Figure 1. The Three Categories of Heritage Attraction NATURAL ...

Heeding the call for heritage tourism: more visitors want an "experience" in theirvacations—something a historical park can provideParks & Recreation, Sept, 2004 by Sarah Nicholls, Christine Vogt, Soo Hyun JunSarah NichollsHeritage tourism, a niche segment that first rose to prominence among researchers and thetourism industry in the 1990s, remains one of the most significant, and fastest growing formsof leisure travel within the American market. Recent various market analyses and academicinvestigations have been conducted, that when combined, begin to demonstrate the manypotential benefits, as well as some of the more contentious issues, associated with the use ofheritage as a tourism attraction.What is "Heritage Tourism"?Heritage tourism involves travel to sites that in some way represent or celebrate an area,community, or people's history; identity or inheritance. Heritage attractions are typicallydivided into three categories: natural, cultural and built. Figure 1 on page 41 providesexamples of each. In academic writings as illustrated in Figure 2 on page 42, various other,more specific types of heritage tourism have been identified.Figure 1. The Three Categories of Heritage AttractionNATURAL CULTURAL BUILTLandforms, Festivals, Historic homes,rural scenery, arts/crafts, monuments,flora and fauna traditional practices/ industrial sitesproductsFigure 2. Specific Types of Heritage TourismType of Tourism/AttractionLiterary tourismLegacy tourismHistoraunts/eatertainmentDark tourism/thanotourismIndustrial heritagetourismDescription and Example(s)Travel to "literary places," linked towriters (e.g., their homes or birthplaces)and/or the settings of their novels(Herbert, 2001)Travel related to genealogical endeavors,e.g., to search for information on, or tofeel more connected to, ancestorsand ancestral roots (McCain & Ray, 2003)Restaurants as heritage attractions,providing not just food and beverages, buta complete tourist experience(Josiam, Mattson, & Sullivan, 2004)Travel to places associated with death,disaster or other tragic or gruesomeoccurrences (Lennon & Foley, 2000;Austin, 2002)Visits to unused industrial sites such asformer collieries and factories (Prentice,Witt & Hamer, 1998; Prideaux, 2002)Heritage tourism can take place at individual sites, as well as, increasingly, in "heritage areas"(e.g., the MotorCities--Automobile National Heritage Area in Michigan) and along "heritage

outes," "corridors" and "trails" (e.g., the Coal Mining Heritage Route in southern WestVirginia, South Carolina National Heritage Corridor, and Maine Maritime Heritage Trail). Insome cases, cities may promote themselves, or districts within them, as heritage destinations,as discussed in Orba_li (2000), Russo (2002) and Litvin (in press).Who Are "Heritage Tourists"?The number of tourists seeking some kind of heritage experience during their vacationcontinues to increase. The Travel Industry Association of America (TIA, 2003) estimates that81 percent of the 146.4 million U.S. adults who took a trip (of 50 miles or more) in 2002 canbe considered cultural tourists (based on their participation in at least one of 15 arts,humanities, historic or heritage events or activities). TIA estimates that historic/cultural travelincreased 13 percent between 1996 and 2000, with trips increasing from 192.4 million to216.8 million, while Marjanaa and Quintos (2001) report an 18 percent increase in spendingon heritage travel between 1995 and 2000. Hargrove (2002) noted that one-third ofinternational visitors to the U.$. tour a historic or cultural attraction during their vacation.According to numerous analyses (e.g., Herbert, 2001; Chhabra, Healy, & Sills, 2003; TIA,2003), the typical heritage tourist is of middle age or older. and of above-average levels ofeducation and income. The heritage tourist tends to seek more in the type of experience andbenefits expected, than other types of tourists. Heritage tourists "usually seek an informedvisitor experience rather than merely gazing" (Prentice, Witt, & Hamer, 1998, p. 7).They also expect outcomes that include learning about their destination and gaining an insightinto its past. While enjoyment is still crucial, the heritage tourist often expects a greaterdegree of involvement with, or immersion into, the site(s), with a heavy educationalcomponent. The heritage tourist may be described as a "thoughtful consumer," one who is ofabove-average cultural competence and wary of the "dumbing down" so prevalent in today'sculture (Voase, 2002).Of special interest to tourism providers, the heritage tourist also typically stays longer in anarea than the average tourist, as well as spends more money. The TIA study found thatcultural/heritage tourists spent all average of $623 per trip, compared to the typical Americantourist's expenditure of $457, and that a higher proportion were likely to spend in excess of$1,000 (19 percent compared to 12 percent). While the typical tourist's trip lasted 3.4 nights,the cultural/heritage tourist spent an average of 5.2 nights at the destination.A recent study conducted by the TIA for" National Geographic Traveler magazine providesfurther evidence of the heritage trend (Stueve, Cook, & Drew, 2002). A mail survey of 3,300American travelers (defined as adults who had taken at least one trip away from home in thepreceding three years) identified more than one-third of the traveling public as geotourists.Geotourism, a concept similar to sustainable tourism, has a primary concern of preserving adestination's "geographic character," known as "the entire combination of natural and humanattributes that make one place distinct from another" (p. I). The researchers found thesegeotourists were searching for travel experiences that were educational, focused on history,nature, culture, and key elements of most heritage offerings.In the study, the geotourism sector included three distinct market segments: geo savvys(10.6 percent of the sample), urban sophisticates (13.8 percent), and good citizens (11.4percent). Table 1 on page 42 presents a comparison among these three groups and the entiresample in response to a series of statements concerning trip characteristics, motivations andexpectations. All three segments exhibited above-average levels of travel activity (asmeasured by average number of trips taken per annum) as well as above-average levels ofhousehold income, indicating not only the desire but also the means to engage in their desiredtypes of tourism on a relatively" frequent basis.

