International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)

Partners in ICG 

Centre of Excellence – 

International Centre for 

Geohazards (ICG) 

Annual Report - 2009 

20031103-7 31 March 2010 

Client: The Research Council of Norway 

Contact person: Are Birger Carlson 

Contract reference: SFF – ICG 146035/420 

For the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 

Report prepared by: 

Postal address: P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadion, N-0806 OSLO, NORWAY Telephone: (+47) 22 02 30 00 Postal account: 0814 51 60643 

Street address: Sognsveien 72, OSLO Telefax: (+47) 22 23 04 48 Bank account: 5096 05 01281 

Internet: http://www.ngi.no e -mail: ngi@ngi.no Business No. 958 254 318 MVA 

BS EN ISO 9001, Certified by BSI, Registration No. FS 32989 

Suzanne Lacasse 

Managing Director 

Farrokh Nadim 

Director, ICG 

Reviewed by: Suzanne Lacasse 

Bjørn Kalsnes

International Centre for Geohazards Report No.: 20031103-7 

Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 

Annual Report - 2009 Rev. date: 

Page: 2 

Summary 

The "International Centre for Geohazards" (ICG) is one the 13 Centres of Excellence 

(Senter for Fremragende Forskning, SFF) established by The Research Council of 

Norway (RCN) in 2003. The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) is the host 

organisation for ICG. Partners in the centre are the University of Oslo (UiO), the 

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NORSAR, and the 

Geological Survey of Norway (NGU). 

Results and activities in 2009 

The research plan was followed and the goals set for the year were achieved. With 

respect to four major goals of ICG, a) in-kind contribution from the partners, b) 

complementary projects from the industry, c) number of PhD candidates, and d) 

international networking, the results have exceeded by far the goals and expectations. 

The focus of ICG’s research in 2009 was on: 

- Assessment of the risks associated with geohazards to individuals and society. 

- Development and improvement of methods for modelling the mechanical processes 

underlying the physical phenomena of different geohazards and for evaluating 

the consequences of geohazards. 

- Geohazards prevention and risk mitigation strategies. 

- Collaborative research efforts with European partners in European Commission’s 

7 th Framework Programme (FP7). 

- Graduate university programmes on geohazards at UiO and NTNU 

Joint workshops, seminars, and project meetings contributed to further enhance the 

good collaboration among the five partners. 

The large-scale integrating project SafeLand (Living with landslide risk in Europe: 

Assessment, effects of global change and risk management strategies) within FP7 

started in May 2009. ICG is the coordinator of this project, which has 27 European 

partners and several international partners from USA and Asia. 

There is considerable interest and enthusiasm about the activities of ICG, both in 

Norway and abroad. 

Challenges for 2010 

The overall research plan remains essentially unchanged. The main challenges foreseen 

for 2010 include: 

Finding complementary funding sources to maintain the high activity level at ICG 

through the end of 2012. 

Research on complex issues such as vulnerability and risk assessment, tsunami runup 

estimation, disintegration of material during sliding, rainfall-induced landslides, 

earthquake response, etc. 

Identification of the niches where the combined expertise of ICG partners could be 

put into practical use on the international arena. 

Networking with centres of expertise who work on the societal aspects of the risk 

associated with geohazards. 

Further work on identifying the most appropriate strategies for geohazards 

prevention and risk mitigation. 

f:\p\2003\11\20031103\icg annual reports\2009-annual-report\icg-annual_report7_2009.doc FNa/tha


Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 3 

Implementing the achievements made at ICG in practical use within the partner 

organisations. 

Attracting PhD candidates, post-docs and guest researchers to Norway. 

Active participation in the research programmes on natural hazards and risk 

management in the 7 th Frame Programme. 

Running and planning new international conferences, seminars and workshops. 

Increased publication in highly respected scientific journals. 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 4 

Contents 

1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 5 

2 ORGANISATION OF ICG ......................................................................................................... 5 

3 ACTIVITIES OF ICG’S STEERING COMMITTEE ................................................................ 9 

4 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF ICG IN 2009 ........................................................................... 9 

4.1 Core research activities ..................................................................................................... 9 

4.2 The FP7 Project SafeLand .............................................................................................. 10 

4.3 Earthquake triggered landslides in southern Chile / Patagonia ....................................... 13 

5 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, AND OTHER ICG 

ACTIVITIES IN 2009 ............................................................................................................... 15 

5.1 ICG Publications in 2009 ................................................................................................ 15 

5.2 Workshops and international contacts ............................................................................ 15 

5.3 Web site........................................................................................................................... 16 

6 DOCTORAL CANDIDATES AND GUEST RESEARCHERS IN 2009 ................................ 17 

7 ACCOUNTING 2009................................................................................................................ 18 

7.1 Cash funding (kNOK) ..................................................................................................... 18 

7.2 In kind (kNOK) ............................................................................................................... 19 

7.3 Total (kNOK) .................................................................................................................. 19 

8 PLANNED ACTIVITIES AND BUDGET FOR 2010 ............................................................. 19 

8.1 Research Projects and Education .................................................................................... 19 

8.2 International networking ................................................................................................. 19 

8.3 EU projects in the 7 th Framework Programme ................................................................ 20 

8.4 IPCC work....................................................................................................................... 20 

8.5 Organising conferences and workshops in 2010 ............................................................. 20 

8.6 ICG budget for 2010 ....................................................................................................... 21 

Appendix A – ICG Publications in 2009 

Review and reference document 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 5 

1 BACKGROUND 

The "International Centre for Geohazards" (ICG) is a Centre of Excellence 

(Senter for Fremragende Forskning, SFF) established by the Research Council 

of Norway in 2003. The Norwegian Centres of Excellence scheme is designed 

to stimulate Norwegian research groups to set up centres devoted to long-term 

basic research. The intention is to raise the quality of Norwegian research and 

bring more researchers and research groups up to a high international standard. 

ICG is a consortium of five partners. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) 

is the host organisation for ICG. Other partners in the centre are University of 

Oslo (UiO), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 

NORSAR, and Geological Survey of Norway (NGU). The consortium may be 

expanded with "associated partners" subject to agreement by all five main partners. 

