Banc y Celyn, Brecknockshire - Royal Commission on the Ancient ...

Uplands Initiative<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>Archaeological Survey(Part One)For: The <strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> on the Ancientand Historical Monuments of WalesMarch 2009

Uplands Initiative<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>Archaeological Survey(Part One)ByJenny Hall MIFA & Paul SambrookTrysorTrysor Project No. 2009/138For: The <strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> on the Ancientand Historical Monuments of Wales<strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> Ref. No. RCS 1/2/79March 2009Cover photograph: A modern clearance cairn (NPRN 247320) near Cwm Hafotty, looking northwardstowards Groeswen Farm.

CONTENTSPART 11.1 Crynodeb 11.2. Summary 21.3 Introduction 3Extent of area covered in km 2Previous FieldworkMethodology2.1 Analysis of Sites recorded in the Survey area 10Number of sitesSummary of sites by Broad ClassSummary of sites by PeriodSummary of sites by TypeSummary of sites by AltitudeSignificant new sites2.2 Value of AP mapping to the field project 233.1 <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>: History and Archaeology 25Characteristics and comparisons3.2 Prehistory 30Early PrehistoryBronze Age monumentsSignificance of the prehistoric archaeology3.3 Medieval and Post Medieval Settlements & Agriculture 43Deserted Rural SettlementsFarmsteadsLonghousesLong HutsPlatformsEnclosures & CultivationPillow MoundsClearance Cairns & MoundsSignificance of Medieval and Post Medievalsettlement and agriculture3.4 Post Medieval Industry & Water Management 65QuarryingWater SupplySignificance of the Industrial sites3.5 Roads & Trackways 683.6 Boundary stones 654 Conclusions 725.1 Sources 73

6.1 Recommendations 75Detailed site analysisSites for inclusion on Ordnance Survey mappingSites for pollen analysis and other environmental samplingAppendix A – Site Type Summary 80Appendix B – Period Summary 90Appendix C – Contour Summary 99Appendix D - Uplands Initiative Air Photo Mapping Plynlimon (NW) 107FiguresFigure 1: Location of Study areaFigure 2: Place names within the study areaFigure 3: Areas not covered by 30m or 50m transectsFigure 4: Distribution of sites by Broad ClassFigure 5: Distribution of sites by PeriodFigure 6: Distribution of sites by AltitudeFigure 7: Features plotted by the RCAHMW from aerial photographsFigure 8: Prehistoric funerary and ritual sitesFigure 9: Medieval and Post Medieval settlement sitesFigure 10: Banks and enclosures to the northeast of Nantyroffeiriad Fawr FarmFigure 11: Clearance Cairns and MoundsFigure 12: The Brecon to Builth roadFigure 13: Glanusk Estate boundary stonesFigure 14: Locations thought suitable for palaeoenvironmental samplingTablesTable 1: Broad ClassTable 2: Sites by PeriodTable 3: Sites by TypeTable 4: Sites by contour bandTable 5: Bronze Age sitesPART 2 (bound separately)Location mapsSite gazetteer

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20081.1 CrynodebGwnaed arolwg archaeolegol yn ardal <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> gan gwmni Trysor yn ystod MisIonawr a Mis Chwefror 2009. Ariannwyd y gwaith fel rhan o brosiect Menter yrUwchdiroedd gan y Comisiwn Brenhinol ar Henebion Cymru. Mae ardal yr arolwg ynffurfio rhan bwysig o uwchdiroedd eang Mynydd Epynt yn Sir Powys, yng NghanolbarthCymru. Mae’r ardal yn gorwedd ychydig i’r gorllewin o Ddyffryn Gwy a phentrefiGwenddwr, Crug Cadarn ac Erwood, gyda thref Llanfair ym Muallt rhyw 3 cilomedr i’rgogledd. I’r gorllewin, ceir pentref Capel Uchaf, yn ogystal â SENTA, sef maes hyfforddi’rfyddin Brydeinig, sy’n ymestyn dros ran helaeth o uwchdiroedd Epynt.Cofnodwyd 439 o safleoedd ac olion archaeolegol yn ystod y gwaith maes, o fewn ardal sy’nymestyn dros 20 cilomedr sgwâr o dir comin. Safleoedd a gofnodwyd am y tro gyntaf, yw’rrhan fwyaf o’r rhain.Ymhlith y rhestr hir o safleoedd archaeolegol a welwyd yn y maes, ceir enghraifft prin osiambr claddu sy’n dyddio i’r Oes Neolithig, math o safle nad yw’n gyffredin yn yruwchdiroedd. Ceir nifer o henebion angladdol a defodol o Oes yr Efydd hefyd, rhaiohonynt yn henebion cofrestredig. Darganfuwyd nifer o garneddau claddu newydd gan yrarolwg, gan ehangu ein gwybodaeth am weithgarwch dynol yn y fro yn ystod y cyfnodaucynhanesyddol. Roedd nifer o safleoedd anheddiad yn dyddio i’r canoloesoedd a chyfnodôl-ganoloesoedd eisoes wedi’u cofnodi yma, ond mae nifer da o safleoedd newydd wedicael ei ychwanegu at y cofnodion gan y prosiect. Mae hyn yn gwella ein dealltwriaeth o’rpatrwm anheddiad a mathau o aneddiadau o fewn yr ardal yn ystod y cyfnod hanesyddol.Llwyfannau tai canoloesol oedd llawer o’r safleoedd newydd, tystiolaeth posibl am henhafodydd a godwyd yma i fanteisio ar y porfeydd mynyddig dros fisoedd yr haf.Ar draws ardal <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, gwelir tystiolaeth o’r ymdrechion a wnaed yn y gorffennol igau i mewn a ffermio rhai o’r llethrau a gwastadeddau sych a geir ar ymylon y comin.Cofnodwyd llawer o gloddiau pridd a cherrig a godwyd i greu caeau, a hefyd tystiolaetham aredig i geisio gwella’r mynydd-dir a’i ffermio canrifoedd yn ôl. Ar ben hynny, ceirtystiolaeth am weithgarwch mwy diweddar i wella’r tir er mwyn gallu torri’r trwch oredyn sydd yn gorchuddio rhannau helaeth o’r ardal. Yn ystod yr hanner gan mlyneddddiwethaf, mae ffermwyr lleol wedi clirio cerrig oddi ar y wyneb dros rannau o’r ardal, achodi carneddau newydd, arwyddion o’r pwysigrwydd maent yn rhoi ar dorri a bêlo’rrhedyn, i’w ddefnyddio fel sarn ar gyfer eu hanifeiliaid dros fisoedd y gaeaf.Heddiw, defnyddir y porfeydd mynyddig yma ar gyfer defaid o’r ffermydd sy’namgylchynu’r bryniau. Dros yr haf, mae prydferthwch yr ardal yn profi i fod ynatyniadol i gerddwyr ac ymwelwyr, ac mae rhai o olygfeydd gorau’r canolbarth i’w gaeloddi ar fryniau <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, gan gynnwys golygfeydd clir o Fannau Brycheiniog a’rMynyddoedd Duon.Y gobaith yw y bydd y cofnod cyflawn o olion archaeolegol yr ardal a grëwyd gan yprosiect hwn yn cynyddu dealltwriaeth o’r ardal yn y dyfodol, a bod o gymorth iddiogelu’r olion archaeolegol brau sy’n cynrychioli miloedd o flynyddoedd oweithgarwch dynol ar fryniau hanesyddol yr Epynt.1

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20081.2 SummaryAn archaeological field survey of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> area was undertaken by Trysorduring the winter of 2008-2009, grant aided as part of the RCAHMW's UplandsInitiative project. The area forms part of the extensive Mynydd Epynt upland block inthe modern county of Powys, in mid-Wales. It lies just to the west of the Wye valleyand the villages of Gwenddwr, Crickadarn and Erwood, with the town of Builth Wellsless than 3km to the north. To the west is the village of Upper Chapel, as well as theextensive SENTA military range, which occupies a large portion of the Epynt uplands.Fieldwork identified 439 archaeological sites and features in an area extending across20km 2 of common land. Most of these sites were previously unrecorded.The range of archaeological features encountered included a rare upland example of aNeolithic Chambered Tomb, Bronze Age funerary monuments, several of which areprotected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments. Several new examples were recorded bythis project, expanding our knowledge of prehistoric activity in the area. Similarly, anumber of medieval and later settlement sites were also previously known, some of whichwere scheduled, to which significant new discoveries have been added, improving ourunderstanding of the extent and range of settlement in <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>. The newly recordedsites were mostly of earthwork platforms of probable medieval date, which may representevidence of medieval transhumance on the upland pastures of the area.The study area also has considerable evidence of past efforts made to enclose andcultivate some of the well drained slopes on the fringes of the common. Manyearthwork banks, raised to create small field parcels or enclosures were recorded, andsome evidence of apparent ridge & furrow cultivation was also noted. The extent ofsuch cultivation was not always easy to define however, even with the assistance ofaerial photographic evidence, as parts of the area have been subject to modern attemptsat land improvement and the annual mowing of bracken is still practiced here. Groupsof modern clearance cairns mark the efforts made by farmers during the 20 th century tode-stone areas where bracken could be cut, indicating the value placed on the plant as asource of winter bedding for animals wintered on the farms around the mountain fringe.Today the mountain pastures continue to be used as the summer pastures for sheep fromfarms situated around the mountain fringes. During the summer months, the beauty ofthe area proves to be a draw for those who enjoy walking, and some of the best views ofthe Breconshire countryside can be found on the hilltops of <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, which offerclear views of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountain uplands.The creation of a comprehensive record of archaeological features as a result of thisproject will hopefully enhance the understanding of the area in future, and help toprotect the fragile sites which tell the story of thousands of years of human activity inthis important and sensitive landscape.2

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20081.3 Introduction.This field project and related desktop research was undertaken by Trysor during 2008-2009,grant-aided by the <strong>Royal</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> on Ancient and Historic Monuments in Wales(RCAHMW). Desktop research was undertaken during the autumn of 2008, and fieldworkwas carried out over 16 days during January and February 2009. The final report wascompiled during March 2009.The study area was designated as “<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>” and included a large portion of theunenclosed common land which forms the eastern side of the Mynydd Epynt upland block innorthern Breconshire. The Wye valley lies to the east and north of the study area and themain portion of Mynydd Epynt, which is occupied by the British Army’s SennybridgeTraining Area, lies to the west. The highest ground within the study area reaches 472m at itsnorthern end, on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> hill, and most of the area lies above the 350m contour.Geologically, the whole of the study area is underlain by rocks of Silurian age, includingLudlow beds and Raglan Marls. The strata therefore include mostly siltstones and mudstoneswhich are of limited value as building stone and consequently there is relatively littlequarrying in the area. Most of the area is masked with boulder clay, and the numerousclearance cairns seen in the field include a wide range of stone types which had beendeposited on the surface as glacial erratics or included in the makeup of the boulder clay itself.The topography of the area shows some variation. Along the northern edge of the areaare sometimes craggy hills and a steep north-facing escarpment. The interior of the areais gentler, but cut by the deep valleys at Blaen Gwenddwr and Nantyroffeiriad (CwmOwen). South of Cwm Owen the generally flat-topped ridges of Cefn Gledwen andCefn Clawdd jut eastwards from the main Epynt block. A line of lower, rounded hillsextend some 2km to the east of Cefn Clawdd, terminating on Cefn Llwydallt at theextreme southeastern tip of the study area.The land across the study area is chiefly of open moorland, with a considerable areaunder bracken cover for a large part of the year. The bracken has not taken hold in thewetter areas found between Cefn Clawdd and Cefn Gledwen, or on the higher groundfound on these ridges, or on the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> and Pant y Llyn Hill area to the north.Wherever the land is relatively well-drained, the carpet of bracken has taken hold, andthis applies to many areas around the margins of the common, where past landimprovement and cultivation has been attempted. The bracken is still mown and baledby a number of farms which adjoin the common, an activity which has made someimpact on the archaeological record for the area.Today, pastoral farming holds sway and the area is almost wholly devoted to the pasturing ofsheep. Some mountain ponies also graze the common. There is little improved pasture withinthe study area boundary, such as exists being confined to small field systems at the Pant y Llynand Cwm Hafotty farmsteads. There are no inhabited settlements within the area.A small portion of the study area is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest,namely several minor streams on the southeastern side of the area, which are included inthe River Wye (Tributaries) SSSI (SSSI Code: 1431). The designation only covers thewater courses however, and does not extend beyond the stream banks.3

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 1: Cefn Gledwen during summer, looking southwards towards the Brecon Beacons.Plate 2: Looking eastwards towards the Black Mountains, February 2009.4

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 1: Location of study area5

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 3: Bracken covers a large portion of the study area during the summer andautumn months as seen here at Cwm Owen.1.3.1 Extent of area covered in km 2The extent of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area was 20.19km 2 .1.3.2 Previous FieldworkOnly limited archaeological fieldwork had been carried out in the survey area prior tothis project. The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust have undertaken partial surveywork, as part of Cadw’s pan-Wales Deserted Rural Settlements survey (CPAT, 1999)and Funerary and Ritual Monuments Survey (CPAT, 2004), both of which weremonument specific project, designed to improve the understanding and management ofmonuments previously known. They did not include whole-area field surveys andconsequently did not produce a comprehensive record of the archaeological evidencefor the monument type within the study area. Nevertheless, the NMR and regional HERbenefited from both projects and the record, with respect to some of the most significantmonument types found on Mynydd Epynt, was much better informed as a result.The RCAHMW has also undertaken some monument specific fieldwork in the area inthe past, the results of which help inform the relevant volume of the BrecknockInventory, which covers Later Prehistoric Monuments and Unenclosed Settlements(RCAHMW, 1997). An AP mapping project undertaken by the RCAHMW in 1997 on theadjacent SENTA military range also extended into parts of the study area (Driver, T, 1997),although no site visits appear to have been made here.6

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008One archaeological excavation is known to have taken place within the study area. Thiswas a private excavation of two of the Cwm Owen pillow mounds, undertaken in 1934(see Spurgeon, 1967). A photograph of this excavation is held by the RCAHMW, butno detail of the work or its findings was known to Spurgeon in 1967.Figure 2: Place names within the study area7

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20081.3.3 MethodologyDesktop ResearchDigital data from the databases maintained by the NMR (RCAHMW) and the PowysHistoric Environment Record (held by CPAT) were the starting point for the desktopresearch undertaken prior to the fieldwork. The information on 1st, 2 nd and 1952edition Ordnance Survey maps was interpreted and records created for sites of interestwithin the scope of the project. The relevant parish tithe and estate maps held by theNational Library of Wales were also consulted. Documentary records in the NMR andaerial photographs were studied.The results from the desktop research were entered into a Microsoft Access 2003database, constructed according to the guidelines given in the Revised Data Standard forUpland Survey. The material included in this database is reproduced in the site gazetteerof this report.FieldworkThe study area has good road access, with the main Brecon to Builth Wells roadforming the western boundary of the area. A minor road also crossed the northern partof the area, linking the B4520 with the A470 in the Wye Valley. Other minor roads inthe Gwenddwr and Crickadarn area gave access to the eastern edge of the area. Most ofthe area was Open Access land and was also crossed by a network of easilyrecognisable bridleways and footpaths.The fieldwork element of the project covered 20.19km 2 . Fieldwork took 16 days, whichwas an average coverage rate of c.1.25km 2 per day. This was somewhat lower than theusual target of 1.5km 2 per day, as progress was slowed by the snows of early February2009, which affected 3 days of fieldwork.30m and 50m transects were used according to the nature of the terrain (wider transectswere favoured on steeper slopes). Difficulty was encountered only in a small, steep areaat the northwestern edge of Pant y Llyn Hill, overlooking Cwmhindda, where transectwalking was impossible (see Figure 3). This meant that 0.37km 2 of the steepest slopeswere not covered by transect walking, as well as the enclosed and farmed fields at theCwm Hafotty and Pant y Llyn farmsteads, and a single field parcel associated with thesettlement at Cwm Owen. The lack of field coverage in each case was not problematicas clear views could be gained into the enclosed land parcels.Features were recorded on pro-forma sheets derived from the database. This had a twofoldbenefit: ensuring previously recorded information was readily available in the fieldand that standard recording of features was undertaken. The pro-formas had space forfield sketches which were made where appropriate. The pro-forma sheets have beendeposited with the RCAHMW as part of the project archive. Digital photographs weretaken where appropriate and these have also been included in the project archive asTIFF files.8

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 3: Areas not covered by 30m or 50m transects9

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1 Analysis of Sites recorded in the Survey area2.1.1 Number of sitesPrior to this survey, only 17 archaeological sites were recorded within the survey area inthe RCAHMW’s National Monuments Record database (24 records were supplied bythe RCAHMW, but 7 were found to be located outside the study area boundary).Following the field survey there were a total of 439 sites recorded within the study area,representing an increase of nearly 2600%.There were also 66 sites recorded in the Clwyd/Powys Regional Historic EnvironmentRecord (HER). 1 These sites have been re-evaluated in the field and new NMR recordscreated in many cases. However, some of the sites recorded in the HER could not belocated, or the records were found to be erroneous, and these have not been included inthe project database. Another 6 of the HER records proved to relate to events, naturalfeatures or were duplicate records and therefore were also not added to the projectdatabase. A further 8 HER sites could not be found, nor correlated to any other sitesfound in the vicinity of the grid references provided. 14 HER sites could be matchedwith features on the ground and were given NPRNs, but were found to be over 30mfrom the HER grid references provided. For these reasons, there is not a directcorrelation between the NMR records and those recorded in the regional HER.Location maps for all sites recorded by the project can be found in Part 2 of this report,preceding the Site Gazetteer.Plate 4: The bleak and exposed moorland of Cefn Clawdd during January; a typicalview within the study area during the winter months.1 Maintained by the Clwyd/Powys Archaeological Trust.10

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1.2 Summary of sites by Broad ClassThe 439 sites recorded by the project are categorised by Broad Class 2 in Table 1 and Figure 4.Broad ClassAgriculture andSubsistenceNumberof Sites80IncludesClearance Cairn, Cultivation Marks,Farmstead, Field System, Pillow Mound,Rabbit Warren, Sheep Feeding Area,Sheep FoldCivil 2 Triangulation PillarDefence 5 Fieldwork?DomesticDeserted Rural Settlement, Farmhouse?,9House, Long Hut, LonghouseIndustrialPeat Cutting, Quarry, Timber Processing96SiteMonument Bank (Earthwork), Boundary Stone,175Cairn, Circular Enclosure, Earthwork,Enclosure, Mound, Natural Feature,Platform, Shelter, StoneReligious Ritual andFunerary 20TransportUnassignedWater Supply andDrainageTable 1: Broad Class181024Cairn, Chambered Tomb, PrehistoricMonument Complex, Ring Barrow?,Ring Cairn?, Stone CircleBoat House, Bridge, Footbridge,Milestone, Road, TrackwayBomb Crater, Geotechnical Test Pit,Hollow, Marker Stone, Pipeline, StonePile, Stone SpreadDam, Drainage Ditch, Leat, Reservoir,Water TankThe Broad Class categories of the sites recorded within the study area very much reflectthe preponderance of activity associated with agriculture since medieval times. Of thetotal, 80 sites ( 18%) are specifically identified as being associated with Agriculture andSubsistence, but many of the larger group of sites categorised as Monument , 175 (40%) are also associated with land improvement or land managementactivity (such as enclosures and earthwork banks). To this should also be added many ofthe sites recorded under Water Supply and Drainage (24 or 5%), which includes anumber of drainage ditches and leats created to assist in water management on the opencommon.Religious, Ritual and Funerary monuments are confined to a relatively low number of sites,only 20 (4.5% ) of the total, although their archaeological importance is more significantthan this number suggests. Several of these sites are Scheduled Ancient Monuments andthey collectively represent the earliest evidence of human activity within the study area.2 Broad Class is used as defined by English Heritage in the monuments thesaurus,http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk11

