Bellary District, - PRC

Report prepared forDirectorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, BangaloreandUnited Nations Children’s Fund, Hyderabad !" #PRC Report No. 126March, 2003

Bellary 2002Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS-2)KEY FINDINGSContentBackground..…………………………………….………………… 1Population and household living conditions……………………... 2Age-sex distribution of the household population…………. 2Household composition……………………………………. 2Housing characteristics……………………………………... 2Asset ownership……………………………………………. 3Drinking water……………………………………………… 3Sanitation…………………………………………….……... 4Salt iodisation………………………………………….……. 4Source of health care for households……………………….. 4Literacy and educational attainment………………………... 5Children – Health, Education, and work…………………….…... 5Birth registration……………………………………………. 5Birth weight…………………………………………..……... 5Infant and child feeding…………………………………….. 5Child immunisation…………………………………….…… 6Vitamin A supplementation…………………………….…... 7Child morbidity and treatment pattern………………….….. 7Child education……………………………………….…….. 8Child work………………………………………………….. 10Children not living with biological parent………………….. 11Maternal and reproductive health………………………...……… 11Marriage………………………………………….…………. 11Fertility and family planning…………………….………….. 12Antenatal care……………………………………...……….. 12Delivery and postpartum care ………………………………. 13Knowledge on HIV/AIDS……………………………….…. 13Conclusions……………………………………………….………... 14Bellary – MICS2 Fact sheet…………………………..…………… 16Bellary – MICS2 Detailed tables……………………..…………… 20Appendix Staff involved in the survey ………………………….. 72

BACKGROUNDThe Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS) is a sample surveyproviding a comprehensive portrait of a defined geographical areaon indicators related to the broad areas of children’s health andsurvival, their education and work, safe motherhood practices,water and sanitation. The major objectives of MICS are to provideinformation on key indicators related to the health and well beingof women and children to evaluate the progress of the district onthese indictors, and to enable policymakers, administrators, andresearchers to assess and address the gaps therein. In 2002, thesurvey was conducted in 10 of the 27 districts of Karnataka, andthe present report summarises the findings from the MICS inBellary district. It is hoped that the survey will be undertaken inthe remaining 17 districts in 2003.Map of KarnatakaAccording to 2001 census, Bellary district had a total population of2.0 million, with a sex ratio of 969 females per 1,000 males..In the Bellary MICS, a field team, consisting of three femaleinterviewers and a supervisor visited 30 Primary Sampling Units(21 villages selected using Probability Proportion to EstimatedPopulation Size method and 9 urban blocks selected using asystematic random sampling method) and collected informationfrom about 40 randomly-selected households from each PSU.Overall, a total of 1,197 households were covered, and informationwas collected on 889 children below age 5 years; 1,932 childrenaged 5- 14; and 1,591 women aged 15- 49 years. Informationabout households was collected from the head of the household orany adult member of the household. Information on childrenbelow age 15 years was collected from the mother or principalcaregiver of the child. Information on women was collecteddirectly from the women themselves. The data for MICS werecollected between 30 June and 30 September, 2002.Sample CoverageHouseholdsChildren below age 5Children age 5-14Women age 15-49Rural Urban Total835362 1,1976322578891,407 525 1,9321,082 509 1,5911

POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONSData collected on the age and sex distribution of the population and on a variety of socioeconomicindicators provide the household-level context within which information on various indicators related tochild health, education, work as well as maternal health need to be examined.Age-sex distribution of the householdpopulationIn the MICS, all usual residents(irrespective of whether they stayed inthe house at the time of survey) as wellas visitors (who stayed there the nightbefore the survey) were enumerated.MALEPopulation pyramid80+75-7970-7465-6960-64FEMALEThirty-nine per cent of Bellary’spopulation is below age 15 years and 4per cent is age 65 or older. The youngage structure of the population is a resultof continued high fertility in the district,and highlights the momentum forcontinued population growth in thedistrict.55-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-19Household Composition5-9Ninety per cent of household heads are0-4Hindu, 9 per cent are Muslim, and mostof the reminder are Christians. The percentage of Muslim households is much higher in urban areasthan in rural areas (27 per cent versus 2 per cent). One out of 4 household heads (27 per cent) belongs toa scheduled caste, and 1 out of 5 (21 per cent) belongs to a scheduled tribe. About half of thehouseholds do not belong to either a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe. The scheduled caste andscheduled tribe households are more concentrated in rural than in urban areas (52 per cent in rural and40 per cent in urban areas). On average, the households comprise of 6.1 persons; and 38 per cent of ruralhouseholds have 7 or more persons compared with 30 per cent of urban households.Housing characteristicsNine out of 10 households own a house. House ownership is more common in rural areas than in urbanareas (94 per cent compared with 79 per cent). The housing conditions are better in urban than in ruralareas: 42 per cent of urban households live in pucca houses compared with only 13 per cent of ruralhouseholds. The principal materials used for the construction of roof in rural areas are: grass, leaves,reeds, thatch, raw wood, or bamboo (64 per cent) and stone (14 per cent). In urban areas, the mainmaterials used to construct the roof is grass, leaves, reeds, thatch, raw wood, or bamboo (36 per cent)and concrete (22 per cent). Overall, 48 per cent of the households in the district do not have a separatekitchen in the house, and the rural-urban difference in this regard is not substantial.Eighteen per cent of the households in the district do not have electricity, and this proportion is 19 percent in rural areas.10-142

Wood is the major fuel used for cooking for both rural and urban households (88 per cent and 58 percent, respectively). In urban areas, 23 per cent of households use gas for cooking.Asset ownershipOverall, 46 per cent of households do not own any agricultural land, and landlessness in urban areas ismore than two and a half times of that in rural areas (82 per cent compared with 30 per cent).Interestingly, 17 per cent of the urban households ownagricultural lands. • • !"###$%& '$ ( %( ) * + , - ."##/0• , . 1 ), .1 !" 0/%%$!%%(2& )3 4 5 "##/0• ). 6+ , - ./%%70Only 29 per cent of the rural households own a radio or atransistor (compared with 39 per cent in urban areas). Ownershipof television, either black and white or colour television is muchlower among rural households than among urban households(only 19 and 4 per cent of rural households own a black and whiteand colour television, respectively, while 38 per cent and 17 percent of urban households own them). Similarly, only 5 per centof rural households own a telephone compared with 15 per cent ofurban households.Drinking waterOverall, 85 per cent of households (82 per cent in rural and 93 percent in urban areas) have an improved drinking water sourceavailable to the household. The improved facility includes tapwater, sanitary well, and bore well. The major sources ofdrinking water for rural households include: tap (63 per cent),bore well with hand pump or motor (18 per cent), and unprotecteddug well (8 per cent). Eighty-four per cent of urban households,on the other hand, receive drinking water from the tap.In rural areas, 9 in 10 households procure drinking water fromsources outside the premises of the household, compared with 8in 10 households in the state as a whole (MICS 2000). Even inurban areas of Bellary, 70 per cent of households get drinkingwater from sources outside the premises of the households,although they spend, on an average, relatively less time to procurewater than the rural households (23 minutes compared with 27minutes).Overall, 64 per cent of households do not purify water beforedrinking, and this proportion is 49 per cent in urban areas. Themost common method used to purify water is straining the waterthrough a cloth, though this practice does not necessarily addsafety to water.Source of drinking water and toiletPer cent of households Rural Urban TotalHaving improved source of drinking water 82 93 85Having other source of drinking water 18 7 15Using a toilet 13 68 303

SanitationThirty per cent households use any type of toilet, and thisproportion is mere 13 per cent in rural areas and 68 per cent inurban areas. In comparison, 39 per cent of households in the statehave a toilet according to NFHS-2 and 36 per cent (17 per cent ofrural households and 73 per cent of urban households) accordingto MICS 2000.Among households with a child below 3 years, more than threefourths(78 per cent) throw the children’s stool in the yard andanother 7 per cent make the children defecate in the drain.The most frequently mentioned occasion when women wash theirhands are: eating, cooking and defecation. However, the dataprobably reveal only the occasions that women remembered toreport in this survey, and do not necessarily reflect the actualpractices related to washing hands.1 ! • /2!;%

Lit eracy and educat ional at t ainment among persons age 7+10070Literacy and educational attainment60Less than half (43 per cent) of the population age 7 years4550and above are literate, and about two-thirds (69 per cent) of40females in this age range are illiterate. Even among the30males, only 55 per cent are literate. The proportion literate211 71 6201 3in urban areas is higher than the literacy rate in rural areas1 1710(56 per cent versus 38 per cent). Scheduled caste and0scheduled tribe persons are more likely to be illiterate (71Illit erate Middle Middle High school+incomplet e completeper cent) than the others (46 per cent). While 63 per cent ofpersons living in pucca houses are literate, 80 per cent ofMale Femalethose living in kachha houses do not know how to read andwrite. Literacy rate is also higher among Muslims (53 per cent) than Hindus (41 per cent); thedifferences being largely due to higher female literacy rate among Muslims than Hindus (46 per centversus 28 per cent).A higher percentage of males than females have completed each level of schooling. For instance, whilenearly 1 in 6 males have completed secondary level of education, this proportion is only 1 in 14 forfemales. Among those who are literate, the median number of years of schooling is 6.8 years: 7.0 yearsfor males and 6.4 years for females.CHILDREN – HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WORKBirth registrationOnly 15 per cent of children below age 5 years have been registered in Bellary district: 37 per cent inurban areas and 7 per cent in rural areas. The percentage of registered birth is much higher in the state(51 per cent) than the district (MICS 2000). Births of Muslim children (46 per cent), children who do notbelong either to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes (23 per cent), children living in pucca houses (34per cent), and children of households having all literate member (54 per cent) are more likely to havebeen registered than the births of other children. Lack of knowledge that births should be registered isthe main reason reported for not registering.Birth weightOnly 17 per cent of children below age 5 years have been weighed at birth, compared with 40 per cent inthe state as a whole (MICS 2000). This proportion in urban areas of the district is almost three timeshigher than that in rural areas (33 per cent versus 11 per cent). However, for less than 1 per cent ofchildren, information on birth weight could be recorded from the card. For 10 per cent of children whowere weighed at birth, information on birth weight98Indicators of breastfeeding90is not available. Among those who were weighedat birth, 14 per cent are reported to be of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams at birth), and thisproportion is higher for girls than for boys (18 and11 per cent, respectively).806040200Ever breastfedReceived BF within 1 day of birth32 33Currently breastfedReceived colustrumInfant and child feedingOnly 15 per cent of children below age 2 yearswere put to the breast within one hour of birth, 32per cent within one day of birth, and most mothers(67 per cent) squeezed out the ‘first milk’ before568

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children who had received the first dose of DPT did not continue toreceive its third dose, and 28 per cent of those who had receivedthe first dose of polio vaccine did not receive the third dose. Amore severe problem seems to be related to the completion ofmeasles vaccination. Forty-six per cent of those who received BCGvaccination did not receive measles vaccination, and 37 per cent ofthose who received the first dose of DPT did not receive themeasles vaccine. It may be noted that in the state as a whole thedrop out rate between specific vaccinations is half or less than halfof that in the district (MICS 2000).Immunisation drop out ratesVaccineDPT1 to DPT3Polio 1 to Polio 3DPT1 to MeaslesBCG to MeaslesPer cent25283746In the MICS, all children below age 5 years, irrespective ofwhether they were reported to have received BCG vaccination,were checked for BCG scar on the left shoulder. Among childrenbelow age 2 years who were reported to have received BCGvaccination, a BCG scar was present in only 78 per cent of thecases. Among children aged 24- 59 months, for whom informationon BCG vaccination was not obtained, BCG scar was noticed inonly 51 per cent of the cases.Vitamin A supplementationFifty-three per cent of children aged 12-23 months have notreceived Vitamin A prophylaxis (54 per cent females and 51 percent males), when they were aged 9-12 months. This proportion inthe state as a whole is 65 per cent (MICS 2000). Only 38 per centreceived Vitamin A supplement along with measles vaccine, and 4per cent have received it at other times. Thirty-five per cent ofchildren are reported to have consumed fruits and vegetables richin Vitamin A during the three days before the survey.Child morbidity and treatment patternDuring the two weeks preceding the survey, 14 per cent of childrenbelow age 5 years had diarrhoea, one-fourth had cough (10 per centhad cough with rapid breathing, 4 per cent had cough with chest indrawing,and 4 per cent had cough with both symptoms), and 25per cent had fever. Overall, 40 per cent of children had experiencedany of these three morbidity conditions during the two weeks priorto the survey, and this proportion is highest among youngerchildren, particularly among children aged 6- 23 months. • * /## 4 4 "## • C D 8 AB A• . B E D 8 38 F 8 8 < 4 9. 6+ , - ./%%7:7

The amount of fluid offered to the child duringdiarrhoeaDK, MissingMore 3%18%About thesame63%Nothing16%Fifty-eight per cent of childrenwho had diarrhoea werebreastfed, and 29 per centwere given ORS packetsolution during diarrhoea.About one-sixth of childrenwith diarrhoea were ‘offered’no or less liquids duringdiarrhoea, and about onefourthconsumed less or noliquid during diarrhoea. Only18 per cent of children were‘offered’ more liquids during diarrhoea. The amount of food consumedduring diarrhoea was less than the usual amount for the majority (74per cent) of children with diarrhoea. Advice or treatment was soughtfrom outside the home for 86 per cent of children who had diarrhoeaduring the two weeks prior to the survey. Such advice or treatment wasreceived from private physicians in 48 per cent of the cases and fromhospital or primary health centre in 28 per cent of the cases. ORS wasadvised for 37 per cent of children with diarrhoea who had soughttreatment.Ten per cent of children below age 5 years who had a fever during thetwo weeks prior to the survey received antimalarial drugs (8 per cent inrural areas and 17 per cent in urban areas).Among children below age 5 years who had either a fever, a cough ordiarrhoea during the two weeks preceding the survey, only 15 per centconsumed more liquids than usual, and 27 per cent consumed the sameamount of food as usual during the illness.Child educationOnly about two-thirds of children aged 3- 5 years attend any pre-schoolfacility, and this percentage does not differ much between male andfemale children. Urban children are more likely to attend pre-schoolthan the rural children (76 per cent compared with 63 per cent). Theproportion of children attending pre-school facility in the district isalmost similar to the proportion in the state as a whole (MICS 2000).Children aged 48- 59 months (73 per cent), Muslim children (89 percent), children who do not belong to either scheduled caste orscheduled tribe (78 per cent), children living in pucca houses andchildren of literate mothers (92 per cent) are more likely to attend a preschoolthan other children. Most of those who attend pre-schoolfacility go either to the Anganwadi Centre or to the private nursery orpre-school. • , C )C 0• * C D < C • ;< B 4 /###";!2% /### • .