ICG’s objective is to be an international centre of expertise on basic and 

applied research on geo-related natural hazards (geohazards), such as landslides, 

earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the frameworks and methodologies 

developed for the assessment of hazard, vulnerability and risk may also be 

applied for other types of threats. The main aim of ICG is to develop 

knowledge that can help save lives and reduce damage to infrastructure and the 

environment. Another aim is to train graduate students and highly-qualified 

researchers from Norway and abroad. 

ICG prioritised international networking, and its status of “Centre of 

Excellence” contributed to opening many doors. In 2008, ICG was awarded the 

status of “World Centre of Excellence” in Japan, by the International 

Consortium for Landslides. 

2 ORGANISATION OF ICG 

ICG has its own Board of Directors (Steering Committee). Each of the ICG 

partners, NGI, NTNU, UiO, NORSAR and NGU, has a representative on the 

Steering Committee. In addition, the Steering Committee has at least one 

external representative from Norway and one international representative. The 

Research Council of Norway may also appoint a member to the Steering Committee. 

ICG has associated partners, e.g. University of Tromsø, but they do not 

have a representative on the Steering Committee. As the host organisation, 

NGI appointed the director of ICG, and NGI’s representative is the chairman of 

the Steering Committee. 

The activities of the ICG are grouped into three categories: 

1. Research projects 

2. Training and education 

3. International networking and dissemination of information 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 6 

The organisation chart and the project chart of ICG are shown on the following 

pages. The ICG projects and other ICG activities are elaborated further later in 

the report. 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 7 

Board of Directors 

Prof. Kaare Høeg (UiO/NGI), Chairman Prof. Herbert Einstein (MIT) 

Dr Øystein Nordgulen (NGU) Prof. Steinar Nordal (NTNU) 

Prof. Andreas Kääb (UiO) Hallvard Berg (NVE) 

Anders Dahle (NORSAR) Tor-Inge Tjelta (Statoil) 

ICG Project 1 

Project Manager 

Researchers 

Students 

Technical Adviser 

Prof. Kaare Høeg 



Researchers 

Students 

Organisation chart of ICG as of 31 December 2009 



Researchers 

Students 

NGI 

Suzanne Lacasse 

Managing Director 

Dr. Farrokh Nadim, Director 

Bjørn Kalsnes, Deputy Director 

Tini van der Harst, Administrative Assistant 

ICG Research Projects and Themes 



Researchers 

Students 



Researchers 

Students 

International Scientific Advisors 

Prof. Gholamreza Mesri (U.of Illinois) 

Prof. Herbert H. Einstein (MIT) 

Prof. Steven Kramer (U. of Washington) 

Prof. Kok-Kwang Phoon (Nat. U. of Singapore) 

Theme A - Theme Coordinator Theme B - Theme Coordinator Theme C - Theme Coordinator 

ICG Project N 


f:\p\2003\11\20031103\icg annual reports\2009-annual-report\icg-annual_report7_2009.doc FNa/tha 

Researchers 

Students


Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 8 

ICG Project Project Managers Post-docs & Guest Researchers 

Risk and vulnerability analysis for geohazards Dr Suzanne Lacasse (NGI) Zhihong Li, Mona Khaleghy-Rad 

Earthquakes – hazard, risk and loss estimation Prof. Hilmar Bungum (NORSAR) Dr Daniela Kühn, Filippo Marchi 

Stability of rock slopes Dr Reginald Hermanns (NGU) 

Geomechanical modelling Prof. Steinar Nordal (NTNU) Ariane Locat 

Offshore geohazards Dr Maarten Vanneste (NGI) Cody Jones, Jean-Sébastien L'Heureux, Guillaume Sauvin 

Slope instability assessment and hazard zonation Dr Kalle Kronholm (NGI) Mads-Peter Dahl, Maria Mammoliti 

Tsunami modelling and prediction Dr Carl Harbitz (NGI) Dr Sara Bazin, Dr Gunilla Kaiser 

Monitoring, remote sensing and early warning systems Prof. Andreas Kääb (UiO) Dr Regula Frauenfelder, Florian Köllner, Alexandre Tourette 

PhD-candidates at UiO & NTNU: 

Maj Gøril Glåmen (NTNU) 

Guro Grøneng (NTNU) 

Harald Iwe (UiO) 

Trond Nordvik (NTNU) 

Bård Romsdal (UiO) 

Samson Degago (NTNU) 

Anders Gylland (NTNU) 

Annika Bihs (NTNU) 

Magnus Sparrevik (NTNU) 

Håkon Heyerdahl (UiO) 

Misganu Debella Gilo (UiO) 

Hom Nath Gharti (UiO) 

Rolv Bredesen (UiO) 

David Unteregger (NTNU) 

Martina Böhme (NTNU) 

Technical Adviser 

Prof. Kaare Høeg 

Project chart of ICG as of 31 December 2009 

Dr. Farrokh Nadim, Director 

Bjørn Kalsnes, Deputy Director 

Tini van der Harst, Administrative Assistent 

Themes covering several projects Theme Coordinator 

Geophysics for geohazards 

Prevention and mitigation of geohazards 

ICG-affiliated PhD-candidates in other 

universities than UiO and NTNU: 

Chang Shin Gue (Cambridge Univ., UK) 

Sook Ling Lee (Cambridge Univ., UK) 

Tom Rune Lauknes (Univ. of Tromsø) 

Dr Isabelle Lecomte (NORSAR) 

Dr Farrokh Nadim (NGI) 

PhDs awarded in 2009: 

Hedda Breien (UiO) 

José Cepeda (UiO) 

Gunnstein Sælevik (UiO) 

Gustav Grimstad (NTNU) 

Jean-Sébastien L'Heureux (NTNU) 

International Scientific Advisors 

Prof. Gholamreza Mesri (U.of Illinois) 

Prof. Herbert H. Einstein (MIT) 

Prof. Steven Kramer (U. of Washington) 

