Extension Review. 2: 19-20The study was conducted in three villages of Jodhpur district. Sixtyfarmers from three villages participated in the field day at thedemonstration plot of Pusa bold and T-59 of mustard. Those farmerswere interviewed. Six attributes, namely length of plant, branchesper plant, pods per plant, length of pod, grain size, and number ofgrains per pod were selected for the study. A fine point scale wasused to assess the farmers liking. The scores was very high liking-4,high liking-3, liking-2, low liking-1, and very low liking-0. The studyshowed that the farmers liked Pusa bold variety very high (3.38)while their liking for T-59 was high (2.84). The characteristics ofPusa bold variety, namely, grain size, branches per plant, pods per

plant, Number of grains per plant were liked very high than those ofT-59 (2.80). Length of plants of T-59 (3.25) was higher than those ofPusa bold (3.16). The finding indicated that although farmers likedboth the varieties of mustard they preferred Pusa bold to T-59.2249 Singh, B., Chauhan, K.N.K., Kavia, Z.D. and Singh, M.P. (1994)Rajasthan farmer's view of package of practices for mustard.Agricultural Extenstion Review. 6: 26-28The study was conducted in two villages, namely Doli and Dawra,adopted by Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur forextension work under National Oil Seed Project. Ninety farmersconsisting of 20 marginal, 30 small and 40 large farmers werepurposively selected during 1992. The opinion of farmers about theimproved practices shows that a very large number of farmers (81%)had positive opinion. The farmers irrespective of size of land holdinghad the same opinion. Among the various practices, almost all thefarmers (96%) had favourable opinion about improved varieties andrecommended seed rate (92%). A considerable percentage of farmersdid not favour in the recommended method of sowing (40%), use ofsulphur (34%), recommended dose of fertilizer (34%). The study alsoindicated that an average of 29% farmers had adopted the improvedagricultural practices indicating low adoption of improved practices.The majority of farmers had adopted improved varieties (57%), andseed rate (56%). A few farmers adopted line sowing (15%), seedtreatment (30%), recommended dose of fertilizer (32%) and plantprotection measure (25%). The percentage of the farmers adoptingthe improved practices was equal among the small farmers (31%)and large farmers (32%). The marginal farmers (24%) were farbehind the small and large farmers in adoption of improvedpractices.2250 Singh, M.P., Tewari, P., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, H.P.(1993)Attitude and knowledge of youth farmers towards ber budding indrought prone areas of Rajasthan. Transactions of the IndianSociety of Desert Technology. 18: 177-181The perennial, deep rooted and hardy fruit trees are best suited torainfed areas not only to minimise risk in arable farming but also toprovide the much needed drought proofing and famine insurance.Unlike annual crops, these fruit crops if given some care, seldom failto give returns. The crops like ber, pomegranate, date-palm and kercan be grown with minimum management practices on uncultivablehilly, rocky and undulating wastelands. In years of drought whencrops fail, horticultural crops can provide substantial benefits to

farmers in the arid zone. These nutritious fruits help people tosurvive droughts, and in better rainfall years provide delicious foodto masses, apart from handsome economic returns. Pioneering workdone at CAZRI Jodhpur has resulted in a simple ber cultivationtechnique for farmers of arid zone. Several farmers have sinceraised ber orchards and many are earning through raising bernurseries. In this context the present study throws light on attitudeand knowledge of youth farmers employed as budders in these bernurseries.2251 Singh, R.N., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, M.P. (1989)A study of utility of the content of arid zone farming trainingprogramme. Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology.14: 59-63The paper intends to assess the utility of content of arid zonefarming courses, in which 47 Assistant Agriculture Officers fromdifferent parts of Rajasthan attended. The study clearly shows theavailability of vast amount of improved arid zone farm practices.This emphasises the concerted efforts for educating the extensionworkers and farmers about the improved arid zone farmingpractices coupled with effective availability of input for adoption ofthese practices at field level.2252 Singh, R.N., Chauhan, K.N.K. and Singh, M.P. (1989)An evaluation study of the training programmes on arid zonemanagement. Journal of Rural Development. 8: 325-338This paper dwells with the effectiveness of training programmecovering two important dimensions, namely utility and coverage ofcontent. The efficiency of each training programme was high andthere was less variability in the efficiency of individual contentwithin the training programme.2253 Tewari, P. (1995)Human health and food security in arid regions of Rajasthan.Transactions of the Indian Society of Desert Technology. 20: 201-208The growth rate of population and food production in India has adifference of 0.7% per annum and condition may further deteriorateas cultivable land is limited. The situation in arid westernRajasthan is more alarming as the population growth in the regionis recorded as high as 249% in last eight decades (i.e. from 1901 to1981) of this century. The diets of the population in this part areprimarily cereal based and in general are unbalanced from nutritionpoint of view. Low crop production, hostile environmental

conditions, inadequate nutritional knowledge and improperplanning, especially in food distribution sector are some of theimportant reasons ascribed for this situation. The present articleattempts to discuss important aspects of food security which arehighly essential for overcoming the problems of malnutrition andlow food consumption in the region.2254 Tewari, P., Waris, A. and Singhal, S. (1996)Rural women's participation in agriculture and livestock activitiesin arid areas of Rajasthan. Current Agriculture. 20: 91-95The study was conducted in Lunawas-Narnadi cluster on 100 farmwomen based on cluster sampling method. Rural women's workparticipation in agriculture, livestock, household and incomeexpenditure activities was studied. Women's participation inlivestock based activities was found between 60 and 80% with amaximum of 90%. In agricultural operations women's jointparticipation was upto 75% whereas their sole participation waslimited to 30%. Food preparation activities were sole domain of farmwomen. It was found that responsibility of money management inthe farm and home is taken care of by older male members of thefamily.

WILDLIFE2255 Bohra, H.C., Goyal, S.P., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1992)Studies on ethology and eco-physiology of the antelopes of theIndian desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 31: 83-96The present paper deals with the findings of a long term studyconducted on the ethology and eco-physiology of the antelopes, thechinkara or the Indian gazelle (Gazella benneui), the blackbuck(Antilope cervicapra) and the nilgai (Baselaphus tragocamelus)inhabiting the arid region of India. The blackbuck is basically agrazer and prefers upon scrub lands, saline flats or gravelly to hardpan soil having a waterhole nearby, whereas the chinkara is abrowser and prefers sandy undulating or duny slopes or sandy toloamy bush lands and fallows. The presence of waterhole(s) in thechinkara habitat is desirable but is not essential. The chinkara'spreference for moisture laden leveas and flowers and its habitat ofseeking shade during the hottest part of the day curtails itsdependence on free water intake. The nilgai's preferred haunts aregravelly wasteland and piedmont areas as well as hard pan areas.Their numbers are considerably high around irrigated doublecropped agricultural fields. The blackbuck and chinkara populationare generally dwindling and hence they need protection whereas thenilgai has proved to be a menace to the standing crops as well asstored agricultural produce. The blackbuck and the chinkara may befurther protected by demarcating some more areas around theBishnoi dominated villages for preservation of the whole eco-system.These areas should be suitably fenced and should have assured feedand water supply which will keep the animals away from the cropfields. Special attention is required to be given to the problem of thefast multiplying nilgai population in the desert region. Uptil now, noviable method is available to keep the nilgais away from the cropfields.2256 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1983)Soil ingestion by two wild ungulates, Antilope cervicapra andGazella gazella in their natural habitats. Annals of Arid Zone. 22:99-102The note presents evidence of ingestion of soil by the Indian antilopeand the gazella during summer, the most stressful season in thearid zone.2257 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1985)Last stand of the blackbuck : The Bisnois preserve species. TheIndia Magazine. 5: 28-37

The blackbuck in relation to its desert habitation indicates that thisspecies has, almost instinctively, become more or less hardy in itsbehaviour. It subsists primarily on grazing and has a high heattolerance level. Its widespread distribution in the Luni basin,including its saline tracts of Khatu, Didwana, Tal Chhappar andsuchlike, would speak of its rather high salt tolerance.2258 Goyal, S.P. and Bohra, H.C. (1991)Problems and possible solution of blackbuck in the Rajasthan desert.Wildlife Institute of India Newsletter. 6: 15-18The blackbuck or Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) once roamedin their thousands throughout the great Indian plains.Indiscriminate hunting and poaching through the centuriesgradually decimated their numbers almost to the point of extinctionthroughout their distribution range except in some pockets. It mustbe said to the credit of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, and to theeternal vigilance of the people belonging to the Bishnoi Communityof north-western India that the blackbuck staged a come back.These isolated pockets of surviving population have indeed served asgene banks for posterity.2259 Goyal, S.P., Bohra, H.C., Ghosh, P.K. and Prakash, I. (1988)Role of Prosopis cineraria pods in the diet of two Indian desertantelopes. Journal of Arid Environments. 14: 285-290Examination of fresh faecal matter of the balckbuck or Indianantelope (Antilope cervicapra) and the chinkara or Indian gazelle(Gazella dorcas) over a year in a village complex habitat of theRajasthan desert showed that both species consumed the nutritiouspods (crude protein 11.5%, energy value 6.5 kcal g -1 ) of Prosopiscineraria tree during the lean periods. Maximum consumption wasrecorded in the month of June. The blackbuck consumedsignificantly higher quantities of pods than did the chinkara.2260 Khan, M.S. (1983)Mechanism of body water regulation in Indian desert donkey.Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 319-322The body water distribution pattern in normally hydrated, 9 daywater deprived and rehydrated donkeys of Rajasthan desert, India,were measured during late winter. The donkeys failed to maintainextracelluler fluid volume. Recovery during rehydration regime wasvery slow and even after 4 days of rehydration only 44% of SCNspace losses were regained. Unlike camel and goat, the cell and gut

water was of no help and the interstitial water compensates, mainly,the water losses due to dehydration.2261 Nama, H.S. and Khichi, P.S. (1974)Studies on some reptilean trematodes from Rajasthan. Annals ofArid Zone. 13: 353-360A new trematode, Paradistomoides hemidactylis sp. n., recoveredfrom the gal bladder of the house-lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridisRuppell, has been described. It is distinct allied Indian forms in sizeand measurements of different organs. Another trematode,Acanthostomum burminis (Bhalerao, 1926) collected from theintestine of the snake, (Natrix piscator), is reported for the first timefrom Rajasthan.2262 Pandey, S. and Murthy, R.S. (1980)Environmental analysis of arid lands in Gujarat. Annals of AridZone. 19: 369In the great Ranns, little Ranns and all along the coast salt ismanufactured on large scale. Mining of bauxite and limestone is alsoan asset. Wind and solar energies are assets and can be used assource of energy for small scale industries.2263 Prakash, I. (1962)Taxonomical and ecological account of the mammals of Rajasthandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 1: 142-162Seasonal collections and field observations on mammals ofRajasthan desert have been carried with additional work on gerbilsand hares. The prefereed habitat, food and breeding habits wereobserved as also their modes of adjustment to desert conditions, foodcentres, biotic associations and zoogeography of these mammals arealso discussed.2264 Prakash, I. (1963)Taxonomical and ecological account of the mammals of Rajasthandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 2: 150-161Under each species or sub-species the author's reference, notes onthe biology, including habits and preferred habitat, stomachcontents, breeding habits and parasites found on the body have beengiven. There main mammalian associations have been recognized inthe desert region: Sandy, Rocky and Ruderal. The first comprised of4 sub-associations sand dunes, sand hills, sand plains and artificialmines. The second consists of lakes, gardens, caves and tunnels. Theruderal is the association which is influenced by man. Six foodcentres have been established and mammals by each centre are

