steps to sustainable and community-based ntfp management

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STEP 5LegendVillageBirds nest caveGaharuHoney treesFigure 7. A sketch map, adaptedfrom maps made by villages inMalinau and Bulungan districts,East Kalimantan province,Indonesia, showing the location ofimportant NTFP resources.• Scale mapping: In this method of mapping, quantitative methods are used in orderto draw an area of land with accurate scale, direction and location (see Figure 8).Scale mapping becomes necessary under certain circumstances, such as when outsideorganizations require them, when a resource inventory is to be conducted, or whenmanagement zones are to be delineated using accurate quantitative information (e.g.for determining the size of ‘refugia’ as described in Box 10).Figure 8. A scale map fromBenung village, in West Kutai,district, East Kalimantanprovince, Indonesia, showingthe community’s main landuses, including their differentforest management zones.55
STEP 5Box 10. Delineating animal no-hunt zones or ‘refugia’A popular management practice for animals is the delineation of no-hunt zones or ‘refugia’. It isincreasingly felt that dispersal plays a key role in rebuilding animal populations depleted by hunting(Novaro et al., 2000). This happens wherever there are unhunted areas adjacent to the hunted areas thatcan act as a ‘source’, enabling the hunted areas to act as a ‘sink’, with animals dispersing from the sourceto the sink.Joshi and Gadgil (1991) have proposed an approach to achieving sustainable harvests of animals bymeans of spatial controls. This requires the use of the following methods:• Scale mapping: to determine the size of the management area; and• Review of local or scientific knowledge on the animal species: to determine the annual birth rate offemale offspring (symbolized by b) and ages of first and last reproduction (symbolized by a andw, respectively), all of which are used to estimate the species-specific population growth rate(symbolized by λ max), as described in Box 14 later in this chapter.The minimum proportion of the management area that needs to be set aside as refugia (symbolized by α)for a given species with a population growth rate of λ maxis:α must be >1λ maxTo use an example, if the population growth rate (λ max) of the wild pig Sus celebensis, a species endemic toSulawesi island in Indonesia, is 2 animals per year, then the minimum proportion of the area that shouldbe set aside as refugia is 1/2 or 0.5. Thus the refugia of a given management area should cover more than50% of the area.Joshi and Gadgil (1991) claim that protecting this proportion of the management area would prevent thedecline of an animal species even if all individuals were removed annually from the hunted areas. Dispersalbetween zones must be intense, however, and it is still a good idea for the community to regulate huntingwithin the hunt zone to some degree.Appendix A describes sketch and scale mapping in more detail, as well as how to use aparticipatory process to delineate management zones.5.2.2. Optimizing harvesting practicesThe practices used to harvest NTFPs are an important, but often neglected, aspect ofsustainable management. Harvesting practices encompass not just how to harvest, asdetailed in Box 11 for different plant parts harvested. They also include who, where, whenand what to harvest, as described earlier in Table 6.Optimizing harvesting practices becomes most important for those resources that canbe harvested non-destructively. For these resources, optimization involves determiningthose practices that have the least negative impact on resource reproduction, vigour andgrowth or NTFP yield and quality. The starting point is to consult local people aboutthe harvesting practices that currently exist in the community, as was described in Step3. However, there may be a lot of variation between local people in the way they harvestNTFPs. Also, existing local practices may or may not reflect optimal practice, as they mayhave been developed in an open access context and be aimed at maximizing economicreturns rather than achieving ecological sustainability. From such community discussions,56
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STEPS TO SUSTAINABLEAND COMMUNITY-B
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A publication of the NTFP Exchange
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TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii
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STEP 7IMPLEMENT AND MONITOR THE MAN
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A Penan Magoh of Sarawak, Malaysia
Page 11 and 12: How this manual was writtenThis man
Page 13 and 14: The Mangyan of Mindoro have a livel
Page 15 and 16: Box 1. The importance of including
Page 17 and 18: There is widespread agreement that
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4. An illustration of the co
Page 21 and 22: Conducting a participatory rattan i
Page 23 and 24: STEP 1meaning that any community th
Page 25 and 26: STEP 11.3.2. Other NTFP stakeholder
Page 27 and 28: STEP 1Where to next?By the end of S
Page 29 and 30: STEP 2• Certification requirement
Page 32 and 33: STEP 2Where to next?By the end of S
Page 34 and 35: STEP 33.2. When to document the exi
Page 36 and 37: STEP 3Box 6. Obtaining the scientif
Page 38 and 39: STEP 33.4.4. NTFP management practi
Page 40 and 41: STEP 3• Do harvesters use any oth
Page 42 and 43: STEP 3Box 8. Policies and laws rela
Page 44 and 45: STEP 4EVALUATE THE EXISTING SYSTEM
Page 46 and 47: STEP 4Table 2. Ecological predictor