Prof. Kok-Kwang Phoon (Nat. U. of Singapore 

Professors from Norway active in ICG: 

Anders Elverhøi (UiO) 

Bernd Etzelmüller (UiO) 

Leiv-Jacob Gelius (UiO) 

Bjørn Gjevik (UiO) 

Lars Grande (NTNU) 

Svein Hamran (UiO) 

Kaare Høeg (UiO) 

Andreas Kääb (UiO) 

Hans Petter Langtangen (UiO) 

Terje Midtbø (NTNU) 

Farrokh Nadim (NTNU & UiO) 

Bjørn Nilsen (NTNU) 

Steinar Nordal (NTNU) 

Geir Kleivstul Pedersen (UiO) 

Hans Petter Jostad (NTNU) 

Thomas Benz (NTNU) 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 9 

3 ACTIVITIES OF ICG’S STEERING COMMITTEE 

The main responsibility of ICG’s Steering Committee is to set the priorities in 

the yearly research plans. The Steering Committee also acts as a technical 

advisor to the Director of ICG. 

The Steering Committee shall also discuss and deal with 

annual budget 

annual technical report(s) 

annual financial report 

The annual technical and financial report (this document) is prepared by the 

Director of the Centre and delivered to the Managing Director of NGI, who is 

responsible for reporting the activities of ICG to The Research Council of 

Norway. 

The ICG Steering Committee is composed of: 

Prof. Kaare Høeg (UiO/NGI), Chairman 

Dr Øystein Nordgulen (NGU) 

Prof. Andreas Kääb (UiO) 

Mr Anders Dahle (NORSAR) 

Prof. Steinar Nordal (NTNU) 

Mr Hallvard Berg (NVE) 

Mr Tor-Inge Tjelta (Statoil) 

Prof. Herbert Einstein (MIT, USA) 

The Steering Committee held 2 meetings in 2009: 

Meeting No. 1/09: 23 March 2009 

Meeting No. 2/09: 4 December 2009 

The following meetings in 2010 are planned: 

Meeting No. 1/10: 26 March 2010 

Meeting No. 2/10: 3 December 2010 

One of the main topics of discussion for the ICG Steering Committee in 2010 

is the evaluation of different models for ICG’s future after 2012. 

4 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF ICG IN 2009 

4.1 Core research activities 

ICG divided its technical activities in 2009 into eight projects, and significant 

progress was done on each: 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 10 

Risk and vulnerability analysis for geohazards 

Earthquakes – hazard, risk and loss estimation 

Stability of rock slopes 

Geomechanical modelling 

Offshore geohazards 

Slope instability assessment and hazard zonation 

Tsunami modelling and prediction 

Monitoring, remote sensing and early warning systems 

In addition to these projects, two "themes" that involve several projects were 

given high priority, and a Theme Coordinator was designated for streamlining 

the lateral cooperation among the technical projects in each theme: 

Applications of geophysics to geohazards 

Prevention and mitigation of geohazards 

Detailed information about the ICG technical projects and themes is available 

on the ICG web site www.geohazards.no. 

In 2009 the partners in the ICG were involved in several high profile national 

and international projects. Two of these projects are presented below. 

4.2 The FP7 Project SafeLand 

Statistics from The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 

(CRED) show that, on average, landslides are responsible for a small 

percentage of all fatalities from natural hazards worldwide. The socioeconomic 

impact of landslides is underestimated because landslides are usually 

not separated from other natural hazard triggers, such as extreme precipitation, 

earthquakes or floods. This underestimation contributes to reducing the 

awareness and concern of both authorities and general public about landslide 

risk. In the last century, according to the EM-DAT data base 16,000 people 

have lost their lives because of landslides and the material losses amounted to 

over USD 1700 mill. in Europe during the 20th century (see Fig. 4.1). The 

actual casualty figures shown below are likely to be greatly underestimated in 

the EM-DAT because events with less than 10 persons killed are not reported. 

Furthermore, the number of people affected by landslides is much larger than 

reported. For example in Italy, while about 500 people have been killed by 

landslides over the past 25 years, the total number of persons impacted is 50 

times that number. 

As a consequence of climate change and increase in exposure in many parts of 

the world, the risk associated with landslides is growing. In areas with high 

demographic density, protection works often cannot be built because of 

economic or environmental constraints, and is it not always possible to 

evacuate people because of societal reasons. One needs to forecast the 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 11 

occurrence of landslide and the hazard and risk associated with them. Climate 

change, increased susceptibility of surface soil to instability, anthropogenic 

activities, growing urbanisation, uncontrolled land-use and increased 

vulnerability of population and infrastructure as a result, contribute to the 

growing landslide risk. According to the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection 

(COM232/2006), landslides are one of the main eight threats to European soils. 

Water has a major role in triggering of landslides. 

Fig. 4.1 Number of fatalities (left) and cost of damage (right) caused by 

landslides 1903 to 2004. Source: EM-DAT – The OFDA/CRED 

International Disaster database. 

The project SafeLand (Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects 

of global change, and risk management strategies) is a Large-scale integrating 

Collaborative research project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme 

for research and technological development (FP7) of the European 

Commission. Thematically the project belongs to Cooperation Theme 6 

Environment (including climate change), Sub-Activity 6.1.3 Natural Hazards. 

The project team, which comprises 27 organisations from 13 European 

countries, is coordinated by ICG. 

SafeLand will develop generic quantitative risk assessment and management 

tools and strategies for landslides at local, regional, European and societal 

scales and establish the baseline for the risk associated with landslides in 

Europe, to improve our ability to forecast landslide hazard and detect hazard 

and risk zones. The scientific work packages in SafeLand are organised in five 

Areas: 

Area 1 focuses on improving the knowledge on triggering mechanisms, 

processes and thresholds, including climate-related and anthropogenic 

triggers (e.g. the quick-clay slide at Kattmarksvegen, Namsos, see Fig. 