listed. Simplified food chains are also given. The mammalian faunaof the Indian desert is comparatively of recent origin and it is foundthat 56.4 per cent mammals of the Rajasthan desert are Palaearcticand the rest are Indo-Malayan.2265 Prakash, I. and Kametkar, L.R. (1969)Body weight, sex and age factors in a population of the northernpalm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti wroughton. Journal of theBombay Natural Histroy Society. 66: 99-115This paper presents a study of the Northern Palm Squirrel,F. pennanti at Jodhpur in western India. The study area was agarden. Traps were generally placed where they were likely to catchmore squirrels instead of in a grid system. Their positions werenoted by numbering the trees, near the bases of which they wereplaced. A total of 213 squirrels were captured, marked and releasedfor further observations. Marking was done by toe and ear clipping.Observations were made on body weight, sex ratio, age structureand persistence.2266 Rahmani, A.R. and Ravi Sankaran. (1991)Blackbuck and chinkara in the Thar desert: a changing scenario.Journal of Arid Environments. 20: 379-391Considered sacred by the Vishnoi community of Rajasthan, India,both chinkara (Gazella benettii) and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)are found in large numbers around Vishnoi settlements. While thechinkara is present in the whole of Rajasthan state, and especiallyabundant in the Thar desert, the blackbuck is restricted to areaswhere surface water is available throughout the year. Developmentof irrigation canals in the Thar desert will have far-reachingconsequences for the distribution and status of these two antelopes.2267 Sharma, I.K. (1981)Adaptations and commensality of the peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in theIndian Thar desert. Annals of Arid Zone. 20: 71-75Adaptations of the peafowl in arid lands and with man were studiedin the Indian desert for three years. The peafowl has adapted tobecome omnivorous in the drought season when the usual foodavailability gets scarce. It has adapted to take mid-day rest underbushes and roost of the Prosopis cineraria tree, adjustment to aridenvironment. In the absence of long grasses, the peahen lays eggsunder bushes. Local migration is practised to avoid hard conditions.2268 Sharma, I.K. (1983)The grey partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) in the Rajasthandesert. Annals of Arid Zone. 22: 117-120

The grey partridge is a common ground bird of the Rajasthan desert.Its habitat covers a variety of biotypes ranging from sandy scrub torocky scrub to agricultural farms. It feeds on both seeds and insectsand roosts under bushes of thorny fences or on the branches of treeslike Prosopis cineraria and Acacia nilotica. The birds drink watertwice every day and sunbathes regularly. The grey partridge usuallymoves as a pair, comprising a male and a female, along with theirbrood of chicks, if any. It breeds from February to April, and fromJuly to October. The mode clutch size is of 6 eggs, and the averagebrood size is of 6-7 chicks. There are many predatory species feedingon this bird, the principal among which is the Shikra bird (Accipiterbadius).2269 Srivastava, A. and Srivastava, M. (1991)Some aspects of ecology and social behaviour of blackbuck (Antilopecervicapra) around Luni basin. Geobios. 18: 64-68.Blackbuck population around Luni basin was investigated withregard to their social behaviour and population dynamics. About12,600 animals with 49.4% of these being adult females, 24.4% adultmale and rest 26.2% composed of sub-adults or juveniles of bothsexes. The male : female sex ratio at juvenile stage 1.54:1, sub-adultstage 1:1.96 and adult stage 1:2.04 are found. Animals devote 74% oftheir diurnal time to feeding, vigilance and resting. Their preferredfood include grasses like Doob and Dab; pods of Khejri; flowers ofRohida and Ker. The biological explanation for high agonisticinteractions is perhaps the results of high intra-sexual competitionand for crop raiding more agricultural practices rather than theirincreased population as suggested earlier.

MISCELLANEOUS2270 Aminullah. (1970)A note on the development of the Institute's Library. Annals of AridZone. 9: 272-273The nucleus of the present library of the Central Arid Zone ResearchInstitute was formed as early as in 1952 to cater to the needs of theresearch workers in the field of Agronomy, Forestry andAgrostology. It was a very modest beginning. In 1961 and 1962 thelibrary got an aid of $ 6,400 and $ 12,000 respectively fromUNESCO.2271 Das Gupta, S.P. (1961)Petrological studies in the Khetri copper belt, Jhunjhunu district,Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 67In the khetri copper belt the anthophyllite-bearing suit of rocksincludes products of metamarphism, characteristically developedmainly in the shear zones along the contact of quartzites and schistsin the neighbourhood of the mineralized zones. The assemblages arecharacterised by anthophyllite, commingtonite, chlorite, biotite,garnet, staurolite, talc, andalusite, feldspar, quartz and iron ores.The Fe-Mg ampjiboles, chlorite, quartz and iron ores occur in all theassemblages. Minor amounts of biotite are also present in mostassemblages.2272 Jakher, G.R., Dey, T., Misra, S.D. and Bhargava, S.C. (1981)Diurnal variations in physico-chemical factors and zooplanktonpopulation in Balsamand lake, Jodhpur. Geobios. 8: 119-122The zooplankton population in Balsamand lake was described.Almost all of them exhibited a characteristic diurnal pattern ofincrease in number at the surface layer during night time anddecrease at day hours.2273 Khan, M.A. (1992)Farm mechanization in Rajasthan in India. Agricultural,Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 23: 71-74The use of tractors and farm machines have positive contribution toagricultural production. In Rajasthan, farm mechanization startedin the 1940s but gained momentum only in the post-green revolutionera (1966-67). In 1988, about 87000 tractors were on farms ascompared with only 15 in 1945. In just 16 years (1972-1988) thepopulation of tractors, tillage implements, mechanical seeders,

pump sets and power threshers increased by about 7, 6, 40, 10 and25 times, respectively.2274 Paliwal, B.S. (1977)The source of salt in Rajasthan - an investigation of the salt lake ofDidwana. Annals of Arid Zone. 16: 221-230The origin of salt in different salt lakes of Rajasthan had been a longcontroversial problem, which remained unsolved inspite ofnumerous efforts made by a number of workers. The recentinvestigation carried out in the salt lake of Didwana as well as theoccurrence of halite in it and the Bikaner area, gave a new turn tothe problem. The investigation revealed that the source salt in allthe salt lakes of Rajasthan appears to be associated with theAravalli rocks, probably in the form of salt domes and intrusives,situated below recent depostis at a good depth. This salt appears tobe Precambrian evaporatic in origin which must have pushed out ata number of places, during different phases of tectonic deformationof the Aravalli rocks in western Rajasthan.2275 Singh, A.K., Mishra, D., Sharma, P., Kavia, Z.D. and Pande,P.C. (1995)Tractor vs. Power : Projections for Indian arid zone. Agriculturalmechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 26: 16-20An analysis of the use of tractor and animal power for agriculture inthe arid region has shown that about 50% area can be sown bytractor, 18.5% by bullocks and 26.3% by camel. The coverage varieswith the number of days of utilities of animals and tractors.Considering both agriculture and transportation the benefit costratio for tractor, camel, single bullock and pair of bullocks have beenestimated at 1.39, 1.06, 0.85 and 0.86, respectively, for maximumutility. If the operator's cost is excluded, i.e., the owner himself isthe operator, the benefit cost ratio for tractor, camel, bullock andpair of bullocks were 1.52, 1.43, 1.3 and 1.07, respectively. Theresults are indicative of the significance of the animal power in aridregions.2276 Singh, M., Kackar, N.L. and Vyas, S.C. (1996)Cultivation of Pleurotus species on different substrates. Annals ofArid Zone. 35: 389-390Initial surveying of different species of Pleurotus showed that P.sajor-caju and P. florida were the most promising species. Therewas no marked difference in the yield potential on wheat and pearlmillet straw. Leaves of Prosopis cineraria is not a suitable substrate.

2277 Venkataraman, P.K. (1962)Nature of plagio-clase in some high level granite plutons of westernRajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 300-301The plagioclase exhibit low-temperature optics. The U:A:e rations ofthe plagioclase towns when plotted on the trilinear digram of Gorai,fall in the igneous field.2278 Venkataraman, P.K. (1962)Studies on perthite formation in some high level granites of Barmerdistrict, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals. 16: 65Orthoclase is always cryptoperthitic and microcline is alwaysmicroperthitic. On the basis of Ansilewski's diagram, these fall inthe field of Kosmo-perthoclase; which have ordered distribution of Aland Si atoms.

BOOKS2279 Atul Chandra, Chandra, A. and Gupta, I.C. (1992)Datepalm research in Thar desert. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers.pp.116Several institutions have generated a wealth of information on thissubject as a result of which it has been possible to collect, synthesizeand disseminate the available information in this book. This book isa critical evaluation of the present knowledge on `Datepalm' in Thardesert. Bringing information in one volume will not only contributeto the advancement of knowledge on the subject but also help tosolve the nutritional and environmental problems of the countrywithout disturbing the ecology of the region.2280 Atul Chandra, Chandra, A. and Gupta, I.C. (1994)Arid fruit research. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.302The book contains 18 chapters. First chapter is devoted to climate,soils and irrigation waters II arid zone districts located in northwestIndia. Seventeen fruit crops have been discussed separately ineach chapter. Information on uses and nutritive value, soils andclimate, cultivars, propagation, establishment of orchard, nutrition,flowering and fruitset, diseases and insects, post harvest handlingand storage, field and economics, has been presented for ber,pomegranate, guava, aonla, citrus, datepalm, phalsa, grape, lasoda,bael, fig, custard apple, papaya, mulberry, jaimun, karonda and ker.2281 Director, CAZRI. (1977)Arid zone research in India - Souvenir - Silver jubilee 1952-1977.CAZRI, Jodhpur. pp.135As a result of the research carried out during the last 25 years,techniques for soil and water conservation and for sand dunestabilisation are fortunately available today. The large scaleplanting of shelter belts could help to minimize wind erosion anddecrease the dust over the desert. The scope for establishment ofpastures and grazing lands is great. Strip cropping involving thesetting up of permanent grass strips to prevent wind damage willhelp to increase the yield of crops like bajra and moong. Suchmeasures in addition to providing the much needed grains forhuman use will also help to establish a thriving livestock industry,the mainstay of the arid region. A few research papers presented onthe occasion have been brought out under this publication.2282 Director, NISI. (1952)