Strategic Marketing & Research, Inc. (SMRI, 2000) conducted a national telephone survey of800 Americans, entitled The Image Study, for the National Scenic Byways Organization in thesummer of 2000. Of special interest to heritage route managers, they found that 76 percent ofrespondents would rather take a more interesting travel route, even if it were longer,compared to 24 percent who would always take the fastest option. Fourteen percent of thosesurveyed indicated that they "often" went on driving tours of various areas and sites withouthaving a single destination in mind, while another 53 percent replied that they took such tours"every once in a while." Increased domestic, and especially auto-based travel in the wake of9/11, and a weak economy offer increased opportunities for heritage attraction providers tocapitalize on the convergence of heritage interests and pleasure/sightseeing driving trends.What Are The Benefits of Heritage Tourism)?Heritage-based travel, like all segments of the tourism industry, offers the potential fornumerous economic benefits in destination areas. The attraction of new visitors to a site orarea increases spending and may lead to the creation of new jobs and businesses, therebystimulating the local economy both directly and indirectly, through the multiplier or trickledowneffect. Taxes on spending can be used to benefit all members of a community, not justthose directly involved in the tourism industry, through the improvement of physicalinfrastructure.In addition to the economic benefits that the attraction of tourists to a heritage site or areacan generate, the recognition of such locations may also bring with it a number of otheradvantages. Identification of a site or area as of historic, cultural or natural importance shouldpromote greater awareness of, and appreciation for, its value, thereby increasing the chancesof its preservation in the future. Realization of the existence and significance of its uniqueresources by local residents is likely to enhance community pride and help strengthen sense ofplace and identity, as evidenced by Besculides, Lee, and McCormick (2002) in their analysis ofthe perceptions of residents of the Los Caminos Antiguos Scenic and Historic Byway insouthwestern Colorado.Heritage sites provide real-world classrooms where both children and adults--local andvisitors--can learn about the history, nature and/or culture of an area. Beyond theseopportunities for education regarding the site or wider vicinity, lies the additional potential forincreased awareness and understanding of resource preservation. Pretes (2003) describes themore profound impact that heritage sites can have on the formation and maintenance ofnational identity among domestic visitors. Heritage sites can offer nostalgic images oftraditional lifestyles, as well as of the progress of a region or country.Heritage-based tourism can also be tied into the notion of sustainability. The creation oftourism attractions using existing assets--whether natural, cultural, or built--negates the needfor the building of new facilities, allowing communities to "look to the past for a sustainablefuture" (Hargrove, 2002, p. 10).Other IssuesWhile offering many advantages to both local communities and the traveler, the developmentand promotion of heritage tourism also presents a number of potentially problematic issues.One topic that has received an immense amount of attention concerns the notions ofauthenticity and commodification, in this case referring to the genuineness or legitimacy of asite or story, and its alteration for commercial purposes. Seminal pieces by Boorstin (1991),MacCannell (1976) and Urry (1992), have spawned a number of more recent, empiricalexaminations of these issues in the context of heritage tourism. At issue is the degree towhich representations of the past are truly faithful to reality, and whether there is potential forthe alteration of portions, or even entire, pasts so as to increase market appeal by makinghistory more pleasant and rosy (Prentice, Witt, & Hamer, 1998; Goulding, 2002; du Cros,2001; Austin, 2002; Chhabra, Healy, & Sills, 2003). Though problems are most commonly

