Lathe Components

®Lathe Components21711 161215 14 896341107513Lathe:A machine where a tool removes material from the turning cylindrical part. Many styles are available,such as: Manual, CNC, etc. Lathes are usually comprised of these basic parts: A driving mechanismfor supplying power to the chuck, a material holding device (ex. chuck), a cross slide and compoundwhich holds the tool, tool holding device, or turret, a tailstock for additional support of the work piece,and controls for the operator to interact with the lathe.1. HeadstockThe fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similarmachine tool.2. Speed & Feed AdjustmentControls that allow the user to adjust the speed andfeed of the lathe.3. TailstockThat part of a machine tool. such as a lathe orcylindrical grinder which supports the end of aworkpiece with a center. It may be positioned atany point along the way of the bed, and may beoffset from center to machine tapers.4. Tailstock Spindle Movement HandleThis handle moves the tail stock in the "Z" axis(towards and away from the chuck).5. BedOne of the principal parts of a machine tool, havingaccurately machined ways or bearing surfaces forsupporting and aligning other parts of the machine.6. Cross-SlideThe part of the lathe that moves across the bed. Italso holds the compound where the tool holdingdevice is mounted.7. Cross-Slide DialThis dial moves the cross slide in the "X" axis(toward and away from the centerline of the chuck).8. CompoundThe part of a lathe set on the carriage that carriesthe tool post and holder. It is designed to swing inany direction and to provide feed for turning shortangles or tapers.9. Compond DialThis dial moves the compound towardand away from the handle itself.10. Cross Feed HandleThis handle moves the cross slide andcompound in the "Z" axis (towards andaway from the chuck).11. ChuckA device on a lathe to hold the workpiece.12. Live CenterA center that revolves with the work.Generally. this is the headstock center;however, the ball bearing type tailstockcenter is also called a live center.13. Lead ScrewThe long, precision screw located infront of the lathe bed geared to thespindle, and used for cutting threads.Also, the table screw on the universalmilling machine when geared to theindexing head for helical milling.14. T-SlotThe slots made in the tables of machinetools for the square-head bolts used toclamp the workpiece,, attachments, orwork-holding fixtures in position forperforming the machining operations.15. T-NutA rectangular nut that is slid into the T-Slot of the compound. It is used tosecure a device to the compound.16. Quck Change Tool PostA device for holding tooling on the compound ofa lathe. It can be as simple as a fixed system forholding one tool or as complex as an indexingquick change system.17. Quick Change HolderA device to hold a cutting tool on a lathe thatuses a system to allow for quick changing oftooling from one operation to the next. It isgenerally applied be using a dovetail cavity thatis slid over a male dovetail on a toolpost.Center Height:The distance from the centerline of the chuck tothe top of the compound.Lathe Swing:The dimension of a lathe determined by themaximum diameter of the work that can berotated over the ways of the bed.Shank Size:The diameter of a round cutting tool or the heightof a square shank cutting tool.DORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951VIII

®TerminologyAA - aluminum alloysabrasive - natural - (sandstone, emery,corundum. diamonds) or artificial (siliconcarbide, aluminum oxide) material used formaking grinding wheels, sandpaper,abrasive cloth, and lapping compounds.abrasive wheels - Wheels of a hard abrasive,such as Carborundum used for grinding.accurate - Conforms to a standard or tolerance.Acme thread - A screw thread having a 29degree included angle. Used largely forfeed and adjusting screws on machine tools.acute angle - An angle that is less than 90degrees.adapter - A tool holding device for fittingtogether various types or sizes of cuttingtools to make them interchangeable ondifferent machines.addendum - That portion of a gear tooth thatextends from the pitch circle to the outsidediameter.align - To adjust or set to a line or center.allowance - The prescribed difference indimensions of mating parts to provide acertain class of fit.alloy - A metal formed by a mixture of two ormore different metals.angle iron - An iron or steel structural memberthat has been cast, rolled, or bent (folded)so that its cross section is L-shaped.angle plate - A precision holding fixture madeof cast iron. steel, or granite. The twoprincipal faces are at right angles and maybe slotted for holding the work or clampingto a table.annealing - The controlled heating and coolingof a metal to remove stresses and to makeit softer and easier to work with.anvil - A heavy iron or steel block upon whichmetal is forged or hammered-. also thefixed jaw on a micrometer against whichparts are measured.apron - That portion of a lathe carriage thatcontains the clutches, gears, and levers formoving the carriage. It also protects themechanism.arbor - A shaft or spindle for holding cuttingtools; most usually on a milling machine.arbor press - A hand-operated machine tooldesigned for applying high pressure for thepurpose of pressing together or removingparts.assembly - A unit of fitted parts that make upa mechanism or machine, such as theheadstock assemble of a lathe.automatic stop - A device which may beattached to any of several parts of a machinetool to stop the operation of the machine atany predetermined point.axis - The line, real or imaginary, passing throughthe center of an object about which it couldrotate; a point of reference.babbitt - An antifriction metal alloy used forbearing inserts; made of tin, antimony, lead,and copper.back gears - Gears fitted to a machine toincrease the number of spindle speedsobtainable with a cone or step pulley beltdrive.back rake - The angular surface ground backfrom the cutting edge of cutting tools. Onlathe cutting tools. the rake is positive if theface slopes down from the cutting edgetoward the shank, and negative if the faceslopes upward toward the shank.backlash - The lost motion or looseness (play)between the faces of meshing gears orthreads.bandsaw - A power saw. the blade of which isa continuous, narrow, steel band havingteeth on one edge and passing over twolarge pulley wheels.bar stock - Metal bars of various lengths, madein flat, hexagon, octagon, round, and squareshapes from which parts are machined.bearing - Rollers, and balls placed betweenmoving parts to reduce friction and wear.bed - One of the principal parts of a machinetool, having accurately machined ways orbearing surfaces for supporting and aligningother parts of the machine.bell mouth - The flaring or tapering of a machinedhole, usually made at the entrance endbecause of misalignment or spring of thecutting tool.bench grinder - A small grinding machine forshaping and sharpening the cutting edges oftools.bench lathe - A small lathe mounted on a benchor table.bench work - Work done primarily at a benchwith hand tools. occasionally supplementedby small power-driven tools.bevel - Any surface that is not at right angles toanother surface. Also, the name given a toolused for measuring, laying out, or checkingthe accuracy of work machined at an angleor bevel.bit, tool (cutter) - A hardened steel bar or platethat is shaped according to the operation tobe performed and the material to bemachined.blind bole - A hole made in a workpiece thatdoes not pass through it.block, Jo - Shop name for a Johannson gageblock, a very accurate measuring device.blowhole - A defect in a casting caused bytrapped steam or gas.blueprint - A pen or ink line drawing reproduced(printed) on sensitized paper by directexposure.blue vitriol copper sulfate - A layout solutionwhich turns a copper color when applied toa clean. polished metal surface.bond - The material that holds the abrasivegrains together to form a grinding wheel.bore - To enlarge and finish the surface of acylindrical hole by the action of a rotatingboring bar (cutting tool) or by the action ofa stationary tool pressed (fed) against thesurface as the part is rotated.boring bar (cuffer bar) - A combination toolholder and shank.boring tool - A cutting tool in which the tool bit’.the boring bar and, in some cases, the toolholder are incorporated in one solid piece.boss - A projection or an enlarged section of acasting through which a hole may bemachined.brass - A nonferrous alloy consisting essentiallyof copper and zinc.brazing - Joining metals by the fusion ofnonferrous alloys having a meltingtemperature above 800 degrees F, butbelow that of the metals being joined.brine - A saltwater solution for quenching orcooling when heat treating steel.Brinell hardness - A method of testing thehardness of a metal by controlled pressureof a hardened steel ball of a given size.broach - A long, tapered cutting tool withserration’s which, when forced through ahole or across a surface, cuts a desiredshape or size.bronze - A nonferrous alloy consistingessentially of copper and tin.buff - To polish to a smooth finish of high lusterwith a cloth or fabric wheel to which acompound has been added.bull gear - The large crank gear of a shaper.burnishing - The process of finishing a metalsurface by contact with another hardermetal to improve it. To make smooth orglossy by or as if by rubbing; polish.burr - The sharp edge left on metal aftercutting or punching, also, a rotary cuttingtool designed to be attached to a drill.bushing - A sleeve or a lining for a bearing ora drill jig to guard against wear.caliper - A device used to measure inside oroutside dimensions.caliper, gear tooth - A special caliper used tomeasure both the “choral thickness” andthe depth of a gear tooth.cam - A device for converting regular rotarymotion to irregular rotary or reciprocatingmotion. Sometimes the effect of off-centerlathe operations.carbide tool bits - Lathe cutting tools to whichcarbide tip inserts have been brazed, toprovide cutting action on harder materialsthan the high speed cutters are capable of.IXDORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951

®Terminologycarbon steel - A broad term applied to toolsteel other than high-speed or alloy steel.Carborundum - A trade name for an abrasivecompounded of silicon and carbon (siliconcarbide).carbonizing - The process of adding carbon tothe outer surface of steel to improve itsquality by heat treating it in contact with acarbonaceous material.carriage - A principal part of a lathe that carriesthe cutting tool and consists of the saddle,compound rest. and apron.case hardening - A heat treating process,basically carbonizing. that makes thesurface layer or case of steel substantiallyharder than the interior or core.castigated nut (castle nut) - A nut with groovescut entirely across the top face.casting - A part made by pouring molten metalinto a mold.cathead - A collar or sleeve which fits looselyover a shaft to which it is clamped bysetscrews.center - A point or axis around which anythingrevolves or rotates. In the lathe. one of theparts upon which the work to be turned isplaced. The center in the headstock isreferred to as the “live’ center and the onemounted in the tailstock as the ‘dead’ center.center, dead - A center that does not rotate;commonly found on the tailstock of a lathe.Also, an expression for the exact center ofan object.center drill - A combined countersink and drillused to prepare work for mounting centers.center gage - A small ‘, flat gage having 60degree angles that is used for grinding andsetting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. Itmay also be used to check the pitch ofthreads and the points of center.center, half male - A dead center that has aportion of the 60 degree cone cut away.center head - A part of a combination squareset that is used to find the center of or tobisect a round or square workpiece.center, live - A center that revolves with thework. Generally. this is the headstockcenter; however, the ball bearing typetailstock center is also called a live center.center punch - A pointed hand tool made ofhardened steel and shaped somewhat likea pencil.ceramic - A new type of cutting tool materialmade of aluminum oxide . or silicon carbidethat is finding increased use where highspeed and resistance to high temperaturesand wear are factors.chain gearing (chain