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Most of these sites are Bronze Age cairns, including round cairns and ring cairns, althougha rare example of a Neolithic chambered tomb is also present in the area.Settlement activity is poorly represented by the Domestic Broad Class, with only 9 sites(2%) although the platforms recorded under Monument are thought torepresent the sites of medieval or early post medieval buildings and amount to at leastanother 21 settlement-related sites (4.5%). As with funerary monuments, thearchaeological importance of the settlement-related sites outweighs their low number.Industrial activity is represented almost entirely by a large number of minor quarries,which tend to be found around the margins of the area. Rarely do these quarries amountto more than small pits or clusters of shallow workings but collectively they arestatistically significant and account for 86 sites, over 19% of the total.Figure 5, below, shows the distribution of sites by Broad Class. Amongst the patternsthat are immediately evident are that there is a concentration of quarrying activity at thesoutheastern corner of the study area. The concentration of prehistoric funerary andritual sites at the southwestern corner of the area is also noticeable.Plate 5: The bracken cover, seen here on the northern flank of Cefn Gledwen, madefieldwork difficult in some areas during the summer months.12

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 4: Distribution of sites by Broad Class13

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1.3 Summary of sites by PeriodAs Table 2 demonstrates, the largest group of sites categorised by Period fall into thePost Medieval category, which includes 131 sites, 30% of the total. Probable PostMedieval represents another 53 sites or 12%. A relatively high percentage of sites areascribed to the Modern period, 47 or 10.5%. These are chiefly related to landimprovement and stone clearance associated with bracken cutting on the common, butincludes unusual sites such as two Second World War bomb craters on Cefn Clawdd,caused when a German bomber dropped its bombs on its return journey (this story wasrelated by the farmer at Gelli Rhydd farm).Many of the sites recorded as being of Unknown period are thought likely to be of postmedieval or modern date, which indicates that a majority of the features encountered inthe study area are the result of activity during relatively recent times.The number of sites attributed to prehistoric periods is low, amounting to only 21 sites intotal, or just under 5%. All but two of these sites are Bronze Age cairns or barrows. Thetwo exceptions are the Bailey Bach Chambered Tomb (NPRN 275624), which isNeolithic in date, and the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Stone Circle (NPRN 275623), which is attributedto the Bronze Age.No sites can be firmly ascribed a medieval date, but the category Medieval?:PostMedieval includes settlement sites, enclosures and areas of possible cultivation which arethought probable to be medieval or early post medieval in date. This group includes someof the more important sites in the area, such as the undated pillow mounds at Cwm Owenand the Cwmhindda Deserted Rural Settlement complex (NPRN 275640) north of Pant yLlyn, which is composed of several platforms and long huts and may credibly besuggested to be a medieval upland settlement, possibly associated with the hafodtradition.Plate 6: One of themore recent sitescreated on thecommon. Thiswater-filled hollow(NPRN 247381) isin fact a bombcrater caused by aGerman bombduring the SecondWorld War.14

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008PeriodNumber Includesof SitesNeolithic 1 Chambered TombBronze Age 13 Cairn, Prehistoric Monument Complex,Bronze Age? 6 Cairn, Cairn?, Ring Barrow?, Ring Cairn?Prehistoric 1 Stone CircleMedieval?;Post Medieval? 64 Bank (Earthwork), Cultivation Marks,Deserted Rural Settlement, Enclosure, FieldSystem, Long Hut, Longhouse, PillowMound, Platform, Platform?, Rabbit Warren,Shelter?Post Medieval 131 Bank (Earthwork), Boat House, BoundaryStone, Clearance Cairn, Cultivation Marks,Drainage Ditch, Enclosure, Farmhouse?,Farmstead, Field System, House, Leat,Milestone, Quarry, Road, Shelter, TrackwayPost Medieval? 53 Bank (Earthwork), Cultivation Marks,Drainage Ditch?, Earthwork, Enclosure,Leat, Quarry, Shelter?, TrackwayPost Medieval?;Modern 21 Clearance Cairn, Leat, Quarry, ReservoirModern 47 Bomb Crater, Bridge, Clearance Cairn, Dam,Drainage Ditch, Enclosure, Footbridge,Geotechnical Test Pit, Pipeline, Quarry,Sheep Feeding Area, Sheep Fold, Stone Pile,Timber Processing Site, Trackway,Triangulation Pillar, Water TankModern? 16 Clearance Cairn, Drainage Ditch,Fieldwork?, Quarry, Stone Pile, TrackwayUnknown 84 Bank (Earthwork), Cairn, Circular Enclosure,Clearance Cairn?, Earthwork, Enclosure,Hollow, Leat, Marker Stone, Mound, PeatCutting, Quarry?, Stone, Stone SpreadGeneral 2 Natural FeatureTable 2: Sites by Period15

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 5: Distribution of sites by Period16

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1.4 Summary of sites found by TypeTable 3 shows the range and numbers of site types recorded by the project. A fullerbreakdown of this information is found in Appendix A and detailed site descriptions areincluded in the Site Gazetteer in Part 2. Figs 8, 9, 11, 12 & 13 also map the distributionof the most significant site types.BANK (EARTHWORK) 44BOAT HOUSE 1BOMB CRATER 2BOUNDARY STONE 14BRIDGE 2CAIRN 17CAIRN? 1CHAMBERED TOMB 1CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE 1CLEARANCE CAIRN 57CLEARANCE CAIRN? 1CULTIVATION MARKS 7DAM 3DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT 1DRAINAGE DITCH 4DRAINAGE DITCH? 1EARTHWORK 5ENCLOSURE 17ENCLOSURE? 2FARMHOUSE? 1FARMSTEAD 2FIELD SYSTEM 3FIELDWORK? 5FOOTBRIDGE 1GEOTECHNICAL TEST PIT 1HOLLOW 2HOUSE 1LEAT 9LEAT? 3LONG HUT 5LONGHOUSE 1MARKER STONE 1MILESTONE 5MOUND 54NATURAL FEATURE 2PEAT CUTTING 2PILLOW MOUND 7PIPELINE 1PLATFORM 21PLATFORM? 5PREHISTORIC MONUMENT COMPLEX 1QUARRY 86QUARRY? 7QUARRY?;MOUND? 1RABBIT WARREN 1RESERVOIR 1RING BARROW? 1RING CAIRN? 1ROAD 1SHEEP FEEDING AREA 1SHEEP FOLD 1SHELTER 1SHELTER? 4STONE 1STONE CIRCLE 1STONE PILE 2STONE SPREAD 1TIMBER PROCESSING SITE 1TRACKWAY 8TRIANGULATION PILLAR 2WATER TANK 3Table 3: Sites by Type17

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1.5 Summary of sites by AltitudeTable 4 shows the number of sites per 50m contour band, the amount of land in each50m band and the density of sites per square kilometre. Figure 6 shows the distributionof sites over the 50m contour bands.The area has 6 contour bands, although the two lowest of these account for small areas,at 0.01km 2 and 0.31km 2 . These cannot be relied upon to present meaningful statisticalinformation.16.87km 2 or 83.5%) of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area lies between the 350m and 450mcontours and a large proportion of the sites recorded also lie within this altitude range(371 or approximately 84.5%). Of the 6 contour bands, those which achieve the densestconcentration of sites are the 300m to 349m band and the 350m to 399m band, at 28.7and 29.4 sites per square kilometre.It is perhaps a reflection of the essentially bleak and exposed nature of the higherground within the study area that the density of site distribution drops off markedly inthe highest contour band, with only 3 sites recorded in nearly 1 km 2 on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>and Pant y Llyn hills at the northern end of the area.Appendix C provides details of sites by NPRN, Name and contour band.Contour bandNumber ofsitesSq km Sites per sqkm200m to 249m 0 0.01 0250m to 299m 7 0.31 22.6300m to 349m 58 2.02 28.7350m to 399m 258 8.76 29.4400m to 449m 113 8.11 13.9450m to 499m 3 0.98 3.0Total 439 20.19Table 4: Sites by contour band18

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 6: Distribution of sites by Altitude19

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.1.6 Significant new sitesFunerary monumentsSeveral new funerary monuments were recorded during fieldwork. Two of these cairnswere recorded on the northern flank of Cefn Gledwen (NPRNs 247197 & 247198).Both were recorded when several centimetres of snow lay on the ground, although theirmain characteristics were easily determined. NPRN 247197 was composed of wellpacked,small stones, and measured 5m north-south x 4m and up to 0.25m high. It wasoval in plan, with a stony bank forming its southern side. A rectilinear, cist-like featurewas exposed in the interior of the southern half of the cairn, measuring c.1m x 0.5m.A larger cairn, NPRN 247198, lays c.100m downslope to the north of NPRN 247198and is also thought to be Bronze Age. This stone cairn was also largely snow coveredwhen recorded but its main characteristics could be determined. The cairn body ismostly composed of small, well-packed stones and measured c. 7m east-west x 6.5mand up to 0.25m high. These smaller stones seem to form a distinctive ring, c.1m wide,around the edge of the cairn. Within, and partly on top of this ring, several larger blocksof stone are seen. It is not clear if any of these were part of the original cairn, or if theythe result of more recent field clearance activity.The Nantyroffeiriad Fawr cairn (NPRN 247224) shared many of the characteristics ofcairn NPRN 247198. The main body of the cairn was composed of small, well-packedstones, and it measured 9.5m x 8.5m and was up to 0.5m high. Modern land clearancehad seen a number of stone blocks deposited on the cairn mound.Plate 7: The Nantyroffeiriad Fawr Cairn NPRN 247224. The larger stones are theresult of modern clearance (NPRN 247376).20

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008A new cairn was also discovered at Gwaun Ymryson (NPRN 247251). This example didnot appear to have been disturbed by recent stone clearance and was similar in form to anumber of cairns recorded to the south around Cefn Clawdd (e.g. NPRNs 305781 &247232) Twyn y Post (NPRN 247188) and Blaen Llwyn Ddu (NPRN 305778). Each ofthese cairns is characterised by a low stony mound, upon which sits a pile of larger stones.Previous workers have interpreted these remains to represent a robbed cairn, with a laterclearance cairn or marker cairn placed on top of the denuded cairn mound. However, it ispossible that the piles of larger stones actually represent original cairn features. A similarmound was observed on the well-preserved cairn NPRN 305784 on Cefn Clawdd.Other than funerary monuments in the southern half of the study area, the most significantdiscoveries were those of medieval or post medieval platforms or other settlement types,which were mostly made at the northern end of the area, around Pant y Llyn. There arerelatively few deserted settlement sites within the study area, and several had beenidentified by previous surveys.The most notable of the newly discovered sites included a fine longhouse (NPRN247069), recorded on the northern side of Pant y Llyn hill. The longhouse was definedby low, denuded wall-bases, the overall measurement for the site being 12.5m longnorth-northwest to south-southeast x c.4m wide. The structure had two cells, thedivision between the two represented by a step down in floor level of c.0.25m, as istypical in a longhouse type building.Several earthwork platforms were recorded around the western edge of the same hill.These included NPRN 247035, which was a well-preserved platform, cut cross-contourinto the west-facing slope and measuring 16.5m x 8m wide. This was one of a pair ofplatforms, with the smaller platform NPRN 247036 located close by, measuring 8.5m x3.25m. Such platform pairs are found across the uplands of mid- and southwest Walesin the experience of the authors of this report.Further to the north, a group of three platforms of different character were recorded,each being cut parallel to the contour (Pant y Llyn Platforms I, II & III – NPRNs247045, 247046 & 247048). NPRN 247046 was previously recorded in the regionalHER, but its two neighbours had not been recognised before this survey.To the southwest of Pant y Llyn, at Beili Helyg, a loose group of platforms wererecorded. They were too dispersed to record as a Deserted Rural Settlement complex,but it seems credible to suggest that they may have had some association with eachother. Four platforms were recorded here (NPRNs 247294, 247300, 247302 &247303), as well as two possible platforms (NPRNs 247296 & 247304). NPRN 247296is particularly interesting, as it survives as a terraced platform measuring c.5m x 5m.However, this seems to possibly be only part of a large platform which has beentruncated by the common boundary. A slight mound to the west of the boundary, in acultivated field, may well represent the denuded apron of the platform. As the commonboundary has been stable in this area since at least the first half of the 19 th century, itseems probable that the site predates that period.21

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 8: A large earthwork platform (NPRN 247035) west of Pant y Llyn, with CwmNant Gwyn in the background. The figure is standing on the centre of the platformapron. This photograph gives an indication of the dense bracken cover found in someparts of the area even during winter.22

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20082.2 Value of AP mapping to the field projectThe RCAHMW supplied interpretation of aerial photographs as digital files, referred toas AP mapping in this report. Each of these was investigated in the field, see Figure 7.231 separate records were supplied by the RCAHMW with the AP mapping (these arelisted in Appendix D). 2 of these were found to be outside the study area. 96 werefound to be identifiable archaeological features on the ground and given NPRNs. Theseincluded earthwork banks, cultivation marks, enclosures, leats, various mounds,quarries and trackways and a small number of settlement sites.Many of the remaining 133 records supplied by the RCAHMW were found to be linearfeatures such as sheep tracks or tracks made by modern farm vehicles, as well as thebraiding of existing trackways. The continuing practice of bracken cutting alsoproduces linear features which, viewed from the air, bear similarity to ridge and furrowcultivation. 42 of the AP features were found to have been caused by bracken cutting orother modern agricultural activity. 28 AP features were found to be natural orvegetational features, whilst 31 could not be identified on the ground at all.It is worth noting that many linear features such as leats and enclosure boundaries recordedon the ground were not picked up by AP mapping. More significant monuments such asplatforms and funerary cairns were also not identified from AP sources. Overall, APmapping, proved to be of some benefit during fieldwork, but the fact that the majority offeatures identified proved not to be of archaeological interest, and the need for groundsurvey to identify some of the most important and characteristic upland monument types arereminders of the limitations of the use of aerial photography in some upland environments.Plate 9: The snows of February 2009 were of assistance in identifying cultivation marks, asseen here associated with Bank NPRN 247234. These are not visible on AP mapping23

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 7: Features plotted by the RCAHMW from aerial photographs24

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.1 <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> History and Archaeology3.1.1 Characteristics and comparisonsLike many upland areas, the history of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> area is not well documentedand we are dependent on a small number of sources to attempt to construct anunderstanding of the past use of the land included in the study area.An obvious and important characteristic of <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> is that it has remained an areaof unenclosed common land to the present day. Despite attempts at enclosure and landimprovement around the common fringe, the footprint of modern agriculture remainsrelatively light here, and as a result the survival of archaeological features is reasonably good.We are wholly dependent on archaeology to interpret the level and nature of humanactivity on these hills before the Medieval period. The archaeological record begins inthe Neolithic period, for the Bailey Bach chambered tomb (NPRN 275624) is a rareexample of a Neolithic funerary monument in the mid-Wales uplands. It is not the onlysite of relevance to the Neolithic in the area however. The RCAHMW’s BrecknockInventory (RCAHMW, 1997, 290) records that the flint scrapers, a triangular arrowheadand worked and unworked flakes, all of Neolithic date, have been found near WaunGynllwch (SO063415). A Neolithic stone hammer head has also been found atCrickadarn, just to the east of the study area (RCAHMW, 1997, 290).There is considerably more evidence of Bronze Age activity in the study area, in theform of over 20 funerary cairns and barrows. The best preserved of these is a finebarrow, possibly a ring cairn, on Cefn Clawdd (NPRN 305784), and the mainconcentration of these monuments occurs along or adjacent to the western end of theCefn Clawdd ridge. This includes a group of features at Twyn y Post which have beenrecorded as a Prehistoric Monument Complex (NPRN 307215). The group is shown onthe 1831 Ordnance Survey map as consisting of three cairns or barrows. Today, onestone cairn (NPRN 247188) can be seen at Twyn y Post, alongside what may be thevery disturbed remains of a second cairn (NPRN 247189), and an unusual earthworkwhich may well be a ring barrow (NPRN 247190). No settlement sites of the period areknown locally. Some finds of Bronze Age artefacts from the surrounding area indicatefurther activity, including a stone axe from Erwood (RCAHMW, 1997, 294) and asocketed bronze axe from Crickadarn (RCAHMW, 1997, 296). To the west of the studyarea, at Cornelau Uchaf, Upper Chapel, a sherd of possible Deverel-Rimbury ware,apparently from a “globular urn”, has also been reported (RCAHMW, 1997, 72).It is worth noting that there are no round barrows in this study area, unlike those foundless that 5km to the northeast on Aberedw Hill, which was surveyed during 2007-2008(Hall & Sambrook, 2008a). The cairns of <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> are mostly low, denudedmounds composed of small stones, with piles of larger blocks (which are either latermarker cairns or part of the original cairn structure) placed on the cairn body. They varyin size from as little as 4m in diameter (Gwaun Ymryson Cairn IV, NPRN 247251) to18m (Cefn Clawdd II, NPRN 305784).Interestingly, in the northern part of the area there is a notable absence of cairns orbarrows, which mirrors the findings of the upland survey carried out on the SENTA rangeby Trysor in 2008 (Hall & Sambrook, 2008b). The sole prehistoric site recorded on the25

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008higher ground at the northern end of the area is the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Stone Circle, which is aScheduled Ancient Monument.There is no evidence of Iron Age activity in, or around the study area. A postulatedRoman road, which is shown on historic Ordnance Survey maps, has recently beendiscounted by CPAT’s Roman Roads project (CPAT, 1993). This old road (NPRN247185) is shown on Ogilby’s late 17 th century maps of the Welsh road network andwas the main route connecting Brecon and Builth Wells. It survives as a linearearthwork and runs into the study area from Brecon, to the south, crossing Cefn Clawddand heading northwards to join with the modern B4520, heading to Builth Wells.There is an absence of evidence relating to the Early Medieval period within the studyarea, although a number of Early Christian Monuments, dating to the 8 th to 10 thcenturies AD are known from the wider area, The closest examples are a 9 th -10 thcentury moulded pillar cross, which originally stood at Maesmynis, to the northwest(RCAHMW, 1997, 287), but which is now kept at Brecon Museum. Two crossdecoratedstones reportedly found at the evocatively named Mynachty, just to thesouthwest of the study area, were kept at Merthyr Cynog parish church in the early 19 thcentury, but have now been lost (RCAHMW, 1997, 288). This slight evidence ofecclesiastical activity in the area is in itself indicative of the presence of settled andorganised communities around the Mynydd Epynt uplands during the Early Medievalperiod. It is also probable that the extensive upland pastures offered by the hills of thestudy area were fully integrated into the pastoral regime which would have been themainstay of such communities.It is only from medieval times onwards that we begin to have clues as to how thelandscape here might have been managed. The history of the Lordship or Manor ofLlaneglwys is highly relevant to the study area during this period. This manor mayhave had roots in the social and agrarian divisions of earlier periods, but it appears inhistory as an upland land holding within Cantref Selyf, one of the ancient cantrefi of theregion. The history of these land units is ill-defined, but it is apparent that the district,including Cantref Selyf and the Mynydd Epynt hills, had come under the control of theClifford family during the 12 th century, with their caput at Bronllys Castle. During thesecond half of that century, Walter Clifford granted lands in the area to Abbey Dore,Herefordshire, including the Lordship of Llaneglwys. It would appear that the manorincluded the lands of the study area, and Walter’s grandson, also named Walter,confirmed the gift to the monks of Abbey Dore in 1240, by charter. This charter isexceptionally interesting, as it confirms that Llaneglwys included Gwenddwr,Crickadarn and Erwood, all of which are found along the eastern edge of the study area,and that these lands had “been taken from the free forest” (Remfry, c.2004). Thedocument also restored rights of pasture and common to the monks on the adjacent hills,and it is likely that land included within the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area was included inthis grant.It is impossible to know if any of the sites recorded during the 2009 field survey date tomedieval times. The presence of settlements is largely confined to the northern end ofthe study area, where the land reaches its highest points and also has some of its steepestslopes. The groups of platforms and long huts recorded at Cwmhindda and Beili Helygmay well represent medieval settlement; but their relationship to the activities of the Manorof Llaneglwys, or the aforementioned monastic grange of Gwenddwr cannot be certain.26