seen at the more commercial end of the market, authenticity and commodification are of equalconcern at smaller sites.In contrast, however, other sites have faced the opposite problem: the complete lack of anyconsideration of the visitor's experience in favor of conservation and guardianship, a"curatorial approach." This method sometimes resents the mere presence of tourists, and maystill be found in some muse urns and galleries where the emphasis remains on thepreservation of heritage rather than its everyday enjoyment (Garrod and Fyall, 2000).Nevertheless, this attitude may well change as the need to retain financial solvency in the faceof declining governmental support becomes ever more pressing, and the economic benefits ofpublic access--at the market price--become more evident to heritage managers. Thus,managers face the challenge of providing an experience that strikes a balance betweenobvious simulation and sensationalism, and an overly dry, scholarly air. The heritage visitorseeks an educational, yet equally enjoyable visit to a site that presents accurate informationyet in a stimulating manner (Goulding, 2002).On a more practical level, as the tourism industry--heritage-related and otherwise--continuesto burgeon, and visitor expectations (both in terms of the quality and range of attractionsexpected) continue to increase, competition between destinations becomes ever more fierce.Heritage sites must compete for visitors not only within the heritage market, but also againstother forms of leisure activity (theme parks, shopping malls, entertainment complexes, etc.),as suggested by Garrod and Fyall (2000) and Hargrove (2002).As stated by Prideaux (2002, p. 380), "possession of an interesting landscape, old building,unique event or historic site is no guarantee that tourism will flourish ... Success lies beyondpreservation of the past and construction of the new to celebrate the old. Success has muchmore to do with the decidedly unnostalgic issues of marketing, pulling power, viability andinformed management." a clear vision of a site's purpose, of its potential visitors and theirexperiences, is therefore essential, and should be outlined in the marketing plan for the area.A cohesive plan is also more apt to encourage broad community support, and to attractfunding from relevant agencies, two other vital elements of a successful, tourism-baseddevelopment strategy.Sarah Nicholls is an assistant professor, Christine Vogt is an associate professor, and SooHyun Jun is a master's student, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation andResource Studies (formerly Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources) at Michigan StateUniversity. The authors recently completed a marketing plan for the US-12 Heritage Route,which passes through the southern portion of Michigan.Table 1. Selected Results from TIA Geotourism StudyAllGeo-Characteristic Travelers SavvysPercentage of American travelers (adultswho had taken at least one trip in thepreceding three years) 100 10.6Average number of trips taken per year 5.2 7.6Average annual household income($,thousands) 62.7 68.2Percent aged 35-54/55 and over 43/27 50/25Percent holding college education(at least one degree) 45 61Statement Geo- Urban(figures represent percent agreement) Travelers Savvys

