Nepal flip chart series: 1. Water and sanitation - WaterAid

lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro ;/;kmfO / :jR5 kfgL ;DaGwL Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg] p2]Zon] of] lˆnk rf6{ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|:t't ljifonfO{ lgDg adf]lhd ljleGg (zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 / tL x/]s zLif{snfO{ 5'§f–5'§} lˆnk rf6{df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 M!= kfgL / ;/;kmfO @= JolQmut ;/;kmfO #= /h:jnf / ;/;kmfO$= 3/fo;L ;/;kmfO %= jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ^= rkL{sf] k|of]u / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO&= ;/;kmfO / kmf]x/ d}nfsf] lj;h{g *= kmf]x/ kfgLaf6 x'g] /f]ux? -s_ (= kmf]x/ kfgLaf6 x'g] /f]ux? -v_ pk/f]Qm zLif{ssf] jf/]df !÷! j6f lˆnk rf6{ 5'§f–5'§} tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] of] lzIf0f ;fdfu|L tL ( j6f lˆNk rf6{x?sf] ;dli6ut;]6 xf] . lˆnk rf6{sf] 9fFrfdf tof/ ul/Psf] o; lzIf0f ;fdfu|Ldf pQm ljifosf] jf/]df lrqåf/f JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . of] lzIf0f ;fdfu|L ;fdflhs / cfly{s ?kn] lk5l8Psf ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 oBlk o;sf] k|of]uaf6 cGo hg;d'bfox? klgnfefjlGgt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . nlIft ;d'bfonfO{ ;/;kmfO / :jR5 kfgLsf] jf/]df Jojxfl/s 1fg lbgsf] nflu kl/rofTds tflnd cfof]hgf ul/G5 / pQm tflndsf]gfd ;/;kmfO / :jR5 kfgL ;DaGwL Jojxfl/s 1fg lbg] tflnd x'g]5 . tflnddf nlIft ;d'bfosf 3/kl/jf/af6 3/d"nL, cGo cleefjs, dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx? / ;dfhsf cu'jfx?;xefuL x'g]5g\ / tflnd ;+rfngsf] nflu :yfgLo :t/sf :jf:Yo :jo+;]js, :jo+;]ljsfx? ;xhstf{ x'g]5g\ .3

o; lˆnk rf6{df ;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t'x? kfgL / xfd|f] :jf:Yo kfgLsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] /f]ux? kfgLsf ;|f]tx? :jR5 kfgL kfgLsf] u'0f:t/jf/] yfxf kfpg] s]xL 3/]n' tl/sfx? vfg]kfgL 3/df g} b"lift x'g] d"Vo sf/0fx? hldgsf] ;txdf x'g] kfgLsf ;|f]t b"lift x'g] sf/0fx? kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL b"lift x'g] sf/0fx? lkpg of]Uo kfgLsf ;fdfGo cj:yfx? vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-s_ kfgL pdfn]/-v_ kfgL lkmN6/ u/]/-u_ kfgLdf Snf]l/g cf}ifwL /fv]/-3_ ;f]l8; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/-ª_ o'/f]uf8{ k|of]u u]//5

kfgL / dflg;sf] hLjg kfgL dflg;, cGo hLjhGt' / af]6–lj?jf ;a}nfO{ geO gx'g] t/n kbfy{ xf] . kfgL ljgf dflg; afFRg ;Sb}g . dflg; ;a}eGbf ljsl;t k|f0fL ePsf]n] dflg;nfO{ kfgL w]/} h?/L x'G5 . h:t} M-s_ JolQmut tyf 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu kfgLsf] k|of]u b}lgs ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M– x/]s JolQmnfO{ kfgL lkpg– vfgf ksfpg, efF8f–s'F8f dfF‰g / kvfNg– t/sf/L, vfg]s'/f / kmnkm"n kvfNg– bfFt df‰g, xft–d'v w'g, lb;f w'g, g'xfpg, n'uf w'g– 3/sf] cGo ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL sfd ug{ofb ug'{xf];\ M xfdLnfO{ k|To]s lbg ;/b/ @ ln6/ kfgL lkpgsf] nflu h?/L x'G5 . vfg, lkpg, g'xfpg, w'gsf] nflu cf};tdf x/]s lbg k|lt JolQm !%) ln6/ kfgLsf] h?/L x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] zx/L If]qdf k|lt JolQm ^% ln6/ / ufpFdf $% ln6/ dfq kfgL pknAw x'G5 eGg] tYofÍ 5 . of] dfqf lgs} g} sd xf] lsgeg] xfdL :j:y /xgsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ k|z:t kfgLsf] h?/L kb{5 .6