Proceedings of the symposium on the Rajputana desert. New Delhi,National Institute of Sciences of India. pp.302Themes:- Evolution of the Desert; Geology and Mineral Resources;Topographical Survey of the Desert; Region and its possibleextension; Meteorology and hydrology; Animal and Plant Ecology;Soils and Agriculture; Afforestation; Reclamation and Control.2283 Director, CAZRI. (1971)21st International Geographical Congress (1968) CAZRI Jodhpur :Proceedings of symposium on arid zone (1968). Calcutta, NationalCommittee for Geography. pp.137This monograph is one of the series of publications of the 21stInternational Geographical Congress held in India in December1968. This monograph comprises twenty-two technical paperspresented at the pre-congress symposium on Arid Zone held atJodhpur during 22 to 29 November 1968 in collaboration with theIndian Council of Agricultural Research. The symposium on aridzone was organized in 5 paper sessions covering the following fieldsof study: (1) arid areas of India, a regional introduction of the fieldstudies, (2) desert margins, (3) nomadism and its present dayaspects (4) urban geography in arid environments, and (5) problemsof Indian deserts. The papers brought out in this monograph offer asurvey of the problems of arid zone in general and deal in particularaspects of Indian arid zone covering such fields as climate,geomorphology, soils, hydrology, vegetation, zoogeography,transport and land use.2284 Director, CAZRI. (1984)Proceedings of INDO-US workshop on arid zone research. Jodhpur,CAZRI. pp.551There exists a competition for the natural resources between varioustypes of users in the arid areas. Increasing population pressuresdeplete natural resources. This state of affairs adds to the dynamicsof degradation. Many processes operate simultaneously which feedback into the system resulting in desert like conditions. Unlessmitigation efforts are applied with full understanding of theprocesses and their interactions, the risk of further degradationinvolves is high. A proper perspective of supply and demand ofnatural resources requires urgent attention. Against the persistentdemand of population and economic growth and better life stylesnecessitating higher consumption of natural resources in the aridareas, there is a need to review the resource position, particularlythe water resource, technological limitations in utilizing the scarce

esources, economic and political limitations and socio-culturalenvironment. A similar situation also exists in the USA, particularlyin the South-Western part of the country. In view of commonality ofproblems, the Indo-US Sub-Commission on Science and Technology,at its fifth meeting, recommended the organisation of a Jointworkshop to identify problems of mutual interest. The workshop washeld at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur from 9-13January, 1984.2285 Garg, B.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1997)Saline wastelands environment and plant growth. Jodhpur,Scientific Publishers. pp.287The book contains ten chapters viz. Historical developments; Natureand properties of salt affected soils; Reclamation and managementprinciples; Plants in relation to salinity; Mechanisms of salt injuryin plants; Salinity and metabolic processes; Salinity and mineralnutrition; Environmental factors and salt tolerance; Mechanisms ofsalt resistance; Strategies for increasing salt resistance in plants.2286 Gupta, I.C. (1979)Use of saline water in agriculture: a study of arid and semi-aridzones of India. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp.210The purpose of the present revised monograph was to update therelevant information so that the latest synthesised knowledgebecomes easily accessible to research workers, teachers, students,extension people and planners, who can utilise it profitably in thediagnosis and improvement of saline ground waters and which canalso be extended safely to the use of drainage waters and sea watersafter dilution to the extent required for cultivation of specific cropsunder particular agro-climatic conditions and managementpractices.2287 Gupta, I.C. (1988)Quality of irrigation water : recent criteria and classification.Bikaner, Alfa Publishers and Distributors. pp.42Characteristics that determine water quality for irrigation viz.salinity, specific ion toxicity, sodicity and alkalinity, have beendiscussed in detail. To evaluate sodicity hazard of such waters ashave magnesium higher than calcium, SAR has been replaced withSCAR. Likewise, for waters free from carbonates, it has beensuggested to determine RSBC in place of RSC. USSL diagram forclassification of waters has been criticized. New classification hasbeen suggested.

2288 Gupta, I.C. (1990)Use of saline water in agriculture. Revised Edition. New Delhi,Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. pp.308The book contains 7 chapters viz. Origin and nature of irrigationwaters; Quality of irrigation water criteria and classification;Quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid zones of India; Effectof saline water irrigation on soil properties; Crop tolerance to salineconditions; Management practices; Alternate uses of saline water.The research work conducted in India in last fifty years has beenreviewed.2289 Gupta, I.C. (1992)Advances in arid zone. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. Volume 1 :pp.209About one-third land surface of the world is in the grip of arid zonehot deserts. The man-made deserts alone, cover 910 million hectarearea. Advances in arid zone, a new serial publication has beenintroduced with the objective that the available information in theworld is synthesised for dissemination and implementation of theresults in practice.2290 Gupta, I.C. and Pahwa, K.N. (1978)A century of soil salinity research in India: an annotatedbibliography 1863-1976. New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.pp.400The purpose of this bibliography is to bring together all the relevantavailable references, so that the published literature might becomeeasily available at one place. The bibliography contains about 1100abstracts covering research articles, reviews, books, bulletins,monographs, bibliographies, etc. related to soil salinity, andalkalinity in the country published during a period of 114 years(1863-1976) in Indian as well as in foreign literature.2291 Gupta, I.C., Sharma, D.P. and Gupta, S.K. (1995)Alkali wastelands environment and reclamation. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.273Reclamation of alkali wastelands is essential as not only do thesesoils occupy significant areas, but these lands are potentially fertile.Experience acquired through research and experimentation inlaboratories and fields in the reclaimation and management of

alkali soils shows that a major part of the alkali lands can beutilised for growing several selected crops, if these are managedscientifically. Several institutions have generated a wealth ofinformation on this subject as a result of which it has been possibleto collect, synthesize, critically evaluate and disseminate theavailable information in this book.The book contains 12 chaptersviz. Historical; Nature and properties; Land development andleaching; Drainage methods; Reclaimation; Agronomic and culturalpractices; Irrigation practices; Alkali tolerance of plants; Cropproduction practices; Post reclamation behaviour; Alternate landuse; Socio-economic criteria.2292 Gupta, R.K. and Prakash, I. (1975)Environmental analysis of the Thar desert. Dehradun, EnglishBook Depot. pp.484In this compendium, authors have made an attempt to analyse theThar desert eco-system with a major objective to collate the existinginformation about this arid zone at one place.CHAPTERS:- Origin, Evolution and Geomorphology: The landscapeand landforms; Origin and geomorphic Evolution; Palaeo-botanicalhistory; Man in the thar; Evolution of land use and agriculturalpatterns; Abiotic environment: Soils of thar desert;Hydrometeorology; Western Rajasthan; Quality of subsurface waterfor irrigation and soil salinity; Primary producers: Plant life in thethar desert; Phytogeography of the thar region; Plant associations ofwestern Rajasthan; Forestry and afforestation practices; Rangeecology and development; consumers: Locust ecology; thar deserttermites; Ecology of reptiles; Some birds of the Indian desert;Ecology and zoogeography of mammals; Wild life ecology andconservation; index.2293 Gupta, S.K. and Gupta, I.C. (1997)Management of saline soils and waters. Revised Edition. Jodhpur,Scientific Publishers. Jodhpur pp.299The book contains eight chapters viz. Introduction; Nature andproperties of soils; Quality of irrigation water; Crop tolerance tosaline conditions; Land development and leaching; Irrigationpractices; Drainage methods; Management practices.2294 India, Ministry of Education and UNESCO South AsiaScience Cop. Office. New Delhi. (1964)

Proceedings of the symposium on problems of Indian arid zone.23rd Nov. to 2nd Dec.,1964. pp.495The themes Hydrology and geohydrology ecological and botanicalsurveys, geomorphology, soil fertility and classification, soil - plant -water relationships, agronomy, afforestation, irrigation, pastureecology (Agrostology), animal grazing, management and adaptation,nomadism, settled population, ecology of human factors, locustecology, control. rodent ecology, physiology, control, mineralResources and their exploitation, geography of desert, climaticfactors, water balance and selection of species, saline waterconversion, domestic use (solar energy), electrical generator (windpower).2296 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. (1977)Desertification and its control. New Delhi, ICAR. pp.358The present publication brought out on the occasion of the UnitedNations Conference on Desertification provides a synoptic account ofthe work done in India on problems relating to the Rajasthan desert.The research papers presented in the conference have been dividedin the following themes : climate, land, water, resources, vegetation,agriculture, rodents and insect pests, livestock, other naturalresources, demography and sociology, cold desert, and extension.2297 Kar, A., Abichandani, R.K., Anantha Ram, K. and Joshi, D.C.(1992)Perspectives on the Thar and the Karakum. New Delhi, Dept. ofScience & Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology. pp.329Since the signing of the Integrated Long Term Programme (ILTP) ofcooperation in Science and Technology between India and erstwhileUSSR at the highest level in July, 1987, ecology of arid zone andcontrol of desertification have constituted an important item ofcollaboration under the area "Ecology and Environment". TheCentral Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur andInstitute of Deserts, Ashkhabad, Turkmenis are the principalagencies. The programme comprises four well defined studies,namely, dynamics of sand movement, desertification assessmentand mapping, ecology, physiology and rangeland improvement. Twostudies, namely Organisation of structure of small vertebratecommunities in the thar desert and Ecology of important insect pest,have already been completed. The programme further envisagesorganisation of joint seminars for across the table exchange ofapproaches, achievement and technologies in the area of arid zoneresearch. The first such meeting was held at Jodhpur in March

1991. It has resulted in the preparation of a joint monographpertaining to the state-of-art in relation to the Thar and Karakumdeserts.2298 Kaul, R.N. (1970)Afforestation in arid zones. The Hague, Dr.W..Junk.N.V. Publishers.pp.435The Southern Fringe of Europe-Italy A.de Philippis;Spain-Jose LuisAllne Andrade and Mignel Navarro Garmica;Northern Afric-Themaghrets of Afric North of the Sahara- A. Metro; The SouthernSahara-Sahel-R.W.Fishwich; The near East- The United ArabRepublic-K.H.Oedekoven; Iraq- K.H.Oedekoven; Jordan-K.H.Oedekoven; Kuwait-K.H.Oedekoven; Iraq-K.H.Oedekoven;Israel- J.Kaplan, M.Kollar and R.Karschon; The IndianSubcontinent- Indo-Pakistan- R.N.Kaul; Central Eurasia- TheUSSR- M.Petrov; Central Asia- M.Petrov; The American Continent-The United States of America- J.H.Stoeckeler; Peru and Bolivia-C.M.Flinta; Argentina- Rodolfo Yussem Favre; Australia-Australia-R.D.Johnston and Norman Hall.2299 Kaushish, S.K. (1994)Sheep production in tropics and subtropics. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.387The book presents a lucid exposition of various aspects of sheepproduction in tropics and sub-tropics. The sketchy and desultoryinformation on different aspects of sheep production has been aperpetual inconvenience to those dealing with sheep production in aholistic manner. The publication of this book is an attempt of resolvethis problem.The author has collected data on production of sheep,wool, meat, milk and pelts from various journals/periodicals. Theremarkable synthesis out of the diverse data is the real significanceof this book.d This book would fill the long felt need of teachers,researchers, graduate and post graduate students and extensionworkers dealing with sheep production in tropical and sub-tropicalareas of the world. This book covers almost all aspects of sheephusbandry; general aspects including breeds; housing;establishment and migration; farm calendar, sheep and landmanagement; reproduction and embryo technology; production ofwool; pelt, mutton and milk; health management; nutrition; pasture.There is a glossary of terms and appendices listing (I) lamb bodyweight in various Indian breeds and crosses (II) preweaning growthrate in some breeds in various countries and (III) botanical andcommon name of fodder trees.