Type of pre-school attendedType of schoolAnganwadi centreBalwadi/Early Child Development CentreOther government pre-schoolPrivate nursery or pre-schoolPer centBoys682426Per centGirls7522209Per centTotal722323Among children aged 5-14 years, only 73 per cent currently attendschool. School attendance is higher in urban areas than in ruralareas (81 per cent compared with 70 per cent) and among malechildren than among female children (79 per cent compared with67 per cent). The single most important factor differentiatingschool attendance appeared to be household literacy – whether thehousehold has any literate member or not. The children ofhouseholds with all literate members are twice as likely to attendschool as the children of households with no literate member (98per cent compared with 49 per cent). Children who are engaged inany type of work are less likely to attend school than children whoare not working. For instance, only 2 per cent of children who workfor someone other than the family member attend school comparedwith 23 per cent of children who are engaged in family work, and54 per cent of those engaged in household chores. On the otherhand, 92 per cent of children who are not engaged in any type ofwork attend school.Percent ever-attended and currently attendingschool among children aged 5-14 years94798467877094Male Female Rural UrbanEver-attendedCurrently attending81The majority of childrenwho do attend school (58per cent), attend schoolsmanaged by rural localbodies such as thePanchayat; one-sixthattend private schools andone-fourth attend schoolsmanaged by urban localbodies. The percentage ofchildren attending privateschools is much higher inurban than in rural areas(25 per cent and 11 percent, respectively). Thegender differentials are not observed in the type of school childrenattend.Eleven per cent of children aged 5-14 are never enrolled in schooland another 16 per cent have dropped out of the school. Theproportion of out-of-school children in the district (27 per cent) ishigher than that of the state (20 per cent) identified by MICS 2000.E 5 , 5 • E 5 )E 5 0 . E 5 C (!% • 8 , 5 ), 5 0 . , 5 (!% C (!% • * E 5 , 5 )3 . 0• 8 E 5 B ) !C 0%")%$ $%0 ) C !C 07 # )$# ( $0

The most frequently reported reason for children dropping out of school is that the child is busy withhousehold work (40 per cent). This reason is cited more often for girls than for boys (50 per cent versus29 per cent). The other reasons mentioned in case of drop out include: lack of money (23 per cent incase of boys and 28 per cent in case of girls), and child busy with wage labour (14 per cent in case ofboys and 19 per cent in case of girls). For 12 per cent of girls* • ' ) 0 ) G 0• . • • 8 • , dropped out of school, the parents felt that schooling is notnecessary for girls.Some of the frequently mentioned reasons for never enrollingthe child in school are: child busy with wage labour (38 percent), child not interested (31 per cent) and lack of money (26per cent).Child workIn Bellary district, 11 per cent of children aged 5- 14 years workfor someone outside the family for pay. Older children aged 10-14 years (20 per cent), female children (15 per cent), ruralchildren (12 per cent), children belonging to scheduled castes(15 per cent), children from households where no one is literate(20 per cent), children living in kachha houses (17 per cent),children who are not currently attending school (39 per cent)and children who have lost one or both their parents (21 percent) are more likely than others to work for someone outsidethe family.Child workPer cent of children Boys Girls TotalWorking for othersEngaged in household chores (>4 hrs/day)Engaged in other family work711115351128Engaged in any of the three aboveMost children who work for someone outside the family work inagriculture (80 per cent), and on an average, these children workabout 53 hours in a week.Only 2 per cent of children aged 5- 14 years do householdchores (such as cooking, shopping, cleaning, washing clothes,fetching water or caring for children) for more than four hours aday. One in 12 children (8 per cent) aged 5- 14 years areengaged in economically productive work within the family.This proportion is particularly high among scheduled tribechildren and male children (11 per cent, each) and those who arenot attending school (23 per cent).One in five child aged 5- 14 in the district is engaged in any ofthe above activities. This level is higher than that of the state(14 per cent) (MICS 2000).10182120

Children not living with biological parentEighty-one per cent of children below age 15 years live with parents, 10 per cent live only with themother, 2 per cent live only with the father, and 7 per cent do not live with either of the parents. Fourper cent of children have lost their father, one per cent have lost their mother, and less than 1 per cent(0.2 per cent) have lost both the parents, which is comparable to that for the state as a whole (0.3 percent) as estimated in MICS 2000..B • B & • . $#) H7%;/### /%$/0 %# ) H(7;/### /%%/"2//###"##/0Births per 1,000 population25.137.9436.740 10 20 30 402001 1991 1981• 8 )8 .5 0 /%%/ "##/ ;$2 H/ • 8 8 .5 9 '5 E /%%7IE 5 D "##":MATERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHMarriageMarriage is early and universal in Bellary. Half (51 per cent) ofwomen aged 15- 19 are married, and almost all (96 per cent) ofwomen aged 25- 29 years are married. The mean age at marriageamong the ever-married women aged 15- 49 is 15 years, themedian also being 15 years. In comparison, the mean and medianages at marriage in the state are 17 and 15 years, respectively(MICS 2000). Women who completed high school were married,on average, about 5 years later than illiterate women (20 yearsversus 15 years). The mean age at marriage in urban areas isgreater than that in rural areas (17 years compared with 15years).The majority (77 per cent) of ever-married womenmarried before age 18, the legal minimum age at marriage forfemales in India. While 83 per cent of the married women inrural areas were married before 18, this proportion is 63 per centin urban areas. While only 15 per cent of ever-married womenwho have completed high school were married before the legalminimum age at marriage, 86 per cent of illiterate women did so.The median age at first pregnancy is 16.6 years, 16.4 years inrural areas and 17.3 years in urban areas. The difference inmedian age at first pregnancy is greatest between illiteratewomen and those who have completed high school: 16 and 21years, respectively.Almost two-thirds (63 percent) of all women aged 15-49 in Bellary becamepregnant before age 20, andthis proportion is almost sixtimes higher for illiteratewomen than for women whohave completed high school(75 per cent per centcompared with 12 per cent).About two in three ruralwomen had their firstpregnancy before age 20, andthis proportion is 53 per cent11Percentage of ever-married women aged 15-49 whoare married before age 18 and became pregnantbefore age 2083Rural6863UrbanMarried under 18 Pregnant under 2053

in urban areas.Fertility and family planningBased on the information on births during the 12 months prior to thesurvey, the estimated crude birth rate for Bellary district is 28 birthsper 1,000 population. The total fertility rate (TFR), which is theaverage number of children a woman would bear if she experiencedcurrent age-specific fertility rates, during her reproductive years, is2.9 births per woman. Completed fertility among women aged 45-49 who have already lived through most of their reproductive yearsis 5.6 (6.0 in rural areas and 4.9 in urban areas), on average. Thisrate is much higher than the TFR because most of the fertilityexperienced by women aged 45- 49 occurred further back in timewhen fertility rates were higher.Half (50 per cent) of currently married women aged 15- 49 use acontraceptive method. Forty-six per cent of the couple are sterilised(either the woman is sterilised or her husband is sterilised).Sterilisation thus dominates contraceptive use, accounting for 91 percent of current contraceptive prevalence. Only 3 per cent of womenuse any modern temporary method such as the pill, IUD or condom.The current contraceptive prevalence in the district is lower thanthat in the state (58 per cent as estimated by both MICS 2000 andNFHS-2).Current contraceptive use among currentlymarried women aged 15-49Not usingany method50%Other1%Any moderntemporarymethod3%Sterilization46%respectively) than other women (55 per cent).Substantial differences incontraceptive use areobserved by religion andcaste. Hindus are more likelyto use contraceptive methodsthan Muslims (51 per centcompared with 46 per cent);and women belonging toscheduled castes andscheduled tribes are lesslikely to use family planning(48 per cent and 43 per cent,Antenatal careThree-fourths (76 per cent) of women who had a delivery during theyear preceding the survey received antenatal care either at home oroutside the home, and this percentage is smaller than the state as awhole (84 per cent, as estimated by MICS 2000). Among thosewho received any antenatal check-up, 73 per cent received therecommended three or more check-ups but only 48 per centreceived the first antenatal check-up during the first trimester.Four-fifths of women who received antenatal check-ups receivedtwo doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine, and 84 per cent received iron12 • 5 ! A • 8 ) 0 )0 )0D ! )0 )0 )0 • 9. 6+ , - ./%%7:

and folic acid tablets or syrup. However, only 31 per cent of women received all the minimum requiredcomponents of antenatal care such as three or more check-ups, first check-up in the first trimester, ironand folic acid tablets and two doses of tetanus toxoid injections. Seventy-eight per cent of women whoreceived antenatal check-ups had their abdomen examined and 76 per cent had their blood pressurechecked, but fewer women received any of the other recommended checks, such as blood test (55 percent), weight (44 per cent), and height (20 per cent).Antenatal careParticularsPer centReceived antenatal check-up 76Among those who received antenatal check-upReceived three or more check-ups73Received first check-up in first trimester48Received iron and folic acid tablets84Received two doses of tetanus toxoid injections79Received all of the above31A little less than half (48 per cent) of the women who received antenatal care received it from a privatehospital and 26 per cent received it from the primary health centre or the subcentre.Delivery and postpartum careAbout one-fourth of deliveries take place in health facilities. Among deliveries at home, only 7 per centare attended by either a doctor or an ANM/Nurse. The proportion of institutional delivery in the districtis half of that in the state. According to NHFS-2, about half of deliveries in Karnataka took place inmedical institutions. Only 26 per cent of births were followed by a postpartum check-up within sixweeks of birth.1 C J & • B , 4 ), 4 0 H2 1 C /%%$H$( "###• & /"$ 8 /($ , ;"H C + ) + 09& 3 "##":Knowledge of HIV/AIDSFour out of five women aged 15- 49 in Bellary have heard ofAIDS. Married and unmarried women do not differ in their levelof awareness about AIDS. The awareness is relatively loweramong rural women, and illiterate women. Only 75 per cent ofilliterate women have heard of AIDS compared with 99 per centof women who have completed at least high school. Friends andrelatives are the most reported sources of information on AIDS(88 per cent), followed by television (39 per cent).Seventeen per cent of women who have heard of HIV/AIDS donot know the modes of its transmission, and this proportion inrural areas is almost twice of that in urban areas (20 per cent asagainst 12 per cent). Sexual intercourse is reported as a mode oftransmission by 57 per cent of women who have heard ofHIV/AIDS (69 per cent of urban women, 64 per cent of nevermarriedwomen, 50 per cent of rural women and 55 per cent ofever-married women). Among those who have heard ofHIV/AIDS, 64 per cent reported spontaneously mother to childtransmission when asked about all the modes of transmission thatis known to her. However, when asked a direct question on13

whether she thinks that HIV can be transmitted from motherto child, 70 per cent reported that it can be transmitted frommother to child. However, only 33 per cent know that ahealthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS.Twenty-six per cent of women who have heard of AIDSknow that HIV/AIDS transmission can be prevented byhaving only one faithful partner and by using condom everytime. Only one-third think that an HIV/AIDS infected personcan continue to work, and 36 per cent feel that women canask men to use a condom.Percent know ing w ays to prevent HIV/AIDS6056534346503940302420100Ev er married women Nev er married womenSaf e sex Condom use None of the twoCONCLUSIONSThe Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS) in Bellary collected information on a number of key indicatorsrelated to population and household living conditions, children’s health, education, work and disabilities,maternal and reproductive health, as well as knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. An important objectiveof MICS has been to provide the baseline information about the district for the district administration –the various Departments, Zilla Panchayat, Taluka Panchayats, and the Village Panchayats so that theytake cognisance of the district’s needs and priorities. The district-level data help the districtadministration to compare the district’s performance with the state as a whole as well as with otherdistricts of the state, and to plan and implement developmental programmes with an aim of matching theachievements to those of the state and later on even to surpass the state averages. This summary ofBellary District MICS data has tried to compare Bellary with the state as a whole on variousdevelopmental indicators in the social and health sector.On most of the indicators, the progress of the district is far below the progress achieved by the state.The fact sheet on the following four pages compares with indicators from MICS conducted in 2000 forthe state of Karnataka. Improvements are needed especially in the areas of literacy (28 per cent ofhouseholds in the district have no literate member compared with 10 per cent in the state), ruralsanitation (only 13 per cent of rural households in the district use a toilet facility), use of iodised salt(only 5 per cent of the households in the district use iodised salt compared with 32 per cent in the state),school enrolment (only 73 per cent of children aged 6-14 years in the district currently attend schoolcompared with 80 per cent in the state), child labour (the percentage of children aged 5-14 who work forsomeone outside the family in the district is 11 per cent compared with 6 per cent in the state),contraceptive use (the contraceptive prevalence in the district is 8 percentage points lower than that inthe state – 50 per cent compared with 58 per cent), and institutional deliveries (the proportion ofinstitutional deliveries in the district is half of that in the state – 25 per cent versus 53 per cent).Another area that needs thrust is child immunisation. Only 32 per cent of children aged 12- 23 monthsin Bellary district are immunised against all the six preventable diseases through vaccination program,compared with 68 per cent coverage in the state as a whole. The MICS also indicates that one of thereasons for low proportion of fully immunised children is the dropout between doses – especiallybetween DPT third dose to measles vaccine. Effort to increase measles coverage will improve theoverall immunisation coverage in the district.Expanded provision of services of skilled personnel during delivery is another priority for the district.Only 38 per cent of the deliveries in the district (irrespective of whether the delivery has taken place inan institution or at home) during the year prior to the survey have been attended by a skilled person such14

as a doctor, an ANM or a trained local dai. In order to improve the survival of the mother and the child,it is important that the necessary delivery care be provided, which could relatively easily be achievedgiven the fact that 76 per cent of the same mothers received ANC care during pregnancy. Needless tomention that through this, even the situation in the district regarding the post-natal care services canfurther be improved. Currently only 26 per cent of mother who had delivered during the year precedingthe survey reported post-natal care compared with 32 per cent in the state as a whole.It would be a most welcome development in the district administration if it attempts to elevate thedistrict performance to at least the state average, and try to better the state in areas where it has almostequalled the state averageREFERENCESDepartment of Women and Child Development and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2001.Multiple Indicator Survey – 2000, Karnataka.Guilmoto Z. Christophe and Rajan S. Irudaya. 2002. District Level Estimates of Fertility from India’s2001 Census. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 37, No.7, pp.665-672.International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro. 2001. National Family HealthSurvey (NFHS-2), India, 1998-99, Karnataka. Mumbai:IIPSKarnataka State AIDS Prevention Society (KSAPS). 2002. Karnataka Meets the Challenge ofHIV/AIDS. KSAPS, Bangalore.Registrar General of India (RGI). 1997. District Level Estimates of Fertility and Child Mortality for1991 and Their Interrelations With Other Variables. Occasional Paper 1 of 1997. RGI, New DelhiUnited Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 1997. Facts for Life: A Communication Challenge.15