drive) - Powertransmission by means of an endless chainrunning around chain wheels (chain pulley)and/or sprocket wheels.chamfer - The bevel or angular surface cut onthe edge or a corner of a machined part.chasing threads - Cutting threads in a lathe orscrew machine.chatter - The vibrations caused between thework and the cutting tool which leavedistinctive tool marks on the finished surfacethat are objectionable.chip breaker - A small groove ground back ofthe cutting edge on the top of a cutting tool tokeep the chips short.chipping - The process of cutting metal with acold chisel and hammer.chisel - Any one of a variety of small handcutting tools, generally wedge-shaped.chuck - A device on a machine tool to hold theworkpiece or a cutting tool.chuck, independent jaw - A chuck, each ofwhose jaws (usually four) is adjusted with ascrew action independently of the other jaws.chuck, universal (self-centering chuck,concentric chuck) - A chuck whose jawsare so arranged that they are all movedtogether at the same rate by a special wrench.circular pitch - The distance measured on thepitch circle from a point on a gear tooth to thesame point on the next gear tooth.clearance - The distance or angle by which oneobjector surface clears another.clearance angle - The angle between the rearsurface of a cutting tool and the surface ofthe work at the point of contact.climb milling - A method of milling in which thework table moves in the same direction asthe direction of rotation of the milling center.Sometimes called down cutting or downmilling.clutch, friction (friction coupling) - A shaftcoupling used where it is necessary to providea connection that can be readily engaged ordisengaged while one of the shafts is inmotion.cog - A tooth in the rim of a wheel - a gear toothin a gear wheel.cold-rolled steel - Steel that has been rolled toaccurate size and smooth finish when made.In contrast, hot-rolled steel may have a rough,pitted surface and slag inclusion.collet - A precision work holding chuck whichcenters finished round stock automaticallywhen tightened. Specialized collets are alsoa-, available in shapes for other than roundstock.color method - A technique of heat treatingmetal by observing the color changes thatoccur to determine the proper operation toperform to achieve the desired results.combination square - A drafting and layout toolcombining a square, a level. A protractor,and a center head.compound (rest) - The part of a lathe set onthe carriage that carries the tool post andholder. It is designed to swing in anydirection and to provide feed for turningshort angles or tapers.concave - A curved depression in the surfaceof an object.concentric - Accurately centered or having acommon center.cone pulley - A one-piece stepped pulleyhaving two or more diameters.contour - The outline of an object.convex - The curved surface of a cylinder, asa sphere when viewed from without.coolant - A common term given to thenumerous cutting fluids or compounds usedwith cutting tools to increase the tool lifeand to improve surface finish on thematerial.corrosion - Oxidation (rusting) or similarchemical change in metals.counterbore - To enlarge the top part of a holeto a specific size, as for the head of asocket-head or cap screw. Also, the toolthat is used.countersink - To enlarge the top part of a holeat an angle for a flat-head screw. Also, thetool that is used.cross feed - The feed that operates across theaxis of the workpiece or at right angles tothe main or principal feed on a machine.cross section - A view showing an internalstructure as it would be revealed by cuttingthrough the piece in any plane.crucible steel - A high-grade tool steel madeby melting selected materials in a crucible.CS - cutting speedcutting fluid - A liquid used to cool and lubricatethe cutting to improve the work surfacefinish.cutting speed - The surface speed of theworkpiece in a lathe or a rotating cutter,commonly expressed in feet per minute(FPM) and converted to revolutions perminute (RPM) for proper setting on themachine.cutting tool - A hardened piece of metal (toolsteel) that is machined and ground so thatit has the shape and cutting edgesappropriate for the operation for which it isto be used.cyaniding - A process of case hardening steelby heating in molten cyanide.dead center - See center, dead.dead smooth - The term applied to the finestcut of a file.deburr - To remove sharp edges.decalescence - A decrease in temperaturethat occurs while heating metal through arange in which change in structure occurs.DORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951X

®Terminologydedendum - The depth, or that portion of agear tooth from the pitch circle to root circleof gear.diametral pitch - Ratio of the number of teethon a gear to the number of inches of pitchdiameter or the number of teeth to eachinch of pitch diameter.die - A tool used to form or stamp out metalparts’, also, a tool used to cut externalthreads.die stock - The frame and two handles (bars)which hold the dies (chasers) used forcutting (chasing) external screw threads.dividers, spring - Dividers whose legs areheld together at the hinged end by thepressure of a C-shaped spring.dividing head (index bead) - A machine toolholding fixture which positions the “,-workfor accurately spacing holes. slots. flutes.and gear teeth and for making geometricshapes. When geared to the table leadscrew, it can be used for helical millingoperations.Do-All saw - A trade name given to a type ofband saw used for sawing metal.dog - A clamping device (lathe dog) used todrive work being machined betweencenters. Also, a part projecting on the sideof a machine worktable to trip the automaticfeed mechanism off or to reverse the travel.dovetail - A two-part slide bearing assemblyused in machine tool construction for theprecise alignment and smooth operation ofthe movable components of the machine.dowel - A pin fitted or keyed in two adjacentparts to accurately align the parts whenassembling them.down feed (climb cutting, climb milling) - Aseldom used method of feeding work intomilling cutters. The work is fed in the samedirection as the portion of the cutter whichcomes in contact with it.draw - See tempering.dressing - The act of removing