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008The presence of monastic names around the mountain fringe are undoubtedly echoes ofthe link with the Gwenddwr grange, especially that of the farm and stream atNantyroffeiriad (Priest’s Stream), which lie at the centre of the study area. At thesouthern end of the study area, the abandoned farmstead at Cwm Hafotty clearlyresonates with a connection to the medieval hafod tradition. It is interesting to note thatthere are no platforms or long huts closely associated with either Nantyroffeiriad orCwm Hafotty, apart from the now ruined farmhouse at Cwm Hafotty was clearly alonghouse and may have been the focus of medieval transhumant activity before thesurrounding land was enclosed and improved to create a post medieval farmstead.The transition from medieval to post medieval exploitation of the common land of thearea is a process that is equally unclear, although it is likely that much of the settlementactivity and associated attempts at enclosure and cultivation post-date the 16 th century.The farmsteads at Pant y Llyn and Cwm Hafotty may well have grown on thefoundation of earlier, medieval settlements, but it is probable also that the area ofcommon land was itself reduced from the 17 th century onwards as part of the generalpressure on land caused by increasing populations and a changing economy. The rise ofthe droving trade in early post medieval times, to supply meat to the large English cities,is a factor that would undoubtedly have made the uplands of Epynt valuable pastures, asthis pastoral economy grew. There is no reason to suppose that some, at least, of theplatforms and long huts of the study area could not have continued in occupation intothe early post medieval period, although a field survey is inadequate in terms ofunderstanding the dating and chronology of settlement in an upland area. It is clear,however, that when the area was mapped for the first time during the early 19 th century,the settlements on the common had already been abandoned and forgotten.During the past 200 years, the hills within the study area have continued to be used ascommon pasture by the farms which are situated on the mountain fringe. Clearly therehave been attempts to enclosure small parcels of land at the common edge, and thedenuded earthwork banks of such field enclosures are still present on the common inmany locations, sometimes with evidence of attempts at cultivation visible also. Acrossthe drier and flatter parts of the common there are hints that the ground has been brokenby ploughing in the past, although it is difficult to know when this activity wasundertaken; it seems unsafe to assume that the cultivation marks which are encounteredare necessarily anything other that late post medieval in date, associated with landimprovement efforts during the 18 th or 19 th centuries. Some modern land improvement isevident, particularly with relation to the de-stoning of bracken invaded areas to facilitatethe mechanical cutting and baling of bracken, which is still carried out to the present day.The de-stoning process has led to the creation of clusters of clearance cairns, some ofwhich have appeared within the past decade or so.Industrial activity appears to have only had a minor impact on the study area during thepast 200 years. The quarries of the area are small and were clearly used to meet strictlylocal needs, particularly for wall construction around the edge of the common. Theunderlying geology is mostly of Silurian mudstones, siltstones and marls, which aregenerally friable or thinly bedded and unsuitable as building stone. The greatestconcentration of quarries occurs at the extreme southeastern corner of the study area, atWun Gynllwch and Cefn Llwydallt, where more massive marls were clearly thoughtmore useful and have been extensively quarried, although mostly in very small pits.27

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008This low-scale level of quarrying is not untypical of this part of Breconshire andadjacent parts of Radnorshire, where the geology mitigates against quarrying on anindustrial scale.Oral evidence, provided by the farmers at Gelli Rhydd and Fforest farms, indicates thatthe British Army did not take possession of the common within the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> studyarea, when they occupied the main part of the Mynydd Epynt uplands in 1940.Therefore, the land here has continued to be used as summer pasture throughout the 20 thcentury, without a break. Changes to the agricultural regime are clearly having an effecton the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> land. The reduction of stocking rates has prevented over-grazingon the common, but as a result invasive gorse is taking hold in many parts of the studyarea. Oral testimonies from local farmers on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> in 2009, and nearbyAberedw in 2008, indicate that gorse has spread onto the common pastures within thepast 30 to 40 years and its growth rate is increasing. This trend which may mean thatwithin a few decades much of what is now open and accessible common land willbecome difficult to cross, with consequences for access to the archaeologicalmonuments of the area. With potentially fewer working farms in the district in future, areduced need for winter bedding may also see a decline or end to the long-held traditionof bracken cutting, which would also have implications for access to many parts of thecommon. These issues are undoubtedly pressing in many of the upland areas of Powys.Plate 10: A view from Cefn Gledwen, northwards towards Groeswen Farm (centre) andNantyroffeiriad Farm (extreme left), showing the typical farmed landscape around thefringes of Mynydd Epynt. Many of these farms continue to use the mountain pastureand some still cut and bale bracken on the common.28

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 11: The highest point in the study area is marked by the triangulation pillar(NPRN 247078), on top of <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> hill.Plate 12: Pant y Llyn is one of several small natural lakes and ponds in the study area,but the only one to have been dammed and used as a domestic water source. It lies atthe more rugged northern end of the study area.29

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.2 Prehistory3.2.1 Early PrehistoryAlthough artefactual evidence from the surrounding district indicates that there was ahuman presence in the area during the Neolithic period (see above), there is littlearchaeological evidence relating to the communities that existed here over 4,000 yearsago. One important Neolithic site does however survive within the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> studyarea, namely the Bailey Bach Chambered Tomb (NPRN 247264). This ScheduledAncient Monument sits on a small, natural hillock at the southwestern corner of thestudy area. It consists of a large capstone, which measures c.2.9m long x 1.5m wide x0.5m thick, and is supported by two edge-set stones, to form a small chamber. Along itsnorthern edge, the capstone seems to rest on the ground surface, possibly as intended bythe builders of the monument. The monument was originally recorded in the NMR as apossible round cairn, on the assumption that the cairn mound has been lost throughrobbing or erosion, exposing a stone cist. When the monument was scheduled in 1993by Cadw, it was described as a chambered tomb, however, and the form of themonument seems to support this classification. It is certainly quite unlike any of theBronze Age cairns which exist on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, all of which possess denuded, stonymounds.Plate 13: The chambered tomb at Bailey Bach NPRN 275624.30

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.2.2 Bronze Age monuments (see Fig. 8, p.39)Stone CircleA stone circle (NPRN 275623) is recorded on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> hill, in the northern part ofthe study area. It was recorded in 1993 and scheduled by Cadw in the same year. Thesite has been described by CPAT and Cadw in 1993 and the RCAHMW in 1995. Priorto the 2009 survey, the stone circle has been described, from the outset, as consisting ofup to 24 stones, many of which were noted as missing or not visible.In 2009, only two stones could be seen standing upright at the site, and another twobarely protruded through the grassy surface. The two upright stones stood at the westernside of the area. The largest measures c.1.3m long x 0.2m thick and stands c.0.6m high.The other stone stands c.4m to its south-southwest and is c.0.5m wide x 0.1m thick andstands up to 0.5m high. There are examples of other natural rock slabs standing uprightelsewhere on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, and the larger of these two stones is reminiscent of anaturally occurring stone slab that can be seen to the southeast at SO0569346118.Plate 14: The site of the scheduled <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> stone circle (NPRN 275623). Only twoupstanding stones are present.There was no evidence of any other stones forming a circle, and only one slab layrecumbent c.3m to the northwest of the postulated circle. There was no obvious reason whyit should be thought that this slab was anything other than a naturally occurring stone,similar to many such examples on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> hill. It is also difficult to imagine whereany missing stones could have gone, as this is a remote site, well away from any trackways,so the probability of stone robbing is low. In 1993, it was reported that prodding the ground31

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008suggested that there were more stones hidden from view beneath the surface, but as the siteis now a SAM, this exercise cannot be repeated.At the southeastern side of the postulated circle lies a low mound of earth, with at leastthree stones protruding through the grass or laying flat. The RCAHMWs<strong>Brecknockshire</strong> Inventory (RCAHMW, 1997, 158) interprets this mound as a “portal”into the stone circle. However, there is nothing to suggest that this mound is in any wayassociated with the two upright stones to the northwest, as it appears to form a discretefeature and may either be a naturally occurring mound or is even reminiscent of a smallcairn or barrow.The field evidence is at best inconclusive as to whether this site is a Bronze Age stonecircle. On the basis of surface evidence, it seems difficult to accept the identification ofthe features here as being anything other than naturally occurring. Furtherarchaeological investigation is required to confirm its designation as a stone circle.Cairns and BarrowsThe most significant field evidence for prehistoric activity in the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> studyarea are 17 Bronze Age funerary cairns and 3 possible funerary cairns, which have beenidentified.Prior to the field survey, only 7 Bronze Age funerary cairns or sites were recorded in theNMR for the area. These included six cairns;• Twyn y Bîg, Cairn – NPRN 305763• Blaen Llwyn Ddu Cairn - NPRN 305778• Gwaun Ymryson Cairn I - NPRN 305782• Cefn Clawdd Cairn I - NPRN 305781• Cefn Clawdd Cairn II - NPRN 305784• Gwaun Ymryson Cairn II - NPRN 305783Of these six cairns, the most impressive is undoubtedly the Cefn Clawdd Cairn II,which is curiously one of only two on the list which are not Scheduled AncientMonuments (Blaen Llwyn Ddu being the second). It is a relatively well-preservedcairn, the largest found within the study area. It survives as a prominent mound, visibleon the skyline when viewed from lower ground to the north and east. It measures 18min diameter and up to 1.2m high. The cairn has a hollow at its centre that gives themonument a ring like appearance. Whether this is an original characteristic, whichwould suggest that the cairn is in fact a ring cairn, or the result of antiquarian excavationor stone robbing which has disturbed the interior of the mound, is unclear. 19 th centuryOrdnance Survey surveyors saw the monument as being a ring-like feature and the 1831Ordnance Survey map depicts it as a ring. The 1st edition 1:2500 map of 1888 shows itas an “Old Sheepfold”, indicating that its ring-like bank was interpreted as the wall of aruined sheepfold.The only other feature of note is a stony mound at the western side of the cairn, whichhas been interpreted as possibly being a spoil heap cast up when the centre of the cairnwas dug out at some time in the past. However, it is not impossible that this mound is an32

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008original feature, possibly even the location of a cist within the cairn body. It should benoted that several of the cairns recorded on Mynydd Epynt have similar mounds atopthe denuded cairn body, which are often interpreted as recent “marker cairns” but couldwell be integral elements to the original structure. This is certainly true of the BlaenLlwyn Ddu Cairn, which is a far more denuded structure, with a prominent stone piletowards its southwestern side, which may well be an exposed cist. Marker cairns are notused along this boundary, although single, usually inscribed, boundary stones are. Itseems unlikely, therefore, that the stone piles on the cairns are later additions.Mention should also be made of the scheduled cairn at Twyn y Bîg. This is a muchdisturbed cairn or barrow with stone structural elements. The damage to the featuremakes it difficult to be certain of its original dimensions, but was approximately 10m indiameter and up to 0.5m high. It has been partly excavated away on its south and eastsides and there is also a rectilinear trench cut into the west side. Three edge-set stonesare visible and appear to be part of a structure within the cairn. It is interesting to notethat the 1831 Ordnance Survey map depicts this site as a standing stone, rather than as acairn or barrow. The edge set stones may explain this anomaly.Plate 15: This cairn at Twyn y Post (NPRN 247188) survives as a low stony mound,with a pile of larger stones at its western side. These may represent an original cist.33

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 16: Other cairns in the vicinity of Twyn y Post display similar stone piles on thecairn body. They have been interpreted as later marker cairns, but each seems to beintegral to the cairn structure, as seen at Blaen Llwyn Ddu Cairn NPRN 305778.The seventh site previously recorded as a funerary monument in the NMR was a groupof three features at Twyn y Post. This group was originally recorded as a Cairnfield(NPRN 307215), but has now been redefined by this project as a Prehistoric MonumentComplex. It includes;• Twyn y Post, Cairn I - NPRN 247188• Twyn y Post, Cairn? - NPRN 247189• Twyn y Post, Ring Barrow? - NPRN 247190The group of features at Twyn y Post was given Scheduled Ancient Monument statusby Cadw in 1993. A variety of terms have been applied to describe the group and itsindividual features, creating some confusion when the records of Cadw, the RCAHMWand CPAT are compared.The Antiquarian Theophilus Jones was the first person to describe these features, in “AHistory of Brecknock”, published in 1809. Jones referred to the site by its earlier name ofPen y Pebyll, which undoubtedly corresponds with the name Post y Pabell, given to thislocation on the 1831 Ordnance Survey map. The name Twyn y Post does not appear onOrdnance Survey mapping until the 2nd edition Ordnance Survey maps of 1905.The RCAHMWs Brecknock Inventory mistakes Jones’ description of Pen y Pebyll for astone circle at Ynys Hir, elsewhere on Mynydd Epynt. Jones’ provides an interestingdescription of features at Twyn y Post, however;34

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008“On the Epynt Hills, at a place called Pen y Pebyll, or the summit of tents (I believewithin the parish of Merthyr) are two circles similar to the Senor circles, described byBorlase 3 …; the largest is about 50 paces in diameter, the loose surrounding agger ofstones about 7 or 8 feet in thickness, with an entrance on the east; the smaller about 14paces in diameter and near it a carn or raised heap of stones.”This description firstly identifies the large circular enclosure of Cornelau Uchaf (NPRN305776), near Twyn y Post. It then mentions a second circle at Twyn y Post itself, withwhich was associated, importantly, a single cairn. It seems likely that this second circlementioned by Jones is NPRN 247190, which has been described as a “hengiform”monument (Ordnance Survey 1980 & CPAT PRN 4066) or a ring cairn (RCAHMWBrecknock Inventory site no. RC236). The absence of any surface stone at NPRN247190 has led this project to amend its site type to “Ring Barrow”, but it is not certainthat even this term does justice to the site.Jones’ reference to a single cairn alongside the Twyn y Post circle is at odds with recentrecords (e.g. the regional HER and the RCAHMWs Brecknock Inventory and NMRdatabase), as well as the 1831 Ordnance Survey map. Each records three monuments atTwyn y Post; the earthwork NPRN 247190 to the south, the stone cairn NPRN 247188to the north, between which is a postulated third monument (NPRN 247189), describedvariously as a cairn (CPAT), a ring cairn (RCAHMW Brecknock Inventory) and a stonespread (Trysor, 2009, Uplands Initiative <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> survey). It is worth noting thatthis rather ephemeral feature corresponds with the position of a triangulation pointshown on the 1st and 2nd edition 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of 1888 and 1904. Theerection and removal of the triangulation point may have damaged an existing cairn.There is also evidence that a geological test pit was dug here in the early 1990s (NPRN247429), which may have caused further disturbance.There is little doubt that the third feature in the group is indeed a Bronze Age funerarycairn (NPRN 247188). Its stony mound is partly obscured by reeds and grass, but can beseen to be largely intact and measure at least 11m in diameter and stand up to 0.4mhigh, with the stones of a cist possibly standing at the northwestern end of the mound.The variation in character between these three monuments is considerable and questionsshould be raised as to whether they are indeed contemporary or share a commonfunction as funerary or ritual monuments. Their position at a crossroads of importanttracks across the Epynt common is interesting, as they have undoubtedly providedimportant landmarks for many centuries.In addition to the above, a further 3 cairns were known through the regional HER.These were;• Twyn y Post Cairn II, NPRN 247191 (PRN 5878)• Cefn Clawdd Cairn III, NPRN 247232 (PRN 3082)• Llyn Pen y Lan Cairn, NPRN 247192 (PRN 3076)3 Dr Borlase described the antiquities of Zennor in his “History of Cornwall” published in 1769.35

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008The Llyn Pen y Lan cairn has been recorded by CPAT as a boundary cairn, but whenvisited in 2009, it was felt that it was more likely to be a funerary cairn. This slightlyoval cairn is intact and measures 4.6m x 4m and is up to 0.5m high. It sits close to theCrickadarn and Merthyr Cynog parish boundary and has probably served as a boundarymarker, but there is no reason to doubt that it predates the boundary. The parishboundaries within the study area are marked by 19 th century boundary stones, andalthough they occasionally make use of pre-existing cairns, there is no evidence thatmounds or cairns were specifically raised as markers.The <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> survey has added 4 funerary cairns and 4 possible funerary cairns tothe NMR for the first time (see Table 5, p.40), which is a significant increase in view ofthe relatively low number of previously recorded funerary monuments. Most of thenew sites are to the north of those previously known, including several to the north ofthe Nantyroffeiriad stream, the first such sites to be recognised in the northern half ofthe study area.The 4 newly recorded sites thought to be funerary cairns are;• Cefn Gledwen, Cairn II - NPRN 247198: This cairn is mostly composed of small,well-packed stones and measures c. 7m east-west x 6.5m and is up to 0.25m high.These smaller stones seem to form a distinctive ring, c.1m wide, around the edge ofthe cairn. Within, and partly on top of this ring, several larger blocks of stone areseen. These may be the result of recent field clearance activity, as there are severalrecent clearance cairns in the vicinity.• Cefn Gledwen, Cairn I - NPRN 247197: This small cairn is composed of wellpacked,small stones, and measures 5m north-south x 4m, being up to 0.25m high. Itis oval in plan, with a stony bank forming the southern side. The northern side islower. A rectilinear cist-like feature was exposed in the interior of the southern halfof the cairn, measuring c.1m x 0.5m. This feature, and the general character of thecairn, suggests that this is a Bronze Age funerary cairn, rather than a clearance cairn.• Nantyroffeiriad Fawr, Cairn I - NPRN 247224: This stone cairn measures 9.5mby 8.5m and is up to 0.50m high. It consists of small, well packed stones with largerblocks piled on its southern side as the result of modern stone clearance. (Theunderlying cairn is thought to be a funerary cairn.)• Gwaun Ymryson, Cairn IV - NPRN 247251: This stone cairn measuresapproximately 4m in diameter and is 0.25m high. The cairn body consists of smallstones with a pile of larger blocks, 0.50m high in its southeast quadrant, which maybe part of the original cairn structure.The 4 possible funerary cairns recorded for the first time are relatively minor structures,Each seem to be the result of human activity. They are;• Nantyroffeiriad Fawr, Cairn III - NPRN 247215: A low stone cairn, 2.5m indiameter and 0.20m high. It consists of small, packed stones with one larger stonetowards its northern edge.36

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008• Nantyroffeiriad Fawr, Cairn II - NPRN 247216: A low stone cairn, 2m indiameter and 0.15m high. It consists of small, packed stones with some disturbanceat its southern edge.• Gwaun Ymryson, Cairn III - NPRN 247252: This small stone cairn lies on theopen common, just to the east of Twyn y Post and within a few hundred metres ofthe larger cairns NPRNs 305781, 305782 & 305783. It measures c.2m by 1.25mand is only 0.15m high, but it appears to be a man made feature.• Blaen Gwenddwr, Ring Cairn? - NPRN 247263: This site was obscured by deadbracken when recorded in 2009, but appeared to be a low stone ring on the top of asmall spur. The stone ring was up to 1.5m wide and the site measured 7m wide by6.5m overall. Interpretation of the feature was difficult but it may be a very denudedring cairn.Plate 17: One of several funerary cairns identified during the snows of February 2009,when they stood out in the landscape. This example, NPRN 247251, is at Gwaun Ymryson.37