Sample interviewedHouseholdsChildren below 5 yearsChildren aged 5-14 yearsWomen aged 15-49 yearsPopulation and household characteristicsAge distributionPer cent population under age 5Per cent population aged 5-14 yearsPer cent population aged 15-59 yearsPer cent population aged 60+ yearsMarital statusPer cent ever-married among 15-19 yearsPer cent ever-married among 20-24 yearsPer cent ever-married among 15-49 yearsLiteracy and educational attainmentPer cent literate among persons aged 7+ yearsPer cent literate among persons aged 15+ yearsPer cent households with no literatePer cent households with all literateReligionPer cent Hindu householdsPer cent Muslim householdsCaste/tribePer cent scheduled caste householdsPer cent scheduled tribe householdsType of housePer cent pucca householdsPer cent kachha householdsFACT SHEET – BELLARY DISTRICT, KARNATAKA(Multiple Indicator Survey, 2002)Rural Urban Male Female Total8356321407108212.427.154.16.6NCNCNC37.833.429.45.798.11.836225752550912.124.557.75.7NCNCNC55.853.323.518.872.126.8NA412957NA12.726.155.55.75.233.661.354.953.3NANANANANA406975159111.826.754.67.051.785.185.231.325.5NANANANA11018181932159112.326.355.06.5NCNCNC43.139.427.69.790.29.4KarnatakaMIS-20004603247251515764Iodised salt for cookingPer cent households using iodised salt 1.2 14.6 NA NA 5.2 32.2Drinking waterPer cent households with tap waterPer cent households with bore wellPer cent households with dug wellPer cent households with improved sourcePer cent households with source within premisesPer cent households purifying waterToilet facilityPer cent households using toilet facility 13.3 68.1 NA NA 29.8 36.327.424.613.219.563.318.47.781.710.629.426.813.041.718.283.96.60.092.529.650.6NANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANANA27.221.121.819.170.114.95.485.016.335.810.621.659.68.2NCNCNC65.959.59.827.286.79.618.18.733.223.365.020.311.889.028.3NA16

KarnatakaMIS-2000Rural Urban Male Female TotalChildren’s educationAmong children aged 36-59 monthsPer cent attending pre-school learning center 62.6 76.3 65.1 67.6 66.4 64.4Among children aged 6-14 yearsPer cent ever attended school (5-14 years)Per cent currently attending school (5-14 years)87.069.793.781.393.979.183.866.788.872.889.980.3Gross attendance ratio in grade 1-4Gross attendance ratio in grade 5-7Gross attendance ratio in grade 1-790.463.578.196.985.191.498.280.389.989.067.979.492.169.581.793.6 a70.1 b84.8 cNet attendance rate in grade 1-4Net attendance rate in grade 5-7Net attendance rate in grade 1-7Children’s immunisationAmong children aged 12-23 monthsPer cent had immunisation card73.046.270.8NC78.663.279.7NC80.959.880.4NC70.644.470.0NC74.550.973.332.280.3 a55.1 b78.4 c37.6Per cent received BCGPer cent received DPT 1Per cent received DPT 2Per cent received DPT 3Per cent received OPV 1Per cent received OPV 2Per cent received OPV 3Per cent received Measles vaccineNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC80.166.759.649.780.174.357.345.090.988.485.582.090.987.884.472.2Per cent received allPer cent received noneNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC34.513.468.06.7Per cent received Vitamin A prophylaxisBreastfeeding and nutritionAmong children under age 2 yearsPer cent ever breastfedPer cent received first breastmilk within a day of birthPer cent received colustrumPer cent weighed at birthNC97.231.229.310.8NC98.935.943.533.145.297.732.233.919.639.198.932.632.014.742.198.032.433.017.235.498.143.5NC40.0Per cent currently breastfed : 0-23 monthsPer cent currently breastfed : 12-15 monthsPer cent currently breastfed : 20-23 months89.4NCNC91.4NCNC91.1NCNC88.6NCNC89.995.658.581.481.847.617

KarnatakaMIS-2000Rural Urban Male Female TotalAmong children aged 0-3 monthsPer cent exclusively breastfed NC NC NC NC 13.9 10.7Among children aged 6-9 monthsPer cent receiving breastmilk andcomplementary food NC NC NC NC 50.8 57.1Morbidity and treatment patternAmong children under age 5 yearsPer cent had diarrhoea during 2 weeks prior to surveyPer cent had fever during 2 weeks prior to surveyPer cent had cough during 2 weeks prior to surveyPer cent had any of the above during 2 weeks prior tosurveyAmong children under age 5 years who had diarrhoeaPer cent received ORTReceived home-based treatment 1Seeking treatment from outsideAmong children under age 5 years who had feverReceived anti-malarial drugs 7.8 16.7 8.8 12.2 10.4 34.4Living arrangements of children and parentsAmong children under age 15 yearsProportion (per 1,000) living with both parentsProportion (per 1,000) living with either parentProportion (per 1,000) who are orphansChild workAmong children aged 5-14 yearsPer cent working for someone outside familyPer cent doing household chores (4+ hours a day)Per cent doing other family workPer cent engaged in any of the above12.524.525.239.1NCNCNC814117112.21.79.422.116.725.723.740.5NCNCNC8069557.21.54.212.814.224.823.738.1NCNCNCNCNCNC7.10.510.717.913.324.925.840.9NCNCNCNCNCNC14.62.85.321.213.724.924.739.517.212.386.1812111210.91.78.019.614.526.122.542.316.811.288.983012235.92.36.813.6Marriage, fertility and family planningAmong women aged 15-49 yearsMedian age at marriageMedian age at first pregnancyMedian age at first deliveryAmong ever-married women aged 15-49 yearsMean number of children ever bornMean number of children survivingPer cent experienced at least one pregnancy wastageFertility measures based on births during last 1 yearCrude birth rateTotal fertility rateContraception among currently married women aged15-49 yearsPer cent using any contraceptionPer cent using sterilisation14.416.416.93.52.816.9NCNC49.447.515.817.317.92.92.519.9NCNC51.741.8NANANA1.71.4NANANANANANANANA1.61.3NANANANANA14.816.617.03.32.717.827.52.950.145.815.216.516.83.02.6NC24.82.5658.350.818

Antental, delivery and postnatal careAmong mothers who delivered during the last 1 yearPer cent received ANC check-upRural Urban Male Female TotalNC NC NA NA 76.1KarnatakaMIS-200084.2Among mothers who received ANCPer cent received at least 3 ANC check-upsPer cent received 2 tetanus toxoid injectionsPer cent who received iron and folic acid tabletsNCNCNCNCNCNCNANANANANANA72.778.584.379.969.273.4Among mothers who delivered during the last 1 yearPer cent who delivered in an institutionPer cent who were attended by skilled personnelduring delivery (by a doctor/ a nurse/ANM)Per cent had caesarean deliveryNCNCNCNCNCNCNANANANANANA24.538.48.252.961.95.6Per cent received postnatal check-upNC NC NA NA 25.8 31.7Knowledge about HIV/AIDSAmong women aged 15-49 yearsPer cent heard of HIV/AIDS: All women76.9 90.4 NA NA 81.2 65.8Per cent heard of HIV/AIDS: Ever-married women 77.5 89.6 NA NA 81.1 62.7Per cent heard of HIV/AIDS: Never married women 72.5 93.4 NA NA 81.5 77.9Among women aged 15-49 years who have heard ofHIV/AIDSPer cent who correctly state two ways of avoidingHIV/AIDS20.7 35.2 NA NA 25.8 NAPer cent who have two misconceptions aboutHIV/AIDS 215.7 15.0 NA NA 15.5 NAPer cent who correctly identify three means ofvertical transmission of HIV/AIDS 354.2 50.9 NA NA 53.0 NAPer cent who reported that HIV/AIDS can betransmitted from mother to child69.1 70.2 NA NA 69.5 NAPer cent who approve that a healthy but HIV infectedperson can continue to work26.9 45.0 NA NA 33.4 NAPer cent who think that women ask men to usecondom29.2 49.4 NA NA 36.4 NANA: Not AvailableNC: Not Calculated1 Offered more acceptable liquids during diarrhoea than at regular times2 The two misconceptions about which questions were asked refer to: (1) transmission of HIV through mosquitobite and (2) a healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS.3 Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeedingaRefers to grade 1-5.bRefers to grade 6-8.cRefers to grade 1-8.19

Detailed TablesTitlePageTable 1: Sample coverage…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22Table 2: Household population by age and sex…………………………………………………………. ………………... 22Table 3: Marital status of household population…………………………………………………………………………... 23Table 4: Household composition and housing condition………………………………………………………………….. 24Table 5: Household amenities……………………………………………………………………………………………... 25Table 6: Household ownership of consumer durables…………………………………………………………………….. 26Table 7: Source of drinking water…………………………………………………………………………………………. 27Table 8: Toilet facility……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 28Table 9: Disposal of stools of children under three years of age………………………………………………………….. 28Table 10: Hand-washing practices………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29Table 11: Literacy rate by selected characteristics………………………………………………………………………….. 29Table 12: Literacy and educational attainment……………………………………………………………………………... 30Table 13: Use of iodised salt…………………………………………………………………………….……………….… 31Table 14: Type of health facility used………………………………………………………………………. .……………. 32Table 15: Birth registration…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33Table 16: Reasons for non-registration of births……………………………………………………………………………. 34Table 17: Birth weight………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35Table 18: Indicators of breastfeeding……………………………………………………………………………………….. 36Table 19: Breastfeeding status by age………………………………………………………………………………………. 36Table 20: Complementary feeding and continued breastfeeding…………………………………………………………… 37Table 21: Source of information on immunisation……………………………………………………….…………………. 37Table 22: Immunisation coverage by source……………………………………………………………………………….. 38Table 23: Immunisation drop-out rates…………………………………………………………………………………… 38Table 24: Presence of BCG scar…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38Table 25: Vitamin A supplementation……………………………………………………………………………………… 39Table 26: Prevalence of fever, cough and diarrhoea………………………………………………………………………... 40Table 27: Management of childhood diarrhoea and feeding practices at home…………………………………………….. 41Table 28: Diarrhoea during last one year among children………………………………………………………………….. 42Table 29: Treatment of diarrhoea outside the home…………………………………………………….………………….. 43Table 30: Treatment pattern for fever………………………………………………………………………………………. 44Table 31: Prevalence of cough with type of symptoms……………………………………………………………………. 44Table 32: Management of childhood illness at home………………………………………………………………………. 45Table 33: Blindness among children……………………………………………………………………………………..…. 4520

TitlePageTable 34: Disability/delayed growth among children………………………………………………………………………. 46Table 35: Orientation of mothers on various child care practices…………………………………………………………... 47Table 36: Knowledge regarding danger signs of childhood illnesses………………………………………………………. 47Table 37: Pre-school attendance…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48Table 38: Type of pre-school attended……………………………………………………………………………………… 48Table 39: School attendance by characteristics……………………………………………………………………………... 49Table 40: Gross attendance ratio and net attendance rate…………………………………………………………………... 50Table 41: Type of school and days of attendance…………………………………………………………………………... 50Table 42: Reasons for not attending school………………………………………………………………………………… 51Table 43: Child labour………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52Table 44: Children in economically productive labour……………………………………………………………………... 53Table 45: Children working outside and inside the home…………………………………………………………………... 54Table 46: Sectors of child labour……………………………………………………………………………………………. 55Table 47: Mean hours of child labour………………………………………………………………………………………. 55Table 48: Children living with biological parent…………………………………………………………………………… 56Table 49: Marital status……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 57Table 50: Age at marriage, first pregnancy and first delivery………………………………………………………………. 58Table 51: Age at first pregnancy……………………………………………………………………………………………. 58Table 52: Marriage before age 18, and pregnancy and delivery before age 20…………………………………………….. 59Table 53: Pregnancy wastage by selected characteristics…………………………………………………………………... 59Table 54: Children ever born and surviving………………………………………………………………………………… 60Table 55: Fertility rates……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 60Table 56: Birth intervals…………………………………………………………………………………….………………. 61Table 57: Current use of family planning by background characteristics…………………………………………………... 62Table 58: Antenatal care and type of care received………………………………………………………………………… 63Table 59: Delivery characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………... 64Table 60: Post-natal care……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65Table 61: Knowledge of HIV/AIDS by selected characteristics……………………………………….…………………. 66Table 62: Source of Knowledge of HIV/AIDS……………………………………………………………………………... 66Table 63: Spontaneous reporting of knowledge about transmission of HIV/AIDS…………………….………………… 67Table 64: Knowledge about vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS by selected characteristics………………………………. 68Table 65: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS by selected characteristics…………………………………………………… 69Table 66: Knowledge about prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission by selected characteristics…………………………… 70Table 67: Perception about HIV/AIDS infected persons and asking male to use condom………….……………………… 7121

Table 1: Sample coverageThe coverage rates for households, children and women, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS,2002HouseholdsChildren underage 5Children aged5-14Women aged15-49RuralSelected/Identified 839 642 1409 1238Interviewed 835 632 1407 1082Response rate 99.5 98.4 99.9 87.4UrbanSelected/Identified 362 260 525 549Interviewed 362 257 525 509Response rate 100.0 98.9 100.0 92.7TotalSelected/Identified 1201 902 1934 1787Interviewed 1197 889 1932 1591Response rate 99.7 98.6 99.9 89.0Table 2: Household population by age and sexPercent distribution of household population by age, sex, and place of residence, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002Rural Urban TotalAge Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Table 3: Marital status of household populationPercent distribution of household population by marital status, according to age and sex, BellaryDistrict, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Marital statusAgeNevermarriedCurrentlymarried Widowed Divorced SeparatedTotalper cent NumberMale