My travel experience is better when mydestination preserves its natural, historicand cultural sites and attractions 61 81My travel experience is better when I'mseeing or doing something authentic 40 60My travel experience is better when I havelearned as much as possible about mydestination's customs, geography and culture 53 72There should be more public and/or privatefunding for preservation of our nation'shistoric sites and monuments 59 76Very/extremely important that trip provideseducational experiences for me/family 55 73Very/extremely likely to visit historicsites and/or museums in my local area 40 65Very/extremely likely to take trips todestinations that have authentic historic 52 83or archeological buildings/sitesUrbanGoodCharacteristic Sophisticates CitizensPercentage of American travelers (adultswho had taken at least one trip in thepreceding three years) 13.8 11.4Average number of trips taken per year 6.4 5.8Average annual household income($,thousands) 76.6 70.6Percent aged 35-54/55 and over 50/25 25/50Percent holding college education(at least one degree) 63 63StatementGood(figures represent percent agreement) Sophisticates CitizensMy travel experience is better when mydestination preserves its natural, historicand cultural sites and attractions 77 63My travel experience is better when I'mseeing or doing something authentic 54 44My travel experience is better when I havelearned as much as possible about mydestination's customs, geography and culture 74 61There should be more public and/or privatefunding for preservation of our nation'shistoric sites and monuments 78 66Very/extremely important that trip provideseducational experiences for me/family 61 66Very/extremely likely to visit historicsites and/or museums in my local area 57 75Very/extremely likely to take trips todestinations that have authentic historic 73 53or archeological buildings/sitesSource: Stueve, Cook, & Drew (2002).References

Andereck, K., & Vogt, C. (2003). Arizona Office of Tourism, Arizona Welcome (,'enter StudyInterim Report. Phoenix, AZ: Department of Recreation and Tourism Management, ArizonaState University West.Austin, N.K. (2002). Managing heritage attractions: Marketing challenges at sensitive historicalsites. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4 (6), 447-457.Besculides, A, Lee, M.E., & McCormick, P.J. (2002). Residents' perceptions of the culturalbenefits of tourism Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 303-319.Boorstin, D (1991) The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America New York: Vintage.Chhabra, D., Healy, R, & Sills, E. (2003). Staged authenticity and heritage tourism Annals ofTourism Research, 30(3), 702-719du Cros, H, (2001). A new model to assist in planning for sustainable cultural heritagetourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 165-170.Everett, G. (2001). Heritage tourism: Selling or celebrating our soul? Only in Butte. Availableonline at http//www.butteamerica.com/heritour.htm.Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2000) Managing heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3),682-708.Goulding, C. (2002). The commodification of the past, postmodern pastiche, and the searchfor authentic experiences at contemporary heritage attractions. European Journal ofMarketing, 34(7), 835-853.Hargrove, C. (2002). Heritage tourism Cultural Resource Management, 25(1), 10-11.Herbert, D (2001) Literary places, tourism and the heritage experience Annals of TourismResearch, 28(2), 312-333.Josiam, B.M., Mattson, M., & Sullivan, P. (2004). The Historaunt: Heritage tourism at Mickey'sDining Car. Tourism Management, 25(4), 453-461.Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2000) Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster. London:Continuum.Litvin, S.W. (in press) Streetscape improvements in an historic tourist city, A second visit toKing Street, Charleston. South Carolina. Tourism Management.MacCannell, D. (1976) The Visitor A New Theory of the Leisure Class New York CambridgeUniversity Press.MacKay, K.J., Andereck, K.L., & Vogt, C.A. (2002). Understanding vacationing motorist nichemarkets. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 356-363.Marjanaa, L., & Quintos, N. (2091). Digging for roots National Geographic Traveler, 18, 28-29.McCain, G., & Ray, N.M. (2003) Legacy tourism: The search for personal meaning in heritagetravel. Tourism Management, 24, 713-717.