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 18: A probable funerary cairn (NPRN 247198), to which has been added largerstone blocks through post medieval de-stoning of the common on Cefn Gledwen.Plate 19: Another funerary cairn (NPRN 247197) on Cefn Gledwen. Snow clearanceuncovered a cist-like feature exposed within the body of the cairn.38

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 8: Prehistoric funerary and ritual sites39

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008CAIRN 17305781 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN I Bronze Age305763 TWYN-Y-BIG, CAIRN Bronze Age247198 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN II Bronze Age247197 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN I Bronze Age247191 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN II Bronze Age305782 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN I Bronze Age305784 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II Bronze Age305783 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN II Bronze Age247188 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN I Bronze Age247232 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II Bronze Age247224 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN Bronze Age305778 BLAEN LLWYN DDU, CAIRN Bronze Age247192 LLYN PEN Y LAN, CAIRN Bronze Age?247251 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN IV Bronze Age?247252 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN III Bronze Age?247216 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN Unknown247215 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN UnknownCAIRN? 1247189 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD II Bronze Age?RING BARROW? 1247190 TWYN Y POST, EARTHWORK Bronze Age?RING CAIRN? 1247263 BLAEN GWENDDWR, STONE SPREAD Bronze Age?STONE CIRCLE 1275623 BANC Y CELYN STONE CIRCLE PrehistoricTable 5: Bronze Age sites40

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.2.3 Significance of the prehistoric archaeologyThe number of prehistoric monuments and finds within the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area isnot high. There is no evidence of prehistoric settlement and the evidence from withinthe study area is limited to Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary monuments, as well as apossible Bronze Age stone circle on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> hill. Occasional finds of Neolithicand Bronze Age artefacts outside the study area are, however, suggestive of settledcommunities exploiting the wider landscape during both periods.The presence of a small Neolithic chambered tomb at Bailey Bach is of considerablesignificance in view of the rarity of such monuments in upland contexts in mid-Wales.The major Neolithic chambered tombs of Breconshire are located much further to theeast, and are considerably larger than the Bailey Bach example. Its diminutive sizemakes it unsurprising that Bailey Bach was originally described as a cist or a roundcairn, but it would appear to bear similar characteristics to some of the smaller, simplertombs or cromlechs seen in southwest Wales, such as the Carn Wnda burial chamber atLlanwnda, Pembrokeshire. The significance of this site is recognised by its protectionas a Scheduled Ancient Monument.The group of over 20 Bronze Age cairns now recorded within the study area aresignificant as they are evidence of a settled Bronze Age population in the landscape, butthe position of many of the large cairns along the high ground of Cefn Clawdd andTwyn y Post may also tell us that some may have been positioned to be visible from theeast and northeast. The Cefn Clawdd Cairn NPRN 305784 is now the only one of thegroup that is sufficiently well preserved to be seen on the skyline from that direction.The cairns of Twyn y Post and Gwaun Ymryson are now rather denuded, therefore it isdifficult to know how visible they originally were in the landscape. However, it is veryinteresting to note that the old Brecon to Builth Wells road (NPRN 247185), which mayhave it origins as a medieval, or even a Roman road, follows a line of cairns northwardsfrom NPRN 247232 on Cefn Clawdd, past Twyn y Post Cairn II (NPRN 247191), thePrehistoric Monument Complex at Twyn y Post (NPRN 307215), the Blaen Llwyn DduCairn (NPRN 305778) and also the Llyn Pen y Lan Cairn (NPRN 247192). It is notunreasonable to suspect that these ancient cairns have been used to guide travellersacross the open moor for many centuries. It is also possible that much stone was takenfrom these cairns, over time, to help maintain or repair the road surface.Six of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Bronze Age cairns are protected as Scheduled AncientMonuments, including the three within the Twyn y Post Prehistoric MonumentComplex. Collectively, the funerary monuments of the study area are of highsignificance as a group, despite the fact that most are now in poor condition due to stonerobbing or erosion.The only other prehistoric monument in the area is the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Stone Circle. Itssignificance is questionable, despite its status as a Scheduled Ancient Monument, as itpresents little surface evidence of being a stone circle. Without further study, includingexcavation, the archaeological significance of this site is difficult to determine, althoughCPAT have linked this site with several other small stone circles as a new type of ritualmonument in the Powys landscape (Jones, 2008, p.25-32).41

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 20: The unscheduled barrow on Cefn Clawdd (NPRN 305784) is probably thebest preserved funerary monument in the study area and the only one which remains aprominent landscape feature. It can be seen on the horizon to the left of thisphotograph. Note the waterlogged ground around the Cefn Clawdd pool, which mayhave potential for the preservation of palaeo-environmental evidence.42

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3 Medieval and Post Medieval Settlements and AgriculturePrior to this project, there were only two medieval or post medieval settlement sitesrecorded in the NMR for the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area. These were;• Cwmhindda Deserted Rural Settlement - NPRN 275640• Hendy, Long Hut I - NPRN 275641Both of these sites are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The Cwmhindda DRS includedseveral platforms and long huts and an enclosure (NPRNs 247056-247061), whilst theHendy Long Hut also had an associated enclosure (NPRN 247414).Records for 9 medieval or post medieval settlement sites could also be identified in theregional HER, held by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, which had beenincluded in the Cadw grant-aided Deserted Rural Settlements project undertaken in thearea (CPAT, 2000). These sites were;• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247046 (PRN 80011)• Cwmhindda, Long Hut I - NPRN 247058 (PRN 33960)• Cwmhindda, Long Hut II - NPRN 247059 (PRN 33961)• Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform III - NPRN 247061 (PRN 80009)• <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, Long Hut - NPRN 247074 (PRN 33963)• Waun Hirwaun, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247139 (PRN 80015)• Pant y Llyn, Building - NPRN 247277 (PRN 9250)• Pant y Llyn, Farmstead - NPRN 247281 (PRN 33962)• Hendy, Long Hut I - NPRN 275641 (PRN 80014)Of the sites recorded in the regional HER, the Hendy Long Hut and the CwmhinddaLong Huts I and II are protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The latter form partof the scheduled Cwmhindda Deserted Rural Settlement (NPRN 275640), whichincludes of several other features, as is shown in section 3.3.1 below.The record for settlement has been significantly boosted by this project, with thediscovery of new longhouse, long hut and platform sites, predominantly at the northernend of the study area (see Figure 9, p.55). A significant number of earthwork banks,areas of cultivation and other minor features have also been recorded, in associationwith the settlements of the area. However, unlike other upland areas surveyed by theauthors of this report in recent years, there is a virtual absence of ancillary shelters, pensand folds in association with the settlement sites.43

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.1 Deserted Rural SettlementsA Deserted Rural Settlement (DRS) is a complex of features that can include platforms,longhouses or long huts, associated with ancillary structures such as pens, shelters orfield enclosures. There is only a single complex of this kind recorded in the <strong>Banc</strong> y<strong>Celyn</strong> study area, namely the Cwmhindda DRS (NPRN 275640).The Cwmhindda DRS is a discrete group or complex of platforms and long huts, and asmall enclosure, (NPRNs 247056-247061 & 247065). These features are found justbelow the 400m contour, on a rather exposed north-facing hillslope, close to the northernboundary of the study area. Most of the features in this DRS site are protected within the areaof the Cwmhindda DRS Scheduled Ancient Monument (BR280). These are;• Long Hut NPRN 247058: This long hut is built onto a slight platform terraced into anorth-northeast facing hill. It is defined by low wall bases, and measures 9m x 4.5m.• Long Hut NPRN 247059: A long hut built onto a slight platform terraced into anortheast-facing hill. It is defined by low wall bases and measures 9.5m x 5m wide.This long hut sits within enclosure (NPRN 247060).• Enclosure NPRN 247060: A small enclosure, defined by denuded earthwork banks,which encloses a long hut (NPRN 247059). It measures c.21m x c17m• Platform NPRN 247061: A classic cross-contour earthwork platform with a welldefinedfan and apron. Overall it measures c.20m x c.7m wideThe 2009 survey identified a 3 more platforms in the group, located outside the scheduled area;• Platform NPRN 247056: This platform measures 12m x 5m and is slightlyembanked around three sides, with its south-southwestern end formed by a bedrockoutcrop, against which it has been constructed.• Platform NPRN 247057: This D-shaped platform measures 10m east-west by 7.5mwide. It is slightly embanked around three sides, but its south-southwestern end isformed by a bedrock outcrop, against which it has been constructed.• Platform NPRN 247065: which lies downslope and north of the main group offeatures, alongside a trackway, which passes immediately to its western side. Itmeasures c.9m x 4m and has only a slight fan and apron, being easily overlooked.The interpretation of this DRS complex on the basis of field survey alone is difficult. Clearlythe structures that once stood here were timber-framed and had little stone incorporated intotheir construction. The grassed-over wall bases of the two long huts may obscure stonefoundations, but there is no surface rubble to indicate that the walls were of stone build. Thegeneral absence of building stone in the vicinity undoubtedly explains this characteristic.The presence of platforms of various forms in the group is interesting. The 20m longplatform NPRN 247061 clearly had a different function to the smaller platforms of thegroup, particularly NPRN 247057, which is D-shaped and has a low, denudedearthwork bank around three sides. We cannot say what role the long huts played, orwhich of the structures were used as dwellings. The position of the settlement, and theapparent absence of cultivation here, would seem to suggest that it is a probablemedieval hafod settlement, associated with the management of stock animals on the hillpastures during the summer months. The settlement enjoys good views to the north andmay represent the hafod of a community located on the lowland in that direction.44

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 21: Northward view of the scheduled Cwmhindda DRS (NPRN 275640). Thegreen patches in the brown bracken in the centre of the photograph are the sites of thelong huts and platforms which make up the group.Plate 22: Cwmhindda Long Hut NPRN 247058.45

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.2. FarmsteadsThere are no occupied, modern farmsteads within the study area, only two desertedfarmsteads are found here, at Pant y Llyn (NPRN 247281) and Cwm Hafotty (NPRN247428).Both of these farmsteads stand isolated, their field systems being surrounded bycommon land. Both were also abandoned before the 20 th century. We know nothing oftheir origins, but the name of Cwm Hafotty is suggestive of it having roots in themedieval hafod/hendre system.In the case of Pant y Llyn abandonment appears to have occurred before the mid-19 thcentury, as the dwelling is not shown on the parish tithe map. Cwm Hafotty is shown asan occupied dwelling on late 19 th century Ordnance Survey maps (rather confusingly, itis named as Pant y Llyn on the 1891 Ordnance Survey series).At both sites, all buildings have been reduced to wall bases and only the general outlineof their ground plan can be made out. It appears that the farmhouses in both locationsbelonged to the longhouse tradition.At Pant y Llyn, the farmhouse (NPRN 247277) is associated with a series or earthworkbanks which define apparent garden plots or possibly even folds, but there is noindication that a substantial range of outbuildings ever stood here. Only a small shelterwas noted near the farmhouse (NPRN 247278).The Cwm Hafotty farmhouse (NPRN 247317) appears to have been a more substantialconstruction, and a considerable amount of stone was scattered across the site. Evidenceof outbuildings was apparent here too, including possible additional cells added onto themain house, which seems to have been a three-celled structure with a fourth cell addedto its upslope end. The whole structure measures 25.5m overall by 6m.Despite the fact that the dwellings at both farmsteads have long fallen into ruin, theirfield systems have never fallen out of use. At Pant y Llyn, several of the field boundarybanks within the holding have been grubbed out, but the perimeter fence around thefield system (NPRN 247275) has been maintained and the land within is improvedpasture.The Cwm Hafotty field system (NPRN 247307) is also maintained, although thecondition of the pasture here is markedly better, possibly due to the lower altitude andmore sheltered position of its location. It has been farmed from nearby Fforest farmduring the past century. Most of the field boundaries seem to survive within the CwmHafotty field system, although they are now generally denuded. Former hedgerowsalong these boundaries have matured during the decades in which the farm has beenunoccupied and most now have rows of mature deciduous trees growing along them.46

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 23: The fields surrounding the now deserted Cwm Hafotty farm (NPRN 247428)are surrounded by common land. Its name is a reminder that the upland pastures heremust have been “hafod” lands during medieval times.Plate 24: Pant y Llyn (NPRN 247281) viewed from the north. The earthworks of whatseem to be garden plots can be seen to the left side of the field parcel at the centre of thephotograph; the farmhouse is attached to the left side of the earthworks.47

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.3 LonghousesFigure 9 (p.55) shows that a number of settlement sites are recorded in <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>,which are not included within Deserted Rural Settlement or Farmstead complexes.These sites range from the sites of solitary structures, or loosely grouped features, aswell as single dwellings associated with an enclosure or area of cultivation. It isimportant to recognise that even solitary platforms, long huts or longhouses would havehad associations with other structures when they were occupied, even though theseassociations cannot always be easily recognised today.One of the great problems with the interpretation of long huts or longhouses on the basisof field observation is that we can only presume that they were originally built asdwellings. There is a possibility that some were constructed as animal or fowl sheltersor even for the storage of foodstuffs. As documentary or cartographic evidence isusually not available for such structures, and few sites of this type have been excavatedin the region, our understanding of their function is limited and our assumption that theyare medieval or post medieval in date based to some extent on their rectilinear form andcomparisons with similar, dated structures in other Welsh upland districts.Only one longhouse (NPRN 247069) is recorded in the study area which lies outsideone of the previously described Deserted Rural Settlement or Farmstead complexes.This is a newly discovered site on the northern side of Pant y Llyn hill which, despitebeing a fine example of the monument type, appeared to have no ancillary structures. Itmeasures 12.5m long x c.4m wide and has the characteristic change of floor levelbetween the upper and lower cells. Whether this is a dwelling or a field barn associatedwith another settlement can only be guessed at, although in a classic longhouse, theupper cell would be expected to house domestic quarters.Plate 25: The longhouse on Pant y Llyn hill (NPRN 247069), looking northwards.48

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.4 Long HutsApart from the two long huts recorded within the Cwmhindda DRS complex, only threeother examples were recorded in the study area. Two of these were previously knownsites, namely;Hendy Long Hut I, (NPRN 275641): This site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument(BR281). The long hut is positioned on a dry terrace alongside a mountain stream. It isdefined by low stony banks and measures 11m x 6m overall. On its northern side, thehut has a rounded enclosure (NPRN 247414), measuring 19m x 21m and defined by alow broad bank. This was probably used for keeping stock as there is no evidence ofcultivation within the enclosure.<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Long Hut (NPRN 247074): A well-preserved long hut, situated in asheltered valley position, alongside a minor stream. The rectilinear building is definedby low, grassed-over wall bases and measures 11.5m northwest-southeast x 6m.A third long hut was identified by the 2009 survey, 225m to the north-northeast ofHendy Long Hut I, although it is not known whether the two sites were associated inany way. This new site is;Hendy Long Hut II (NPRN 247097): This long hut measures c.12m x 6m and sits on asheltered terrace alongside a minor stream. It appears to be associated with a smallenclosure created by a bank (NPRN 247422) running off the boundary of the commonland and turning northwards to meet the stream. The long hut seems to sit on top of thisbank, although this may have been done intentionally and the hut and bank may well becontemporary.It is notable that each of these long hut sites is found on the banks of minor mountainstreams, in sheltered positions. This is a fairly typical situation for long huts across theuplands of mid-Wales. Possible differences in function may be suspected between thetwo Hendy long huts, which are associated with earthwork banks or enclosures, and the<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Long Hut, which does not appear to have any ancillary features. It ispossible that some or all of these sites were field barn or animal houses, rather thandwellings, but this is purely speculative. They may equally have been the sites ofcottages representing encroachment onto the common, or dwellings used seasonallywhich are subsidiary to farmsteads away from the common land.It is striking that these long huts, along with the Pant y Llyn longhouse (NPRN 247069),are found in sheltered positions around the highest part of the study area. No equivalentsites were noted on the lower ground to the south. This may support the suggestion thatthey were shepherding cottages used by lowland farms, where daily access from thehome farm would be difficult, hence there would be a requirement to have a herdsmanon the hill for all or part of the year.49

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 26 (left): The <strong>Banc</strong> y<strong>Celyn</strong> Long Hut, NPRN247074, lookingnorthwards.Plate 27 (below): HendyLong Hut II, NPRN 247097,looking northwards.50

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.5 PlatformsEarthwork platforms are the most common form of settlement type encountered in the<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Area. Such platforms are generally thought to be of medieval date and torepresent the sites of timber framed buildings, including dwellings. The absence of anysurface evidence for such structures means that only archaeological excavation canproperly identify the true character of these sites.Prior to the 2009 survey, platforms had been recorded as part of the Cwmhindda DRS(NPRN 275640) and several could also be identified from the regional HER;Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247046 (PRN 80011)Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform III - NPRN 247061 (PRN 80009)Waun Hirwaun, Earthwork Platform, II - NPRN 247139 (PRN 80015)The previously known platforms are found at the northern end of the study area. During2009, the number of platforms recorded in the area increased significantly, and included2 platforms found at Pant yr Hufen, in the southeastern corner of the area. In total,records for 18 new platforms were entered into the NMR for the first time, although thisincludes the platforms for the Cwmhindda DRS, which had not been describedindividually before. These 18 sites are:• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork III - NPRN 247066: A small cross-contour platform,measuring 3.5m x 2.5m.• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform V - NPRN 247068: Small, cross-contourplatform, measuring 7.5m long x 3m wide.• Waun Hirwaun, Earthwork Platform I - NPRN 247258: A cross-contourplatform measuring 7m x 3.5m.• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform I - NPRN 247045: A platform terracedparallel to the contour, measuring 7.5m x 4m.• Beili Helyg, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247302: A cross-contour platform,measuring 13m x 5m. It sits at the northern end of enclosure NPRN 247301.• Pant yr Hufen, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247363: A cross-contourplatform measuring 14m x 6m.• Beili Helyg, Earthwork Platform IV - NPRN 247303: A cross-contour platformmeasuring 12m x 5.5m.• Beili Helyg, Earthwork Platform I - NPRN 247294: A platform cut parallel to thecontour, measuring 6m x 3m.• Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform IV - NPRN 247065: A platform cut parallel tothe contour, measuring c.9m north-south x 4m. Part of the Cwmhindda DRS.• Pant y Llyn, Platform I - NPRN 247035: A cross-contour platform, measuring16.5m x 8m wide. Forms a platform pair with NPRN 247036.• Beili Helyg, Earthwork Platform III - NPRN 247300: A cross-contour platform,measuring 14m x 8m.• Pant y Llyn, Platform II - NPRN 247036: A cross-contour platform, measuring8.5m x 3.25m wide. Forms a platform pair with NPRN 247035.• Pant yr Hufen, Earthwork Platform I - NPRN 247311: A cross-contour platformmeasuring 11.25m x 4m.• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform III - NPRN 247048: A platform cutparallel to the contour, measuring 7m x 4.5m.51

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008• Pant y Llyn Hill, Earthwork Platform IV - NPRN 247050: A cross-contourplatform, measuring 13.5m west-southwest to east-northeast x 7m.• Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform I - NPRN 247056: A cross-contour platform,measuring 12m x 5m.• Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform II - NPRN 247057: A D-shaped platformterraced parallel to the contour, measuring 10m x 7.5m.• Cwmhindda, Earthwork Platform V - NPRN 247062: A small earthworkplatform, cut parallel to the contour, measuring only 4m x 2.75m.The platforms within the study area include examples which vary considerably in size,form and context. These differences are described in 3.3.9 below.Plate 28: Platform (NPRN 247046) on Pant y Llyn Hill. It is one of three platforms inrelatively close proximity that are cut parallel to the slope.52