2300 Kolarkar, A.S., Joshi, D.C. and Kar, A. (1996)Land resources and their management for sustainability in aridregions. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.316The contents of the book include the concepts of sustainability landresources constraints of arid regions, their vulnerability todegradation as a result of modern technological applications andsustainable management of land resources through agriculture,horticulture, silviculture and pasture development. The socioeconomicconsiderations and transfer of technologies forsustainability have also been discussed in the Indian context.2301 Kolarkar, A.S., Joshi, D.C. and Sharma, K.C. (1992)Rehabilitation of degraded arid ecosystem. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.203The land degradation process like soil erosion, salinization and lossof top and fertile soil are of common and wide spread nature and areoperative even in the humid and sub-humid zones also. Thetechnologies developed for their rehabilitation are known and thesehave been widely applied there in the fields with good success.Rehabilitation of arid ecosystem, however, is a far more challengingtask and general technologies developed else where, often fail to givethe dividends; as paucity of water dessicating heat and hostile windregime offset any such effort made to check the degradationprocesses. This compendium encompasses the contents of one ofsuch Regional Training Programmes, recently sponsored byUNESCO and conducted at the Institute.2302 Kothari, D.V. and Ojha, D.C. (1978)Fifteen years of annals of arid zone: a cumulative index of Vol. 1-15,1962-1976. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.114This cumulative index, covering the volumes 1-15 (1962-1976) ofquarterly journal "Annals of Arid Zone" is a premier source ofinformation for the contents of the volumes published during last 15years. This comprehensive index covering a period of time has beendivided into 5 parts viz., Subject Index, Author Index, Title Index,Index to Book reviews and Reviewers' Index. The index serves as avehicle for the dissemination of new knowledge on arid lands.2303 Kumar, D. (1991)Crop response to abiotic stresses. Volume 1. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.685

The compilation is an attempt to collect and condense the vastpublished literature from a large number of journals of national andinternational repute. The literature in complete annotatedbibliographic form has been presented by incorporating 2085abstracts on 12 important pulse legumes (bean, bengal gram, blackgram, broad bean, cowpea, clusterbean, lens, moth bean, mungbean, pea, pigeon pea and soybean) along with some minor pulses.These abstracts represent the period of a quarter of century (1965-1990). The abstracts for each crop have been arranged into 6 majorabiotic stresses: 1. drought and waterlogging conditions, 2. saline,sodic and acidic conditions, 3. nutritional stress, 4. photoperiodicand temperature effects, 5. pollutants and sludge water effects and6. other stresses (population, physical, mechanical, soil crust etc).Abstracts serialed from beginning to end have been arranged instrict alphabetical order for each crop and each stress. It has beentried to include and effectively condense world's nearly 90%pertinent literature on the aforesaid aspects. Author index has alsobeen provided after subject index. The compilation would be of greatuse in furthering the cause of research and updating the knowledgeof both scientists and other professionals in the fields of Agronomy,Breeding, Physiology and Soil Science.2304 Kumar, D. (1995)Oilseeds response to abiotic stresses : International review andannotated bibliography. Jodhpur, Agricultural Publishing Centre.pp.620In this book the world literature (1965-1993) on important annualoilseeds (castor, linseed, peanuts, Indian mustard, rapeseed, swederape, safflower, sesame, niger and sunflower) collected from morethan 30 national and international sources has been presented inrespect of the 6 abiotic stresses. The book has been divided into twoparts. In part 1, the aforesaid more than 25 years literature hasbeen reviewed in most concised, convenient and recommendatoryform dealing with the crop husbandry, improvement, physiology,quality aspects etc, for individual crop and the stress as well. In partII, the literature has been concised in the form of 1771 abstractsalongwith respective references and the working addresses inperfect CAB format. The author and subject indices have also beenprovided. The book is credited with the world's 90% pertinentoilseed literature of fundamental and practical significance. Thebook is specifically useful for writing thesis, formulation of researchprojects, writing review, having present status of knowledge worldoverand for using it as a reference book.

2305 Kumar, D. and Rai, M. (1992)Advances in oilseeds research : Rapeseed and mustard. Volume 1Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.408The compilation with wide coverage of Brassica crop viz., Indianmustard toria, taramira and yellow sarson is credited with 16chapters written by the eminent Brassica workers in theirrespective fields. The chapters relate to oilseeds mission, geneticimprovement, crop husbandry (irrigated and rainfed), plantprotection (Entomology and plant pathology), germplasm status andits management, specific traits (quality, frost and salinity),extension approaches and rodent control. The book covers completepackage of present status of research and developmental activitiesbeing done in India in view to enhance seed yield and oil qualityimprovement under varied agro-climatic situations. The bookprovides information on the oilseed mission's contribution inenhancing seed yield of oil crops since its inception till 1991. Allresearch results and the management aspects related to frostdamage have been provided alongwith short term forecasting offrost. The contents are credited with complete research resultsrelated to all salinity and alkalinity aspects. The book thereforeappears quite informative convenient and has great practicalrelevance.2306 Mann, H.S. (1980)Arid zone research and development. Jodhpur, ScientificPublications. pp.531This volume is based on the proceedings of InternationalSymposium on Arid Zone Research and Development held atCentral Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur on February 14-18,1978. The research papers presented in the symposium have beenunder the following themes :Session I. Environmental Analysis: Palaeo-environment, Evaluationof Arid Zone; Climatological Studies, Water Balance, DroughtAnalysis, and Micro-Climatic Features; Land Resource Survey,Remote Sensing, Soil and Land Use Mapping; Phyto- Geography,Ecosystem Studies, Successional Changes, Desertification andCritical Indicators; Physiological Behaviour and Responses of SomeArid Zone Plants; Session II. Resource Utilization: Crop ProductionUnder Limited Moisture Conditions and Soil Management; SalineWater Use in Irrigation; Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants;Grassland Management and Forage Crop Production; Silvical andSilvi-Pastoral Studies; Arid Horticulture; Livestock Production,Nutrition and Physiology; Arid Zone Agro-Technology and

Engineering; Session III. Wildlife Conservation, Desert Zoology andPlant Protection; Session IV. Human Resources and Socio-Economic Constraints; Session V. Desert Management Technologyand its Adoption; Session VI. Desertification- A Panel discussionand a Plenary Session.2307 Mann, H.S. (1983)Scientific reviews on arid zone research. Volume 1. Jodhpur,Scientific Publishers. pp.377The main purpose of the Scientific Reviews on arid zoner esearch isto bring an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of desertdevelopment.CHAPTERS:- Desert adaptations in the spiders:- J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson; Helminthic contamination in foodstuffs of arid zone andmethods of dehelminthisation. H.S. Nama and G.R. Soni; Microbialgut symbionts and desert detritivores:- Elsa C. Taylor and C.S.Crawford; Monitroing and controlling ecological degradation in thesemi-arid zone of Sudan:- F.N. Ibrahim; Vertebrate pest problems inthe Indian desert and their biotoxicological management:- RanjanAdvani; pastoral economics in arid lands:- K.F. Galvin; Adaptationsto arid environment by wildlife of the thar desert:- Indra KumarSharma; History of India's flora and vegetation:- P. Legris and V.M.Meher-Homji; Water harvesting in arid lands:- M. Hollick; Survivalmechanisms of desert winter annual plants in the Negev highlandsof Israel:- Y. Gutterman; Desertification: Cause and control:-Randall Baker; Land resources inventory of Rajasthan by usingcomposites of space imagery:- R.S. Murthy and R.M. Pofali; Guar :Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. its distribution genetics,breeding, agronomy and pathology:- S.S. Arora, K.S. Arora and A.K.Misra; Seasonal variation in Community of soil mesofauna underannual field crops in the Mariut desert in Egypt:- S.I. Ghabbour andS.H. Shakir.2308 Mann, H.S. (1984)Scientific reviews on arid zone research. Volume 2. Jodhpur,Scientific Publishers. pp.265The main purpose of the Scientific Reviews on Arid Zone Research isto bring an inter disciplinary approach to the problems of desertdevelopment.CHAPTERS:- The Combined use of Remote-Sensing andEnvironmental Isotope Data for Establishing HydrogeologicalConceptual Models in Arid Regions With Scarce Hydrological Data:-

A. Issar; Environmental Conservation and Development of Israel'sArid and Semiarid Regions:- J. Schechter; Wind Erosion on AridCropland:- D.W. Fryrear; Application of Satellite Remote Sensing inNatural Resources and Monitoring of Desertification:- T.S. chouhan;The Arid Zones: Resources, Research and Land Management:-Randall Baker; Energy Flow in Arid Grazing land Ecosystem:-Vinod Shankar; Faunistic Survey of Helminh Parasites ofVertebrates of Rajasthan with Special Reference to Arid Zone:- H.S.Nama; Armoured Warfare and The Desert Environment:- J.L.Cloudsley- Thompson; Using Saline Waters For Irrigation:- J.D.Rhoades.2309 Prakash, I. (1988)Desert ecology. Proceedings of National Symposium on DesertEcology. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.313National Academy of Sciences and the University of Rajasthandecided to pool their intellectual and material resources fororganizing a National Symposium on Desert Ecology in Jaipurduring Oct. 24-27, 1986. The choice of the theme for this symposiumwas most appropriate, "conquest of the desert" or "combatingdesertification" being enormously challenging tasks, particularly inview of the steep growth rates of both human and livestockpopulation in the Thar desert. The ever increasing demands on thisscarcity stricken arid land for resources for one sustenance of lifehave been stressing the Desert ecosystem beyond its limit ofresilience. And then, when drought strikes here as it does almostevery 3 years famine stalks the land, bringing untold miseries toman and his beasts alike Ecologists believe that we are fastapproaching the point of no return when the productivity of desertbiome in Rajasthan, even in good rainfall years, will be far below itspotentiality and, as the human and livestock pressure on the landincreases, the desertification process would intensify. Thepotentially disastrous end result of this web of man-animalenvironment interactions warrants through and pragmatic analysisby experts drawn from various disciplines.2310 Prakash, I. (1988)Rodent pest management. Florida, CRC Press. pp.480The objective of this multi-authored compendium is to bringtogether the state of Art Reports in one place written by specialistsin various fields of rodentology, and to suggest future lines ofresearch. It is also felt that this work on rodent pest managementwill trigger more research effort for the benefit of mankind.