Michigan State University, Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Resources (1999)Michigan Motorists, A Survey of Travel Michigan Welcome Center Visitors, Fourth of July toLabor Day, 1998 Report conducted for Travel Michigan, Michigan Jobs Commission, byDepartment of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, EastLansing, MI.Orba_li, A. (2000). Tourists In Historic Towns: Urban Conservation And Heritage Management.London: E&FN Spon.Prentice, R.C., Witt, S.F., & Hamer, C. (1998). Tourism as experience: The case of heritageparks. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 1-24.Prates, M. (2003). Tourism and nationalism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 125-142.Pirdeaux, R. (2002) Building visitor attractions in peripheral areas--can uniqueness overcomeisolation to produce viability? International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 379-389.Russo, A. P. (2002) The "vicious circle" of tourism development in heritage cities Annals ofTourism Research, 29(1), 165-182.Strategic Marketing & Research, Inc. (2000). The Image Study.Stueve, A.M., Cook, S.D., & Drew, D. (2002). The Geotourism Study. Phase I ExecutiveSummary. Report prepared by The Research Department of the Travel Industry Association ofAmerica, Washington, DC, for National Geographic Traveler.Travel Industry Association of America (2093) The Historic/Cultural Traveler, 2003 Edition.Travel Industry Association of America/Smithsonian Magazine. Available to purchase athttp://www.tia. org//Pubs/pubs.asp?PublicationID=16.Urry, J. (1992) The Visitor Gaze Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.Voase, R. (2002). Rediscovering the imagination: Investigating active and passive visitorexperience in the 21st century. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(5), 391-399.RESEARCH INTO ACTION: HERITAGE TOURISM RESOURCESThe increasing interest in heritage and associated types of travel has resulted in a rapid rise inthe number of resources--at both the national and state level--available to help communitiesand other entities establish, market and manage heritage-based attractions. A variety of thesenational and state-based agencies and organizations are identified below, as is a list offorthcoming conferences focusing on these issues.NATIONAL RESOURCESThe National Trust for Historic Preservationwww.nationaltrust.org* The Trust's Heritage Tourism Program offers a fee-for-service consultancy through supportfrom the National Endowment for the Arts. The program offers assistance at the heritagetourism development process, from assessing the potential of a site, community, or largerarea, to planning, marketing, and managing attractions, and publicizing success stories.

* The Trust is also involved in the Share Your Heritage program, which has published two setsof case studies highlighting successful heritage tourism development, "Share Your Heritage:Cultural Heritage Tourism Success Stories" and "Stories Across America: Opportunities inRural Tourism."U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration's National Scenic BywaysProgramwww.bywaysonline.org* America's Byways[TM], has provided funding for approximately 1,500 projects since itsinception in 1991. Roads--recognized either as M-American Roads or National Scenic Byways--are selected for inclusion based on one or more of their archeological, cultural, historic,natural, recreational or scenic qualities. Funding for byway-related projects is awardedannually on a merit basis through the National Scenic Byways Discretionary Grant program.* Public visitors can also sign up to receive a quarterly e-newsletter as well as a free, hardcopy map of the 96 byways currently in the system.National Heritage Areaswww.nationalheritageareas.org* Only 24 such areas, which are established by Congress, currently exist, each exhibitingphysical landscapes and/or human traditions of national distinction.* The Alliance of National Heritage Areas represents the NHAs, with the dual goals ofenhancing the quality of life of NHA citizens and communities end attracting national andinternational visitors to the sites.National Register of Historic Placeswww.cr.nps.gov/nr/* A listing of more than 77,000 districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects of nationalhistorical, architectural, archeological, engineering, and cultural significance.STATE RESOURCESThe range of resources available within individual states varies in size and diversity, andreaders are advised to search for specific agencies and organizations relevant to theirparticular location and concerns. The examples given below are illustrative rather thanexhaustive. Resources listed pertain only to the state level; many more programs exist at thecounty and local scales, e.g., through Downtown Development Associations (DDAs),Convention and Visitors Bureaus (CVBs), Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) andlocal historic preservation associations.StateAgency/Organization and Program Web AddressAK Alaska Department of Natural www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/oha/Resources, Office of History www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/oha/and Archaeology, Historicgrant/akdev.htmPreservation Fund,Predevelopment and DevelopmentProject Grants

