Annual Report: Forest Insect and Disease Survey; Alberta ... - NFIS

FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY•VICTORIA, 506 WEST BURNSIDE. B.C. ROADFOREST RESEARCHLABORATORYilliE11111111 201110"-dal [4.3191t.-141.1.1111111111111111111111ANNUAL REPORTFOREST INSECT AND DISEASE SURVEYALBERTA-NORTHWESTTERRITORIES-YUKON REGION1968FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAINFORMATION REPORT A-X-22FORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY, 1969

ANNUAL REPORTForest Insect and Disease SurveyAlberta-Northwest Territories-Yukon Region1968FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAINFORMATION REPORT A-X-22FORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY, 1969

PREFACEThe principal components of this reportare the "Annual District Reports" which were preparedby the respective District Rangers. Eachdistrict report is available as a separate toindividuals and agencies who are likely to havean interest only in local conditions. The fullreport, however, includes summaries of the activitiesfor 1968 of all the various elements ofthe Forest Insect and Disease Survey Section,Alberta—Northwest Territories—Yukon Region.Howard A. TrippSection Head.Forest Insect and Disease Survey.

CONTENTSPageINTRODUCTION 1DETECTION SURVEYS 5-6Southeast District 7-14Southwest District 15-32West Central District 33-44Northeast District 45-54Grande Prairie-Peace River District 55-63Mackenzie District 64-78Yukon District 79-86APPRAISAL SURVEYS 91-92INSECTARY OPERATIONS 93HERBARIUM OPERATIONS 94-100TREE PEST EXTENSION SERVICES 101-105RESEARCH 106-109Woodborers 106Forest tent caterpillar 106-107Spruce budworm 107Spruce bark beetle 107-108Mycology of forest fungi 108Needle cast of pine 108-109INDEX TO INSECTS AND DISEASES 110-115

1INTRODUCTIONThe Insect and Disease Survey Section is required to ascertainon an annual basis the status of forest insects and diseases of the Alberta/NWT/Yukon Region with respect to distribution, abundance and depreciatingeffects on the forests. In general, the District Rangers make the initialcontacts with the problems through regular ground and aerial surveys. Normally,ocular estimates of abundance and damage is recorded but for certainorganisms a predetermined sampling system is employed. When very significantdamage is suspected a detailed appraisal is conducted by a crew of AppraisalRangers. If the biology and control are well understood recommendation onremedial action are issued immediately but if not, research is conductedby the Insect or Disease Survey Officer or other researchers dependent uponthe complexity of the problem.In the normal process of detection, insect and disease samplesare collected along with ecological data which are recorded on a comprehensivesampling form. The samples are forwarded to headquarters in Calgary wherea Senior Insectary or Herbarium technician checks the identifications througha process of rearing, culturing and comparison, with specimen in the referencecollections. Assistance with difficult and little known organisms is providedby the Regional Mycologist or specialists in entomology. The accompanyingecological data which are coded and recorded on magnetic tape in Ottawa serveas valuable information on epidemiology, relationship to stand-types, etc.,and in compilations which record. distribution, hosts prevalence, and seasonalhistory.Enquiries relative to insect and disease problems from outsideagencies and the general public are processed by the Tree Pest ExtensionOfficer. Each enquiry must be treated as the circumstances dictate. Althoughthe majority of enquiries are routine and are handled by the Extension Officerhe may call upon other survey personnel when the problem goes beyond thecapability of a single individual. Other extension services includes lectureson forest insects and diseases to youth groups, and the liaison performedon a district basis by the. respective District Ranger.To further assist the reader in comprehending the operational proceduresof the Section, an organization chart, staff list and a map outliningthe districts are included.The staff of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey gratefully acknowledgethe assistance rendered by the Alberta Forest Service, the ProvincialAgricultural Services, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Developmentand a number of other co-operating agencies.

ORGANIZATION CHARTFOREST INSECT AND DISEASE SURVEYALBERTA- N.W. T.- YUKONPATHOLOGYHERBARIUM SERVICESDISEASE SURVEYOFFICERTECHNICALASSISTANTENTOMOLOGYINSECT SURVEYOFFICERITREE PEST EXTENSIONOFFICERSURVEYHEADTECHNICALASSISTANTREGIONALMYCOLOGISTSENIOR HERBARIUMTECHNICIANTECHNICALASSISTANTGRADUATEASSISTANTTECHNICALASSISTANTDETECTION-APPRAISALOFFICERSEASONALASSISTANTINSECTARY SERVICESINSECT SURVEYOFFICERSUPERVISORAPPRAISAL SURVEYSSUPERVISORDETECTION SURVEY4111•111=1.SUPERVISORIDENTIFICATIONTECHNICALASSISTANTSUPERVISORY RANGERAPPRAISALAPPRAISALRANGERRANGERDISTRICT 1RANGERDISTRICT 2SEASONALASSISTANTSEASONALASSISTANTSEASONALASSISTANTSUPERVISORY RANGERDISTRICT 3SEASONALASSISTANTRANGERDISTRICT 4SEASONALASSISTANTRANGERDISTRICT 5RANGERDISTRICT 6RANGERDISTRICT 7

3STAFFSURVEY HEAD - H. A. TrippDETECTION-APPRAISAL OFFICER - J. K. RobinsSURVEYSDETECTIONSupervisor - J. PettyRanger, Dist. 1 - G. D. BigalowRanger, Dist. 2 - G. J. SmithRanger, Dist. 3 - F. J. EmondRanger, Dist. 4 - C. R. LaytonRanger, Dist. 5 - R. M. CaltrellRanger, Dist. 6 - E. J. GautreauRanger, Dist. 7 - J. P. SusutAPPRAISALSupervisor - V. B. PattersonRanger - G. R. StevensonRanger - R. J. RowswellStudentStudentStudentSERVICESINSECTARYSupervisor - D. S. KuschAssistant - (vacant)StudentStudentHERBARIUMSenior Technician - L. E. McArthurStudentRESEARCHENTOMOLOGYSurvey Officer - R. E. StevensonSurvey Officer - A. G. RaskeAssistant - B. M. DahlPATHOLOGYRegional Mycologist - Y. HiratsukaTechnical Assistant - P. MaruyamaSurvey Officer - R. A. BlauelTechnical Assistant - J. ShuyaTREE PEST EXTENTION OFFICERN. W. Wilkinson

GREAT L.LAKEBEARkg,GREATSLAVELAKEAFORT SMITH6,r,LAKETHABASCARIoOa.FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE SURVEYDISTRICTSPEAEPEACE RIVERSoutheast 1Southwest 2West Central 3Northeast. 4Grande Prairie - Peace River, .5ATHABASCAEDMONTON14)6Saskatchewan RiverC/‘...............6Yukon.... ...... ..... 7RED DEERoLGARYi■onoSCALEAPPROX. 185 MILES 1 INCHat:4-s. r70LETHBRIDGE

DETECTION SURVEYSThe field activities of the detection survey began in mid-Mayand ended in mid-October. In this period conditions of forest insectsand forest diseases in the Region were determined by general surveys andthe following special surveys: a detailed examination of a number of pinestands in northern and northeastern Alberta to establish the presence orabsence of Atropellis canker; examination of Marmot, Streeter and DeerCreek watershed basins; examination of all Provincial parks; sequentialsampling for forest Lent caterpillar in central Alberta; assistance in theappraisal of spruce bark beetle in southwestern Alberta and examination oflog decks and fire killed timber for the presence of wood borers. Fieldtechnicians made collections of pine samples with the necessary measurements,to determine thepure or hybrid nature of the pine; gave lectures on forestentomology and forest pathology to Junior Forest Wardens and Junior ForestRangers and fulfilled the following requests for specific organisms frompersons outside the Region:1. Chilocorus sp. Dr. S.G. Smith2. Operophtera bruceata Dr. D.M. Wood3. Pristiphora erichsonii Dr. H.R. Wong4. Malacosoma disstria Dr. K.J. Stevenson5. Malacosoma spp. Dr. A. Mansingh6. Neodiprion sp. Dr. Carl Atwood7. Cones from N.W.T.-Yukon Mr. P.S. HaskinsA total of 102 hours and 39 minutes was flown in fixed-wing aircraftand helicopter to map infestations of spruce budworm, forest tentcaterpillar, spruce bark beetle, large aspen tortrix and to survey inaccessibleareas. Table I shows the flying time used on each survey.Of major importance in 1968 was the outbreak of spruce bark beetlein stands of mature and overmature spruce in southwestern Alberta. The sizeand intensity of budworm infestations decreased in northern Alberta but increasedsomewhat in the Northwest Territories. The severity of defoliationand the extent of the area in which forest tent caterpillar occurred increasedin west-central Alberta. Populations of the large aspen tortrixwere still present over much of the Yukon and, in southwestern Alberta wherethey were in association with Bruce spanworm.The fall cankerworm was again a notable defoliator of deciduoustrees in farm shelterbelts in southern Alberta aid the yellow- headed sprucesawfly caused moderate to severe defoliation of spruce in the agriculturalareas of central Alberta and the Peace River District.

6A combination of lodgepole needle miner and a pine needle castcaused severe discoloration and needle drop of pine foliage along the RowRiver Valley in Banff National Park.Foliar diseases on deciduous trees were present throughout theRegion but moderate or severe infections were reported from only a fewareas. Atropellis canker, common in pine stands along the foothills ofAlberta, was not found in northern Alberta or the Northwest Territories.

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTSOUTHEAST DISTRICTALBERTA 1968.byG. C. BigalowFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY, 1969

8INTRODUCTIONThe outbreak of fall cankerworm near Irvine decreased inseverity in 1968; high populations in shelterbelts south of Lethbridgecontinued to cause considerable damage. Damage by the large aspentortrix decreased in Cypress Hills Provincial Park. Higher populationsof the ugly-nest caterpillar were evident in southern Alberta. A slightrise in forest tent caterpillar populations occurred throughout theaspen bluff area and around Medicine Hat. The poplar bud-gall mitecontinued to cause considerable suppression of foliage in poplarshelterbelts and shade trees in the southern part of the District.Damage by drought, hypoxylon canker, cytospora canker, andherbicides continued to cause injury and mortality in shelterbeltsand aspen bluffs in the District.INSECT CONDITIONSFall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)The outbreak of fall cankerworm south of Lethbridge continuedto cause considerable severe defoliation of Manitoba maple, Americanelm and green ash. High populations occurred from Raymond south toNew Dayton, Warner and Coutts. Populations around Magrath weregenerally low, although some shelterbelts had severe infestations. Lowpopulations caused light defoliation at Cardston, Lethbridge, Claresholm,Vulcan and Purple Springs.Moderate defoliation of native Manitoba maple was evidentalong Ross Creek near Pashley. This outbreak declined in 1968 and didnot appear to be spreading as no larvae were found to the east atIrvine, or to the west at Medicine Hat.Willow Flea Beetle, Altica plicipennis Mann.High concentrations of adult flea beetles were observed onwillow in the Drumheller, Ft. Macleod, Medicine Hat and Grassy Lakeareas and in Writing on Stone Provincial Park. Severe defoliationoccurred in localized areas along the banks of rivers and streams.Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch)Populations of ugly-nest caterpillar continued to increase in the

9southern portion of the District. Severe defoliation of chokecherryoccurred from Medicine Hat to Irvine, north to Hilda, in Indian BattlePark at Lethbridge and near Ft. Macleod. Colonies of this insect wereobserved over the range of this host, with generally light defoliation.Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)The outbreak of this insect in Cypress Hills Provincial Parkdeclined in 1968. Low populations were general throughout the Parkalthough patches of moderate defoliation were noted at higher elevationsand near Reesor Lake Campground.Low populations were found in the aspen bluff region nearCarstairs, Innisfail and Ranfurly.Leaf Beetle, Chrysomela falsa BrownPopulations of this leaf beetle on willow decreased markedlyin the Irvine area, possibly due in part to adverse weather early in theseason. Severe defoliation occurred in a small area along Ross Creeksouth of Irvine.Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.In central Alberta an increase in population levels of theforest tent caterpillar was evident. In the Red Deer, Stettler andWetaskiwin areas defoliation of trembling aspen was generally light,with some small areas of moderate damage. Low populations were foundfrom Red Deer east to Castor, Wetaskiwin to Wainwright, and Edmontonto Vermilion.In southern Alberta, low populations in the Medicine Hat areacaused light damage to willow, hybrid poplar, plum and cottonwood.Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Rah.)Damage caused by this sawfly was general throughout thenorthern part of the District. Moderate to severe defoliation occurredin scattered spruce shelterbelts and open-grown ornamentals betweenCalgary and Wetaskiwin and in the Drumheller - Three Hills - Stettlerarea. Light defoliation was noted in the north-central part of theDistrict between Castor, Coronation and Vermilion. No damage wasobserved south of High River and Brooks.

10OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968INSECTCausal Agent Host RemarksPoplar bud-gall mite,Aceria parapopuli (Kiefer)Spruce gall aphid,Adelges sp.Twice-stabbed lady beetle,Chilocorus stigma (Say)Spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.)Zimmerman pine moth,Dioryctria zimmermani (Grote)A willow sawfly,Euura atra (Jur)Pine root collar weevil,Hylobius sp.Hybrid poplarT. aspenW. spruceW. spruceLp. pineW. spruceLp. pineGolden willowWillow sp.Lp. pineW. spruceCommon in the south. Highpopulations in Bow Islandand Medicine Hat.Populations generally lowin the District.Low populations in CypressHills Provincial Park.Slight increase in populationsin Cypress HillsProvincial Park.Low populations feeding inP. harknessii galls inCypress Hills ProvincialPark.Light damage reported fromBrooks, Little Bow ProvincialPark and Vermilion.Widespread in Cypress HillsProvincial Park. Causedsome mortality in regenerationlodgepole pine.A twig borer,Laspeyresia sp.Hybrid poplar Light damage in shelterbeltsnear Sibbald.Boxelder bug,Leptocorus trivittatus (Say)Blister beetle,Lytta sphaericollis SayM. mapleHoneysuckleCaraganaBuckbrushHigh populations aroundIrvine.Moderate to severe defoliation actionto scattered shelterbelts andornamentals in southernAlberta.Prairie tent caterpillar, RoseMalacosoma californicum lutescens Chokecherry(N. & D.)Low populations throughoutsouthern Alberta.Poplar vagabond aphid,Mordwilkoja vagabunda (Walsh)Plains cottonwood Low populations in southernAlberta.Sawflies,Neodiprion spp.B. spruceW. spruceLow populations in blackspruce near Red Deer. Highpopulations in a shelterbeltnear Trochu.

11Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksSpruce spider mite,Oligonychus ununguis (Jac.)Bruce spanworm,Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)Pine needle scale,Phenacaspis pinifoliae(Fitch)Four-eyed spruce bark beetle,Polygraphus rufipennis Kby.Larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)Boxelder twig borer,Proteoteras willingana(Kearfott)Spruce bud midge,Rhabdophaga swainei FeltPoplar borer,Saperda calcarata SayLeaf roller,Sciaphila duplex Wlshm.Spruce needle miner,Taniva albolineana (Kearf.)W. spruceC. spruceLp. pineT. aspenW. spruceLp. pineW. spruceLarch sp.M. mapleW. spruceT. aspenT. aspenC. spruceLow populations in CypressHills Provincial Park.General decrease in theDistrict.Low populations in parklandregion.Low populations in theDistrict.Low populations in CypressHills Provincial Park.Severe defoliation in ashelterbelt near Blackfalds.Low populations observed nearTofield, Vermilion ProvincialPark and Langdon.Caused light damage toshelterbelts in southernAlberta.Low populations in nativespruce stands from RedDeer north to Musidora.Low populations in aspenbluffs in the District.Damage mainly to overmaturetrees.Low populations throughoutaspen bluff area.Caused light damage to afew ornamentals in Taber.

Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.12Causal Agent Host Remarks• DISEASEDwarf mistletoe,Arceuthobium americanumNutt. ex Engelm.Shoestring root rot,Armillaria mellea(Vahl. ex Fr.)Quel.Atropellis canker,Atropellis piniphila (Weir)Lowman& CashPine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum (Diet.)Syd.Hyperparasite of dwarf mistletoe,Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesPenz. sensu von ArxComandra blister rust,Cronartium comandrae Pk.Pine needle cast,Davisomycella ampla (Darker)DarkerPine needle cast,Elytroderma deformans(Weir) DarkerFire blight,Erwinia amylovora (Burr.)Winsl. et alLp. pineLp. pineW. spruceLp. pineLp. pineAsterDwarf mistletoeToad flaxLp. pineLp. pineMtn. ashAppleNoted in several areas inCypress Hills ProvincialPark.Caused some mortality toregeneration in CypressHills Provincial Park.No noticeable increase inincidence or distributionin Cypress Hills ProvincialPark. A light infectionwas observed near thespring on Graburn Creek.Light damage to Lp. pinethroughout Cypress HillsProvincial Park. Asterseverely infected three miles,south of Elkwater.Low incidence along GraburnCreek in Cypress HillsProvincial Park.High incidence on this hostnear Police Point in CypressHills Provincial Park.Light damage in Cypress HillsProvincial Park with moderatepatches along Graburn CreekRoad.Moderate on some trees alongGraburn Creek Road in CypressHills Provincial Park.Continued to spread in centraland southern Alberta.