CHAPTERS:- Rodent problems on the North American continent:-Rex E. Marsh; The rodent problem in Latin America:- Donald J.Elias and Michael W. Fall; Rodent problems Europe:- M. Lund;Rodent problems in Africa:- Lynwood A. Fiedler; Rodent problem inAsia:- Ishwar Prakash and R.P. Mathur; Rodent problems inselected countries in Southeast Asia and islands in the Pacific:-M.M. Hoque, F.F. Sanchez, and E.A. Benigno; Rodents and humandisease: A global appreciation:- Norman G. Gratz; Populationprinciples:- David E. Davis; Changing patterns of rodent populationsin India:- Ishwar Prakash; Prevention of plagues of house mice inrural Australia:- T.D. Redhead; Reproduction:- G.I. Twigg;Behavior:- Robert M. Timm and Terrell P. Salmon; Methods forestimating the losses caused in rice and other crops by rodents:-B.D. Rennison and A.P. Buckle; Selection of baits and theirdistribution:- M. Lund; Large-scale evaluation of rodent controltechnologies:- C.G.J. Richards; Rodent pest management: Theprinciples:- Walter E. Howard; Exploring, sampling, neophobia, andfeeding:- S.A. Barnett; Bait shyness and poison aversion:- IshwarPrakash; Non-anticoagulant rodenticides:- M. Lund; Anticoagulantrodenticides:- M. Lund; Chemosterilants for rodent control:- Rex E.Marsh; The potential for pheromonal involvement in rodent controlprograms:- D. Michael Stoddart; Biological principles, development,and perspectives of the use of bacteria and viruses:- V. Bykovskiiand N.V. Kandybin; Natural resistance of plans of pest rodents:-Lenart Hansson; Chemical repellents:- Adrian P. Meehan;Ultrasound devices:- M. Lund; Predation:- Sam Erlinge and LennartHansson; Non-lethal methods in rodent control:- William D.Fitzwater; Integrated pest management, principles in rodentcontrol:- Heimo Posamentier; Transfer of rodent pest controltechnology:- M.M. Hoque and R.C. Saxena; Areas of furtherresearch:- Walter E. Howard; Ecology and economics of rodent pestmanagement: The need for research:- S.A. Barnett.2311 Prakash, I. (1994)Mammals of the Thar desert. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers.pp.114The book introduces various mammalian species of Thar desert tonon-zoologists through line drawings and by providing briefdescription of their external appearance, colour, size, distribution,habits and behaviour. The book also fills in the need felt gap in therequirement of reading material on nature, the biodiversity and theanimals living around man.2312 Sen, A.K. (1972)

Agricultural atlas of Rajasthan. New Delhi, Indian Council ofAgricultural Research. pp.52The main objective of the Atlas is to help in regional planning, withspecial reference to agricultural development in Rajasthan. Thereare 34 maps/plates in the Atlas showing different aspects related toRajasthan state.2313 Sen, A.K. and Kar, A. (1993)Desertification and its control in the Thar, Sahara and Sahelregions. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.478The aim of this book is to discuss the combating soil erosion, droughtand subsequent desertification require considerable pre-investmentin the field of scientific research and technological development. Italso calls for a regular exchange of ideas between the researchers indifferent countries and between researchers and the technocrats.Realising the need for such a meeting for the commonwealth AfricanCountries the commonwealth secretariat at London arranged aworkshop at CAZRI Jodhpur from the 13th to 29th March 1989. Theresearch papers presented during the workshop have been publishedin the form of this book.2314 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1988)Wastelands development and their utilisation. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.496A number of organizations and scientists, who have been working inthis field, had shared their experiences in a National Seminar onWastelands Development and their Improvement, held at CAZRIJodhpur during December 1986. This publication presents theviewpoints of these specialists from diverse fields in the hope thatsynthetic approach for solving location specific problems wastelands.The papers presented during the seminar have been brought out inthis seminar volume.2315 Sharma, C.D. and Ojha, D.C. (1989)Advances in library and information science. Jaipur, RBSAPublishers. pp.215Importance of information lies in its provision, accessibility andutilization by its users for work productivity and effort, decisionmaking for various developmental activities and betterunderstanding of the problem and work situations. Therefore, tocope with the ever increasing mass of information well organisedInformation Systems are required at the international, national and

subject levels to make information available pin-pointedly,expeditiously and comprehensively. This book presents plans andprospects for National Information Systems in the fields ofAgriculture and Environment. The next volumes would deal withNational Information Systems in the fields of Science andTechnology. Important topics covered in this volume are: NationalInformation System for Agriculture; Land and Soil InformationSystem; Data Bank for Farm Management Information;Environmental Information System; Distributed InformationSystem; Distributed Information Center under ENVIS; Informationsupport for R & D in Environmental Engineering and Science.CHAPTERS:- Introduction:- C.D. Sharma; Advisory Editorial BoardContributors; National Information Systems for Agriculture:- P.C.Bose; Levels of National Information System for Agriculture:- S.C.Joshi and A.K. patel; Information Systems for Agriculture Scienceand Technology:- M.B. Bankapur; Land and Soil ResourcesInformation Management in India:- Y.M. Patil; IntegratedAgricultural Information System for India:- nandu Dulal Bask andBinod Bihari Dass; Resource Sharing in Agriculture Libraries:- D.C.Ojha; Data Bank for Indigenous Farm Management InformationTechnology:- M.B. Bankapur; Environmental Information inRetrospect and Prospect:- P.S. Kawatra; Distributed InformationCenter Under ENVIS - A Draft proposal:- D.C. Ojha; Plan and Policyfor Environmental Information System:- G.L. Trehan; Need forEnvironmental Information System:- S.P. Agarwal; InformationSupport for R & D in Environmental Engineering and Science inIndia:- S.K. Kesarwani and S.G. Bhat; Information Systems:Agriculture and Environment:- M.B. Bankapur and B.S.Hemamalini.2316 Singh, S. (1992)Geomorphology and Remote Sensing in EnvironmentalManagement. Jodhpur, Scientific Publishers. pp.281The findings of the study conducted on environmental degradationand its management using geomorphological and remote sensingtechniques have been discussed in this book under five chapters viz.,Introduction, Environment, Natural Resources Inventroy,Environmental Problems and Environmental Management. Thedistribution and extent of natural resources and environmentalhazards have been highlighted. Based on the concept of Major LandResources Units (MLRUs), the resources and problems haveintegrated and the sustainable land-use planning for each resource

unit has been suggested along with the soil and water conservationmeasures.2317 Singh, S. and Kar, A. (1997)Desertification Control in the Arid Ecosystems of India forSustainable Development. Bikaner, Agrobotanical Publishers.pp.393In this book articles have been grouped into five major themes (1)Basic frame work, (2) Natural endowment, (3) Risk assessment, (4)Management and Improvement strategies, and (5) Technologytransfer. Two articles on the problems of desertification andstrategies for combating it have been included in the first theme.Eight articles dealing with natural, human and animal resourceshave been put in the second theme. This is followed by nine articleson various problems of environmental degradation which have beenput under third theme. The largest theme fourth includes twentyarticles, dealing with land and water management includingagricultural improvement. The fifth theme has three articles whichdeals with the problems faced in transferring the scientifictechnologies to the farmers' fields, the socio-economic constraintsand improved mechanism for technology transfer.2318 Singh, S., Vats, P.C. and Kaith, D.S. (1983)Some aspects of desert geomorphology of Bikaner district, westernRajasthan. Geological survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication No.49.In the district six landforms created by fluvial and aeolian processeshave been identified and delineated. These landforms have differentphysical potentials. The wind erosion deposition and water erosionare the major hazards affecting the production potentials of differentlandforms. About 85% area is affected by wind hazards and only 5%is subjected to water erosion. Suitable soil and water conservationmeasures to check the menace of these hazards have beensuggested.2319 Singh, S.D. (1993)Arid land irrigation and ecological management. Jodhpur, ScientificPublishers. pp.441This book details water distribution and management in aridregions. Eleven chapters provide a great deal of information on thetopics of: water use to crop yield, prediction of water needs,desalinization of water for crop use, trickle irrigation, nutrientmanagement to help water management, and arid land irrigation

and desertification. Each chapter is individually authored andreferenced. Charts and graphs are provided.CHAPTERS:- Water for agriculture: Facing the limits:- PostelSandra L.; Field water balance for irrigation planning:- Hanks R.John and Melvin D. Campbell; Meteorological approaches forpredicting irrigation needs:- Steiner J.L. and T.A. Howell; Yield towater-use relationships and use of the concepts in managing alimited water supply:- S.D. Singh and Y.V. Singh; Managing saltaffected waters for crop production:- R.K. Gupta and P.S. Minhas;Deficit irrigation and strategy for optimizing yield:- Miller David E.;Efficient use of water in irrigated agriculture and limitations toincreasing water-use efficiency:- Stockle Claudio O. and Joshep M.Villar; Trickle irrigation design and evaluation based on thestatistical uniformity:- Bralts Vincent F. and I-Pai Wu; Nutrientmanagement in response to irrigation:- Miller Raymond W.;Ecological III-effects of arid land irrigation and some combatingmeasures:- Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar; Arid land irrigationand desertification:- Zaletaev Vladimir S.2320 Yadav, M.S., Singh, M., Sharma, S.K., Tewari, J.C. andBurman, U. (1997)Silvipastoral systems in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Jodhpur,CAZRI. pp.472Recognizing the pioneering work of Central Arid Zone ResearchInstitute in the field of silviculture, agrostology, agroforestry andrange management, UNESCO entrusted the task of organizing aninternational training course on "Silvipastoral systems for Arid andSemi-arid Ecosystems" to the institute. This course organized fromNovember 15 to December 5,1995 attracted a number of participantsfrom seven Asian countries. The lectures delivered during thetraining programme by a galaxy of scientists and other professionalson various aspects of silvipastoral systems have now been broughtout in form of present compendium.2321 Yadav, N.D. and Vyas, N.L. (1994 )Arid legumes. Bikaner, Agrobotanical Publishers. pp.125The book entitled Arid legumes is a compendium of arthenicinformation of legume crops i.e. moth bean, clusterbean, cowpea andhorsegram which have recently been classified as arid legumesgrown mostly in arid and semi-arid areas under very limitedresource conditions. The book covers production and protectiontechnology of crops and each crop has been deeply discussed withtheir origin, botanical characteristics, advanced agronomic practices

and plant protection measures. The association and importance ofthese legumes in different cropping system has also beenhighlighted.2322 Yadav, N.D., Gupta, I.C. and Pal, S. (1994)Cropping system research in India (1980-91). Delhi, IndianPublishers Distributor. pp.259The bibliography contains about 700 abstracts summarising theresearch work conducted on the subject in question. The abstractshave been arranged alphabetically by name of author(s) followed bytitle of the paper/publication, name of the journal, year ofpublication, volume of journal and page range. In case ofbooks/monographs, the name of the publisher has also been given.In the end 4 indexes have been provided viz. author index, subjectindex, source index and geographical index. The subject index isquite elaborative and describes the different systems crop-wise.