kfgL / dflg;sf] hLjg7

dflg;nfO{ kfgL h?/L x'G5 ===-v_ xfdLn] u/]sf] v]tLkftLdf l;+rfO{ ug{ xfdLnfO{ kfgL w]/} g} h?/L x'G5 . h:t} M– v]t, af/Ldf nufPsf cGgafnLx?sf] nflu a]nf–a]nfdf l;+rfO{ ug{– s/];faf/Ldf nufOPsf t/sf/L, kmnkm"ndf klg lbgxF' jf cfjZostf cg';f/ l;+rfO{ ug{-u_ kz'kfng / 3/kfn'jf cGo kz'k+5Lsf] nflu ;d]t xfdLnfO{ kfgL h?/L x'G5 . h:t} M– 3/kfn'jf kz'k+5Lx?nfO{ v'jfpg– 3/kfn'jf kz'k+5Lx?nfO{ g'xfpg8

dflg;nfO{ kfgL h?/L x'G59

dflg;nfO{ kfgL h?/L x'G5 ===-3_ dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf] qmddf cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d]t xfdLnfO{ kfgL h?/L x'G5 . h:t} M– 3/]n' pBf]u, sn–sf/vfgf, 7"nf pBf]ux? ;~rfng ubf{ k|z:t kfgL cfjZos k5{ .– lah'nL pTkfbg ug{sf] nflu ;a} df};ddf nuftf/ ?kdf kfgL aUg] gbL, vf]nfsf] h?/L x'G5 .10

dflg;nfO{ kfgL / dflg;sf] kfgL h?/L hLjg x'G511

kfgL / xfd|f] :jf:Yo xfd|f] z/L/af6 lb;f, lk;fa, kl;gfsf] ?kdf kfgL aflx/ uO/x]sf] x'G5 To;}n] xfdLnfO{ kfgL ltv{f nfU5 / kfgL vfPkl5 t[Ktdx;'; u5f}{ . emf8f–jfGtf, lb;f–kvfnf nfUof] eg] xfd|f] z/L/af6 kfgL w]/} v]/ hfG5 / v]/uPsf] kfgL k"/fug{ xfdLnfO{ emf]n vfg]s'/f, kfgL w]/} g}h?/L x'G5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M xfd|f] z/L/df # efusf] @ efu t/n kbfy{ -kfgL_ g} x'G5 . kfgL lagf ;+;f/df s'g} klg hLj afFRg g;Sg] ePsf]n] kfgLnfO{ hLjgsf] cfwf/ elgG5 . kfgL ;kmf / :jR5 x'g'k5{ .12

kfgL / xfd|f] :jf:Yo13

kfgL / xfd|f] :jf:Yo === xfdLnfO{ nfUg] ;a} k|sf/sf /f]ux? dWo] sl/a *) k|ltzt /f]ux? b"lift kfgL vfP/, kmf]x/ kfgL k|of]u u/]/ nfU5 .-s_ b"lift kfgL vfP/ x'g] /f]ux? M– emf8f–kvfnf– x}hf– cfpF– h'sf– sdnlkQ ÷hl08; -x]kf6fO{l6; P_– 6fOkmfO8 -DofbL Hj/f]_ofb ug'{xf];\ M dfgjLo hLjgdf kfgL geO{ gx'g] j:t' xf] t/ kfgL eP/ dfq x'b}g, kfgL ;kmf x'g'k5{ . ;fy} kfgL ;kmf / :jR5 x'g'k5{ . kfgL ljt/0f u/]sf kfOkx? r'lxg] / lgoldt dd{t gug]{ ePsf]n] kfgL b"lift x'g] / v]/hfg] u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L k|of;af6 dfq z'4 kfgL ljt/0f x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] kfgL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf h?/L x'G5 .14