4.1) and on run-out models in landslide hazard assessment; 

Area 2 harmonises quantitative risk assessment methodologies for 

different spatial scales, looking into uncertainties, vulnerability, 

landslide susceptibility, landslide frequency, and identifying hotspots in 

Europe with higher landslide hazard and risk; 

Area 3 focuses on future climate change scenarios and changes in 

demography and infrastructure, resulting in the evolution of hazard and 

risk in Europe at selected hotspots; 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 12 

Area 4 addresses the technical and practical issues related to monitoring 

and early warning for landslides, and identifies the best technologies 

available both in the context of hazard assessment and in the context of 

design of early warning systems; 

Area 5 provides a toolbox of risk mitigation strategies and guidelines 

for choosing the most appropriate risk management strategy. 

Maintaining the database of case studies, dissemination of the project results, 

and project management and coordination are defined in Work Packages 6, 7 

and 8. 

Fig. 4.2 Quick-clay slide triggered by road construction activities at 

Kattmarksvegen, Namsos, Norway, on 13 March 2009. 

The growing hazard and risk, the need to protect people and property, the 

expected climate change and the reality for society in Europe to live with 

hazard and risk and the need to manage risk are the reasons for the project 

consortium to carry out the SafeLand Research. SafeLand has for objectives to: 

1. Provide policy-makers, public administrators, researchers, scientists, 

educators and other stakeholders with an improved harmonised 

framework and methodology for the assessment and quantification of 

landslide risk in Europe's regions; 

2. evaluate the changes in risk pattern caused by climate change, human 

activity and policy changes; and 

3. provide guidelines for choosing the most appropriate risk management 

strategies, including risk mitigation and prevention measures. 

SafeLand will develop and implement an integrated and comprehensive 

approach to help guide decision-making. The methodologies developed will be 

tested in selected hazard and risk "hotspots” in Europe, in turn improving 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 13 

knowledge, methodologies and integration strategies for the management of 

landslide risk. SafeLand stresses the necessity of integrating the technology 

and social aspects to ensure that the risk assessment and management strategies 

are realistic and representative of the forces at play in an actual situation. 

Global changes, due to both climate and human activity, will provide insight in 

future risk patterns. The landslide risk assessment and management strategies 

developed in the SafeLand project will be implemented to forecast future risk. 

When the research is completed, SafeLand will provide Member States with 

the means to contribute to the Soil Framework Directive, using well understood 

and commonly adopted risk assessment and management terminology and 

methodology and harmonised approaches and tools, and will have insight in the 

potential effects of global change (climatic and anthropogenic) scenarios. 

4.3 Earthquake triggered landslides in southern Chile / Patagonia 

On April 21 st , 2007, the Aysén Fjord Earthquake (Mw 6.2) in southern Chile 

triggered hundreds of landslides in the epicentral area along the fjord coast and 

surroundings (Fig. 4.3). The seismicity was associated with tectonic activity in 

the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ), a major structural feature of the region. 

The landslides included rock slides and avalanches, rock falls, shallow soil and 

soil-rock slides, and debris flows. Some of the major rock slides and rock 

avalanches caused large tsunamis that impacted the fjord coasts. 

Fig. 4.3 Distribution of landslides triggered by the April 21, 2007 Aysén 

earthquake (Sepulveda et al., in press). 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 14 

Fig. 4.4 Tectonic setting of the April 21, 2007 Aysén earthquake (red box 

corresponds to Fig. 4.3). 

Preliminary results suggest that at least two general families of NE and NW 

trending faults are present in the area. These fault systems have been active 

with changing geometries. The changes can be documented both in the mineral 

fabrics (fault deformation deeper in the crust) and the orientation of fractures 

(near surface deformation). The deformation is not concentrated along a single 

fault line but spreads over a wider area. In coincidence with deformed deposits 

not older than the last glaciations, this indicates that fault deformation is 

relatively young and ongoing today. 

The faults provide important break-away or sliding surfaces for the most 

voluminous rockslides. However, rock failures at all sites are controlled by 

multiple failure surfaces. While fault zones form large failure surfaces with 

persistence of tens to hundreds of metres, minor structures form more complex 

failure planes cutting through intact or damaged fault rock. Land- and seabased 

photogrammetric analyses of rockslide release surfaces allow one to 

estimate some properties of the displaced materials and rupture planes. The 

comparison of digital elevation models will permit computation of accurate and 

precise volume/epicentral distance relations of the rockslides. These data sets 

will be used for dynamic rock slope stability analyses. Preliminary results 

indicate that largest rockslide volumes broke away close to major fault 

structures. Areas not affected by faults have not experienced large volume 

break-offs but superficial soil slides. 

Entrainment of surface material into the rockslides can be substantial. 

Preliminary estimates of entrainment of soil and vegetation into the Punta Cola 

rock avalanche indicate that those materials comprised 15-20% of the entire 

rock avalanche volume. In addition, detailed topography using terrestrial laser 

scanning also allows understanding the sequence of sliding. Landslide deposits 

in form lobes with high soil content overlying fresh bedrock landslide debris 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 15 

suggest secondary landslides were caused by scouring of valley walls by 

rockslides with high mobility (Fig. 4.5). 

Fig. 4.5 Soil rich landslide deposits in form of a lobe (in the foreground of 

photo) in the run-out area of the Punta Cola rock avalanche indicate 

that scouring by the highly mobile rock avalanche along valley walls 

caused secondary landslides contributing significantly to the total 

landslide volume. The terrestrial laser scanner point cloud (right) 

with similar view as the photograph (left) reveals the morphology of 

the different deposits, including the soil rich lobe deposited onto the 

rock avalanche deposits. 

5 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, AND OTHER 

ICG ACTIVITIES IN 2009 

5.1 ICG Publications in 2009 

The ICG Publication List for 2009 is given in Appendix A. 

5.2 Workshops and international contacts 

ICG organised two workshops in 2009: 

Workshop on Seabed Sediment Pore Pressure: Genesis, Measurement 

and Implication for Design/Analysis, 24-25 March, Oslo. 

Workshop on Geomechanical Modelling, 31 August & 1 September, 

Trondheim. 

