Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags - Save The ...

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Figure C.6.2The lifecycle of the HDPE bag with a prodegradant additive.Figure C.6.3The lifecycle of the starch-polyester blend bag.Secondary packaging (SP)LDPE film4.42 gramsSingle wallcorrugatedcardboard201.52 gramsKraft paper3,444.84 grams Supermarket &TransportConsumer use16-32t Lorry65.01 bags65.01 bags & SP3,588.37 grams3,794.31 gramsFilm 4.42 gramsGlue1200kmCard 201.52 grams93.3 gramsMunicipal waste65.01 bags3,588.37 gramsFilm 4.42 gramsCard 45.75 gramsIncineration(14%)9.1 bags502.37 gramsFilm 0.62 gramsCard 6.41 gramsInk & dye50.24 gramsRecycling card(77.3%)155.78 gramsAvoided coreboard124.62 gramsLandfill(86%)55.91 bags3,086 gramsFilm 3.8 gramsCard 39.34 gramsKeyExtraction/production ofraw materialsProductionprocessesTransportRecycling &avoidedproductsEnd-of-lifeExcludedprocess/materialFigure C.6.4The lifecycle of the paper bag.98 Environment Agency Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags
LDPE1802.82 gramsTransport16-32t Lorry1,898.72 grams300kmBag manufacture(Turkey)Turkish grid electricity1.7792 kwhHeat 2.743 MJTransportFreight ship54.61 bags & SP2,048.15 grams5,000kmTransportFreight rail54.61 bags & SP2,048.15 grams280kmLLDPE38.36 gramsTitanium oxide57.54 gramsInk19.18 gramsRecyclingRejectedproducts9.55 gramsAvoided LDPE8.59 gramsSecondary packaging (SP)Single wallcorrugatedcardboard139.8 gramsTransport16-32t Lorry54.61 bags & SP2,048.15 grams200kmSupermarket &Consumer use60.68 bags2,120.39 gramsCard 155.33 gramsMunicipal waste60.68 bags2,120.39 gramsCard 35.25 gramsIncineration(14%)8.50 bags296.85 gramsCard 4.93 gramsLDPE200.32 gramsLLDPE4.26 gramsTransport16-32t Lorry204.58 grams100kmTransportFreight ship210.97 grams500kmInk2.13 gramsBag manufacture(China)Chinese grid electricity0.1977 kwhHeat 0.3048 MJSecondary packaging (SP)Single wallcorrugatedcardboard15.53 gramsTransport16-32t Lorry6.07 bags & SP227.57 grams100kmTransport16-32t Lorry6.07 bags & SP227.57 grams200kmRecycling card(77.3%)120.08 gramsAvoided coreboard109.13 gramsLandfill(86%)52.18 bags1,823.54 gramsCard 30.32 gramsKeyTitanium oxide6.39 gramsTransport16-32t Lorry6.39 grams200kmRecyclingRejectedproducts1.06 gramsTransportFreight ship6.07 bags & SP227.57 grams15,000kmTransportFreight rail6.07 bags & SP227.57 grams280kmExtraction/productionof raw materialsProduction processesRecycling & avoidedproductsEnd-of-lifeAvoided LDPE0.95 gramsTransportExcluded process/materialFigure C.6.5The lifecycle of the LDPE bag.99 Environment Agency Life Cycle Assessment of Supermarket Carrier Bags
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The study found that:• The enviro
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4.2 Bag production processes ......
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1.2.1 Supermarket carrier bags stud
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2 Goal definitionThe international
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3 Scope3.1 Function of the product
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are either elemental flows 15 or ma
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assumed that 40 per cent of the lig
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The generation of electricity from
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liners for lightweight bags. The IP
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Several substitute materials were a
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Table 4.3The transport scenarios fo
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We therefore calculated that 40.3 p
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5.1 Global warming potentialThe GWP
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eduction in the GWP of the paper ba
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The reuse of HDPE carrier bags as b
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10080Avoided products fromconsumer
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contributed significantly to all im
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Table 5.6The environmental impact o
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Percentage of impact (%)9070503010A
Page 47 and 48: the starch-polyester bag is because
Page 49 and 50: these changes alter the impacts of
Page 51 and 52: However, recycling increases fresh
Page 53 and 54: 7 Discussion7.1 Comparison with oth
Page 55 and 56: The ratios of material per litre ca
Page 57 and 58: This study does not compare the rea
Page 59 and 60: 8 Conclusions8.1 Conclusions relate
Page 61 and 62: • The paper, LDPE, non-woven PP a
Page 63 and 64: Nolan-ITU. 2003. The impacts of deg
Page 65 and 66: A.1 IntroductionLife cycle assessme
Page 67 and 68: the formation of photochemical oxid
Page 69 and 70: A.3 Plastic Shopping Bags - Analysi
Page 71 and 72: must be highlighted that due to the
Page 73 and 74: The functional unit for the study w
Page 75 and 76: A.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of
Page 77 and 78: Annex B - A study of carrier bagwei
Page 79 and 80: Four questions were asked during th
Page 81 and 82: prodegradant bags) had a capacity o
Page 83 and 84: use bag as prodegradant or non prod
Page 85 and 86: Annex C - Description of inventoryd
Page 87 and 88: Specific data for polymer productio
Page 89 and 90: The production of glue for the pape
Page 91 and 92: generation of heat from heavy fuel
Page 93 and 94: The modelling of leachate emissions
Page 95 and 96: emissions over 150 years and specie
Page 97: C.6 Lifecycle diagramsFigure C.6.1T
Page 101 and 102: Weström, P. and Löfgren, C., 2005
Page 103 and 104: Abiotic depletionWhat is it? This i
Page 105 and 106: Annex E - Peer review comments105 E
Page 107 and 108: play a role in carrier bag use and
Page 109 and 110: double count. A bag, made of recycl
Page 111 and 112: The weight represents the total amo
Page 113 and 114: good alternative of the HDPE bag fo
Page 115 and 116: 16 February 2010Comment 2.5.3 - Imp
Page 117 and 118: Comment 2.5.8 - LDPE carrier bag (s
Page 119: There are also a number of comments
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