Table 4: Household composition and housing conditionPercent distribution of sample households by selected background characteristics of head ofhousehold, household size, and housing condition, according to place of residence, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002Place of residenceCharacteristics Rural Urban TotalReligion of head of householdHindu 98.1 72.1 90.2Muslim 1.8 26.8 9.4Christian 0.0 0.6 0.2Missing 0.1 0.5 0.2Caste/tribe of head of householdScheduled caste 27.4 26.8 27.2Scheduled tribe 24.6 13.0 21.1Other 47.9 59.7 51.5Missing 0.1 0.5 0.2Household literacyNo literate 29.4 23.5 27.6Some literate 64.9 57.7 62.7All literate 5.7 18.8 9.7Number of members in the household1 2.5 1.7 2.32 5.6 8.5 6.53 8.5 10.5 9.14 13.7 15.5 14.25 16.3 18.5 17.06 15.9 14.9 15.67 + 37.5 30.4 35.3Mean household size 6.2 5.9 6.1Type of housePucca 13.2 41.7 21.8Semi-pucca 67.2 39.5 58.8Kachha 19.5 18.2 19.1Missing 0.1 0.6 0.3Material used for roofGrass leaves, reeds, thatch, raw wood,mud/unburned bricks or bamboo 63.8 35.6 55.3Tiles, slate or shingle 6.8 5.0 6.3Corrugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets 3.1 9.1 4.9Asbestos cement sheets 7.9 16.8 10.6Bricks, Stone 2.2 1.4 1.9Stone 13.7 9.8 12.4Concrete (RBC/RCC) 2.3 21.8 8.2Missing 0.2 0.5 0.3Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of households 835 362 119724

Table 5: Household amenitiesPercent distribution of sample households by source of lighting, ownership of house, ownership ofagriculture land, fuel used for cooking and separate kitchen in the household, according to place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Place of residenceAmenity Rural Urban TotalSource of lightingElectricity 80.7 84.5 81.9Kerosene 19.0 14.9 17.8Missing 0.2 0.6 0.3Ownership of houseYes 93.5 78.7 89.1No 6.4 20.7 10.7Missing 0.1 0.6 0.2Ownership of agricultural landNo land 29.7 82.1 45.6

Table 6: Household ownership of consumer durablesPercentage of sample households owning selected consumer durables, according to place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Place of residenceConsumer durable Rural Urban TotalMattress 15.3 33.3 20.8Chair 24.9 55.8 34.3Cot/Bed 15.8 34.2 21.4Table 12.4 30.8 17.9Clock/ Watch 55.4 74.7 61.2Electric fan 33.8 62.5 42.5Bicycle 30.7 45.6 35.2Radio/ Transistor 29.2 39.4 32.2Sewing machine 9.0 18.9 12.0Telephone 4.8 14.7 7.8Refrigerator 0.7 7.8 2.8Pressure cooker 3.6 22.5 9.3Black and white television 19.4 38.3 25.1Colour television 3.7 17.2 7.8Moped/ scooter/ motor cycle 5.8 19.4 9.9Car 0.2 1.4 0.6Water pump 10.3 6.7 9.2Bullock cart 18.3 3.9 14.0Tractor 1.4 0.0 1.0Computer 0.0 0.6 0.2Mobile phone 0.1 0.6 0.3Number of households 835 362 119726

Table 7: Source of drinking waterPercent distribution of sample households by particulars of source of drinking water, according toplace of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Particular Rural Urban TotalSource of drinking waterImproved sources 81.7 92.5 85.0Tap exclusively to household 14.3 34.0 20.2Public tap 49.0 49.9 49.9Tubewell with motor 2.0 0.0 1.4Handpump 16.4 6.6 13.5Other sources 18.2 7.0 14.8Unprotected dug well 7.7 0.0 5.4River/canal/stream 3.8 0.6 2.8Spring 0.1 0.0 0.0Other 6.6 6.4 6.5Missing 0.1 0.5 0.2Purification of drinking water 1Strained by cloth 27.7 34.4 29.7Water filter 1.1 14.4 5.1Boiling water 0.1 3.6 1.2Other 0.8 0.0 0.6Nothing 70.6 49.4 64.2Location of the source of drinking waterWithin the premises of the household 10.6 29.6 16.3Outside the premises of the household 89.3 69.9 83.5Missing 0.1 0.5 0.2Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of households 835 362 1197Amongst households with source of drinking water outside the premises of the householdDistance to source of drinking waterLess than 100 meters 68.9 73.9 70.2100-499 meters 22.4 19.8 21.7500-999 meters 2.4 3.9 2.81000-1599 meters 4.4 2.4 3.91600+ meters 1.9 0.0 1.4Mean distance (meters) 150.05 90.79 135.05Time taken to fetch drinking water per tripLess than 15 minutes 23.2 31.6 25.415-29 minutes 27.5 24.1 26.630-59 minutes 32.4 34.8 33.060 or more minutes 16.8 9.5 14.9Don’t know/missing 0.1 0.0 0.1Mean time per trip (minutes) 27.19 23.07 26.14Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of households 746 253 9991Total may not add up to 100 because of multiple responses27

Table 8: Toilet facilityPer cent of sample households using toilet facility and particulars of that facility, according to place of residence,Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Particulars Rural Urban TotalHouseholds using toilet facility 1 13.3 68.1 29.8Number of Households 835 362 1197Among households using toilet facility, per cent having the facility:Within the household premises 40.5 52.2 48.6Exclusively for the household 40.5 50.6 47.5Number of Households 111 245 3561 Atleast one member of the household is using a toilet facilityTable 9: Disposal of stools of children under three years of agePercent distribution of sample households with children under three years by the manner in which children’s stool isdisposed, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002ChildrenUsetoiletManner in which children’s stools are disposedThrown Thrown Thrown Defecatein toilet/ outside the in the in thelatrine compound yard drainTotalper centNumberofhouseholdsCharacteristicsOtherPlace of residenceRural 0.3 0.3 4.1 88.1 0.7 6.5 100.0 294Urban 6.1 10.7 0.8 54.2 22.1 7.1 100.0 131Household uses toiletYes 7.4 12.4 5.0 54.5 13.2 7.5 100.0 121No 0.0 0.0 2.3 86.8 4.9 6.0 100.0 304ReligionHindu 2.1 1.8 3.4 81.0 5.3 6.4 100.0 378Muslim (2.2) (17.4) (0.0) (50.0) (23.9) (6.5) 100.0 46Caste/tribeScheduled caste 1.6 0.8 1.6 83.2 8.0 4.8 100.0 125Scheduled tribe 1.0 1.0 4.9 80.4 3.9 8.8 100.0 102Other 3.0 6.6 3.0 72.7 8.6 6.1 100.0 198Household literacyNo literate 0.0 1.4 2.1 85.4 4.2 6.9 100.0 144Some literate 1.5 3.5 3.5 76.4 8.9 6.2 100.0 259Type of housePucca 6.2 11.1 3.7 65.4 9.9 3.7 100.0 81Semi-pucca 1.6 2.3 2.4 79.8 6.2 7.7 100.0 257Kachha 0.0 0.0 4.6 82.8 8.1 4.5 100.0 87Total 2.1 3.5 3.1 77.6 7.3 6.3 100.0 425Note: Based on households having a child below three years of age. Total includes 1 household belonging to ‘other’religion and 22 households with all literate members.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.28

Table 10: Hand-washing practicesPercent distribution of women aged 15-49 by reported hand-washing practices, according to place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Washing hands:OccasionBefore After Both before Not Total Number ofonly only and after reported per cent womenRuralEating 21.5 8.7 53.5 16.3 100.0 1080Serving food 2.9 0.6 5.2 91.3 100.0 1080Feeding child 0.4 0.1 0.6 98.9 100.0 1080Cooking 19.2 12.8 52.1 15.9 100.0 1080Defecation 0.5 25.4 0.3 73.8 100.0 1080Cleaning child’s stool 0.0 1.8 1.0 98.2 100.0 1080Disposing child’s stool 0.1 0.2 0.0 99.7 100.0 1080UrbanEating 12.2 7.1 64.6 16.1 100.0 509Serving food 1.8 0.8 6.3 91.1 100.0 509Feeding child 0.6 0.4 1.4 97.6 100.0 509Cooking 10.8 12.6 54.6 22.0 100.0 509Defecation 0.2 35.0 0.6 64.2 100.0 509Cleaning child’s stool 0.0 3.7 0.0 96.3 100.0 509Disposing child’s stool 0.0 0.2 0.0 99.8 100.0 509TotalEating 18.5 8.2 57.1 16.2 100.0 1589Serving food 2.5 0.6 5.5 91.4 100.0 1589Feeding child 0.4 0.2 0.8 98.6 100.0 1589Cooking 16.5 12.7 52.9 17.9 100.0 1589Defecation 0.4 28.5 0.4 70.7 100.0 1589Cleaning child’s stool 0.0 2.4 0.1 97.5 100.0 1589Disposing child’s stool 0.1 0.0 0.2 99.7 100.0 1589Table 11: Literacy rate by selected characteristicsLiteracy rate (7 + years) and adult literacy rate (15 + years) by selected background characteristics,according to sex, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Literacy rate (7 +years) Adult literacy rate (15 + years)Characteristics Male Female Total Male Female TotalPlace of residenceRural 50.3 25.6 37.8 48.4 18.5 33.4Urban 65.6 45.4 55.8 64.6 41.9 53.3ReligionHindu 53.1 28.2 40.6 51.8 23.8 37.7Muslim 59.9 46.1 53.0 59.9 38.3 49.1Caste/tribeScheduled caste 44.1 15.3 29.4 40.6 9.0 24.6Scheduled tribe 42.6 15.6 29.5 41.2 11.5 26.9Other 64.0 44.0 53.9 63.4 38.5 50.7Type of housePucca 74.0 50.5 62.7 75.2 46.8 61.4Semi-pucca 52.2 28.6 40.2 49.5 22.6 35.8Kachha 30.7 9.6 20.0 29.2 4.9 16.9Total 54.9 31.3 43.1 53.3 25.5 39.4Note: Literacy rates for whom information on religion, caste/tribe and type of house are missing are notshown separately29

Table 12: Literacy and educational attainmentPercent distribution of household population according to literacy and educational attainment, by age and sex, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002AgeIlliterateLiterate,

Table 13: Use of iodised saltPercent distribution of households by type of salt used for cooking, according to selected backgroundcharacteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002IodisedNotiodisedNo saltat homeSalt nottestedTotalper centNumber ofhouseholdsCharacteristicsPlace of residenceRural 1.2 96.8 1.8 0.2 100.0 835Urban 14.6 82.6 2.2 0.6 100.0 362ReligionHindu 4.2 93.9 1.8 0.1 100.0 1080Muslim 14.3 82.1 3.6 0.0 100.0 112Caste/tribeScheduled caste 1.8 95.7 2.5 0.0 100.0 326Scheduled tribe 2.0 96.4 1.2 0.4 100.0 252Other 8.4 89.6 2.0 0.0 100.0 616Type of housePucca 16.9 80.1 0.9 3.1 100.0 261Semi-pucca 2.4 95.7 1.7 0.2 100.0 704Kachha 0.9 97.8 1.3 0.0 100.0 229Household literacyNo literate 1.2 95.8 3.0 0.0 100.0 330Some literate 3.2 95.2 1.3 0.3 100.0 750All literate 29.9 65.8 2.6 1.7 100.0 117Total 5.2 92.6 1.9 0.3 100.0 1197Note: Total includes 2 households belonging to ‘other’ religions, 3 households each with missing informationon religion, caste/tribe and type of house.31

Table 15: Birth registrationPer cent of births registered and percent distribution of registered births by availability of certificate amongchildren under age 5 years, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka,MICS, 2002CharacteristicsCertificateseenAmong those births registeredNoCertificate certificatenot seen /DKTotalpercentNumber ofregisteredbirthsPer centof birthsregisteredNumberofchildrenPlace of residenceRural (11.9) (54.8) (33.3) 100.0 42 6.6 632Urban 23.4 46.8 29.8 100.0 94 36.6 257SexMale 19.0 52.4 28.6 100.0 63 13.7 459Female 20.6 46.6 32.8 100.0 73 17.0 430ReligionHindu 18.5 50.0 31.5 100.0 92 11.6 792Muslim (22.7) (47.7) (29.6) 100.0 44 46.3 95Caste/tribeScheduled caste * * * 100.0 24 9.5 253Scheduled tribe * * * 100.0 18 8.1 221Other 21.3 51.1 27.6 100.0 94 22.6 415Type of housePucca 17.8 51.6 30.6 100.0 62 33.9 183Semi-pucca 22.7 53.0 24.3 100.0 66 12.6 526Kachha * * * 100.0 8 4.4 180Household literacyNo literate * * * 100.0 24 8.6 279Some literate 19.8 52.8 27.4 100.0 91 15.9 571All literate * * * 100.0 21 (53.9) 39Education of fatherIlliterate (25.0) (27.5) (42.5) 100.0 40 8.7 460Literate 20.0 56.3 23.7 100.0 80 25.8 314Father not at home 1 * * * 100.0 16 13.9 115Education of motherIlliterate 16.4 37.1 47.5 100.0 61 9.2 665Literate 24.3 58.6 17.1 100.0 70 35.4 198Mother not at home 1 * * * 100.0 5 (19.2) 26Total 19.9 49.3 30.8 100.0 136 15.3 889Note: Total includes 2 children belonging to ‘other’ religions.1 These refers to cases where either parent is not staying with the child or information about the parent ismissing.* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 cases.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.33

Table 16: Reasons for non-registration of birthsPercent distribution of children below five years whose births are not registered by reasons, according toselected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Did notknow itshould beregisteredDid notknowwhere toregisterPlace ofregistrationtoo farDid nothavetimeNot feltimportantDon’tknowNumberofchildrenCharacteristicsOthersPlace of residenceRural 78.6 10.8 0.2 1.3 4.5 2.8 1.5 538Urban 63.5 9.4 1.3 7.6 9.4 8.2 0.6 159Sex of the childMale 74.0 13.0 0.6 2.5 5.1 2.8 2.0 355Female 76.3 7.9 0.3 2.9 6.1 5.3 1.2 342ReligionHindu 77.2 10.4 0.5 1.7 5.1 3.5 1.6 647Muslim (45.8) (12.5) (0.0) (16.7) (12.5) (10.4) (2.1) 48Caste/tribeScheduled caste 81.0 9.5 0.0 0.9 5.4 2.3 0.9 221Scheduled tribe 79.4 12.2 1.1 0.0 4.4 2.2 0.6 180Other 68.2 10.1 0.4 5.8 6.4 6.4 2.7 296Type of housePucca 67.6 6.3 0.0 4.5 10.8 9.9 0.9 111Semi-pucca 70.6 15.5 0.0 2.9 5.0 3.8 2.2 419Kachha 91.6 0.6 1.8 1.2 3.6 0.6 0.6 167Household literacyNo literate 78.5 11.8 0.4 0.8 5.3 1.2 3.0 247Some literate 74.1 9.9 0.5 3.9 6.0 4.2 1.4 433Education of fatherIlliterate 77.8 12.8 0.3 2.3 4.0 1.3 1.9 400Literate 72.0 7.3 0.0 3.9 8.2 6.8 1.9 208Father not at home 70.8 7.9 2.3 2.3 6.7 10.1 0.0 89Education of motherIlliterate 77.7 10.9 0.5 1.8 5.0 2.3 1.8 567Literate 61.7 8.7 0.0 7.8 8.7 12.2 0.9 115Total 75.2 10.5 0.4 2.7 5.6 5.6 0.0 697Note: Total includes 2 children belonging to ‘other’ religions, 17 children from households with all literatemembers and 15 children whose mother is either not staying with the child or information about mother ismissing.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.34