AR Arkansas Historic Preservation www.arkansaspreservation.org/Program, Preservation Services preservation/default.aspAZ Arizona Humanities Council www.azhumanities.org/General Grants and We theggrants1.htmlPeople Initiativewww.azhumanities.org/wethepeople.htmlCO Colorado Community www.ccraonline.org/CHAP/Revitalization Association,Colorado Heritage AreaPartnershipCT Connecticut Humanities Council www.ctheritage.com/FL Florida Division of Historical dhr.dos.state.fl.us/ResourcesVisit Florida, New Product www.visitflorida.org/index.Developmentcfm?fla=web&webpageid=97GA Governor's Commission on www.gahistory.uga.edu/Georgia History and HistoricalTourismIL Illinois Department of www.illinoistourism.org/Commerce and Economicind_heritage.htmlOpportunity, Heritage TourismProgramKS Kansas Humanities Council www.kansashumanities.org/Heritage Programgrants/heritage/heritage.htmlKansas Sampler Foundation, www.kansassampler.org/wekan/Tourism Alliancestourism.htmlKentucky Heritage Council/ www.state.ky.us/agencies/khc/Kentucky Department of Travel/ khchome.htmKentucky TransportationCabinet, Kentucky Cultural andHeritageDriving Trails Signage Program tourism.ky.gov/highway.aspMD Maryland Department of Housing www.marylandhistoricaltrust.and Community Development,net/hb-1.htmlDivision of Historical andCultural Programs, HeritagePreservation and Tourism AreasProgramME Maine Arts Commission, Arts www.mainearts.com/and Heritage Tourism Program organizations/tourism/index.shtmlMI Michigan Department of www.michigan.gov/mdot/Transportation, Heritage0,1607,7-151-9621_Route Program11041_11209--,00.htmlMS Mississippi Division of www.visitmississippi.not/TIP/Tourism, Heritage andTIPStaffDirectory.htmCultural ProgramMS Arts Commission, Heritage www.arts.state.ms.us/Program Grantsguidelines_msheritage.htmlMT Travel Montana, Tourism www.travelmontana.org/OUR-Development and Education,PROGRAMS/TourismDevEd.htmCultural Tourism ProgramNC North Carolina Department of www.nccommerce.com/tourism/Commerce, Heritage Tourismheritage/ProgramND North Dakota Department of www.ndtourism.com/Resources/

Commerce, Tourism Division, viewArticle.asp?choice=Tourism Development Assistance &ID=185NH New Hampshire Land & Community www.lchip.org/Heritage Investment ProgramNJ New Jersey Historic Trust www.njht.org/NM New Mexico Heritage www.nmheritage.org/Preservation AllianceNY Heritage New York Program www.heritageny.state.ny.us/index.htmArts & Business Council Inc. www.artsandbusiness.org/and NY State Council on the culturaltourism/index.htmArts, Cultural TourismInitiative and Grant ProgramOH Heritage Ohio www.heritageohio.org/Ohio Department ofwww.odod.state.oh.us/Development, Division ofTravel.htmTravel and Tourism, OhioHeritage Tourism InitiativeOK Preservation Oklahoma www.charityadvantage.com/POK/Oklahoma Tourism andHome.asptourism.state.ok.us/Recreation Department,Divisions of Research& Development, and Travel &TourismOR Oregon Parks and Recreation hcd.state.or.us/Department, HeritageConservationPA Pennsylvania Bureau of www.dcnr.state.pa.us/brc/Recreation and Conservation, heritageparks/Department of Conservation and www.ruralpa.org/Natural Resources, Heritage news0503.html#1Parks Program Center for RuralPennsylvania, Framework forHeritage Tourism DevelopmentRI Rhode Island Historical www.rihphc.state.ri.us/Preservation and HeritageCommissionSC South Carolina Department of www.discoversouthcarolina.com/Parks, Recreation and Tourism, agency/grantsheritageHeritage Corridor Development corridor.aspGrantsTX Texas Historical Commission, www.thc.state.tx.us/heritageHeritage Trails Programtourism/htprogram.htmlUT Department of Community and culturalheritage.utah.gov/Economic Development,Community Cultural HeritageCoordinating CouncilVT Vermont Arts Council, Vermont www.vermontartscouncil.org/Cultural Heritage Tourismservices/cultural_heritage.ToolkithtmlWY Wyoming Department of wydotweb.state.wy.us/web/Transportation Scenic Byways business/sbw.htmland Backways ProgramForthcoming EventsThe 2004 National Extension Tourism Conference

People, Places and Partnerships: Keys to Success,Sept. 27-30, Kissimmee, Fla.http://srdc.msstate.edu/04tourism/index.htmlThe 2005 International Heritage Development ConferenceJune 5-8, Nashville, Tenn.http://www.cr.nps.gov/heritageareas/REP/IHDCProp.pdf.The Second International Conference on Maritime HeritageApril 18-20, 2005, Barcelona, Spainhttp://www.wessex.ac.uk/conferences/2005/mh05/index. htmlCOPYRIGHT 2004 National Recreation and Park AssociationCOPYRIGHT 2004 Gale Group