the glaze anddulled abrasives from the face of a grindingwheel to make it clean and sharp. Seetruing.drift - A tapered. flat steel used to remove drillsand other tapered shank tools from spindles,sockets, or sleeves. Also a round, taperedpunch used to align or enlarge holes.drill - A pointed tool that is rotated to cut holesin material.drill bushing - A hardened steel guide insertedin jigs, fixtures. or templates for the purposeof providing a guide for the drill in drillingholes in their proper or exact location.drill, center - A combination drill andcountersinkdrillchuck - A device used to grip drills andattach them to a rotating spindle.drill, twist - A commonly used metal-cuttingdrill, usually made with two flutes runningaround the body.drill jig - A jig which holds parts or units of astructure and. by means of bushings, guidesthe drill so that the holes are properly located.drill press - An upright power-driven machinefor drilling holes in metal, wood, or othermaterial.drill press, radial (radial drill) - A machine toolfor drilling holes. The drill head is so supportedthat it may be moved over a large area to drillholes in objects of large size or to drill severalholes in an object without shifting the object.drill press - A drilling machine with acounterbalanced spindle which makes itpossible for the operator to control accuratelythe rate at which the drill is fed into the work.The sensitive drill press usually containsdrills that are less than 1/2 inch in diameterand which rotate at high speeds.drill rod - A high-carbon steel rod accuratelyground to size with a smooth finish. It isavailable in many sizes and is usedextensively in tool making.drill sleeve - An adapter with an internal andexternal taper which fits tapered shank toolssuch as drills or reamers to adapt them to alarger size machine spindle.drill socket - An adapter similar to a sleeveexcept that it is made to adapt a largertapered-shank tool to a smaller size spindle.drill, twist - A commonly used metal-cuttingdrill, usually made with two flutes runningaround the body.drive fit - One of several classes of fits in whichparts are assembled by pressing or forcingone part into another.ductility - The property of a metal that permitsit to be drawn. rolled, or hammered withoutfracturing or breaking.eccentric - A circle not having a geometriccenter. Also, a device such as a crankshaftor a cam for converting rotary motion toreciprocating motion.element - Matter which cannot be broken up intosimpler substances by chemical action, thatis, whose molecules are all composed ofonly one kind of atom.elongation - Lengthening or stretching out.emery - A natural abrasive used for grinding orpolishing. It is being largely replaced byartificial abrasives.emulsion - A coolant formed by mixing solubleoils or compounds with water.extruded - Metal which had been shaped byforcing through a die.extrusion - A shaped part resulting from forcinga plastic material such as lead, tin. aluminum.zinc., copper, rubber, and so forth. through adie openingEZY OUT (trademark) - A tool for removingbroken bolts or studs from a hole.face - To machine a flat surface, as in the endof a shaft in the lathe. The operation isknown as facing.face milling - Milling a large flat surface with amilling cutter that operates in a plane that isat right angles to its axis.faceplate - A large circular plate with slots andholes for mounting the workpiece to bemachined. It is attached to the headstockof a lathe.facing - The process of making a flat or smoothsurface (usually the end) on a piece ofstock or material.fatigue - The effect on certain materials,especially metals, undergoing repeatedstresses.feed - The rate of travel of a cutting tool acrossor into the work-, expressed in inches perminute or in inches per revolution.feed mechanism - The mechanism, oftenautomatic. which controls the advancingmovement (feed) of the cutting tools usedin machines.female part - A concave piece of equipmentwhich receives a mating male (convex)part.ferrous - A metal alloy in which iron is themajor ingredient.FF - fraction of finishrile test - A test for hardness in which a cornerof a file is run across the piece of metalbeing tested. The hardness is shown by thedent the file makes.fillet - A curved surface connecting twosurfaces that form an angle.fishtail - A common name for the center gage.It is used to set thread cutting tools and hasscales on it for determining the number ofthreads per inch.fit - The relation between mating or matchingparts, that is, the amount of, or lack of. playbetween them.fitting - Any small part used in aircraftconstruction.fixture - A production work-holding deviceused for machining duplicate workpieces.Although the term is used interchangeablywith a jig, a fixture is not designed to guidethe cutting tools as the jig does.flange - A relatively thin rim around a part.flash - A thin edge of metal formed at theparting line of a casting or forging where itis forced out between the edges of the formor die.flute - The groove in a cutting tool whichprovides a cutting edge and a space for thechips to escape and permits the cuttingfluids to reach the cutting edges.XIDORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951

®Terminologyfly cutter - A single-point cutter mounted on abar in a fly cutter holder or a fly cutter arborusedfor special applications for which amilling cutter is not available.follower rest - A support for long, slender workturned in the lathe. It is mounted on thecarriage, travels close to and with the cuttingtool, and keeps the work from springingaway.footstock - Part of an indexing, attachmentwhich has a center and serves the samepurpose as the tail stock of a lathe.force fit - A fitting which one part is forced ofpressed into another to form a single unit.There are different classes of force fitsdepending on standard limits betweenmating parts.forge - To form or shape heated metal byhammering. Also. the name of the unit usedfor heating metal, as the blacksmith’s forge.formed cutters - Milling cutters which willproduce shaped surfaces with a single cut’,and so designed that they may be sharpenedwithout. changing their outline or shape.forming tool - Tool ground to a desired shapeto