Table 17: Birth weightPer cent of children under age five years weighed at birth and birth weight by type of reporting, accordingto sex and place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Rural Urban TotalParticular Boy Girl Total Boy Girl Total Boy Girl TotalWeighed at birth 12.1 9.3 10.8 38.8 27.3 33.1 19.6 14.7 17.2Number of children 330 302 632 129 128 257 459 430 889Type of reportingFrom card 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3From recall 10.6 8.6 9.7 33.3 24.2 28.8 17.0 13.3 15.2Don't remember 1.2 0.3 0.8 4.7 3.1 3.9 2.2 1.2 1.7Missing 87.9 90.7 89.2 61.2 72.7 66.9 80.4 85.3 82.8Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 330 302 632 129 128 257 459 430 889Birth weight=3000 grams (67.5) (28.6) 51.5 44.0 (48.6) 45.9 54.5 39.7 48.4Don’t Know (10.0) (3.5) 7.3 12.0 (11.4) 11.7 11.1 7.9 9.8Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 40 28 68 50 35 85 90 63 153( ) Based on 25-49 cases.35

Table 18: Indicators of breastfeedingPer cent of children below two years who are ever and currently breastfed, breastfed within a day of birthand received colustrum, by selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002EverbreastfedCurrentlyBreastfedReceived breastmilk within a dayof birthReceivedcolustrumNumber ofchildrenCharacteristicsPlace of residenceRural 97.7 89.4 31.2 29.3 263Urban 98.9 91.4 35.9 43.5 92Sex of the childMale 97.2 91.1 32.2 33.9 180Female 98.9 88.6 32.6 32.0 175ReligionHindu 98.1 89.7 31.3 30.1 319Muslim (97.1) (91.4) (42.9) (60.0) 35Caste/tribeScheduled caste 100.0 94.3 28.7 27.6 87Schedule tribe 97.8 91.0 24.7 22.5 89Others 97.2 87.2 38.0 40.8 179Type of housePucca 95.9 90.5 37.8 40.5 74Semi-pucca 98.2 89.0 31.7 31.7 218Kachha 100.0 92.1 28.6 28.6 63Education of motherIlliterate 99.3 92.2 25.7 28.4 268Literate 95.1 85.2 54.3 48.1 81Total 98.0 89.9 32.4 33.0 355Note: Total includes 1 child belonging to ‘other’ religion and 6 children whose mother is either not stayingwith the child or information about mother is missing.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.Table 19: Breastfeeding status by agePercent distribution of children below two years by breastfeeding status, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS,2002Number ofCurrently Currently exclusively Currently given breastnotbreastfedmilk and water onlyAge in months breastfed Def1 1 Def2 2 Def1 3 Def2 4 children0-3 0.0 13.9 69.4 1.4 72.2 724-6 (0.0) (6.8) (43.2) (2.3) (59.1) 447-11 1.5 8.8 7.4 11.8 22.1 6812-23 1.6 0.0 5.8 0.0 8.1 1710-23 months 8.3 5.4 23.7 2.8 30.1 355( ) Based on 25-49 cases1 Per cent of children who are not given anything other than breastmilk since birth2 Per cent of children who are not given anything other than breastmilk during the 24 hour period prior tosurvey3 Per cent of children who are not given anything other than breastmilk and water since birth4 Per cent of children who are not given anything other than breastmilk and water during the 24 hour periodprior to survey36

Table 20: Complementary feeding and continued breastfeedingPer cent of children aged 6-9 months given timely complementary feeding and children aged 12-15 and20-23 months receiving breast milk, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent NumberChildren age 6-9 months received timely complementary feedingDefinition 1 54.1 61Definition 2 50.8 61Children continued to be breastfed among:Age 12-15 months 95.6 68Age 20-23 months (58.5) 41Note: Definition 1 refers to the per cent of children age 6-9 months currently breastfed and receiving solidor semisolid (mushy) food during the 24 hours preceding the survey. Definition 2 refers to the per cent ofchildren age 6-9 months currently breastfed, who started and continued receiving solid or semisolid(mushy) food after four months of age.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.Table 21: Source of information on immunisationPercent distribution of children aged 0-23 months by source of information on immunisation and place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Source of information onimmunisationPlace of residenceYes, cardseenYes, cardnot seen No cardDon,tknowTotalper centNumber ofchildrenRural 30.0 9.1 50.6 10.3 100.0 263Urban 37.0 10.9 52.2 0.0 100.0 92Total 31.8 9.6 51.0 7.6 100.0 35537

Table 22: Immunisation coverage by sourcePercentage of children aged 12-23 months immunised at any time before the survey and before the first birthday by specificvaccinations and source of information, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Percentage of children who received:Source ofDPTPolioinformation BCG 1 2 3 1 2 3MeaslesFullyimmun-isedNoneNumberofchildrenVaccinationcard100.0 96.4 90.9 80.0 98.1 92.7 81.8 69.1 61.8 0.0 55Recall 70.7 52.6 44.8 35.3 71.6 65.5 45.7 33.6 21.6 19.8 116Total 80.1 66.7 59.6 49.7 80.1 74.3 57.3 45.0 34.5 13.4 171Immunisedby first birthday 1 80.1 64.3 51.5 38.0 78.7 68.9 44.8 29.5 20.1 13.4 1711 Proportion of children whose immunisation dates are not available are assumed to have received the vaccinations proportionatelyas observed for children having immunisation card.Table 23: Immunisation drop-out ratesImmunisation drop-out rates among children aged 12-23 months by vaccine, according to sex and place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002RuralTotalVaccine Male Female Total Male Female TotalDPT1 to DPT3 (19.5) (28.0) 24.2 18.9 30.6 25.2Polio 1 to Polio 3 23.5 32.2 28.2 20.3 35.1 28.3DPT1 to Measles (36.6) (40.0) 38.5 30.2 43.5 37.4BCG to Measles 47.1 46.4 46.7 40.9 51.4 46.4Note: Data for children in urban areas is not shown; based on fewer than 25 cases.( ) Based on 25-49 casesTable 24: Presence of BCG scarPercent distribution of children under age 5 years by presence of BCG scar and reported BCG vaccination status,according to age and sex , Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002BCG reported/Children aged 0-23 monthsChildren aged 24-59 monthsScar status Male Female Total Male Female TotalBCG reported 67.2 73.7 70.4 NA NA NAScar present 80.2 76.0 78.0 NA NA NAScar not present 16.5 17.8 17.2 NA NA NAScar not checked 3.3 6.2 4.8 NA NA NABCG not reported 32.8 26.3 29.6 100.0 100.0 100.0Scar present 3.4 2.2 2.9 50.5 50.6 50.6Scar not present 59.3 76.1 66.7 34.4 38.0 36.1Scar not checked 37.3 21.7 30.5 15.1 11.4 13.3Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number 121 129 250 279 255 534Note: For children age 24-59 months, only observation is made for the BCG scar.NA: Not applicable38

Table 25: Vitamin A supplementationPercent distribution of children aged 12-23 months who received Vitamin A prophylaxis when they were aged 9-12months, according to sex , Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Particulars Male Female TotalVitamin A prophylaxisReceived with measles vaccine 40.5 35.6 38.0Received at other times 4.7 3.5 4.1Not received 51.2 54.0 52.6DK/Missing 3.6 6.9 5.3Vitamin A rich food consumed 1Yes 33.3 36.8 35.1No 60.7 52.9 56.7DK/missing 6.0 10.3 8.2Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 84 87 1711 Vitamin A rich food consumed during the three days preceding the survey.DK: Don’t know.39

Table 26: Prevalence of fever, cough and diarrhoeaPer cent of children below five years of age who had fever, cough or diarrhoea during the twoweeks prior to survey, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002Any of thethreeNumber ofchildrenCharacteristics Fever Cough DiarrhoeaPlace of residenceRural 24.5 25.2 12.5 39.1 632Urban 25.7 23.7 16.7 40.5 257Sex of the childMale 24.8 23.7 14.2 38.1 459Female 24.9 25.8 13.3 40.9 430Age of the child

Table 27: Management of childhood diarrhoea and feeding practices at homePer cent of children below five years of age who had diarrhoea during the two weeks prior to survey byvarious types of feeding practices at home, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Feeding practicesPer centDuring diarrhoea the child drank 1Breast milk 58.2Other milk or infant formula 26.2Cereal-based gruel or gruel made from roots or soup 22.1Other locally-defined acceptable home fluids (e.g. SSS, yoghurt drink) 18.0ORS packet solution 28.7Water with feeding during some part of the day 83.6Water alone 94.3Defined “unacceptable” fluids (e.g. cola etc.) 4.1The amount offered to drinkNone 15.6Much less 0.0About the same 63.9More 18.0Don’t Know 2.5The amount of fluid consumedNone 2.5Much less than before 20.5About the same 50.0More than before 23.8Don’t know 3.2The amount of food consumedNone 14.8Much less 34.4Somewhat less 24.6About the same 23.8More 0.8Don’t Know 1.6Home management of diarrhoeaORT Treatment 2 17.2Index of home management of diarrhoea 3 12.3Number of children 1221 Total per cent may add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses.2 Offered more acceptable fluids during diarrhoea than usual.3 Drunk more fluids and continued eating somewhat less or the same or more during diarrhoea.41

Table 28: Diarrhoea during last one year among childrenPer cent of children below five years of age who had diarrhoea during the year preceding the survey byselected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Characteristics Per cent NumberSex of the childMale 51.4 459Female 50.7 430Place of residenceRural 49.2 632Urban 55.6 257Age of the child0-5 months 13.0 1006-11 months 63.1 8412-23 months 71.9 17124-35 months 65.6 18336-47 months 47.0 18148-59 months 35.3 170ReligionHindu 51.0 792Muslim 52.6 95Caste/tribeScheduled caste 51.4 253Scheduled tribe 49.8 221Other 51.6 415Type of housePucca 49.7 183Semi-pucca 52.3 526Kachha 48.9 180Mother’s educationIlliterate 51.1 695Literate 50.8 190Toilet facility in HHAvailable 54.3 265Not available 49.7 624Source of drinking waterImproved sources 50.2 761Other 56.3 128Total 51.1 889Note: In this table, mother’s education refers to education of the principal care taker of the child, includingthe mother.42

Table 29: Treatment of diarrhoea outside the homePer cent of children under five years of age who had diarrhoea during two weeks or one year preceding thesurvey by type of treatment outside the home, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Diarrhoea within 2 weeks priorto surveyDiarrhoea within 1 year prior tosurvey 1Treatment particularsMothers seeking advice or treatmentfrom outsideYes 86.1 89.2No 13.9 10.8Total per cent 100.0 100.0Number of children 122 454Among those for whom advice or treatment was sought from outside homeAdvice or treatment was given from 2Hospital 17.1 16.3Primary Health Centre/MCH clinic 10.5 12.8Dispensary 3 8.6 10.9Mobile/outreach clinic 3.8 1.5Private physician 47.6 50.1Sub-centre/ANM/Male Health Worker 2.9 1.2VHG/CHG/AWW 0.0 0.3Chemist/Drug seller 2.9 1.5Fair price shop 9.5 8.4Traditional healer 0.0 0.5Other 0.0 0.3Was ORS advised?Yes 37.1 47.9No 62.9 52.1Was ORS given?Yes 36.2 46.2No 63.8 53.8Total per cent 100.0 100.0Number of children 105 4051 Includes children who had diarrhoea during the 2 weeks before the survey.2 Percentages may add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses.3 Public or private health facility where only medicine is dispensed and which does not have the provision foradmitting patients43

Table 30: Treatment pattern for feverTreatment pattern for fever among children below five years who had fever during the two weeks prior to survey byselected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Anti malaria drug givenCharacteristics Yes No DKRecommendedandtakenBlood smear recommended or takenRecommended,but nottakenTaken,but notrecommendedNeither DKNumberofchildrenPlace of residenceRural 7.8 89.0 3.2 0.7 0.6 0.0 94.8 3.9 155Urban 16.7 81.8 1.5 1.5 3.0 0.0 95.5 0.0 66Sex of the childMale 8.8 89.5 1.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 96.5 2.6 114Female 12.2 84.1 3.7 0.9 2.8 0.0 93.5 2.8 107Age of the child0-23 months 12.4 87.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 98.9 0.0 8924-59 months 9.1 86.4 4.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 92.4 4.6 132Total 10.4 86.9 2.7 0.9 1.4 0.0 95.0 2.7 221DK: Don’t KnowTable 31: Prevalence of cough with type of symptomsPercentage of children under age 5 years who suffered from cough during the two weeks before thesurvey by type of symptoms, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002AnycoughCough withrapidbreathingCough withchest indrawingCough withbothsymptomsNumber ofchildrenCharacteristicsPlace of residenceRural 25.2 9.0 4.6 4.0 632Urban 23.7 11.3 3.9 3.5 257Sex of the childMale 23.8 10.9 5.7 5.0 459Female 25.8 8.4 3.0 2.6 430Age of the child0-23 months 23.4 9.6 4.5 4.2 35524-59 months 25.7 9.7 4.3 3.6 534Total 24.8 9.7 4.4 3.8 88944

Table 32: Management of childhood illness at homePercent distribution of children below 5 years who had an illness such as fever, cough or diarrhoea during the two weeks priorto the survey by treatment pattern at home, according to sex of the child, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Type of care Male Female TotalDuring illness the child was drinkingNothing 1.7 4.6 3.1Less 28.0 22.2 25.1About the same 49.7 57.4 53.5More 17.2 13.6 15.4Don’t know 3.4 1.1 2.3Missing 0.0 1.1 0.6During illness the child was eatingNothing 10.9 13.6 12.2Much less 37.1 34.1 35.6Somewhat less 27.4 19.3 23.4About the same 22.3 31.3 26.8More 0.6 0.0 0.3Don’t know 1.7 0.6 1.1Missing 0.0 1.1 0.6Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Index of home management of illness 1 6.3 8.5 7.4Number of children 175 176 3511 Drunk more fluids and continued eating somewhat less or the same or more during illness.Table 33: Blindness among childrenProportion (per 1,000) of children under age 24-59 months reported to have problems with vision, according toselected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per thousand having difficult in seeing during: Number ofCharacteristics Day time Night time Day or night childrenPlace of residenceRural 0.0 8.1 8.1 369Urban 6.1 0.0 6.1 165Sex of the childMale 0.0 10.7 10.7 279Female 3.9 0.0 3.9 255Total 1.9 5.6 7.5 53445