kfgL / xfd|f] :jf:Yo15

kfgLsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] /f]ux? ===-v_ g'xfpg, w'gsf] nflu kmf]x/ kfgL k|of]u u/]/ x'g] /f]ux? M– n'tf], bfb, 3fp–vl6/f h:tf 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]ux?– 6«qmf]df -cfFvf kfSg] /f]u_-u_ g'xfpg w'gsf] nflu kfgLsf] cefj eP/ x'g] /f]ux? M– n'tf], bfb, 3fp–vl6/f h:tf 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]ux?– 6«qmf]df -cfFvf kfSg] /f]u_-3_ wf/faf6 v]/ uPsf] kfgL, efG;faf6 lg:s]sf] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ plrt ?kn] Joj:yfkg gu/]df To:tf] kfgLdf nfdv'§], e';'gfsf] a[l4 eO{ltgLx?sf] 6f]sfOaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux? M– cf}nf] -dn]l/of_– sfnfhf/– xfQLkfOn]– OG;]kmnfO{l6;16

kfgLsf] sf/0faf6 x'g] /f]ux?17

kfgLsf ;|f]tx?d"Vo u/]/ kfgLsf ;|f]t # k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M!= hldgsf] ;txdf x'g] kfgL M h:t} – gbL, vf]nf, kf]v/L, tfn, d"n, kFw]/f, kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL@= hldg d'lg ePsf] kfgL M h:t}– Ogf/, xft] kDk, af]l/Ësf] kfgL#= jiff{sf] kfgL M jif{fsf] ?kdf cfsf;af6 cfPsf] kfgL18

kfgLsf ;|f]tx?19

:jR5 kfgL kfgLdf cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] sL6f0f'x? / xflgsf/s /f;folgs kbfy{x? ldl;Psf] x'g;S5 . kfgLnfO{ x]/]/, 5f]P/, ;F '3]/ kfgLdf xflgsf/s sL6f0f', /f;folgs kbfy{ ldl;Psf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsb}g . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ yfxfkfpg k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f u/fpg'k5{ t/ 3/]n' tl/sfaf6 klg kfgLsf] u'0f:t/jf/] s]xLs'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M dfgj :jf:Yosf] nflu xflgsf/s ls6f0f'x? gePsf] / /f;folgs kbfy{x? xflgsf/s kl/df0fdf gePsf] kfgLnfO{ :jR5kfgL elgG5 . xfdLn] lkpg] kfgL ;w} :jR5 x'g'k5{ t/ g'xfpg, w'gsf] nflu ;kmf kfgL eP klg x'G5 .20

:jR5 kfgL21

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/af/] s]xLs'/f yfxf kfpg 3/]n' tl/sfx? klg 5g\,xfdL ;a}n] ;d]t yfxf kfpg] tL 3/]n' tl/sfx? oL x'g\ M kfgLdf s'g} /Ë b]lvof]eg] To; kfgLdf xfgLsf/s tTjx¿ a9L dfqfdf ldl;Psf] x'G5 . lsgeg] kfgLsf] s'g} /Ë g} x'Fb}g . kfgL wldnf] 5 eg] To:tf] kfgLdf w'nf]–d}nf] ldl;Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f a'emfpF5 . t;y{ kfgL ;Ënf] x'g'k5{ . kfgLdf s'g} uGw 5 eg] To; kfgLdf xflgsf/s tTjx?sf] ldl;Psf] a'emfpF5 . t;y{ kfgLdf s'g} uGw x'g' x'b}g . t/ kfgL] z'l4s/0fug{sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] cf}ifwL ld;fOPsf] ePdf kfgLdf pQm cf}ifwLsf] uGw cfpF5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M kfgL ;Ënf] 5 / To;df s'g} lsl;dsf] uGw 5}geg] klg Tof] kfgLdf /f]usf sL6f0f'x¿ /x]sf] x'g ;S5 . To;}n] lkpg] kfgL ;w} g}z'l4s/0f u/]/ dfq lkpg'k5{ . kfgLdf cf/;]lgs, gfO6«]6 h:tf xflgsf/s tTjx? ldl;Psf] x'g;S5 . ufpF 6f]ndf lgoldt ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf oL/;folgs tTjx? ldl;Psf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ olsg ug{ k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f u/fpg' k5{ .22