reproduce this shape on the workpiece.FPM - feet per minute of workpiecefree cut - An additional cut with no advancementof depth.free cutting steel - Bar stock containing a highpercentage of sulfur. making it very easy tomachine. Also known as Bessemer screwstock.free fit - A class of fit intended for use whereaccuracy is not essential. or where largetemperature variations are likely to beencountered, or both conditions.fulcrum - The point or support on which a leverturns.gage - Any one of a large variety of devices formeasuring or checking the dimensions ofobjects.gage blocks - Steel blocks machined toextremely accurate dimensions.gage, center - See center gage.gage, depth - A tool used in measuring thedepth of holes or recesses.gage, drill - A flat steel plate drilled with holesof various sizes, each marked with thecorrect size or number. into which smalltwist drills may be fitted to determine thesize of their diameters.gage, drill point - A gage use to check the 59"angle on drills.gage, feeler (thickness gage) - A gageconsisting of a group of very thin blades,each of which is accurately ground to aspecific thickness.gage, indicating (dial indicator) - A gageconsisting of a dial, commonly graduated(marked) in thousandths of an inch, to whichis fastened an adjustable arm.gage, radius (fillet gage) - Any one of a numberof small. flat, standard-shaped metal leafs orblades used for checking the accuracy ofregular concave and convex surfaces.gage, screw pitch - A gage consisting of agroup of thin blades. used for checking thenumber of screw threads per unit of distance,usually per inch, on a screw, bolt, nut, pipe,or fitting.gage, surface (scribing block) - A gage usedto check the accuracy, of plane surfaces, toscribe lines at desired distances from agiven surface and to check the height of apoint or points on a piece of work from agiven surface.gage, telescoping - A T-shaped gage used tomeasure the diameter or width of holes.gang milling - A milling setup where a numberof cutters are arranged on an arbor so thatseveral surfaces can be machined at onetime. It is commonly used for productionpurposes.gear blank - A stamping, casting. or any, pieceof material from which a gear is to bemachined. It is usually a disk.gib - A tapered strip of metal placed between thebearing surface of two machine parts toensure a precision fit and provide anadjustment for wear.hacksaw - A metal blade of hardened steelhaving small, close teeth on one edge. It isheld under tension in a U-shaped frame.half nut - A lever-operated mechanism thatresembles a split nut that can be closed onthe lead screw of a lathe when threads arebeing cut.handwheel - Any adjusting or feedingmechanism shaped like a wheel and operatedby hand.hardening - A heat-treating process for steelwhich increases its hardness and tensilestrength and reduces its ductility.hardness tests - Tests to measure the hardnessof metals.heat treatment - The process of heating andcooling a solid metal or alloy to obtain certaindesired properties or characteristics.helical gear - A gear with teeth cut at someangle other than at a right angle across theface of the gear, thus permitting more thanone tooth to be engaged at all times andproviding a smoother and quieter operationthan the spur gear.helix - A path formed as a point advancesuniformly around a cylinder, as the thread ona screw or the flutes on a drill.helix angle - The angle between the directionof the threads around a screw and a linerunning at a right angle to the shank.hex - A term used for anything shaped like ahexagon.high-speed steel - An alloy steel commonlyused for cutting tools because of its abilityto remove metal at a much faster rate thancarbon steel tools.hob - A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like aworm thread and used in industry to cutgears.hobbing - The operation of cutting gears witha hob.hog - To remove in excess of what is considerednormal, sometimes causing accidents ortool breakage; also, to rough outhaphazardly.hole saw - A cutting tool used to cut a circulargroove into solid material.honing - The process of finishing groundsurfaces to a high degree of accuracy andsmoothness with abrasive blocks appliedto the surface under a light controlledpressure. and with a combination of rotaryand reciprocating motions.hot-rolled steel - Steel which is rolled tofinished size. while hot. Identified by a darkoxide scale left on the surface.ID - inside diameteridler - A gear or gears placed between twoother gears to transfer motion from onegear to the other gear without changingtheir speed or ratio.independent chuck - A chuck in which eachjaw may be moved independently of theothers.indexing - The process of positioning aworkpiece for machining it into equalspaces. dimensions. or angles using an.index or dividing head.indexing fixture - A complete indexing unitcomposed of a dividing head and rootstock.(See dividing head.)index plate - A metal disk or plate punchedwith many holes arranged in a series ofrings. one outside the other each ringcontaining a different number of holes.indicator - A precision instrument which showsvariations of thousandths of an inch or lesswhen testing the trueness or alignment of aworkpiece, fixture, or machine.inserted-tooth cutter - A milling cutterdesigned with replaceable cutting toothinserts to save the expense of a new cutterwhenever the teeth become damaged orworn. Generally, they are made 6 inches ormore in diameter.intermediate gear - See idler.IPM - feed rate in inches per minuteDORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951XII

