DIPLOMARBEIT - ÖH Uni Wien - Universität Wien

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In 2002 the reduction of people without sustainable access to clean drinking water andsanitation facilities by half was added to the MDGs. The <strong>Uni</strong>ted Nations realized that accessto water is a necessary requirement for reduction of poverty since water affects variousaspects of people`s lives, like health, education and nutrition (AMINA 2010b: 7).Nevertheless this target is far from being achieved. If the measures taken to reach this goal areimplemented at the same pace as now, Africa will only be provided with clean water in thirtyyears (Burrows et al. 2004: 2f.). There have been improvements in narrowing the urban-ruralgap concerning the drinking water coverage. But the rural areas are still the mostdisadvantaged ones in developing countries, like the region in Northern Kenya where the fieldstudy for this thesis was conducted. The Kenyan government would need much higher fundsfrom development partners in order to reach this MDG until 2015 (AMINA 2010b: 7). Manyof the MDGs depend on improvements in the water sector. One example is poverty andhunger. They cannot be eradicated without providing more safe drinking water or water foragriculture. Here again, the connection between water and gender equality, the third MDG,becomes obvious. If women had proper access to water, their burden as water collectors,providers and users would be reduced (Sattler 2010: 16).Women and gender equality as well as water and sanitation are essential topics in terms ofsustainable development and poverty eradication. Therefore, the focus of this study, theparticipation and empowerment of women on the basis of the WATSAN project in NorthernKenya, is absolutely relevant for today`s development discourse since it can provide newinformation about women`s experiences with participation, possibly changing gender rolesand necessary conditions of satisfying practical and strategic gender needs.In the ensuing chapter 2 the theoretical framework of this thesis is going to be discussed,followed by chapter 3 with the contextualization of women and water in developing countries.Chapter 4 is about the methodology used for conducting the field study, in chapter 5 theresearch project and target area are introduced and in Chapter 6 the interviews andobservations of the research are analysed.6
2. Theoretical Framework – Theories and ConceptsThis thesis is based on the concepts of gender, participation and empowerment and embeddedin the theoretical framework of practical and strategic gender needs. For a betterunderstanding of this thesis, the ensuing chapter takes a closer look on these concepts andtheories. To begin with, the concepts of gender, participation and empowerment indevelopment work are described, followed by a brief history of approaches concerningwomen and development since the 1970s. Afterwards the theory of practical and strategicgender needs is being introduced.2.1. Terminology2.1.1. GenderSince the 1970s scholars differentiate between sex and gender. While sex refers to thebiological differences between women and men, gender describes the social attributes thatwomen and men acquire during their socialization in a particular community. The biologicalsex is something constant and similar around the world, but gender is something socially andculturally constructed that can be changed over times and differs in distinct cultures (UNDP2001: 70).Gender therefore refers to the socially given attributes, roles, activities, responsibilities andneeds connected to being men (masculine) and women (feminine) in a given society at a giventime, and as a member of a specific community within that society (UNDP 2001: 70).Gender determines the behaviour, thinking and perception of people and decides over thedistribution of privileges, prestige, power as well as access to resources (UNDP 2001: 70).Gender is instilled from birth and enforced by parents, teachers, peers, culture, society and themedia (Brett in Coles/Wallace 2005: 3). The category gender is not neutral but inheritsinequalities and power relations (Bhavnani 2009: 52). In the development discourse gender isvery often used to refer to women only while originally gender refers to both sexes (Momsen2004: 2).Gender relations are social relationships between men and women that determine thedistribution of power between the sexes. In addition to that they are also “relations of cooperation,connection, and mutual support, and of conflict, separation and competition, of7
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Page 4 and 5: List of abbrevationsADAAMINACEDAWDA
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Page 16 and 17: (Batliwala 2007: 558). Empowerment
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4.3. Data EvaluationThe analysis of
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Western feminists that universalize
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after natural disasters, built orph
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Irrigation as well as Public Health
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As the name suggests Hurri Hills co
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Eradication Plan 1999-2015 ranks Ma
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5.5. Water Situation in the RegionI
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like to use the toilet when it is c
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initiative” (KNEF-Tocha) where th
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With the implementation of the wate
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Furthermore, by settling down and b
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6.1. Responsibilities6.1.1. Time an
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major concerns now that they have a
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The benefits, the distance to fetch
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The women are proud of being a part
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paid any salary; they do it volunta
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project is participatory involvemen
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Another problem is the involvement
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is a general understanding that thi
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the mother to cook, to clean and ta
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2012 the women`s group donated thei
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most important responsibilities, th
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anymore, but were actively particip
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to their political, social or econo
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Austrian Development Agency (ADA) (
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Freyhold, Michaela (2002): Partizip
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Miraftab, Faranak (2004): Making ne
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Ray, Isha; Boukerrou, Lakhdar (2008
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Weber, Barbara (2004): Österreichi
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Abstract (Deutsch)Wasserknappheit u
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