MONOGRAPHS2323 Chatterji, P.C. and Kar, A. (1992)Integrated natural and human resources appraisal of Jaisalmerdistrict. CAZRI Monograph No. 39. pp.122The region has very low potential for natural resources, resulting inlow biological productivity. The system can not sustain theincreasing biotic pressure. Inventory and appraisal of the basicresources is the first step towards an overall process of resourcemanagement of the region. This is why the emphasis is being laid onthe detailed analysis of the existing and potential resources andformulation of scientific plans for their development and sustainedproductivity. A multidisciplinary team of scientists undertook thischallenging task and came out with the present volume forundertaking the developmental programme, mostly in the areas notto be covered by the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana command. Onrequest from the Desert development commissioner, Jodhpur, adetailed report on the natural resources of the Sam developmentblock has been prepared.2324 Chouhan, K.N.K., Singh, R.N. and Kokate, K.D. (1988)Impact of transfer of agricultural technology in ORP villages ( Acase study). Monograph No. 34. pp.30This publication presents the impact of improved agriculturetechnology at the farmer's field of the O R P of Central Arid ZoneResearch Institute, Jodhpur. It is based on the case studiessupported by relevant data. It has brought an existing, stimulatingand visible impacts. This provides an objective evidence thatproductivity can be increased even in areas endowed with poornatural resources by the application of improved agriculturetechnology. The results are very conclusive. It is very essential topay simultaneous attention on improved agriculture of sand dunefixation, pasture development, biogas etc. for better results. Theresults of the impressive performance of the agriculture technologyat farmer’s field reported herein will be of great value toadministrators, planners, scientists, extension workers and is alsobound to have a multiplier effect on other farmers. It is indisputablyan excellent text for training programme organised by the CAZRI,Jodhpur from time to time. This report has been presented in simplelucid style with accent on meaningfulness rather thansophistication. Much of the information is in terms of farmers,effective response, graphs, photographic coverage and percentages.This report, will be of great assistance in extension work resulting

in improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants of the aridareas subjected to hostile environment and biophysical stress.2325 Garg, H.P. (1975)Solar energy utilisation research. CAZRI Monograph No. 4. pp.47This monograph describes the solar energy potential and itsutilization research carried out during the last three years in theDivision of Wind power and Solar Energy Utilization of CAZRI. Itpresents some details of the investigations undertaken in the fieldsof solar water heating, solar distillation, solar drying and solarcooking. Plans of future research in this field to be carried out atthis Institute have been indicated.2326 Ghosh, P.K. and Abichandani, R.K. (1981)Water in the eco-physiology of desert sheep. CAZRI Monograph No.17 pp.42Different breeds of sheep, when subjected to various degrees ofwater stress, lost around 27% of their body weight without anyphysiological dysfunction, and on rehydration, they regained the lostbody weight quickly. When sheep are deprived of water, the foodintake decreases. The food intake is also retained longer in thegastrointestinal tract when the sheep are given restricted amountsof water. The sodium concentration in the urine increasessignificantly during dehydration in the Australian Merino. In desertbreeds also, during water restriction, the concentration of totalelectrolytes in the urine increases. When desert sheep are wateredtwice a week, or are allowed 50% of the normal daily water intake,there is a saving of 50% in the water expenditure, while there are noill effects on the physiological functioning of the animals. Saving ofdrinking water to the tune of 50 to 85 liters per sheep per month hasbeen found achievable by resorting to watering of the animals twiceevery week instead of daily, the corresponding saving in the case oflambs being about 25 to 30 liters per lamb per month. It would,therefore, seem that it will be possible to maintain around 200 sheepon the normal water ration of 100 sheep, if the animals are allowedto drink twice every week, instead of daily.2327 Ghosh, P.K. and Khan, M.S. (1980)The goat in the desert environment. CAZRI Monograph No. 12pp.26Sizable goat population of the desert areas of Western Rajasthanhas rightly attracted the attention of the scientists working in theDivisions of Plant and Animal Studies at CAZRI. While the range

scientists are monitoring the impact of the goat on range vegetation,the animal scientists have been mainly looking into the goat'speculiar physiological characteristics. In particular, the desert goat'swater use economy- a matter of vital importance from the survivalpoint of view- has been investigated in depth and comparativestudies on the desert sheep have been conducted. The information inthis monograph will be useful to animal production specialists anddesert development agencies.2328 Gupta, J.P. (1983)Soil and moisture conservation for increasing crop production in aridlands. CAZRI Monograph No. 20. pp.41Two major problems of plant production in arid areas of westernRajasthan, are scarcity of water and high evaporative demand of theatmosphere. These factors coupled with sandy soils having poormoisture retention and storage characteristics and highervulnerability to wind erosion make plant production difficult.Different techniques of moisture conservation like water harvesting,subsurface moisture barriers, soil amendments, soil cultivation andthe mulches were evolved and used for increasing and stabilizingthe agricultural production. Efforts were also made to quantify themovement of sand and the nutrients associated with it. Differenttechniques were evolved and used for checking the movement ofsand. An attempt has, therefore, been made in this monograph todescribe the effect of above mentioned soil management andconservation technologies in increasing plant production in aridlands of western Rajasthan.2329 Harsh, L.N., Tewari, J.C., Patwal, D.S. and Meena, G.L. (1987)Package of practices for cultivation of jojoba (Simmondisa chinenis)in arid zone. CAZRI Monograph No. 32 pp.19Jojoba pronounced as Ho-Ho-Ba, is a native of the Sonoran desert; ofMexico, California and Arizona. It can tolerate 54° C temperature insummer and -5° C temperature in winter. Seeds of jojoba containabout 45-55% liquid wax with chemical properties similar to those ofthe body fat obtained from sperm whales. It was introduced atCAZRI, Jodhpur, from Isreal in 1965. At the institute, differentexperiments were conducted to standardize the packages ofpractices for nursery techniques, field plantation and soil, water andfertilizer requirements. More over, publication also containutilization aspect of jojoba produce.2330 Malhotra, S.P., Trivedi, H.S. and Mathur, Y.N. (1985)

Agro-forestry : a judicious use of desert eco-system by man. CAZRIMonograph No. 27. pp.40Agro-forestry is currently being adopted for intensive scientificresearches but the resource use being the decisive factor, the desertdwellers had adopted the system of agro-forestry since ancienttimes. Desert dwellers are the repository of this great knowledge,and history has it on record, that this system not only carried themthrough the vulnerable situations of the desert but it wellmaintained them. A pioneering attempt has been made by theauthors to collect and present this existing knowledge among thedesert dwellers which will be quite fruitful for building up anyresearch or extension programmes in the field of agro-forestry.2331 Mann, H.S. (1974)Desert eco-system and its improvement. CAZRI Monograph No. 1.pp.390The symposium was divided in following main and sub-themesClimate and hydro-Geology, land use and Characteristics; Soil andSalinity; Man and the Desert; Natural Vegetation and Crops;Animal Ecology; Animal Husbandry.CHAPTERS:- Preface:- H.S.Mann; Desert ecosystem and itsimprovement:- H.S.Mann; Climate:- A.Krishnan; Ground waterresources:- K.Dasgupta; Geology and hydrogeology:- V.B.Khilanani;Eco-climatological features:- A.Krishnan; Solar energy and windpower utilisation:- H.P.Garg; An introduction to desertgeomorphology:- Bimal Ghose; Aerial photo-interpretation andphoto-grammetric techniques and their application ingeomorphological studies:- S. Singh; Land-use mapping by aerialphoto interpretation technique:- A.K. Sen; Basic resource surveys inrelation to resource development of arid lands:- C.T. Abichandani;Land use capability classification:- R.P. Dhir and S.N. Bhola; Soils:-R.P. Dhir; Socio-economic structure and life style of settledpopulation:- S.P. Malhotra; Nomads and nomadism:- S.P. Malhotra;Vegetation of Indian desert biome and primary productivity ofgrassland:- S.K. Saxena; An approach to system analysis:- S.C.Pandeya; Ecosystems in arid zone:- C.P. Bhimaya; Physiologicalaspects of crop yields in relation to water stress:- A.N. Lahiri;Dryland farming technology:- R.P. Singh; Horticulture in the aridzone eco-system fruit growing:- O.P. Pareek; Physiologicaladaptations of plants in desert eco-system:- A.N. Lahiri; Geneticimprovement of pulse and oilseed crops:- M.V.R. Prasad; Geneticalimprovement possibilities for important cereal crops:- M.B.L.

Saxena; Pasture improvement, selection of high yielding grasses,their seeding, development and utilization:- R.B. Das; Role offorestry in sand dune stabilisation:- K.D. Muthana; Economicevaluation of arid land management technology:- J.C. Kalla;Grassland and range management:- L.D. Ahuja; Termite ecology:-M.L. Roonwal; Ecology of insect pests:- J.N. Sachan; Role ofconsumers in the functioning of desert ecosystem:- S.S. Bains;Population dynamics of rodents and their control:- Ishwar Prakash;Role of sheep in the desert eco-system and drought proofing throughimproved sheep production:- R.M. Acharya and B.C. Patnayak; Anintroduction to sheep and cattle ecology:- Brahma Chowdhary;Animal production in the desert eco-system:- Mohan Singh and A.L.Chaudhary; Physiological adaptations of animals to the desert ecosystem:-P.K. Ghosh.2332 Mann, H.S. and Muthana, K.D. (1984)Arid zone forestry. (with special reference to the Indian arid zone).CAZRI Monograph No. 23. pp.42The extent of problem areas in western Rajasthan has beendetermined by the study on desertification jointly carried out by theCentral Arid Zone Research Institute and the UNESCO. The studyrevealed that about 9520 km² or 4.35% of the western Rajasthanhas already been affected by the processes of desertification. About1,62,900 km² or 76.15% of the area has been categorised as highlyand moderately vulnerable and 41,692 km² or 19.5% of the area ismoderately to slightly vulnerable to the various processes ofdesertification. The productive plant communities have beengradually reduced to degraded vegetation type with the increase ofunpalatable species. Certain areas of the slight vulnerabilitycategory are also associated with water erosion.2333 Mann, H.S. and Saxena, S.K. (1980)Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in the Indian desert- its role inagroforestry. CAZRI Monograph No. 11. pp.76CHAPTERS:- Khejri in the Indian Scriptures:- Vinod Shanker;Taxonomy, morphology, growth and reproduction of Khejri and itssuccession in N. W. India:- S.K. Saxena; Distribution of Khejri inWestern Rajasthan:- Vinod Shankar; Silvicultural aspects of Khejri:-K.D. Muthana; Herbage growth under Khejri canopy:- S.K. Saxena;Grass production under Khejri tree:- L.D. Ahuja; Physico-chemicalstatus of soil under Khejri:- R.K. Aggarwal; Prosopis cineraria inrelation to soil water and other conditions of its habitat:- A.N.Lahiri; The nurtritive value and digestibility of loong:- H.C. Bohra

and P.K. Ghosh; Trace element concentrations in the foilage:- R.P.Dhir and B.K. Sharma; Insect-pests of Khejri:- D.R. Parihar; Socioeconomicdimensions of Khejri:- M.L. Purohit and Wajid Khan; Roleof Khejri in agro-forestry:- H.S. Mann and S.K. Saxena; Salientfeatures of Khejri.2334 Mann, H.S. and Saxena, S.K. (1981)Bordi (Zizyphus nummulria) a shrub of the Indian arid zone- its rolein silvi-pasture. CAZRI Monograph No. 13. pp.93CHAPTERS:- In the Indian Scriptures:- Vinod Shankar; Morphologyand Ecology:- S.K. Saxena; Distribution pattern of Jharber and itsleaf fodder and bush-wood production on different habitats andland-use types:- Vinod Shankar; Silvi-cultural aspects:- K.D.Muthana; Physiological aspects:- S. Kathju and A.N. Lahiri;Productivity of the shrub:- S.K. Saxena and S.K. Sharma;Horticultural qualities:- B.B. Vashishtha; Mineral elements inrelation to animal requirement:- B.K. Dutta and R.P. Dhir;Distribution of trace elements in foliage:- B.K. Sharma and R.P.Dhir; Nutritive value of pala for ruminants:- H.C. Bohra and P.K.Ghosh; Important food centre for Indian desert animals:- IshwarPrakash; Associated insects and their management:- D.R. Parihar;Diseases:- Saroj Singh; Socio-Economic aspects:- M.L. Purohit andW.A. Khan; An opinion survey:- M.L. Purohit and W.A. Khan; Bordiin Indian desert- An overview:- H.S. Mann; Animal production inDhaman-bordi grassland:- L.N. Harsh and K.A. Shankarnarayan; Ashrub for silvi-pasture:- S.K. Saxena and H.S. Mann.2335 Mann, H.S. and Sen, A.K. (1983)Ground water atlas of Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 18 pp.61The Rajasthan has been classified into five agro-climatic regions. Alarge part of the state, as it has been shown in this atlas, is affectedby aridity with all its attendant handicaps particularly low watertable, increase in the water salinity and scarcity of drinking waterboth for human beings and the live-stock. All the information fromvarious sources has been collected and analysed and cartographed todepict the ground water situation both quantity and quality wise inmaps on 1:2,000,000 scale. All these data, in all theirmanifestations, have been under intensive study at the CAZRI.These maps are compiled and presented in the form of an atlas. Theatlas presents a good deal of the vital information that has so farbeen collected on the ground water resources: estimated groundwater potential, ground water utilized, surplus ground waterpotential available, quality of ground water, trend of ground waterutilization, etc. The atlas pinpoints the areas where there is a scope