®Terminologyjack, leveling - Small jacks (usually screwjacks) for leveling and holding work onplanner beds and similar places.Jacobs chuck - Common term for the drillchuck used in either the headstock spindleor in the tailstock for holding straight-shankdrills, taps, reamers, or small diameterworkpieces.Jarno - A standard taper having 0.600-inchtaper per foot used on some machine tools.jig - A production work holding device thatlocates the workpiece and guides the cuttingtool (see fixture).Johannson blocks (Jo blocks) - Commonterm for the precision gage blocks usedand accepted as dimensional standards bymachinists, toolmakers. and inspectors.kerf - The width of cut made by a Saw.key - One of the several types of small metalobjects designed to fit mating slots in ashaft and the hub of a gear or pulley toprovide a positive drive between them:also. the name of the T-handle wrenchused on chucks.key seat - A recessed groove (slot) machinedinto a shaft or a part going on the shaft(usually a wheel or gear).knee - That part of a column of a knee-typemilling machine which carries the saddleand the table and provides the machinewith vertical feed adjustments. Also, thename of a precision angle plate called a“toolmaker’s knee”.knurl - A decorative gripping surface of straightlineor diagonal design made by uniformlyserrated rolls called knurls.knurling - The process of finishing a part byscoring (pressing) patterns on the surfaceof the work.land - That surface on the periphery of a rotarycutting tool, such as a milling cutter. drilltap, or reamer, which joins the face of theflute or tooth to make up the basic cuttingedge.lap - A tool made of soft metal and chargedWith fine abrasives for precision finishingof metal surfaces. Also, to perform theoperation using a laplard oil - A cutting oil made from animal fatsusually mixed with mineral oils to reduce itscost and improve its qualities.layout - To locate and scribe on blank stockthe shape and size dimensions required tomachine or form the part.Id - large diameterlead - The distance a thread will advance alongits axis in one complete revolution. Also, aheavy, soft’, malleable metal having a lowmelting point. It has a bright. silvery colorwhen freshly cut or poured and turns to adull gray with aging.lead hole - See pilot hole.lead screw - The long, precision screw locatedin front of the lathe bed geared to the spindle,and used for cutting threads. Also, the tablescrew on the universal milling machine whengeared to the indexing head for helical milling.LH - left handlimits - The smallest and largest dimensionwhich are tolerable (allowed).lip of a drill - The sharp cutting edge on the endof a twist drill.live center - See center, live.loading - A condition caused by grinding thewrong material with a grinding wheel or usingtoo heavy a grinding action.It - length of tapermachinability - The degree of difficulty withwhich a metal may be machined; may befound in appropriate handbooks.machine tool - A power-driven machinedesigned to bore, cut, drill, or grind metal orother materials.machining, Finish - Machining a surface togive it the desired finish.machinist - A person who is skilled in theoperation of machine tools. He must be ableto plan his own procedures and have aknowledge of heat-treating principles.machining, rough (rough finishing) -Removing excess stock (material) with amachine tool thus shaping it in preparationfor finish machining.magnesium - A lightweight, ductile metal similarto but lighter than aluminum.magnetic chuck - A flat’. smooth-surfaced workholding device which operates by magnetismto hold ferrous metal workpieces for grinding.malleable - Capable of being extended or shapedby hammering or rolling.mandrel - A precision-made tapered shaft tosupport work for machining between centers.mesh - To engage. as the teeth between twogears.mic; mike - A term used for micrometer, or tomeasure with a micrometer.micrometer, depth - A micrometer in which thespindle projects through a flat, accuratelymachined bar.. used to measure the depth ofholes or recesses.micrometer, thread - A micrometer in which thespindle is ground to a point having a conicalangle of 60 degrees. The anvil, instead ofbeing flat. has a 60 degree V-Shaped groovewhich fits the thread.mild steel - A term used for low-carbon machinesteel.mill - A milling machine; also, the act ofperforming an operation on the millingmachine.milling, climb - See climb milling. milling, face-See face milling.milling cuffer - A cutting tool, generallycylindrical in shape. used on a millingmachine and operated essentially like acircular saw.minor diameter - The smallest diameter of ascrew thread. Also known as the “rootdiameter.”Morse taper - A self-holding standard taperlargely used on small cutting tools such asdrills, end mills, and reamers, and, on somemachines, spindles in which these toolsare used.multiple-thread screw - A screw made of twoor more threads to provide an increasedlead with a specified pitch.music wire - A high-quality steel wire used formaking springs. Also called piano wire.NC - National Coarsenecking - Machining a groove or undercut in ashaft to permit mating parts to be screwedtightly against a shoulder or to provideclearance for the edge of a grinding wheel.NF - National Finenickel - An alloying element which increasesthe strength, toughness, and wear andcorrosion resistance of steels.nitrating - A case hardening process in whichammonia or some other form of nitrogen isintroduced to the surface of certain alloys.nonferrous - Metal containing no iron, such asbrass and aluminum.normalizing - Process of heating a ferrousmetal or alloy to above its criticaltemperature and cooling in still air to roomtemperature to relieve Internal stresses.OD - outside diameteroff center - Not centered; offset, eccentric, orinaccurate.oil hardening - The process of quenching inoil when heat treating alloy steel to bringout certain qualities.oilstones - Molded abrasives in various shapesused to hand-sharpen cutting tools.overarm - The support for the end of a millingcutter which is on the opposite side of thecutter from the spindle and column.pack hardening - A heat-treating process inwhich the workpiece is packed into a metalbox together with charcoal, charred leather.or other carbonaceous material to casehardenthe part.parallels - Hardened steel bars accuratelyground to size and ordinarily made in pairsin many different sizes to support work inprecision setups.parting - The operation of cutting off a piecefrom a part held in the chuck of a lathe.pawl - A pivoted lever or sliding bolt thatsecures as an automatic directional tablecontrol on a grinder.pd - pitch diameterDORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951XIII

