Collecting and Preserving

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First of all, make certain that any slide shipped isthoroughly dried and cured. Many slides may appear to becured when in fact the center is still liquid. Coverslips onslides which are not cured may move during shipment anddamage or destroy the specimens. Slides may be shippedin holders made expressly for that purpose and availablecommercially from biological supply houses (fig. 35).Even in these holders it is advisable to wrap a little softtissue around each end of each slide so that the cover glassdoes not come into contact with anything. The slides mayalso be shipped in standard storage boxes with enough softtissue around each end of each slide and between the slidesand the box lid to prevent movement. The box should thenbe wrapped to hold the lid down firmly. It may then betreated as described here for pinned and liquidpreservedspecimens. The wrapped slide container may also be tiedtogether with units of pinned or liquidpreserved specimensor both and placed in a carton with them. If no slideholders are available, a few slides, each wrapped withtissue, may be tied together at each end with tape,rubberbands, or string, wrapped in strong paper, andplaced in a mailing tube or carton with packing material.7.6 - Shipping Live Specimens.Most insects and mites intended for a collection orsubmitted to experts for identification should not beshipped alive. To protect American agriculture, Federallaw prohibits the importation and movement of live pests,pathogens, vectors, and articles that might harbor theseorganisms unless the shipments are authorized by the U.S.Department of Agriculture. If it is necessary to ship livematerial, be sure to comply with all Federal, State, andlocal regulations. Shipments of live insect material withoutvalid permits may be seized and destroyed by plantquarantine inspectors. In addition to meeting Federal laws,the shipment of some species must be approved by Stateofficials. For most questions regarding most federalregulations, contact the Animal and Plant Health InspectionsService (APHIS) within the U.S. Department ofAgriculture.Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mitesscale insects (Coccoidea) should be partially or completelydried before being placed in a container, or they should bepacked in a container such as a paper bag, which willpermit drying to continue after closure. Live Heteropteraand other small, active insects are killed easily by excessivemoisture in the container. Therefore, it is advisable toprovide several tiny vent holes or place a fine mesh screenover one end of the container when shipping such insects.Some containers designed to hold living insects arestrong enough to be shipped without additional packing,but generally the containers should be enclosed in a secondcarton with enough packing material to prevent damage tothe inner carton. In all cases, affix a permit for shippinglive insects in a conspicuous place on the outside of theshipping container.In recent months, regulations concerning theshipment of dead specimens has changed markedly. Thisis largely in response to concerns about trade in rare orendangered species and "wildlife". Previously, mostinsects were excluded from the category of "wildlife", butrecent rules have been expanded to include insects in thisdefinition. Within the U.S. it is still possible to ship deadinsect without special permits. However, shipment of deadinsects to foreign countries (or importation of specimensfrom foreign sources) may now require the filing of U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Form 3-177. It is adviseable tocheck with Fish and Wildlife Service officials at thenearest port of entry (usually either a major airport or seaport) to find out what they require as there can be variationfrom port to port.It is recommended that all packages be marked"FRAGILE" and that a complete return address beincluded on the outside of each container. Valuablespecimens such as types should be sent registered mail.While this is more expensive than regular parcel