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 29: Beili Helyg Platform NPRN 247300, is a substantial platform and survives closeto the minor east-west road which crosses <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>.Plate 30: Beili Helyg Platform NPRN 247303 is a well preserved earthwork cut into the sideof a minor stream valley.53

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT 1275640 CWMHINDDA DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT Medieval?;Post Medieval?FARMSTEAD 2247428 CWM HAFOTTY, FARMSTEAD Post Medieval247281 PANT Y LLYN, FARMSTEAD Post MedievalHOUSE 1247277 PANT Y LLYN, BUILDING Post MedievalLONG HUT 5247058 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247097 HENDY, LONG HUT II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247074 BANC Y CELYN, LONG HUT Medieval?;Post Medieval?247059 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT II Medieval?;Post Medieval?275641 HENDY, LONG HUT I Medieval?;Post Medieval?LONGHOUSE 1247069 PANT Y LLYN HILL, LONGHOUSE Medieval?;Post Medieval?PLATFORM 21247066 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK III Medieval?;Post Medieval?247068 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM V Medieval?;Post Medieval?247258 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247045 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247302 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247363 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247303 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV Medieval?;Post Medieval?247046 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247294 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247065 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV Medieval?;Post Medieval?247035 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247300 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III Medieval?;Post Medieval?247036 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247311 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247048 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III Medieval?;Post Medieval?247050 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV Medieval?;Post Medieval?247056 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247057 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247061 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III Medieval?;Post Medieval?247139 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247062 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM V Medieval?;Post Medieval?SHELTER 1247278 PANT Y LLYN, SHELTER Post MedievalSHELTER? 4247051 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK II Medieval?;Post Medieval?247049 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK I Medieval?;Post Medieval?247005 NANTYROFFEIRIAD, SHELTER? Medieval?;Post Medieval?247081 ALLTMAWR, EARTHWORK Post Medieval?Table 6: Settlement sites in the study area54

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 9: Medieval and post medieval settlement sites.55

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.6 Enclosures & CultivationThe <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area shares an important characteristic with areas of commonland in adjacent areas of Breconshire and Radnorshire, in that it has many examples ofattempts at enclosure and cultivation, particularly at the edge of the common. Thisevidence of activity on the common is of particular relevance to AP mapping work, anda considerable number of banks, ditches and postulated areas of cultivation wereincluded by the AP mapping coverage for this project.There are frequent examples of small and large enclosures, defined by earthwork banks,created just inside the boundary between the common and cultivated land. A number ofthese enclosures are in reality small field parcels carved out of the common, butabandoned at some point, probably before the 19 th century as they do not appear onhistoric mapping. In general, surface vegetation, especially bracken and heather, and thepassage of time, makes it unclear as to whether these enclosures were cultivated, or usedto control stock. Their relatively low banks would suggest that cultivation was the morelikely purpose, although ridge and furrow type cultivation marks are not frequentlyseen, certainly not in a sufficiently well-preserved condition for positive identificationon the ground.A good example of such an enclosure is seen at Alltmawr (NPRN 247079), at thenortheastern corner of the study area, which encloses an area of ridge and furrowcultivation (NPRN 247096). An earthwork bank is used, along with a natural gully andthe common edge, to create the enclosure.There is evidence of ploughing across a wide swathe of the common to the northeast ofNantyroffeiriad Fawr farm (see Figure 10 below), probably for the purpose of landimprovement. Numerous clearance cairns are also present here, most of which areprobably relatively recent and associated with bracken cutting activity. There is also alarge parcel of land in this area, enclosed by an earthwork bank (NPRN 247213),connecting the common boundary with a stream valley to create the enclosure which isalmost 10ha in extent. The area to the northwest of this enclosure is partly enclosed byanother earthwork bank (NPRN 247220), which is L-shaped and runs south westwardsfrom a stream valley before turning south and petering out c100m from enclosureNPRN 247213). In conjunction with the stream valley and the bank of NPRN 247213,the land partly enclosed by this bank is itself nearly 9ha in extent.Near Llyn Pen y Lan, on the western edge of the study area, a triangular enclosure(NPRN 247098) sits against the common boundary. This enclosure is about 1ha in area,but a much bigger enclosure is seen at Cornelau Uchaf, further long the boundary to thesouth. Cornelau Uchaf Enclosure II (NPRN 247187) has an area of c.7ha and seems tobe associated with a group of 16 clearance cairns which may have been created whenthe field parcel was in use. The ground within this enclosure has clearly been ploughedat some time, but it is possible that this was to improve the pasture, rather than put theland under arable cultivation. The fact that the clearance cairns have been left inside theenclosure supports this theory.56

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 10: Banks and enclosures on the common to the northeast of NantyroffeiriadFawr FarmImmediately upslope, and no less than 100m to the east of Cornelau Uchaf Enclosure II,lies one of the most unusual sites in the study area. Cornelau Uchaf Enclosure I (NPRN305776 - see Plate 31) is a Scheduled Ancient Monument (BR202), but there is adivergence of opinion with regard to its date and function. The site is scheduled as aprehistoric enclosure, but CPAT’s Funerary and Ritual Monuments project visited thesite in 1997 and dismissed the prehistoric date and edited the HER record (PRN 3073)to reclassify the monument as a post medieval enclosure.This site is defined by a swathe of stones, up to 5m wide, that marks out about one halfof the circumference of a feature that is c.55m in diameter. The best preserved section isin the northwestern quarter (see Plate 31). The southeastern half of the circle is muchless well defined, with the stony swathe petering out in the southwestern quadrant,leaving a substantial break in the circuit along its southern edge. Whether this is theresult of stone robbing, soil build up, or design, is impossible to determine from surfaceevidence. There does appear to be an entrance constructed at the northeastern side of thecircle, although it is quite narrow, being no more than 2m wide.The stony swathe is very low, no more than 0.15m high and, where best preserved,bears the appearance of two concentric wall bases or banks, but again the surfaceevidence is not sufficiently clear to allow for either a proper understanding of the natureof the construction, or to be able to confirm that such a double-ring of stone ran aroundthe whole circumference of the site. During this visit, it was noted that the interior of57

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008the circle appeared largely stone-free, with no surface evidence of internal structures.Interpretation of the evidence is difficult. It is felt likely that this is a ruined example ofan undated stock enclosure, but no certainty is possible on the basis of the surfaceevidence alone. The site does not compare with any other site in the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> area,or on the adjacent SENTA Dry Training Area, which was surveyed during the spring of2008 (Trysor, 2008b).Plate 31: Thenorthwestern sectionof the stone swathedefining theCornelau UchafCircular EnclosureNPRN 305776At the southeastern corner of the study area, an apparently cultivated enclosure (NPRN247231) stands detached from the common boundary near Fforest. In this general areathere are denuded traces of ploughing across the hills of Waun Gynllwch and CefnLlwydallt, although again this may well be the result of post medieval landimprovement, rather than attempts at arable farming.The project has recorded 44 earthwork banks, although these are found in a variety oflocations, not always at the common edge and in some cases do not appear to createdistinctive enclosures. For example, bank NPRN 247415 at Hendy is a length ofearthwork bank approximately 75m long, up to 1m wide at its base and 0.30m high. Itruns parallel to a modern trackway but it is not known what its purpose was or whetherit was associated with the nearby Hendy Long Hut II (NPRN 275641). Possibly it hasbeen largely lost due to erosion caused by the trackway that seems to have followed itscourse northwards, and it may originally have formed the western edge of an enclosuredefined to the north and south by mountain streams and the common boundary to theeast. There is no visible cultivation associated with this bank.Further to the south, at Waun Hirwaun, an area of apparent ridge and furrow cultivation(NPRN 247141) seems to be overlain, or partly enclosed by a relatively well-preserved,L-shaped earthwork bank (NPRN 247142). This bank seems to be an attempt to take inpart of the common, but it does not create a complete enclosure, similar to the example58

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008of NPRN 247220 near Nantyroffeiriad Fawr. It runs west-southwest for some 85m offthe present common boundary, turns for c.90m to the south and then seems to peter out,at least 250m from the nearest point on the common boundary. The purpose of such abank does not appear to completely enclose an area, but perhaps to loosely define anarea intended for improvement or cultivation. Dating such a bank is difficult, but thefact that there is ridge and furrow cultivation across the wider area, as well as two crosscontourplatforms nearby (NPRNs 247139 & 247258) may imply a medieval or postmedieval date. It is not clear what the relationship with the cultivation is, as the bankmay overlie it, which would suggest a probable post medieval date.Such enclosures and banks rarely appear on historic mapping, and they would seem tobelong to the centuries before reliable mapping was produced for the area in the early19 th century. As a general point, the significance of enclosures abutting the commonboundary is that they may have been created at a time after the common boundary hadbeen properly defined, and thus are likely to be post medieval in date. However, thepossibility that some parcels were created on the open common and then joined to thearea of cultivated land by later encroachment or enclosure cannot be dismissed.Possible cultivation marks are visible on aerial photographs at a number of locations,such as the Waun Hirwaun location mentioned above. However, it is rarely possible tobe certain whether one is looking at cultivation marks, more recent land improvement orthe patterns left on the ground surface after bracken cutting. This issue poses somedifficulty when interpreting features observed on aerial photography and the comparingthat evidence with features on the ground.Some of the best ridge and furrow cultivation evidence is best seen around the field systemat Pant y Llyn Farmstead, though it survives outside the field system which is currentlymaintained and fenced in. It is possible that modern agricultural activity within themaintained fields has removed traces of earlier ploughing, whilst those areas of cultivationwhich were left outside the fence line of the field system have been left undisturbed.Plate 32: Thesubstantial earthworkbank above CwmGwenddwr (NPRN247368), which runs forover 700m along thespine of the ridge. Itsdate is unknown.59

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.7 Pillow MoundsA single group of pillow mounds is recorded in the study area, at Cwm Owen (NPRN24380). The pillow mounds are mostly located in a parcel of improved pasture on theeastern side of the B4520 road, opposite the former Griffin Inn pub, which is nowknown as Cwm Owen.Previously, this group was thought to include 5 pillow mounds, but during February2009, melting snow across the site revealed that there are in fact 7 mounds here, two ofwhich (NPRNs 247163 & 247184) are found outside the field parcel on the opencommon. The 5 pillow mounds inside the field (NPRNs 247225-247229) are verydenuded and are usually only visible in low light. It appears that two of the moundswere excavated privately c.1934 (Spurgeon, 1967, 20) but there is no record of thepurpose or results of the excavation, apart from a photograph held by the RCAHMW.The best preserved of the mounds is the easternmost, NPRN 247184, which lies on thecommon. It measures 25m x 5m and stands up to 0.6m high.The date of these pillow mounds is unknown, but they would loosely be ascribed to theMedieval or Post-Medieval periods. The position of this group is of some interest, asthey are positioned immediately next to the historic Brecon to Builth Well road (nowthe B4520), which passes only 100m to the east. Whether the pillow mounds predatethis road, which was once thought to be Roman, but is now thought to be post medieval,is unknown. There is no clear evidence for a dwelling or buildings associated with thepillow mounds, although a small, denuded enclosure (NPRN 90359) on the stream bankto the south of the largest mound may be of relevance.Plate 33: Cwm Owen Pillow Mound NPRN 247184.60

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.8 Clearance Cairns & MoundsThe occurrence of groups of clearance cairns and earth mounds in several parts of thestudy area is an interesting characteristic of the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area. Over 50clearance cairns and 50 earth mounds were recorded during fieldwork in 2009.As can be seen in Figure 11, most of these features are found in 6 extensive groups.The two northernmost are found to the west of Pant y Llyn and, further east, aboveHendy. These groups are composed entirely of low earth mounds, which are usually 2or 3m in diameter, immediately upslope of which are found shallow hollows. It appearsthat these mounds are not the product of animal burrows, and they do not resemblebadger setts in any way. It is possible that the hollows have been created by theremoval of a tree or boulder. The only logical explanation is that these features are insome way associated with land improvement, although this cannot be certain.Similar earth mounds, always associated with a shallow hollows, are found in fewernumbers and more widely scattered in the southern half of the study area, but in generalstone clearance cairns are the most common product of post medieval or modern landimprovement, with groups of such cairns seen near Nantyroffeiriad Fawr, CefnGledwen and Cornelau Uchaf. A more widely scattered group of clearance cairns isalso found between Gwaun Ymryson and Cwm Hafotty, many of which have beencreated within the past 5-6 years to make bracken cutting easier.Figure 11: ClearanceCairns and Mounds61

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 34: Clearance Cairn NPRN 247102, one of the Cornelau Uchaf group.Plate 35: Pant y Beili Clearance Cairn (NPRN 247320), the largest clearance cairnrecorded in the area, is a modern feature created to assist bracken cutting.62

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.3.9 The significance of Medieval and Post Medieval settlement and agricultureThe widespread evidence for settlement or agricultural activity within the study clearlyshows that the identifiable human impact on the local landscape has been greatestduring the historic period.It is likely that many of the earthwork platforms and huts found in the area wereassociated with medieval or early post medieval pastoral activity. Where settlementsappear to be associated with enclosure and cultivation, they may represent early postmedievalencroachment onto the mountain wastes, as a population increase in thecountryside created more pressure on the land resource. However, as the features inquestion are invariably absent from early 19 th century maps of the area, their chronologyand function are impossible to assess on the basis of field observation alone.There are a number of characteristics relevant to the settlements of the study area thatseem to be of significance. The most obvious is the clustering of nearly all the desertedsettlement sites in the northern portion of the study area. Several explanations may beoffered as to why this should be so. It may be that the lower hills to the south were moreeasily accessible to the lowland communities of the Wye valley and therefore permanentherding stations or shepherding cottages were not needed. Alternatively, it may be thatthe equivalent sites in the southern half of the study area have been subsumed into thearea of enclosed land and became permanent farmsteads, such as Cwm Hafotty, BlaenLlwyn Ddu or Gwaun Ymryson (the latter two lie outside the study area), all of whichmay have originally stood on the open common. Evidence of their original settlementsmay have been lost after centuries of land improvement and farming. This is certainlypossible, as a similar phenomenon seemed to have occurred on the adjacent SENTADry Training Area lands to the east (Hall & Sambrook, 2008b).The settlement sites recorded in the NMR and regional HER are mainly earthworkplatforms and long huts. There is very little convenient building stone in the area,therefore timber, clom and reed thatch are likely to have been the main buildingmaterials until later post medieval times, all material which would have been locallyavailable. The exploitation of locally available resources in this manner was reflectedacross most upland regions in the past.Although the forms of the single longhouse and small number of long huts found in thearea compare with similar structures of medieval and post medieval date in other areas,the platforms recorded at <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> show some diversity of form and location.Three platforms which had been recorded before the 2009 survey display the variationsthat can be found amongst this outwardly simple monument type. Cwmhindda PlatformIII (NPRN 247061) is a classic, bare, cross-contour platform, measuring up to 20mlong, by 7m wide. There seems to be little similarity between such an earthwork andthe Pant y Llyn Hill Platform II (NPRN 247046), which is cut almost parallel to thecontour and measures only 9m x 6m. Both of these platforms are associated with othersettlement features, but there is no evidence of cultivation in their vicinity and it mustbe presumed that they belong to purely pastoral settlement sites, possibly medievalhafod complexes. They are close together, being separated only by a hill and some200m, yet we cannot know if they were contemporary sites or in any way related. TheCwmhindda platform sits alongside a group of long huts and smaller platforms; Pant y63

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Llyn Hill Platform II is close to two other platforms of similar form to itself (NPRNs247045 & 247048).The third previously recorded platform, found at Waun Hirwaun II (NPRN 247139) isassociated with a very different agricultural and settlement regime. Placed on a southfacingslope, it is situated alongside a cultivated field system (NPRN 247140), whereridge and furrow cultivation marks can still be seen on the surrounding slopes. Thisseems to indicate that this it was permanently occupied settlement and not associatedwith seasonal pastoral farming. Whether it can be surmised that the Waun Hirwaunplatform belongs to a later period, perhaps the early post medieval, when populationpressure may have seen more encroachments onto common land is not certain.A fourth platform type was encountered to the west of Pant y Llyn, where a platformpair was recorded (NPRNs 247035 & 247036). Such platform pairs are not uncommonin other areas, and typically include a large and small platform. They are likely torepresent a dwelling and an ancillary structure.Platforms at the smaller end of the scale, platforms such as Pant y Llyn Hill III (NPRN247066) or Cwmhindda V (NPRN 247062) can only be interpreted as the sites of someform of structure ancillary to a settlement, or were possibly created as stackingplatforms or are even the result of land clearance activity (removal of boulders forexample).In summary, it can be said that;• those platforms and huts which are not associated with enclosures or cultivation aremost likely to have been associated with the transhumant system of hafod andhendref that was fundamental to medieval management of the land resource inWales• The association of some of the settlements, enclosures or field systems, may suggestthat they were attempts to permanently occupy and, in places, cultivate the mountainwastes, relating to an early post medieval expansion of farming onto the hills at atime when population levels were rising and trade in stock was increasing betweenWales and the great English cities• As is usual for such monuments, dating evidence is not available and it can only bespeculated that these deserted settlements have medieval or post medieval origins,becoming abandoned well before the first Ordnance Survey maps were produced inthe early 19 th century, by which time they had ceased to play a part in the life of thedistrictThe greatest significance of the deserted settlement sites recorded within the <strong>Banc</strong> y<strong>Celyn</strong> study area is that they demonstrate that most parts of the area have been exploitedfor settlement and pastoral farming in the past. This belies the modern view of thisupland block as an uninhabited, mountainous tract.64

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.4 Post Medieval Industry & Water ManagementFor geological reasons, the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area has not historically been suited tothe development of significant industries. The rocks of the area are mostly Silurianmudstones, siltstones and marls, and generally not suitable as building stones. Theyalso do not include any metalliferous ores or other mineral deposits.It should also be noted that there was very little evidence of turf or peat cutting in thestudy area. There are only thin peat deposits in limited areas of the common, such as onthe eastern end of Cefn Gledwen. Some traces of what may have been turf or peatcuttings were noted on Cefn Gledwen (NPRN 247004), but it does not appear that therewas any widespread exploitation of this resource.The only industrial activity has been the small scale quarrying of stone, almost certainlyfor local use, as well as limited use of local lakes and streams as water sources.3.4.1 Quarrying86 quarries and 7 possible quarries have been recorded within the study area, but theseare all small workings. The quarries tend to be concentrated chiefly along edge of thecommon land, and in some locations they seem to have been worked to provide buildingstone for the construction of the walls defining the common boundary. It is likely thatquarrying has been a relatively recent activity, belonging to the post-18 th century period.The southern edge of Cefn Llwydallt, at the southeastern corner of the study area,possesses the greatest concentration of quarries, the greyish sandstone of this hillevidently proving to be a more suitable stone than the friable, thinly bedded mud andsiltstones found on <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong>, to the north.It is notable that there are very few stone structures in the study area, which is probablya reflection on the lack of good building stone here. The high number of clearancecairns in the area shows that the best stone available was usually the numerous erraticsmixed into the boulder clay that masks the hard geology of the area.3.4.2 Water SupplyWater management seems to have played an important role in the development of the<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> common, and numerous, disused, minor leats or drainage channels wererecorded which tapped into mountain streams to carry water. The largest of these wasabove Groes Wen (NPRN 247371) and ran for over 800 metres across the common,although it is not clear where it was intended to carry water to, as it comes to an endwhere it meets the substantial earthwork bank NPRN 247368. The ditch still carriessome water and it may be that these, and many of the smaller leats, were actually cut toassist with draining some slopes.There is only one lake in the area which was large enough to provide a water supply.During the 20 th century, the small lake at Pant y Llyn (NPRN 247273) was dammed andslightly enlarged, and an underground water pipe was installed to carry water to thewest, away from the common, presumably as a domestic water supply.65