The first workshop was an International event co-sponsored by the National 

Science Foundation. About 50 participants from Europe, North America, Asia 

and Australia participated in the workshop. In addition to representatives from 

the academia and industry, 12 PhD-candidates were among the participants. 

The second workshop was organised by NTNU at Teveltunet near Trondheim. 

The workshop gathered more than 20 PhD candidates and professionals for two 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 16 

days to discuss the computational mechanics issues related to the ICG activities 

in geomechanics. 

Regarding international activities, NGI/ICG continued work on its regional 

network programme in Asia, which aims to increase the local competence in 

managing risks associated with different types of landslides. NORSAR/ICG 

continued work on the RESIS programme in Central America. RESIS aims at 

assessing the risk associated with earthquakes in several urban areas and road 

networks in Central America. 

Several projects in Asia aiming at increasing the local competence in managing 

risks associated with tsunamis continued in 2009. These projects involved the 

ICG partners NGI, NORSAR and UiO. These projects have also involved a 

stronger research related focus on vulnerability issues on a local scale. 

The ICG partners NORSAR and NGI are involved in several institutional cooperation 

projects in India and Pakistan with focus on problems related to 

earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis. 

Under the leadership of NGU, the ICG project on rockslides started 

collaboration with several organisations in South American countries where 

rockslides represent a major geohazards. An example of such collaboration in 

Chile is presented in Section 4.3 of this report. 

The most important new international activity of ICG in 2009 was the start-up 

of the large, integrating project SafeLand within the European Commission’s 

7 th Framework Programme. The SafeLand project is described in Section 4.2 of 

this report. 

5.3 Web site 

The web site of ICG is www.geohazards.no. The web site is being redesigned 

and it is the main channel for disseminating information about ICG to the 

general public, as well as the specialists. 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 17 

6 DOCTORAL CANDIDATES AND GUEST RESEARCHERS IN 2009 

So far 12 candidates have completed their PhD studies with support of ICG (3 

in 2007, 4 in 2008 and 5 in 2009). The first table below presents the list of PhD 

candidates with studies underway or completed in 2009. ICG counted 24 

candidates at the end of 2009, and five among them completed their PhD in 

2009. 

The second table lists the post-doctoral researchers and other guest who spent 

extended research period at ICG in 2009: four post-docs, one visiting professor 

and 10 visiting researchers, most of whom are completing their PhD’s. 

ICG’s PhD-candidates in 2009 

Name Nationality University Financial source ICG Project 

Maj Gøril Glåmen Norway NTNU NTNU Risk & vulnerability 

Guro Grøneng Norway NTNU ICG Rockslides 

Harald Iwe Norway UiO NGI/ICG Monitoring, RS & GIT 

Bård Romstad Norway UiO UiO/ICG Monitoring, RS & GIT 

Trond Nordvik Norway NTNU NTNU Monitoring, RS & GIT 

Jean-Sébastien Canada NTNU NTNU/Vegvesenet/ Offshore geohazards 

L’Heureux* 

Gustav Grimstad* Norway NTNU NTNU Geomechanics 

Samson Degago Ethiopia NTNU NTNU Geomechanics 

Anders Gylland Norway NTNU ICG/NTNU Geomechanics 

Annika Bihs Germany NTNU NTNU Geomechanics 

Magnus Sparrevik Sweden NTNU NGI Risk & vulnerability 

Håkon Heyerdahl Norway UiO NGI Slope instability 

Hedda Breien* Norway UiO Vista Programme Offshore geohazards 

José Cepeda* El Salvador UiO ICG / Quota Prog. Slope instability 

Misganu Debella Gilo Ethiopia UiO UiO Monitoring, RS & GIT 

Hom Nath Gharti Nepal UiO UiO Earthquake risk 

Tom Rune Lauknes Norway UiT ICG/NORUT/NRS Monitoring, RS & GIT 

Chang Shin Gue Malaysia Cambridge 

Univ., UK 

NGI/ICG Offshore geohazards 

Sook Ling Lee Malaysia Cambridge NGI/ICG Offshore geohazards 

Univ., UK 

Rolv Bredesen Norway UiO UiO / Simula Tsunamis 

Gunnstein Sælevik* Norway UiO UiO Tsunamis 

Håkon Heyerdahl Norway UiO NGI Slope instability 

David Unteregger Austria NTNU NTNU Geomechanics 

Martina Böhme Germany NTNU NGU / NTNU Rockslides 

* PhD thesis successfully defended and doctoral degree awarded in 2009. 


ICG


Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 18 

Post-doctoral and guest researchers at ICG in 2009 

Position Name Nationality Academic 

degree 

Financial source 

Post-doc. Dr Daniela Kühn Germany Ph.D. NORSAR 

Post-doc. Dr Regula Frauenfelder Switzerland Ph.D. NGI 

Post-doc. 

Dr Jean-Sébastien 

L’Heureux 

Canada Ph.D. ICG/NGU 

Post-doc. Dr Sara Bazin France Ph.D. IPGP / ICG 

Visiting 

professor 

Dr Gunilla Kaiser Germany Ph.D. Univ. of Kiel 

Guest 

researcher 

Ariane Locat Canada MSc ICG 

Guest 

researcher 

Mads-Peter Dahl Denmark MSc Roskilde Univ. 

Guest 

Andreas Drexel Austria MSc EU-ERASMUS 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Guest 

researcher 

Mona Khaleghy Rad 

Iran / 

Canada 

MSc ICG 

Zhihong Li China MSc China / ICG 

Cody Jones USA MSc NSF 

Guillaume Sauvin France MSc ICG 

Filippo Marchi Portugal MSc ICG / U. Bologna 

Maria Mammoliti Italy MSc ICG 

Florian Köllner Germany MSc ICG 

Alexandre Tourette France MSc ICG 

7 ACCOUNTING 2009 

7.1 Cash funding (kNOK) 

The numbers below are minimum estimates. The actual cash funding from ICG 

partners and other industrial sources are greater. 