for further development of ground water utilization and also theareas where there is an urgent need for the survey of ground water.2336 Mertia, R.S. (1992)Studies on improvement and utilization of range-lands of Jaisalmerregion. CAZRI Monograph No. 38. pp.45The Jaisalmer region covers an extreme arid tract of the Indiandesert with sprawling natural grazing lands which constitute about43% of the total geographical area of western Rajasthan. Pasturebased animal husbandry is the mainstay of the economy of thedesert peasantry. Although the grass covers typified by Lasiurussindicus, Panicum antidotale is highly adaptive as well asproductive. It is in most of the area, is by and large, in degradedconditions primarily due to past misuse and present neglect.Carrying capacity of the grazing lands of the Jaisalmer region canbe restored and improved further if suitable improvement andutilization practices are perfected and applied. It is in this contextthat Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur established achain of Range management and Soil Conservation areas inJaisalmer region at Lawan, Khetolai, Chandan and Jaisalmer all ofwhich are located along Jodhpur-Jaisalmer highway. Results of thestudies on the improvement and utilization conducted in theseRange Management and Soil Conservation areas of Jaisalmer regionare described and discussed in this monograph. It is hoped that theinformation contained in the monograph will be of use toresearchers, agriculture and animal husbandry agencies and todevelopment planners of the Jaisalmer region.2337 Murthy, K.N.K., Issac, V.C. and Bohra, D.N. (1982)Water proofing of field irrigation channels in desert soils. CAZRIMonograph No. 15. pp.23In arid and semi-arid areas, crop productivity is generally limited bywater availability for crops. Water availability for crops isdependent on the efficiency of irrigation systems. Farmers dependupon open earthen channels for carrying water to the fields.Impounding and conveying of water is costly and therefore, it isnecessary to ensure that the transportation of water to the land isdone without much losses. Also excessive seepage of water from thefield channels may create problems of water logging, which ishappening at present in the Rajasthan canal area. Measures andstrategies are required to efficiently control seepage losses in fieldchannel and to increase the crop production. Practicalrecommendations for the control of seepage losses using variousindigenous materials have been evolved at CAZRI and the same

have been summarised in this publication. It is hoped that thismonograph will serve the needs of the agricultural sector in aridregions.2338 Muthana, K.D. and Arora, G.D. (1983)Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) D.C., a fast growing tree to bloom thedesert. CAZRI Monograph No. 22. pp.21Prosopis juliflora. is a thorny, large crowned, ever-green tree havingdeep as well as lateral root system, native of south western America,Mexico, Venezuela, , Israel, Peru and Colombia. It was introduced inIndia in 1877 and 1913 in Jodhpur with great success. It proved tobe the most versatile plant for afforestation of shifting sand dunesand dry degraded, wastelands. It reproduces by coppicing andthrough root suckers. It is highly esteemed fuel wood source, and isalso valued for shade and small timber to some extent andnutritious pods for feeding of live-stock in arid region of Rajasthan.It can be grown as a tree, shrub and as a hedge. It is droughtresistant and has the ability to withstand diverse conditions.Various package of practices for nursery raising, field planting, andharvesting have been developed. It has performed equally betterwhen compared with other important arid zone trees. Ripe pods areof high nutritive value containing 12 to 13% crude protein and arerich in a sugar and nitrogen. Wood is hard, durable and has goodfuel wood value. Good quality charcoal is prepared from thebranches and main stem. Tree exudes gum from the sap wood,which is used in industries like sizing paper, calico printing,cosmetics etc. Rodents and white ants are the main pests.2339 Pal, S.K. (1977)White grubs and their management. CAZRI Monograph No. 5. pp.36Scientific findings have revealed that for effective control of thispest, control measures are more effective on beetles than on thegrubs which have a peculiar behaviour and are difficult to control.Soil application of pesticides in heavy doses has been found to beexpensive and also poses residue problem in the soil as well as in theplants. However, the pest can be managed effectively through anintegrated approach and the details concerning the nature andextent of damage, behaviour of different species and the effectivecontrol measures are described in this monograph. The objective ofthis monograph is to collate the knowledge on this pest including itsmanagement.2340 Parihar, D.R. (1981)

Termite pests of vegetation in Rajasthan and their management.CAZRI Monograph No. 16. pp.24Faunal distribution, species composition of some of the importanttermites of Rajasthan desert were investigated. It was found that 14out of 39 species recorded have acquired pest status of crops, treesand grasses. Range and extent of damage to plantations wereevaluated. Various strategies like cultural practices, biological andchemical control were attempted for ecofriendly management of thenotorious termites of crops and tree species.2341 Parihar, D.R. (1987)Grasshopper pests of grazing land vegetation and their managementin Indian desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 29. pp.50Grasshopper fauna of grazing lands of the Indian desert wasinvestigated, 26 genra and 29 species were recorded. Eco-biology ofsome important pest species was studied. Seasonal losses to grasseswere reported. The population of grasshopper was the highest inmonsoon (August - September) season. Integrated pest managementby utilizing various control strategies with, cultural, biological andchemical methods was attempted.2342 Prakash, I. (1976)Rodent pest management principles and practices. CAZRIMonograph No.4. pp.27Rodent control is a tricky job as the operator has to tackle a varietyof rodents living together in the rural as well as the urbanenvironment. All species of rodents do not have similar habits andthey occupy different micro-habitats apparently to minimizeinterspecific competition. It is, therefore, necessary to evolve astrategy which should effectively control all the resident species of aparticular area. This is a rather difficult proposition and to fulfillthis requirement. A great deal of basic information pertaining to thebehaviour, food and breeding habits, habitat selection, range ofmovements etc. of the species involved should be available with thecontrol planner. Clearly, we need to know a good deal more thanwhat we do now in order to achieve a reasonable degree of success.In this monograph, an attempt has been made to briefly present thecurrent status of our knowledge with regard to the habits of therodents of economic importance and to discuss the principles andpractices of rodent pest management under various situations. Theprecautions needed to be observed, and the antidotes to be used incase of accidents, have also been discussed in detail.

2343 Prakash, I. (1977)The amazing life in the Indian desert. CAZRI Monograph No. 6.pp.18The Thar desert is an unique arid zone which blooms ephemerallyduring monsoon with a colourful range of trees and grasses andabounds in an amazing variety of bird and animal life.Biogeographically the majority of biodiversity found in this mostpopulated desert of the world exhibits Saharan affinities. Howeverin the extreme arid 100 mm region, vegetation is external sparse butit is a preferred habitat of a lizard, first time separated from India,and desert adapted rodents. Thar is unique in having Bishnoicommunity which protects nature and wildlife on religious ground, asolitary example in the universe. With the population and grazingpressure, the face of the desert will change sooner or later. Many ofthe specialised form of plants and animals associated with Thar willeventually vanish. This will be a great loss to natural science and toour cultural heritage. Strong efforts should be made to consume thehighly specialised and endemic biodiversity of the Thar desert.2344 Prakash, I. (1981)Ecology of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae. CAZRIMonograph No. 10 pp.79Rodents aggravate the desertification processes by depredating uponthe sparse vegetation and disturbing the soil through their fossorialpropensity. Due to their sheer numbers and omni-presence in almostall the desert habitats, they have assumed a severe pest problem.Rodents are physiologically and behaviourally well adapted toclimatic vagaries and fluctuation in food supply. Realising theirpotential as one of the desertification factor, CAZRI initiatedintensive studies in early sixties on vertebrate pests of the Indianarid zone. The CAZRI has been designated as the Nationalcoordinating and Monitoring Centre for Rodent Research andTraining in the Country. This monograph, Desert Gerbil (Merioneshurrianae) is one of the first species in India.2345 Sen, A.K.Land-use classification system in Indian arid zone. CAZRIMonograph No. 9 pp.43Land -use survey and mapping deals with the classification of landsaccording to their present use. This is an obvious requirement toassess the use and misuse of land which is the pre-requisite to planthe utilisation of resources. In the arid zones, where the resourceshave either not been fully assessed or the available resources are not

eing properly utilised, the need for this survey and mapping hasbeen strongly felt. To deal with the problem, the Basic ResourcesStudies Division of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute,Jodhpur is carrying out land use survey and mapping, as a part ofintegrated basic resources surveys in different arid and semi-aridregions of India since 1967. This monograph deals with the problemsof land use classifications in the arid zone and the methods andtechniques evolved and standardised by this Institute for land usesurvey and their cartographic expressions.2346 Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. (1982-83)Agro-demographic atlas of Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 19.pp.45The atlas aims at classifying the agro-demographic regions ofRajasthan. The quantitative relationship between agriculturalcharacteristics and demographic factors are determined in closeexamination of four variables: i) demography, ii) rural economicstructure, iii) agriculture, and iv) human agricultural relationship.These variables have been used to generate a variety of indices,which, in turn have formed the basis of sub division of the area intoagro-demographic regions. Accordingly, the levels of agrodemographicdevelopment of the different districts and agro climaticregions in Rajasthan state have been worked out and mapped on thebasis of the efficiency of rural occupational structure and ruralproduction. The details are clearly shown in the various mapscartographed and included in the atlas. Each map has been designedto represent a number of interrelated and associated factors todepict vividly the various characteristics of the region. the complexmaps are, however, easy to read, although the explanatory notesaccompanying the maps give detailed description and originalsources of the data.In presenting this atlas to the wider public andspecially to the planners, the CAZRI feels confident that it will beuseful to Rajasthan Government to identify areas for undertakingdevelopment programmes which can generate self replicating andself propelling growth.2347 Sen, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., Gupta, K.N. and Bohra, H.C. (1981)Sheep in Rajasthan. CAZRI Monograph No. 14. pp.38In the extreme climatic conditions in arid grasslands, the sheep isprobably the most appropriate animal. In these areas sheephusbandry is the major occupation for livelihood. In Rajasthan, 61%of its geographic area covers net arid zone. Although, westernRajasthan has 12.8% and 60.3% area of the whole country and thestate, respectively, but it produces as high as 22.7% and 68.3% of