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 36: Pant y Llyn lake (NPRN 247273), showing its northeastern dam (NPRN 247275).Plate 37:The Groes Wen leat (NPRN 247371) still carries some water.66

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.4.3 Significance of the Industrial SitesAlthough the quarries and other features recorded under the Industry broad classaccount for over 100 separate records in the project database, their individual andcollective importance is relatively low.As far as can be determined, the quarries do not include exposures of particulargeological interest and as a group they appear to have been worked to meet the needs oflocal communities around the mountain fringe.Likewise, the features associated with water management are of a purely local interestand do not include any sites or structures of wider significance.None of the industrial or water management features recorded within the study areacould be said to be of national importance and none would warrant statutory protection.Plate 38: Cefn Llwydallt Quarry NPRN 247154, one of the larger quarry workings ofthe study area, but long disused and grassed over.67

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.5 Roads and Trackways<strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> is crossed by many minor trackways and paths which have been created overcenturies by travellers, drovers and farmers. Few of these possess any importance beyondmeeting purely local needs to move from farm to pasture. Two tracks merit further mentionhowever. A trackway shown on modern maps, and still well used, which runs to thenortheast from Cwm Owen, until it turns eastwards to pass Twyn y Bîg and descend intothe Wye Valley, is said to be an old droving route (Moore-Colyer, 2002, 145).The southern end of the study area is crossed by the line of the early post medieval roadconnecting Brecon and Builth Wells (NPRN 247185). The road is shown on Ogilby'slate 17th century map of the road network in the county. It runs into the area from thesouth, and is a noticeable linear feature crossing Cefn Clawdd, before running northnorthwest,where it merges with the modern B4520. The modern road itself wasoriginally a turnpike road, built to improve communications through the area and iteffectively replaced the old road.Some parts of the old road are in use as a modern trackway or footpath. Along itscourse, one or two interesting features survive from the time when it was in fact themain north-south route through the district. Three old milestones, still roughly 1 mileapart, can still be seen. The best of these, NPRN 247024, is seen in Plate 39. Thisstone has been re-erected, but the other two are now recumbent. They mark the distanceto Brecon, being 9, 8 and 7 miles as one travels from north to south (NPRNs 247027 &247175 complete this series). Two other milestones recorded further north (NPRNs247176 & 247177) could not be found and seem to have been removed or buried as aresult of road maintenance along the B4520.Plate 40: The line of the old Brecon toBuilth road (NPRN 247185) is seenbelow as a snow-filled linear hollow,entering from the left.Plate 39: Milestone NPRN 247024, has alsobeen used as a boundary stone and bears theintials JBG (Joseph Bailey Glanusk).68

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 12: The line of the oldBrecon to Builth road is markedhere, along with the position ofthe three milestones which survive(NPRNs 247027, 247024,247175). The fourth and fifthmilestones (NPRN 247176 &247177) are lost, but wereprobably related to the turnpikeroad, now the B4520, rather thanthe road NPRN 247185.69

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20083.6 Boundary StonesA series of parish boundaries run through the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area. The parishes ofGwenddwr and Crickadarn, to the west, are part of the Glanusk estate. They border theparishes of Merthyr Cynog and Llangynog to the east, and this boundary is marked by aseries of 14 boundary stones, most of which bear the initials “JB” and “G”. Theseletters clearly stand for Joseph Bailey of Glanusk (1783-1858).Sir Joseph Bailey was an ironmaster and a nephew of the Crawshay family of CyfarthfaCastle, Merthyr Tydfil. Having made his fortune in industry, Joseph Bailey boughtextensive lands in mid-Wales, including Glanusk Park. From 1830 onwards, he lived atGlanusk, effectively retiring from active management of his ironworks. He was to serveas the MP for Worcester and later Brecon. His son Joseph died young and the Glanuskestate passed to his grandson, Sir Joseph Russell Bailey, when Joseph Bailey I died in1858.It seems likely that the stones date to the lifetime of the first Joseph Bailey, as his sondid not live to gain his inheritance and his grandson, Joseph Russell Bailey, is likely tohave used the initials JRB. It is not difficult to imagine that Bailey sought to establishhis estate boundaries early on in his occupation of Glanusk; therefore it is quite likelythat the boundary stones date to the second quarter of the 19 th century.Plate 41: Boundary stone NPRN 247015. By rubbing snow into the lettering, the initialsJBG become much clearer.70

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 13: The position of the surviving Glanusk boundary stones along the boundaries ofthe estate lands to the west with Merthyr Cynog and Llangynog to the east.71

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20084. ConclusionsThe <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area is a rather untypical upland survey block, as its boundariesdefine a long, sinuous area between the eastern edge of Mynydd Epynt and the B4520 road.It extends eastwards along several narrow ridges, interspersed by enclosed farmland whichruns up onto the mountain fringe from the cultivated Wye Valley. With the modern roadforming its western edge, running parallel to an earlier road connecting Brecon and BuilthWells, the land included is in no way remote or inaccessible. Access into the area is enhancedby numerous trackways, including an old droving route, as well as many minor tracksconnecting the farms and villages to the east with the mountain pastures. This ease of accessundoubtedly explains the wide range of modern and post medieval features across the studyarea. This includes evidence of modern clearance and land improvement, as well asconsiderable evidence of attempts to enclose, drain, cultivate and even settle the common duringlate post medieval times. The area has not been greatly affected by industrial activity, withsmall-scale quarrying, and possible peat or turf cutting, being carried out purely to supply localneed. Only along Cefn Llwydallt, in the southeast corner of the study area, is there aconcentration of quarry workings. Even here the quarries are relatively minor features in thelandscape.Underlying the plethora of features associated with modern and late post medieval activity arethe less easily discerned traces of medieval and early post medieval activity. The mostobvious monuments associated with these periods are the earthwork remains of numerousplatforms and huts in the northern portion of the study area, around Pant y Llyn Hill. Most ofthese appear to have been associated with pastoral farming and the use of the upland forsummer pasture. There are several settlements which appear to be associated with enclosureand cultivation, such as two platforms at Waun Hirwaun which sit in a landscape of ridge andfurrow cultivation, with which they are thought to be contemporary. It may well be that suchsites represent early post medieval encroachment onto the commons. The project succeededin significantly increasing the number of settlement sites recorded. It was noted that there is ageneral absence of settlement evidence from the middle and southern parts of the study area.There is also good evidence for prehistoric activity within the study area, chiefly in the formof Bronze Age cairns. However, the Bailey Bach Chambered Tomb is a rare example of aNeolithic funerary monument in the Powys uplands. Several cairns were previously known,but the project has succeeded in increasing the number significantly. Interestingly, the cairnsare found away from the highest ground in the north of the study area, and are concentratedaround the exposed ridges in the south. There is an important cairn group at Twyn y Post, anda very well-preserved cairn on Cefn Clawdd, and these examples must at one time have beenhighly visible in the landscape. The remaining cairns sit on less exposed positions on theflanks of these ridges, with several newly recorded cairns being found much lower down onthe spurs of Cefn Gledwen and Nantyroffeiriad. A single prehistoric site is recorded at thehigher, northern end of the study area, namely the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Stone Circle, where only twoupright stones can be seen, but it is considered to be a rare example of a new class of ritualstone setting identified recently by the regional archaeological trust (Jones, 2008, pp.25-32).In conclusion, the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> study area includes a range of monument types that conformsto those found in adjacent upland areas. This includes good examples of prehistoric funerary72

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008and ritual monuments and medieval and post medieval settlements, set in an accessible andinteresting landscape.5. SourcesPublished Map SourcesOrdnance Survey 1” to a mile surveyOrdnance Survey, County Series 1 st edition, 1889-91, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong>, scale 1:10560Ordnance Survey, County Series 1 st edition, 1877-89, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong>, scale 1:2500Ordnance Survey, County Series 2 nd edition 1905, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong>, scale 1:10560Ordnance Survey, County Series 2 nd edition 1904, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong>, scale 1:2500Ordnance Survey, 1938-52 edition, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong>, scale 1:10560Unpublished Map SourcesTithe map and apportionment for the parish of Merthyr Cynog, 1840 (apportionment 1840)Tithe map and apportionment for the parish of Allt-Mawr, 1845 (apportionment 1843)Tithe map and apportionment for the parish of Gwenddwr, 1844 (apportionment 184?)Tithe map and apportionment for the parish of Llangynog, 1847 (apportionment 1845)Tithe map and apportionment for the parish of Crickadarn, 1843 (apportionment 1842)Tithe map and apportionment for the parish of Llanddewi’r Cwm, 1841 (apportionment 1839)Aerial PhotographsRAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2129RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147Ordnance Survey AP 72/328-318CWelsh Assembly Government APs 200673

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Published sourcesBissell, Derek, 2001, "Some Seventeenth century roads in Breconshire ", Brycheiniog 33.Burl, A, 2000 , The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and BrittanyDriver, T, 1997, “Mynydd Epynt (Sennybridge Training Area): RCAHM(W) Air PhotoMapping and Record Creation, <strong>Brecknockshire</strong> and Carmarthenshire” in Archaeology inWales, Volume 37.Jones, N, 1993, "<strong>Banc</strong> y celin stone circle ", Archaeology in Wales 33, 45.Jones, N, 2008, “Crugiau Bach and Llorfa Stone Circles, Brecknock” in ArchaeologiaCambrensis Vol. 156 (2007), p.25-32.Moore-Colyer, RJ, 2002, Welsh Cattle Drovers. Landmark Collectors Library..RCAHMW, 1997, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Brecknock(Brycheiniog); The Prehistoric and Roman Monuments, Part i.Remfry PM, 2004, Cantref Selyf and Trawscoed, The Lost Welsh Abbey. Articlepublished online at www.castles99.ukprint.com/Essays/Trawscoed.htmlSpurgeon, CJ, 1967, "Cwm Owen Mounds ", Archaeology in Wales 7, 20 .Unpublished sourcesHall J & Sambrook, RP, 2008a Aberedw Hill Archaeological Survey, for RCAHMWUplands Initiative Report No. RCS 1/2/74Hall J & Sambrook, RP, 2008b SENTA Dry Training Area Archaeological Survey, forRCAHMW Uplands Initiative Report No. RCS 1/2/73Silvester, R J, & Owen, W J, 2003. Roman Roads in Mid and North-East Wales: TheFirs Report, CPAT Report 527.Jones, N W, 2005. Prehistoric Funerary & Ritual Sites: Central Brecknock: ProjectReport, CPAT Report 693.Silvester, R J, 2000, Deserted medieval and later rural settlements in Brecknock: thefirst report, CPAT Report 358.74

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20086. RecommendationsThe following lists highlight those sites which might be suitable for further analysis,inclusion on future Ordnance Survey maps and palaeoenvironmental analysis.6.1 Detailed site analysisIt is recommended that the following sites are considered for detailed analysis andsurvey:NPRN 305776 Cornel Uchaf Circular Enclosure; This large enclosure is a SAM, andclearly a site of some significance. However, there is a divergence of opinion as to itsdate. Cadw have it scheduled as a Prehistoric Enclosure. It was originally recorded as apossible funerary and ritual site by CPAT but has been reassessed and is now recordedin the HER as a Post Medieval Enclosure. Clearly a detailed topographical survey andclose analysis of the surface evidence is required to help make a clearer assessment ofwhat the true nature of this site might be. The 2009 visit to the site was undertaken inJanuary, when there was little vegetation and it is recommended that any survey wouldbe best carried out during the winter months, as the site would usually be obscured bybracken between May and November.NPRN 247190 Twyn y Post Round Barrow; This site has been described as aHengiform Monument and Ring Cairn by previous workers and is a SAM. Cadw havescheduled the site as part of a complex known as the Twyn y Post Cairns (BR203), andhave described this monument as a Ring Cairn. CPAT have recorded the site as aNeolithic Henge (PRN 4066), whilst the RCAHMW’s <strong>Brecknockshire</strong> Inventory alsodescribes the site as a Ring Cairn (RC 235, p.120). This site is very similar to that at Tiryr Onnen, Ystradfellte, recorded in the Inventory under RC107, p.93, and described as a“hengiform monument” as well as a “barrow” (caption for plate on p.94). This is anexample of what appears to be a rare and evidently poorly understood prehistoricmonument type and is deserving of a detailed survey.6.2 Sites for inclusion on Ordnance Survey mappingThe following sites are recommended for consideration;NPRN 247301NPRN 247302NPRN 275641NPRN 247139NPRN 247069NPRN 247015NPRN 275624NPRN 247224NPRN 247198Beili Helyg EnclosureBeili Helyg Platform IIHendy Long Hut I (SAM)Waun Hirwaun Platform IIPant y Llyn Hill LonghousePwll Du Boundary Stone VIIBailey Bach Chambered Tomb (SAM)Nantyroffeiriad Fawr CairnCefn Gledwen Cairn II75

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 20086.3 Sites for pollen analysis and other environmental sampling, see Fig. 14Centred on:SO0410846586SO0480846902SO0426540260Pant y Llyn Mire (see Figure 43): A large, waterlogged area,immediately adjacent to an area of settlement and ridge andfurrow cultivation.Black Pit (see Figure 44): An area of raised bog, due west of thesettlement and cultivation at Pant y Llyn, and north of an area ofsettlement and cultivation at Waun Hirwaun.Pool on Cefn Clawdd (see Figure 20): A small natural lake,close to the Cefn Clawdd Cairn II and south of the cultivatedfields at the Cwm Hafotty Farmstead.Plate 42: Erosion on Cefn Gledwen, exposing a thin peat, c.0.4m deep, overlyingboulder clay. There is relatively little peat across the study area, and where it wasseen exposed it was rarely as thick as seen here.76

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Plate 43: Adjacent to Pant y Llyn lake is a large area of very waterlogged ground whichhas been depicted on Ordnance Survey maps since 1831. It lies immediately alongside anarea of ridge and furrow cultivation at Pant y Llyn farmstead.Plate 44: A small raised bog, known as Black Pit. It may have palaeoenvironmentalpotential as it lies due west of the cultivated area around Pant y Llyn and north of anothercultivated area on Waun Hirwaun, and also close to the <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> Stone Circle.77

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Figure 14: Locations thought suitable for palaeoenvironmental sampling.78

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008APPENDICES79

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Appendix A - Site Type SummarySite Type Number NPRN Site NameBANK 44(EARTHWORK)247043 PANT Y LLYN, BANK I247053 PANT Y LLYN, BANK III247054 PANT Y LLYN, BANK II247067 PANT Y LLYN HILL, BANK247082 ALLTMAWR, BANK I247083 ALLTMAWR, BANK II247086 HENDY, BANK I247125 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK I247129 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK III247132 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK V247142 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK I247157 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK IV247174 NANT GWYN, BANK247181 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK II247183 BLAEN LLWYN DU, BANK247194 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK I247208 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK II247209 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK III247212 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK IV247220 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK III247234 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK IV247246 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK VI247247 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK V247259 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK II247292 PEN Y GARREG, BANK247305 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK III247309 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK V247333 TIR BACH, BANK247341 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK IV247345 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK II247347 BWLCH Y GRAIG, BANK247353 WAUN GYNLLWCH, BANK247360 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK I247361 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK II247364 GROES WEN, BANK I247365 GROES WEN, BANK II247366 BEILI HELYG, BANK247368 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK VI247369 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK I247412 HENDY, BANK II247415 HENDY, BANK III247419 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK II247420 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK I247422 HENDY, BANK IVBOAT HOUSE 1247009 PANT Y LLYN, BOAT HOUSE80

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NameBOMB CRATER 2247381 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK II247382 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK IBOUNDARY 14STONE247010 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE I247011 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE II247012 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE III247013 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE IV247014 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VIII247015 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VII247016 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE V247017 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VI247018 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE I247019 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE V247020 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE II247021 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE III247022 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE IV247023 LLYN PEN Y LAN, BOUNDARY STONEBRIDGE 2247316 CWM HAFOTTY, BRIDGE247355 FFOREST, BRIDGECAIRN 17247188 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN I247191 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN II247192 LLYN PEN Y LAN, CAIRN247197 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN I247198 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN II247215 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247216 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247224 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247232 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II247251 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN IV247252 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN III305763 TWYN-Y-BIG, CAIRN305778 BLAEN LLWYN DDU, CAIRN305781 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN I305782 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN I305783 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN II305784 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN IICAIRN? 1247189 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD IICHAMBERED 1TOMB275624 BAILEY BACH ROUND CAIRN & CISTCIRCULAR 1ENCLOSURE305776 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE ICLEARANCE 57CAIRN247007 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247008 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247102 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN I81

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NameCLEARANCE247103 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IICAIRN contd247104 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247105 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247106 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247107 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247108 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247109 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247110 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247111 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247112 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247113 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247116 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247117 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247118 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247119 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247180 BLAEN LLWYN DU, CLEARANCE CAIRN247195 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247199 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247200 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247201 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247202 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247203 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247205 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247206 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247210 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247211 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247214 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247217 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247218 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247219 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247221 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247222 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247223 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247233 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247239 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247240 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247241 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247242 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247243 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247244 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247245 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247306 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247314 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247315 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247318 GWAUN YMRYSON, CLEARANCE CAIRN247319 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247320 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247321 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247322 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247323 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247330 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247331 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247376 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247418 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I82

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NameCLEARANCE 1CAIRN?CULTIVATION 7MARKSDAM 3DESERTED 1RURALSETTLEMENTDRAINAGE 4DITCHDRAINAGE 1DITCH?EARTHWORK 5ENCLOSURE 17247196 CEFN GLEDWEN, STONE SPREAD247072 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION I247096 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION II247141 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION II247279 PANT Y LLYN, CULTIVATION247374 CWM GWENDDWR, CULTIVATION247389 WAUN GYNLLWCH, CULTIVATION247396 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION I247033 PANT Y LLYN, DAM III247274 PANT Y LLYN, DAM I247275 PANT Y LLYN, DAM II275640 CWMHINDDA DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT247094 LLYN PEN Y LAN, GULLY247133 LLWYDIART, GULLY247370 CWM GWENDDWR, DITCH247430 BLAEN LLWYN DU, GULLY II247342 BWLCH Y GRAIG, GULLY247179 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK II247186 LLYN PEN Y LAN, EARTHWORK II247250 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK I247310 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK II247358 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK I247060 CWMHINDDA, ENCLOSURE247079 ALLTMAWR, ENCLOSURE247084 PANT Y LLYN, ENCLOSURE247098 LLYN PEN Y LAN, ENCLOSURE247173 NANT GWYN, ENCLOSURE247182 CEFN LLWYDALLT, ENCLOSURE247187 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE II247213 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE III247231 FFOREST, ENCLOSURE247236 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE II247301 BEILI HELYG, ENCLOSURE247312 PANT YR HUFEN, ENCLOSURE247313 CWM Y NANT, ENCLOSURE247337 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE I247338 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE II247373 CWM GWENDDWR, ENCLOSURE247414 HENDY, ENCLOSURE83