13'Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases — Cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksLeaf rust,Gymosporangiuin bethelii KernHypoxylon cankerHypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller(Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzche)(Cke.)Juniper needle cast,Lophodermium juniperinum(Fr.) de N.Leaf rust on willow,Melampsora epitea Thuem.Western gall rust,Peridermium harknessiiJ. P. MooreCrown rust,Puccinia coronata Cda.Rust,Puccinia recedens Syd.Rust,Puccinia rubefaciensJohans.HawthornT. aspenJuniperWillowLp. pineShepherdiaGoldenrodGrounds elBedstrawLight damage in CypressHills Provincial Park.Present throughout the aspengrove area.Collected in Cypress HillsProvincial ParkHigh incidence in TaberProvincial Park.Common in Cypress HillsProvincial Park, causedlight damageCommon in Cypress Hills,with patches of highincidence.Collected in Cypress HillsProvincial Park. Newregional record.Low incidence in CypressHills Provincial Park.Rust,Pucciniastrum vaccinii(taint.) JØrst.Cytospora canker,Valsa sordida Nits.(Cytospora chrysosperma)(Pers. ex Fr.)Dwarf bilberry Moderate infection 3 milessouth of Elkwater.Hybrid poplar Widespread in aspen grovesWillow and shelterbelts throughoutMtn. ash the agricultural area of theDistrict.Aspen shoot blight,Venturia tremulae Aderh.T. aspenLight damage to regenerationaspen in Cypress HillsProvincial Park,

14SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTSHost Collections Host CollectionsConiferous Insect Disease Deciduous Insect DiseaseWhite spruce 58 7 Plains cottonwood 9 3Black spruce 3 1 Trembling aspen 62 5Colorado spruce 9 3 Balsam poplar 4 1Lodgepole pine 8 11 Misc. poplar 9 2Misc. pine 0 1 Manitoba maple 24 0Larch 4 0 Willow 20 5Green ash 6 2American elm 7 1Birch 1 0Basswood 1 082 23 143 19Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 27Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 24GRAND TOTAL 318

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTSOUTHWEST DISTRICTALBERTA 1968byG. J. SmithFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFebruary,, 1969

16INTRODUCTIONForest insect damage was widespread and severe in the SouthwestDistrict in 1968. Populations of the spruce bark beetle increasedalong the mountains in southwestern Alberta and subsequently attackeda large volume of living mature spruce: this was the most damaging insectin the District and was the cause of major concern. The lodgepoleneedle miner caused severe stand discoloration and needle loss alongthe Bow River Valley in Banff National Park. Populations of aspen defoliators,namely forest tent caterpillar, large aspen tortrix and Brucespanworm, increased considerably along the outer foothills between PigeonLake and the Porcupine Hills.The fluctuating forest foliage diseases, namely needle casts,needle rusts, leaf blights and climatic damage, caused considerablestand discoloration and foliage loss. The systemic diseases, namelyroot and butt rots, canker diseases, blister rusts, gall rusts and dwarfmistletoe continued to cause growth loss, deformity and tree mortality.INSECT CONDITIONSBlack-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.)Larvae of this budworm caused light defoliation and bud damageto spruce in the mountain valleys and along the foothills. Damage wasobserved in the following areas; along the upper North Saskatchewan River,Deer Creek, Red Lodge Provincial Park, Bragg Creek Provincial Park, MarmotCreek Basin, Dutch Creek, the Livingstone River, Lynx Creek, Beauvais LakeProvincial Park, along the Simpson River in Kootenay National Park, and nearLeanchoil in Yoho National Park.Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)In 1968, defoliation by this insect occurred in the aspen beltof the foothills from the Red Deer River to the United States Border.This represented a much wider distribution than in 1967 when it was onlypresent from Tod Creek south to United States Border.Patches of moderate to severe defoliation were observed from theBottrel-Calgary area southward through the Sarcee Reserve, Priddis, Millarville,Turner Valley, Royalties, Chain Lakes, Porcupine Hills, Tod Creek,Lees Lake, Beaver Mines and Fish Lake to Twin Butte. In the outbreak alongthe Red Deer River, patches of moderate to severe defoliation were observednear Elkton, Bergen Sundre, James River Bridge, Garrington and 13 miles westof Innisfail. Patches of light defoliation were observed throughout theabove areas and also southward through the oldest part of the outbreak fromTwin Butte through Waterton Lakes National Park to the United States Border.(see map,. page 30).

17From observations of the 1968 moth flight, it appeared thatpopulations in 1969 south of the Crowsnest Pass would continue to decrease;from the Porcupine Hills northward to the Red Deer River anincrease is expected.Spruce Budworms, Choristoneura biennis Freeman, Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.)The two-year cycle budworm, C. biennis, caused light defoliationto Engelmann spruce in the Numa Creek area and along the . Vermilion Riverbetween Numa Creek and Floe Creek in Kootenay National Park. Larvae were presentbut defoliation was negligible near the mouth of the Simpson River,at Vermilion Crossing and in the Paint Pots area of Kootenay National Park,along the Kicking Horse River in Yoho National Park, in the SaskatchewanCrossing area of Banff National Park and along Thompson Creek in the ClearwaterForest.A. one-year cycle budworm, possibly C. furniferana, but still indoubt due to a color variation of the larvae, was found in southwesternAlberta. This species severely defoliated the understory white spruce andlightly defoliated the overstory spruce in Beauvais Lake Provincial Park.Some feeding on Douglas fir and lodgepole pine was also noted in this area.Light defoliation of Engelmann spruce was noted near the headwaters of theSouth Castle River and around Cameron Lake in Waterton Lakes National Park.Larvae, positively identified as C. fumiferana, caused light defoliationand bud damage to white spruce in Red Lodge Provincial Park.Lodgepole Needle Miner, Coleotechnites starki FreemanThe larvae of this species caused extensive damage to the foliageof lodgepole pine and subsequent stand discoloration in Banff National Parkduring 1968.Severe damage was evident on the north and south slopes of the BowValley from the Mt. Eisenhower-Boom Lake area eastward to the Mt. Corey-Massive Mtn. area. Smaller patches of severe damage were observed on the'south slopes of Mt. Edith, Mt. Norquay, Stony Squaw Mtn. and on the westslopes of Mt. Inglismaldie and Mt. Girouard.Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.In 1968, there were no known infestations of this bark beetlewithin the District but encroachment in areas bordering Kootenay NationalPark was investigated and reported as a caution to those concerned.

18During an aerial survey severe infestations of this beetle inlodgepole pine were observed approximately 2 miles west of the Park Boundaryin the Luxor Pass area and 12 miles southeast of the Park along the PalliserRiver.Spruce Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)In southwestern Alberta, populations of this beetle have graduallyincreased in recent years and have caused considerable tree mortalityin mature and overmature stands of Enrelmann spruce. From surveys between1957 and 1967 it was known that these beetles were attacking a few livingtrees each year, a situation usually considered normal in old stands. In1968 a significant increase in the number of attacked living trees was noted.During an aerial survey of the Crowsnest Forest, tree mortalitycaused by bark beetles was observed in the following locations: along upperSouth Hidden Creek, Dutch Creek, North Racehorse Creek, First Creek, SmithCreek, Window Lake Road, South Racehorse Creek, Glacier Creek, North YorkCreek, South York Creek, Lynx Creek, Goat Creek, Byron Creek, North LostCreek, the upper Carbondale River, MacDonald Creek, Gardiner Creek, GravenstafelCreek, the West Castle River from the headwaters to Castle RangerStation, Scarpe Creek, Jutland Creek, Font Creek, the upper South CastleRiver, Gladstone Creek and along Heath and Beaver creeks in the PorcupineHills (see map, page 31 ).In Waterton Lakes National Park, infestations were observed. alongLost Lakes Trail, Twin Lakes Trail, Bauerman Brook Valley, the north slopesof Mt. Bauerman, Lost Mtn., Anderson Peak and along the east and west sidesof Cameron Lake. Several other areas in the Park in which overmature sprucestands occur will be examined in 1969.A damage appraisal survey was carried out in the Crowsnest Forestduring the fall of 1968 to determine the percentage volume per acre of merchantabletimber affected by bark beetles. Cruise strips set up in 25 locationsbetween the south boundary of the Crowsnest Forest and Dutch Creekrevealed that 44 per cent of the merchantable volume per acre of the timbercruised had been affected. The most beetle activity and tree mortalityoccurred in the upper West and South Castle river basins and along upperNorth Racehorse Creek where the affected merchantable volume per acre averaged5L percent; along one cruise line it was 96 percent. Elsewhere in the CrowsnestForest beetle damage was usually patchy and confined to large diameter treesalong streams. The preference by the beetles for trees growing along streamswas evident when no attacks were found on five of the cruise strips alongslopes above streams.Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.In 1968, aspen defoliation by this insect extended southward from

19that reported in 1967 to a line approximately along Highway 11 from SylvanLake west to the Rocky Mountain House area.In the oldest part of the outbreak, extending northward from thePigeon Lake - Buck Lake area to the North Saskatchewan River, defoliationwas generally light but scattered patches of moderate to severe damage occurredin the Breton-Warburg, Genesee-Telfordville areas and along the south side ofthe North Saskatchewan River between Huggett and Edmonton.Almost continuous severe defoliation was noted within an approximateparallelogram shaped area formed by a line from Medicine Lake northeast toFalun, north to Wizard Lake, southwest to Pendryl and south to Medicine Lake.'This outline encompassed an area of approximately 500 square miles. An additional60 square miles of severe defoliation extended in a neck southwardfrom the Hoadley-Muskeg Creek area to near Leedale.South of the line from Medicine Lake to Falun, scattered patchesof moderate to severe defoliation were noted on the hills southeast of FarawayPasture, north of Carlos, around Willesden Green and on the Medicine LodgeHills west of Bentley. Patchy light to moderate defoliation extended fromMedicine Lake south to the Rocky Mountain House area and southeast to theSylvan Lake area, Similar defoliation was observed from Falun to the Rimbey-Gull Lake area.Elsewhere in the District, larvae were found from the outbreak areasouth to Calgary, west to the upper Baptiste River and upper Prairie Creekand southeast to the Lacombe-Red Deer area. A small isolated outbreak wasnoted one mile east of James River Bridge (see map, page 32).Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)Populations of this aspen defoliating insect increased in 1968along the foothills west of Calgary from the Jumping Pound-Exshaw area northto the Red Deer River. Larvae of this species were often found intermixedwith those of the large aspen tortrix.Patches of moderate to severe defoliation were observed alongHighland Ridge west of Bergen,3 miles northwest of Cremona, west of BigPrairie, 3 miles south of Water Valley, near the head of Grande Valley Creek.along both sides of the Bow Valley between Mitford and Seebe, throughout theStony Indian Reserve and south to Jumping Pound Creek. Similar defoliationwas noted north of the Stony Reserve from Kangienos Lake northward throughthe Ghost Ranger Station area to Meadow Creek and along the Trans CanadaHighway one mile inside the East Gate of Banff National Park (see map, page 30).Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,)Larvae of this sawfly severely defoliated spruce shelterbelts in

20the following locations; north of the Calgary Airport, west of Bownessalong the Trans Canada Highway, in the Bowden-Innisfail area and west toGarrington, along Highway 11 from Sylvan Lake west to Rocky Mountain House,4 miles east of Gilby, near the north end of Sylvan Lake, 8 miles southwestof Bentley and between Mulhurst and. Calmar.Larch Bud Moth, Zeiraphera diniana Gn.Larvae of this insect severely defoliated approximately 50 acresof alpine larch near the treeline on the upper slopes of the south tributaryof Marmot Creek. Light defoliation was observed in the Snow Ridge area andin Highwood Pass.DISEASE CONDITIONSDwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.This parasitic plant caused mortality in severely infected lodgepolepine stands on the slopes along Cataract and Wilkinson creeks in theBow River Forest. In five infected patches, which totalled several hundredacres, approximately 75 percent of the trees had stem infections and mortalityaveraged from 40 to 50 percent.Tree mortality was low until 1968, thus it appeared that the extremelydry summer in 1967 contributed to the mortality rate of the treespredisposed by dwarf mistletoe.Shoestring Root Rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl.ex Fr.) Quel.This root rot was the cause of mortality of young lodgepole pinein Waterton Lakes, Kootenay and. Banff national parks, Deer Creek Bassin,south of Burnstick Lake and near Strachan. Infected and dying Douglas firwere noted in the Kootenay Valley and Radium area of Kootenay National Parkand along Beaver Creek in the Porcupine Hills.A gradual spread and intensification of this root rot in aspenwas noted in the Crimson Lake Provincial Park camping area.Poplar Ink Spot, Ciborinia whetzelii (Seaver) SeaverThis organism caused patchy discoloration to aspen foliage nearPaine Lake, along the South Castle and Carbondale rivers, York and Allisoncreeks and along the Trunk Road near Vicary Creek, Livingstone River,Cataract and Lineham creeks.

21White Pine Blister Rust, Cronartium ribicola J.C. FischerDuring aerial surveys of the District,stands of whitebark andlimber pine severely damaged by this rust were observed in Waterton LakesNational Park, the Crowsnest Forest, the southern portion of the Bow RiverForest and east of these forest boundaries between Pincher Creek and theHighwood River. Most of the damage observed was in the form of dead topsand branches. During a ground survey it was noted that some trees had beenkilled by cankers that girdled the main stem below the crown.In some areas patches of whitebark pine were observed in whichapproximately 25 percent of the trees were dead. Further examinations willbe carried out in 1969 to determine if blister rust was the cause of thismortality.Stalactiforme Rust, Peridermium stalactiforme Arth. & KernThis rust caused considerable mortality in young dense standsof lodgepole pine in the Waterfowl Lakes and Saskatchewan Crossing areasof Banff National Park and in Marmot Creek Basin.In the Marmot Creek area the infected trees were scattered throughthe stands and the disease was merely a thinning agent. In the SaskatchewanCrossing area, patches of sapling sized trees were observed in which most ofthe stems were infected or had been previously killed.Red Flagging of CedarThis condition was prevalent along Sinclair Canyon and the headquartersarea of Kootenay National Park and along the Kicking Horse Valleyin Yoho National Park.The "red flagging" resulted from the dying of branch terminals andthe subsequent reddening of the foliage. The cause of this was not definitelydetermined but it appeared to be a natural process in which non-functionalfoliage on the lower crown is periodically cast.A needle blight fungus, Didymascella thujina (Durand) Maise,was found in the affected areas but was not believed the primary causal agent.The relationship between this organism and "red flagging" will be further investigatedin 1969.Dying Douglas FirPatches of dead and dying mature Douglas fir were observed along

22the Kootenay River near the south boundary of Kootenay National Park. Theonly visible agent found was the decay fungus Fomes pinicola (Sw. ex Fr.)Cke. which was fruiting prolifically on the affected trees. As this fungusis considered a secondary agent, the primary cause of the tree mortalitywas not known and further investigations will be carried out in 1969.Animal DamageAlong the Kootenay River in Kootenay National Park, numerouslodgepole pine trees have been killed. by bear damage over the past 2 years.In this type of damage the animals debark the lower 3 to 4 feet of the treeboles by vertical clawing. Usually the debarking was continuous around thecircumference and the trees died. The attacked trees were observed singlythroughout the stands, but occasionally a group of several trees were debarked.This type of damage has been reported previously in the State ofOregon, U.S.A.Climatic DamageThis type of damage to conifers, commonly called "red belt", wasobserved along the slopes of mountain valleys from Marble Mountain in theClearwater Forest south to the United States Border.Severe damage was observed in the following areas: on Mt. Inglismaldieand Mt. Girouard in Banff National Park, along the west sides of the Fairholm,Fisher, and Livingstone ranges and along the east sides of the Flathead andClark ranges.Most of the damage was observed near or surrounding clearings onmountain sides, rather than in a typical "belt" along heavily forested slopes.The damaged stands will be examined in 1969 to determine if any tree mortalityoccurred.OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal AgentHost RemarksInsectClearwing moth, Lp. pine Larvae caused severe butt gird-Aegeriidaeling and mortality to younglodgepole pine in the Red-StreakCamp Ground area in K.N.P.

23Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksDefoliator of balsam poplar,Brachylomia populiStkr.Cone insects,LepidopteraB. poplarE. spruceInfestations found along theBow Valley in B.N.P. and alongthe Highwood River.Caused cone damage in Deer andMarmot Creek Watersheds and onthe east slope of HailstoneButte.Budworm,Choristoneura lambertianaBsk.Limber pine Severe infestations noted alongthe foothills between Maycroftand Waterton.Leaf beetle,Chrysomela aeneicollisSchffr.Lodgepole pine beetle,Dendroctonus murrayanaeHopk.Rose chafers,Dichelonyx backi Kby.Dichelonyx fulgida Lec.American aspen beetle,Gonioctena americana(Schaeff.)Bark beetle,Ips amiskwiensisG. Hopp.WillowLp. pineD. firT. aspenE. spruceCaused patches of moderate tosevere defoliation along theupper Red Deer River, in SnowPass, near Waterfowl Lakes,the N. Saskatchewan Riverbetween Sask. Crossing andSunwapta Pass and along Smith-Dorrien Creek.Light infestations in livingtrees at Eisenhower FieldStation, on Mt. Heffner, alongthe Kootenay, Carbondale andWest Castle rivers.Numerous adults found feedingon opening buds along SettlersRoad. in K.N.P.Caused scattered patches ofdefoliation 3 miles east ofClearwater Ranger Station,along Old Fort Creek west ofMorley and Beaver Creek inthe Porcupine Hills.Severe infestation in avalanchekilled spruce along the northshore of Emerald Lake Y.N.P.

24Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 cont'dCausal Agent Host RemarksBalsam-fir sawfly,Neodiprion abietis(Harr.)Sawfly,Neodiprion sp.Poplar twig borer,Oberea schaumiLec.Pine needle scale,Phenacaspis pinifoliae(Fitch)Poplar serpentine miner,Phylloconistis populiella(Cham.)Poplar borer,Saperda calcarataSayAmbrosia beetle,Trypodentron lineatumOliv.)Budworm,Zeiraphera fortunanaKft,W. spruceLp. pineT. aspenLp. pineT. aspenT. aspenE. spruceLp. pineE. spruceW. spruceCaused light to moderate defoliationin Red Lodge andMameo Beach provindial parksand along the Red Deer Riverwest of Innisfail.Numerous larval colonies foundon planted pine near Hesperoand in native pine along theWest Kootenay Fire Road K.N.P.Infestations noted in saplings10 miles south of Leedale, 5miles southeast of Burmis.Severely infested trees notedin the Crowsnest Pass area andRedstreak Campground. K.N.P.Caused severe stand discolorationin mountain valleys inthe National parks and alongthe east slopes in southwesternAlberta.Severe infestation in matureaspen on the Stony IndianReserve.Population buildup in theCrowsnest Forest in stumps,logging slash and decked logs.Caused severe bud damage ina shelterbelt 5 miles southwestof Innisfail and lightdamage in native stands alongDeer Creek, in the Bow RiverForest, near the mouth of theSimpson River, K.N.P., andLeanchoil area Y.N.P.

25Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 contd.Causal Agent Host RemarksDiseaseNeedle cast,Bifusella linearis(Pk.) Hoehn.Whitebark pine Found along MacDonald Creekin the Crowsnest Forest. New.host record for the region.Spruce cone rust,Chrysomyxa pirolataWint.Spruce needle rust,Chrysomyxa weiriiJacks.Black rib of willow,Ciborinia foliicola(Cash Davidson) Whet.Pine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum(Diet.) Syd.Canker,Cucurbidothis pithyophila(Fr.) Petr.Cucurbitaria staphulaDearn. ex R. N. Arnold& R. C. RussellPine needle cast,Davisomycella ampla(J. J. Davis) DarkerTip blight,Delphinella abietis(Rostra) E. Muell.E. spruceW. spruceE. spruceW. spruceWillowLp. pineLimber pineB. poplarLp. pineA. firSevere damage between BrownCreek and the Brazeau River,along McCue, Deer and MarmotCreeks and to cones gatheredby the A.F.S. in the CrowsnestForest.Present throughout the coniferousforests. Occasionalsmall patches or individualtrees were severely affected.Perfect stage found alongSouth Castle River. New herbariumrecord.Light damage noted along theKootenay River, Spray andKananaskis Valleys.Found in upper SaskatchewanRiver area on living trees.New regional record.Common on poplar east ofDrayton Valley. New regionalrecord.Severely infected patches inthe Chungo Creek - BlackstoneRiver area. Light elsewhere.Common in Paint Pots area ofK.N.P. New regional record.

26Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 contd.Causal AgentHostRemarksPine needle cast,Elytroderma deformans(Weir) DarkerLeaf spot,Fabraea maculataAtk.Pine needle cast,Gloeocoryneum cinereum(Dearn.) WeindlmayrNeedle rust,Gymnosporangium gaeumanniZoggNeedle blight,Isthmiella quadrisporaLinerLp. pineMtn. ashLp. pineJuniperA. firSevere infection persistedin the same areas as reportedin 1967.Found along Upper West CastleRiver. New regional record.Caused severe stand discolorationalong the North Ram River,the head of Rough Creek andthe Spray River. Common inK.N.P.Collected along the Bow Valleyin B.N.P. First collectionfrom North America.Found in the Paint Pots areaof K.N.P. and along BauermanBrook in W.L.N.P. New regionalrecord.Leaf blight of balsam poplar, B. poplarLinospora tetrasporaThompsonCaused light stand discolorationin the Rocky Mountain House-Strachan area.Needle cast,Lirula macro spora(Hartig) DarkerPine needle cast,Lophodermella concolor(Dearn.) DarkerE. spruceLp. pineCommon along Smith - DorrienCreek. Severe along the CascadeRiver B.N.P.Caused severe stand discolorationin Chungo Creek - BlackstoneRiver area, along the Red DeerRiver west of Sundre, the Bowand Cascade River valleys B.N.P.Vermilion Crossing and RedstreakCampground areas K.N.P., SprayLakes and. Kananaskis Valley areasof the Bow River Forest.

27Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 cont'dCausal Agent Host RemarksPine needle cast,Lophodermella montivagaPetr.Larch needle cast,Lophodermium laricinumDubyPine needle cast,Lophodermium pinastri(Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev.Spruce needle cast,Lophomerum darkeriOuellettePoplar leaf spot,Marssonina tremuloidis(Ell. & Ev.) Kleb.Red root and butt rot,Polyporus tomentosisFr.Douglas fir needle cast,Rhabdocline pseudotsugaeSyd.Needle fungus,Rhizothyrium abietisNaum.Lp. pineWestern larchLp. pineW. spruceT. aspenE. spruceD. firA. firCaused severe discolorationand needle loss in the WaterfowlLakes area B.N.P.Found along Settlers RoadK.N.P. New herbarium hostrecord.Caused severe stand discolorationand needle lossnorth of Kootenay CrossingWarden Station.Caused severe needle loss 40miles southeast of Nordegg.Caused severe stand discolorationin the WillowCreek area, the PorcupineHills, along the Trunk Roadbetween Dutch Creek and theOldman River, along theCrowsnest River and in thePaine Lake area.Incidence increased in overmaturestands in upper WestCastle River area.Small patches of severelyinfected D. fir found in theNational Parks and southernFoothills.Found 36 miles northwest ofRocky Mountain House, MarbleCanyon K.N.P., Lake LouiseB.N.P. and in W.L.N.P. Newregional record.

28Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases, 1968 contd.Causal AgentHostRemarksLeaf spot,Septogloeum rhopaloideumDearn. & BisbyT. aspenCaused severe stand discolorationnear the PorcupineRanger Station and alongSharples Creek in thePorcupine Hills.Needle fungus, Rocky Mtn. Common in the Radium areaSeynesiella juniperi juniper K.N.P. New herbarium host(Deem.) Arn.record.

29SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTSHostConiferousCollectionsInsect DiseaseHostDeciduousCollectionsInsect DiseaseWhite spruce 17 29 Trembling aspen 27 10Engelmann spruce 16 7 Balsam poplar 2 3Black spruce 0 0 Willow 6 5Lodgepole pine 13 31Whitebark pine 2 12Limber pine 2 2Alpine fir 1 11Douglas fir 1 8Western larch 1 2Alpine larch 1 1Cedar 0 154 104 35 18Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 5Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 30GRAND TOTAL 246

30SOUTHWEST DISTRICTEdmontonASPEN DEFOLIATION -1968Bruce Spanworm Large Aspen TortrixLightV ,Moderate to SevereLight..Moderate to Severe ■0 17.5 35 52,5

31• PincherCreekSPRUCE BARK BEETLE INFESTATIONS1968Scale in Miles0 4 8 12

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTWEST CENTRAL DISTRICTALBERTA 1968byF. J. EmondFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY 1969

34INTRODUCTIONThe forest tent caterpillar continued to be the major defoliatorof aspen in the District with a marked increase in populations anddamage reported in 1968. Bruce spanworm populations increased and reachedoutbreak proportions in two areas. Leaf beetle adults and larvae causedsignificant defoliation of aspen and balsam poplar. An increase in populationlevels of the western tent caterpillar was evident in the westhalf of the District. Black-headed budworm caused considerable damagethroughout the foothills region and in Jasper National Park. Defoliationand discoloration of shelterbelt and ornamental spruce by the yellowheadedspruce sawfly and spruce spider mite respectively was of primeconcern in the agricultural and urban areas. Population levels of thelarch sawfly remained low.An increase in the incidence of needle casts of conifers wasevident and needle rusts of conifers continued to decline. Light to modderatedamage by spruce cone rust was reported from several areas. Winterdrying of conifers was conspicuous in several locations throughout thefoothills region and Jasper National Park.INSECT CONDITIONSBlack-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.)This spruce defoliator was common in all areas of the District.High populations caused moderate to, severe damage from Hinton through toJasper Townsite. Moderate damage was evident south of Jasper Townsitefor a distance of 22 miles, along the Celestine Lake Road, along the TrunkRoad north of Entrance for 20 miles, between Obed and Hinton and 5 milessoutheast of Fox Creek. Light damage to spruce was common throughout theremainder of the forested area.Leaf BeetlesCalligrapha verrucosa Suffr., was responsible for moderate tosevere defoliation of coyote willow and regeneration balsam poplar 4 milessouth of Tomahawk and 4 miles southeast of Drayton Valley.Chrysomela scripta Fab., caused moderate defoliation in scatteredpockets of balsam poplar along Deep Valley Creek, near Little Smoky and 2miles west of Obed.Chrysomela semota Brown, continued to be a serious defoliator ofopen-growing regeneration balsam poplar in the District. Moderate to severeskeletonizing was reported in the following areas: 5 miles south of

35Whitecourt along the Peers Road, 2 miles east of Whitecourt along Highway43, 9 miles south of Swan Hills along the Mobil Road and near theFiddle River Crossing in Jasper National Park. Moderate damage was evidentbetween Edson and Hinton, along the North Saskatchewan River eastof Drayton Valley and south of Tomahawk, 6 miles north of Robb and 54miles south of Valleyview. Light damage was common along Highway 16between Edson and Evansburg.Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.) caused light to moderate defoliationof regeneration aspen in the following areas: 3 miles north ofSeba Beach, Pembina River Provincial Park, 3 miles south of Entwistle,4 miles north of Drayton Valley and at various locations along Highway43 between Greencourt and Fox Creek.Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.Wabamun-Lac Ste. Anne OutbreakThe outbreak of these caterpillars which has persisted for thepast several years in this area continued unabated in 1968. The boundariesof the outbreak remained much the same as in 1967 but the degree ofdefoliation was considerably less. The degree of damage varied withinthis outbreak, bounded by an irregular line as follows: from Stony Plainnorthwest through Gunn to Cherhill, southwest to Entwistle, south to DraytonValley and northeast back to Stony Plain. Within this area, scatteredpatches of moderate to severe defoliation, varying in size from 5 to 25square miles, occurred along the north side of Lake Isle to the west endof Lac Ste. Anne, between Ross Haven and Glenevis, west of Stanger, nearSunset Point and Alberta Beach and near Wabamun. Isolated pockets of moderateto severe damage were evident near Keephills, Mewassin, Highvale,Drayton Valley and Easyford. Light defoliation was common in the remainderof the outbreak area (see map, page 44 ).Whitecourt-Chip Lake OutbreakIn this area, where isolated patches of defoliation occurredduring 1967, a marked increase in populations and damage was evident in1968. The approximate boundaries of this outbreak were as follows: fromRangeton north through Mystery Lake to Five Mile Island, west to CarsonLake and to Chickadee Creek where it intersects with Highway 43, south toShiningbank Lake and east to Rangeton. Moderate to severe defoliationoccurred between Whitecourt, Chickadee Creek and Carson Lake, from Whitemartsoutheast to Greencourt, between Five Mile Island and Peavine andin the area north of Chip Lake between Ronan, Rangeton and Hattonford.Isolated patches of moderate to severe defoliation were reported north andwest of Highway, Anselmo and Balm. Light defoliation was evident fromShiningbank Lake north to a point 4 miles south of Whitecourt, surroundingBaseline and Carson lakes and to Blue Ridge, north of Hattonford, Lobstick,Beta Lake and Chip Lake (See map, page 44).

36Cynthia OutbreakThis outbreak, which covered approximately 235 square miles,situated between Granada and Cynthia is described as follows: from thenorth half of Twp. 49, Rges. 10 and 11, W. 5., through to the south halfof Twp. 53, Rge. 10, W. 5. Within this area defoliation was light withthe exception of two small patches of moderate to severe defoliationnorth of Cynthia in Twps. 50 and 53.In the remainder of the District, patches of moderate to severedamage occurred west of Woodbend and along the Saskatchewan River Valleyin Edmonton. Scattered pockets of light defoliation were noted in thevicinities of Golden Spike, Winterburn, Graminia, St. Albert, Riviere QuiBarre, 4 miles west of Edson and near Crane, Bara and Shoal lakes.The following table indicates defoliation of aspen expected in1969 in the vicinities of permanent sampling stations where egg bandsampling was carried out.Location Defoliation Predicted defoliation1968 1969Gilbeymoderate lightRocky Mtn. House moderate severeAlder Flats (Tower road) moderate moderateFern Creek moderate severeLodgepole nil nilHorenlight moderateBruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)A marked increase in populations of this aspen defoliator wasevident in two areas of the District in 1968. Outbreak proportions werereached in the vicinity of the junction of Highways 16 and 47, with moderateto severe damage occurring along both sides of Highway 16 eastfor 3 miles. West of the Junction through to Obed damage was light tomoderate. From Obed to the Jasper Park Gate defoliation gradually decreased.In the Whitecourt-Windfall area, scattered patches of severedamage were noted along the Windfall Cutoff Road. Light to moderate

37damage occurred throughout the remainder of this area.Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)This sawfly continued to be the major defoliator of shelterbeltand ornamental spruce in west-central Alberta. Severe defoliation was reportednear Legal, 2 miles west of Winterburn, 2.5 miles north of DraytonValley and in Edmonton. Moderate damage was evident east and west of Westlock,between Clyde and Edmonton and Edmonton and Edson. Light defoliationwas common south of Duffield, in Wabamun and Pembina River provincial parksand at several locations between Mayerthorpe and Carvel Corner.Low populations persisted on native spruce throughout the forestedarea.DISEASE CONDITIONSFir needle rustsPucciniastrum epilobii Otth., was reported throughout the rangeof alpine and balsam fir within the District. Light infections were evidentin the following areas: 5 miles southeast of Fox Creek, 3 miles eastof Cynthia, 15 miles southwest of Whitecourt, 30 miles northwest of Whitecourtand 5 miles southeast of Swan Hills. Moderate infections were evidenton regeneration alpine fir 5 miles northwest of Robb and in the Camp 22lease of Northwest Pulp and Power. Light infections on the alternate host,fireweed, were noted in these areas. Light infections of Pucciniastrumgoeppertianum (Kuehn) Kleb., on 2 year old growth of alpine and balsam firregeneration was noted 30 miles north of Entrance, 4 miles north of Muskegand 18 miles southeast of Coalspur.Pine Needle CastsIn 1968 the most prevalent , needle casts of lodgepole pine in theDistrict were Elytroderma deformans, (Weir) Darker and Lophodermella concolor(Dearn.) Darker. Extensive discoloration and needle drop caused byE. deformans was common in the Obed-Hinton area, 12 miles south of Peersand 5 miles south of Whitecourt. L. concolor, in association with Hendersoniapinicola Wehm., caused discoloration and needle loss in the Edson -Robb - Coalspur area and 7 miles north of Jasper.Spruce Needle Casts"Black dotted needle cast of spruce" (as yet undescribed) was

38common on mature white spruce along the North Saskatchewan River Valleysoutheast of Drayton Valley and on regeneration spruce 2 miles east ofGranada.Isthmiella crepidiformis (Darker) Darker, was responsible formoderate discoloration and needle loss of black spruce 18 miles northwestof Robb, 2 miles northwest of Violet Grove and 3 miles west of Evansburg.Light needle loss was evident on white spruce 2 miles north of Cadomin,along Deep Valley Creek south of Valleyview, 5 miles east of Fox Creek andin Pembina River Provincial Park.Lirula macrospora (Hartig) Darker, caused needle drop and discolorationto white spruce between the Brazeau River and Simonette Tower,in Jasper National Park, between Edson and Hinton and in the Drayton Valley -Lodgepole area. Severe damage occurred in the following locations: 34miles southeast of Coalspur, 2 miles and 20 miles north of Entrance, 12miles south of Jasper, in the town of Hinton and immediate area, one mileeast of Marlboro and 5 miles southeast of Drayton Valley.Sarcotrichila piniperda (Rehm) Korf., caused moderate discolorationand needle loss of white spruce along the Freeman River 10 milessouth of Swan Hills.Spruce needle rustsThe incidence and intensity of Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh., onwhite and black spruce remained at approximately the same level as reportedin 1967. Moderate infections, affecting individual or small groups oftrees, were reported from several locations between Fox Creek and LittleSmoky, 5 miles southeast of Fox Creek, between Whitecourt and Peers and onemile east of Chip Lake. Light infections were common throughout the remainderof the District. Infections on the alternate host, Labrador tea,were common in all areas.Chrysomyxa weirii Jacks., caused moderate foliage loss on whitespruce 20 miles north of Entrance, 3 miles south of Mercoal and 10 milessoutheast of Swan Hills. Light infections were noted at several otherlocations in the District.Climatic DamageModerate to severe "red belting" of lodgepole pine. occurred atseveral locations throughout the foothills of the District. This typeof damage was prevalent from 6 miles east of Obed west to Hinton, southwestof Hinton along Highway 16 for 12 miles, southeast of Hinton alongthe Trunk Road for approximately 8 miles, 4 miles south of Mercoal, 2miles north of Cadomin, near Embarras, near Jasper and along the west

39slopes of the Maligne Range south of Jasper. Light to moderate damage wasevident along Ashlar Ridge in Jasper National Park and at several locationsalong the Trunk Road north and south of Hinton.Moderate and severe climatic damage to aspen was evident in theareas adjacent to the red belt damage.Frost damage to buds of regeneration balsam fir and spruce wascommon in the Hinton and Whitecourt areas.OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal Agent HostRemarksInsectBud-gall mite, T. aspenAceria neoessigi (K.)Light infestations common inthe Edson-Whitecourt-Edmontonareas.Poplar bud-gall mite,Aceria parapopuli (Kiefer)Cooley spruce gall,Adelges cooleyi (Gill.)Western grape rootworm,Adoxus obscurus (L.)Bronze birch borer,Agrilus anxius GoryBirch skeletonizer,Bucculatrix canadensisellaChamb.Eastern larch beetle,Dendroctonus simplex Lec.Bark beetle,Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.T. aspenW. spruceE. spruceC. spruceFireweedW. birchW. birchTamarackB. firW. spruceLight damage in the Wabamun-Thunder lakes area and inEdmonton.Low populations throughoutthe District.High populations 24 miles S.E.of Coalspur.Medium populations in JackfishLake area. Low populations inEdmonton.Medium populations in Edmontonand in the Whitecourt-Edson-Fox Creek areas.Medium populations in BlueRidge area.Low populations common inmature trees in the Whitecourt-Windfall area.

40Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Con'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksBark beetle,Ips borealis Sw.Bark beetle,Ips perroti Sw.Bark beetle,Ips perturbatus Eich.Pine engraver beetle,Ips pini (Say)Western tent caterpillar,Malacosoma californicumpluviale (Dyar)A sawfly,Neodiprion sp.Spruce spider mite,Oligonychus ununguis (Jac.)Pitch nodule maker,Petrova albicapitana (Busck)Spruce gall aphid,Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch)Poplar serpentine miner,Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.Bark beetle,Pityokteines minutus Sw.W. spruceJ. pineW. spruceLp. pineChokecherryWillowB. poplarS. birchLp. pineJ. pineW. spruceC. spruceLp. pineW. spruceLp. pineT. aspenB. firA. firCommon in the Whitecourt-Swan Hills area.Low population in slash 1mile north of Blue Ridge.Low populations in blowdownnorth of Whitecourt, nearWindfall and Edson.Low populations north ofEntrance.High populations near Granadaand Peers. Low populationsnear Tomahawk, Swan Hillsand .Seba Beach.Moderate damage 7 miles southof Duffield on J. pine. Lightdamage near Obed and Coalspuron Lp. pine.Common on shelterbelts andornamentals in the District.Common in regeneration standsin the District.Medium infestations nearNojack and Swan Hills.Low populations in theDistrict.Common in overmature anddying trees near Fox Creek,Muskeg and Whitecourt.Four-eyed spruce bark beetle, W. spruce Low populations in the Edson-Polygraphus rufipennis Kby.Whitecourt-Hinton area.

41Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksLarch sawfly, TamarackPristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)Moderate damage near FoxCreek and Seba Beach.Light damage in remainderof the District.Poplar borer, T. aspen Numerous brood trees notedSaperda calcarata Sayin the Wabamun Lake - Lac.Ste. Anne area.A noctuiidae, T. aspen Medium populations nearZenobia pleonoctusa Grt.Whitecourt and Edson.DiseaseShoestring root rot,Armillaria mellea (Vahl.ex Fr.) Quel.Poplar ink spot,Ciborinia whetzelii(Seaver) SeaverLeaf spot,Coccomyces hiemalis HigginsPine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum(Diet.) Syd.Needle cast,Davisomycella ampla(J.J. Davis) DarkerHypoxylon canker,Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.)Miller(Hypoxylon pruinatum(Klotzche) Cke.)Lp. pineB. firW. birchT, aspenChokecherryPincherryLp. pineJ. pineJ. pineT. aspenLight infections common inpine near Robb and B. firin the Windfall area. Moderateinfection in birchnear Jackfish Lake.Light infections in allaspen areas.Common in Edmonton andnear Wabamun Lake.Light damage throughoutthe forested area.Low incidence in the SebaBeach area.Cankers common in Edmontonand near Wabamun Lake.

42Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal AgentHostRemarksNeedle cast,Lirula mirabilis (Darker)DarkerNeedle cast,Lirula nervata (Darker)DarkerNeedle cast,Lophodermium juniperinum(Fr.) de N.Needle cast,Lophodermium nitens DarkerWestern gall rust,Peridermium harknessii J.P.MooreStalactiforme rust,Peridermium stalactiformeArth. & KernDouglas fir needle cast,Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd.B. firB. firJuniperLimber pineLp. pineLp. pineD. firLight infection on regeneration5 miles east ofFox Creek.Light to medium infectionon regeneration 3 mileseast of Cynthia.Medium infection throughoutthe foothills and in J.N.P.Common along the EdithCavell Road in J.N.P.Common throughout theDistrict.Medium infection south ofWhitecourt. Light infectioncommon near Edson, Nojackand Robb.Common on mature trees southof Jasper near Edith Cavellturnoff.Shoot blight of balsam poplar. B. poplarVenturia populina (Vuill.)Fabric.Common on regeneration in allareas of the District.Aspen shoot blight,Venturia tremulae Aderh.T. aspenCommon on regeneration in allareas of the District.

43SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTS.HostConiferousCollectionsInsect DiseaseHost.DeciduousCollectionsInsect/ DiseaseWhite spruce 30 33 T. aspen 51 7Colorado spruce 19 0 B. poplar 22 1Misc. spruce 2 6 Willow 19 2Lodgepole pine 24 26 Birch 10 2Misc. pine 2 3 Alder 4 0Balsam fir 4 10Misc. fir 2 9Tamarack 21 1104 88 106 12Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 14Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 5GRAND TOTAL 329

0EdmontonFOREST TENT CATERPILLARDEFOLIATIONScale in miles0 81968Light 0 V% AModerate to Severe ....ME

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTNORTHEAST DI STRICTALBERTA 1968byC. R. LaytonFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY 1969

46INTRODUCTIONThe spruce budworm remained the major defoliating insect inthe Northeast District during 1968 but intensity and damage was lessthan that reported in 1967. Forest tent caterpillar populations increased.The yellow-headed spruce sawfly was a serious pest in manyspruce shelterbelts throughout the agricultural areas. Populationsof larch sawfly remained low and little damage was observed. Leafbeetles and leaf rollers were present in low numbers throughout theDistrict.Leaf and needle rusts caused little foliage damage during1968. Two new outbreaks of dwarf mistletoe were recorded. Moderatedamage by red belt was observed. Perennial stem and branch diseasesoccurred on many hosts throughout the District.Special surveys to ascertain the population of woodborersin decked logs and the incidence of Atropellis canker in pine standswere conducted in 1968.INSECT CONDITIONSBlack-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.)The populations of black-headed budworm showed littlechange in the District from that reported in 1967. Low populationswere observed in white spruce stands in the Swan Hills, betweenLesser Slave and Utikuma lakes and in the McMurray area.,Medium populations were evident in the Red Earth area.Light damage was evident to white spruce in the Newbrook Campsite.Birch Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.A decrease in the population of the birch skeletonizer wasevident in the Slave Lake Forest. Light leaf skeletonizing was observedalong the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake. A low populationwas observed in the Athabasca area.Woodborers, Buprestidae and CerambycidaeLarge areas of timber were burned over in 1968 and thepossibility of woodborers in merchantable timber caused concern

47to forestry personnel. Surveys made in the Slave Lake and Calling Lakeburns revealed only trace populations of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae.A sampling program was carried out in logs decked in the springof 1968 to ascertain the species and population levels of the woodborerspresent. The results are given in the following table. The most commonCerambycidae encountered was Tetropium cinnemopterum parvalum Casey. Otherwoodborer populations were low. Only light damage was observed.RESULTS OF WOODBORER SAMPLINGLocationSpruceLog Di.a. Exposure No. of larvae per sq. f t.Cerambycidae BuprestidaeTetropium sp.Monochamus sp.High Prairie1 14 north 3 0 02 10 north 10 0 03 24 top4004 12 top4005 13 south 3 0 06 10 south 1 0 01 16 north 0 0 02 7 north 5 0 0Calling Lake 3 18 top0074 10 top145 14 south 0 0 76 9 south 0 0 0McMurray1 9 north 2 0 02 8 north 0 0 03 17 top1004 10 top0005 20 south 3 0 06 10 south 0 1 0Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)The spruce budworm continued to be the most important forestinsect in the District. An increase in distribution but a sharp declinein intensity was evident in areas severely infested in 1967. Approximately

48128,000 acres of spruce in the Athabasca Forest and 21,000 acres of sprucein Slave Lake Forest received measurable defoliation during 1968 (see map,page 54).In the McMurray area, light infestations were observed along theAthabasca River in the following areas: at the mouth of Little FisheryCreek, from Mountain Rapids south for 3 miles, at Crooked Rapids, 5 mileswest of the mouth of Grand Rapids, and from House River to Boivin Creek.From McMurray north to Stony Island, defoliation was light with patches ofmoderate defoliation interspersed through the area. Light defoliation wasobserved 25 miles east of McMurray along the Clearwater River.In the Fort McKay area light defoliation was evident along theAthabasca River from Saline Lake to the mouth of the Dover River. West ofFort McKay light damage occurred to spruce at and near the confluence of theMcKay and Dover rivers. Along the McKay River, through Twps. 92 and 93,Rges. 12 and 13, defoliation was generally light with a few interspersedpatches of moderate damage.In the Bitumount area, light defoliation was observed along thewest side of the Athabasca River at Lafont Island and from Morrisons Islandnorth to Eymundson Creek. Along Eymundson Creek defoliation was light forapproximately 4 miles. Along the east side of the River from EymundsonCreek north to Furlough Island aefoliation was predominantly light; somepatches of moderate damage were interspersed throughout the area. On theeast slopes of the Birch Mountains light defoliation, with patches of moderate,were evident from Asphalt Creek south to the Tar River. South of McCellandLake a stand of spruce sustained light to moderate defoliation.In the Slave Lake Forest light to moderate defoliation occurred inthe following areas: along the Wabasca River through Twp. 96, north of theWabasca River through Twp. 94, Rge. 6 and in Wp. 97, Rge 6. Small pocketsof light defoliation persisted southeast of Loon Lake.American Aspen Beetle, Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.)The population of the American aspen beetle remained much the sameas that reported in 1967. Medium populations were evident in the followinglocations: 3.6 miles southeast of Waterways, 15 miles south of Beaverdam,one mile west of Owl River, 4.5 miles north of Goodridge and along CrookedCreek north of Red Earth Tower. Low populations could be found in most aspenstands in the remainder of the District.Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.An upward trend in the population level of the forest tent caterpillarwas evident in the southwest portion of the District in 1968. Healthy

49colonies were observed in the following areas: Legal, Egremont, Warspite,Rochester, Newbrook, Morinville, Clyde, Athabasca, Amber Valley and WanderingRiver. Individual larvae were observed along the south shore of Lesser SlaveLake and in the Swan Hills. Small patches of moderate defoliation were observedin the Bon Accord and Clyde areas.Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)Moderate to severe damage was again evident to spruce used asornamentals and shelterbelts throughout the agricultural areas of Northeastern"Alberta. Severe damage was observed in the following areas: Bon Accord,Bellis, Boyne Lake, Spedden, St. Paul, Lessard, Lac La Biche, Plamondon,Atmore, Newbrook, Venice, Rochester, Legal and High Prairie.Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)Populations of the larch sawfly remained low throughout the Districtin 1968. Light damage was detected in the Slave Lake area, near PannyAirstrip and near Wandering River. In other tamarack stands checked, larvaecould generally be found but no noticeable damage was observed.DISEASE CONDITIONSDwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.Two new outbreaks of dwarf mistletoe were recorded in the Districtduring 1968. One, east of the Grand Rapids on the Athabasca River and theother 19 miles south of Red Earth Base Camp. In the Red Earth outbreak lightdamage was confined to old residual pine while at Grand Rapids both old andyoung trees were severely damaged.Atropellis Canker, Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman & CashA thorough search for this disease, which causes severe damage tolodgepole pine in the foothills of Alberta, was conducted in pine standsthroughout the District. Examinations were conducted in the following areas:Cold Lake, House River, McMurray, Birch Mountains, Burnt Lakes, Red Earthand Hondo. No atropellis canker was found.Spruce Needle Rusts, Chrysomyxa spp. and Pucciniastrum sp.Spruce throughout northeastern Alberta had little damage by spruceneedle rusts. Light damage by Chrysomyxa sp. was observed along the HartLake Tower Road and 5 miles southwest of Cross Lake Provincial Park. Chrysomyxaweirii Jacks. and Pucciniastrum sp. were collected along the McMurray Highway.

50OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal Agent Host RemarksInsectLeaf beetle,Chalcoides sp.Leaf beetle,Chrysomela semota BrownLeaf tier,Compsolechia niveopulvellaCham.Lodgepole pine beetle,Dendroctonus murrayanaeHopk.Spruce bark beetle,Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)Eastern larch beetle,Dendroctonus simplex Lec.Leaf beetle,Disonycha alternata Ill.Grey willow leaf beetle,Galerucella decora SayStriped alder sawfly,Hemichroa crocea (Fourc.)Willow leaf miner,Lyonetia sp.T. aspenB. poplarB. poplarT. aspenJ. PineW. spruceTamarackWillowT. aspenWillowAlderWillowModerate foliage damageto regeneration near LacLa Biche and High Prairie.Low populations north ofSwan Hills.Low populations commonthroughout the District.A low population in fireweakened pine north ofClyde.Present in weakenedtrees near Slave Lakeand Calling Lake.Common in fire weakenedtrees throughout the District.Moderate foliage damageobserved along the eastshore of Lesser Slave Lake.Low populations scatteredthroughout the District.Severe foliage damagealong north shore of LesserSlave Lake.Moderate foliage damagein the McMurray area.Western tent caterpillar, T. aspenMalacosoma pluviale (Dyar) WillowLow populations near SwanHills and Slave Lake.

51Other. Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - cont'dCausal Agent Host RemarksSpruce gall midge,Mayetiola piceae FeltCone maggot,Pegohylemyia sp.W. spruceW. sprucePresent throughout theDistrict. A few treessustained moderate damageone mile south of Egremont.Caused moderate cone damagein many areas in the SlaveLake Forest.Engelmann spruce weevil, W. spruce Light terminal dlmape 22Pissodes engelmanni Hopk.miles north of Smith.Lodgepole terminal weevil,Pissodes terminalis HoppingBoxelder twig borer,Proteoteras willingana(Kearfott)Spruce bud midge,Rhabdophaga swainei FeltJ. pineM. mapleW. spruceHigh populations evident4 miles south and 2 mileseast of Bellis.Light twig damage northof St. Albert and in theAthabasca area.Light bud damage in manystands in the District.DiseaseShoestring root rot,Armillaria mellea(Vahl.ex Fr.) Quel.W. spruceB. firCaused mortality to weakened.trees on the eastside of Lesser Slave Lake.Spruce cone rust, W. spruce Light damage to cones inChrysomyxa pirolata Wint.the Slave Lake Forest.Pine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum(Diet.) Syd.Comandra blister rust,Cronartium comandrae Pk.Canker,Cryptomyces maximus(Fr.) RehmJ. pineJ. pineWillowLight needle damage inthe Calling Lake area.Caused some moderate branchdamage in the Lesser SlaveLake, Loon Lake and Tawatinawareas.Light stem damage at McMurray.New regional record.

52Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - cont'dCausal AgentHostRemarksCucurbitaria staphulaDearn. ex R.H. Arnold& R.C. RussellPine needle cast,Davisomycella ampla(J.J. Davis) DarkerHypoxylon canker,Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.)J. H. MillerT. aspenJ. pineT. aspenCommon along Hart LakeTower Road and north ofWhitefish Lake. Newregional record.Light damage to foliage11 miles south of CallingLake.Collected at McMurrayand near Utikuma Lake.Leaf blight of balsam poplar, B. poplarLinospora tetrasporaThompsonSmall areas of moderatefoliage damage nearAssineau.Pine needle cast,Lophodermium pinastri(Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev.Leaf spotsMycosphaerella populicolaG. E. ThompsonStalactiforme rust,Peridermium stalactiformeArth. & KernFir needle cast,Phaeocryptopus nudusPetr.Tar spot,Rhytisma salicinum(Pers.) Fr.J. pineB. poplarJ. pineB. firWillowModerate needle damagein a stand 22.5 milesnorth of McMurray.Moderate foliage damageto regeneration in LongLake Provincial Park.Moderate stem damage37 miles south of McMurray.Moderate foliage damageto young trees in SirWinston Churchill ProvincialPark. Severedamage to a few treesnear Touchwood Lake.Common on foliage eastof Slave Lake.Aspen shoot blight, T. aspenVenturia tremulae Aderh.Light damage common inthe District. Moderatedamage in Touchwood LakeCampsite.Climatic damage, J. pine Moderate damage to foliagenear Hondo.

53SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTSHostConiferousCollectionsInsect DiseaseHostDeciduousCollectionsInsect DiseaseWhite spruce 62 9 T. aspen 45 5Black spruce 0 2 B. poplar 6 2Tamarack 9 1 Alder 2 0Jack pine 11 17 Birch 3 0Lodgepole pine 1 3 Willow 3 0Balsam fir 3 586 37 59 1Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 13Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 13GRAND TOTAL 220

54RiverFort MacFort McMurrayClearwater 4GordonLakeSPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATIONScale in miles0 8 16 24Light1968Moderate' to Severe

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTGRANDE PRAIRIE — PEACE RIVER DISTRICTALBERTA 1968byR. M. CaltrellFOREST. RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY 1969

56INTRODUCTIONDefoliation by Bruce spanworm was noted in 3 areas of the GrandePrairie - Peace River District. Wood borers caused some damage to deckedlogs in the Grande Prairie area. Low populations of black-headed budwormwere present throughout the District. A leaf beetle of balsam poplar suffereda sharp decline from populations levels of 1967. The American aspenbeetle was found in low numbers in several areas. As in 1967, the yellowheadedspruce sawfly was present in high populations in farm shelterbelts.Winter drying of conifer and aspen stands was prevalent in thefoothills area of the District. An increase of spruce cone rust was evidentwhile spruce needle rust and western gall rust remained at the 1967level. An examination of lodgepole and jack pine stands was carried outto determine northern distribution of Atropellis canker.INSECT CONDITIONSBlack-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.)Low populations of black-headed budworm were present on whitespruce in the following areas: south of Grande Prairie near Bald MountainTower and at Mile 6 and Mile 34 on the Camp 5 Road, around ThreeCreeks and Clear Prairie and in the Saddle Hills. Trace levels of thisspruce defoliator were observed in other white spruce stands in theDistrict.American Aspen Beetle, Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.)Severe defoliation by the American aspen beetle was evident onregeneration aspen 12 miles northeast of Three Creeks. Low populationswere observed in the Grovedale area, 1 mile east of Demmitt and 9 milesnorth of Whitemud Creek.Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)Moderate defoliation of aspen by this insect was reported inthe following areas: on the north slopes of Saskatoon Mountain, 11 milesnortheast of Grande Prairie and 12 miles north of Dixonville. In the remainderof the District larvae were frequently taken in beating samples,but population levels remained low.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)The yellow-headed spruce sawfly was the most destructive insecton planted spruce in the agricultural areas of the District. Moderate tosevere defoliation occurred in many spruce shelterbelts and ornamental spruce.Light defoliation of regeneration native spruce was common adjacent to infestedshelterbelts. Populations of this insect were reduced in ProvincialParks and some shelterbelts by use of insecticides.Wood Borer, Tetropium cinnamopterum parvulum CaseyThis round-headed wood borer, which generally attacks whitespruce, was common in the District in 1968. Low infestations were foundin the following locations: 16 miles southeast of Grovedale, 8 miles westof Snuff Mountain Tower, 16 miles south of Snuff Mountain Tower and atGrande Prairie.Sampling of logs, decked for a period of from 6 to 8 months, wascarried out in the North Canadian Forest Industries mill yard in GrandePrairie to determine wood borer populations and damage. A thorough checkrevealed that the overall population was low. It was found that damage wasconfined to the outer surface of the log to a maximum depth of l.5 inches.As this portion of the log is removed in manufacture, it was felt that nocontrol measures were required. Following are results of the decked-logsample taken in Grande Prairie.No. of Larvae/sq. ft.Location Log No. Diameter Exposure Cerambycidae Buprestidae1 10" South 5 02 16" South 0 0Grande Prairie 3 17" Top 5 04 9" Top 1 05 9" North 0 06 15" North 0 0DISEASE CONDITIONSAtropellis Canker, Atropellis piniphila (Weir)Lohman and CashThis canker disease of lodgepole pine occurred in most lodgepolepine stands in the southern part of the District. During 1968 a thorough

58search was made in lodgepole and jack pine stands in the northern part ofthe District. Check plots were established at the following locations:Bear Canyon, Notikewin Tower and Cadotte Lake. No evidence of infectionwas noted in these plots.Spruce Needle Rust, Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh.Although unusually wet summer weather was experienced throughoutthe District during 1968, the level of infection of this spruce needlerust declined in areas reported as moderate to severe in 1967. Light in—fections were evident throughout the District on both black and white spruce.Spruce Cone Rust, Chrysomyxa pirolata Wint.Spruce cone rust was common in most white and black spruce stands.Trace infections were reported in the following areas: Mile 26 Trunk Road,2 miles northeast of Hythe, 11 miles northwest of Hines Creek and in LacCardinal Provincial Park. Light infections were reported from: 7 miles northeastof Teepee Creek, 6 miles northwest of La Glace, 3 miles southeast ofPoplar Hill and 9 miles south of Crooked Creek. A moderate infection was noted 16miles south and 5 miles west of Grovedale.Western Gall Rust, Peridermium harknessii, J. P. MooreThis rust of lodgepole and jack pine was common throughout theDistrict in 1968. Areas of high incidence remained the same as reportedin 1967, with no new outbreaks located. These areas were: 90 milessouthwest of Grande Prairie, southwest of Clear Prairie and near Demmitt.Low levels of incidence were recorded along the Kakwa Tower Road,Two Lakes Road and near Puskwaskau Tower.Aspen Shoot Blight, Venturia tremulae Aderh.This shoot blight of aspen, which causes a characteristic "shepherdscrook" to the new shoots of regeneration trembling aspen, was commonin 1968. Moderate damage was evident in the following areas: 8 miles southeastof Bezanson, north of Sturgeon Lake and near Musreau Lake.Climatic DamageWinter drying of conifers and aspen stands was prevalent in thefoothills of the District. Moderate to severe red belt damage to lodgepole

59pine and white spruce occurred in the following localities: along ChinookRidge, on Nose Mountain and near Smoky, Bald Mountain and Kakwa towers.Light damage was observed in small, localized areas west of Sherman Meadows.Some mortality to spruce and pine could occur in the Chinook Ridge, NoseMountain and Smoky Tower areas.Aspen in close proximity to red belt areas received moderate climaticdamage.OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal Agent HostRemarksInsectCooley spruce gall,Adelges cooleyi (Gill.)Gall aphid on conifers,Adelges lariciatus (Patch)Ugly—nest caterpillar,Archips cerasivoranus(Fitch)W. spruceB. spruceW. spruceB. spruceChokecherryPincherryLow populations presentthroughout the District.Moderate damage 6 milessouth of Grande Prairie.Light damage 2 miles southwestof Clear Prairie.Low population presentsouth of Grande Prairieon the Wapiti River banks.Flatheaded borer, W. spruceBuprestidae sp.Low populations commonin the District.Large aspen tortrix,Choristoneura conf lictana(Wlk.)T. aspenLow populations were found6 miles west of Beaverlodge,5 miles north of Websterand 4 miles east of Halcourt.Leaf beetle ., B. poplarChrysomela semota BrownA decline in populationsin the District.Leaf tier,Compsolechia niveopulvellaChaco.T. aspenMedium populations werelocated on the north sideof Saskatoon Mountain andin the Denmitt area. Lowpopulations occurred inthe Grovedale, WhitemudCreek and Guy areas.

60Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Con'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksSpruce bark beetle,Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)Eastern larch beetle,Dendroctonus simplex Lec.Bark beetle,Dryocoetes affaber Mannh.Woolly elm aphid,Eriosoma americanum (Riley)Grey willow leaf beetle,Galerucella decora SayPine root collar weevil,Hylobius sp.Engraver beetle,Ips borealis Sw.Engraver beetle,Ips pertubatus Eich.Forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria Hbn.W. spruceTamarackW. spruceA. elmB. poplarL. pineW. spruceW. spruceT. aspenMedium populations at Mile39 Can -For. Road, LWpopulation in the BaldMountain Tower area.Medium population 8 milessouth and 9 miles west ofSouth Wapiti.Low populations found 16miles southeast of Grovedaleand at Sherman Meadows.High population 5 mileswest of Grande Prairie.Low populations were locatedin the Whitemud Creekand Three Creeks areas.A medium population of this.weevil was located on thenorth side of Sturgeon Lake.Low populations existed alongthe Kakwa, Two Lakes andTrunk roads.Low populations existed inthe Sherman Meadows andMusreau Lake areas.Low populations were observedin all areas of the southernhalf of the District.This insect was found in anarea 4 miles north and 9miles east of Grande Prairie.

61Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal AgentHost. RemarksOregon fir sawyer,Monochamus oregonensis(Le Conte)Poplar twig borer,Oberea schaumi Lec.W. spruceT. aspenHigh populations present atMile 10 Deep Valley CreekRoad and Wozney Sawmillssouth of Grande Prairie. Alow population was found 9miles south of Crooked Creek.Low populations found fromGrande Prairie to PeaceRiver in the eastern half ofthe District.Bark beetle, W. spruce Low populations in theOrthotomicus callatusMusreau Lake area.Eich.Engelmann spruce weevil,Pissodes engelmanni Hopk.W. spruceLow populations were found inthe Boone Creek area and atMile 50 of the ImperialLumber Road south of GrandePrairie.Four-eyed spruce bark beetle, W. sprucePolygraphus rufipennis Kby.Low populations located atMile 10 Deep Valley CreekRoad and 16 miles southeastof Grovedale.Larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Htg.)Spruce bud midge,Rhabdophaga swainei FeltPoplar borer,Saperda calcarata SayTamarackW. spruceT. aspenB. poplarLow populations existed inthe Gage, Boone Creek, PintoCreek, Snuff Tower and Goodwinareas.Low populations were evidentthroughout the southern portionof the District.Common in most aspen stands.High populations existed 8miles southwest of GrandePrairie and 6 miles northeast of Hythe. A mediumpopulation existed on balsampoplar . in Lac Cardinal ProvincialPark.

62Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksDiseaseApiosporinia witch's broom, SaskatoonApiosporinia collinsii(Schw.) v. HOhnelCommon throughout theDistrict.Dwarf mistletoe,Arceuthobium americanumNutt. ex Engelm.Poplar ink spot,Ciborinia whetzelii(Seaver) SeaverPine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum(Diet.) Syd.Comandra blister rust,Cronartium comandrae Pk.Cucurbitaria staphula,Dearn. ex R. H. Arnold& R. C. Russell.Pine needle cast,Elytroderma deformans(Weir) DarkerSpruce needle cast,Isthmiella crepidiformis(Darker) DarkerBalsam poplar leaf blight,Linospora tetrasporaThompsonLp. pineT. aspenLp. pineLp. pineT. aspenLp. pineW. spruceB. poplarA medium infection existedin the Wapiti River area 8miles south of GrandePrairie.Reduced from 1967. Tracelevels in the District in1968.Low infections located inthe following areas:Sturgeon Lake, Bald Mountain,Silver Valley and along theImperial Lumber Road southof Grande Prairie.Light damage at Mile 50 ImperialLumber Road.High occurrence on individualtrees near DunveganCrossing. New regionalrecord.Low incidence 10.5 mileswest of Grovedale.Collected 10.5 miles westof Grovedale.Light incidence observed 5miles southwest of SouthWapiti Ranger Station.

63Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksStalactiforme rust, Lp. pine Light infections at MilePeridermium stalactiforme 80 Trunk Road, Mile 49Arth. & KernImperial Lumber Road and2 miles west of SilverValley.Needle fungus, Lp. pine Light infection at MileThyriopsis halepensis49.5 Imperial Lumber Road.(Cke.) Th. Syd.Hyperparasite of dwarfmistletoe,Wallrothiella arceuthobii(Pk.) Sacc.Dwarf mistletoe Present in the Wapiti Riverarea south of Grande Prairie.SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTSHostConiferousCollectionsInsect DiseaseHostDeciduousCollectionsInsect DiseaseWhite spruce 84 39 Trembling aspen 61Black spruce 0 4 Balsam poplar 2 4Lodgepole pine 11 29 Misc. poplar 0 1Jack pine 1 2 Willow 3 3Balsam fir 2 0 Alder 1 0Tamarack 11 1109 75 67 22Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 12Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 1GRAND TOTAL 286

ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTMACKENZIE DISTRICTALBERTA 1968byE. J. GautreauFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY 1969

65INTRODUCTIONThe spruce budworm outbreak in the Northwest Territories increasedin extent and intensity, while in the Footner Lake Forest theseverity of attacks were generally reduced from that reported in 1967.Two species of leaf tiers caused severe defoliation to aspen stands inthe Footner Lake Forest and parts of Wood Buffalo National Park. Amarked increase occurred in the distribution and abundance of the largeaspen tortrix, particularly in the Ft. Liard area. During the late summermost willow foliage showed premature discoloration due to feedingby the willow leaf miner. Other noteworthy insects occurring in theDistrict were the larch sawfly, poplar serpentine miner, black-headedbudworm, and the spruce cone worm.Winter drying of conifers in exposed locations was commonalong the east slopes of the Mackenzie Mountains. The incidence of severalcommon foliage diseases was reduced, possibly due to an exceptionallycool summer.INSECT CONDITIONSBlack-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.)Low populations of black-headed budworm were present on whitespruce near Tompkins Landing, Fort Vermilion, High Level, Watt Mountain,Zama City and along the Hay River between Meander River and Enterprise.Medium populations occurred at Little Buffalo Falls. Elsewhere larvaewere observed in low numbers along the Lower Peace River in Wood BuffaloNational Park and along the Slave River.Cone and Seed InsectsThe 1968 cone crop on spruce was generally light in the NorthwestTerritories and in the Footner Lake Forest. In the Fort Smith areasevere damage to white spruce cones was caused. by the cone worm, Dioryctriareniculella (Grote) and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.).The principal damage to cones in the Footner Lake Forest was caused by thespruce seed moth, Laspeyresia youngana (Kit.) and a cone maggot, Pegohylemyiasp.

66Results of Cone Examinations Footner Lake ForestLocationNumber of % damaged by % damaged by % conescones cone maggot seed moth not damagedHigh Level(18 miles west) 25 68 28Tompkins 25 8 8 84LandingWatt Mountain 25 12 24 64Leaf Beetle, Chalcoides sp.These leaf beetles were widely distributed throughout the northernforest on broad-leafed trees and a significant increase in populationlevels was evident in 1968. Light damage occurred to dogwood,aspen, balsampoplar and willow foliage in the Footner Lake Forest and in the UpperMackenzie River area.Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)This leaf roller, sometimes a serious defoliator of poplar forestsin Alberta, was located along the Liard River Valley in the Northwest Territories.Pockets of light to moderate defoliation occurred to poplar standsfrom Nahanni Butte south to the Northwest Territories - British ColumbiaBoundary. No larvae were noted elsewhere in the District.Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)The spruce budworm continued to be the most important forestinsect causing damage to spruce stands in the District. In the FootnerLake Forest, Wood Buffalo National Park and Northwest Territories, l,961,000acres of defoliation occurred in 1968,as compared to l,250,000 acres in 1967.The accompanying maps show the areas where notable defoliation occurred in1968.In the Footner Lake Forest, defoliation by the budworm in sprucestands west of High Level decreased from that reported in 1967. Light defoliationwas present along the Chinchaga River from the middle of Twp. 108,

67Rge. 3, W. 6.., to Twp. 111, Rge. 3., W. 6,, and in a 77 square mile areanear Amber Tower. Light to moderate defoliation occurred along the southslopes of the Cameron Hills immediately north of Zama City. West of theChinchaga River, new outbreaks recorded in 1967 near Assumption, RainbowLake and the headwaters of the Hay River subsided. The infestations northof High Level at Watt Mountain, Meander River, and along the Hay River betweenSteen River and Indian Cabins declined to a low level.In the Wabasca River drainage, populations of the spruce budwormwere much lower than reported in 1967. The main infestation, estimated tocover an area of 10,000 acres, occurred in a band 2 miles wide along theeast bank of the River from the mouth of Senex Creek to Twp. 101, Rge. 9.,W. 5. Defoliation in this area was light. Along the Muddy River drainage,l,280 acres of moderate defoliation occurred. Repeated defoliation by thebudworm has caused considerable tree mortality in the area.In Wood Buffalo National Park, budworm numbers increased greatlyfrom 1967 and defoliation was widespread especially along the Peace andLittle Buffalo rivers. Pockets of light to moderate defoliation were commonalong the Peace River from Big Slough to Jackfish River. Scatteredpockets of light defoliation occurred east of this area to Peace Point.East of Peace Point, light defoliation occurred in a band approximately 2miles wide along the River to Point Providence. North of the Peace Rivertwo new outbreaks were located. One in Twp. 118., Rge. 17., W. 4., wheremoderate defoliation was evident and the other near Pine Lake where defoliationwas light. Infestations of moderate damage occurred along the eastslopes of Salt Mountain and along the Little Buffalo River from the LittleBuffalo Ranger Station to the Klewi River, West of this area, moderate.defoliation occurred to spruce stands bordering the Sass River for a distanceof 20 miles. Moderate defoliation also occurred along the KlewiRiver and along Preble and Seton creeks. Repeated defoliation by the budwormhas caused tree mortality at Little Buffalo Fails.In the Northwest Territories populations of the budworm increasedmarkedly in the Fort Smith area. The main infestation, estimated to coveran area of 545,000 acres, occurred in a wide band along the. Slave Riverfrom Mountain Rapids to Long. Island. Defoliation throughout the area variedfrom light to moderate with pockets of severe at Brule Point and PointeEnnuyeuse. Re-examination of a permanent sampling plot established at LeGrande Detour revealed no increase in tree mortality since the plot wasestablished in 1965.The infestation along the Mackenzie River increased in size andintensity in some areas, while a decrease was noted in other areas. Lightdefoliation was evident to white spruce along the Mackenzie River from 15miles east of Mills Lake to just east of Fort Simpson and north of the Riverto the Horn Mountains. Scattered pockets of moderate defoliation occurredwithin this area. Along the slopes of the Horn Mountains, between the 1500to 2000 foot level, defoliation was moderate to severe. Light infestationsoccurred along the Liard River from Fort Simpson south to the Poplar River.

68Populations of the budworm were the lowest ever recorded in spruce standsbordering the Mackenzie River from Fort Simpson to Wrigley. From the mouthof the Ochre River north to the Dahadinni River pockets of light to moderatedefoliation occurred.No increase in budworm defoliation was noted along the WillowlakeRiver from that reported in 1967. Only a few small pockets of light defoliationoccurred from the mouth of the River to Gunn Rapids. The outbreaklocated in 1967 along the southeast slopes of the hills north of Gunn Rapidspersisted. Defoliation in this area ranged from light to severe.The infestations along the slopes of the Ebbutt and Martin hillsdeclined to a low level.A Leaf Roller, Epinotia solandriana Linn.Although less common than in 1968, this insect caused light foliagedamage to birch and alder in the vicinities of Fort Smith and Yellowknife.In the Footner Lake Forest low populations were observed on birch along theWatt Mountain Tower Road,and on alder along Highway 58 between Rocky Laneand Jean D ' or Prairie.Willow Leaf Miner, Lyonetia sp.In 1968, high populations of this leaf miner extended across thenorthern portions of the Footner Lake Forest and into the Northwest Territories.Severe infestations recurred in the Mackenzie River Valley, along the SlaveRiver and along many of the small river valleys of northern Alberta and theNorthwest Territories. Light infestations were noted at Rae and Yellowknife.Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst)Larvae of the Bruce spanworm were commonly taken in aspen beatingsamples but no serious defoliation was observed. Collections were made inthe Footner Lake Forest near Fort Vermilion and High Level. In the NorthwestTerritories collections were made near Fort Fitzgerald, Fort Smithand at several locations along the Fort Smith - Hay River Highway.Poplar Serpentine Miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.Populations of this serpentine miner increased in the valleys ofthe Liard and Mackenzie rivers,where foliage damage to aspen and balsampoplar ranged from light to moderate. Light damage occurred along thevalleys of the Peace and Slave rivers, and along the Mackenzie and Yellowknifehighways.

69Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)In 1968, populations of the larch sawfly in the Footner LakeForest and in the Northwest Territories declined to a very low level. Tracesof defoliation occurred to tamarack in the Footner Lake Forest at La Crete,Fort Vermilion, High Level, and Steen River. In the Northwest Territoriestraces of defoliation occurred to tamarack bordering the Mackenzie andYellowknife highways. Low populations were present in the Fort Smith areaand Wood Buffalo National Park, but defoliation was negligable.Leaf Tiers, Pseudexentra improbana oregonana Wlshm., Compsolechianiveopulvella Cham.High populations of leaf tiers caused pockets of moderate to severedefoliation to aspen stands in the Footner Lake Forest from High Leveleast to Jean D'or Prairie and from these points south to the Buffalo HeadHills. In the Northwest Territories these insects were found in all aspenstands south of Great Slave Lake. A trace of defoliation occurred in thisarea. No damage occurred to aspen north of the Mackenzie River.Spruce Bud Midge, Rhabdophaga swainei FeltThe presence of this bud midge on both black and white sprucewas common in the District. Low populations occurred in the Footner LakeForest and Wood Buffalo National Park. Further north, light infestationswere found near Rae and Yellowknife.Ambrosia Beetles, Trypodendron sp.Small ambrosia beetles were observed infesting white birch inmany areas of the Northwest Territories. The known range of this insectextended from Porter Lake in the east to Enterprise in the west, the mostnortherly points of occurrence were Snowdrift and Yellowknife. A searchfor these beetles was made in the Footner Lake Forest but none were located.DISEASE CONDITIONSSpruce Needle Rust, Chrysomyxa spp.Due to an exceptionally cool summer in the Northwest Territoriesonly light infections of needle rusts were observed on spruce foliage. Inthe Footner Lake Forest light infections were common in the Watt Mountainand Buffalo Head Hills areas.

70Leaf Blight of Balsam Poplar, Linospora tetraspora ThompsonThis disease was common on immature and mature trees near LaCrete, Fort Vermilion, High Level and Meander River. Further northlight infections were particularly common on fringe trees in the FortSmith area.Climatic DamageModerate to severe reddening of foliage was observed in pineand spruce stands along the east slopes of the Nahanni Mountains from LittleDoctor Lake south to Nahanni Butte. Other pockets of reddening occurred a-long the east slopes of the Liard Mountains near Mount Flett, Mount Cotyand 12 miles east of Sawmill Mountain. Along the north slopes of the MartinHills, severe damage occurred to spruce stands at the 1500 to 2000 footlevel.OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal Agent Host RemarksInsectGall aphid on conifers,Adelges lariciatus (Patch)Spruce bark beetle,Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)Grey willow leaf beetle,Galerucella decora SayA looper,Itame loricaria JuliaEvers.W. spruceW. spruceWillowT. aspenCaused light damage tospruce foliage.Widely distributed, butin low numbers.Low populations general,no serious defoliation.Larvae commonly found,but no serious defoliation.Western tent caterpillar, WillowMalacosoma californicumpluviale (Dyar)Leaf roller T. aspenPandemis canadana Kft.Collected for the firsttime at Yellowknife. Lowpopulations.Low incidence.

71Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Con'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksYellow-headed spruce sawfly, W. sprucePikonema alaskensis (Roh.)Caused light damage at LaCrete, Fort Vermilion,Fort Smith, Hay River,Fort Providence, andFortSimpson.DiseaseDwarf mistletoe,Arceuthobium americanumNutt. ex Engelm.Spruce cone rust,Chrysomyxa pirolata Wint.Hyperparasite of rust fungi3Cladosporium sp.Comandra blister rust,Cronartium comandrae Pk.Sweet fern blister rust,Cronartium comptoniae Arth.Fruit stem rust,Gymnosporangium clavipes(Cke. & Pk.) Cke. & Pk.Needle cast,Isthmiella crepidiformis(Darker) DarkerNeedle cast,Lirula macrospora(Hartig) DarkerNeedle cast,Lophodermium pinastri(Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev.J. pineW. spruceW. spruceJ. pineLp. pineJ. pineD. juniperW. spruceW. spruceJ. pineSevere infection nearPeace Point.Light infection in FootnerLake Forest. Range extention.New herbarium host record.Collected near Watt Mountain.Branch and stem cankerscommon.Common in the District.Light infection at LouiseFalls. New regional record.Light infections common.Very light infection atSalt River Campsite.Commonly found in theDistrict,

72Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Contd.Causal AgentHostRemarksLeaf rust on willow,Melampsora epitea Thuem.WillowModerate infection onseveral small trees nearYellowknife.Aspen shoot blightVenturia tremulae Aderh.T. aspen Caused some twig mortalityalong Mackenzie Hwy.

73SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTION BY HOSTSHostConiferousCollectionsInsect. DiseaseHostDeciduousCollectionsInsect DiseaseWhite spruce 149 9 Trembling aspen 33 3Black spruce 15 2 Balsam poplar 4 2Jack pine 9 12 Willow 5 2Lodgepole pine 2 2 Birch 13 2Tamarack 4 1 Alder 4 0Balsam fir 2 4181 30 59 9Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 10Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 15GRAND TOTAL 304

74SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATIONBistchoLakeLightModerate to SevereSteen RiverMeander RiverHayLakeZamaLake.High Level•Scale in miles0 8 16 24• Keg River

75Fort VermilionSPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION1968LightModerate to Severe .....BisonLakeNPeerlessLakeScale in miles8 16 24

Great SlaveLake76Peace PointScale In miles0 8 16 24

Fort SimpsonSPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATIONLight1968Moderate 'o SevereScale in miles0 8 16 24Lake

78SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION1968LightModerate to SevereScale in miles0 8 16 24

79ANNUAL DISTRICT REPORTYUKON DISTRICTYUKON TERRITORY 1968byJ. P. SusutFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYCALGARY, ALBERTAFORESTRY BRANCHDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND FORESTRYFEBRUARY 1969

80INTRODUCTIONThe large aspen tortrix was the most destructive defoliator ofaspen poplar in the Yukon Territory in 1968. Discoloration of aspen foliageby poplar serpentine miner was extensive in southern parts of the District.A high percentage of the spruce cone crop was destroyed by two species ofspruce cone insects. Population levels of most other insects remained relativelythe same as in 1967. An aerial survey of spruce stands in thesoutheastern Yukon revealed no evidence of spruce budworm damage.Spruce needle rust infections were generally light throughout theDistrict. Comandra blister rust caused notable mortality in many stands ofregeneration lodgepole pine. Needle casts of spruce and pine were commonand red belt occurred in two areas of the District.INSECT CONDITIONSLarge Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)Light defoliation, intermixed with patches of severe defoliation,occurred throughout most of the aspen covered areas of the Yukon. Thepatchy defoliation pattern which prevailed in 1968 indicated a reductionin populations from the previous year.Along the Alaska Highway patchy, severe defoliation was observedin the Dezadeash Valley between Champagne and Haines Junction and in an area38 miles southeast of Beaver Creek.North of Whitehorse along the Klondike Highway, patches of severedefoliation were evident near Fox Lake, at Carmacks, 18 and 21 miles northof Carmacks, 28.7 miles north of Pelly Crossing and 9.2 miles south ofStewart Crossing. Along the Stewart River, between Stewart Crossing andMayo, patchy light to moderate defoliation was observed. Severe defoliationoccurred in a small area 11 miles north of Elsa.Along the Dawson Highway patchy moderate to severe defoliationwas observed west of Stewart Crossing for 20 miles. Patches of severe defoliationoccurred from 15 miles west of McQuesten to Dawson City with thelargest occurring 42 miles west of McQuesten.In the Ross River area moderate to severe defoliation was evidentat Frances Lake and in scattered patches along the Pelly River from CampbellCreek to Ross River.

81Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)White spruce in the major river drainages east of Watton Laketo the Northwest Territories Border were checked by aerial survey and nodefoliation by spruce budworm was observed. Ground checks at Fantasque,Hyland and Stewart lakes revealed no evidence of budworm.Spruce Gall Midge, Mayetiola piceae FeltDamage by this gall midge was common in the southwest portionof the Yukon. At Canyon Lake, high populations on the lower branches causedlarge numbers of tips to die which gave the trees a brown appearance. Lightdamage was found at Sulphur Lake, 3.4 miles north of Haines Junction and11.7 miles west of Burwash Landing.Poplar Serpentine Miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.Two major infestations of poplar serpentine miner were noted inthe Yukon in 1968. Severe discoloration of foliage occurred in the largerstands of aspen throughout the Beaver Creek area. In the southwestern portionof the District severe discoloration occurred from a point 100 mileswest of Watson Lake east to the Beaver River and north to Frances Lake.Light damage was noted in numerous other stands.Spruce Cone Insects, Dasvneura rachiphaga Tripp, Laspeyresia youngana(Kft.), Pegohylemyia sp.White spruce cones in several locations in the Yukon containedhigh populations of cone insects. Severe damage was caused by the cone worm,L. youngana and a cone maggot, Pegohylemyia sp. Of the cones examined, 67.5per cent were damaged by these two species. The spruce cone axis midge D.rachiphaga was found in all cones examined, but damage was negligible.DISEASE CONDITIONSSpruce Cone Rust, Chrysomyxa pirolata Wint.Spruce cone rust infected cones of white spruce in several locationsacross the southern Yukon. Light infections were recorded at HainesJunction, southeast of Whitehorse and 79.6 miles east of Teslin.Spruce Needle Rusts, Chrysomyxa spp.The spruce needle rust, Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh. was noted on

82both black and white spruce throughout the Yukon in 1968. Moderate tosevere damage was encountered in spruce on the tops of the mountains inthe Dawson City area although little damage was found in the valleys.Light to moderate damage was recorded 52 miles south of Haines Junctionand on understory regeneration at Canyon Lake. A high incidence ofChrysomyxa woroninii Tranz. was recorded on Midnight Dome near Dawson Cityand a low incidence at Mile 36.2 of the Dempster Highway, Keno, BeaverCreek, Carmacks and Squanga Lake.Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh. was collected on spruce cones 43 mileseast of Teslin and 52 miles south of Haines Junction.Comandra Blister Rust, Cronartium comandra Pk.Regeneration lodgepole pine in several areas between Watson Lakeand Whitehorse were infected with this stem rust and some mortality wasnoted. The most severely infected stand was found 55.9 miles east of Teslinwhere rodents chewed out cankers and a high incidence of mortality occurred.The known range of comandra blister rust on the alternate host,Geocaulon lividum, was extended north from Whitehorse with collections atCarmacks, Stewart Crossing and Mayo.A hyperparasite of rust fungi, Cladosporium sp. was found on arust canker 130 miles north of Watson Lake.Climatic DamageTypical reddening of foliage due to winter drying was observed intwo locations in the Yukon in 1968. Black spruce in a valley bottom 4.8miles southeast of Beaver Creek sustained severe damage. Although the oldfoliage was killed, new buds survived and the trees appeared to have recovered.Lodgepole pine on the north side of the town of Whitehorse sustainedlight damage.OTHER NOTEWORTHY INSECTS AND DISEASES, 1968Causal AgentHost RemarksInsectBark beetle, Willow Collected 12.7 milesCryphalus nitidus Sw.west of Destruction Bay.

83Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'd.Causal AgentHostRemarksLodgepole pine beetle,Dendroctonus murrayanaeHopk.Spruce bark beetle,Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)Eastern larch beetle,Dendroctonus simplex Lec.Zimmerman pine moth,Dioryctria zimmermani(Grote)Bark beetle,Ips perturbatus Eich.Lp. pineW. spruceTamarackLp. pineW. spruceLow populations in severallocations. Causedsome mortality in a smallarea near Teslin.Collected from logs atKluane Lake.Low populations atFrances Lake.Collected 26.5 mileswest of Watson Lake.Appeared to have causedsome tree mortality 25.8miles west of DestructionBay.Poplar leaf miner,Lithocolletis spp.T. aspen Common in the southernportion of the District.High populations on regenerationat Whitehorse.Willow leaf miner,Lyonetia sp.Bark beetle,Orthotomicus latidens Lec.Pitch nodule maker,Petrova albicapitana(Busck)Pitch nodule maker,Petrova metallica (Busck)Root collar weevil,Pissodes sp.WillowLp. pineLp. pineLp. pineLp. pineCaused light damage atWatson Lake.Collected 68.4 miles eastof Teslin.Collected near Watson Lake.Collected 11 miles west ofWatson Lake.Medium populations atJohnson's Crossing. Lowpopulations at Watson Lake,Carmacks and Mayo.

84Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Con'd.Causal Agent Host RemarksFour-eyed spruce bark beetle,Polygraphus rufipennis Kby.Leaf tier,Pseudexentera improbanaoregonana. Wlshm.Spruce bud midgeRhabdophaga swaineiFeltBark beetle,Taenioglvptes ruficollisruficollis Hopk.W. spruceT. aspenW. spruceB. spruceA. firCollected from severallocations in the Yukon.Light damage east ofWhitehorse.Low populations throughoutthe Yukon. Moderatedamage occurred at Mile44, Dempster Highway.Collected at Rose Lake.A northern extension ofdistribution in the Region.DiseaseLeaf spot of birch,Atopospora betulina (Fr.)Petr.Pine needle rust,Coleosporium asterum(Diet.) Syd.Spruce needle cast,Isthmiella crepidiformis(Darker) DarkerNeedle cast,Lirula macrospora (Hartig)DarkerPine needle cast,Lophodermella montivagaPetr.Snow blight,Lophophacidium hyperboreumLager.Poplar leaf spot,Marssonina tremuloidis(Ell. & Ev.) Kleb.BirchGoldenrodW. spruceB. spruceW. spruceLp. pineW. spruceT. aspenCollected 52 miles southof Haines Junction.Collected at Watson Lake,Mayo and 75 miles northof Whitehorse.Caused light needle dropin numerous locations.Collected at Minto andTeslin.Caused severe needle dropalong the Canol Road 60miles south of Ross River.Collected south of DawsonCity at an elevation of3500 feet.Severe discolored patchesat Carcross, Tagish, HainesJunction, Johnson's

85Other Noteworthy Insects and Diseases - Cont'dCausal Agent Host RemarksCrossing and the LewisRiver Crossing.Leaf rust of willow,Melampsora epitea Thuem.WillowCommon throughout theYukon. High incidenceat Carcross, Mile 33Dempster Highway andFrances Lake.Western gall rust, Lp. pine Collected in the WatsonPeridermium harknessiiLake area.J. P. MooreFir needle rust,Pucciniastrum epilobiiOtth.A. firFireweedLight infection on alpine.fir at Quiet Lake. Fireweedwas severely infectedat Tagish and FrancesLake, moderate at SquangaLake and light at WatsonLake.Leaf rust,Pucciniastrum sparsum(Wint.) E. FischW. spruce Collected at McClintockAlpine bearberry on bearberry. A rust,believed to be P. sparsum,was collected from whitespruce at Destruction Bay.Tar spot,Rhytisma salicinum(Pers.) Fr.WillowCommon in the District.High incidence at McClintockand Destruction Bay.

86SUMMARY OF INSECT AND DISEASE COLLECTIONS BY HOSTSHostConiferousCollectionsInsect DiseaseHostDeciduousCollectionsInsect DiseaseWhite spruce 33 33 T. aspen 42 7Black spruce 6 20 B. poplar 1 2Lodgepole pine 12 19 Birch 0 4Alpine fir 3 9 Willow 9 8Larch 1 055 81 52 21Insect collections from miscellaneous hosts 2Disease collections from miscellaneous hosts 26GRAND TOTAL 237

87PROVINCIAL PARKSAs a continuation of a project begun in 1967, all ProvincialParks of Alberta were visited at least once in the 1968 field season. Theinsect species & disease organisms present on all tree species were recordedand where possible the park official was made aware of the conditionswithin the Park.Dam age by insects and disease was generally low in 1968. Populationsof forest tent caterpillar appeared in a number of parks in CentralAlberta and moderate defoliation occurred in three parks. Defoliators ofspruce which are capable of causing notable damage were present in low numbersin some parks. The spruce budworm, the black-headed budworm andyellow-headed spruce sawfly are the species which bear watching. Mediuminfestations of spruce spidermite were present on regeneration spruce growingadjacent to roadways and, gall aphids of spruce detracted from the aestheticvalue of this tree species in many areas. The poplar borer was present inmost parks where large aspen occurred.Many of the disease organisms reported were foliar diseases andgenerally were not severe enough to cause notable injury. Hypoxylon cankerwas present in most parks where aspen poplar was found. A weak cankerdisease of poplar, Cytos pora sp, was present in many of the parks, most ofwhich were in Southern Alberta. Armillaria root rot caused notable mortalityin Bow Valley and Crimson Lake parks.Mechanical damage by various agents and soil compaction aroundroots of trees in high-use areas were reported from a number of parks. Climaticdamage was noted in parks along the west side of the Province andsmoke damage was noted in Bow Valley Park.A more detailed report of Insect and Disease Conditions in AlbertaProvincial Parks may be had by writing:Regional DirectorDepartment of Fisheries & Forestry132A - 9th Avenue S. W.Calgary 2, Alberta

88GREATLAKEBEARGREATSLAVELAKEROUTES OF AERIAL SURVEYS1968Bark BeetleForest Ten' CaterpillarsSpruce BudwormGeneralEdmontonr61'V. ILarge Aspen Tortrix,Bruce SpanwormRED RED DEERLGARYSCALEAPPROX. 185 MILES 1 INCH

**5:00TABLE ISUMMARY OF AERIAL SURVEYS, 1968DATE PURPOSE AREAS AIRCRAFT COST TOTAL TOTALPER HOURS COSTHOURJune 9, 10GeneralMackenzieCessna 206(Floats)June 18WoodborerSlave LakeBell 47 AJ-2(Helicopter)*3:00June 27WoodborerSlave LakeBell 47 AJ-2(Helicopter)*3:00June 28Large aspen tortrixBruce spanwormSouthwestern AlbertaCessna 172(Wheels)36.00 5:00 180.00June 30Forest tentcaterpillarCentral AlbertaCessna 172(Wheels)36.00 7:45 279.00June 5, 6Spruce budwormNortheastern AlbertaCessna 180(Floats)50.00 7:45 388.50July 11Spruce budwormWabascaCessna Skymaster(Floats)74.00 2:00 148.00July 11Spruce budwormYukonCessna 180(Floats)60.00 4:55 295.00July 14Spruce budwormWabasca and ChinchagariversCessna 180(Wheels)48.00 6:49 292.80July 15, 16, 1718, 19Spruce budwormMackenzieCessna 180(Floats)60.00 21:35 1308.45

SUMMARY OF AERIAL SURVEYS, 1968 cont'd.DATE PURPOSE AREAS AIRCRAFT COST TOTAL TOTALPER HOURS COSTHOURJuly 16 Spruce budworm Northeastern Alberta Cessna 150 *6:00(Wheels)July 23 Woodborer Fort Smith Bell 47 AJ-2 **1:00HelicopterAugust 11, 12 Spruce budworm Wabasca Bell 47 AJ-2 *16:0013, 14, 15 HelicopterAugust 17 Bark beetle Southeastern Alberta Bell 47 AJ-2 *5:4HelicopterAugust 30 Bark beetle Kootenay National Piper Apache *"3:45Park(Wheels)September 18 Spruce budworm Wabasca Bell 47 AJ-2 115.00 4:1 471.50HelicopterTOTALS 103:24 3363.25Alberta Forest ServiceMackenzie Forest ServiceEntomology ResearchNote: Total cost includes pilot expenses.

91APPRAISAL SURVEYSDuring 1968 the appraisal crew consisted of three technicians —V. B. Patterson (Supervisor), D. P. Elliott, R. J. Rowswell, and threestudent assistants. Assistance was also provided by G. R. Stevenson(Disease Survey), H. Stewart (Tree Biology) and members of the detectionranger staff. During September Mr. Elliott resigned to continue hiseducation and his position was filled by Mr. G. R. Stevenson. The extentof involvement with Survey studies is briefly summarized below.1. Hypoxylon Canker, Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) J. H. Miller(Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzche) Cke,)Permanent sample plots were established at 27 points throughoutcentral Alberta to study the impact of Hypoxylon canker on aspenpoplar. The initial examinations revealed a mean infection of 10.5per cent. Periodic inspections are planned at five year intervalsto determine the rate of change.2. Pine Root Collar Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood.An intensive survey of H. warreni was started in 1967 andcompleted in 1968. The current year's investigations were confinedto lower elevations than in 1967. The survey clearly indicated thatthe incidence of weevils is more continuous and intense at elevationsbelow 4600 feet.3. Spruce Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.)Surveys were conducted in the Crowsnest Forest to appraise thepotential damage of the current outbreak of the spruce bark beetleto Engelmann spruce. A line cruise made in the West Castle SnowAccumulation Study area revealed that an estimated 272,440 FBM. oftimber was infested. Point sampling conducted at 23 locations throughoutthe Crowsnest Forest revealed 38.3 per cent of all trees talliedwere infested or had died due to attack by the spruce bark beetle.4. Shoestring Root Rot, Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel.An experiment to determine whether fungicides would controlshoestring root rot was initiated in the Robb area in 1964. Sevenstudy plots were established and chemical controls applied at variousintervals during the next two years.The appraisal crew was assigned the task of assessing the resultsof the project. Although analyses of the data is incomplete it appearsthat the chemicals had no controlling effect upon the fungus.