kfgLsf] u'0f:t/af/] yfxf kfpg] 3/]n' tl/sfx?23

vfg]kfgL 3/df g} b"lift x'g;S5 / To;sf] d"Vo sf/0fx? oL x'g\ M kfgL Nofpg] efF8f] ;kmf geP/, kfgL /fVg] efF8f] ;kmf geP/ kfgL b"lift x'g;S5 . To;}n] kfgL yfKg] efF8f] / 3/df kfgL hDdf u/L /fVg]efF8f] leq–aflx/ ;kmf x'g'k5{ . kfgL NofPsf] efF8f] / kfgL /fv]sf] efF8f]nfO{ 5f]k]/ g/fv]df To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'g;S5 . To;}n] kfgL NofPsf] efF8f] / kfgL /fv]sf] efF8f]nfO{ ;w} g} 5f]k]/ /fVg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu tL efF8f]x? 5f]Kg ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .ofb ug'{xf];\ M k/fn, kft, sk8fn] kfgL /fv]sf] efF8f]nfO{ 5f]Kg' x'Fb}g . wf/faf6 kfgL yfKg] a]nfdf x'l/ atf; cfPdf efF8f]nfO{ 6'6L glhs} nu]/ yfKg'k5{ . kfgL yflk/x]sf] a]nfdf s]6fs]6LnfO{ 6'6L glhs} v]Ng lbg'x'b}g / cfkm"n] klg 6'6Ldf xft /fVg' x'Fb}g . kfgL yfKg' cl3 wf/fsf] 6'6L ;kmf ug'{k5{ .24

vfg]kfgL 3/df g} b'lift x'g] d'Vo sf/0fx?25

3/df g} vfg]kfgL b"lift x'g] c? sf/0fx? klg 5g\ === ufu|L jf c? efF8f]df kfgL e/]kl5 xft rf]k]/ clnslt kfgL kmfNg] rng 5 t/ of] rng ;/;kmfOsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 7Ls xf]Og lsgeg]xftsf] kmf]x/ ToxL kfgLdf k5{ / kfgL b"lift x'G5 . kfgL lgsfNg] efF8f], kfgL lkpg] lunf;, cDvf]/f, s?jfdf cf}+nf rf]Kg] ul/G5 t/ of] afgL ;/;kmfOsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 7Ls xf]Og . o;f]ubf{cf}+nfsf] kmf]x/ kfgLdf k5{ / kfgL b"lift x'G5 . kfgL lgsfNg] efF8f], kfgL lkpg] lunf;, cDvf]/f, s?jf ;kmf gePdf kfgL b"lift x'g;S5 . To;}n] tL efF8fx? klg ;kmf x'g'k5{ cyf{t\kfgL lgsfNg / lkpgsf] nflu ;kmf efF8f] g} k|of]u ug'{k5{ .ofb ug'{xf];\ M aflN6gdf kfgL af]Sbf xft wf]P/ xft /fd|/L k'5]kl5 dfq kfgL af]Sg'k5{ lsgeg] xftdf ePsf] kmf]x/ ToxL kfgLdf k5{ / kfgL b"liftx'G5 . aflN6gaf6 kfgL lemSg xof08n ePsf] efF8f] k|of]u ug'{k5{ / of] efF8f]nfO{ c¿ sfdsf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . kmf]x/ af]Sg] 8f]sf], y'G;]df kfgL af]Sg] u/]df tL 8f]s]f, y'G;]df ePsf] kmf]x/ kfgLsf] efF8f]df kg{ ;S5 . To;}n] kfgL af]Sg] 8f]sf], y'G;];kmf x'g'k5{ .26