Activity 

RCN NGI 

Funding 

SUM 

NGU/NORSAR/ 

UiO/NTNU 

Other/ 

Industrial 

Technical Projects 11,210 5,000 5,000 5,500 26,710 

Non-technical activities 1,390 500 500 - 2,390 

Administration & Steering 

Committee meetings 

1,400 500 - 

- 

1,900 

Total 14,000 6,000 5,500 5,500 31,000 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 19 

7.2 In kind (kNOK) 

The numbers below are minimum estimates. The actual numbers are higher. 

Contribution NGI NGU NTNU UiO NORSAR Sum “In 

kind” 

Personnel 2,000 200 0 * 0 * 200 2,400 

IT 500 500 100 100 500 1,700 

Office spaces 2,000 600 500 500 300 3,900 

Laboratory/Equipment 500 50 100 100 100 850 

Project work / 

proposals/ etc. 

1,000 200 500 500 700 2,900 

Stipend to PhD- 900 130 1,900 1,300 - 4,230 

candidates 

TOTAL 6,900 1,680 3,100 2,500 1,800 15,980 

* Included in "Project work / proposals/ etc." 

7.3 Total (kNOK) 

The total funding in 2009 is therefore 46,980 kNOK, which is very close to the 

level of funding of ICG in earlier years. 

8 PLANNED ACTIVITIES AND BUDGET FOR 2010 

8.1 Research Projects and Education 

The following projects were approved for 2010 by the Board of Directors: 

Vulnerability and risk analysis for geohazards 

Earthquake hazard, risk and loss 

Stability of rock slopes 

Geomechanical modelling 

Offshore geohazards 

SafeLand issues 

Tsunami modelling and prediction 

Remote sensing, monitoring and early warning systems 

In addition, 2 cross-expertise areas that involve several projects have assigned 

"theme coordinators": 

Applications of geophysics to geohazards 

Prevention and mitigation 

The graduate (MSc and PhD) programmes initiated respectively in 2003 and 

2005 at UiO and NTNU are continuing. 

8.2 International networking 

Travels to disaster prevention and natural hazard centres in USA, China, Japan, 

India and Vietnam are planned. Active participation (lecturing) in 5-10 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 20 

international conferences is planned for 2010. In most cases, ICG 

representatives are asked to give keynote or state-of-the-art lectures. In 

particular, ICG will be presenting its work to the community “Young 

Geotechnical engineers” (criterion less than 35 years of age), the first for 

Europe (June 2010) and the second for North America (September 2010). 

8.3 EU projects in the 7 th Framework Programme 

The ICG partners had an impressive success rate in the proposals submitted to 

the 7 th Framework Programme (FP7) in topics related to geohazards. The 

following FP7 projects with strong ICG participation have already started: 

MOVE (Methods for the Improvement of Vulnerability Assessment in 

Europe) – Kick-off date: 1 October 2008. 

SafeLand (Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of 

global change and risk management strategies) – Kick-off date: 1 May 

2009. 

SHARE (Seismic Hazard Harmonization in Europe) – Kick-off date: 1 

June 2009. 

SYNER-G (Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Analysis for 

Buildings, Lifeline Networks and Infrastructures Safety Gain) – Kickoff 

date: 11 November 2009. 

In addition to the projects that are already underway, the proposal for the 

project MATRIX (New Multi-HAzard and MulTi-RIsK Assessment MethodS 

for Europe) was submitted to the European Commission on 5 Janaury 2010 and 

is being evaluated. 

8.4 IPCC work 

ICG’s Director Farrokh Nadim was nominated (by the Norwegian 

Government) and accepted (by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change, IPCC) as one of the Lead Authors of the IPCC Special Report on 

“Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate 

Change Adaptation” (SREX). Other Lead authors from Norway are Prof. 

Karen O’Brien (University of Oslo) and Dr Åsgeir Sorteberg (University of 

Bergen). The Lead Authors of SREX had their kick-off meeting in Panama 

City, Panama, 9-12 November 2009. SREX is planned to be issued in January 

2012. 

8.5 Organising conferences and workshops in 2010 

ICG is co-sponsoring the 7 th European Conference on Numerical Methods in 

Geotechnical Engineering (NUMEG) in Trondheim, 2-4 June. 

In collaboration with ICG, the Czech Geological Survey is organising three 

workshops in 2010 to assess the best strategies for the transfer of know-how 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 21 

for exploitation of the results of geological studies aimed at prediction of 

natural hazards. The first workshop was held in Prague in March, and the other 

two are planned to be held in Central America (summer 2010) and in Oslo 

(September 2010). These workshops are funded by Norwegian Financial 

Mechanism within the EEA Financial Mechanism. 

8.6 ICG budget for 2010 

The table below reflects funding from The Research Council of Norway only. 

Considerable cash and in-kind contributions from the ICG partners and other 

sources of funding come in addition to the amounts below (see Section 7). 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: - 


Page: 22 

ICG budget in 2010 based on funding from The Research Council of Norway 

Funding from 

Activity 

Research 

Council (kNOK) 

Comments SUM 

8 technical projects 9,360 See Section 8.1. 

Graduate programmes on 

geohazards 

Total for technical 

projects = kNOK 10,390 


500 

Coordination of 2 themes 530 See Section 8.1. 

IT solutions, EU Proposals, web 

site & information, conference 

participation, etc. 

810 

International networking 200 

Administration & Steering 

Committee meetings 

1,400 

Contingency 100 

Total kNOK 12,900 

Total for other activities = 

kNOK 2,510 

The total expenditure charged to the funds provided by The Research Council 

of Norway is budgeted to be kNOK 12,900 in 2010. The annual funding from 

the RCN is 12 MNOK in 2010 and 2011, and 8 MNOK in 2012. The unused 

funds from the RCN in 2009 were about kNOK 900, which have been 

transferred to the ICG budget for 2010.


Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 


Appendix A – ICG Publications in 2009 Page: A1 

Appendix A - ICG Publications in 2009 

f:\p\2003\11\20031103\icg annual reports\2009-annual-report\appa_icg-publications-2009.doc FNa/tha


Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 



NOTE: ICG Publication numbers 1 – 257 are listed in previous ICG Annual 

Reports. Some earlier references missing in the previous lists are 

included below. 