Table 34: Disability/delayed growth among childrenPercentage of children aged 2-14 years with disability/delayed growth by age, sex and place of residence,Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Rural Urban TotalDisability/delayed growth Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female TotalAged 2-4 yearsDelay in sitting, standing orwalking 8.2 7.5 7.9 7.2 14.6 10.9 7.9 9.8 8.8Difficulty/weakness/stiffnessin arms and legs 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.4 9.8 6.1 2.9 5.1 3.9Does not speak at all 8.2 4.6 6.5 10.8 3.7 7.3 9.0 4.3 6.7Difficulty in hearing 4.1 1.2 2.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 1.2 2.2Has fits/becomes rigid/loosesconsciousness 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.5Yes to any of the above 18.4 12.7 15.7 18.1 22.0 20.0 18.3 15.7 17.0Number of children 196 173 369 83 82 165 279 255 534Aged 5-9 yearsDifficulty in seeing either daytime or at night 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6Difficulty/weakness/stiffnessin arms and legs 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.0 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7Does not speak at all 6.7 3.1 4.9 1.6 5.7 3.7 5.3 3.8 4.6Difficulty in hearing 5.2 3.1 4.2 4.1 0.0 2.0 4.9 2.2 3.6Has fits/becomes rigid/loosesconsciousness 1.5 0.3 0.9 2.5 0.0 1.2 1.8 0.2 1.0Yes to any of the above 13.5 6.5 10.0 7.4 7.3 7.3 11.8 6.7 9.3Number of children 327 323 650 122 123 245 449 446 895Aged 10-14 yearsDifficulty in seeing either daytime or at night 0.8 0.6 0.7 2.6 1.6 2.1 1.4 0.8 1.1Difficulty/weakness/stiffnessin arms and legs 1.1 0.3 0.7 2.6 1.6 2.1 1.6 0.6 1.1Does not speak at all 3.1 1.7 2.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.1 2.6Difficulty in hearing 5.9 4.5 5.2 6.5 8.7 7.5 6.1 5.6 5.9Has fits/becomes rigid/loosesconsciousness 2.0 1.1 1.6 1.3 3.1 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7Yes to any of the above 9.6 7.6 8.6 13.1 14.2 13.6 10.6 9.4 10.0Number of children 355 354 709 153 127 280 508 481 98946

Table 35: Orientation of mothers on various child care practicesPercentage of children under age 2 years, whose mothers received orientation on various childcarepractices, according to type of care by selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka,MICS, 2002ImmunisationPer cent received orientation on:Feeding Caring forBreast- a child at child duringFeeding 6 months illnessPer centreceivedanyorientationNumberofchildrenCharacteristicsAllPlace of residenceRural 68.8 23.6 14.8 11.8 6.1 71.1 263Urban 67.4 38.0 17.4 15.2 7.6 72.8 92ReligionHindu 67.7 24.8 14.1 11.3 5.3 71.2 319Muslim (74.3) (48.6) (25.7) (22.9) (14.3) (74.3) 35Caste/tribeScheduled caste 69.0 18.4 13.8 12.6 5.7 71.3 87Scheduled tribe 58.4 18.0 4.4 4.5 1.1 61.8 89Others 73.2 36.3 21.8 16.8 9.5 76.5 179Sex of the childMale 65.0 28.9 13.9 11.1 7.2 68.3 180Female 72.0 25.7 17.1 14.3 5.7 74.9 175Age of the child0-5 months 55.0 38.0 10.0 12.0 7.0 62.0 1006-11 months 69.0 28.6 17.9 14.3 6.0 72.3 8412-23 months 76.0 20.5 17.5 12.3 6.4 76.7 171Total 68.5 27.3 15.5 12.7 6.5 71.5 355Note: Total includes 1 child belonging to ‘other’ religion.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.Table 36: Knowledge regarding danger signs of childhood illnessesPercentage of mothers who had a child under age 5 years by reported danger symptoms/ signs ofchildhood illnesses, according to place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Symptoms Rural Urban TotalChild becomes very ill 31.0 31.5 31.2Child develops fever 95.4 92.6 94.6Child has fast breathing 0.3 1.2 0.6Child has difficult breathing 1.3 2.7 1.7Child has blood in stool 0.9 0.4 0.8Child is drinking poorly 0.2 0.4 0.2Other 88.1 84.8 87.2Number of mothers 1 632 257 889Note: The column percentages may not add to 100.0 due to multiple responses.1 If the mother is not present in the household, the information is obtained from the caregiver.47

Table 37: Pre-school attendancePer cent of children aged 36-59 months attending pre-school by selected background characteristics, BellaryDistrict, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Characteristics Per cent NumberAge36-47 months 60.2 18148-59 months 72.9 170SexMale 65.1 175Female 67.6 176Place of residenceRural 62.6 254Urban 76.3 97ReligionHindu 63.8 315Muslim (88.9) 36Caste/tribeScheduled caste 55.1 107Scheduled tribe 58.8 85Other 78.0 159Type of housePucca 75.7 74Semi-pucca 67.8 205Kachha 52.8 72Household LiteracyNo literate 58.4 113Some literate 69.4 222Education of fatherIlliterate 65.0 183Literate 70.3 138Father not at home (56.7) 30Education of motherIlliterate 60.5 261Literate 92.0 75Total 66.4 351Note: Total includes 16 children from households with all literate members and 15 children whose mother iseither not at staying with the child or information about mother is missing.( ) Based on 25-49 casesTable 38: Type of pre-school attendedPer cent of children aged 36-59 months attending pre-school according to type of facility by sex, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002Type of facility Boys Girls TotalAnganwadi centre 67.5 75.6 71.7Balwadi/ECD Centre 1.8 2.5 2.1Other government pre-school 4.4 1.7 3.0Private nursery/ pre-school 26.3 20.2 23.2Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 114 119 23348

Table 39: School attendance by characteristicsPercent distribution of children aged 5-14 years by school attendance, according to selected backgroundcharacteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002NeverattendedschoolDroppedout fromschoolCurrentlyattendingschoolNumber ofchildrenCharacteristicsAge of the child5-9 Years 8.7 4.6 86.8 90010-14 Years 12.2 26.0 60.7 10326-10 Years 6.6 9.6 83.6 97511-13 Years 13.5 23.7 61.8 5876-13 Years 9.2 14.9 75.4 1562Sex of the childMale 5.6 14.8 79.1 957Female 15.4 17.1 66.7 975Place of residenceRural 12.3 17.3 69.7 1407Urban 5.9 12.4 81.3 525ReligionHindu 11.9 17.4 70.1 1657Muslim 3.7 11.2 84.0 188Missing 0.0 0.0 100.0 87Caste/tribeScheduled caste 16.1 19.1 64.8 577Scheduled tribe 14.1 20.4 63.3 441Other 5.9 13.2 80.7 827Missing 0.0 0.0 100.0 87Household literacyNo literate 24.2 25.8 48.7 384Some literate 8.0 14.9 76.6 1390All literate 0.0 1.9 98.1 158Education of fatherLiterate 2.9 7.3 89.5 630Illiterate 14.7 20.7 63.9 904Father not in HH 13.3 19.1 66.6 398Education of motherLiterate 0.0 2.5 97.5 283Illiterate 12.9 18.4 68.2 1408Mother not in HH 9.5 17.8 71.0 241Work status of child 1Working for someone else 34.8 60.0 1.9 210HH chores 16.1 28.8 54.1 859Family work 20.8 53.9 23.4 154Not working 5.6 2.2 92.2 997Type of housePucca 4.5 8.7 86.8 356Semi-pucca 11.7 16.6 71.1 1133Kachha 15.7 25.3 57.6 356Missing 0.0 0.0 100.0 87Total (5-14 years) 10.6 16.0 72.8 1932Note: Information on religion, caste/tribe and type of house was not asked for 87 children living in institutionalhouseholds.1 Multiple status.49

Table 40: Gross attendance ratio 1 and net attendance rate 2Gross attendance ratio and net attendance rate among children aged 6-14 years, according to sex and place ofresidence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Grade 1-4 (Primary) Grade 5-7 (Secondary) Grade 1-7 (All grades)Sex of the child Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalGross attendance ratioMale 98.5 98.0 98.2 69.6 91.0 80.3 85.1 94.7 89.9Female 82.2 95.9 89.0 57.0 78.8 67.9 70.9 87.9 79.4Total 90.4 96.9 92.1 63.5 85.1 69.5 78.1 91.4 81.7Net attendance rateMale 80.0 81.8 80.9 53.4 66.3 59.8 78.8 82.4 80.4Female 65.9 75.3 70.6 38.5 49.2 44.4 63.1 76.9 70.0Total 73.0 78.6 74.5 46.2 63.2 50.9 70.8 79.7 73.31 Defined as ratio of children attending particular grades to children in corresponding ages. For example, Grossattendance ratio in primary schools = (Children attending grades 1-4 / children age 6-9 years).2 Defined as ratio of children currently attending schools in respective grades to children in corresponding ages.For example, Net attendance rate in primary schools = (Children age 6-9 attending grades 1-4 / children age 6-9years).Table 41: Type of school and days of attendancePercent distribution of children aged 5-14 years currently attending school by type of school and number of daysattended during three school working days preceding the survey, according to sex and place of residence, BellaryDistrict, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Rural Urban TotalParticulars Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female TotalType of schoolLocal bodies – rural 84.8 79.3 82.2 1.3 0.5 0.9 58.8 56.1 57.6Local bodies – urban 3.5 2.4 3.0 72.0 70.7 71.4 24.8 22.5 23.7Other govt. school 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.3 2.6 1.9 0.7 0.9 0.8Private school 9.0 13.3 11.0 25.4 25.1 25.3 14.1 16.8 15.4Non-formal education 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1Other 2.1 4.8 3.4 0.0 0.6 0.3 1.5 3.5 2.4Days attendedNone 9.6 15.3 12.2 5.6 10.5 7.7 8.3 13.9 10.91 day 1.5 0.4 1.0 2.1 0.0 1.2 1.7 0.3 1.12 days 5.6 4.8 5.2 5.5 4.7 5.1 5.6 4.8 5.23 days 83.3 79.5 81.6 86.8 84.8 86.0 84.4 81.0 82.8Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 521 459 980 236 191 427 757 650 140750

Table 42: Reasons for not attending schoolPercent distribution of children aged 5-14 years not currently attending and never attended in school by reasons,according to sex and place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Rural Urban TotalReasons Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female TotalAmong those enrolled and currently not attending schoolSchool far away (inaccessible) 0.9 3.1 2.0 (3.6) (0.0) 1.5 1.4 2.4 1.9No time for school, child busywith household work 32.5 52.3 43.0 (14.3) (40.5) 29.2 28.9 49.7 40.1Child busy with wage labour 16.7 20.8 18.9 (3.6) (10.8) 7.7 14.1 18.6 16.5Child unwell/sick 1.8 1.5 1.6 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.3Child disabled 2.6 0.0 1.2 (0.0) (2.7) 1.5 2.1 0.6 1.3Did not consider schoolingimportant 0.0 0.8 0.4 (0.0) (2.7) 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.6School not necessary for girls NA 11.5 7.4 NA (13.5) 9.2 NA 12.0 7.8Child not interested 50.0 34.6 41.8 (71.4) (51.4) 60.0 54.2 38.3 45.6Birth certificate not available 0.0 0.8 0.4 (3.6) (0.0) 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.6Child scared of corporalpunishment 14.0 5.4 9.4 (7.1) (0.0) 3.1 12.7 4.2 8.1Quality of schooling very poor 0.8 0.0 0.4 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.3Lack of money 23.7 28.5 26.8 (21.4) (27.0) 24.6 23.2 28.1 25.9Other 20.2 16.2 18.0 (25.0) (27.2) 26.2 21.1 18.6 19.7Number of children 114 130 244 28 37 65 142 167 309Among those never attended schoolSchool far away (inaccessible) 2.2 2.3 2.3 * * (0.0) 1.9 2.0 2.0Child busy with householdwork 20.0 46.1 39.3 (32.3) 18.5 45.3 38.2Child busy with wage labour 0.0 15.6 11.6 * * (16.1) 0.0 16.7 12.2Child unwell/sick 2.2 0.8 1.2 * * (3.2) 3.7 0.7 1.5Child is disabled 4.4 0.8 1.7 * * (6.5) 5.6 1.3 2.5Did not consider schoolingimportant 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * (3.2) 1.8 0.0 0.5School not necessary for girls NA 20.3 15.6 NA * (0.0) NA 17.3 13.2Child not interested 40.0 28.1 31.2 * * (29.0) 38.9 28.0 30.9Child scared of corporalpunishment 8.9 6.3 6.9 * * (0.0) 7.4 5.3 5.9Lack of money 26.7 25.8 26.0 * * (38.7) 24.1 29.3 27.9Other 33.3 21.1 24.3 * * (32.3) 35.2 22.0 25.5Number of children 45 128 173 9 22 31 54 150 204Note: Percentages may add to more than 100.0 due to multiple responses.NA: Not applicable.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 cases.51

Table 43: Child labourPer cent of children aged 5-14 years engaged in different ‘activities’ by type of activity, according to selectedbackground characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent of childrenworking for others 1For Aspay unpaidPer cent of childrenengaged inHouseholdchores 2Other familywork 3Childrenin anyactivity 4NumberofchildrenCharacteristicsTotalAge of the child5-9 years 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.6 2.7 3.9 90010-14 years 19.6 0.1 19.7 2.6 12.6 33.2 1032Sex of the childMale 6.9 0.2 7.1 0.5 10.7 17.9 957Female 14.6 0.0 14.6 2.8 5.3 21.2 975Place of residenceRural 12.1 0.1 12.2 1.7 9.4 22.1 1407Urban 7.2 0.0 7.2 1.5 4.2 12.8 525ReligionHindu 11.6 0.1 11.7 1.9 8.5 21.1 1657Muslim 8.5 0.0 8.5 0.0 6.9 15.4 188Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87Caste/tribeScheduled caste 14.6 0.2 14.7 1.9 6.8 22.0 577Scheduled tribe 14.1 0.0 14.1 2.0 11.1 25.9 441Other 7.5 0.1 7.6 1.5 8.0 16.6 827Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87Household literacyNo literate 19.5 0.3 19.8 2.6 10.2 32.0 384Some literate 9.5 0.0 9.6 1.4 8.1 18.1 1390All literate 0.6 0.0 0.6 1.3 1.3 2.5 158Type of housePucca 4.2 0.0 4.2 1.4 5.1 10.4 356Semi-pucca 11.6 0.2 11.7 1.6 9.5 21.5 1133Kachha 17.4 0.0 17.4 2.5 7.9 27.2 356Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 87Attending schoolYes 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.6 2.8 1407No 39.0 0.2 39.2 5.9 22.5 64.6 525Survival of parentsBoth alive 9.7 0.1 9.8 1.5 7.6 18.1 1754Any one or both not alive 21.0 0.0 21.0 2.5 12.7 35.0 157Total 10.8 0.1 10.9 1.7 8.0 19.6 1932Note: Total includes 21 children for whom information on survival status of parents is either not known ormissing. Information on religion, caste/tribe and type of house was not asked for 87 children living ininstitutional households.1Not a member of the household where the child lives.2Doing household chores for more than four hours a day.3Engaged in any economically productive work within the family.4Working for others or doing household chores for more than four hours a day or doing other family work.52