vfg]kfgL 3/df g} b'lift x'g] c? sf/0fx?27

hldgsf] ;txdf x'g] kfgLsf ;|f]tx? xfd|} sf/0faf6 k|b"if0f x'G5g\, h:t} M vf]nf, kf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf, v]t af/Ldf lb;f–lk;fa u/]/, lsgeg] jiff{sf] kfgLn] jf v]taf/Ldf l;+rfO{ ubf{ Tof] lb;f–lk;fa au]/ vf]nf,kf]v/Ldf ldl;G5 / kfgL b"lift x'G5 . kmf]x/–d}nf ;f]em} vf]nfdf kmfn]/, lsgeg] Tof] kmf]x/af6 vf]nfsf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . nf;x? /fd|/L ghnfO{sg gbL, vf]nfdf ˆofFs]/, lsgeg] Tof] kmf]x/af6 gbL, vf]nfsf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . d/]sf j:t'efp, cGo hLjhGt'nfO{ vf]nfdf kmfn]/, lsgeg] Tof] kmf]x/af6 vf]nfsf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . oftfoftsf ;fwgx? gbL, gfnf, vf]nfdf ;kmf u/]/, lsgeg] Tof] kmf]x/, ;jf/L ;fwg ;kmf ubf{ lg:s]s]f l8h]n, k]6«f]n gbL, vf]nfdfldl;G5 / kfgL b"lift x'G5 .28

hldgsf] ;txdf x'g] kfgLsf ;|f]tx? xfd|} sf/0faf6 k|b'if0f x'g] sf/0fx?29

hldgsf] ;txdf ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? b"lift x'g] c? sf/0fx? === kFw]/f, Ogf/, s'jfdf kfgL lng hfFbf kmf]x/ efF8f] g} 8'afpg] u/]/ hyfefaL 7fpFdf y'kf/]sf] kmf]x/af6 cfPsf] t/n kmf]x/ au]/ gbL, vf]nf, gfnfdf ldl;P/ pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ k|zf]wg gu/L ;f]em} vf]nf–gfnf, gbLdf ld;fP/ 9nsf] kmf]x/nfO{ k|zf]wg gu/L ;f]em} gbL, vf]nfdf la;h{g u/]/30

hldg d'gL ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? b'lift x'g] c? sf/0fx?31

hldg d'lg ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? ;d]t xfd| } afgL Aojxf/sf] sf/0fn] b"lift x'G5g\ . h:t} M Ogf/ glhs} vfN6] rkL{ agfP/, lsgeg] To; rkL{sf] lb;fsf] /; hldgdf ;f]l;P/ glhs}sf] Ogf/df k'U5 / To; Ogf/sf] kfgLb"lift x'G5 . v'nf 7fpFdf lb;f–lk;fa u/]/, lsgeg] v'nf 7fpFdf u/]sf] lb;f–lk;fasf] /; hldgdf ;f]l;P/ glhs} ePsf] Ogf/, s'jf, kFw]/fdf k'U5 /To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . s'jf, Ogf/ glhs} jf 5]paf6 gfnL, 9n agfP/, lsgeg] To; gln, 9nsf] kmf]x/ glhs}sf] s'jf, Ogf/df ;f]l;P/ / To;sf] kfgLb"lift x'G5 . s'jf, Ogf/, xft] kDk jl/kl/ Kn]6kmd{ gagfP/, lsgeg] s'jf, Ogf/, xft] kDkaf6 v]/ uPsf] kfgL kmf]x/ x'G5 / Tof] kmf]x/ kfgL hldgdf;f]l;P/ ToxL s'jf, Ogf/, kDksf] kfgLdf k'U5 / kfgL b"lift x'G5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M s'jf, Ogf/, xft] kDkaf6 a9L ePsf] v]/hfg] kfgL hfg] gfnL, 9n agfpg'k5{ . s'jf, Ogf/sf] jl/kl/ Kn]6kmd{ agfpg' k5{ / o;nfO{ ;w} ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg'k5{ . Kn]6kmd{ eTs]df, lau|]df, vf]l;|Pdf t'¿Gtdd{t ug'{k5{ .32

