Nuclear Cardiology: Nuclear Cardiology:

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Chapter 14 / Artifacts and Technical Problems in Cardiac Imaging 213QUANTIFICATION ERRORSRecognitionIntegrate visual interpretation of images with results of quantification.Preventive measureUnderstand limitations of quantitative program.Corrective measureRepeat processing and quantification.Integrate other clinical and imaging information in final interpretation.FILTERING (FIG. 14-83 TO FIG. 14-88)Filtering is applied to remove noise from the images and “make themlook better.” The low-pass Butterworth filter is currently consideredstandard for cardiac SPECT imaging. Of the two variables of this filter,“order and cut-off,” only the Nyquist frequency cut-off is to be considered.No true standardization exists for filter settings, only general guidelines.There is no standardization of the effect of a given filter cut-offvalue using filters provided by different vendors. It is recommended thatone check with the vendor for preferred cut-off values. Furthermore,images with different imaging characteristics require different filter cutoffs.For example, images acquired using different imaging protocols,images acquired with high dose or low dose, images with significant orlittle extra cardiac activity, each may need a different filter cut-off.Nevertheless, using the equipment available in an imaging facility,one should develop standard filter settings for images acquired withroutinely used protocols in order to achieve reproducible image quality.
214 <strong>Nuclear</strong> <strong>Cardiology</strong>, The BasicsFig. 14-83. Inconsistent or incorrect use of filters may impact significantly onimage quality. The figure in the left panel shows unfiltered transverse axisSPECT images (top) and filtered images (bottom). A low-pass Butterworthfilter is used. The right panel shows the image power spectrum (green curve),which is characteristic for an individual image. High frequencies generallyrepresent “noise,” whereas low frequencies represent “signal” and presumablytrue image components. The filter (orange curve) is characterized by order, i.e.,slope of the curve, and most importantly by the cutoff. The selection of the cutofflevel determines how much noise is suppressed and how smooth or blurred thefiltered image will look. The filter used for these images is standard in ourlaboratory and has an order of 4.0 and cutoff of 0.22.
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NuclearCardiology:The BasicsHow to
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iiCONTEMPORARY CARDIOLOGYCHRISTOPHE
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iv© 2004 Humana Press Inc.999 Rive
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viPrefacetechnologists, laboratory
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xiAUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONSFrans J. T
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USING THIS BOOK AND THE COMPANION C
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Chapter 1 / Getting Started 11Getti
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25Two-Day Tc-99m ProtocolsTable 2-3
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Index 293INDEXAccreditation, see La
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Index 295linearity, 259, 261prevent
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Index 297Planar equilibrium radionu
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