925. Wood Borers, Monochamus sp.A study was made in the fire-killed timber south of Mitsue Lakein the Slave Lake Forest to ascertain population levels and the depthof penetration by adult wood borers into the burned area.Twenty-four insect traps were set up along the eighteenth baselinenorth of the Salteaux River. The complete absence of potentially destructivespecies of wood borers provided the assurance that lumber fromsalvage operations would be free of wood borer damage.6. Fir Needle Rust, Pucciniastrum epilobii, Otth.A pilot study was inaugurated to study the impact of needle ruston Alpine fir regeneration in the Camp 22 area on Northwest Pulp andPower's lease southeast of Hinton.Annual examination of the specific study trees will be continuedas required.7. Exotic PlantationsThe annual examination of tree species introduced to North Americaand of North American species growing outside of their natural rangewas continued. Information obtained indicates that a longer intervalbetween examinations is necessary to observe appreciable changes.Future examinations will be continued at five-year intervals.8. Needle Miner, Coleotechnites starki Freeman.Four study plots were established on Mount Norquay in. Banff NationalPark in 1964 to appraise the impact of this needle miner on lodgepolepine. Results are not conclusive.Internal reports are being prepared on all 1968 Appraisal Crew projects.

93INSECTARY OPERATIONSThe regional insect museum originated in 1949 to serve as areference collection and to provide specimens for taxonomic studies. Itcurrently contains about 43,000 specimens representing about 2000 species.Many other specimens from this Region are deposited in the Canadian NationalCollection in Ottawa.The operations of the insectary and museum are under the supervisionof Mr. Dave Kusch who is assisted by a junior insectary technician and twoto three students during the field season. Except for certain species whichare identified by specialists in Ottawa, most of the identifications are performedby Mr. Kusch.During 196g, a total of 1275 collections and reports including2062 records and approximately 17,000 insects were processed. Many of thesewere identified and discarded as only the records were required. However,more than 300 were placed in rearing in order to obtain identifiable forms.Material for incubation was placed in cold storage for approximately threemonths and returned to controlled temperature and humidity conditions inJanuary of 1969. Enclosure slips were coded and periodically sent to Ottawafor the purpose of transferring the information to magnetic tape. Duringthe winter, additional information and corrections were prepared on scanningforms and sent to Ottawa in order to up-date the records.Special insectary operations to obtain biological information includedmultiple rearings of the spruce bud midge, the spruce gall midge, andthe spruce budworm. Four collections containing 16 adult Mulsantina and over50 Chilocorus for cytology studies were sent to Dr. S. G. Smith at Sault Ste.Marie. About 250 larch sawfly cocoons were sent to Dr. H. R. Wong of theWinnipeg laboratory.

94HERBARIUM OPERATIONSThe regional mycological herbarium which was originated in 1952and designated by the international code letters CFB serves as a referencecollection of forest diseases. Encouragement is expressed for loans andexchanges with other herbaria. Approximately 9000 specimens representing300 genera and 600 species are on deposit. The rate of annual increase isabout 10 per cent.The operations of the herbarium are supervised by the regionalmycologist, Dr. Y. Hiratsuka with a senior herbarium technician, Mrs. L.E. McArthur, performing as assistant curator. Additional assistance isrendered by a clerk-typist during the winter and a student assistant duringthe field season.Except for some specific identifications which are made by specialistsin Ottawa or in other research centers most of the identificationsare made by Dr. Hiratsuka and Mrs. McArthur. Dr. Y. Hiratsuka renders anational and international service through his specialization in westernspecies of tree rusts.During 1968 outside agencies and local researchers were providedwith material through the herbarium. A total of 722 collections were processed.New pathogens, host and distribution records were obtained as listedin Table 2 page 95.

TABLE 2NEW HERBARIUM RECORDS, 1968Organism and Disease Host(s) Locality RemarksArceuthobium americanumNutt. ex Engelm.Dwarf mistletoeBifusella linearis (Pk.)Hoehn.Needle castCiborinia foliicola(Cash & Davidson) Whet.Black rib of willowPinus sylvestrisScots pinePinus albicaulisWhitebark pineSalix sp.WillowKananaskis Forest New herbarium host record andExperiment Station first record in Canada.21 mi. SW. of New herbarium host record.Hillcrest32 mi. SW. of New regional record. MaturePincher Creek perfect sta ge was present.Cladosporium sp.Hyperparasite of rustfungiChrysomyxa arctostaphylion Picea glaucaRust causing yellowwitches' broom on whitespruce.Chrysomyxa pirolata onPicea glaucaCone rust on whitespruce.Puccinia caricina onRibes hirtellumRust on wild gooseberryPuccinia coronata onShepherdia canadensisRust on CanadianBuffalo-berryCarcross, Y. T.18 mi. W. ofHigh Level2 mi. W. ofStavely7 mi. NE. ofCochrane1 mi. SW. ofElkwaterNew record for the Yukon.New herbarium host record.New herbarium host records.New herbarium host record.

2TABLENEW HERBARIUM RECORDS — Cont'd.Organism and Disease Host(s) Locality RemarksCronartium comandrae Pk.Comandra blister rustGeocaulon lividumNorthern comandra13 mi. N. ofCarmacks, Y. T.12 mi. S. ofStewart CrossingY. T.15 mi. S. of MayoLanding, Y. T.Range extensions far to thenorth.Cryptomyces maximus (Fr.)RehmCankerSalix sp.WillowMcMurrayOn living branches and twigs.New regional record. Previouslyreported from B.C.and Sask.Cucurbidothis pithyophila(Fr.) Petr.CankerPinus flexilisLimber pine45 mi. SW. ofNordeggNew regional record; identifiedby Dr. A. Funk.Cucurbitaria staphulaDearn. ex R. H. Arnold& R. C. RussellPopulus tremuloidesTrembling aspenPopulus balsamiferaBalsam poplar25 mi. NE. ofLac la BicheUtikuma LakeDrayton ValleyDunveganNew regional records. Developson galls on branches and trunksin association with Diplodiatumefaciens (Shear) Zalasky.Cylindrosporium saximontanenseSolh.Leaf spotPopulus angustifoliaNarrowleaf cottonwoodCardstonNew regional record. Previouslyreported from Colorado.Delphinella abietis(Rostr.) E. Muell.Tip blightAbies lasiocarpaAlpine fir13 mi. SW. ofEisenhower,Kootenay NationalParkNew regional record; identifiedby Dr. W. G. Ziller.

TABLE 2NEW HERBARIUM RECORDS - Cont'd.Organism and Disease Host(s) Locality RemarksExobasidium vaccinii Wor. Vaccinium membranaceum 39 mi. SW. of New herbarium host record.Tall bilberryPincher CreekFabraea maculata Atk. Sorbus scopulina 38 mi. SW. of New regional record. ConidialLeaf spot Mountain ash Pincher Creek stage Entomosporium maculatumLev.Gibbers pulchella (Cke. Vaccinium uliginosum 100 mi. NW. of New regional record; identi-& Pk.) Petr.Bog bilberryFt. Providence, fied by Dr. B. C. SuttonLeaf spotN. W. T.Gymnoconia peckiana(Howe) Trott.Rubus strigosusWild red raspberryTatchun Creek,Y. T.RustGymnosporangium clavipes Juniperus communis Louise Falls,(Cke. & Pk.) Cke. & Pk. Common juniperN. W. T.Rust gallNew herbarium host record.New herbarium host record.Gymnosporangium gaeumanii Juniperus communis 8 mi. W. of Banff, First North American records.ZoggCommon juniperBanff National Previously reported fromNeedle rust Park. Europe.Columbia Icefield,Jasper NationalPark

TABLE 2NEW HERBARIUM RECORDS - Con'd.Organism and DiseaseHost (s)LocalityRemarksIsthmiella ouadrispora Abies lasiocarpa 13 mi. SW. of Eisen- New regional records; identi-Ziller Alpine fir hower, Kootenay fied by Dr. W. G. Ziller.Needle blightNational Park15 mi. NW. ofWaterton, WatertonLakes National ParkLachnellula agassizii Abies balsamea 22 ml. N. of High New herbarium host record.(Berk. & Curt.) Dennis Balsam fir LevelLirula macrospora (Hartig) Picea glauca Minto and Teslin,DarkerWhite spruceY. T.Needle castNew records for the Yukon.(=Lophodermium macrosporum(Hartig) Rehm.)Lophodermella concolor Pinus contorta Pelly Crossing In association with Hender-(Dearn.) DarkerNeedle castLodgepole pineand Watson Lake,Y. T.sonia pinicola Wehm. Newrecord for the Yukon(=Hypodermella concolor(Dearn.) Darker).Lophodermella montivaga Pinus contorta 60 mi. S. of Ross New record for the Yukon.Petr. Lodgepole pine River, Y. T. (=Hypodermella montivagaNeedle cast(Petr.) Dearn.).Lophodermium laricinum Larix occidentalis 14 mi. NE. of New herbarium host record.Duby Western larch Radium, KootenayNeedle castNational Park

TABLE 2NEW HERBARIUM RECORDS - Contd.Organism and Disease Host(s) Locality RemarksLophomerum darkeriOuelletteNeedle castNectria cinnabarina (Todeex Fr.) Fr.Canker and diebackPuccinia dioicae Magn.RustPuccinia hieracii(Rohling) Mart.RustPuccinia recedens Syd.RustRhizothyrium abietis Naum.Needle fungusPicea glaucaWhite spruceElaeagnus angustifoliaRussian oliveAster sp.AsterCarex sp.SedgeTaraxacum sp.DandelionSenecio indecorusGroundsel, RagwortAbies lasiocarpaAlpine fir40 mi. SE. of New regional records; identi-Nordeggfied by Dr. W. G. Ziller54 mi. S. HainesJunction, Y. T.Brooks Horticultural New herbarium host record.StationSmith Lake, Banff New regional records. (Syn.National Park Puccinia extensicola (Flown.).2 mi. E. of Elk- New herbarium host record.water3 mi. S. of New herbarium record,Elkwater13 mi. SW. of New regional records; identi-Eisenhower Koot- fied by Dr. W. G. Ziller.enay National Park10 mi. S. of LakeLouise, BanffNational Park36.mi. NW. of RockyMountain House15 mi. NW. of Waterton,Waterton LakesNational Park

TABLE 2NEW HERBARIUM RECORDS — Cont'd.Organism and Disease Host(s) Locality RemarksSeynesiella juniperi Juniperus scopulorum Radium, Kootenay New herbarium host record.(Desm.) Arn. Rocky Mountain juniper National ParkNeedle fungusUromvces glycyrrhizae Glycyrrhiza lepidota 9 mi. SW. of Stavely New herbarium record.Magn.Wild licoriceRust

101TREE PEST EXTENSLON SERVICESThe tree pest extension service established in 1967 was continuedin 1968. Re-organization during the 1967 season resulted in fewerrequests from the general public in 1968 and an increase in the number ofregional agencies using the service. During 1968, there was an increase of16.5 percent in the number of inq uiries processed. The in q uiries included94 personal interviews, 79 mail inquiries, 38 extension calls and 37 queriesanswered by phone. The decrease in in q uiries from the general public alloweda greater dispensation of information in an advisory capacity to other governmentdepartments, junior governments and industrial agencies throughout theregion.Following is a list of agencies that requested information duringthe 1968 season and the number of requests received from each.General public 105Provincial Department of Agriculture 32Alberta Forest Service 8Canada Department of Agriculture 8Alberta Provincial Parks 1Federal Parks Branch 6County of Newell, Agriculture Service Board 6Municipal District of Rockyview 8Yukon Forest Service 1Industry 12Inter-Laboratory 33Calgary City Parks Department 21Provincial Horticulture Station 1P.F.R.A. 1Provincial Attorney General Department 1U.S.A. Forest Service 1Calgary City Health Department 1Federal Department of Public Works 1Canada Wildlife Service 12/48Causal agents and hosts for which tree pest information wasrequested are listed in Table 3 page102.

102TABLE 3Causal Agent Host and Number of SpecimensInsectAdelginaeGall aphids on conifers.Agrilus sp.Poplar agrilus.Aphid spp.AphidsArchips argyrospila(Wlkr.)Fruit tree leaf roller.Archips cerasivorana(Fitch)Ugly—nest caterpillar.Bark beetles.CecidomyiidaeChoristoneura conflictana(Wlk.)Large aspen tortrix.Chrysomela knabiBrownLeaf beetlesFir 1, Pine 1, Spruce 11,Aspen 1,Poplar 1, Spruce 3,Russian—olive 2,Prunus 2,Spruce l,Willow l,Aspen l,Willow l,Diplohepis sp.Rose gall maker. Rose l,Gonioctena americana(Schaeff)American aspen beetle. Poplar l, Willow l,Halisidota maculata (Harr.)Spotted tussock moth. Apple l,Leaf miners, Birch 4, Lilac 4,

103Table 3 cont'd.Causal Agent Host and Number of SpecimensLytta sp.Blister beetle.Malacosoma spp.Tent caterpillar.Mayetiola sp.Cecidomyiid.Honeysuckle l,Poplar 1, Saskatoon 1, Willow 1,Spruce 4,Mechanical injury. Ash l, Poplar 1,Nematus sp.SawflyNeoborus sp.Plant bug.Nymphalis antiopa L.Spiny elm caterpillarOrgyia antiqua LINN.Rusty tussock moth.Orthosia hibisci Gn.Phalaenidae.Poplar l, Willow l,Ash 1, Poplar 1,Elm l,Apple 1,Aspen l,Pamphiliidae Spruce 4,Physiological damage.Phyllocnistis populiella Cham.Serpentine leaf miner.Physokermes piceae Schr.Spruce bud scale.Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)Yellow-headed spruce sawfly.Apple 3, Birch, Cotoneaster 1,Elm 1, Fir 2, Juniper 1, Lilac 3,May-day 2, Pine 7, Poplar 3, Spruce 31,Aspen l,Spruce 1Spruce 4,

104Table 3 cont'd.Causal Agent Host and Number of SpecimensPineus strobi (Htg.)Pine bark aphid. Pine l,Pissodes spp.Weevils. Pine l, Spruce l,Rhabdophaga sp.Cabbage gall maker. Willow l,Rynchites sp.Rose curculio. Rose l,Scale insects Fir l, Spruce 2,Spider mites. Cherry l, Fir l, Pine l, Poplar 3,Spruce 11,Taniva albolineana Kft.Spruce needle miner. Spruce 5,Trichiosoma sp.Sawfly. Cotoneaster l,UnknownWoodpecker damage.Ash 3, Caragana l, Elder 4, Fir 1,Maple 1, Pine 2, Spruce l, Willow l,Birch l, Spruce l,DiseaseApiosporina collinsii(Schw.) V. HohnelApiosporina witches broom.Armillaria mellea(Vahl ex Fr.) Quel,Shoe string root rot.Chrysomyxa arctostaphyliDiet.Yellow witches broom of spruce.Saskatoon l,Birch l,Spruce l,

105Table 3 cont'd.Causal Agent Host and Number of SpecimensCladosporium subsessileEll. & BarthLeaf spot.Cytospora chrysosperma(Pers.) Fr.Cytospora canker.Erwinia amylovora(Purrill) WinslowFruit stem rust.Fomes igniariusex Fr.) KickxWhite trunk rot.Gymnosporangium clavipes(Cke. & Pk.)Fruit stem rust.Hypodermella concolor(Dearn.) DarkerPine needle cast.Linospora tetrasporaThompsonBalsam poplar leaf blight.Poplar l,Ash 2, Aspen 2, Poplar l,Apple l, Ash l, May-day l,Aspen 1,Juniper 2,Pine l,Poplar 1,Natural needle drop. Pine 3,Nectria cinnabarina--Triode ex Fr.) Fr.Nectria canker. Elm 2,Needle cast. Fir l,Peridermium stalactiformeArth.& KernStalactiforme rust.Slime flux.Herbicide.Pine l,Poplar l,Maple, Poplar l, Willow l,

106RESEARCHResearch is being conducted by Survey officers on wood borers,spruce budworm, forest tent caterpillar, tree rusts and biotaxonomy offorest fungi. Plans for 1969 include preliminary investigation of thespruce bark beetle and needle cast disease of pine.Wood borers - Damage caused by wood borers in decked logs at mill sites inAlberta occasionally reaches intolerable levels. The conventional methodsof decreasing the losses by rapid utilization, water sprays, or the applicationof chemicals are not always possible or economically feasible.The sporadic occurrence of wood borers in decked logs, burnedforests and areas of windfall suggests that intense attack is largely dependentupon the relationship between the insects seasonal history and thetiming of harvest, burn or blowdown. Investigation of these aspects werecommenced in 1967 by Dr. A. Raske. Briefly, the methods employed involvethe study of wood borer behaviour on spruce and pine which was cut, burnedor windthrown during the different seasons in various geographical areas.Additional experimentation was conducted using fumigants and plastic coveringto develop an economical method of protecting decked logs. Progress of theseinvestigations are summarized by the following list of proposed reports andpublications:(1) Distribution of wood-borer larvae in decked pine logs.(2) Sequential sampling system for wood borers in decked logs.(3) Biology of Tetropium parvulum in spruce.(4) Biology of Oberea schaumii.(5) Fumigating conifer logs with PDB to control wood borers.(6) List and field key to insect families commonly foundunder bark.(7) Dispersal of wood borers into large burns.(8) Notes on hybridization of Monochamus beetles.Forest Tent Caterpillar - Noticeable defoliation of aspen by the forest tentcaterpillar has occurred in varying degrees throughout central Alberta for thepast eight years. During this period the insect survey recorded in considerabledetail the distribution and abundance of the insect by means of aerialand ground surveys. Much of this information was published annually in theAnnual Report of the Forest Insect and. Disease Survey. Beginning in 1967Dr. A. Raske with the assistance of Mr. J. K. Robins undertook to collate thesedata and perform certain experiments in an attempt to explore and explain factorsinvestigated involved the effect of prolonged warm winter periods onhatching, time of hatch in relation to host development, cold hardiness ofyoung larvae, qualitative differences between larvae, and the incidence ofdisease. Progress has developed to the stage where a comprehensive report willbe available for general distribution during 1969. Included in the report will