hldg d'gL ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? xfd|} afgL Jojxf/n] b'lift x'g] sf/0fx?33

hldg d'lg ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? b"lift x'g] cGo sf/0fx? === efG;faf6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg gu/]/, lsgeg] efG;faf6 lg:s]s]f kmf]x/ kfgL hldgdf ;f]l;P/ glhs}sf] Ogf/, s'jfdfk'U5 / To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . pBf]u, sn–sf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] /;folgs kbfy{ / cGo kmf]x/ v'nf 7fpFdf kmfn]/, lsgeg] pBf]uaf6 lg:s]sf] xflgsf/s /;folgs kbfy{/ kmf]x/sf] /; hldgdf ;f]l;P/ Ogf/, s'jfdf k'U5 / To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . v]tjf/Ldf cToflws sL6gf;s cf}ifwL k|of]u u/]/, lsgeg] jiff{ x'Fbf, l;+rfO{ ubf{ sL6gf;s cf}ifwLsf] /; hldgdf ;f]l;P/ glhs}sf] Ogf/,s'jfdf k'U5 / To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 . v]tjf/Ldf a9L dfqfdf /;folgs dn k|of]u u/]/, lsgeg] jiff{ x'Fbf, l;+rfO{ ubf{ /;folgs dnsf] /; hldgdf ;f]l;P/ glhs}sf] Ogf/,s'jfdf k'U5 / To;sf] kfgL b"lift x'G5 .34

hldg d'gL ePsf kfgLsf ;|f]tx? b'lift x'g] cGo sf/0fx?35

kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL ;d]t o;/L b"lift ePsf] x'G5 M kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ kfOkx? r'lxg] 5g\, To;sf] lgoldt dd{t ul/+b}g h;n]ubf{ km'6]sf] kfOkdf kmf]x/ k:5 / kfgL b"lift x'G5 . kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ kfOk / 9n Pp6} 7fpFaf6 k7fOPsf] x'G5 h;n]ubf{ 9nsf] kmf]x/ kfgL r'lxP/ vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk leq k:g ;S5 / kfgLb"lift x'G5 . l;+rfO{ ug{ vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk km'6fpg] rng 5 h;n]ubf{ km'6fOPsf] kfOkaf6 kmf]x/ leq k:5 / vfg]kfgL b"lift x'G5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M wf/f–kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL nuftf/ ?kdf cfpg] x'g'k5{, r'lxg] x'g' xF'b}g / kfOk km'6]sf] x'g' x'Fb}g . wf/fsf] jl/kl/ Kn]6kmd{ agfpg' k5{ / o;nfO{ ;w} ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg'k5{ . Kn]6kmd{ eTs]df, lau|]df, vf]l;|Pdf t'¿Gt dd{t ug'{k5{ . Kn]6kmd{df kfgL hDdf u/]/ ufO{e}F;LnfO{ kfgL v'jfpg] ug'{ x'b}g . ufO{ e}F;LnfO{ kfgL v'jfpg} kg]{ ePdf 5'§} Pp6f ;fgf] 6\ofFÍL agfpg'k5{ t/ ;f] 6\ofFÍL vf]Ng] / aGb ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ .36

kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] kfgL b'lift x'g] sf/0fx?37

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f u/]/ dfq lkpg' k5{t/ ;fdfGotof M oL cj:yfx? ePdf ToxfFsf] kfgL lkpg of]Uo x'g;S5 . d"ndf ePsf] kw]/fsf] kfgL t/ d'xfgdfly kmf]x/ d}nf 5}geg] :jR5 d"naf6 NofPsf] kfgL t/ /fd|/L agfPsf] sn wf/faf6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5eg] Xof08 kDk jf 6\o"aj]nsf] kfgL t/– Xof08 kfOk slDtdf #) lkm6 d'lg uf8]sf] 5eg]– Xof08 kfOk uf8]sf] !) ld6/ jl/kl/ 9n, ;]ˆ6L 6\ofFÍL, kmf]x/ kfgL hd]sf] 5}geg]– Xof08 kfOksf] jl/kl/ Kn]6kmd{ agfOPsf] 5eg]– kfgL lkpg'eGbf klxnf hfFr u/L z'4 5 elg k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5eg] jiff{af6 cfPsf] kfgL t/ z'?df cfPsf] kfgLnfO{ 5'6\6} /fVg] / nuftf/ To;kl5 cfPsf] kfgLnfO{ ;kmf efF8f]df yfk]sf] 5eg]38