the wool produced from the whole country and to Rajasthan state.The average wool produced per sheep from western Rajasthan isaround 1.56 kg/year, whereas, the corresponding values for the stateand the country has been calculated to be 1.30 kg and 0.88 kg,respectively. Sheep is probably the most appropriate animal for thegrassland situated in extreme climatic conditions both for hot andcold arid grasslands, ecosystem, and thus the sheep husbandry isthe major occupation for livelihood of the human beings of suchareas. The monograph has been divided into 4 chapters, devoted tolivestock population and grazing land per head of animal, sheepconcentration zones in Rajasthan, distribution of sheep breeds inRajasthan and production of wool in Rajasthan have been wellsupported with 3 tables and detailed, 11 maps, and a few plates.This monograph is much valuable for the planners as well to theexecutives and all associated with the sheep husbandry and the woolindustry as well.2348 Shankarnarayan, K.A. (1984)Agro-forestry in arid and semi-arid zones. CAZRI MonographNo. 24. pp.294The concept of agro-forestry/farm forestry has long been recognisedas a valuable device to help develop optimal land uses underdifferent agro-climatic situations, particularly in the drought-proneareas in the tropics and sub-tropics. The National commission onAgriculture has also given considerable emphasis on agro-forestry intheir Report (1976). Introduction of tree component in croppingsystems in arid areas which suffer acutely from water stress, andalso nutrient stress, offers a valuable cushion against total cropfailure to provide fuel, fodder and even food under certainsituations. While the broad principles of agro-forestry are wellknown and awareness about the significance of agro-forestry isincreasing, there are also obvious gaps in our knowledge when itcomes to actual practice of agro-forestry particularly on the socialand ecological aspects. There is considerable scope for multidisciplinaryresearch in this field. The Central Arid Zone ResearchInstitute, Jodhpur (ICAR) has already taken a lead in this direction.With support from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, theCAZRI organised a Summer Institute in 1981 to review the currentstatus of knowledge in the field of agro-forestry, its relevance to ourfarming systems and future needs for research. The SummerInstitute brought out many important points and made valuablerecommendations to the scientists and development workers alike.2349 Shankarnarayan, K.A. and Vinod Shankar. (1986)

Desert environment conservation and management. CAZRIMonograph No. 26. pp.133CHAPTERS/ARTICLES:- World Environment Day:- K.A.Shankarnarayan; Combating Desertification:- K.A.Shankarnarayan; Environmental conservation through utilisation ofalternate energy sources:- Jagdish P. Gupta; Wildlife resource andits management:- Ishwar Prakash; Bishnois- their role inconservation of desert eco-system:- S.P. Malhotra; Vegetationrecovery under protection:- Vinod Shankar; Wind erosion and itscontrol:- Jitendra P. Gupta; Where to look for water in the Indiandesert:- Bimal Ghose; Desert plants used as human food duringscarcity and famines:- S.K. Saxena; Transmission losses during theenergy flow in the grazing food-chain of the arid ecosystem:- VinodShankar; Animal husbandry in the arid zone environment:- R.K.Abichandani & P.K. Ghosh; Economics of crop fodder and fuelproduction in desertic environment:- J. C. Kalla; Energy plantationsfor the Indian desert:- K.D. Muthana; Evaluation of environmentalpollution through rainwater analysis:- R.K. Aggarwal; Textilepollution problem in Pali-Marwar:- S. Mauria; Environmentalproblems of Pali district:- P.C. Vats; Prediction of droughts and duststorm activity in the Indian arid zone:- B.V. Ramana Rao, Y.S.Ramakrishna & G.G.S.N. Rao; Water pollution: some observationson sheep mortality near gypsiferous evaporites a long-burrieddrainage channels in western Rajasthan:- Bimal Ghose; Hazards ofthe pesticides and measures to combat them:- Satya Vir; Protectingthe environment need for people's initiative:- B. Venkateswarlu;Utilization of ecological expertise in resource management andregional planning of arid regions:- K.A. Shankarnarayan;Environmental degradation in the Indian desert:- A. K.l Sen.2350 Sharma, S.K. (1987)Improvement and grazing management of arid rangelands atSamdari and Jodhpur. CAZRI Monograph No. 30. pp.39In arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan pasture based animalhusbandry has remained main source of livelihood of the rural folks.These pastures and grazing lands, having been so long overused andmisused, have turned into wastelands of unpalatable thorny species.A number of experiments on range regeneration improvement andutilisation were conducted in different range Management Substations of CAZRI Jodhpur over 30 years. The monographsummerises the results of studies conducted on Range management,pasture establishment, grazing management, trails of improvedgrasses, legumes species, introduction of suitable tree and shrub

species, Horti and silivi pastoral systems at Samdari (BarmerDistrict) and Jodhpur Range management stations.2351 Singh, M. and Joshi, N.L. (1988)Pearl millet in arid zone- A retrospect. CAZRI Monograph No. 36.pp.55Pearl millet has continued to be the singular predominant cerealwidely grown in these regions. This crop has amazing qualities towithstand long drought, higher moisture utilization efficiency andcapacity to extract moisture from deeper soil profile. It also has anexcellent photosynthetic mechanism ensuring efficient transfer ofenergy from leaves to grains. The grains have high nutritive valueand form the staple food of the hard working robust people of aridregions. In 1950's it was cultivated in nearly 3 m ha area,constituting about 80% of the total area of pearl millet cultivation inRajasthan. But, the average productivity was merely 188 kg ha -1against the state and country averages of 215 kg ha -1 and 310 kg ha -1 , respectively. Considerable research has since been accomplishedand published in various scientific journals. Despite all thevoluminous research work, pearl millet yields still reel underunstability, largely due to several production constraints like thediseases, lack of resistant cultivars and a lack of region specificproduction technologies. Most of our farmers cannot afford high costinputs and yield stabilization needs to be achieved only throughsuitable cultivars and appropriate management practices. Therestill exists a large gap between attainable and attained yields.Scientists are containing their efforts in this direction. At CentralArid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), researches on various aspectsof pearl millet production have continued for the last three decadesand there is no parallel work done on this crop under arid conditionsin India. In this publication, an attempt has been made tocomprehensively review the entire research work carried out atCAZRI on all aspects of this crop for the benefit of research workersand subject matter specialists concerned with the productiontechnologies of pearl millet.2352 Singh, S. (1977)Geomorphological investigation of the Rajasthan desert. CAZRIMonograph No. 7. pp.44Survey and mapping techniques which are essential pre-requisitesfor the rational assessment and management of the physicalpotentials and hazards of the different landforms and for the overalldevelopment of arid lands, have been satisfactorily worked out.Methodology for study of the dynamics of sand dunes and the river

system has been developed. Techniques for locating and exploitingthe sub-surface water potentials and commercial salts andevaporites in different landforms, especially along the buriedcourses of the prior drainage channels, have also been evolved.Attention has also been focused on small agricultural drainagebasins for harvesting their surface water potential at suitablesites.Basic questions on the palaeoclimate and spread of the Thardesert have also been accorded due recognition in the researchprogramme.The findings of the basic and applied geomorphologicalresearches, conducted in Rajasthan desert over the past sixteenyears, have been synthesized in the present monograph.2353 Singh, S.D. (1988)Water harvesting in arid tropics. CAZRI Monograph No. 37. pp.67Water is a severe constraint in the arid tropics. Therefore, researchpriorities were given to the optimum use of rainwater, groundwater, conjunctive use of rain-water and ground water to themodern and sophisticated system of drip irrigation that squeezesevery drop of the limited water resources, and to cropping patternsthat complete life cycles during the rainy season. Researches onthese thrust areas were initiated simultaneously in the late sixties.Aspects other efficient use of rainwater have been published invarious national and international journals. However, the paper hadto be withdrawn from that prestigious journal at the very lastmoment due to certain unavoidable circumstances. Subsequently, itwas decided to publish the material in the CAZRI publication series.The papers are being presented here in the same style as set by theStyle Manual of the Agronomy Journal.2354 Vangani, N.S., Sharma, K.D. and Chatterji, P.C. (1988)Tanka - a reliable system of rainwater harvesting in the Indiandesert. CAZRI Monograph No. 33 pp.16The study revealed that the traditional practice of water harvestingin the form of tanka must have played an important role in meetingthe drinking water requirement of the desert people in the past.However, at present the tanka alone is not capable of meeting theincreased demand for drinking water of the burgeoning population.It can at best be viewed as an important component of an integrateddrinking water supply scheme, involving other water resources viz.,well, pipeline supply, nadi etc. Hence, tankas will continue to playan important role now and in the future to meet the drinking waterdemands of the rural populace, especially for people living inscattered dhanis.

2355 Vinod Shankar. (1983)Depleted vegetation of the desertic habitats: studies on its naturalregeneration. CAZRI Monograph No. 21 pp.21This monograph is the outcome of a series of studies on vegetationanalysis of long term exclosures established on a variety of desertichabitats. These studies aimed at 1. providing information on thetime-sequence of the development of vegetation on various desertichabitats, 2. identification of the temporal limits to the desired stateof vegetation development, and 3. effect of contour bunding aroundthe habitat and of the pattern of vegetation utilisation on thebotanical composition of desired grass and tree species. Data to thiseffect have been generated from a chain of exclosures established atvarious forestry and range management stations of CAZRI. Furthersupplementation of data has been done from the observationsrecorded from the relict vegetation that is generally designated tosome local deity and also from wildlife sanctuaries and farmers'holdings that are preserved for hay. A wide spectrum of habitatslocated in rainfall zones ranging from 100 to 500 mm find coverage.The results obtained have been related to the objectives and thisfinds place in the description of each habitat type. This is primarilya basic study but inferences have application for formulating landdevelopment plans for each category of habitat. For example, thestudy reveals the stages of vegetation development from rangemanagement and forestry angles. It also identifies the species thatrepresent the stable vegetation and so stabilize the productivity.Suitable species for introduction have also been indicated. It istherefore hoped that consolidation of information in this monographwill induce researchers for further study and will help thedevelopment planners in formulating a sound programme forregeneration of desertic vegetation and its subsequent utilization.2356 Vinod Shankar and Suresh Kumar. (1987)Grazing resources of Jaisalmer ecology and developmental planningwith special reference to sewan grass lands. CAZRI Monograph No.28. pp.92The coverage of information on vegetation resources is fairlycomprehensive and has application value. It should be particularlyuseful to the planning and development agencies, e.g., DRDA(District Rural Development Authority), Desert Development Board,IGNP Canal Development Authority and to financing institutionslike NABARD and lead banks. The academic part will be useful tobotanists, researchers and individuals interested in the vegetationecology of this extreme desert belt.

2357 Yadav, N.D. and Singh, P.M. (1992)Tumba and mateera cultivation in the Indian arid zone. CAZRIMonograph No. 40 pp.21The monograph covers the production technology of tumba andmateera crop grown extensively in arid tract of Rajasthan. Both thecrops have been thoroughly discussed in relation to their botanicalcharacteristics and advanced agronomic practices as tested atCAZRI RRS Bikaner farm for continuously more than three years. Itgives the recommendations of spacing, fertilizer, irrigation etc.