Table 44: Children in economically productive labourPer cent of children aged 5-14 years working in economically productive activities by selected backgroundcharacteristics, according to sex of the child, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Characteristics Male Female TotalAge of the child5-9 years 3.8 2.7 3.210-14 years 29.3 33.6 31.5Place of residenceRural 20.1 21.7 20.9Urban 10.5 12.4 11.4ReligionHindu 18.3 20.9 19.6Muslim 16.7 14.0 15.4Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0Caste/tribeScheduled caste 15.4 25.6 20.6Scheduled tribe 22.3 26.7 24.5Other 17.7 13.0 15.4Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0Household literacyNo literate 25.0 32.7 29.5Some literate 17.2 17.1 17.1All literate 2.6 1.2 1.9Type of housePucca 8.7 9.9 9.3Semi-pucca 19.9 20.9 20.4Kachha 22.9 27.6 25.3Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0Attending schoolYes 4.1 1.1 2.7No 67.5 55.7 60.2Survival of parentsBoth alive 16.4 17.5 16.9Any one or both not alive 29.9 35.6 33.1Total 17.5 19.3 18.3Note: Children in economically productive activity are those working for someone else for pay or doingother family work. Total includes 12 males and 9 females for whom information on survival status ofparents either not known or missing. Information on religion, caste/tribe and type of house was not askedfor 39 males and 48 females living in institutional households.53

Table 45: Children working outside and inside the homePer cent of children aged 5-14 years working both outside and inside the home; and doing household chores orother family work by selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent of children working bothoutside and inside the homePer cent of children engaged inhousehold chores for more than fourhours a day or doing other family workCharacteristicsAge of the child5-9 years 0.7 3.210-14 years 16.4 14.5Sex of the childMale 3.9 11.1Female 14.2 7.5Place of residenceRural 10.7 10.7Urban 4.8 5.5ReligionHindu 10.1 10.0Muslim 3.7 6.9Missing 0.0 0.0Caste/tribeScheduled caste 12.5 8.0Scheduled tribe 12.5 12.5Other 5.8 9.4Missing 0.0 0.0Household literacyNo literate 17.4 12.5Some literate 7.7 9.1All literate 0.6 2.5Attending schoolYes 0.0 2.6No 33.1 27.2Survival of parentsBoth alive 8.0 8.8Anyone or both not alive 19.7 15.3Total 9.1 9.3Note: Total includes 21 children for whom information on survival status of parent is either not known or missing.Information on religion and caste/tribe was not asked for 87 children living in institutional households.54

Table 46: Sectors of child labourPercent distribution of children aged 5-14 years working for others by sector of work, according to sex,Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Among children working for someone outside the familySector of work Male Female TotalAgriculture & livestock 69.1 85.9 80.4Manufacturing 2.8 2.8 2.9Domestic service 2.9 3.5 3.3Other service 23.5 4.3 10.5Missing 1.8 3.5 2.9Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 1 68 142 2101 Working for someone else, who is not a member of the household.Table 47: Mean hours of child labourMean hours spent in a week by children aged 5-14 who are engaged in any activity by type of activity,according to sex and place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Characteristics For pay TotalMean hours spent by childrenWorking for others 1Engaged in:HouseholdchoresOther familyworkEngaged inany activity 2Sex of the childMale 56.5 56.0 10.3 37.0 27.8Female 50.9 50.9 14.7 34.2 31.1Place of residenceRural 51.6 51.4 13.3 37.8 31.4Urban 57.2 (57.2) 12.4 * 24.0Total 52.6 52.5 13.1 36.1 29.7Number of children 208 210 859 151 930Note: Total includes 2 children working for others but not paid for the work.1Working for someone who is not a member of the household.2 Working for others, doing household chores or other family work.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.* Not shown , based on fewer than 25 cases.55

Table 48: Children living with biological parentPercent distribution of children aged 0-14 years by living status with biological parents, accordingto place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Living status of parents Rural Urban TotalOnly mother living with the child 10.2 8.0 9.6Father is living elsewhere 5.9 4.3 5.4Father is not alive 3.7 3.2 3.6Don’t know 0.6 0.5 0.6Only father living with the child 1.5 1.5 1.5Mother is living elsewhere 0.3 0.0 0.2Mother is not alive 1.2 1.5 1.3Both parents not living with the child 6.6 9.4 7.4Both parents living elsewhere 5.4 7.9 6.1Both parents not alive 0.1 0.5 0.2Only one parent is alive 1.1 1.0 1.1Don’t knowBoth parents living with the child 81.4 80.6 81.2Total per cent 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of children 2051 785 2836Note: Total includes 3 and 2 children in rural and urban areas, respectively, for whominformation on parents’ living status is missing.56

Table 49: Marital statusPercent distribution of women aged 15-49 years by current marital status, according to selected backgroundcharacteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002NevermarriedCurrentlymarried Widowed Divorced SeparatedMarried butguana nottakenCharacteristicsNumberCurrent age15-19 48.7 49.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.0 37820-24 15.4 82.2 0.3 0.4 1.7 0.0 29825-29 3.8 90.9 2.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 26330-34 1.8 87.8 4.5 0.5 5.4 0.0 22235-39 0.0 82.7 14.5 0.0 2.8 0.0 17340-44 0.0 76.3 21.4 0.0 2.3 0.0 13145-49 0.0 75.4 23.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 12615-44 16.7 75.7 4.9 0.1 2.3 0.3 1465Place of residenceRural 12.7 78.6 5.9 0.1 2.4 0.3 1082Urban 20.8 69.5 7.3 0.2 2.0 0.2 509ReligionHindu 13.7 77.2 6.3 0.1 2.4 0.3 1405Muslim 26.0 65.1 7.2 0.6 1.1 0.0 181Caste/tribeScheduled caste 9.5 80.8 5.7 0.0 3.0 1.0 402Scheduled tribe 11.0 81.2 5.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 336Other 19.6 71.2 7.1 0.2 1.9 0.0 851EducationIlliterate 6.7 82.0 7.8 0.2 3.0 0.4 1117Primary complete 15.2 76.2 6.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 105Middle complete 37.0 61.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 165High school + 48.1 49.1 2.2 0.0 0.6 0.0 181Total (15-49) 15.3 75.7 6.4 0.1 2.3 0.2 1591Note: Total includes 2 women each with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, 7 women with missinginformation on education, 14 women who are literate but have not completed primary education and 3 womenbelonging to ‘other’ religions.57

Table 50: Age at marriage, first pregnancy and first deliveryMean and median age at marriage, age at first pregnancy and age at first delivery among women aged15-49 years, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Age at marriage Age at first pregnancy Age at first deliveryCharacteristics Mean Median Mean Median Mean MedianCurrent age15-19 14.9 14.8 16.1 15.6 16.4 16.020-24 15.8 15.3 17.1 16.6 17.5 17.125-29 16.1 15.1 17.8 16.8 18.3 17.230-34 15.3 15.0 17.8 16.9 18.4 17.535-39 14.6 14.1 17.6 16.7 17.9 17.240-44 14.7 14.3 17.6 16.8 18.1 17.145-49 15.2 14.8 18.1 17.3 18.5 17.7Place of residenceRural 14.8 14.4 17.2 16.4 17.6 16.9Urban 16.6 15.8 18.2 17.3 18.7 17.9ReligionHindu 15.2 14.7 17.4 16.5 17.8 17.0Muslim 17.0 16.4 18.5 17.6 18.9 18.3Caste/tribeScheduled caste 14.2 14.0 16.6 16.0 17.1 16.5Scheduled tribe 14.7 14.4 17.3 16.5 17.7 17.0Other 16.2 15.5 18.0 17.1 18.4 17.7EducationIlliterate 14.6 14.3 17.0 16.3 17.5 16.8Primary complete 16.4 15.9 18.0 17.1 18.6 17.6Middle complete 17.3 16.7 18.5 17.7 19.0 18.2High school + 20.4 19.3 21.4 20.5 21.8 19.7Total 15.3 14.8 17.5 16.6 17.9 17.0Note: Data for literate women with less than primary education, women with missing information ofcaste/tribe, education, religion and women belonging to ‘other’ religions are not shown separately.Table 51: Age at first pregnancyPercentage of women aged 15-49 years who were pregnant for the first time by specific exact ages, andmedian age at first pregnancy, according to current age , Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent became pregnant for the first timeBefore age:In:Currentage 15 17 19 21 15-19 20 +Per centeverpregnantNumberofwomenMedian ageat firstpregnancy15-19 4.5 20.9 35.2 36.0 31.5 NA 36.0 378 NC20-24 8.1 29.9 55.4 72.1 57.1 11.4 76.5 298 16.625-29 9.9 35.0 59.3 72.2 57.3 21.7 88.6 263 16.830-34 8.6 32.4 64.9 82.9 67.1 20.3 95.9 222 16.935-39 8.1 35.3 67.1 86.1 69.9 18.5 96.5 173 16.740-44 8.4 35.1 67.9 81.7 68.7 17.6 94.7 131 16.845-49 6.3 30.2 58.7 82.5 69.1 23.0 98.4 126 17.315-49 7.5 30.0 55.1 68.2 55.7 13.8 77.0 1591 16.6NA: Not applicable.NC: Not calculated because more than 50 per cent of women are never pregnant in that category58

Table 52: Marriage before age 18, and pregnancy and delivery before age 20Per cent married before age 18, got pregnant before age 20, who first delivered before age 20, andthose who did not have any pregnancy at all among women aged 15-49, according to selectedbackground characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent married before age18 among:Characteristics All women EMWPer cent of women aged 15-49Pregnantbefore 20Deliverybefore 20NeverpregnantCurrent age15-19 44.7 87.1 36.0 28.7 64.020-24 61.7 73.0 65.1 58.1 23.525-29 65.4 68.0 66.9 63.9 11.430-34 75.2 76.6 75.7 70.3 4.135-39 82.7 82.7 78.0 74.0 3.540-44 82.4 82.4 77.1 72.5 5.345-49 74.6 74.6 75.4 67.5 1.6Place of residenceRural 72.4 82.9 67.9 62.3 20.2Urban 49.9 63.0 53.0 46.8 28.9ReligionHindu 68.5 79.4 65.4 59.5 21.5Muslim 40.9 55.2 47.0 42.0 33.7Caste/tribeScheduled caste 80.1 88.5 76.9 70.4 17.2Scheduled tribe 76.2 85.6 69.0 64.0 18.2Other 53.9 67.1 54.5 48.8 27.5EducationIlliterate 80.1 85.9 75.3 69.6 14.4Primary complete 55.2 65.2 64.8 58.1 22.9Middle complete 33.9 53.8 38.2 31.5 44.8High school + 7.7 14.9 12.2 6.6 54.7Total (15-49) 65.2 77.0 63.2 57.4 23.0Note: Data for literate women with less than primary education, women with missing information ofreligion, caste/tribe, education and women belonging to ‘other’ religions are not shown separately.EMW: Ever-married women.Table 53: Pregnaancy wastage by selected characteristicsPer cent of ever married women aged 15-49 years who have experienced atleast one pregnancywastage, according to current age and place of residence, Bellary district, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Current age Rural Urban Total15-19 11.1 (19.6) 13.220-24 21.5 21.3 21.425-34 17.2 21.7 18.735-49 16.7 16.9 16.7Total (15-49) 16.9 19.9 17.81 Difference between the reported number of total pregnancies and the total number ofchildren ever born.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.59

Table 54: Children ever born and survivingMean number of children ever born (CEB) and surviving (CS) to ever-married women aged 15-49 by selectedbackground characteristics, according to the current age of women, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002CEB Place of residenceSex of the childCurrent age/CS Rural Urban Male Female Total15-19 CEB 0.8 (0.8) 0.4 0.4 0.8CS 0.7 (0.8) 0.3 0.3 0.720-24 CEB 2.1 1.8 1.0 1.0 2.0CS 1.9 1.6 0.9 0.8 1.725-29 CEB 3.1 2.8 1.5 1.5 3.0CS 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.3 2.630-34 CEB 3.9 3.2 2.0 1.6 3.6CS 3.1 2.8 1.6 1.4 3.035-39 CEB 5.0 (4.0) 2.5 2.2 4.7CS 3.8 (3.4) 1.9 1.8 3.740-44 CEB 5.5 (4.1) 2.6 2.5 5.1CS 4.3 (3.7) 2.2 1.9 4.145-49 CEB 6.0 (4.9) 2.8 2.8 5.6CS 4.5 (4.0) 2.2 2.1 4.315-49 CEB 3.5 2.9 1.7 1.6 3.3CS 2.8 2.5 1.4 1.3 2.7Sex ratio at birth 946 967 N.A. N.A. 952Note: Sex ratio is the number of girls per 1,000 boys ever born.N.A. Not applicable.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.Table 55: Fertility ratesFertility rates for the year preceding the survey, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002RateCBR 27.5TFR 2.9GFR 111.9TMFR 3.7GMFR 131.3Note: These rates are based on the births during the one-year period preceding the survey.CBR: Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 populationTFR: Total fertility rate, expressed per woman aged 15-49 yearsGFR: General fertility rate, expressed per 1,000 women aged 15-49 yearsTMFR: Total marital fertility rate, expressed per married woman aged 15-49 yearsGMFR: General marital fertility rate, expressed per 1,000 married women aged 15-49 years.60

Table 56: Birth intervalsPercent distribution of women who had delivered second or higher order births during the last one yearaccording to the interval since the previous birth, and perception of currently married women aged 15-49years regarding the ideal interval between births, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Among women who had delivered duringthe last one yearAmong all currently marriedwomen aged 15-49Interval since previousbirthActual intervalsince previous birthIdeal intervalbetween birthsIdeal interval betweenbirths