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f u/]/ dfq lkpg' k5{39

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug] { s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-s_ kfgL pdfn]/ vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ of] ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ ljlw xf] . of] ljlw xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf a9L rngrNtLdf /x]sf] 5 . kfgL pdfNbf o;df /x]sf k|fo ;a}h;f] xflgsf/s sL6f0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ . kfgLnfO{ esesL pdfNg'k5{ . tftf] x'Fb}df kfgL z'4 x'Fb}g To;}n] kfgLnfO{ esesL pdfn]/ dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ .ofb ug'{xf];\ M kfgL wldnf] 5eg] To;df w'nf], df6f] ldl;Psf] x'G5 / kfgL pdfn]/ wldnf] x6\b}g . wldnf] kfgLnfO{ Pp6f efF8f]df s]xL ;do;Dd lyu|fP/ /fVg] / To;kl5 kfgLnfO{ ;kmf sk8fn] 5fg]/ dfq pdfNg' k5{ . kfgL pdfn]kl5 ;kmf efF8f]df 5f]k]/ /fVg'k5{ .40

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?41

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug] { s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-v_ kfgL lkmN6/ u/]/ lkmN6/ u/]/ xfdLn] 3/df g} kfgL z'l4s/0f ug{ ;S5f}+ . lkmN6/ u/]/ kfgLdf ldl;Psf] w'nf], df6f], wldnf]kg / sL6f0f'x6fpg ;lsG5 . ahf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf lkmN6/x? kfOG5g\ . ;fdfGotof M a9L rngrNtLdf /x]sf] Sof08n lkmN6/ xf] . Sof08n lkmN6/df b'O{j6f v08x? x'G5g\ . dflyNnf] v08df Pp6f jf b'O{j6f Sof08n x'G5g\ . Sof08ndf ;–;fgf Kjfnx? x'G5g\ /ToxL Kjfnx?af6 kfgL 5flgG5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M lkmN6/sf] Sof08ndf / lkmN6/sf] leqL efudf kfgLdf /x]s]f wldnf] 6fl;G5 . kfgL lkmN6/ ug]{ efF8f / Sof08nnfO{ slDtdf xKtfsf] @ k6s ;kmf ug'{k5{ . lkmN6/ ;kmf ubf{ Sof08nn] sfd u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g,Sof08n /fd|f];Fu sl:;Psf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]jf/]df klg /]vb]v ug'{k5{ . ahf/df w]/} lsl;dsf lkmN6/x? kfOG5g\ / ltgLx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ ljlw klg 5'§f–5'§} x'g ;S5g\ .42

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?43

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug] { s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-u_ kfgLdf Snf]l/g cf}ifwL /fv]/ kfgLdf Snf]l/g emf]n cf}ifwL k|of]u u/]/ z'l4s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljlw w]/} klxn] b]lv g} rngrNtLdf cfPsf] xf] / kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ e/kbf]{ ljlw xf] . kfgLdf Snf]l/g emf]n /fv]/ z'l4s/0f ubf{ kfgLdf /x]sf k|foM;a} sL6f0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ jf lgis[o x'G5g\ . kfgLdf Snf]l/g emf]n /fv]kl5 kfgLnfO{ ;kmf rDrfn] xNnfpg' k5{ / To;kl5 #) ldg]6;Dd kfgL grnfO{ /fVg'k5{ .ofb ug'{xf];\ M kfgLdf Snf]l/g emf]n ld;fPsf] #) ldg]6kl5 dfq ;f] kfgL lkpg of]Uo x'G5 t/ Snf]l/g ld;fPsf] kfgL pdfNg h?/L 5}g . ahf/df kLo"if, jf6/ uf8{ h:tf ljleGg gfdsf Snf]l/g emf]n kfOG5g\ . slt w]/} kfgLdf slt yf]kf Snf]l/g emf]n /fVg] eGg]jf/]df tLemf]n cf}ifwLsf] a6\6fdf n]lvPsf] x'G5 / ;f]xL adf]lhd dfqf ldnfpg' k5{ . Ogf/, s'jfsf] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t Snf]l/g emf]n jf Snf]l/g kfp8/ /fv]/ ToxfFsf] kfgL :jR5 agfpg ;lsG5 .44