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NamePLATFORM? contd247296 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK II247304 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK I247340 WAUN GYNLLWCH, EARTHWORKPREHISTORIC 1MONUMENTCOMPLEX307215 CAIRNS, TWYN-Y-POST, UPPER CHAPELQUARRY 8690362 LLYN PEN-Y-LAN N247000 CWM OWEN, QUARRY III247001 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY I247002 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY VI247025 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY I247037 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY II247038 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY III247039 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY IV247040 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY V247044 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY I247047 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY II247052 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY VI247064 CWMHINDDA, QUARRY247070 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY I247071 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY II247073 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY III247076 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY I247080 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY IV247085 HENDY, QUARRY I247088 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY I247089 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY II247091 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY III247114 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY I247115 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY II247120 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY I247121 CEFN CLAWDD, QUARRY247124 BAILY BACH, QUARRY247126 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY X247127 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIV247128 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XV247130 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XX247131 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXI247134 LLWYDIART, QUARRY I247135 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY III247136 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IV247143 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY II247145 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY V247146 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VI247147 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VII247148 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VIII247149 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IX247150 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XI247151 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XII247152 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIII247153 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVI87

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NameQUARRY contd247154 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVII247155 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVIII247156 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIX247158 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXII247159 LLWYDIART, QUARRY II247160 LLWYDIART, QUARRY III247161 LLWYDIART, QUARRY IV247162 PWLL DU, QUARRY I247193 CWM OWEN, QUARRY II247230 PWLL DU, QUARRY II247257 WAUN HIRWAUN, QUARRY247260 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247261 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY III247269 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY IV247271 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY V247272 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247287 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY II247297 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY I247298 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY III247299 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY III247308 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247325 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY I247326 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY II247327 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY IV247328 PANT YR HUFEN, QUARRY247334 TIR BACH, QUARRY II247335 TIR BACH, QUARRY I247343 BWLCH Y GRAIG, EARTHWORK247344 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY I247346 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY II247348 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY II247350 PANT Y BEILI, QUARRY247351 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY III247367 PEN Y GARREG, QUARRY247372 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247392 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY II247413 HENDY, QUARRY III247421 CEFN GLEDWEN, QUARRY247424 HENDY, QUARRY VI247425 HENDY, QUARRY IV247426 HENDY, QUARRY VQUARRY? 7247063 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY V247087 HENDY, QUARRY II247168 CWM OWEN, QUARRY I247336 TIR BACH, EARTHWORK247354 FFOREST, EARTHWORK247378 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK II247380 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK IIIQUARRY?;MOUND? 1247379 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK I88

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Site Type Number NPRN Site NameRABBIT WARREN 124380 CWM OWEN, MOUNDSRESERVOIR 1247273 PANT Y LLYN, RESERVOIRRING BARROW? 1247190 TWYN Y POST, EARTHWORKRING CAIRN? 1ROAD 1SHEEP FEEDING 1AREASHEEP FOLD 1SHELTER 1SHELTER? 4STONE 1STONE CIRCLE 1STONE PILE 2STONE SPREAD 1TIMBER 1PROCESSING SITETRACKWAY 8TRIANGULATION 2PILLARWATER TANK 3247263 BLAEN GWENDDWR, STONE SPREAD247185 BRECON TO BUILTH, ROAD247028 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FEEDING ENCLOSURE247280 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FOLD I247278 PANT Y LLYN, SHELTER247005 NANTYROFFEIRIAD, SHELTER?247049 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK I247051 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK II247081 ALLTMAWR, EARTHWORK247026 PANT YR HUFEN, STONE275623 BANC Y CELYN STONE CIRCLE247169 CWM OWEN, STONE PILE247356 FFOREST, STONE PILE247101 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD I247166 CWM OWEN, TERRACE247003 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY II247388 BWLCH Y GRAIG, TRACKWAY247390 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247391 MYNYDD EPYNT, TRACKWAY247393 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY I247394 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY II247395 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY I247427 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247078 BANC Y CELYN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247352 CRICKADARN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247032 PANT Y LLYN, WATER TANK247092 HENDY, WATER TANK247207 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, WATER TANK89

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Appendix B - Period SummaryPeriod Number NPRN Site NameNeolithic 1275624 BAILEY BACH ROUND CAIRN & CISTBronze Age 13Bronze Age? 6Prehistoric 1Medieval?; 64Post Medieval?247188 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN I247191 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN II247197 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN I247198 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN II247224 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247232 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II305763 TWYN-Y-BIG, CAIRN305778 BLAEN LLWYN DDU, CAIRN305781 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN I305782 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN I305783 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN II305784 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II307215 CAIRNS, TWYN-Y-POST, UPPER CHAPEL247189 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD II247190 TWYN Y POST, EARTHWORK247192 LLYN PEN Y LAN, CAIRN247251 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN IV247252 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN III247263 BLAEN GWENDDWR, STONE SPREAD275623 BANC Y CELYN STONE CIRCLE24380 CWM OWEN, MOUNDS247005 NANTYROFFEIRIAD , SHELTER?247035 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM I247036 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM II247043 PANT Y LLYN, BANK I247045 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM247046 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247048 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247049 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK I247050 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247051 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK II247053 PANT Y LLYN, BANK III247054 PANT Y LLYN, BANK II247056 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247057 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247058 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT I247059 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT II247060 CWMHINDDA, ENCLOSURE247061 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247062 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM V247065 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247066 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK III90

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NameMedieval?; 247068 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM VPost Medieval? contd247069 PANT Y LLYN HILL, LONGHOUSE247072 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION I247074 BANC Y CELYN, LONG HUT247079 ALLTMAWR, ENCLOSURE247082 ALLTMAWR, BANK I247083 ALLTMAWR, BANK II247086 HENDY, BANK I247096 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION II247097 HENDY, LONG HUT II247139 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247140 WAUN HIRWAUN, FIELD SYSTEM247141 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION II247163 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND II247184 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND I247225 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND III247226 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND IV247227 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND V247228 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND VI247229 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND VII247258 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247286 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK III247290 PEN Y GARREG, EARTHWORK247292 PEN Y GARREG, BANK247294 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247296 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK II247300 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247301 BEILI HELYG, ENCLOSURE247302 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247303 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247304 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK I247311 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247340 WAUN GYNLLWCH, EARTHWORK247363 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247366 BEILI HELYG, BANK247389 WAUN GYNLLWCH, CULTIVATION247396 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION I247414 HENDY, ENCLOSURE247415 HENDY, BANK III247422 HENDY, BANK IV275640 CWMHINDDA DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT275641 HENDY, LONG HUT IPost Medieval 13190362 LLYN PEN-Y-LAN N247001 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY I247002 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY VI247009 PANT Y LLYN, BOAT HOUSE247010 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE I247011 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE II247012 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE III247013 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE IV247014 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VIII247015 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VII247016 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE V247017 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VI91

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NamePost Medieval contd 247018 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE I247019 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE V247020 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE II247021 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE III247022 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE IV247023 LLYN PEN Y LAN, BOUNDARY STONE247024 TWYN Y POST, MILESTONE247025 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY I247027 BAILY BACH, MILESTONE247030 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT I247037 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY II247038 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY III247039 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY IV247040 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY V247041 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT III247044 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY I247047 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY II247052 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY VI247064 CWMHINDDA, QUARRY247067 PANT Y LLYN HILL, BANK247070 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY I247071 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY II247073 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY III247085 HENDY, QUARRY I247088 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY I247089 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY II247091 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY III247102 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247103 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247104 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247105 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247106 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247107 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247108 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247109 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247110 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247111 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247112 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247113 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247114 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY I247115 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY II247116 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247117 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247118 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247119 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247120 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY I247124 BAILY BACH, QUARRY247125 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK I247126 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY X247127 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIV247128 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XV247129 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK III247130 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XX247131 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXI247134 LLWYDIART, QUARRY I247135 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY III92

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NamePost Medieval contd 247136 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IV247142 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK I247145 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY V247146 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VI247147 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VII247148 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VIII247149 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IX247150 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XI247151 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XII247152 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIII247153 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVI247154 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVII247155 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVIII247156 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIX247157 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK IV247158 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXII247159 LLWYDIART, QUARRY II247160 LLWYDIART, QUARRY III247161 LLWYDIART, QUARRY IV247162 PWLL DU, QUARRY I247168 CWM OWEN, QUARRY I247171 NANT GWYN, LEAT I247172 NANT GWYN, LEAT II247174 NANT GWYN, BANK247175 BRECON TO BUILTH ROAD, MILESTONE247176 CEFN GLEDWEN, MILESTONE247177 PWLL DU, MILESTONE247181 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK II247182 CEFN LLWYDALLT, ENCLOSURE247185 BRECON TO BUILTH, ROAD247187 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE II247193 CWM OWEN, QUARRY II247194 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK I247209 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK III247220 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK III247231 FFOREST, ENCLOSURE247246 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK VI247247 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK V247256 WAUN HIRWAUN, LEAT247276 PANT Y LLYN, FIELD SYSTEM247277 PANT Y LLYN, BUILDING247278 PANT Y LLYN, SHELTER247279 PANT Y LLYN, CULTIVATION247281 PANT Y LLYN, FARMSTEAD247307 CWM HAFOTTY, FIELD SYSTEM247317 CWM HAFOTTY, HOUSE247335 TIR BACH, QUARRY I247346 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY II247347 BWLCH Y GRAIG, BANK247370 CWM GWENDDWR, DITCH247372 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247390 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247391 MYNYDD EPYNT, TRACKWAY247392 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY II247393 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY I247394 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY II93

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NamePost Medieval contd 247421 CEFN GLEDWEN, QUARRY247424 HENDY, QUARRY VI247425 HENDY, QUARRY IV247426 HENDY, QUARRY V247427 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247428 CWM HAFOTTY, FARMSTEAD247430 BLAEN LLWYN DU, GULLY IIPost Medieval? 53247000 CWM OWEN, QUARRY III247003 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY II247063 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY V247080 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY IV247081 ALLTMAWR, EARTHWORK247098 LLYN PEN Y LAN, ENCLOSURE247132 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK V247183 BLAEN LLWYN DU, BANK247186 LLYN PEN Y LAN, EARTHWORK II247213 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE III247248 BLAEN LLWYN DU, GULLY I247257 WAUN HIRWAUN, QUARRY247259 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK II247260 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247261 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY III247262 BLAEN GWENDDWR, GULLY247269 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY IV247271 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY V247272 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247287 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY II247297 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY I247298 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY III247305 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK III247308 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247309 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK V247312 PANT YR HUFEN, ENCLOSURE247313 CWM Y NANT, ENCLOSURE247328 PANT YR HUFEN, QUARRY247333 TIR BACH, BANK247334 TIR BACH, QUARRY II247336 TIR BACH, EARTHWORK247337 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE I247341 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK IV247342 BWLCH Y GRAIG, GULLY247345 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK II247348 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY II247350 PANT Y BEILI, QUARRY247351 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY III247353 WAUN GYNLLWCH, BANK247360 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK I247364 GROES WEN, BANK I247365 GROES WEN, BANK II247367 PEN Y GARREG, QUARRY247368 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK VI247369 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK I247371 GROES WEN, WATERCOURSE247373 CWM GWENDDWR, ENCLOSURE94

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NamePost Medieval? contd 247374 CWM GWENDDWR, CULTIVATION247375 CWM GWENDDWR, WATERCOURSE247413 HENDY, QUARRY III247419 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK II247420 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK I247423 HENDY, LEATPost Medieval?; 21Modern?Modern 47247007 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247008 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247034 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT II247076 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY I247195 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247199 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247200 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247201 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247202 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247210 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247211 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247239 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247240 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247241 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247242 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247243 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247244 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247245 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247273 PANT Y LLYN, RESERVOIR247325 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY I247344 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY I247028 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FEEDING ENCLOSURE247032 PANT Y LLYN, WATER TANK247033 PANT Y LLYN, DAM III247042 PANT Y LLYN, PIPELINE247078 BANC Y CELYN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247084 PANT Y LLYN, ENCLOSURE247092 HENDY, WATER TANK247094 LLYN PEN Y LAN, GULLY247121 CEFN CLAWDD, QUARRY247143 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY II247165 NANTYROFFEIRIAD , FOOTBRIDGE247166 CWM OWEN, TERRACE247173 NANT GWYN, ENCLOSURE247205 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247206 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247207 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, WATER TANK247214 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247217 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247218 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247219 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247221 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247222 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247223 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247230 PWLL DU, QUARRY II247233 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII95

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NameModern contd 247274 PANT Y LLYN, DAM I247275 PANT Y LLYN, DAM II247280 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FOLD I247299 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY III247314 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247316 CWM HAFOTTY, BRIDGE247318 GWAUN YMRYSON, CLEARANCE CAIRN247319 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247320 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247321 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247322 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247323 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247330 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247331 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247352 CRICKADARN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247355 FFOREST, BRIDGE247356 FFOREST, STONE PILE247376 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247381 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK II247382 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK I247388 BWLCH Y GRAIG, TRACKWAY247429 TWYN Y POST, HOLLOWModern? 16Unknown 84247090 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK I247095 LLYN PEN Y LAN, EARTHWORK I247099 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK II247100 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK III247133 LLWYDIART, GULLY247167 CWM OWEN, FIELDWORK247169 CWM OWEN, STONE PILE247180 BLAEN LLWYN DU, CLEARANCE CAIRN247203 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247306 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247315 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247326 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY II247327 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY IV247343 BWLCH Y GRAIG, EARTHWORK247395 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY I247418 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I90359 CWM OWEN, ENCLOSURE247004 CEFN GLEDWEN, PEAT CUTTING247026 PANT YR HUFEN, STONE247029 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND I247031 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND II247075 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND IV247077 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND I247087 HENDY, QUARRY II247101 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD I247122 LLYN BACH, MOUND I247123 LLYN BACH, MOUND II247137 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND II247138 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND III247144 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND V96

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NameUnknown contd 247178 BLAEN LLWYN DU, MOUND II247179 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK II247196 CEFN GLEDWEN, STONE SPREAD247204 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, MOUND II247208 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK II247212 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK IV247215 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247216 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247234 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK IV247235 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, MOUND I247236 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE II247237 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE I247238 BLAEN GWENDDWR, MARKER STONE247249 BLAEN LLWYN DU, MOUND I247250 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK I247253 TWYN Y BIG, PEAT CUTTING247264 BEILI HELYG, MOUND I247265 BEILI HELYG, MOUND II247266 BEILI HELYG, MOUND III247267 BEILI HELYG, MOUND IV247268 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK II247270 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VI247282 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIX247283 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVII247284 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVI247285 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VIII247288 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVIII247289 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND III247291 PEN Y GARREG, MOUND I247293 BEILI HELYG, LEAT247295 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VII247310 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK II247329 GWAUN YMRYSON, MOUND247332 PANT Y BEILI, MOUND II247338 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE II247349 BWLCH Y GRAIG, MOUND247354 FFOREST, EARTHWORK247357 PANT Y BEILI, MOUND I247358 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK I247359 CEFN CLAWDD, MOUND247361 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK II247362 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK I247377 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XII247378 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK II247379 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK I247380 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK III247383 BEILI HELYG, MOUND IX247384 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XV247385 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIV247386 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIII247387 BEILI HELYG, MOUND X247397 HENDY, MOUND VII247398 HENDY, MOUND XIV247399 HENDY, MOUND XIII247400 HENDY, MOUND XII247401 HENDY, MOUND XI97

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Period Number NPRN Site NameUnknown contd 247402 HENDY, MOUND X247403 HENDY, MOUND I247404 HENDY, MOUND IX247405 HENDY, MOUND XV247406 HENDY, MOUND VI247407 HENDY, MOUND V247408 HENDY, MOUND IV247409 HENDY, MOUND III247410 HENDY, MOUND II247411 HENDY, MOUND VIII247412 HENDY, BANK II247416 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XI247417 BEILI HELYG, MOUND V305776 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE IGeneral 290357 PWLL-DU, NATURAL FEATURE90360 CWM OWEN, NATURAL FEATURE98

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Appendix C – Contour SummaryContour Band Number NPRN Site Name200m to 249m 0250m to 299m 7300m to 349m 58247001 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY I247036 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM II247037 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY II247038 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY III247039 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY IV247333 TIR BACH, BANK247334 TIR BACH, QUARRY II247026 PANT YR HUFEN, STONE247032 PANT Y LLYN, WATER TANK247033 PANT Y LLYN, DAM III247034 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT II247035 PANT Y LLYN, PLATFORM I247040 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY V247041 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT III247047 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY II247048 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247049 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK I247050 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247051 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK II247067 PANT Y LLYN HILL, BANK247092 HENDY, WATER TANK247133 LLWYDIART, GULLY247134 LLWYDIART, QUARRY I247159 LLWYDIART, QUARRY II247160 LLWYDIART, QUARRY III247161 LLWYDIART, QUARRY IV247165 NANTYROFFEIRIAD , FOOTBRIDGE247166 CWM OWEN, TERRACE247167 CWM OWEN, FIELDWORK247193 CWM OWEN, QUARRY II247200 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247201 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247231 FFOREST, ENCLOSURE247247 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK V247290 PEN Y GARREG, EARTHWORK247291 PEN Y GARREG, MOUND I247292 PEN Y GARREG, BANK247293 BEILI HELYG, LEAT247294 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247295 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VII247296 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK II247297 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY I247298 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY III247300 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247305 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK III247307 CWM HAFOTTY, FIELD SYSTEM247314 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247318 GWAUN YMRYSON, CLEARANCE CAIRN247319 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247325 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY I247326 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY II99

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name300m to 349m 247329 GWAUN YMRYSON, MOUNDcontd 247330 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247331 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247332 PANT Y BEILI, MOUND II247345 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK II247355 FFOREST, BRIDGE247356 FFOREST, STONE PILE247357 PANT Y BEILI, MOUND I247364 GROES WEN, BANK I247367 PEN Y GARREG, QUARRY247390 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247393 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY I247394 CEFN GLEDWEN, TRACKWAY II247428 CWM HAFOTTY, FARMSTEAD350m to 399m 25824380 CWM OWEN, MOUNDS90359 CWM OWEN, ENCLOSURE90360 CWM OWEN, NATURAL FEATURE247003 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY II247007 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247008 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247013 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE IV247023 LLYN PEN Y LAN, BOUNDARY STONE247025 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY I247027 BAILY BACH, MILESTONE247031 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND II247044 PANT Y LLYN HILL, QUARRY I247045 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247046 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247061 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM III247062 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM V247064 CWMHINDDA, QUARRY247065 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247066 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK III247068 PANT Y LLYN HILL, EARTHWORK PLATFORM V247069 PANT Y LLYN HILL, LONGHOUSE247070 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY I247071 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY II247072 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION I247073 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY III247075 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND IV247076 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY I247085 HENDY, QUARRY I247086 HENDY, BANK I247087 HENDY, QUARRY II247094 LLYN PEN Y LAN, GULLY247095 LLYN PEN Y LAN, EARTHWORK I247097 HENDY, LONG HUT II247100 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK III247103 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247104 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247108 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247109 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247110 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247111 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN X100