post, itallows misdirected packages to be tracked much morereadily. It is also advisable to place a label such as "DeadInsects for Scientific Study. No Commercial Value" on theoutside of the package.Pupae or larvae shipped to be reared elsewhereshould be placed in tightly closed containers without ventholes. These insects require a minimum of air and will notsuffocate. Pupae preferably should be packed loosely inmoist (not wet) moss or similar material. Larvae should bepacked with enough food material to last until their arrival.Most beetle larvae and some caterpillars, especiallycutworms, should be isolated, since they are rathercannibalistic. To prevent excessive accumulation of frass(fecal material) and moisture, do not overload containers.Plant material held without ventilation tends to becomemoldy, especially when kept in plastic bags. For thisreason, pieces of the host plant bearing such insects asAcknowledgementsSeveral people have been very helpful in puttingtogether this revised version of the manual. I am particularlygrateful to Tami Carlow, Warren Steiner, RonHodges, John Brown, Alma Solis, Al Newton, ChrisThompson, and Dave Smith.52
ReferencesA’Brook, J. 1973. Observations on different methods ofaphid trapping. Ann. Appl. Biol. 74:263-267.Acree, F., and others. 1968. L-lactic acid: A mosquitoattractant isolated from humans. Science (Wash.,D.C.) 161:1346-1347.Acuff, V. R. 1976. Trap biases influencing mosquitocollecting. Mosq. News 36:173-196.Adkins, T. R. 1972. A modified canopy trap for collectingTabanidae (Diptera). J. Med. Entomol. 9:183-195.Adlerz, W. C. 1971. A reservoir-equipped Moericke trapfor collecting aphids. J. Econ. Entomol. 64:966-967.Akar, H. and E.A. Osgood. 1987. Emergence trap andcollecting apparatus for capture of insects emergingfrom soil. Ent. News 98(1): 35-39.Almand, L. K., and others. 1974. A collapsible truckmountedaerial net for insect sampling. Tex. Agr. Exp.Stn. Misc. Publ. 1189:1-4.Andreyev, S. V., and others. 1970. Electric light traps inresearch on the protection of plants against insectpests. Entomol. Rev. 49:290-297.Apperson, C. S., and D. G. Yows. 1976. A light trap forcollecting aquatic organisms. Mosq. News 36:205-206.Arnett, R. H. 1985. American insects. 850 pp. VanNostrand Reinhold, New York.Atkins, M. D. 1957. An interesting attractant for Priacmaserrata (LeC.) (Cupesidae: Coleoptera). Can.Entomol. 89:214-219.Azrang, M. 1976. A simple device for collecting insects.Entomol. Tidskr. 97:92-94.Baker, J. R. 1958. Principles of biological microtechnique.357 pp. Methuen, London; John Wiley, NewYork.Balogh, J. 1958. Lebensgemeinschaften der Landtiere;ihre Erforschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigungder zoozonologischen Arbeitsmethoden. 560 pp.Verlag Ungar. Akad. Wiss., Budapest; Akad. Verlag,Berlin. [In German.] An extensive compilation, with27 pp. of references.Banks, C. J. 1959. Experiments with suction traps toassess the abundance of Syrphidae (Diptera), withspecial reference to the aphidophagous species.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2:110-124.Banks, N. 1909. Directions for preserving and collectinginsects. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 67, 135 pp. Mostly ofhistorical interest, but describes well the old methodsand contains much general information about insects.Banks, W. A., and others. 1981. Techniques for collecting,rearing, and handling imported fire ants. U.S.Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv., AAT-S-21, 9 pp.Barber, H. S. 1931. Traps for cave-inhabiting insects. J.Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 46:259-266, pl. 23.Barber, M. C., and R. W. Matthews. 1979. Utilization oftrap nests by the pipe-organ muddauber, TrypargilumTechniques and Toolspolitum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ann. Entomol.Soc. Am. 72:258-262.Barnard, D. R. 1979. A vehicle-mounted insect trap. Can.Entomol. 111:851-854.__________ and M. S. Mulla. 