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?slDtdf #) ldg]6 grnfO{ /fVg' k5{ .45

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug] { s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-3_ ;f]l8; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ kfgLnfO{ 3fddf /fv]/ z'l4s/0f ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;f]l8; k|ljlw elgG5 . o; k|ljlwdf ;"o{sf] tfk / k/fj}hgL ls/0fsf] ;xfotfn] kfgLdf ePsf xflgsf/s sL6f0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ . vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ of]cToGt} ;lhnf] 3/]n' ljlw xf] . of] ljlw e/kbf]{ 5, o;sf] nflu k};f klg vr{ ug'{ kb}{g / ;f]l8; u/]sf] kfgLsf] :jfb dL7f] x'G5 . kf/bzL{ Knfli6ssf] af]tndf kfgL e/]/ af]tnnfO{ ;"o{sf] l;wf ls/0f kg]{ u/L 9NsfP/ /fVg'k5{ . af]tnsf] ;fOh ! b]lv @ ln6/ ;Ddsf]7Ls x'G5 . /fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf & 306f;Dd kfgLsf] af]tnnfO{ 3fddf /fv]df kfgL z'l4s/0f x'G5 . t/ afbn nfUg] / 3fd nfUg] u/]sf] lbgdf@ lbg;Dd kfgLsf] af]tnnfO{ 3fddf /fVg'k5{ .ofb ug'{xf];\ M kfgL k/]sf] a]nfdf jf afbn nflu/x]s]f lbgdf of] k|ljlw ckgfpg' x'Fb}g . ;f]l8; k|ljlwsf] nflu /lËg af]tn, l;;fsf] af]tn, s'lRrPsf] Knlfi6ssf] af]tn k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . kfgL wldnf] 5eg], kfgLdf cfO/gsf] dfqf a9L 5eg] kfgLnfO{ kftnf] sk8fn] 5fg]/ dfq ;f]l8; ug'{k5{ . ;f]l8; ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{sf] nflu af]tn ;kmf x'g'k5{, o;df n]p nfu]sf] 5 eg] ;kmf ug'{k5{ jf To:tf] af]tn k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g .46

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?47

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug] { s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?-ª_ o'/f]uf8{ k|of]u u]// vfg]kfgLnfO{ o'/f] uf8{, PSjf uf8{ h:tf ljB'tLo pks/0f k|of]u u/]/ klg z'l4s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljlwdf ljB'tLo pks/0fn] kfgLnfO{ 5fGg] sfd u5{ / ljls/0fsf] ;xfotfn] kfgLdf ePsf xflgsf/s sL6f0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ jf lgis[ox'G5g\ . t/ ljB'tLo ;]jf pknAw ePsf] 7fpFsf] nflu dfq of] ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 . of] ljlw cGo ljlweGbf cln vlr{nf] 5 .ofb ug'{xf];\ M ahf/df o'/f]uf8{ h:t} ljleGg gfdsf laB'tLo lkmN6/x? kfOG5g\ / x/]s k|sf/sf lkmN6/x?sf] k|of]u ug]{ ljlw klg 5'§f–5'§} x'g;S5 . To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf jf/] /fd|/L yfxf kfpg' k5{ . of] ljlwaf6 z'l4s/0f u/]sf] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ yfxf kfpg a]nf–a]nfdf kfgL k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f u/fpg' k5{ . oL lkmN6/x?nfO{ ;do–;dodf dd{t–;Def/ ug'{k5{ . To;sf] nflu o;jf/] 1fg ;Lk ePsf] JolQmsf] h?/L x'G5 .48

vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ s]xL 3/]n' ljlwx?49