®Terminologypeen - To draw, bend. or flatten, also, theformed side of a hammer opposite the face.pilot - A guide at the end of a counterborewhich keeps it aligned with the hole.pilot hole - A starting hole for large drills toserve as a guide, reduce the resistance,and aid in maintaining the accuracy of thelarger hole. Also called a lead hole.pinning - A term used to describe the conditionof a file clogged with metal filings causing itto scratch the work.pitch - The distance from any point on a threadto the corresponding point on the adjacentthread. measured parallel to the axis. Alsoapplied to spur gears-. see diametral pitch.pitch circle - The line (circle) of contact betweentwo meshing gears.pitch diameter - The diameter of a thread at animaginary point where the width of thegroove and the with of the thread are equal.pitch line - An imaginary line which passesthrough threads at such points that thelength of the part of the line betweenadjacent threads is equal to the length ofthe line within a thread.plain cutter - A milling cutter with cutting teethon the periphery (circumference) only.play - The looseness of fit (slack) between twopieces press fit-See force fit.punch, prick - A solid punch with a sharppoint, used to mark centers or otherlocations on metal.pyrometer - A device for measuring the hightemperatures in a heat-treating furnace.quench - To rapidly cool heated metal in water,oil brine, or air in the process of heat treating.quick return - A mechanism on some machinetools that provides rapid movement of theram or table on the return or anointingstroke of the machine.rack - An array of gears spaced on a straightbar.radial - In a direction directly outward from thecenter of a circle or sphere or from the axisof a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, forexample, are radial.radius - The distance from the center of acircle to its circumference (outside).rake - That surface of a cutting tool againstwhich the chips bear while being severed.If this surface is less than 90" from thesurface being cut, the rake is positive-, ifmore, the rake is negative.ram - That part of a shaper which moves backand forth and carries the tool head assembly.rapid traverse - A lever-controlled, poweroperatedfeature of some machines thatpermits the rapid movement of the worktablefrom one position to another.reaming, line - The process of reaming two ormore holes to bring them into very accuratealignment.recalescence - An increase of temperature thatoccurs while cooling metal through a rangeof temperatures in which changes in metaloccur.recess - An internal groove. See undercut.relief - A term for clearance or clearance angle.RH - right handroot diameter - See minor diameter.roughing - The fast removal of stock to reducea workpiece to approximate dimensions’.leaving only enough material to finish thepart to specifications.RPM - revolutions per minuterule, hook - A rule with a hook on the end formeasuring through pulley holes and in similarplaces.running fit - A class of fit intended for use onmachinery with moderate speeds, whereaccurate location and minimum play aredesired.SAE - Society of Automotive EngineersSAE steel - Steel manufactured under thespecifications by the Society of AutomotiveEngineers.sandblasting - A process of blowing sand bycompressed air with considerable forcethrough a hose against an object.scale - The rough surface on hot. finished steeland castings. Also, a shop term for steelrules.scraper - A hardened steel hand tool used toscrape surfaces very smooth by removingminute amounts of metal.scribe (scribe; scratch awl) - A steel rod 8 to12 inches long and about 3/16 inches indiameter. It has a long, slender, hardenedsteel point on one or both ends.sd - small diametersector - A device that has two radial, beveledarms which can be set to include any numberof holes on the indexing plate of a dividinghead to eliminate recounting the holes foreach setting.set - The bend or offset of a saw tooth to providea clearance for the blade while cutting. Also,the permanent change in the form of metalas the result of repeated or excessive strain.set screw - A plain screw used principally forlocking adjustable parts in position.setup - The preparation of a machine tool tocomplete a specific operation. It includesmounting the workpiece and necessary toolsand fixtures, and selecting the proper speeds.feeds, depth of cut and coolants.SF - standard formSFPM - surface feet per minuteshank - That part of a tool or similar objectwhich connects the principal operating partto the handle, socket’, or chuck by which itis held or moved.shims - Very thin sheets of metal made inprecise thickness and used between partsto obtain desired fits. Sometimes they arelaminated, to be pulled off to the desireddepth.shoulder - A term for the step made betweentwo machined surfaces.shrink fit - A class of fit made when the outermember is expanded by heating to fit overa shaft, and then contracts or shrinks tightlyto the shaft when cooled.side cutter - A milling cutter that has cuttingteeth on the side as well as on the peripheryor circumference.side rake - That surface which slopes to theside of the cutting edge. It may be positiveor negative and is combined with the backrake. See rake.sine bar - A precision instrument for laying out,setting, testing, and otherwise dealing withangular work.slabbing cutter - A wide, plain milling cutterhaving helical teeth. Used for producinglarge, flat surfaces.sleeve - See drill sleeve.slitting saw - A narrow milling cutter designedfor cutoff operations or for cutting narrowslots.slotter - An attachment which operates with areciprocating motion. Used for machininginternal slots and surfaces.soft hammer - A hammer made of brass,copper, lead’. or plastic to a, non-marringfinished surfaces on machines orworkpieces.spherodizing - A process of heat treatingsteel to produce a grain structure that isrelatively soft and machinable.spindle - A rotating device widely used inmachine tools. such as lathes., millingmachines, drill presses, and so forth, tohold the cutting tools or the work, and togive them their rotation.spindle speed - The RPM at which a machineis set. See cutting speed.spot facing - Finishing a bearing surfacearound the top of a hole.spring collet - See collet.spur gear - A gear having teeth parallel to theaxis of the shaft on which it is mounted.square, solid (toolmaker’s tri square) - Avery accurate try square in which a . steelblade is set firmly into a solid, rectangularshapedhandle so that each edge of theblade makes an angle of exactly 90" withthe inner face (side) of the handle.DORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951XIV