1977. A non-attractivesampling device for collection of adult mosquitoes.Mosq. News 37:142-144.Barnes, H. F. 1941. Sampling for leather jackets withorthodichlorobenzene emulsion. Ann. Appl. Biol.28:23-28.Barnes, R. D. 1974. Invertebrate zoology. Ed. 3, 870 pp.W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.Barr, A. R., and others. 1963. Evaluation of some factorsaffecting the efficiency of light traps in collectingmosquitoes. J. Econ. Entomol. 56:123-127.Barrett, J. R., Jr., H. O. Deay, and J. G. Hartsock. 1971.Striped and spotted cucumber beetle response toelectric light traps. J. Econ. Entomol. 64:413-416.Barrowclough, G. F. 1992. Systematics, biodiversity, andconservation biology. pp. 121-143. In, N. Eldredge ed.Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis.Columbia University Press, New York. 220pp.Bartnett, R. E., and R. G. Stephenson. 1968. Effect ofmechanical barrier mesh size on light trap collectionin Harris County, Texas. Mosq. News 28:108.Batiste, W. C., and W. Joos. 1972. Codling moth: A newpheromone trap. J. Econ. Entomol. 65:1741-1742.Beatty, G. H., and A. F. Beatty. 1963. Efficiency in caringfor large Odonata collections. Proc. N.C. BranchEntomol. Soc. Am. 18:149-153.Beaudry, J. R. 1954. A simplification of Hubbell's methodfor trapping and preserving specimens ofCeuthophilus (Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae). Can.Entomol. 86:121-122.Beavers, J. B., and others. 1972. Synthetic attractants forsome dipteran species. J. Econ. Entomol. 65:1740-1741.Belkin, J. N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific(Diptera Culicidae). 2 v. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.V. 1 includes introduction on methods.Bellamy, R. E., and W. C. Reeves.1952. A portablemosquito bait trap. Mosq. News 12:256-258.Belton, P. 1962. Effects of sound on insect behavior. Proc.Entomol. Soc. Manitoba 18:22-30.__________ and R. H. Kempster. 1963. Some factorsaffecting the catches of Lepidoptera in light traps.Can. Entomol. 95:832-837.__________ and A. Pucat. 1967. A comparison ofdifferent lights in traps for Culicoides (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae). Can. Entomol. 99:267-272.Beroza, M. 1970. Current usage and some recent developmentswith insect attractants and repellents in theUSDA. In Beroza, M., ed., Chemicals controllinginsect behavior, pp. 145-163. Academic Press, NewYork.__________ 1972. Attractants and repellents for insectcontrol. In Pest control: Strategies for the future, pp.53
Page 1 and 2: Techniques and ToolsCOLLECTING AND
Page 3 and 4: 5.6 - Placing the Labels...........
Page 5 and 6: the insects, using nets, aspirators
Page 7 and 8: grooves as deep and as wide as the
Page 9 and 10: flammable and should not be used ne
Page 11 and 12: Bradbury & Morrison 1975; Clifford
Page 13 and 14: attracted to the light and humidity
Page 15 and 16: Techniques and ToolsHeathcote 1957;
Page 17 and 18: specimens may be badly rubbed or to
Page 19 and 20: pulled, a spring-loaded canopy is s
Page 21 and 22: & Savage 1967; Davidson & Swan 1933
Page 23 and 24: foods also require very little mois
Page 25 and 26: depends on the kind of insect or mi
Page 27 and 28: group to another. For example, spid
Page 29 and 30: most convenient; clear plastic sand
Page 31 and 32: or placed on triangles after this t
Page 33 and 34: place the tip of the minuten with t
Page 35 and 36: with minuten through the thorax wit
Page 37 and 38: hindmargin of the forewings should
Page 39 and 40: now in use at most museums and othe
Page 41 and 42: pellets in about 10 ml of water may
Page 43 and 44: to see if there is movement of the
Page 45 and 46: wings carefully with a fine brush o
Page 47 and 48: 5.5 - Label DataThe indispensable d
Page 49 and 50: oxes are available in sizes made to
Page 51: mens to prevent them from rotating
Page 55 and 56: methods, pt. 11, Notes on collectin
Page 57 and 58: Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69:287-288.G
Page 59 and 60: Jacobson, M. 1972. Insect sex phero
Page 61 and 62: collection and rearing container fo
Page 63 and 64: possible host stimulant to mosquito
Page 65 and 66: Townes, H. K. 1972. A light weight
Page 67 and 68: AppendixFormulas Distilled water sh

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