258. Zakeri, A. (2009) 

Estimating Drag Forces on Suspended and Laid-on-Seafloor Pipelines Caused 

by Clay-Rich Submarine Debris Flow Impact. 

4 th international symposium for submarine mass movement and consequences, 

November 2009. 

259. Polom, U., Vanneste, M. et al. (2009) 

Joint interpretation of shallow marine seismic, land seismic, and geotechnical 

investigations of the Nidelv delta fjord-valley fill in Trondheim, Norway 

Near Surface 2009, 15 th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering 

Geophysics, Dublin, Ireland, 7-9 September 2009. 

260. Kalle Kronholm, Knut Stalsberg, Idar Barstad, Hans-Olav Hygen, Christian 

Jaedicke, Kari Sletten, Ketil Isaksen, Asgeir Sorteberg (2009) 

Klimaendringer gir endringer i skredhyppigheten. 

KLIMA. 

261. Fabio Vittorio De Blasio and May-Britt Sæter (2009) 

Small-scale experimental simulation of talus evolution 

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, in press 

262. Mienert, Vanneste, Haflidason, Bünz (2009) 

Outer-shelf cracking on the Norwegian Margin: A consequence of climateinduced 

gas-hydrate dissociation at outcrop zones? 

International Journal of Earth Sciences (invited manuscript) 

263. Cepeda, J., Díaz, M. R., Nadim, F., Høeg, K., and Elverhøi, A. (in review). 

"An empirical threshold model for rainfall-induced landslides: application to the 

Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, El Salvador." Landslides. 

264. Lang, D.H. and Gutiérrez C., F.V. (2009) 

RISe: Illustrating geo-referenced data of seismic risk and loss assessment studies 

using Google Earth, Earthquake Spectra (accepted). 

265. Zakeri, A. (2008) 

Submarine Debris Flow Impact on Pipelines: Recent Advances in the State-ofthe-Art 

and Future Outlook. 

Proc. GeoHalifax 2009, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. September 20-24, 9 pp. 

266 (Martina Böhme, Aline Saintot, Iain H. C. Henderson, Helge Henriksen, and 

Reginald L. Hermanns 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 



"Rock-slope instabilities in Sogn & Fjordane County, Norway: a detailed 

structural and geomorphological analysis"). 

Publication number reserved. 

267. Cepeda, J, Chávez, J.A., and Cruz Martínez, C. (2010) 

Procedure for the selection of runout model parameters from landslide backanalyses: 

application to the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, El Salvador. 

Landslides, ISSN1612-5118 (Online); DOI 10.1007/s10346-010-0197-9. 

268. Hermanns, R.L., Blikra, L.H. and Longva, O. (2009) 

Relation between rockslide dam and valley morphology and its impact on 

rockslide dam longevity and control on potential breach development based on 

examples from Norway and the Andes 

Proc. of the Conference on long term stability of dams, October, Graz/Austria. 

269. Løvholt, F., Pedersen, G. and Glimsdal, S. (2009) 

Coupling of dispersive tsunami propagation and shallow water coastal response. 

The Open Oceanography Journal, August 11, 2009 

270. Harbitz, C.B., Glimsdal, S., Løvholt, F., Pedersen, G.K., Vanneste, M.W.B, 

Eidsvig, U.M.K, and Bungum, H. (2009). 

Tsunami hazard assessment and early warning systems for the North East 

Atlantic. 

Proceedings of the DEWS Midterm Conference 2009, Potsdam, Germany, 7-8 

July 2009. 

271. Løvholt, F., Kühn, D., Glimsdal, S., Bungum, H., and Harbitz, C.B. (2009). 

Tsunami hazard studies in South East Asia. 

Proceedings of the DEWS Midterm Conference 2009, Potsdam, Germany, 7-8 

July 2009. 

272. Henderson, I.H.C., Lauknes, T.R., Osmundsen, P.T., Dehls, J., Larsen, Y. & 

Redfield, T.F. (2009) 

“A structural, geomorphological and InSAR study of an active rockslope failure 

development” 

Geol Soc London Spec. Pub. Slope Tectonics 

273. Uzielli, M., Lacasse, S., Nadim, F. (2009). 

Probabilistic risk estimation for geohazards: a simulation approach. 

Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and 

Risk. Gifu, June 11-12, 2009. Rotterdam: Balkema. 

274. L’Heureux, J. S., Hansen. L., Longva, O., Emdal, A., & Grande, L. O.: 

A multidisciplinary study of submarine landslides at the Nidelva fjord delta, 

mid-Norway, - Implications for geohazard assessments. Norwegian Journal of 

Geology, Vol. xxx, pp. xx. Trondheim xxxx, 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 



275. Eidsvig, U., Medina-Cetina, Z., Kveldsvik, V., Glimsdal, S., Harbitz, C.B. and 

Sandersen, F. (2009) 

Risk Assessment of a Tsunamigenic Rockslide at Åknes. 

Natural Hazards, 10.1007/s11069-009-9460-6. 

276. G. Hu, T. Yan, Z. Liu, M. Vanneste, L. Dong (2009) 

Size distribution of submarine landslides along the middle continental slope of 

the East China Sea. 

Journal of Ocean University of China. In press. 

277. Gue, C.S., Soga, K., Bolton, M. and Thysyanthan, N.I. (2009) 

Centrifuge modelling of submarine landslide flows 

Proc. Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (ICPMG2010), in Zurich, 

Switzerland 

278 Iain H. C. Henderson & Aline Saintot (2009) 

Regional spatial variations in rockslide distribution from structural geology 

ranking: an example from Storfjorden, western Norway 

Geol Soc London Spec. Pub. Slope Tectonics 

279. A. Saintot, I.H.C. Henderson and M.H. Derron (2009) 

Inheritance of ductile and brittle structures in the development of large rock 

slope instabilities: examples from Western Norway. 

Publication number reserved. 