®Terminologysquare surface - A surface at a right angle withanother surface.square threads - A thread hating a depth.width. and space between threads that areequal. It is used on heavy jack screws. visescrews. and other similar items.steady rest - A support that is clamped to thebed of a lathe used when machining a longworkpiece. Sometimes called a center rest.stellite - A cast alloy of chromium, cobalt. andsometimes tungsten, used to make lathecutter bits that will stand exceptionally fastspeeds and heavy cuts.step block - A fixture designed like a seriesstep to provide support at various heightsrequired for setups.stock - A term for the materials used to makeparts in a machine tool. Also, the die stockused for threading dies.stop - A device attached to a machine tool tolimit the travel of the worktable andsometimes the work head.straddle milling - A milling setup where twoside milling cutters are spaced on an arborto machine two parallel surfaces with asingle cut.stress - The internal force or resistancedeveloped in steel which was hardened,extensively machined. or cold worked.surface grinding - The process of grinding flatsurfaces on a surface grinding machine.With special setups, angular and formsurfaces may also be ground.surface plate - An accurately machined andscraped flat metal piece (usually of castiron) used to check the flatness of surfaces.swing - The dimension of a lathe determinedby the maximum diameter of the work thatcan be rotated over the ways of the bed.tailstock - That part of a machine tool. such asa lathe or cylindrical grinder which supportsthe end of a workpiece with a center. It maybe positioned at any point along the way ofthe bed, and may be offset from center tomachine tapers.tang - The flat on the shank of a cutting tool,such as a drill, reamer or end mill, that fitsa slot in -the spindle of a machine to keepthe tool from slipping. Also, the part of a filethat fits into a handle.tan L - tangent angle formulatap - A tool used to cut threads on the inside ofa round hole.taper - A uniform increase or decrease in thesize or diameter of a workpiece.tapping - The process of cutting screw threadsin a round hole with a tap (an internal threadcutting tool).T-bolt - Term for the bolts inserted in the T-slots of a worktable to fasten the workpieceor work-holding device to the table.tempering - A heat-treating process to relievethe stresses produced when hardening andto impart certain qualities’, such astoughness-, sometimes called “drawing.”template - A pattern or a guide for laying out ormachining to a specific shape or form.tensile strength - The property of a metal whichresists force applied to pull it apart.thread - A helical projection of uniform sectionon the internal or external surface of cylinderor cone. Also, the operation of cutting ascrew thread.thread angle - The angle formed by the twosides of the thread (or their projections) witheach other.thread axis - A line running lengthwise throughthe center of the screw.thread crest - The top surface joining the twosides of a thread.thread depth - The distance between the crestand the root of a thread.thread pitch - The distance from a point on onescrew thread to a corresponding point on thenext thread.thread pitch diameter - The diameter of ascrew thread measured from the thread pitchline on one side to the thread pitch line on theopposite side.thread root - The bottom surface joining thesides of two adjacent threads.throw - The crankpin on a crankshaft. Also, thelength of the radius of a crank, an eccentric,or a cam.tolerance - The allowable deviation from astandard size.tool steel - A general classification for highcarbonsteel that can be heat treated to ahardness required for metal cutting toolssuch as punches, dies. drills. taps’, reamers,and so forth.TOS - Intentional Organization forStandardizationtpf - taper per foottpi taper per inchtraverse - One movement across the surface ofthe work being machined.truing - The act of centering or aligning aworkpiece or cutting tool so that an operationmay be performed accurately. Also,correcting the eccentricity or out of roundcondition when dressing a grinding wheel.T-slot - The slots made in the tables of machinetools for the square-head bolts used to clampthe workpiece,, attachments, or work-holdingfixtures in position for performing themachining operations.TT - table travel in feet per minutetumbler gears - A pair of small lever-mountedgears on a lathe used to engage or to changethe direction of the lead screw.two-lip end mill - An end milling cutter designedwith teeth that cut to the center so that itmay be used to feed into the work like adrill.UNC - Unified National CoarseUNF - Unified National Fineuniversal grinder - A versatile grindingmachine designed to perform both internaland external grinding operations. includingstraight and tapered surfaces on tools andcutters.universal milling machine - A milling machinewith a worktable that can be swiveled formilling helical work. It is always suppliedwith attachments, including an indexingfixture.universal vise - A vise designed for holdingwork at a double or compound angle. Also,a toolmaker’s vise.Ways - The flat or V-shaped bearing surfaceson a machining tool that guide and align theparts which they support.wheel dresser - A tool or device for dressingor truing a grinding wheel.work - A common term for a workpiece or partbeing machined.working drawing - A drawing. blueprint, orsketch of a part, structure, or machine.worm - The threaded cylinder or shaft designedto mesh with a worm gear.worm gear - A gear with helical teeth made toconform with the thread of the mating worm.wrought iron - A commercially pure form ofiron with minute slag inclusions which makeit soft, tough, and malleable.WRPM - revolutions per minute of workpieceWW - width of wheelDORIAN TOOL INT'L 615 COUNTY ROAD 219 EAST BERNARD, TX 77435 1-800-627-0266 979-282-2861 FAX: 979-282-2951XV