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name350m to 399m 247112 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIcontd 247113 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247114 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY I247115 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY II247116 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247117 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247118 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247121 CEFN CLAWDD, QUARRY247124 BAILY BACH, QUARRY247125 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK I247126 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY X247127 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIV247128 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XV247129 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK III247130 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XX247131 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXI247132 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK V247135 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY III247136 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IV247142 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK I247145 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY V247146 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VI247147 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VII247148 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY VIII247149 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY IX247150 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XI247151 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XII247152 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIII247153 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVI247154 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVII247155 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XVIII247156 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XIX247157 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK IV247158 CEFN LLWYDALLT, QUARRY XXII247163 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND II247171 NANT GWYN, LEAT I247172 NANT GWYN, LEAT II247173 NANT GWYN, ENCLOSURE247174 NANT GWYN, BANK247175 BRECON TO BUILTH ROAD, MILESTONE247177 PWLL DU, MILESTONE247178 BLAEN LLWYN DU, MOUND II247179 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK II247180 BLAEN LLWYN DU, CLEARANCE CAIRN247181 CEFN LLWYDALLT, BANK II247182 CEFN LLWYDALLT, ENCLOSURE247183 BLAEN LLWYN DU, BANK247184 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND I247187 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE II247188 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN I247189 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD II247190 TWYN Y POST, EARTHWORK247191 TWYN Y POST, CAIRN II247192 LLYN PEN Y LAN, CAIRN247194 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK I247195 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247196 CEFN GLEDWEN, STONE SPREAD101

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name350m to 399m 247197 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN Icontd 247198 CEFN GLEDWEN, CAIRN II247202 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247206 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VIII247207 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, WATER TANK247208 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK II247209 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK III247210 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247211 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XII247212 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK IV247213 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE III247214 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247215 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247216 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247217 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247218 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247219 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247225 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND III247226 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND IV247227 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND V247228 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND VI247229 CWM OWEN, PILLOW MOUND VII247230 PWLL DU, QUARRY II247233 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN VII247234 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK IV247236 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE II247237 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, ENCLOSURE I247239 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247240 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247241 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247242 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247243 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIII247244 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XIV247245 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN XV247246 CEFN GLEDWEN, BANK VI247248 BLAEN LLWYN DU, GULLY I247249 BLAEN LLWYN DU, MOUND I247250 BLAEN LLWYN DU, EARTHWORK I247251 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN IV247253 TWYN Y BIG, PEAT CUTTING247256 WAUN HIRWAUN, LEAT247257 WAUN HIRWAUN, QUARRY247258 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247259 WAUN HIRWAUN, BANK II247260 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247262 BLAEN GWENDDWR, GULLY247263 BLAEN GWENDDWR, STONE SPREAD247264 BEILI HELYG, MOUND I247265 BEILI HELYG, MOUND II247266 BEILI HELYG, MOUND III247267 BEILI HELYG, MOUND IV247268 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK II247270 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VI247282 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIX247283 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVII247284 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVI247285 BEILI HELYG, MOUND VIII102

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name350m to 399m 247286 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK IIIcontd 247287 BEILI HELYG, QUARRY II247288 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XVIII247289 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND III247301 BEILI HELYG, ENCLOSURE247302 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247303 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK PLATFORM IV247304 BEILI HELYG, EARTHWORK I247306 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247308 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY I247309 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK V247310 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK II247311 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247312 PANT YR HUFEN, ENCLOSURE247313 CWM Y NANT, ENCLOSURE247315 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247316 CWM HAFOTTY, BRIDGE247317 CWM HAFOTTY, HOUSE247320 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247321 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247322 PANT Y BEILI, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247323 CWM HAFOTTY, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247327 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY IV247328 PANT YR HUFEN, QUARRY247335 TIR BACH, QUARRY I247337 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE I247338 TIR BACH, ENCLOSURE II247340 WAUN GYNLLWCH, EARTHWORK247341 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK IV247342 BWLCH Y GRAIG, GULLY247343 BWLCH Y GRAIG, EARTHWORK247344 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY I247346 WAUN GYNLLWCH, QUARRY II247347 BWLCH Y GRAIG, BANK247348 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY II247350 PANT Y BEILI, QUARRY247353 WAUN GYNLLWCH, BANK247354 FFOREST, EARTHWORK247358 CWM GWENDDWR, EARTHWORK I247359 CEFN CLAWDD, MOUND247360 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK I247361 PANT YR HUFEN, BANK II247362 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK I247363 PANT YR HUFEN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247365 GROES WEN, BANK II247366 BEILI HELYG, BANK247368 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK VI247369 CWM GWENDDWR, BANK I247370 CWM GWENDDWR, DITCH247371 GROES WEN, WATERCOURSE247372 CWM GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247373 CWM GWENDDWR, ENCLOSURE247374 CWM GWENDDWR, CULTIVATION247375 CWM GWENDDWR, WATERCOURSE247377 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XII247378 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK II247379 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK I103

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name350m to 399m 247380 PANT Y LLYN, EARTHWORK IIIcontd 247383 BEILI HELYG, MOUND IX247384 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XV247385 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIV247386 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XIII247387 BEILI HELYG, MOUND X247388 BWLCH Y GRAIG, TRACKWAY247389 WAUN GYNLLWCH, CULTIVATION247391 MYNYDD EPYNT, TRACKWAY247392 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY II247395 CWM OWEN, TRACKWAY I247396 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION I247397 HENDY, MOUND VII247398 HENDY, MOUND XIV247399 HENDY, MOUND XIII247400 HENDY, MOUND XII247401 HENDY, MOUND XI247402 HENDY, MOUND X247403 HENDY, MOUND I247404 HENDY, MOUND IX247405 HENDY, MOUND XV247406 HENDY, MOUND VI247407 HENDY, MOUND V247408 HENDY, MOUND IV247409 HENDY, MOUND III247410 HENDY, MOUND II247411 HENDY, MOUND VIII247412 HENDY, BANK II247413 HENDY, QUARRY III247414 HENDY, ENCLOSURE247415 HENDY, BANK III247416 BEILI HELYG, MOUND XI247417 BEILI HELYG, MOUND V247418 CWM GWENDDWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247419 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK II247420 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK I247421 CEFN GLEDWEN, QUARRY247422 HENDY, BANK IV247423 HENDY, LEAT247424 HENDY, QUARRY VI247427 CWM HAFOTTY, TRACKWAY247429 TWYN Y POST, HOLLOW247430 BLAEN LLWYN DU, GULLY II275640 CWMHINDDA DESERTED RURAL SETTLEMENT275641 HENDY, LONG HUT I305763 TWYN-Y-BIG, CAIRN307215 CAIRNS, TWYN-Y-POST, UPPER CHAPEL400m to 449m 11390357 PWLL-DU, NATURAL FEATURE90362 LLYN PEN-Y-LAN N247000 CWM OWEN, QUARRY III247002 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY VI247004 CEFN GLEDWEN, PEAT CUTTING247005 NANTYROFFEIRIAD , SHELTER?247009 PANT Y LLYN, BOAT HOUSE247010 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE I104

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name400m to 449m 247011 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE IIcontd 247012 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE III247014 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VIII247015 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VII247016 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE V247017 PANT Y LLYN, BOUNDARY STONE VI247018 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE I247019 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE V247020 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE II247021 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE III247022 PWLL DU, BOUNDARY STONE IV247024 TWYN Y POST, MILESTONE247028 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FEEDING ENCLOSURE247029 PANT Y LLYN, MOUND I247030 PANT Y LLYN, LEAT I247042 PANT Y LLYN, PIPELINE247043 PANT Y LLYN, BANK I247052 PANT Y LLYN, QUARRY VI247053 PANT Y LLYN, BANK III247054 PANT Y LLYN, BANK II247056 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM I247057 CWMHINDDA, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247058 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT I247059 CWMHINDDA, LONGHUT II247060 CWMHINDDA, ENCLOSURE247063 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY V247074 BANC Y CELYN, LONG HUT247077 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND I247079 ALLTMAWR, ENCLOSURE247080 ALLTMAWR, QUARRY IV247081 ALLTMAWR, EARTHWORK247082 ALLTMAWR, BANK I247083 ALLTMAWR, BANK II247088 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY I247089 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY II247090 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK I247091 LLYN PEN Y LAN, QUARRY III247096 ALLTMAWR, CULTIVATION II247098 LLYN PEN Y LAN, ENCLOSURE247099 LLYN PEN Y LAN, FIELDWORK II247101 TWYN Y POST, STONE SPREAD I247102 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN I247105 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247106 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN V247107 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI247119 CORNELAU UCHAF, CLEARANCE CAIRN XVI247120 CORNELAU UCHAF, QUARRY I247122 LLYN BACH, MOUND I247123 LLYN BACH, MOUND II247137 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND II247138 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND III247139 WAUN HIRWAUN, EARTHWORK PLATFORM II247140 WAUN HIRWAUN, FIELD SYSTEM247141 WAUN HIRWAUN, CULTIVATION II247143 BANC Y CELYN, QUARRY II247144 BANC Y CELYN, MOUND V247162 PWLL DU, QUARRY I105

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Contour Band Number NPRN Site Name400m to 449m 247168 CWM OWEN, QUARRY Icontd 247169 CWM OWEN, STONE PILE247176 CEFN GLEDWEN, MILESTONE247185 BRECON TO BUILTH, ROAD247186 LLYN PEN Y LAN, EARTHWORK II247203 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN X247204 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, MOUND II247205 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IX247220 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, BANK III247221 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN IV247222 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN III247223 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN II247224 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CAIRN247232 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II247235 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, MOUND I247238 BLAEN GWENDDWR, MARKER STONE247252 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN III247261 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY III247269 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY IV247271 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY V247272 BLAEN GWENDDWR, QUARRY II247273 PANT Y LLYN, RESERVOIR247274 PANT Y LLYN, DAM I247275 PANT Y LLYN, DAM II247276 PANT Y LLYN, FIELD SYSTEM247277 PANT Y LLYN, BUILDING247278 PANT Y LLYN, SHELTER247279 PANT Y LLYN, CULTIVATION247280 PANT Y LLYN, SHEEP FOLD I247281 PANT Y LLYN, FARMSTEAD247299 PANT Y COLLY, QUARRY III247336 TIR BACH, EARTHWORK247349 BWLCH Y GRAIG, MOUND247351 BWLCH Y GRAIG, QUARRY III247352 CRICKADARN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247376 NANTYROFFEIRIAD FAWR, CLEARANCE CAIRN XI247381 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK II247382 CEFN CLAWDD, EARTHWORK I247425 HENDY, QUARRY IV247426 HENDY, QUARRY V275623 BANC Y CELYN STONE CIRCLE275624 BAILEY BACH ROUND CAIRN & CIST305776 CORNELAU UCHAF, ENCLOSURE I305778 BLAEN LLWYN DDU, CAIRN305781 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN I305782 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN I305783 GWAUN YMRYSON, CAIRN II305784 CEFN CLAWDD, CAIRN II450m to 499m 3247078 BANC Y CELYN, TRIANGULATION PILLAR247084 PANT Y LLYN, ENCLOSURE247199 CEFN GLEDWEN, CLEARANCE CAIRN VI106

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Appendix D - Uplands Initiative Aerial Photo MappingTemporary ID number: 1 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing at this locationTemporary ID number: 2 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 3 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 4 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 5 NPRN: 247425Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 6 NPRN: 247425Initial Interpretation: SPOIL HEAP identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 7 NPRN: 247426Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 8 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 9 NPRN: 247237Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 10 NPRN: 247235Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUND107

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 11 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 12 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 13 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 14 NPRN: 247246Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 15 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 16 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 17 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 18 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 19 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 20 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 21 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural feature108

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 22 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 23 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 24 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 25 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 26 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 27 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 28 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 29 NPRN: 247120QUARRY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4147 & WAG APs2006QUARRYTemporary ID number: 30 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 31 NPRN: 247344Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 32 NPRN: 247344Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRY109

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 33 NPRN: 247344Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 34 NPRN: 247351Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Linear QUARRYTemporary ID number: 35 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 36 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 37 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 38 NPRN: 247326Initial Interpretation: QUARRY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 39 NPRN: 247411Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 40 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldwork, area obscured by bracken.Temporary ID number: 41 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldwork, area obscured by bracken.Temporary ID number: 42 NPRN: 247409Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 43 NPRN: 247407Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUND110

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 44 NPRN: 247405Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 45 NPRN: 247406Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 46 NPRN: 247398Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 47 NPRN: 247401Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 48 NPRN: 247403Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 49 NPRN: 247404Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 50 NPRN: 247399Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 51 NPRN: 247402Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 52 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldwork, area obscured by bracken.Temporary ID number: 53 NPRN: 247408Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 54 NPRN: 247413Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRY111

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 55 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 56 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 57 NPRN: 247144Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:MOUNDTemporary ID number: 58 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: PLATFORM identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 59 NPRN: 247079Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 60 NPRN: 247079Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 61 NPRN: 247083Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 62 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 63 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 64 NPRN: 247096Initial Interpretation: UNCLASSIFIED identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation: CULTIVATION MARKS within NPRN 247079Temporary ID number: 65 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackway112

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 66 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 67 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen in the fieldTemporary ID number: 68 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackwayTemporary ID number: 69 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackwayTemporary ID number: 70 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: WALL identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 71 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: WALL identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural feature. No wall present.Temporary ID number: 72 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackway across the commonTemporary ID number: 73 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackway across the commonTemporary ID number: 74 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackway across the commonTemporary ID number: 75 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackway across the commonTemporary ID number: 76 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Braiding of trackway across the common113

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 77 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Existing trackwayTemporary ID number: 78 NPRN: 247067Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 79 NPRN: 247060Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 80 NPRN: 247059Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:LONG HUTTemporary ID number: 81 NPRN: 247058Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:LONG HUTTemporary ID number: 82 NPRN: 247056Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:PLATFORMTemporary ID number: 83 NPRN: 247057Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:PLATFORMTemporary ID number: 84 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs2006Natural gullyTemporary ID number: 85 NPRN: 247064Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 86 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 87 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen in field114

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 88 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 89 NPRN: 247053Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 90 NPRN: 247279CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 91 NPRN: 247279CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 92 NPRN: 247279UNCLASSIFIED identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAGAPs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 93 NPRN:UNCLASSIFIED identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAGAPs 2006TrackwayTemporary ID number: 94 NPRN: 247279UNCLASSIFIED identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAGAPs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 95 NPRN: 247279CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 96 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 97 NPRN: 247054Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)115

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 98 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Not seen in fieldTemporary ID number: 99 NPRN: 247279CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 100 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 101 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Not seen in fieldTemporary ID number: 102 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Natural featureTemporary ID number: 103 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Nothing seen in fieldTemporary ID number: 104 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Nothing seen in field. Area within maintained field systemTemporary ID number: 105 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Nothing seen in field. Area within maintained field systemTemporary ID number: 106 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Nothing seen in field. Area within maintained field systemTemporary ID number: 107 NPRN: 247276Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of FIELD SYSTEM116

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 108 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 109 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-3132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 110 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 111 NPRN: 247220Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 112 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen in fieldTemporary ID number: 113 NPRN: 247213Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK), but does not continue to the south, part ofenclosureTemporary ID number: 114 NPRN: 247213Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 115 NPRN: 247213Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 116 NPRN: 247213Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 117 NPRN: 247213Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 118 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: UNCLASSIFIED identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural feature, combination of slope and vegetation117

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 119 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Modern vehicular activityTemporary ID number: 120 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 121 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 122 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 123 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 124 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Modern bracken cuttingTemporary ID number: 125 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 126 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Modern bracken cutting?Temporary ID number: 127 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Modern bracken cuttingInitial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 128 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Modern bracken cutting?118

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 129 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Modern bracken cuttingTemporary ID number: 130 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 131 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 132 NPRN: 247365Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 133 NPRN: 247364Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 134 NPRN: 247345Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 135 NPRN: 247305Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 136 NPRN: 247370Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of DRAINAGE DITCHTemporary ID number: 137 NPRN: 247341Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 138 NPRN: 247309Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 139 NPRN: 247308Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Part of QUARRY119

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 140 NPRN: 247372Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Edge of area of possible QUARRYINGTemporary ID number: 141 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 142 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern vehicular activityTemporary ID number: 143 NPRN: 247373Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 144 NPRN: 247374CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 145 NPRN: 247374CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 146 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 147 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 148 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Combination of sheep tracks and natural features.Temporary ID number: 149 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Continuation of modern trackway to northwest and southeast.120

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 150 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 151 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 152 NPRN: 247375TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs2006LEATTemporary ID number: 153 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2132 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 154 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 155 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2131 & WAG APs2006Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 156 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activity or natural featureTemporary ID number: 157 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activity or natural featureTemporary ID number: 158 NPRN: 247395TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2129 & WAG APs2006Modern trackway across common, possibly associated with construction ormaintenance of power lines.Temporary ID number: 159 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2129Outside area121

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 160 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2129Outside areaTemporary ID number: 161 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 162 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 163 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 164 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 165 NPRN: 247393TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs2006TRACKWAYTemporary ID number: 166 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs2006Natural featureTemporary ID number: 167 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130Post Medieval or modern land improvementTemporary ID number: 168 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-2130Post Medieval or modern land improvementTemporary ID number: 169 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs2006Modern trackway122

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 170 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs2006Braided trackwayTemporary ID number: 171 NPRN: 247394TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-2130 & WAG APs2006TRACKWAYTemporary ID number: 172 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: WALL identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Vegetational featuresTemporary ID number: 173 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: WALL identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Vegetational featuresTemporary ID number: 174 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: WALL identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Vegetational featuresTemporary ID number: 175 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 176 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 177 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 178 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 179 NPRN:TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146 & WAG APs2006Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 180 NPRN:BANK identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146Natural feature123

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 181 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-4146Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 182 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-4146Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 183 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-4146Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 184 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-4146Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 185 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from RAF AP106G/UK/1471-4146Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 186 NPRN: 247391TRACKWAY identified from RAF AP 106G/UK/1471-4146 & WAG APs2006TRACKWAYTemporary ID number: 187 NPRN: 247187Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:bank defining ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 188 NPRN: 247313Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 189 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 190 NPRN: 247360Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 191 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackway124

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Initial Interpretation:Field Interpretation:Temporary ID number: 192 NPRN:CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from OS AP 72/328-318C &WAG APs 2006Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 193 NPRN: 247389Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 194 NPRN: 247389Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 195 NPRN: 247389Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 196 NPRN: 247389Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:CULTIVATION MARKSTemporary ID number: 197 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern trackwayTemporary ID number: 198 NPRN: 247353Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 199 NPRN: 247388Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:TRACKWAYTemporary ID number: 200 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 201 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from OS AP 72/328-318C & WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural watercourseTemporary ID number: 202 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activity125

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 203 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 204 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 205 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 206 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 207 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 208 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural watercourseTemporary ID number: 209 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Nothing seen during fieldworkTemporary ID number: 210 NPRN: 247415Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 211 NPRN: 247422Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 212 NPRN: 247423Initial Interpretation: DITCH identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:LEATTemporary ID number: 213 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Sheep track or farm track126

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 214 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 215 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:drainage channelTemporary ID number: 216 NPRN: 247414Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:ENCLOSURETemporary ID number: 217 NPRN: 275641Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:LONG HUTTemporary ID number: 218 NPRN: 247412Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:BANK (EARTHWORK)Temporary ID number: 219 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Natural featureTemporary ID number: 220 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: TRACKWAY identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Sheep trackTemporary ID number: 221 NPRN: 247140Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:FIELD SYSTEMTemporary ID number: 222 NPRN: 247140Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:FIELD SYSTEMTemporary ID number: 223 NPRN: 247139Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:PLATFORMTemporary ID number: 224 NPRN: 247396Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:CULTIVATION MARKS127

Uplands Initiative – <strong>Banc</strong> y <strong>Celyn</strong> 2008Temporary ID number: 225 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 226 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 227 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE AREA identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 228 NPRN:Initial Interpretation: CULTIVATION RIDGE LINES identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:Modern agricultural activityTemporary ID number: 229 NPRN: 247413Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 230 NPRN: 247413Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRYTemporary ID number: 231 NPRN: 247413Initial Interpretation: BANK identified from WAG APs 2006Field Interpretation:QUARRY128