Table 57: Current use of family planning by background characteristicsPercentage distribution of currently married women aged 15-49 years by current use of family planning, according toselected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002AnymethodAnymoderntemporarymethodSterilisationAnytraditionalmethodOthermethodNotusinganymethodTotalper centNumberofwomenCharacteristicsPlace of residenceRural 49.4 1.3 47.5 0.0 0.6 50.6 100.0 850Urban 51.7 5.9 41.8 0.3 3.7 48.3 100.0 354ReligionHindu 50.5 2.3 46.9 0.1 1.2 49.5 100.0 1084Muslim 45.8 5.9 35.6 0.0 4.3 54.2 100.0 118Caste/tribeScheduled caste 48.3 0.6 46.2 0.3 1.2 51.7 100.0 325Scheduled tribe 42.5 1.8 39.2 0.0 1.5 57.5 100.0 273Other 54.5 4.1 48.7 0.0 1.7 45.5 100.0 606EducationIlliterate 47.5 0.9 45.7 0.0 0.9 52.5 100.0 916Primary complete 60.0 1.3 58.8 0.0 0.0 40.0 100.0 80Middle complete 60.8 6.9 48.0 0.0 5.9 39.2 100.0 102High school + 53.9 18.0 31.5 1.1 3.3 46.1 100.0 89Number of living children0 (3.4) (3.4) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (96.4) 100.0 291 13.2 5.1 4.6 0.0 3.5 86.8 100.0 1972 51.2 4.7 45.7 0.0 0.8 48.8 100.0 2323+ 61.0 1.3 58.6 0.1 1.0 39.0 100.0 746Number of living daughtersNone 42.9 3.9 37.0 0.0 2.0 57.1 100.0 2541 55.5 3.1 50.6 0.0 1.8 44.5 100.0 3892 67.4 2.1 64.2 0.0 1.1 32.6 100.0 2393+ 36.3 1.6 33.5 0.3 0.9 63.7 100.0 322Number of living sonsNone 20.2 5.9 11.8 0.5 2.0 79.8 100.0 2031 49.2 2.7 44.0 0.0 2.5 50.8 100.0 3662 81.0 2.3 77.7 0.0 1.0 19.0 100.0 3003+ 41.5 0.9 40.0 0.0 0.6 58.5 100.0 335Total 50.1 2.7 45.8 0.1 1.5 49.9 100.0 1204Note: Total includes 2 women belonging to ‘other’ religions, 12 women who are literate but have not completed primaryeducation and 5 women with information on education is missing.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.62

Table 58: Antenatal care and type of care receivedPercent distribution of mothers aged 15-49 years who delivered during the year preceding the survey receivedantenatal check-up and type of check-up received, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Antenatal care servicesPer centReceived antenatal check-up 76.1AMONG THOSE WHO RECEIVED ANTENATAL CHECKUP:Total number of antenatal check-ups received 5.8One 21.5Two 72.7Three plusMonth of pregnancy at first antenatal check-upFirst trimester 47.8Second trimester 32.2Third trimester 19.8Who conducted the antenatal check-up? 2Doctor 81.0Nurse/Midwife 35.5From where was antenatal check-up received?Private hospital 47.9Primary Health Centre/Subcentre 25.6Community Health Centre 16.6District Hospital 9.9Specific tests done during antenatal check-upWeight 43.8Height 19.8Abdominal examination 77.7Blood pressure test 76.0Blood test 54.6Received advice on nutrition 79.3Received iron and folic acid tablets 84.3Consumed all iron and folic acid 1 55.9Tetanus toxoid injectionsNone in this pregnancy 14.9Once now and less than twice in last pregnancy 3.3Once now and twice in last pregnancy 3.3Two doses in this pregnancy 78.5Number of deliveries 1591 Based on those who received iron and folic acid tablets.2 Total will not add up to 100.0 due to multiple response.63

Table 59: Delivery characteristicsPercent distribution of ever-married women aged 15-49 who had delivered during the yearpreceding the survey by delivery characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Delivery characteristicsPer centPlace of deliveryPrivate hospital/Nursing home 10.8PHC/Sub-centre 3.1Community health centre 10.8Home 74.7Other 0.6Institutional delivery 24.5Assistance at delivery 1Doctor 30.8ANM/Nurse/TBA 21.4Trained Dai 6.3Untrained Dai 54.1Relatives/Friends 45.9None 0.6Skilled attendance at home delivery 2 6.8Type of deliveryNormal 88.1Caesarean section 8.2Other interventions 3.1Missing 0.6Total per cent 100.0Number of deliveries 1591 The percentages may not add to 100.0 due to multiple responses.2 Home deliveries assisted by either a doctor or a nurse/ANM.64

Table 60: Post-natal carePercentage of deliveries during the year preceding the survey who have received post-natal check-up and thepercent distribution of deliveries according to number of post-natal check-ups, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS,2002CharacteristicsPer cent received postnatalcheck-up Number of deliveriesPlace of deliveryInstitution (59.0) 39Other 15.1 119Assistance at deliverySkilled personnel (56.3) 48Other 12.7 110Total 25.8 159Percent distribution of deliveries by number of post-natal check-upsNumber of postnatal check-upsNone 73.01 8.22 5.63 8.24+ 2.5Missing 2.5Total per cent 100.0Number of deliveries 159Note: Total includes 1 delivery each with missing information on place of delivery and assistance at delivery.( ) Based on 25-49 cases.65

Table 61: Knowledge of HIV/AIDS by selected characteristicsPercentage of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS, according to selected backgroundcharacteristics and place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent who had heard of HIV/AIDSCharacteristics Rural Number Urban Number Total NumberMarital statusEver-married 77.5 944 89.6 403 81.1 1347Never-married 72.5 138 93.4 106 81.5 244ReligionHindu 77.0 1062 91.3 343 80.5 1405Muslim * 18 88.3 163 86.2 181Caste/tribeScheduled caste 64.9 279 87.8 123 71.9 402Scheduled tribe 74.1 274 82.3 62 75.6 336Other 84.6 527 92.9 324 87.8 851EducationIlliterate 71.5 852 86.4 265 75.0 1117Primary complete 96.5 57 85.4 48 91.4 105Middle complete 95.5 90 94.8 77 95.2 165High school + 100.0 71 99.1 110 99.5 181Type of housePucca 91.2 159 94.1 237 92.9 396Semi-pucca 75.4 731 89.3 196 78.3 927Kachha 70.5 190 81.6 76 73.7 266Total 76.9 1082 90.4 509 81.2 1591Note: Data for women belonging to ‘other’ religions, women who are literate but have not completedprimary school, and women with missing information on religion, caste/tribe education and type of houseare not shown separately.* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 cases.Table 62: Source of Knowledge of HIV/AIDSPercentage of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS, according to source ofknowledge and place of residence, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Place of residenceSource of knowledge Rural Urban TotalRadio 11.3 6.7 9.7Television 26.6 62.0 39.2Cinema 0.0 1.3 0.5News paper 4.7 10.6 6.8Posters/Hoarding 5.1 9.4 6.6Exhibition/Mela 0.5 0.9 0.6Health personnel 6.3 7.8 6.8School teacher 5.4 7.6 6.1Community meetings 2.2 1.7 2.0Friends/relatives 92.2 81.3 88.3Other 12.9 12.6 12.8Number 832 460 1292Note: Percentages may add to more than 100 due to multiple responses.66

Table 63: Spontaneous reporting of knowledge about transmission of HIV/AIDSPercentage of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS by their reported knowledgeof modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS, according to marital status and place of residence, BellaryDistrict, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Modes of transmissionEver marriedwomenNever marriedwomen All womenRuralSexual intercourse 48.0 63.3 49.8Needles/blades 12.8 31.0 15.1Mother to child 63.3 65.3 63.5Transfusion of infected blood 4.9 15.0 6.1Other 35.5 42.0 36.3DK/Missing 21.0 16.0 20.4Number of women 732 100 832UrbanSexual intercourse 69.5 65.7 68.7Needles/blades 18.6 34.3 22.0Mother to child 65.6 61.6 64.8Transfusion of infected blood 8.9 26.3 12.6Other 23.6 19.2 22.6DK/Missing 11.9 11.1 11.7Number of women 361 99 460TotalSexual intercourse 55.1 64.3 56.5Needles/blades 14.7 32.7 17.5Mother to child 64.0 63.3 63.9Transfusion of infected blood 6.2 20.6 8.4Other 31.6 30.6 31.4DK/Missing 18.0 13.6 17.3Number of women 1093 199 1292DK: Don’t know67

Table 64: Knowledge about vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS by selected characteristicsPercentage of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS by their knowledge about verticaltransmission of HIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka,MICS, 2002CharacteristicsPer cent whoknow HIV/AIDScan betransmitted frommother to childPer cent who knowHIV/AIDS can betransmittedAtdeliveryThroughbreast milkKnow ofall threewaysDo notknowanyspecificwayNumber ofwomenMarital statusEver-married 68.3 62.5 60.7 52.5 27.0 1093Never-married 76.4 70.8 62.3 55.8 19.6 199Place of residenceRural 69.1 61.5 61.4 54.2 27.6 832Urban 70.2 67.8 60.0 50.9 22.6 460ReligionHindu 70.3 63.9 62.2 53.8 25.2 1131Muslim 63.5 61.5 51.3 46.8 31.4 156Caste/tribeScheduled caste 68.9 60.9 63.3 55.0 28.4 289Scheduled tribe 63.0 53.5 54.3 44.5 32.3 254Other 71.9 68.3 62.1 55.0 22.8 747EducationIlliterate 64.9 58.4 59.7 52.4 31.2 838Primary complete 80.2 74.0 65.6 58.3 15.6 96Middle complete 75.5 70.1 66.0 57.3 20.1 159High school + 80.0 77.8 59.4 48.9 11.7 180Type of housePucca 71.7 68.5 63.0 54.1 21.5 368Semi-pucca 70.3 63.9 60.2 53.4 26.2 726Kachha 62.2 54.1 59.2 49.0 33.2 196Total 69.5 63.8 60.9 53.0 25.9 1292Note: Total includes 3 women belonging to ‘other’ religions, 13 women who are literate but have notcompleted primary education, 2 women each with missing information on religion, caste/tribe, and type ofhouse, respectively and 6 women with missing information on education.68

Table 65: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS by selected characteristicsPercent of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS by their misconceptions aboutHIV/AIDS, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka, MICS, 2002Per cent whothink HIV/AIDScan betransmitted bymosquito bitePer cent whothink that ahealthy lookingperson canhave HIV/AIDSHave the twomisconceptionsKnowat leastoneNumberofwomenCharacteristicsMarital statusEver-married 30.8 29.6 14.3 46.2 1093Never-married 37.7 52.8 22.1 68.3 199Place of residenceRural 33.0 30.3 15.7 47.6 832Urban 29.8 38.5 15.0 53.3 460ReligionHindu 32.8 32.4 16.0 49.2 1131Muslim 25.0 37.8 10.9 51.9 156Caste/tribeScheduled caste 31.8 28.7 16.3 44.3 289Scheduled tribe 32.7 29.9 16.9 45.7 254Other 31.6 35.9 14.6 52.9 747EducationIlliterate 31.4 25.3 14.1 42.6 838Primary complete 22.9 35.4 10.4 47.9 96Middle complete 44.6 47.2 25.8 66.0 159High school + 26.7 56.1 14.4 68.3 180Type of housePucca 32.6 41.3 16.9 57.1 368Semi-pucca 33.5 30.2 15.0 48.6 726Kachha 24.5 28.6 14.3 38.8 196Total 31.9 33.2 15.5 49.6 1292Note: Total includes 3 women belonging to ‘other’ religions, 13 women who are literate but have notcompleted primary education, 2 women each with missing information on religion, caste/tribe, andtype of house, respectively and 6 women with missing information on education.69

Table 66: Knowledge about prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission by selected characteristicsPer cent of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS by their knowledge about prevention ofHIV/AIDS transmission, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District, Karnataka,MICS, 2002CharacteristicsPer cent who know HIV/AIDStransmission can be preventedBy having only By usingone faithful condom everypartnertimeKnow thetwo waysKnow atleastoneNumber ofwomenMarital statusEver-married 43.4 24.3 23.7 44.0 1093Never-married 53.3 38.7 37.7 54.3 199Place of residenceRural 40.7 21.4 20.7 41.5 832Urban 52.4 35.9 35.2 53.0 460ReligionHindu 45.0 26.2 25.5 45.7 1131Muslim 44.2 28.9 28.2 44.9 156Caste/tribeScheduled caste 39.1 18.3 17.7 39.8 289Scheduled tribe 30.7 15.8 15.4 31.1 254Other 51.9 33.3 32.5 52.7 747EducationIlliterate 33.7 14.6 14.2 34.0 838Primary complete 53.1 40.6 39.6 54.2 96Middle complete 57.2 62.2 39.0 58.5 159High school + 80.0 33.3 60.6 81.7 180Type of housePucca 57.3 39.4 38.3 58.4 368Semi-pucca 40.9 23.0 22.3 41.6 726Kachha 36.2 15.3 15.3 36.2 196Total 44.9 26.5 25.8 45.6 1292Note: Total includes 3 women belonging to ‘other’ religions, 13 women who are literate but have notcompleted primary education, 2 women each with missing information on religion, caste/tribe, and type ofhouse, respectively and 6 women with missing information on education.70

Table 67: Perception about HIV/AIDS infected persons and asking male to use condomPer cent of women aged 15-49 years who had heard of HIV/AIDS by perception about HIV/AIDS infectedpersons and asking a male to use condom, according to selected background characteristics, Bellary District,Karnataka, MICS, 2002An HIV/ADIS infected personcan continue to workWomen can ask men touse condomNumber ofwomenCharacteristicsMarital statusEver-married 30.7 35.0 1093Never-married 47.7 43.7 199Place of ResidenceRural 26.9 29.2 832Urban 45.0 49.4 460ReligionHindu 32.5 35.4 1131Muslim 39.1 43.6 156Caste/tribeScheduled caste 28.7 32.5 289Scheduled tribe 26.4 26.4 254Other 37.5 41.2 747EducationIlliterate 24.6 24.0 838Primary complete 30.2 53.1 96Middle complete 47.1 52.2 159High school + 62.8 70.6 180Type of housePucca 37.5 52.7 368Semi-pucca 31.1 31.8 726Kachha 33.7 22.5 196Total 33.4 36.4 1292Note: Total includes 3 women belonging to ‘other’ religions, 13 women who are literate but have not completedprimary education, 2 women each with missing information on religion, caste/tribe, and type of house,respectively and 6 women with missing information on education.71

APPENDIXStaff involved in MICS-2002, BellaryName of the staffMr. V. B. JoshiMiss. MaithiliMiss. Malini D.Miss. SaileelaMrs. Savitri PatilDesignationField SupervisorField InterviewerField InterviewerField InterviewerField Interviewer72