Page 48 and 49: STEP 4Table 4. Social predictors of
Page 50 and 51: STEP 44.5. Political predictors of
Page 52 and 53: STEP 4Ultimately, the community wil
Page 54 and 55: STEP 5The extent to which new appro
Page 56 and 57: STEP 55.1.2. NTFP resources that ar
Page 58 and 59: STEP 55.1.4. A summary of managemen
Page 60 and 61: STEP 5Rotational: Harvesting is rot
Page 64 and 65: STEP 5Box 11. Important harvesting
Page 66 and 67: STEP 55.2.4. Assessing current harv
Page 68 and 69: STEP 5A low input approachThe only
Page 70 and 71: STEP 5Box 14. Estimating the popula
Page 72 and 73: STEP 5seed to harvestable size or o
Page 74 and 75: STEP 5Box 15. Understanding regener
Page 76 and 77: STEP 5Example 21. Estimating the su
Page 78 and 79: STEP 6To develop a management plan,
Page 80 and 81: STEP 6• Sacred groves or other si
Page 82 and 83: STEP 6The community should also out
Page 84 and 85: STEP 6Example 23. The Community Res
Page 86 and 87: STEP 6NTFP-Task Force members in th
Page 88 and 89: STEP 66. Results of resource invent
Page 90 and 91: STEP 6Where to next?By the end of t
Page 92 and 93: STEP 7Developing a plan for monitor
Page 94 and 95: STEP 7• Evidence that the decisio
Page 96 and 97: STEP 7existing management system’
Page 98 and 99: STEP 7Example 26. Monitoring wildli
Page 100 and 101: STEP 7• Are there any gaps in kno
Page 102 and 103: ENDNOTESparticipants get together t
Page 104 and 105: REFERENCESAlder D. & Synnott T. J.
Page 106 and 107: REFERENCESDawkins H. C. (1958) The
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCESMaxwell S. E. & Delaney H
Page 110 and 111: REFERENCESSchelhas J., Buck L. E. &
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APPENDIX AHOW TO DELINEATE MANAGEME
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APPENDIX AA.2.3. Costs of making th
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APPENDIX AA.3.2. How to make a sket
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APPENDIX A• Agricultural lands, d
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APPENDIX AKey ReferencesBelow are k
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APPENDIX B• Applying adaptive man
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APPENDIX Boutline how the test will
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APPENDIX BThe factors of interest c
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APPENDIX Band vigor of a resource,
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APPENDIX CHOW TO MAKE HARVEST RECOR
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APPENDIX CC.2.3. TimeThe time taken
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APPENDIX C• Examine the progress
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APPENDIX CResource reproduction:•
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APPENDIX C• Evidence of leaf and
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APPENDIX CIt is best if these resul
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APPENDIX DD.1.3. Key principles inv
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APPENDIX Dbe three times more expen
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APPENDIX D• The distance of inter
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APPENDIX Dto concentrate on the bio
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APPENDIX EE.1.2. How are resource i
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APPENDIX EExample E.2. The importan
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APPENDIX EAn accurate scale map is
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APPENDIX EPlot size. Small plants a
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APPENDIX EBox E.2. Different measur
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APPENDIX E• The resource’s popu
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APPENDIX FF.2. CostF.2.1. Equipment
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APPENDIX FAt least five individuals
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APPENDIX FChoosing what measurement
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APPENDIX Fand low; or individually-
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APPENDIX Fclass specific conversion
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APPENDIX GG.1.3. Key principles inv
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APPENDIX Gplanned quantitative meth
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APPENDIX GQuestion 3: Is the plant
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APPENDIX GAn example of a recovery
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APPENDIX Gresource population shoul
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APPENDIX Henables the community to
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APPENDIX HObjective 2. The resource
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APPENDIX Hmay need to be monitored
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APPENDIX IHOW TO STUDY DEMOGRAPHYI.
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APPENDIX II.2. CostI.2.1. Equipment
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APPENDIX IFigure I.2. A suitable pl
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APPENDIX I• Germination tests. Se
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APPENDIX IKey ReferencesBelow are k
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STEPS TO SUSTAINABLEAND COMMUNITY-B
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