280. Jaedicke, C., Lied, K. and Kronholm, K. (2009) 

Integrated database for rapid mass movements in Norway 

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 469–479, 2009 

281. Molina, S., D.H. Lang and C.D. Lindholm (2009) 

SELENA: An open-source tool for seismic risk and loss assessment using a 

logic tree computation procedure. 

Computer & Geosciences, In press. 

282. Henderson, I.H.C., Ganerød, G.V. & Braathen, A. (2009) 

The relationship between particle characteristics and frictional strength in basal 

fault breccias: implications for fault-rock evolution and rockslide susceptibility. 

Tectonophysics. 

283. Hermanns, R.L., Hewitt, K., Strom, A., Evans, S.G., Dunning, S.A., & Scarascia 

Mugnozza, G. (2009). Rockslide Dam Classification. Chapter in the book 

“Natural and artificial rockslide dams” in the Springer “Lectures in earth 

science” series. Editors are: Evans, S.G., Hermanns, R.L., Strom, A.L. and 

Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 



284. Hermanns (Publication number reserved) 

285. Degago, S.A., Olsson, M., Grimstad, G. and Nordal, S.(2010) 

Time- and stress-compressibility of clays during primary consolidation 

To be published in the 7th European Conference on Numerical Methods in 

Geotechnical Engineering (NUMGE 2010), Trondheim, June 2-4, 2010. 

286. Gylland, A.S. and Jostad, H.P. (2010) 

On the effect of updated geometry in analysis of progressive failure 



287. Gylland, A.S., Sayd, M.S., Jostad, H.P. and Bernander, S. (2010) 

Investigation of soil property sensitivity in progressive failure 



288. Degago, S.A., Ebeltoft, R. and Nordal, S. (2008) 

Effect of rock fall geometries impacting soil cushion: A numerical procedure 

Proc. 12th Intern. Conf. of International Association for Computer Methods and 

Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), 1-6 October, 2008, Goa, India 

289. Degago, S.A., Grimstad, G., Jostad, H.P. and Nordal, S. (2009) 

The non-uniqueness of the end-of-primary (EOP) void ratio-effective stress 

relationship 

Proc. 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical 

Engineering, 5-9 October 2009, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 324-327, 

doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-324 

290. Welkner, D. , Eberhardt, E., Hermanns, R.L. (2010) 

Hazard investigation of the Portillo Rock Avalanche site, central Andes, Chile, 

using an integrated field mapping and numerical modelling approach 

Submitted to Engineering Geology 

291. Li, Z., Nadim,F., Huang, H., Uzielli, M. and Lacasse, S. (2009) 

Quantitative vulnerability estimation for scenario-based landslide hazards. 

Landslides, DOI 10.1007/s10346-009-0190-3 

292. Fauqué , L., Hermanns, R.L., Hewitt, K., Rosas, M., Wilson, C., Baumann, V., 

Lagorio, S. and Di Tommaso, I. (2010) 

Mega-Deslizamientos de la Pared sur del Cerro Aconcagua y su Relación son 

Depósitos Asignados a la Glaciación Pleistocena. 

Accepted for the Revista de la Associacion Geologica Argentina. 

293. Grimstad, G., Degago, S.A., Nordal, S. and Karstunen, M. (2010). 

Modeling creep and rate effects in structured anisotropic soft clays. 



Date: 2010-03-31 

Rev.: 



Accepted for publication in Acta Geotechnica Journal. 

294. Nadim, F., Cepeda, J., Sandersen, F., Jaedicke, C., and Heyerdahl, H. (2009) 

Prediction of rainfall-induced landslides through empirical and numerical 

models. 

Proc. of the First Italian Workshop on Landslides (IWL 2009), Naples, Italy, 8- 

10 June, pp. 206-215. 

295. Nadim, F. (2009) 

Risk assessment and management for geohazards. 

Proc. of the 2nd Int. Symposium on Geotechnical Safety & Risk, Gifu, Japan, 

11-12 June (IS-Gifu 2009), Keynote lecture, pp 13-26. 


Kontroll- og referanseside/ 

Review and reference page 

Oppdragsgiver/Client 

The Research Council of Norway 

Kontraktsreferanse/ 

Contract reference 

SFF – ICG 146035/420 

Dokumenttittel/Document title 

International Centre for Geohazards – Annual report for 2009 

Prosjektleder/Project Manager 

Farrokh Nadim 

Utarbeidet av/Prepared by 

Farrokh Nadim 

Emneord/Keywords 

Land, fylke/Country, County 

Kommune/Municipality 

Sted/Location 

Kartblad/Map 

UTM-koordinater/UTM-coordinates 

Kvalitetssikring i henhold til/Quality assurance according to 

NS-EN ISO9001 

Kontrollert 

av/ 

Reviewed 

by 

FNa 

Kontrolltype/ 

Type of review 

Helhetsvurdering/ 

General 

Evaluation * 

SL Språk/Style 

SL 

Teknisk/Technical 

- Skjønn/Intelligence 

- Total/Extensive 

- Tverrfaglig/ 

Interdisciplinary 

Dokument nr/Document No. 

20031103-7 

Dato/Date 

2010-03-31 

Distribusjon/Distribution 

� Fri/Unlimited 

� Begrenset/Limited 

� Ingen/None 

Havområde/Offshore area 

Feltnavn/Field name 

Sted/Location 

Felt, blokknr./Field, Block No. 

Dokument/Document Revisjon 1/Revision 1 Revisjon 2/Revision 2 

Kontrollert/Reviewed Kontrollert/Reviewed Kontrollert/Reviewed 

Dato/Date Sign. Dato/Date Sign. Dato/Date Sign. 

2010.03.31 

THa Utforming/Layout 2010.03.31 

SL Slutt/Final 2010.03.31 

Kopiering/Copy quality 

* Gjennomlesning av hele rapporten og skjønnsmessig vurdering av innhold og presentasjonsform/ 

On the basis of an overall evaluation of the report, its technical content and form of presentation 

Dokument godkjent for utsendelse/ 

Document approved for release 

Dato/Date 

31 March 2010 

Sign.

International Centre for Geohazards (ICG)

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?