107be a cartographic history of the Outbreak showing some obvious correlationswith apparent environmental variations.The Spruce Budworm - Detection surveys have been conducted intermittentlysince the inception of Alberta surveys in 1948 and on annual basis since1955 to determine the geographic distribution and relative abundance ofthe spruce budworm. These data along with distribution maps have beenpublished on a regular basis in the Annual Report of the Forest Insect andDisease Survey. With the advent of noticeable amounts of tree mortalityand top killing in 1965 Mr. R. E. Stevenson supplemented aerial surveyswith ground surveys in the Wabasca outbreak of northern Alberta. This areaalong with others now constitute important components of national park andprovincial management plans. Coincident with and pursuant to an increasedincidence of tree mortality, now comprising 66 percent of all trees at theepicenter of the Wabasca outbreak, preliminary studies commenced in 1967and expanded in 1968 to assess the impact of spruce budworm damage and itsrelationship to forest management. In addition, the history Of the sprucebudworm in Alberta and the Northwest Territories is being investigatedthrough a complete stem analysis investigation. Presently, survey recordshave been collated and incorporated with damage figures, growth profiledata and hazard rating maps into a report to be released in 1969.Aerial photography at scales l:2640 and l:1320 was taken over 18sq. miles of the Wabasca area. Within this area a sample strip 4 miles xl/2 mile through the epicenter was photographed in ectrachrome at scalesl:100, 1:200, l:300.No chemical control is contemplated for the Alberta outbreaksalthough it is believed the major re-alignment of cutting priorities andincreased allowable cut in the outbreak areas will prove to be meaningfulmanagement measures to reduce economic losses.In 1969 aerial surveys will be concentrated on major outbreakareas. An expansion of the stem analysis work will occur in the Chinchagaand Athabasca river areas of northern Alberta. Detailed hazard ratingsurveys will be conducted between Senex Creek and the Muddy River in theWabasca outbreak. Preparation of a technical report based on stem analysisdata from the Wabasca outbreak will be prepared in terms of loss in annualincrement and history of spruce budworm activity.Spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus obesus (Mann) - During the course of routinesurveys in 1968, a serious outbreak of D. obesus was detected in southwesternAlberta. Subsequently, it was learned that the outbreak was part of a largerinfestation which covered large areas in the Crowsnest Forest and WatertonLakes National Park in Alberta, adjacent portions of the Nelson Forest inBritish Columbia, and in the Flathead Forest in Montana. An aerial survey

108in mid-August of the spruce stands in southwest Alberta revealed scatteredpatches of dead spruce along most of the streams from the International.Boundary to near the north end of the Crowsnest Forest. Ground checks,however, revealed that many trees, recently killed by bark beetles, stillretained green foliage and hence were not detected from the air. In viewof the urgency of instituting salvage operations further ground surveyswere restricted to areas of high value, readily accessible stands of spruce.The spruce bark beetle normally requires two years to completeits life cycle but one- and three-year cycles have been reported. Data onthe normal life cycle for the Crowsnest area is reouired to make reliableforecasts.Plans for 1969 include further ground surveys as time permits,experimentation with color film to detect those dead or dying trees thatretain green foliage, and life cycle studies.Mycology of forest fungi - Identification of forest fungi and supervisionof the regional mycological herbarium are the responsibility of the regionalmycologist, Dr. Y. Hiratsuka. In addition, Dr. Hiratsuka, with the technicalassistance of Mr. P. J. Maruyama and Mrs. L. E. McArthur, is activelyengaged in research involving life histories, morphology, cytology andtaxonomy of forest pathogens with particular emphasis on the forest treerusts of western North America.A decision has been reached to propose a taxonomic revision ofautoecious pine stem rusts by establishing a new genus Endocronartium toaccommodate Peridermium harknessii from North America and P. pini fromEurope. This proposal is based on the cytological and morphological investigationof this group of fungi conducted by Dr. Hiratsuka in previousyears.On the basis of cytological examinations of germ tubes, distributionof western gall rust (Peridermium harknessii) was confirmed inMaritime provinces and the results are published.Taxonomic studies of spruce and fir needle rusts are well underway following extensive field observations, inoculation experiments, andmorphological studies.Further improvements of immunofluorescent techniques to be usedfor forest fungi were made during the summer of 1968 with the assistance ofa graduate student (Miss Elizabeth Leuke) and significant results were obtained.Needle cast disease of pine, Elytroderma deformans - Detection surveys haverevealed high levels of infection by E. deformans in commercially important

109pine stands in Alberta. Very little is known about this pathogen but studiesin Montana of Elytroderma on ponderosa pine show a perennial systemic infectionthat may seriously damage large numbers of trees. In the light of thesefindings, Mr. R. Blauel will undertake in 1969 to determine the infectionrate, extent of systemic infection, and impact of E. deformans onlodgepole-jack pine hosts in Alberta.

110INDEX TO INSECTS AND DISEASESINSECTPAGEAceria neoessipi (K.), Bud-gall mite *.. 39Aceria parapopuli (Kiefer), Poplar bud-gall mite . 10, 39Acleris variana (Fern.), Black-headed budworm 16, 34, 46, 56, 65Adelges coole yi (Gill.), Cooley spruce gall39, 59Adelges laxiciatus (Patch), Gall aphid on conifers 59, 70Adelges sp., Spruce gall aphid . 10Adelginae, Gall aphid on conifers . . 102Adoxus obscurus (L.), Western grape rootworm 39Aegeriidae, Clearwing moth 22Agrilus anxius Gory, Bronze birch borer * 39Agrilus sp., Poplar agrilus * .102Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), Fall cankerworm 8.Altica plicipennis Mann., Willow flea beetle 8Aphidae 102Archips argyrosphila (Wlkr.), Fruit tree leaf roller 102Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), Ugly-nest caterpillar 8, 59, 102Brachylomia populi Stkr., Defoliator23Buprestidae sp., Flatheaded borer 46, 47, 57, 59Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., Birch skeletonizer .....•Calligrapha verrucosa Suffr., Leaf beetle39, 4634Cerambycidae, Woodborer 46, 47, 57Cecidomyiidae102Chalcoides sp., Leaf beetle 50, 66Chilocorus sp., Beetle 5, 93Chilocorus stigma (Say), Twice stabbed lady beetle 10Choristoneura biennis Freeman, Spruce budworm 17Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.), Large aspen tortrix 9, 16, 59, 66, 80, 102Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), Spruce budworm 10, 17, 47, 65, 66, 81,107Choristoneura lambertiana Bsk., Budworm 23Chrysomela aeneicollis Schffr., Leaf beetle 23Chrysomela falsa Brown, Leaf beetle 9Chrysomela knabi Brown, Leaf beetle 102Chrysomela scripta Fab., Leaf beetle 34Chrysomela semota Brown, Leaf beetle 34, 50, 59Coleotechnites starki Freeman, Needle miner17, 92Compsolechia niveopulvella Cham., Leaf tiers 50, 59Cryphalus nitidus Sw., Bark beetle 0 . 82Dasyneura rachiphaga Tripp, Gall midge 81Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopk., Lodgepole pine beetle 23, 50,Dendroctonus obesus (Mann.), Spruce bark beetle .18, 50,1078360, 70, 83, 91,

111INSECTPAGE5060Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk, Mountain pine beetle17Dendroctonus simplex Lec., Eastern larch beetle39, 50, 60, 83Dichelonyx backi Kby., Rose chaferDichelonyx fulgida Lec., Rose chaferDioryctria reniculella (Grote), Spruce cone wormDioryctria zimmermani (Grote), Zimmerman pine mothDiplohepis sp., Rose gall makerDisonycha alternata Ill., Leaf beetle23236510, P3102Dryocoetes affaber Mannh., Bark beetleEpnotia solandriana Linn., An Olethreutid.Eriosoma americanum (Riley), Wooly elm aphid6068Euura atra .(Jur), A willow sawflyGallerucella decora Say, Grey willow leaf beetleGonioctena americana (Schaeff.), American aspen beetleHalisidota maculata (Harr.), Spotted tussock mothHemichroa crocea (Fourc.) Striped alder sawfly1050, 60,23,35,102507048, 56, 102Hylobius sp., Pine root collar weevil10, 60Hylobius warreni Wood, Pine root collar weevil91Hylurgops rugipennis Mann., Bark beetle39Ips amiskwiensis G. Hopp., Bark beetle23Ips borealis Sw., Bark, beetle40, 60Ips perroti Sw., Bark beetle40Ips perturbatus40, 60, 83Ips pini (Say), Pine engraver beetle40Itame loricaria julia Evers., A looper70Laspeyresia sp., A twig borer10Laspeyresia youngana (Krt.), Cone worm65, 81Leaf miners,102Lepidoptera, Cone insects a..23Leptocorus trivittatus (Say), Boxelder bug10Lithocolletis spp., Poplar leaf miner83Lyonetia sp., Willow leaf miner50, 68, 83Lytta sp., Blister beetle103Lytta sphaericollis Say, A blister beetle .10Malacosoma disstria Hbn., Forest tent caterpillar A 5, 9, 18, 35, 48, 60,106Malacosoma californicum lutescens (N. & D.), Prairie tent(Malacosoma lutescens (N.&D.).) caterpillar..... 10Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar), Western tentcaterpillar a... 40, 50, 70(Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar))Malacosoma spp., Tent caterpillars5, 103Mayetiola piceae Felt, Spruce gall midge51, 81, 103Monochamus oregonensis (La Conte), Oregon fir sawyer61Monochamus sp., Wood borerMordwilkoja vagabunda (Walsh), Poplar vagabond aphid ......47, 9210Mulsantina sp., A Coccinellid93Nematus sp., Sawfly103Neoborus sp., Plant bug103Neodiprion abietis (Harr.), Balsam-fir sawfly24

112INSECTPAGENeodiprion spp., SawflyNymphalis antiopa L., Spiny elm caterpillar5, 10,10324, 40Oberea schaumi Lec., Poplar twig borer24, 61Oligonychus ununguis (Jac.) Spruce spider mite11, 40Operopthera bruceata (Hulst), Bruce spanwormOrgyia antigun Linn., Rusty tussock mothOrthosia hibisci Gn., PhalaenidaeOrthotomicus callatus Eich., Berk beetleOrthotomicus latidens Lec., Bark beetlePamphiliidaePendemis canadana Kft., Leaf rollerPegohylemyia sp., Cone maggotPetrova albicapitana (Busck), Pitch nodule makerPetrova metallica (Busck), Pitch nodule maker5, 11,. 103.10361831037051, 65,40, 838319,8136, 56, 68Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), Pine needle scale11, 24Phyllocnistis populiella Chem., Poplar serpentine miner .. 24, 40, 68, 81, 103Physiological damagePhysokermes piceae Schr., Spruce bud scale .Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.), Yellow-headed spruce sawflyPineus pinifoliae (Fitch), Spruce gall aphid•Pineus strobi (Htg .), Pine bark aphidPissodes engelmanni Hopk., Engelmann spruce weevilPissodes sp., Root collar weevil.Pissodes spp. WeevilsPissodes terminalis Hopping, Lodgepole terminal weevil ...Pityokteines minutus Sw., Bark beetle•Polygraphus rufipennis Kby., Four-eyed spruce bark beetle.Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), Larch sawflyProteoteras willingana (Kearfott), Boxelder twig borerPseudexentera improbana oregonana Wlshm., Leaf tierRhabdophaga sp., Cabbage gall makerRhabdophaga swainei Felt, Spruce bud midgeRynchites sp., Rose curculioSaperda calcarata Say, Poplar borerScale insectsSciapbila duplex Wlshm., Leaf rollerSpider mitesTaenioglyptes ruficollis ruficollis Hopk., Bark beetleTaniva albolineana (Kearf.), Spruce needle minerTetropium cinnamopterum parvulum Casey, Wood borerTrichiosoma sp., SawflyTrypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), Ambrosia beetleTrypodendron sp., Ambrosia beetleWoodpecker damageZeiraphera diniana Gn., Larch bud mothZeiraphera fortunana Kit., Budworm ..Zenobia pleonoctusa Grt., A noctuiidae1031039, 19,71, 1034010451, 6183104514011, 40,5, 11,11, 5169, 8410411, 51,10411, 24,104111048411, 104.47, 57104246910420244137, 49,61, 8441, 49,61, 69,41, 6157,61,8469

113DISEASEPAGEAnimal damageApiosporinia collinsii (Schw.) V. Hohnel, Apiosporiniawitches broomArceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm., Dwarf mistletoeArmillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Quel., Shoestring root rot2262,12,.12,95,84Atopospora betulina (Fr.) Petr., Leaf spot of birchAtropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman & Cash, Atropelliscanker 6, 12, 49 0 57Bifusella linearis (Pk.) Hoehn., Needle cast25, 95Black dotted needle cast of spruce37Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli Diet., Yellow witches broom ofspruce 95, 104Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagerh., Spruce needle rust38, 58, 81, 82Chrysomyxa pirolata Wint., Spruce cone rust25, 51, 58, 71, 81, 95Chrysomyxa spp., Spruce needle rust49, 69, 81Chrysomyxa weirii Jacks., Spruce needle rust25, 38, 49Chrysomyxa woroninii Tranz., Spruce needle rust82Ciborinia foliicola (Cash & Davidson) Whet., Black ribof willow 25, 95Ciborinia whetzellii (Seaver) Seaver, Poplar ink spot 20, 41, 62Cladosporium sp., Hyperparasite of rust fungi71, 82, 95Cladosporium subsessile Ell. & Barth, Leaf spot105Climatic damage 22, 38, 52, 58, 70,82Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins, Leaf spot 41Coleosporium asterum (Diet.) Syd. Pine needle rust 12, 25, 41, 51, 62, 84Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz. sensu von Arx,Hyperparasite 12Cronartium comandrae Pk., Comandra blister rustCronartium comptoniae Arth., Sweet fern blister rust12,71Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer, White pine blister rust 21Cryptomyces maximus (Fr.) Rehm, Canker 51,Cucurbidothis pithyophila (Fr.) Petr., Canker25,Cucurbitaria staphula Dearn. ex R.H. Arnold & R.C. Russell 25,Cylindrosporium saximontanense Solh., Leaf spot9610420,20,10449,41,62,51,7191,51, 62, 71, 82, 96969652, 62, 96.Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., Cytospora canker 105Davisomycella ampla (J.J. Davis) Darker, Pine needle cast 12, 25, 41, 52(Davisomycella montana (Darker) Darker)Delphinella abietis (Rostr.) E. Muell., Tip blightDidymascella thujina (Durand) Maise, Needle blight fungus25,21Diplodia tumefaciens (Shear) Zalasky, Poplar gall 96Dying Douglas fir 21Elytroderma deformans (Weir) Darker, Pine needle cast 12,Endocronartium, Stem rust108Entomosporium maculatum Lev., 97Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al, Fire blight 12,Exobasidium vaccinii Wor.,979626, 37, 62, 108105

-DISEASEPAGEFabraea maculata Atk., Leaf spot 97Fomes pinicola. (Sw. ex Fr.), Decay fungus 22Fomes ignarius (L. ex Fr.,) Kickx, Wbite trunk rot 105Gibbera pulchella (Cke. & Pk.) Petr., Leaf spot 97Gloeocoryneum cinereum (Dearn.) Weindlmayr, Pine needlecastGymnoconia peckiana (Howe) Trott., RustGymnosporangium bethelii Kern, Leaf rustGymnosporangium clavipes (Cke. & Pk.) Cke. & Pk., FruitGymnosporangium gaeumanni Zogg, Needle rustHendersonia pinicola Wehm., Pine needle castHerbicide damage ...26971371,26,37105Hypodermella concolor (Dearn.) Darker, Pine needle cast .... 105Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller (J.H.), Hypoxylon canker . 13, 41, 52, 91(Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzche) (Cke.))Isthmiella crepidiformus (Darker) Darker, Spruce needlecast ......38,26,9897,9762,9810571, 84Isthmiella quadrispora Ziller, Needle blightLachnellula a gassizii (Berk. & Curt.) DennisLinospora tetraspora. Thompson, Leaf blight 26, 52, 62, 70, 105Lirula macrospora (Hartig) Darker, Needle castLirula mirabilis (Darker) Darker, Needle cast26,42Lirula nervata (Darker) Darker, Needle cast 42Lophodermella concolor (Dearn.) Darker, Pine needle cast 26,Lophodermella montivaga Petr., Pine needle cast . 27,Lophodermium juniperinum (Fr.) de N., Needle cast13,Lophodermium laricinum Duby, Needle cast27,Lophodermium nitens Darker, Needle cast42Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev., Pineneedle cast 27,Lophomerum darkeri Ouellette, Spruce needle cast27,Lophophacidium lyperboreum Lager., Snow blight84Marsonina . tremuloidis (Ell. & Ev.) Kleb., Poplar leaf spot 27,38, 71, 84, 9837, 9884, 98429852,99718472, 85Melampsora epitea Thuem., Leaf rust on willowMycosphaerella populicola G. E. Thompson, Leaf spot13,52Nectria cinnabarina (Tode ex Fr.) Fr., Canker and dieback 99, 105Peridermium harknessii J. P. Moore, Western gall rust 13, 42,Peridermium pini Lev.,108Peridermium stalactiforme Arth. & Kern, Stalactiforme rust . 21, 42,Phaeocryptopus nudus (Pk.) Petr., Fir needle cast . 52Polyporus tomentosis Fr., Red root and butt rot . 27Puccinia caricina D. C., Rust 95Puccinia coronata Cda., Crown rust 13, 95Puccinia dioicae Magn., Rust99Puccinia hieracii (Rohling) Mart., Rust 99Puccinia recedens Syd., Rust 13, 99Puccinia rubefaciens Johans., Rust13Pucciniastrum epilobii Otth., Fir needle rust 37, 85, 9258,52,85,63,108105stem rust

115DISEASEPAGEPucciniastrum goeppertianum (Kuehn) Kleb., Fir needle rust .Pucciniastrum sparsum Wint.) E. Fisch, Leaf rustPucciniastrum sp., Needle rustPucciniastrum vaccinii (taint.) JOrst., RustRed flagging of cedar •Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd., Douglas fir needle castRhizothvrium abietis Naum., Needle fungusRhytisma salicinum (Pers.) Fr., Tar spotSarcotrichila piniperda (Rehm) Korf., Spruce needle castSeptoloeum rhopaloideum Dearn. & Bisby, Leaf spotSeynesiella juniperi (Desm.) Am., Needle fungusSlime fluxThyriopsis halepensis (Cke.) Th. Syd., Needle fungusUromyces glycyrrhizae Magn., Rust .Valsa sordida Nits., Cytospora cankerVenturia populina (Vuill.) Fabric., Shot blight of balsampoplarVenturia tremulae Aderh., Aspen shoot blightWallrothiella arceuthobii (Pk.) Sacc., Hyperparasite ofdwarf mistletoe3785491321_27,27,52,382828,10563100134213,6342998510042,52,58,72MISCELLANEOUSAerial Survey routes 88Aerial Survey summary 89, 90Forest Insect and Disease Suryey Districts 4New herbarium records 95-100Organisation chart 2Staff list