12 Drillers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>mist</strong> | September 2014Mbayma had funds to back up his promises. Hisboss, Cosma Wilungula, told Global Witness thatSoco paid money directly to Mbayma, ra<strong>the</strong>r thanto <strong>the</strong> ICCN centrally, after <strong>the</strong> company signed itsMay 2011 agreement with <strong>the</strong> parks authority. Thework on <strong>the</strong> ground “was all coord<strong>in</strong>ated by GuyMbayma,” Wilungula said, “I don’t know how muchSoco gave him”.De Merode said that several rangers did receivemoney from Soco.“I was made aware that some of my staff had receivedf<strong>in</strong>ancial benefits <strong>in</strong> 2011 to 2014 from <strong>the</strong> saidcompany, but this was done without my consent. Norwas I ever <strong>in</strong>formed of <strong>the</strong> functions that <strong>the</strong>y wereasked to fulfil In return for <strong>the</strong>se payments,” he said.Mbayma has also threatened local NGOs whooppose oil drill<strong>in</strong>g. In an open letter <strong>in</strong> October2013, he claimed that such NGOs may “perhapscreate new armed groups” and called for <strong>the</strong>M<strong>in</strong>ister of Plann<strong>in</strong>g, Célést<strong>in</strong> Vunabandi, to puttoge<strong>the</strong>r a list of approved groups. 68Soco did not answer Global Witness’s questionsabout Mbayma, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g “What payments andbenefits – if any” Soco gave to him, directly or<strong>in</strong>directly.The head of Soco’s office <strong>in</strong> Congo, José Sangwa, saidthat <strong>the</strong> ICCN’s “Technical and Scientific Director”(clearly referr<strong>in</strong>g to Mbayma) has “worked a lot” toimprove relations between <strong>the</strong> two organisations.“He [Mbayma] manages all <strong>the</strong> rangers, all <strong>the</strong> people<strong>the</strong>re [Virunga Park]. He has an impact when he goesto <strong>the</strong> field. He gives <strong>in</strong>structions, he guides,” Sangwatold Gouby <strong>in</strong> K<strong>in</strong>shasa <strong>in</strong> November 2013. 69The regional MP – a Soco lobbyistThe third of Soco’s powerful friends was Célest<strong>in</strong>Vunabandi, member of parliament for an areathat <strong>in</strong>cludes Nyakakoma and, s<strong>in</strong>ce April 2012,Congo’s M<strong>in</strong>ister of Plann<strong>in</strong>g and Oversight for <strong>the</strong>Implementation of <strong>the</strong> Revolution of Modernity. 70He says he acted as a consultant to Soco for over ayear while he was an MP, and received money from<strong>the</strong>m on a monthly basis to allow him to travelaround <strong>the</strong> region promot<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> oil project. Hespoke <strong>in</strong> favour of Soco at public meet<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>media 71 and <strong>in</strong> meet<strong>in</strong>gs with NGOs and regionalpoliticians. 72Photo by Brent Stirton/Getty Images for WWF-CanonVirunga’s lush plant life is under threat from poach<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> charcoal trade and now oil.
Drillers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>mist</strong> | September 201413Soco paid Célest<strong>in</strong> Vunabandi – an MP for an area <strong>in</strong> Block 5 – every month as a “consultant”Vunabandi told Gouby <strong>in</strong> a covertly filmed <strong>in</strong>terview<strong>in</strong> December 2013 that he did not sign a contractas <strong>the</strong> company believed that this may not be legalunder British law. He said: “I remember when wediscussed with <strong>the</strong> Soco people at <strong>the</strong> time, wecame to <strong>the</strong> conclusion that, I believe, British lawdoes not allow for such a contract to be signedwith politicians… especially when it relates to <strong>the</strong>promotion of a project”. 73“Of course, every time I was go<strong>in</strong>g somewhere…<strong>the</strong>y had to compensate me and I was engagedevery month, it’s true,” he said. 74Despite <strong>the</strong> sensitivities around his work for <strong>the</strong>company, Vunabandi says <strong>in</strong> his L<strong>in</strong>kedIn profilethat he worked as a consultant to Soco, with <strong>the</strong>role of “facilitation and support <strong>in</strong> implement<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> oil exploration project <strong>in</strong> [Soco’s] Block 5” forSoco from July 2010 to August 2011. 75In Gouby’s record<strong>in</strong>g, Vunabandi tells her thathis role was to get <strong>the</strong> local population to acceptoil exploration <strong>in</strong> Virunga, us<strong>in</strong>g his relationshipswith community leaders and local authorities.“I have very good relations with politicians of allcommunities. Soco people have certa<strong>in</strong>ly countedon that asset,” he said. 76Soco has also kept <strong>the</strong> MP sweet by employ<strong>in</strong>g hisbro<strong>the</strong>r, Damas Vunabandi, as a protocol officer. 77Three sources from North Kivu told Global Witnessthat Vunabandi was <strong>the</strong> first person to hold publicmeet<strong>in</strong>gs about plans for oil exploration <strong>in</strong> Virunga,and that he did not reveal that he was a consultantfor Soco. “He said that he was <strong>the</strong>re [to speakto us] because he is an MP and cared about <strong>the</strong>population,” one of <strong>the</strong> sources told Global Witnesson condition of anonymity. It would be “serious” ifVunabandi had been paid by Soco, <strong>the</strong> source said,as it would mean that he was act<strong>in</strong>g as “judge andjury at <strong>the</strong> same time”.